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{
  "resourceType": "CodeSystem",
  "id": "e39ca4f6-18a9-4218-bea4-f559a5fffd62",
  "url": "http://nshealth.ca/fhir/CodeSystem/NSHA_UMDNS_Descriptor",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "name": "UMDNS_Descriptors",
  "title": "Descriptor codes from UMDNS",
  "status": "draft",
  "date": "2023-06-12T17:44:50.3912426+00:00",
  "publisher": "Nova Scotia Health",
  "contact": [
    {
      "name": "Test",
      "telecom": [
        {
          "system": "email",
          "value": "aa@aa.com"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "description": "Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System codes as published by ECRI - Release Version:May 2023",
  "copyright": "Copyright © 2023+ Nove Scotia Health",
  "caseSensitive": true,
  "content": "complete",
  "count": 12201,
  "concept": [
    {
      "code": "41945",
      "display": "3D Printing Post Processing Equipment",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the removal of soluble support materials from and/or surface finishing of 3D printed parts. Surface finishing can include smoothing, dyeing, and/or cleaning of the printed parts."
    },
    {
      "code": "32799",
      "display": "Abdominal Wall Suction Cup Units, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Devices designed to reduce pressure on a bariatric patient's abdomen created by his/her own anterior abdominal wall fat weight during surgical procedures. These units typically consist of a set (e.g., four) of suction cups that are attached to a frame located above the patient's abdomen and a vacuum pump that is connected through tubes to each cup to provide the necessary suction. Intraoperative abdominal wall suction cup units are intended to facilitate patient breathing and oxygenation during surgical procedures (e.g., cardiac catheterization, pacemaker implantation) that may be performed without mechanical ventilation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24553",
      "display": "Aberrometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed for determining aberration by measuring the direction of light rays reflected from the eye and reconstructing the wavefront. Instruments that use several different technologies are available. An instrument based on the Hartmann-Shack principle consists of a light source (most often a laser); a wavefront sensor, made of an array of micro-lenses (known as lenslets) that spilt the wavefront into a number of light spots to be focused on a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera; computer data processing capabilities and a display for the result. Other aberrometers use the ray tracing principle and consist of a light source (most often a laser), a lens system, an x-y scanner, a beam splitter, and a photodetector to project a series of  beam of light into the eye sequentially and to capture the retinal images of the light. Aberrometers are mainly used to plan laser refractive surgery and for lens fitting."
    },
    {
      "code": "17803",
      "display": "Absorbents, Infectious Waste",
      "definition": "Materials capable of attracting or incorporating (i.e., absorbing) a liquid/semiliquid substance and designed to be used to immobilize/solidify liquid/semiliquid infectious waste (e.g., blood, urine, mucus, vomit) so that it can be handled properly (i.e., for removal, storage, decontamination, and disposal). Infectious waste absorbents are typically used when liquid/semiliquid infectious waste has been spilled or has leaked from a container; these absorbents often are available as a component of a spill cleanup kit. Infectious waste absorbents are also used to solidify liquid infectious waste in various containers (e.g., suction canisters, infectious waste trash bags [i.e., red bags], urology bags)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34001",
      "display": "Absorption Pads",
      "definition": "Pads designed to absorb liquids including body fluids. These pads typically consist of layers of absorbent materials such as cotton or polymers; they may include a partial waterproof covering."
    },
    {
      "code": "11661",
      "display": "Absorption Pads, Eye Secretion",
      "definition": "Small pads designed for absorption of secretions from the eyes. These pads typically consist of layers of absorbent materials such as soft cotton enclosed in non-woven fine mesh gauze. Eye pads usually absorb tears, blood, or other secretions due to accidental injuries, diseases, or ophthalmic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12110",
      "display": "Absorption Pads, Linen Protection",
      "definition": "Pads designed for absorption of liquids to protect bed linens. These pads typically consist of back-to-back layers of absorbent materials such as soft cotton or polymers that are placed on top of the bed linen and under the patient. Linen protection pads are intended to keep patients dry and also to prevent damage to bed linens and mattresses due to moisture."
    },
    {
      "code": "37869",
      "display": "Absorption Pads, Linen Protection, Disposable",
      "definition": "Absorption pads designed for single use in protecting bed linens and mattresses from liquids. These pads typically consist of layers of absorbent materials such as cotton or polymers and may include a plastic waterproof backing. They are typically placed on top of the bed linen and under the patient, and discarded after a single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "37870",
      "display": "Absorption Pads, Linen Protection, Reusable",
      "definition": "Absorption pads designed to be used multiple times in protecting bed linens and mattresses from liquids. These pads typically consist of layers of absorbent textile materials and may include a plastic waterproof backing. They are typically placed on top of the bed linen and under the patient, and laundered between uses."
    },
    {
      "code": "13443",
      "display": "Absorption Pads, Menstruation",
      "definition": "Absorption pads designed to be worn by women during their menstrual periods to absorb menstrual fluids. They can also be worn by new mothers at the post-partum period to help with discharge. They are held in place between the woman's vulva and her undergarment either by being adhered onto the user's undergarment or wrapped around the undergarment's gusset. Rarely, they are held in place by being attached to clips or pins on a menstrual belt worn around the woman's waist. Some menstruation pads are designed to be worn once and disposed after use; others are designed to be reused or reworn by washing and drying them after wearing. Reusable pads are usually made of cotton fabric pockets into which absorbent cotton fleece leak-resistant pads are inserted. The absorbent inserts can be layered to accommodate light, moderate, or heavy menstrual flow. They are held in place by wrapping extended fabric tabs around the undergarment's gusset; these flaps may include snaps to help hold the pad in place. Single use disposable pads are usually made of an underlying non-permeable layer (usually made of plastic) which is held against the undergarment; an absorbent layer (usually made of polyacrylate gel, or wood cellulose fibers, or other absorbent material); and a soft, perforated, plastic surface layer that is held against the wearer's body. Disposable pads are available in several different sizes, such as mini, maxi, long, and to accommodate light, moderate, or heavy menstrual flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "18412",
      "display": "Absorption Pads, Nursing",
      "definition": "Small pads designed for absorption of milk secretions from the breast between nursing (i.e., breastfeeding) sessions. These devices typically consist of small, round pads made of absorbing materials (e.g., cotton, or special polymers) typically used inside a brassiere. Nursing pads are intended to keep the breast and clothing dry; they may also provide relief to sore nipples and/or prevent brassiere friction on the breast. Nursing pads may be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "15810",
      "display": "Accelerometers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to measure the rate of change of an object's velocity. These devices typically consist of a sensor and transducer, an amplifier, and extension cables for connection to an electronic measuring unit. They work on the principle of seismic mass: this mass is restrained by a spring, and when the transducer case is accelerated, the mass moves relative to the case and exerts a force on the spring. The acceleration is calculated by measuring mass displacement or the mass' force on the spring, converted to an electrical signal. Acceleration transducers are available using strain gauges (e.g., metallic foil, piezoresistive), capacitive elements, and piezoelectric elements. Clinical accelerometers are intended for several purposes, including measuring the acceleration of body parts to assess a patient's mobility and/or activity (alone or as a component of activity monitors and gait analyzers respectively); assess tremor (e.g., in patients with Parkinson's disease); and activate pacemakers according to the patient's position (e.g., upright)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16353",
      "display": "Acrylic Curing Units, Dental",
      "definition": "Devices used to provide heat- or cold-curing of the base resins that comprise most acrylic dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16969",
      "display": "Adapter Cables, Pressure Transducer",
      "definition": "Cables designed to translate one form of energy to another (e.g., pressure, temperature, pulse) into an electrical signal and communicate this signal to a device (e.g., monitor). Typically, these cables are designed to be compatible with various pressure transducers embedded in devices such as transducer tubing sets (e.g., used with central venous catheters, arterial catheters, intracranial catheters, and pulmonary artery catheters), pulse oximeter probes, noninvasive blood pressure cuffs, temperature probes, and respiratory/electrocardiography electrodes and associated monitors (e.g., physiologic monitors, transport monitors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17787",
      "display": "Adapter/Connectors, Angioplasty Balloon Dilatation Catheter",
      "definition": "Adapters that are designed to be attached to a guiding catheter or balloon introducer hub to facilitate the passing of an angioplasty balloon.  These devices provide a connection for pressure monitoring, dye delivery, and flushing of balloon dilatation catheters during transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41891",
      "display": "Adaptive Eating Utensils",
      "definition": "Utensils (forks, spoons, knives) designed to assist individuals who experience difficulty feeding themselves using standard cutlery. Adaptive eating utensils can have features such as a larger size, bendable, weighted, angled, or foam handles, or clips and straps that slip over the hand. They can also have electronic functions to make use easier. These utensils are typically used by people with disabilities such as Parkinson's disease, arthritis, post-stoke recovery, or other physical disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10024",
      "display": "Adaptometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine dark adaptation by providing a stimulating light source that has varying controlled intensities. The devices usually consist of a computerized control panel, light sources, a test unit, and a response recording mechanism to provide light stimuli of varying brightness to the subjects. Adaptometers are used for detection of night blindness and its associated underlying conditions, as well as other eye problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "34554",
      "display": "Additive Manufacturing Machines",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to manufacture three-dimensional objects by laying down layers of material following a computerized process. This equipment may perform the manufacturing process using one of a variety of technologies (e.g., material extrusion, photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting). Healthcare equipment using additive manufacturing technology (also known as 3D printing) is used in the  production of a variety of orthopedic and other implants (e.g., cardiac, urinary bladder). Some machines are intended for in-situ manufacturing of skin grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "10025",
      "display": "Adenotomes",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed for excision of hypertrophic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx (i.e., pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids). These manual, handheld devices typically consist of a long slender instrument with cutting blades at its working end and a handle with a mechanism to operate the cutting blades. Other surgical instruments, especially dedicated curettes, are also used for the excision of the adenoids (adenoidectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10033",
      "display": "Adhesive Removers",
      "definition": "Solvent material designed to remove adhesive tape or other adhesive-based products (e.g., bandages, dressings, ostomy wafers, etc.) and the associated adhesive residue from the skin or other surfaces. The solvent is typically packaged in various forms for application, e.g., spray bottles or pre-soaked pads or swabs."
    },
    {
      "code": "10026",
      "display": "Adhesive Strips",
      "definition": "Short (usually less than 4 inches/10 cm) in length and narrow (typically 1 to 2 inches/2.5 to 5 cm) flexible strips evenly covered on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive, which are designed to cover a wound and/or approximate the skin edges of a wound, or to attach dressings or other small devices (e.g., intravenous catheters) to the skin. These strips are usually made of cloth (e.g., cotton), plastic, paper, and/or other materials; some strips include a central wound pad. Adhesive strips are intended for single use (i.e., disposable); they are usually supplied in precut sizes and/or shapes that are packaged sterile. Multipurpose adhesive strips with hypoallergenic, waterproof, and/or antimicrobial properties are available; dedicated strips intended for wound closure are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16769",
      "display": "Adhesive Strips, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Adhesive strips designed for a variety of different applications, including to cover small wounds and to attach dressings or other small devices (e.g., intravenous catheters) to the skin. These strips typically are short (usually less than 4 inches/10 cm) in length and narrow (typically 1 to 2 inches/2.5 to 5 cm) flexible strips evenly covered on one side with pressure-sensitive adhesive. The strips are usually made of cloth (e.g., cotton), plastic, paper, and/or other materials; some strips include a central wound pad. Multipurpose adhesive strips are intended for single use (i.e., disposable); they are usually supplied in precut sizes and/or shapes that may be packaged sterile. Adhesive strips with hypoallergenic, waterproof, and/or antimicrobial properties are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25225",
      "display": "Adhesive Strips, Multipurpose, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Multipurpose adhesive strips designed with a wound contact layer that includes an absorbent pad containing antimicrobial agents. These strips typically are short (usually less than 4 inches/10 cm) in length and narrow (typically 1 to 2 inches/2.5 to 5 cm) flexible strips evenly covered on one side with pressure-sensitive adhesive and a central wound pad with the antimicrobial agent (e.g., silver). Antimicrobial multipurpose adhesive strips are intended for single use (i.e., disposable); they are usually supplied in precut sizes and/or shapes that may be packaged sterile; they are used to prevent infections and/or treat infected wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "10028",
      "display": "Adhesive Strips, Multipurpose, Hypoallergenic",
      "definition": "Multipurpose adhesive strips made of materials (e.g., latex-free) and/or covered with adhesives that are associated with a lower potential for producing an allergic reaction (i.e., hypoallergenic). These strips typically are short (usually less than 4 inches/10 cm) length and narrow (typically 1 to 2 inches/2.5 to 5 cm) flexible strips evenly covered on one side with pressure-sensitive adhesive. Hypoallergenic adhesive strips are intended for single use (i.e., disposable); they are usually supplied in precut sizes and/or shapes that may be packaged sterile. These devices are mainly intended to cover small wounds and/or to attach objects (e.g. dressings) to the skin in patients sensitive to standard strips and in other patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "10029",
      "display": "Adhesive Strips, Multipurpose, Waterproof",
      "definition": "Multipurpose adhesive strips made of materials and/or coated with an impermeable or water-resistant substance (i.e., waterproof). These strips typically are short (usually less than 4 inches/10 cm) in length and narrow (typically 1 to 2 inches/2.5 to 5 cm) flexible strips evenly covered on one side with pressure-sensitive adhesive. Waterproof adhesive strips are mainly intended to cover small wounds and/or to attach objects (e.g. dressings) to the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "25226",
      "display": "Adhesive Strips, Wound Closure",
      "definition": "Adhesive strips designed to approximate (i.e., close) the edges of small, superficial wounds. These strips are usually made of porous cloth or plastic materials covered on one side with pressure-sensitive adhesives; they are packaged sterile and intended for single use. Wound closure adhesive strips are usually placed at short intervals across the line of incision or wounds; they are mainly used to close and support small wounds; they are usually supplied in precut sizes and/or shapes that may be packaged sterile. Dedicated wound closure adhesive strips with hypoallergenic and/or waterproof properties are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10278",
      "display": "Adhesive Strips, Wound Closure, Butterfly",
      "definition": "Adhesive strips designed with broad, wing-shaped ends, linked by a narrow segment known as a bridge, These strips are usually made of porous cloth or plastic materials; the wings are covered on one side with pressure-sensitive adhesives but the bridge is not covered with adhesives. Butterfly wound closure strips are packaged sterile and intended for single use; dedicated butterfly strips with hypoallergenic and/or waterproof properties are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28038",
      "display": "Adhesives, Tissue, Synthetic, Cyanoacrylate",
      "definition": "Synthetic tissue adhesive compounds that include a cyanocrylate (e.g., N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) as the active component. Cyanoacrylates solidify (i.e., polymerize) in contact with weak bases, such as water and blood. These compounds (also known as cyanocrylate glue) are frequently mixed before application with lipiodol to slow the rate of polymerization and to allow visualization using fluoroscopy. Cyanocrylate tissue adhesives are mainly used for hemostasis, wound closure, and fistula repair. They are also used during endoscopic procedures for gastric or esophageal varices."
    },
    {
      "code": "24255",
      "display": "Adsorbers, Extracorporeal, Lipopolysaccharide",
      "definition": "Adsorbers designed for use during extracorporeal procedures, including extracorporeal blood circulation, to reduce lipopolysaccharides (LPS). These adsorbers typically consist of adsorbents made from polyethylene discs with a specific polypeptide that binds LPS, reducing its level (i.e., when blood flow is passed through the adsorbing discs). Extracorporeal LPS adsorbers are intended mainly to reduce gram-negative bacteria endotoxins (typically lipopolysaccharides) from blood (i.e., to treat or avoid endotoxemia) and/or from an external body area in septic patients; the adsorbers are used mainly in association with the performance of surgery (e.g., cardiac) and/or other procedures (e.g., continuous renal replacement therapy, liver support therapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10045",
      "display": "Aerators, Ethylene Oxide",
      "definition": "Equipment that  includes an enclosure (e.g., a cabinet) equipped with mechanisms appropriate  for rapid reduction of residues of  ethylene oxide (EtO) from the surfaces of EtO-sterilized devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "36497",
      "display": "Aerosol Exposure Systems, Automated, Animal",
      "definition": "Systems that use integrated hardware and software to control and monitor all aspects of research animal aerosol exposure (aerosol generation, conditioning, dilution, sampling and exposure chamber parameters) through a single data platform. Aerosol exposure systems may be designed to fit inside an isolation chamber or glovebox containment chamber when infectious agents are used and they may also be able to undergo decontamination procedures. Through user-configurable controls, automated animal aerosol exposure systems are usually interoperable with aerosol generators, samplers, monitors, and exposure chambers from different vendors."
    },
    {
      "code": "10046",
      "display": "Aerosol Generators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to produce (i.e., generate) gaseous suspensions of extremely small particles of a liquid or solid. These generators typically include a micro-ultrasonic, or pneumatic pumping mechanism capable of creating a fine-particle liquid mist appropriate for delivery to the patient's airways and/or for lung deposition. Aerosol generators are available in a variety of sizes and configurations according to the clinical procedure and/or the device used for aerosol delivery; they are usually connected through flexible hoses or tubes to face masks, ventilator breathing circuits, or aerosol tents. Some generators are an integral part of fixed and/or portable nebulizers. Aerosol generators are used mainly to produce an aerosolized mist from saline solutions and drug formulations; some dedicated devices are intended to produce a radioactive particle aerosol."
    },
    {
      "code": "37509",
      "display": "Air Blowers, Hearing Aid",
      "definition": "Devices designed to force air through hearing aid components (e.g., ear molds, tubes). These devices may consist of a hollow rubber bulb attached to a cannulated tip appropriate for insertion into openings on hearing aid tubes and ear molds. Manual compression of the rubber bulb expels air through the tip, which promotes expulsion of moisture and ear wax from hearing aid components."
    },
    {
      "code": "39967",
      "display": "Air Bubble Detection/Removal Systems",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the automated detection and removal of air bubbles from intravenous infusion lines during infusion of intravenous solution, blood, and/or blood products. These devices typically consist of a control unit that incorporates an air bubble detector (e.g., ultrasonic sensor) and a mechanism for removal of air bubbles from the infusion fluid such as a dedicated tubing set designed to allow air bubble-containing fluid to be diverted from the patient line to a waste collection container. Air bubble detection/removal systems are typically placed between the patient and the intravenous infusion source (e.g., gravity feed, infusion pump, in-line warmer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16629",
      "display": "Air Cleaners",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to cleanse room air by drawing the air through a filter or set of filters and then recirculating the cleansed air. These cleaners, depending upon the characteristics and efficiency of the filter(s), can remove airborne particulates (aerosols) and/or gases and vapors. They are available as ceiling, wall, or stand alone units; air cleaners mounted on wheeled platforms are also available. Some air cleaners are capable of exhausting air to create a negative pressure (i.e., isolation) room. Air cleaners are used in healthcare facilities, isolation and clean rooms, and in emergency shelters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20709",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate",
      "definition": "Air cleaners designed to remove particulates (e.g., smoke, biological aerosols) from the room air. These cleaners typically include a combination of filters (e.g., a coarse pre-filter and a very fine particle filter), intake and exhaust ducts, a motor blower assembly, and a control panel that includes an airflow speed control, a manometer to measure the pressure across the filter and/or a filter-change indicator. Some devices remove the particles by electrostatic attraction and capture (i.e., electrostatic precipitation) of the particles instead of filtering. Particulate air cleaners are used in healthcare facilities to reduce the concentration of biological airborne infections and allergens."
    },
    {
      "code": "18114",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate, Electrostatic Precipitation",
      "definition": "Particulate air cleaners designed to remove particles from the air by electrostatic attraction and capture (i.e., precipitation) of the particles. Positively charged ions are attracted to airborne particles as they are drawn through the unit; the positively charged particles are then precipitated from the air as they pass through a negatively charged panel or a series of plates. The electrostatic charge should be supplied by an appropriate electrical power source."
    },
    {
      "code": "18115",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate, Electrostatic Precipitation, Mobile",
      "definition": "Electrostatic precipitation filter air cleaners mounted on wheeled platforms and specially designed for mobile applications. These cleaners are intended for movement from one location to another in a healthcare facility, they may be also used in modular medical facilities (both stationary and mobile) and in emergency shelters."
    },
    {
      "code": "18112",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate, High-Efficiency Filter",
      "definition": "Devices designed to remove very fine particles from the air, typically 99.97% of particles bigger than 0.3 micron. These cleaners usually combine a low-efficiency prefilter and a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter. HEPA cleaners can create very-low-particulate environments in healthcare facilities (e.g., laboratories, isolation rooms) and remove bacteria (e.g., those causing tuberculosis) from the environment. HEPA cleaners can remove most aerosolized biological agents and radioactive particles."
    },
    {
      "code": "18113",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate, High-Efficiency Filter, Mobile",
      "definition": "High efficiency particulate filter air cleaners mounted on wheeled platforms and specially designed for mobile applications. These cleaners are intended for movement from one location to another. In a healthcare facilities, modular medical facilities (both stationary and mobile), and in emergency shelters they may be used to protect from toxic industrial contaminants and biological agents or radioactive particulates."
    },
    {
      "code": "20710",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate/Gas/Vapor",
      "definition": "Air cleaners designed to cleanse room air by removing particulates and gas/vapors from the air and then recirculating the cleansed air. These cleaners typically include a set of filters to remove particulates and gas/vapors; depending upon the characteristics and efficiency of the filter(s) they can remove airborne particulates (aerosols) such as aerosol bacteria, other biological agent particulates, or radioactive particles; and/or gases and vapors including toxic industrial contaminants and chemical and biological agents. Particulate and gas/vapor air cleaners are used in healthcare facilities, isolation and clean rooms, and emergency shelters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20712",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate/Gas/Vapor, Chemical Agent",
      "definition": "Particulate/gas/vapor air cleaners designed to remove very fine particulate from the air, typically 99.97% of particles bigger than 0.3 micron, and also chemical agents (e.g., nerve, blister) in gas or vapor phase from the air stream. These cleaners usually include a combination of a low-efficiency pre-filter, a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, and one or more gas sorbent filters according to the expected chemical agent and the prevalent conditions (e.g., contaminant concentration, molecular weight and size, temperature). Chemical agent air cleaners are used in air cleaning systems designed for permanent facilities and/or in temporary emergency shelters in areas contaminated and/or potentially contaminated with chemical agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23920",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate/Gas/Vapor, Germicidal",
      "definition": "Air cleaners designed to remove airborne aerosol microorganisms and other biological agent particulates from room air, possibly by applying radiation (e.g., ultraviolet [UV] light). These cleaners typically include a set of fine filters to remove particulates (e.g., 99.97% of particles bigger than 0.3 micron), including airborne particulates (aerosols) with bacteria and other biological agents. Germicidal air cleaners are intended for continuous use in healthcare facilities, including waiting rooms and doctors' offices. Dedicated germicidal air cleaners, which use UV light radiation that can kill most bacteria and many virus types, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23419",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate/Gas/Vapor, Germicidal, Ultraviolet Light",
      "definition": "Germicidal air cleaners designed to kill most bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and many virus types using ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These devices are typically enclosed metal (usually stainless steel) air cleaners with UV (radiation at 254 nm is typical) lamps, particulate filters, fans, and switches. UV germicidal air cleaners are intended for continuous use in healthcare facilities, including waiting rooms and doctors' offices, especially where ceiling height or other conditions do not allow the installation of UV lamps higher than 7 feet; the devices are less effective against fungus and bacteria spores."
    },
    {
      "code": "20711",
      "display": "Air Cleaners, Particulate/Gas/Vapor, Toxic Industrial Contaminant",
      "definition": "Particulate/gas/vapor air cleaners designed to remove very fine particulate from the air, typically 99.97% of particles bigger than 0.3 micron, and also toxic industrial contaminants (TIC's) in gas or vapor phase from the air stream. These cleaners usually include a combination of a low-efficiency pre-filter, a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, and one or more gas sorbent filters according to the expected industrial contaminants and the prevalent conditions (e.g., contaminant concentration, molecular weight and size, temperature). TIC air cleaners are used in air cleaning systems designed for permanent facilities and/or in temporary emergency shelters during industrial accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "37419",
      "display": "Air Deodorizers, Liquid Spray",
      "definition": "Chemical solutions that can be sprayed into the air as a mist or an aerosol and are intended to eliminate odors in the surrounding environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20672",
      "display": "Air Pressure Therapy Units, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Air pressure units (i.e., generators) designed for treatment of excess fluid volume and pressure in the middle ear (i.e., Meniere's disease). These devices consist of a low-pressure generator that delivers low-frequency, low-amplitude pressure pulses to the middle ear through a ventilation tube that was previously implanted into the patient's eardrum, between the external canal and the middle ear. The device administers automatically controlled pulses of air to increase the pressure within the middle ear, reducing fluid pressure in the inner ear. Middle ear pressure therapy units are used to alleviate the symptoms of Meniere's disease when other clinical treatments (e.g., administration of drugs) have failed."
    },
    {
      "code": "40957",
      "display": "Air-Oxygen Mask Headgear",
      "definition": "Band or bands of material designed to hold an air-oxygen mask in position on a patient's face. Air-oxygen mask headgear is typically wrapped around the patient's head and affixed to an air-oxygen mask via clips and/or fabric straps with hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18863",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed for non-invasive, automated assist in removing secretions from the lower respiratory tract (i.e., enhancing secretion clearance from the airways); some units are also intended for treating incomplete expansion of the lungs (i.e., atelectasis). These units may use one or more of different techniques, including the application of positive pressure to the airways opening, high-frequency oscillation (HFO) of the air column in the conducting airways, and external high-frequency compression to the chest wall. Airway clearance units are frequently used in acute or chronically ill patients for replacing and/or in addition to traditional procedures, such as postural drainage, manual percussion, or mechanical aspiration of the airways."
    },
    {
      "code": "37199",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, Acoustic Percussion",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to generate oscillation of the air column in the bronchial airways by directing sound waves at various frequencies into the airway. These sound waves are conducted down the bronchial tubes and induce vibrations in the gas column, which are layered on top of a patient's normal breathing. Vibration of the air column induces vibrations in the airway walls, potentially shearing mucus from the airway walls via oscillatory forces. Acoustic percussion airway clearance units typically consist of a control unit and a handheld unit. The control unit produces sound waves at user-controllable frequencies (typically between 5 and 1,200 Hz). The handheld unit includes a speaker and a mouthpiece to direct the generated soundwaves into the patient's airway. Handheld unit connectors may allow the simultaneous use of positive expiratory pressure or delivery of aerosolized medication."
    },
    {
      "code": "20738",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, High-Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to apply automated mechanical oscillation to the chest wall to obtain a high-frequency oscillation (HFO) of the air column in the conducting airways. These devices may use one of several techniques to provide the oscillation, including external percussion on the chest wall, intermittent compression by a patient-worn vest, and a cycle of positive and negative pressure compression provided by a cuirass around the patient chest. High-frequency chest wall oscillation units are intended to shear mucus from the airway wall by oscillatory forces and to aid in mucus mobilization and expectoration; some units are capable of providing mechanical ventilation of patients. Devices that perform chest wall oscillation using a cuirass may also act as mechanical ventilators."
    },
    {
      "code": "20741",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, High-Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation, Cuirass",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to applied high-frequency oscillation (i.e., compression) to the chest wall using an external, flexible chest enclosure (a cuirass, similar to those used in negative pressure ventilators), delivering noninvasive oscillation (i.e., cycles of  positive and negative pressure) to the airways and lungs. These devices typically include an electrically powered oscillator that is controlled using a microprocessor. The expiratory pressure may be positive, atmospheric, or negative, permitting ventilation above, at, or below the patient normal residual capacity; frequency may be typically controlled in the range of -70 to +70 cm of water and pressure from 8 to several hundred oscillations/minute. Cuirass airway clearance units are intended for administration of therapy for mucus clearance and sputum induction; they may be used also to provide mechanical ventilation to some patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "20739",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, High-Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation, Percussion",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to apply automated external percussion to the chest to obtain a high-frequency oscillation (HFO) of the air column in the conducting airways. These units are usually pneumatic powered; the percussion is applied to the chest typically at frequencies between 13 and 15 Hz (close to the natural harmonic frequency of the chest wall). They are used mainly to facilitate secretion removal in vulnerable patients, especially those suffering from cystic fibrosis and other pulmonary, neuromuscular, or neurological disorders that affect normal secretion of mucous from the airways."
    },
    {
      "code": "20740",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, High-Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation, Vest",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to applied non-invasive, high-frequency oscillation (i.e., compression) to the chest wall using a vest. These devices typically consist of large-volume variable-frequency air-pulse delivery unit attached to a non-stretchable inflatable vest worn by the patient and that extends over the entire torso. The pressure (in a range from 28 to 39 mm of H20) is applied by the vest either during all the respiratory cycle or only during expiration, in pulses which frequency is controlled by the patient typically in a range from 5 to 25 Hz. Vest units are intended for self-administration of therapy for mucus clearance and sputum induction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20459",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, Insufflation/Exsufflation",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to apply low-frequency cycles of a gradually increasing positive pressure (e.g., 20 to 30 cm H20) to the airways followed by a rapid change to a negative pressure (typically negative 30 to negative 40 cm H20), exhausting the lungs and reproducing in the bronchial tree the effects of a vigorous cough. These devices typically consist of a portable electric unit that provides the positive and negative pressures and that includes automated and/or manual controls and timers to perform the inspiratory and expiratory cycles; and a patient breathing circuit that includes a bacterial filter, breathing tubes; and a patient interface (e.g., a mask, mouthpiece, tracheostomy tube adapter). Insufflation/exsufflation units are intended to palliate respiratory deficiency in patients with debilitated respiratory muscles and/or other disorders that affect the respiratory function, such as spinal cord injuries, muscular dystrophy, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, and poliomyelitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20737",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, Oscillatory Intrapulmonary Percussion",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to perform high-frequency airway oscillation of the air column in the conducting airways by applying high-flow mini-bursts (similar to those provided by high-frequency ventilators) to the airway opening during both inhalation and exhalation. During these percussive bursts of gas a continuous positive airway pressure is usually maintained while the pulsatile percussive airway pressure increases. These units typically consist of a pneumatic powered device that provides the positive pressure and connecting tubes, controls, adapters, sputum cups, and attachments (e.g., mouthpieces, masks) for intermittent deliver of gas to the patient. The oscillation frequency and pressure are usually in the range of 6 to 30 Hz and 10 to 20 cm of H20 respectively. Oscillatory intrapulmonary percussion units make no attempt to breathe for the patient, the oscillatory pressure is layered on top of the patient normal breathing. Most units include or may be connected to nebulizers and to oral or endotracheal suction equipment. They are intended to shear mucus from the airway wall by oscillatory forces, to aid in mucus mobilization and expectoration, for treatment of atelectasis, and frequently to deliver nebulized medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20733",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, Positive Expiratory Pressure",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to generate positive airway pressure in the airways (typically 10 to 20 cm of H20 or larger) as the patient exhales through a resistance. Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices include one of a variety of fixed-orifice resistors that only generates pressure when the expiratory flow is high enough to generate back pressure from the orifice. PEP units typically include a soft, transparent, hand ventilation mask or mouthpiece, a T assembly with a one-way valve, and a manometer. The mask is applied tightly but comfortably over the mouth and nose. A mouthpiece can be also used, but only if the patient can maintain a reasonable seal and not release air through the nose during the procedure. PEP airway clearance units are mainly used to help remove pulmonary secretions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20734",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, Positive Expiratory Pressure, Oscillatory",
      "definition": "Airway clearance units designed to apply forces at the airway opening to perform a simultaneous delivery of positive expiratory pressure and a high-frequency oscillation (HFO) of the air column in the conducting airways. These devices use one of several different techniques to create the airflow oscillation, including metallic ball vibrations and a combination of a counterweighted plug and a magnet. Oscillatory positive expiratory pressure units are used for prevention of early airway closure by stabilization of the airways with positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and to aid in mucus mobilization and expectoration in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20735",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, Positive Expiratory Pressure, Oscillatory, Flutter Valve",
      "definition": "Handheld oscillatory positive expiratory pressure units consisting of a pipe-like device that includes a steel ball in the inner cone (i.e., the pipe bowl) that is loosely covered by a perforated cap. The weight of the ball provides positive airway pressure (close to 10cm of H20) during expiration (i.e., positive expiratory pressure, PEP), and the ball movement on/off the bowl generates oscillations with a changing frequency ranging from 2 to 30 Hz (typically about 15 Hz) according to the device position. Flutter valve devices are intended to shear mucus from the airway wall by oscillatory forces, prevention of early airway closure by stabilization of the airways with PEP, changes in mucus rheology, and to aid in mucus mobilization and expectoration. They are intended mainly for use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20736",
      "display": "Airway Clearance Units, Positive Expiratory Pressure, Oscillatory, Magnetic Valve",
      "definition": "Handheld oscillatory positive expiratory pressure units consisting of a counterweighted lever and a magnet. The exhaled air passes through the cone which is intermittently occluded by a plug attached to the lever, producing airflow oscillations. A knob located at the distal end of the device adjusts the distance between the magnet and counterweighted plug, thereby adjusting the frequency, amplitude, and mean positive expiratory pressure (PEP). These units are available in two models, intended for patients with an expiratory flow capacity smaller or greater than 15 liter/minute respectively. Magnetic valve devices are intended to shear mucus from the airway wall by oscillatory forces, prevention of early airway closure by stabilization of the airways with PEP, and to aid in mucus mobilization and expectoration. They are intended for use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "27675",
      "display": "Alarm Systems, Occupancy",
      "definition": "Alarm systems designed to activate audible and/or visual signals when patients attempt to move from a designated area such as a chair, wheelchair, bed, or room. These alarm systems are typically comprised of sensors deployed to determine the patient's location and connected to an electronic control unit.  Occupancy alarm systems have several possible configurations and usually include one transmitter which can be used interchangeably with several sensors such as leg cuffs, floor mats, clothing clips, pressure pads and infrared motion detectors.  Some occupancy alarm systems can also use two different sensors at the same time such as a bed pressure pad and an infrared motion detector. Some occupancy alarm systems can interface with nurse call systems providing remote alarms. Occupancy alarm systems are used to alert caregivers that a patient has or is attempting to move. Occupancy alarm systems can help reduce the likelihood of falls and can promote speedy assistance to patients who have already fallen by alerting caregivers that a patient who should not get up unassisted is doing so."
    },
    {
      "code": "15550",
      "display": "Alarms",
      "definition": "Devices designed to send a clearly distinctive signal (e.g., visible, audible) when the value of a physical, physiologic, or other main feature of a patient or device is out of its normal range jeopardizing the health status, equipment functioning, and/or performance of a procedure. These devices typically consist of an independent (e.g., electromechanical, electronic) unit that is connected to sensors (e.g., temperature, gas concentration, position), amplifiers, controls, and visual and/or loud warnings that may be located at the site, at a central station, and/or in other remote location. Alarm devices are not intended for continuous display or accurate measurement of the detected parameters; some other devices (e.g., monitors, recorders, clinical and laboratory equipment) may include alarm systems as an integral part. Alarms used in healthcare facilities include, in addition to common alarms (e.g., fire, smoke, environmental hazards, electric and other equipment failures), dedicated alarms such as those used to warn of failures in vital gas supplies (e.g., central gas systems, oxygen depletion), patient ambulation (e.g., bed and/or chair occupancy), abnormal conditions in clinical procedures (e.g., intravenous infusion), and environmental hazards related to gases and other substances used in healthcare procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "14351",
      "display": "Alarms, Artificial Airway Pressure",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when the gas pressure within the ventilation artificial airway of mechanically ventilated patients is outside a pre-established range. These devices typically include a pressure sensing line that is ideally attached to the breathing circuit at its junction with the endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, an electronic unit, and visual and/or sound alarms. Airway pressure alarms are mainly used with intensive and nonintensive care ventilators and/or anesthesia ventilators that do not include an airway pressure alarm as an integral component. Low pressure alarm may signal ventilator failure, breathing circuit disconnections, extubations, or leaks in the endotracheal tube; high-pressure alarms alert for conditions that can cause lung damage (i.e., barotraumas)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18596",
      "display": "Alarms, Cellular Telephone Detection",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual signals when cellular telephones, walkie-talkies, or any other radio-frequency transmitters are operated in the vicinity (e.g., inside the same room) of electrical or magnetic medical devices vulnerable to radio-frequency signals (i.e., electromagnetic interference). These devices include the appropriate sensors to detect the radiated electromagnetic field, typically from 400 to 2,000 MHz), electronic circuitry, and sound and/or light sources as alarms. Cellular-telephone detection alarms are used to alert users and healthcare personnel of the operation of cell telephones inside a healthcare facility near vulnerable or potentially vulnerable medical devices (e.g., defibrillators, ventilators)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15824",
      "display": "Alarms, Central Gas System",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual alarms when a central gas system feature (e.g., line, outlet) is outside predetermined operating characteristics. These devices typically consist of an independent electronic unit, sensors, amplifiers, level controls, and visual displays and/or audible warnings that may be located at the site and/or in a central station. Dedicated area alarms for central gas systems are used to warn users of abnormal conditions such as pressure values and oxygen depletion."
    },
    {
      "code": "26592",
      "display": "Alarms, Central Gas System, Oxygen Depletion",
      "definition": "Central gas system alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual alarms when the oxygen in the air supply line is below its normal (about 21%) atmospheric concentration (i.e., oxygen depletion). These devices typically consist of an independent electronic unit, sensors for continuous assessment of the pressure and/or concentration of oxygen, electronic circuits to amplify the signal, and visual displays and/or audible warnings that usually activate an alarm when the concentration of oxygen is in a range from 18% to 19%. Oxygen depletion alarms are usually activated by pressure loss (e.g., in central gas system oxygen lines and oxygen cylinder delivery lines). The alarms may be located at the site and/or in a central station. Dedicated oxygen depletion alarms are frequently included as an integral part of devices such as anesthesia machines and ventilators."
    },
    {
      "code": "26591",
      "display": "Alarms, Central Gas System, Pressure",
      "definition": "Central gas system alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual alarms when the pressure (including partial vacuum level) of a central gas system line is outside (e.g., 20%) predetermined normal system pressure values. These devices typically consist of an independent electronic unit, pressure sensors, amplifiers, pressure level controls, and visual displays and/or audible warnings that may be located at the site and/or in a central station. Pressure alarms are used to warn users of abnormal conditions in the delivered gas pressures; alarms are also available for use at the central gas station to determine its status."
    },
    {
      "code": "11588",
      "display": "Alarms, Enuresis",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate a visual or more frequently audible (e.g., a buzzer sound) alarm when wetness caused by an involuntary small discharge of urine during sleep (i.e., enuresis) is detected. These devices typically consist of a humidity sensor that is attached to a pad, sheet, or the underwear of a patient (usually a child), an electronic unit, and an audible alarm located on or near the bed. When a child begins to wet the bed an alarm is triggered and wakes the child who can finish urinating in the toilet. Enuresis (also known as bed wetting) alarms are used mainly to facilitate a behavior modification treatment intended to get control of the urinary bladder in otherwise healthy children; they may be also used in geriatric/long-term care settings to manage incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "26608",
      "display": "Alarms, Environmental Emergency",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when a hazardous condition beyond a threshold level in a closed environment is detected. These alarms usually consist of a detector, appropriate transducers to generate an electrical signal, amplifiers, separate electric power systems and/or batteries, and sound and/or light sources that deliver signals (e.g., high-pitched sounds, intense flashing lights) to warn people that the hazardous condition is present. Alarms intended to be fixed in a particular room providing only emergency signals locally and alarm systems intended for a complete facility that may also include remote alarms (e.g., police and/or fire stations) are available. Environmental emergency alarms are used in healthcare facilities for detecting a variety of hazardous conditions, including fire, smoke, carbon monoxide, explosive and toxic gases. Alarms intended to be fixed in a particular room providing only emergency signals locally and alarm systems intended for a complete facility that may also include remote alarms (e.g., police and/or fire stations) are available. Dedicated alarms intended for fire and/or smoke, carbon monoxide, and other hazardous conditions are also available. Emergency alarms may be used also to activate safety (e.g., unlock doors) and/or protection (e.g., sprinklers) mechanisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "26613",
      "display": "Alarms, Environmental Emergency, Carbon Monoxide",
      "definition": "Environmental emergency alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when carbon monoxide (CO) beyond a threshold level in a closed environment is detected. These alarms usually consist of a CO detector (e.g., tin oxide), appropriate transducers to generate an electrical signal, amplifiers, separate electric power systems and/or batteries, and sound and/or light sources that deliver signals (e.g., high-pitched sounds, intense flashing lights) to warn people that high CO levels are present. CO alarms intended to be fixed in a particular room providing only emergency signals locally and alarm systems intended for a complete facility that may also include remote alarms (e.g., police and/or fire stations) are available. CO alarms are usually required in facilities that use fuel-burning appliances such as furnaces, ranges, water and room heaters, motor-powered equipment such as portable generators, and/or fireplaces, and other charcoal-burning devices used in homes and other enclosed areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "25099",
      "display": "Alarms, Environmental Emergency, Fire/Smoke",
      "definition": "Environmental emergency alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when smoke beyond a threshold level and/or fire in a closed environment are detected. These alarms usually consist of a heat and/or smoke detector, appropriate transducers to generate an electrical signal, amplifiers, separate electric power systems and/or batteries, and sound and/or light sources that deliver signals (e.g., high-pitched sounds, intense flashing lights) to warn people that a fire is present. Fire/smoke alarms intended to be fixed in a particular room providing only emergency signals locally and alarm systems intended for a complete facility that may also include remote alarms (e.g., police and/or fire stations) are available. They may be used also to activate safety (e.g., unlock doors) and/or protection (e.g., sprinklers) mechanisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "26614",
      "display": "Alarms, Environmental Emergency, Oxygen Depletion",
      "definition": "Environmental emergency alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when oxygen concentration in a closed environment is below its normal (about 21%) atmospheric value (i.e., oxygen depletion). These devices typically consist of a sensor for continuous assessment of oxygen concentration, electronic circuits to amplify the signal, and visual displays and/or audible warnings that usually initiate an alarm when the concentration of oxygen is between 18% and 19%. Oxygen depletion environmental emergency alarms are intended mainly for use in closed rooms where other gases are manipulated, such as clinical laboratories that perform procedures involving carbon dioxide and/or liquid nitrogen for cryopreservation. Alarms intended to be fixed in a particular room providing only emergency signals locally and alarm systems intended for a complete facility that may also include remote alarms (e.g., police and/or fire stations) are available. These alarms are usually fixed permanently on the walls."
    },
    {
      "code": "26601",
      "display": "Alarms, Equipment Temperature",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when the temperature inside the equipment becomes outside pre-established limits. These alarms typically include an electronic unit for data processing, temperature sensors, and visual (e.g., displays) and/or audible warnings that may be located at the site of the equipment and/or at a central station. Equipment temperature alarm systems are used in clinical laboratory devices (e.g., refrigerators, incubators, water baths), pharmacy equipment (e.g., freezers), and other healthcare facility equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26602",
      "display": "Alarms, Equipment Temperature, Refrigerator/Freezer",
      "definition": "Temperature alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when the temperature inside a refrigerator or freezer intended for clinical use becomes outside pre-established limits. These alarms typically consist of an electronic unit (frequently battery operated) with temperature measurement controls that can be fixed in a wide range of temperatures (e.g., from -80 to 125 degrees C, or -112  to 257 degrees F), temperature sensors, and visual (e.g., displays) and/or audible warnings that may be located at the site of the equipment and/or less frequently at a central station; the alarms are suitable for working inside freezers and refrigerators. Refrigerator/freezer temperature alarms are used in places such as clinical laboratories, pharmacies, and blood banks to facilitate the control of refrigerated and/or frozen temperature-sensitive samples and/or supplies (e.g., blood samples, biological products)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23475",
      "display": "Alarms, Foot Load",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) signals when a pre-established limit (i.e., threshold) of weight-bearing (i.e., load) on a foot is reached. These alarms typically consist of a sensor placed in the shoe that continuously assess the weight placed on the foot using a dedicated sensor, a wearable electronic module including a sound alarm whose trigger may be adjusted to different levels of foot load (e.g., up to 45Kg/100 pounds), batteries, and interconnection cables. Lower limb weight alarms are intended for continuous assessment of patients suffering from lower limb and/or hip fractures or after prosthetic replacements; they may be also used during treatment of foot ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20351",
      "display": "Alarms, Gravity Infusion",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate a visual or more frequently audible (i.e., sound) signal when a fluid container used for gravity infusions is nearly empty. These alarms typically consist of a portable battery-operated electronic unit with an attached arm that senses the weight of the fluid bag, operating visual (e.g., LED ) and/or sound alarms when pre-established minimum weights (e.g., 150 g) are reached. The units typically include a clamp for attachment to any vertical intravenous hanger. Gravity infusion alarms can also be used to indicate the completion of bolus infusions and to help in the prevention of air introduction into the infusion line."
    },
    {
      "code": "15863",
      "display": "Alarms, Line Voltage/Frequency",
      "definition": "Alarms designed to activate audible (i.e., sound) and/or visual warnings when the power line voltage and/or frequency are outside pre-established values (e.g., voltage values plus or minus 5% and/or frequency values plus or minus 0.5 Hz from their nominal values). These alarms typically consist of a battery operated electronic unit that includes electronic circuits that automatically compare the line voltage and frequency with a pre-established range of values; some alarms are interconnected to voltage regulators that can keep the line voltage at useful values when the line voltage is low (i.e., brownouts) or high, and/or activate emergency power units for blackouts or for low or high line voltages that the system cannot regulate. These alarms may be intended for the general power supply of a healthcare facility, a particular area or room in the facility, or specifically for devices whose failure may cause severe consequences to health, a process, or a device. Voltage/frequency alarms are also available as an integral part of environmental and electrical safety monitors and other equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18587",
      "display": "Alarms, Occupancy",
      "definition": "Alarm systems designed to activate audible and/or visual signals when a patient attempts to move from a designated area such as a chair, wheelchair, bed, or room. These alarms are typically comprised of sensors deployed to determine the patient's location and connected to an electronic control unit.  Specific occupancy alarms for beds and wheelchairs are available with pressure pads designed to fit on or beneath mattresses or wheelchair seats. Other occupancy alarms such as floor mats, clothing clips, and motion detectors are also available and can be used with beds, wheelchairs, or rooms. Occupancy alarms have several possible configurations and sometimes several sensors can be used together to create an occupancy alarm system.  Some occupancy alarms can interface with nurse call systems providing remote alarms. Occupancy alarms are used to alert caregivers that a patient has or is attempting to move. Occupancy alarms can help reduce the likelihood of falls and can promote speedy assistance to patients who have already fallen by alerting caregivers that a patient who should not get up unassisted is doing so."
    },
    {
      "code": "12585",
      "display": "Alarms, Occupancy, Bed",
      "definition": "Occupancy alarms designed to activate audible and/or visual signals when unattended patients attempt to get out of bed. These alarms typically consist of pressure pad sensors placed underneath or on top of the mattress. These alarms are deployed to determine the patient's location and are connected to an electronic control unit; some bed occupancy alarms can interface with nurse call systems providing remote alarms. Bed occupancy alarms are used to alert caregivers that a patient has or is attempting to move. Bed occupancy alarms can help reduce the likelihood of falls and can promote speedy assistance to patients who have already fallen by alerting caregivers that a patient who should not get out of bed unassisted is doing so."
    },
    {
      "code": "17531",
      "display": "Alarms, Occupancy, Chair/Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Occupancy alarms designed to activate audible and/or visual signals when patients attempt to get out of their chairs or wheelchairs. These alarms typically consist of pressure pad sensors placed on top of or beneath the seat of a chair or wheelchair. These alarms are deployed to determine the patient's location and are connected to an electronic control unit; some chair/wheelchair occupancy alarms can interface with nurse call systems providing remote alarms. Chair/wheelchair occupancy alarms are used to alert caregivers that a patient has or is attempting to move. Chair/wheelchair occupancy alarms can help reduce the likelihood of falls and can promote speedy assistance to patients who have already fallen by alerting caregivers that patients who should not get out of their chairs unassisted are doing so."
    },
    {
      "code": "22860",
      "display": "Alarms, Physiologic Monitoring System, Remote",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring system alarms designed to generate remote audible and/or visual signals on auxiliary devices sited away from the central station and/or patient room, when patient status triggers an alarm. These systems may include electronic display screens and/or audio devices (e.g., loudspeakers); the devices may also provide additional information such the reason for the alarm and/or the room number of the patient whose status triggered the alarm. Physiologic monitoring system alarms are placed in hallways and/or multipatient rooms, providing healthcare staff ready access to patient alarm information. Some alarms may be available as components of physiologic monitoring systems, facilatating installation and support. Physiologic system auxiliary displays intended to show the monitored data (i.e., numeric, waveforms) as well as the alarm signals are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16351",
      "display": "Alginate Mixing Systems",
      "definition": "Mixers designed to blend a salt of alginic acid (i.e., alginate) with water (and appropriate additives if necessary) to produce a dental impression material that sets rapidly and irreversibly. These devices typically consist of an electrical mixer with a well, a container (e.g., cup) used to mix the alginate with water before placing in the mixer well, and external controls to operate the mixer. Alginate mixers are used to obtain smooth and uniform mixtures of dental impression materials in situ at the dentist office."
    },
    {
      "code": "36666",
      "display": "Amalgam Separators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to remove dental amalgam from wastewater generated during dentistry procedures and intended to reduce the amount of mercury released into public sewer systems. Amalgam separators achieve separation of amalgam from wastewater using one or more methods, including centrifugation, filtration, ion exchange, and sedimentation. These units typically include input and output connectors that allow the units to be installed within a dental facility's wastewater/vacuum pump system. Typical installations are placed in-line with the effluent stream, either chairside (i.e., downstream of a single operatory) or at a centralized location upstream of the vacuum pump (i.e., downstream of multiple operatories). Some amalgam separator installations are placed downstream of the gas/liquid separator of a dry vacuum pump-powered system. Amalgam separators frequently incorporate a replaceable collection canister that accumulates the separated amalgam and requires periodic replacement (typically every 3 to 12 months depending on model and practice volume). Alternately, some amalgam separators integrate the separator and collection canister and the entire unit is replaced periodically."
    },
    {
      "code": "16691",
      "display": "Amalgam Wells",
      "definition": "Small, bowl-shaped containers that hold mixed amalgam prior to it being loaded into an amalgam carrier. Amalgam wells are usually made of non-reactive material such as stainless steel or polyvinyl chloride. They commonly have a non-slip base, which can be removable, and may have an opening on the side for inserting an amalgam carrier."
    },
    {
      "code": "10082",
      "display": "Amalgamators",
      "definition": "Electrically-powered devices intended to mix amalgam capsules containing mercury and dental alloy particles. Reusable or disposable amalgam capsules may be used with the amalgamators. Some amalgamators may also be used for mixing other dental materials, such as glass-ionomer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17536",
      "display": "Amblyoscopes",
      "definition": "Reflecting stereoscopes that present to the two eyes two separate target images through two angled tubes.  The angle between the two tubes can be adjusted horizontally and vertically.  Therefore, convergence and divergence can be measured, binocular vision can be measured or trained, and vision can be stimulated in the amblyopic eye."
    },
    {
      "code": "10085",
      "display": "Ambulances",
      "definition": "Vehicles designed for transporting the sick or wounded that are equipped with the necessary devices and supplies to maintain or improve the clinical status of the patient during transport. These vehicles may operate on land, water, or in the air."
    },
    {
      "code": "17162",
      "display": "Ambulances, Air Transport",
      "definition": "Aircraft (e.g., helicopters, airplanes) designed for transporting the sick or wounded that are equipped with the necessary devices and supplies to maintain or improve the clinical status of the patient during air transport."
    },
    {
      "code": "17171",
      "display": "Ambulances, Ground Transport",
      "definition": "Motor vehicles designed for transporting the sick or wounded that are equipped with the necessary devices and supplies to maintain or improve the clinical status of the patient during ground transport."
    },
    {
      "code": "36741",
      "display": "Ambulances, Water Transport",
      "definition": "Water craft (e.g., landing craft, speed boats) designed for transporting the sick or wounded that are equipped with the necessary devices and supplies to maintain or improve the clinical status of the patient during water transport."
    },
    {
      "code": "27036",
      "display": "Ammeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the flow of electric current (either direct or alternating, DC or AC respectively, or both) along a conductor of an electric or electronic circuit, usually expressed in amperes. These instruments typically consist of electromechanical (analog) or more frequently electronic (usually digital) instruments with appropriate leads. Practical instruments can perform the most common current measurements needed for electric and electronic equipment, circuits, and components. Ammeters are mainly used in healthcare facilities in inspection, preventive maintenance, repair, and calibration of medical devices and other hospital equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "10088",
      "display": "Amnioscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the cervical canal into the closed sac between the embryo and the membrane involving it (i.e., the amniotic cavity)  for visual examination, biopsy, and/or treatment of the fetus before the membrane is broken. Amnioscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; these endoscopes may be rigid or flexible."
    },
    {
      "code": "10089",
      "display": "Amniotomes",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed for rupturing, cutting, or tearing the membrane containing the fetus (i.e., amniotic membrane or amnion) during labor. Amniotomes are manual, small handheld instruments that may consist of slender long instruments with a protected sharp point at the distal end; instruments that tear the amniotic membrane without performing a point perforation; or devices used as a finger sheath (ring-like) with an attached hook at the distal end that permit manual examination and rupture of the membrane in one operation. Amniotomes are mostly intended to rupture the amniotic membrane during labor to facilitate birthing."
    },
    {
      "code": "10098",
      "display": "Ampule Openers",
      "definition": "Manually-operated devices designed to be used to break open the ampule so that the contents of the container can be accessed. Typically, ampules are broken open by snapping the neck/stem of the container, which can produce sharp edges (e.g., due to the fact that ampules are manufactured from glass or plastic). Manual ampule openers are typically designed to provide a method for protecting the user's fingers from the sharp edges, e.g., they guard against cuts to fingers. Some manual ampule openers include a small cutting blade inside the opener that scores the ampule stem to help ensure a clean break."
    },
    {
      "code": "15276",
      "display": "Ampules",
      "definition": "Small, sterile, sealed containers, typically manufactured from glass or plastic, that are designed to contain a small amount (e.g., a single dose)  of a substance (e.g., a drug solution). An example of an ampule design would include a small container that has a short body and a thin long neck/stem that can be manually snapped off in order to open the container and access the contents (e.g., with a syringe and needle)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20972",
      "display": "Anaerobic Culture Pack/Pouch Kits",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of materials/supplies designed to be used to create a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere intended for the performance of anaerobic procedures (usually for the culture of anaerobic bacteria) by either increasing the carbon dioxide content, reducing the oxygen content, or both. These kits typically include a flexible container (e.g., pack or a pouch) with integral reagent sachets containing the atmosphere modifying chemical products, liquid activating reagents to initiate the atmosphere development, and carbon dioxide concentration indicator strips. Products available in packs are usually intended to provide the appropriate atmosphere in a sealed jar by placing them after opening in the jars; those provided in pouches (e.g., transparent pouches that permit the observation of bacterial growth) typically permit the use of the pouch to perform small culture processes (usually a few bacteria inoculated Petri dishes). Dedicated kits with packs and/or pouches are available to perform cultures with enriched atmospheres of carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide plus hydrogen, carbon dioxide plus hydrogen with reduced oxygen (microaerophilic environment), and carbon dioxide plus hydrogen including a Palladium catalyst strip."
    },
    {
      "code": "17140",
      "display": "Analgesia Units, Cryogenic",
      "definition": "Analgesia units that alleviate pain by freezing body tissues. These units consist of a cryostat and a cooling probe; most units also include a peripheral nerve block stimulator (nerve locator). A compressed gas (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrous dioxide) is circulated through the probe, allowing expansion near the tip; frequently, some free-thaw cycles are performed. Cryogenic analgesia application results in reversible, though prolonged (weeks or even months) peripheral nerve block; it is used for postoperative and chronic intractable pain relief."
    },
    {
      "code": "16953",
      "display": "Analgesia Units, Inhalation",
      "definition": "Analgesia units that alleviate pain through patient inhalation of a gas or mixture of gases. These units typically consist of a device that mixes nitrous oxide and oxygen from two gas cylinders in a previously selected proportion and delivers it to the patient using appropriate inhalers; the mixture must have not less than 20% to 30% oxygen content. Inhalation analgesia units help patients retain consciousness while pain sensations are subdued; they are mostly used in dentistry, but they have also been used for women in labor, in emergency care, and for minor surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18611",
      "display": "Analyzers",
      "definition": "Instruments to separate or break up any whole into its parts,  to find out their nature, proportion, function, or relationship.  Most analyzers are used in the clinical field for in vitro analysis in the laboratory and/or at the point of care; some others are capable of physiologic or technical parameter analysis.  These instruments are not designed to take continuous records (i.e., monitor) of the parameters that are measured or determined in their analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18959",
      "display": "Analyzers, Environmental/Gas System",
      "definition": "Analyzers designed to take samples and measure and display the concentration of one or more gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ethylene oxide, halogenated anesthetics) in a gas mixture. These analyzers typically consist of portable units operated either by line power or batteries; they include gas sensors (e.g., optical, electrochemical, infrared), a built-in sampling pump, electronic circuitry, and a display. These units may also include recording capabilities. Environmental/gas system analyzers are used to measure the concentration of gases  in healthcare facility environments (e.g., operating rooms, intensive care units, laboratories), at a sampling point of a compressed medical air or gas system, and/or in other medical devices used for respiratory therapy or anesthesia."
    },
    {
      "code": "23674",
      "display": "Analyzers, Environmental/Gas System, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Environmental/gas system analyzers designed to measure and display the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a sample of gas. These analyzers are typically portable units based in photometric technologies (e.g., using dual wavelength infrared sensors). CO2 environmental/gas system analyzers are used to determine CO2 concentrations in closed (e.g., clinical laboratories, laboratory incubators) and/or open air (atmospheric) conditions; they can usually measure in a range from 0% to 100%, but devices intended only for accurate measuring of very small concentrations (e.g., from a few to several thousand ppm) are also available. Some devices include pressure and/or temperature compensation and allow remote measurement."
    },
    {
      "code": "11941",
      "display": "Analyzers, Environmental/Gas System, Halogenated Anesthetic",
      "definition": "Environmental/gas system analyzers designed to measure and display the concentration of halogenated compounds used for anesthesia; some analyzers can also measure nitrous oxide concentration. These analyzers are typically portable units based either on an optical interference photometer (i.e., interferometer) or on an infrared spectrophotometer. Halogenated anesthetic analyzers are mostly used to check anesthesia unit vaporizer accuracy usually at the gas outlet during inspection procedures; they are also used to check leaks in anesthesia systems, or in the environment, especially at sites where accumulated gases would affect personnel (e.g., anesthesiologists)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23713",
      "display": "Analyzers, Environmental/Gas System, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Environmental/gas system analyzers designed to measure and display the concentration of oxygen in a sample of gas. These analyzers are typically portable units based in one of several technologies, including the use of the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and in the creation of zirconia oxygen electrolytic cells. Oxygen environmental/gas system analyzers are used to determine oxygen concentrations in closed and/or open air conditions, frequently in contaminated atmospheres; they can usually measure in a range from 0% to 100%, but devices intended only for accurate measuring of very small concentrations of oxygen are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34881",
      "display": "Analyzers, Environmental/Gas Systems, Carbon Isotope",
      "definition": "Environmental/gas system analyzers designed to measure and display the concentration of carbon isotopes.  These analyzers usually measure the concentration of carbon isotopes, including the standard carbon-12 (close to 99% of atoms) and the most common isotope  (carbon-13). The isotopes are usually determined in carbon dioxide or other carbon compounds using dedicated  spectrometers. The rare isotope carbon-14 (typically one isotope in a trillion atoms) can be also measured using a process that combines equipment for sample purification, conversion into solid graphite, and a special  equipment called mass spectrometry accelerator. Some dedicated carbon isotope analyzers are only intended for measurements samples from the atmosphere, liquids (frequently water or sea water), and/or solids."
    },
    {
      "code": "18612",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Analyzers that are designed to be used for in vitro analysis in a central clinical laboratory, operated by a qualified technician, and usually permanently located on a workbench or dedicated floor space.  Some laboratory analyzers can be used in satellite laboratories and/or can be moved to other locations using a cart (e.g., blood gas analyzers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41760",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Acoustic Force Spectroscopy, Cell Avidity",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers that use acoustic waves to exert controlled forces to measure the overall strength of cell-to-cell interactions. The analyzers use a piezo element to generate sound waves that act as a force to pull apart target and effector cells. The cell avidity is measured based on the force needed to exceed the cells' binding strength. This device is usually a benchtop unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18614",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers that determine analyte concentrations in samples of plasma, serum, or less frequently in whole blood; they include analyzers used for blood gas and pH determinations.  Most dedicated laboratory blood chemical analyzers require centrifugation before the introduction of the sample in the analyzer."
    },
    {
      "code": "18617",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood Gas",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers that measure concentrations of gases in samples of plasma, serum, or whole blood. These analyzers are used for measuring partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2), usually in arterial whole blood specimens, using two different sets of electrodes. Some laboratory blood gas analyzers also calculate other parameters, such as oxygen total content (ctO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). They may also perform electrolyte and/or hematologic determinations (e.g., hematocrit). Blood gas analyzers are used to determine oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange in patient diagnosis and regulation of therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "15709",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood Gas/pH",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood gas analyzers used to directly measure pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2), usually in arterial whole blood specimens. Measurements are made using three different sets of electrodes. Some laboratory blood gas/pH analyzers calculate other parameters, such as oxygen total content and bicarbonate HCO3, and also perform electrolyte and/or hematologic determinations (e.g., hematocrit). These analyzers are used to determine a patient's acid/base balance and oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange for diagnosis and regulation of therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18618",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood Gas/pH/Electrolyte",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood gas analyzers which combine the capacities of both the blood gas/pH analyzers and the electrolyte analyzers used in the laboratory. These analyzers can directly measure pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and Oxygen (PO2), as well as the most common ions (i.e., sodium [Na+], potassium [K+], chloride [Cl-], bicarbonate [HCO3-] ) present in whole blood.  These analyzers are used to determine a patient's acid-base balance and oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange and also to assess abnormal electrolyte levels in the blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "18619",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood Gas/pH/Electrolyte/Metabolite",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood gas analyzers designed to be used to assess some metabolites in addition to measuring concentrations of blood gas, pH, and electrolytes. These analyzers can directly measure pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2), the most common ions (i.e. sodium [Na+], potassium [K+], chloride [Cl-], bicarbonate [HCO3-]), and some metabolites such as calcium, magnesium, glucose, and lactate present in whole blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "18615",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood, Bilirubin",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood analyzers that measure the concentration of bilirubin in serum, plasma, and/or whole blood.  Most of these analyzers use spectrophotometric methods for measurements.  Some of them can measure total bilirubin and direct (water-insoluble) bilirubin.  For neonates, direct spectrophotometric determinations can be made because normal pigments have not begun to accumulate; in other patients it is needed to add appropriate reagents to the samples before and during the test.  These analyzers are used to determine pathologic or physiologic high bilirubin levels in neonates and measure bilirubin concentration in children and adults to assess hepatic metabolic disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "17109",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood, Glycated Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood analyzers dedicated to measuring levels of glycohemoglobin (i.e., glycated hemoglobin, also known as glycosylated and glucosylated hemoglobin) in blood. These analyzers typically use a separation technique that is based on charge differences (i.e., ion-exchange chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, electrophoresis), chemical analysis (i.e., colorimetry, spectrophotometry), or structural differences (i.e., affinity chromatography, immunoassay)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15299",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood, Iron",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood analyzers dedicated to measure serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation.  These analyzers may be automated.  The results are frequently obtained by comparison with a calibration curve from the measured absorbance of iron standard working solutions.  These assays are useful only in screening for chronic iron-overload diseases and for confirmation and monitoring of acute iron poisoning in children; they are therefore unreliable for identification of iron deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "15092",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood, Urea Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood analyzers used for the analysis of plasma or serum urea content, commonly reported in units of urea nitrogen. Both direct and indirect methods are used to determine urea content, using spectrophotometric and conductimetry detectors. These analyzers are used to determine increases in blood-urea nitrogen (azotemia), which may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18616",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Blood, Zinc Protoporphyrin",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood analyzers that measure the molar ratio of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) to heme (a chelate of iron) in blood, usually using a sample of whole blood.  The results may be obtained directly in micromole of ZPP to mole of heme.  These analyzers are usually portable, dedicated hematofluorometers and are mostly used as screening devices for lead poisoning, particularly for chronic lead disease.  Analyses that determine the free erythrocyte porphyrin (ZEP) using traditional extraction techniques are more definitive in assessing porphyrin.  ZEP and ZPP measurements are not equivalent, but have good correlation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18613",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid",
      "definition": "Dedicated laboratory analyzers that perform a particular analysis using samples of body fluids (e.g., plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid).  Most laboratory body-fluid chemical analyzers require some processing before the introduction of the sample in the analyzer (e.g., centrifugation)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15089",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Alcohol",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to determine the alcohol (usually ethanol) concentration in body fluids (e.g., serum, urine).  The concentration of ethyl alcohol in whole blood is commonly expressed as percent by weight or volume (%w/v) or as grams per deciliter (g/dl).  Most dedicated laboratory alcohol analyzers are based on gas chromatography or enzymatic oxidation and photometric measurement techniques. These devices are frequently used as supporting evidence of alcohol intoxication."
    },
    {
      "code": "15090",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Amino Acid",
      "definition": "Analyzers used to detect and quantify primary and secondary amino acids in physiologic fluids (e.g., plasma,  urine). Amino acid analyzers generally use ion-exchange or reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques.  Most dedicated laboratory amino acid analyzers are automated.  These analyzers are typically used in the clinical laboratory to monitor treatment of inborn metabolism errors and other genetically produced disorders in protein metabolism (e.g., phenylketonuria)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16940",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Calcium",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to measure the concentration of ionized calcium (Ca++), total calcium, or both in whole blood, plasma, serum, and other body fluids.  These analyzers typically use electrochemical (ion-selective electrode) sensors to measure ionized calcium and fluorescence-quenching techniques for measuring total calcium.  Many analyzers include an electrode for pH measurement or calculate the Ca++ content at a pH corrected value of 7.4, due its dependence on pH.  Dedicated calcium analyzers are used to determine low- and high- serum calcium concentrations related to several diseases and the consumption of certain drugs and/or food. They are used in the course of some major surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17173",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Catecholamine",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to determine the concentration of catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) and their metabolites in body fluids (e.g., plasma, urine).  Most dedicated laboratory catecholamine analyzers are based on high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using electrochemical detection or fluorimetric methods.  Some analyzers use radioimmunoassay methods.  The measurement of catecholamines are primarily used for the diagnosis of catecholamine-secreting tumors (e.g., neuroblastomas).  The excess of catecholamines is associated with stress, fall of blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and other diseases; their deficiency is seen in idiopathic postural hypotension."
    },
    {
      "code": "15118",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Chloride",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to determine the concentration of chloride in body fluids (e.g., serum, plasma, urine).  These analyzers are based on amperometric, colorimetric, or mercury titration methods.  Dedicated chloride analyzers are used to assess abnormal concentration of chloride found in the serum of patients with chronic pyelonephritis, Addison's disease, lactic acidosis, renal failure, and diabetic acidosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "15100",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Electrolyte",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to measure some or all of the most common ions (e.g., sodium [Na+], potassium [K+], chloride [Cl-], bicarbonate [HCO3-]) present in human body fluids. Electrolyte laboratory analyzers are used mainly to assess abnormal electrolyte levels that may result from disorders, including overhydration and dehydration, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and gastrointestinal or kidney diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "16819",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Electrolyte, Coulometric",
      "definition": "Laboratory electrolyte analyzers that measure the electrolyte concentration by determining the amount of ion charge passing between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell, usually at a constant electric current.  This electric charge is directly proportional to the amount of substance produced or consumed by the redox process at the electrodes and is usually displayed as electrolyte concentration in millimole per liter (mmol/L)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16530",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Electrolyte, Flame Photometer",
      "definition": "Laboratory electrolyte analyzers that measure the electrolyte concentration using flame photometry techniques.  The sample is aspirated into a flame, and the thermally excited atoms emit light of characteristic wavelengths, which are a measure of the amount of the element present.  The concentration of electrolyte in a test solution is determined by comparing its intensity with that obtained from a standard solution and is usually displayed in millimole per liter (mmol/L)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16818",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Electrolyte, Ion-Selective",
      "definition": "Laboratory electrolyte analyzers that measure ion activity potentiometrically, using an external reference electrode and a specific to each of the ions under analysis.  The external reference electrode and the ISE are exposed to the unknown sample solution, and the potential difference between them is amplified and displayed as electrolyte concentration, usually in mmol/L (millimoles per liter)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15101",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Enzyme",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers that measure enzymes (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase) in terms of their catalytic activity, expressed in activity units (usually in international units [IU]).  The actual mass or molar concentrations are seldom measured because enzymes are present in low concentrations and in a matrix containing a large number of chemically similar proteins and other biochemicals.  These analyzers may have adjustable temperature controls and mechanical devices to add reagents and samples automatically and to process multiple specimens in sequence.  The progress of the reaction is either recorded to allow the analyst to conform the linearity of the reaction or monitored automatically within microcomputers that reject measurements that do not have acceptable linearity.  Dedicated enzyme analyzers are used in the diagnosis and monitoring of several diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15102",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Glucose",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers dedicated to measure glucose in body fluids (usually in plasma, serum, or urine, but some units perform tests on whole blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or saliva).  Most dedicated glucose analyzers use amperometric methods (electric current is measured through an electrochemical cell while a constant electric potential is applied to immobilized enzyme electrodes); some others use chemical methods.  Laboratory glucose analyzers use different methods than portable (point-of-care) glucose analyzers and measure a larger concentration range.  Some of these analyzers may also be used in physician offices and clinical locations outside the central laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "16773",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Lactate",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers dedicated to measure lactate in the body fluids (usually in plasma, serum, whole blood, or cerebrospinal fluid). Most lactate analyzers use amperometric methods (electric current is measured through an electrochemical cell, while a constant electric potential is applied to immobilized enzyme electrodes).  These analyzers are used in the clinical laboratory (and also in STAT labs) to determine lactate acidosis and assess other disorders, such as cerebrovascular accidents and decreased liver perfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "15300",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Lead",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to determine the concentration of lead in anticoagulated blood (lead is concentrated in the erythrocytes) or urine.  Most laboratory lead analyzers are based on atomic absorption spectrometry or gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry methods.  Dedicated lead analyzers are mostly used to determine lead, blood, or urine concentration (as an indicator of toxicity) in patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17546",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Lithium",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to determine the concentration of lithium in body fluids (e.g., serum, plasma, urine).  Most laboratory lithium analyzers are based on emission photometry or atomic absorption spectrometry.  Some analyzers use ion-selective electrodes for determining lithium concentration.  Dedicated lithium analyzers are mostly used to determine lithium serum concentration (as an indicator of toxicity) in patients under lithium treatment for affective disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "15103",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Body Fluid, Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to measure total nitrogen content in a body fluid speciment (typicallyurine and/or blood). Certain devices may also be capable of measuring nitrogen levels found in breath (gas) samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "17474",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Breath",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to determine the proportion of one or more constituents in a breath and/or respired gas sample."
    },
    {
      "code": "10588",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Breath, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Laboratory breath analyzers used to determine the carbon dioxide (CO2) content in a breath sample.  These analyzers typically use chemical titration, infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, or mass spectrometry. CO2 analyzers are used to aid in determining the patient's ventilatory, circulatory, and metabolic status."
    },
    {
      "code": "15093",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Breath, Carbon Monoxide",
      "definition": "Laboratory breath analyzers used to determine the carbon monoxide (CO) content in a breath sample.  These analyzers typically use gas chromatography or infrared spectroscopy techniques. CO analyzers are mostly used to determine the lung diffusing capacity during pulmonary function testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "15892",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Breath, Helium",
      "definition": "Laboratory breath analyzers used to determine the helium content in a breath sample.  These analyzers typically use gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, or gas chromatography techniques.  Helium analyzers are mostly used to determine the dilution level of the testing gases during pulmonary function (diffusing capacity) testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "18624",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Breath, Hydrogen",
      "definition": "Laboratory breath analyzers used to determine the hydrogen content in a breath sample, usually expressed as parts per million (ppm).  These analyzers typically use electrochemical or gas-chromatography measuring methods.  Some of these analyzers can also determine methane and/or carbon dioxide content in the breath sample. Hydrogen breath analyzers are mostly used to determine carbohydrate bacteriological breakdown deficiencies and malabsorption in the small intestines due to bacterial overgrowth."
    },
    {
      "code": "18623",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Breath, Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Laboratory breath analyzers used to determine the nitrogen (N2) content in a breath sample.  These analyzers typically use gas-chromatography or spectroscopy techniques.  Nitrogen analyzers are mostly used to determine the distribution of gas (e.g., anatomic dead space, functional residual capacity, mixing efficiency) during pulmonary function testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "15015",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Breath, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Laboratory breath analyzers used for intermittent (usually periodic) measurements of oxygen content in a breath and/or in respiratory gas sample. These analyzers usually require manual aspiration of a quantity of gas into a sampling chamber. These analyzers may operate on several basic principles (e.g., paramagnetism). Oxygen breath analyzers are used in pulmonary function tests and to monitor critically ill patients, such as infants in incubators and patients breathing air with supplemental oxygen added."
    },
    {
      "code": "15551",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to examine samples of compounds or mixtures to determine the nature or the proportion of their constituents and/or separate them into their constituent substances by means of chemical reagents; they may also perform additional physical processes (e.g., centrifugation). Most clinical chemistry laboratory analyzers are used to determine the concentration of certain metabolites, electrolytes, proteins, and/or drugs in body fluids (e.g., plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16298",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry, Automated",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry laboratory analyzers designed to perform multiple laboratory tests with complete automation of several steps (e.g., specimen processing, measurements) of whole process, providing a standardized method of obtaining accurate and reproducible chemical concentration values.  These analyzers may be used to examine general and specific chemistries (e.g., albumin, protein, alcohol), electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium), and drugs of abuse, as well as to perform other clinical laboratory analyses."
    },
    {
      "code": "16300",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry, Automated, Centrifugal",
      "definition": "Automated discrete clinical chemistry laboratory analyzers that use a rotor (centrifugal) head for mixing reagents with specimens and for measuring. The rotor usually has an outer ring of sample wells and an inner ring of reagent wells; when the rotor spins, the reagents in the inner portion of the disk are forced along channels to the outer portion of the disk, where they mix with the specimens. The resulting mixtures are forced out of the transfer disk into transparent outer wells, where they are measured, usually using photometric devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16301",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry, Automated, Continuous-Flow",
      "definition": "Automated clinical chemistry laboratory analyzers in which the chemical reactions take place in a continuously flowing stream of fluid in such a way that each specimen in the batch passes through the same continuous path once they leave the sample carousel. Each specimen is also subjected to the same analytical reactions at the same rate as every other specimen.  These analyzers usually include peristaltic pumps to maintain the movement of fluid, and photometric or ion-selective electrode methods for measuring the concentration of analytes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16299",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry, Automated, Discrete",
      "definition": "Automated clinical chemistry laboratory analyzers that keep the specimens in separate reaction vessels (e.g., test tube, pack, compartment) during the entire analysis process as reagents are added and measurements are made. These analyzers may perform only one test at a time (single channel) or several tests simultaneously (multichannel). Most of these analyzers use photometric methods (e.g., filter photometers, spectrophotometers) to evaluate the analytes and ion-selective electrodes to measure the concentration of electrolytes (e.g., sodium potassium)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16302",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry, Manual",
      "definition": "Laboratory clinical chemistry analyzers that require the manual insertion of reagents and/or samples into the instrument for each test. Most of these chemical analyzers are used to determine concentrations of analytes (e.g., cholesterol, glucose, electrolytes), to provide certain hematology values (e.g., hemoglobin concentrations), and to assay some therapeutic drugs (e.g., theophylline). Manual clinical chemistry analyzers are used as primary instrumentation, for small volume tests, or as backup for automated analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20821",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry/Immunoassay",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to perform tests using clinical chemistry or immunoassay techniques. These analyzers can examine samples of either compounds or mixtures to determine the nature or the proportion of their constituents and/or separate them in their constituent substances by means of chemical reagents (e.g., clinical chemistry analysis) or identify and quantify specific substances using an antibody (e.g., immunoglobulin) as a reagent to detect the substance (e.g., antigen, hapten) of interest (i.e., immunoassay). Combined clinical chemistry/immunoassay analyzers are used mainly for determination of the concentration of metabolites, electrolytes, proteins, and drugs in body fluids (e.g., plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid); they are also used for endocrine hormone testing and protein, viral, or bacterial toxin determinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "17740",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to determine the morphology of the blood and blood-forming cells. These analyzers are used to perform complete blood counts, determine hemoglobin concentration, evaluate the adhesion of cells to one another (aggregation), detect abnormalities in the process to complete normal blood clotting (coagulation), and/or perform ABO grouping and subgrouping, Rh and other red cell phenotyping, and antibody detection."
    },
    {
      "code": "16014",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Blood Grouping",
      "definition": "Hematology analyzers designed to perform grouping and other basic blood-processing tests. Most of these analyzers require previous centrifugation of the sample to separate the red cells from the plasma. A positive result for blood group identity usually occurs when a known antiserum agglutinates those red blood cells having a corresponding antigen. Blood-grouping analyzers usually perform tests that include ABO grouping and subgrouping, Rh and other red cell phenotyping, and antibody detection. Some of these analyzers can perform other tests (e.g., for syphilis or hepatitis) that are usually included in pretransfusion procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16817",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Blood Grouping, Automated",
      "definition": "Hematology blood-grouping analyzers used to perform blood-grouping tests, to process test data, and usually to generate an interpretation of test results using computing programs. Some automated analyzers require previous centrifugation of samples to separate the red cells from the plasma. These analyzers use microplate- and/or cassette-based methods, and most perform forward and reverse grouping for routine blood tests. Fully automated systems are used in large transfusion centers, while modular semiautomated analyzers are used in smaller centers. Automated blood-grouping analyzers increase the speed and accuracy of testing and minimize reagent use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18622",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Blood Grouping, Semiautomated",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood-grouping analyzers used to perform blood-grouping tests and process test data; they may generate an interpretation of test results using computing programs.  These analyzers are usually modular and perform the analysis with reduced involvement of technicians, using automation in some discrete steps of the procedures (e.g., reagent dispenser, microplate reader, autosampler).  These analyzers are typically used in small transfusion centers.   Semiautomated blood-grouping analyzers increase the speed and accuracy of testing and minimize reagent use when compared to manual analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20664",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Blood/Component Volume",
      "definition": "Hematology analyzers designed to measure total blood and/or some of its components (e.g., plasma and red cell) volume in a person's circulatory system; the devices can also determine the normal quantity of blood that an individual should have according to his/her body size. The measurements are based on the time rate of disappearance of a radioactive tracer (e.g., iodine isotope 131, I131) that is typically attached to albumin (the most abundant blood protein). A small amount of tracer is injected through an intravenous line using a special, pre-filled, small, and calibrated syringe. Typically five samples are collected using a standard blood collection setup in five- to six-minute intervals after an initial waiting period of 10 to 12 minutes. Blood/component volume measuring analyzers are intended for use after sudden blood loss (e.g., hemorrhage, surgery); they may be used also for blood donors and in patients suffering from renal and/or heart failures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18620",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Cell Counting",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to perform complete blood counts, including white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet count; to determine hemoglobin concentration; and also to determine the red cell blood indices (mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell-hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell volume). Some also include white cell differential counts.  Hematology analyzers use several measuring methods (e.g., electrical impedance, photometric, radiofrequency conductivity) or a combination of them.  Some of these analyzers also determine other parameters, such as red blood cell distribution width and mean platelet volume.  These analyzers are used to determine abnormalities in red cell blood count (anemia and polycythemia), white cell count (indicating infections), or platelet count (related to blood clotting). The differential count of the white cell blood population is useful in diagnosing infections and as additional information for diagnosing such diseases as leukemia and rheumatoid disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "17741",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Cell Counting, Automated",
      "definition": "Hematology analyzers that require minimal involvement of technicians, with complete automation of sampling and dilution, cell counting, and red blood cell index determination; some include closed-tube sampling to automatically extract the blood sample from the phlebotomy tube. Most of these analyzers are based on fluorescence quantification and cytometry techniques or on electrical impedance (Coulter) techniques. Some automated hematology analyzers perform a three-part white blood cell differential count, while most provide a five-part count, differentiating all five types of normal white blood cells. Automated cell-counting hematology analyzers may include reticulocyte analysis capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11996",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Cell Counting, Manual",
      "definition": "Cell-counting hematology analyzers designed for manual blood cell counting procedures and analysis. These instruments consist of a glass block with a depression of definite depth, the floor of which is ruled off into squares (counting chamber). Blood cells are counted with the aid of a microscope in the known volume between the ruled squares and the cover glass."
    },
    {
      "code": "18261",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Cell Counting, Reticulocyte",
      "definition": "Hematology analyzers, most of them automated, that count the number of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) in a blood sample.  These dedicated analyzers are usually based on fluorescence quantification of reticulocytes and flow cytometry techniques;  automated reticulocyte analysis can also be performed using automated cell-counting hematology analyzers based on nonfluorescent measurements.  Automated methods improve the precision of reticulocyte counting. Most of these analyzers allow for semiquantitative assessment of reticulocyte RNA level and derivation of a reticulocyte maturity index (RMI). Some manual reticulocyte analyzers include an ocular disk (i.e., Miller disk) to facilitate counting, but there is a high degree of inaccuracy in the manual reticulocyte count, owing to error and lack of reproducibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "17742",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Cell Counting, Semiautomated",
      "definition": "Hematology analyzers that require the reduced involvement of a technician, using automation in some discrete steps of test procedures, such as sampling and dilution, cell counting, and red blood cell index determination. Most semiautomated hematology analyzers also perform a three-part white blood cell differential count."
    },
    {
      "code": "15552",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Laboratory hematology analyzers used to detect abnormalities in the process of complete normal blood clotting. Most of these analyzers determine prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, and thrombin times; they also perform fibrinogen, chromogenic, and coagulation factor assays. These analyzers typically use photometric electrical impedance or electromagnetic techniques to detect changes in the sample when the clot forms. Blood coagulation analyzers are used to detect clotting-deficiency-related-diseases (e.g., hemophilia, impaired liver function) and to monitor the effects of drugs (e.g., heparin, warfarin) and of blood components therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "15098",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Coagulation, Automated",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood coagulation analyzers that process batches of specimens, adding reagents and specimens automatically. These analyzers may include ultrafiltration devices to separate plasma from the blood cells, but most of them require previous centrifugation of the sample to obtain plasma samples. Automated blood coagulation analyzers include an incubation container (e.g., a test tube), timing devices, a clot formation detector (e.g., turbidimeter, nephelometer, spectrophotometer), and computerized capabilities for sample handling and data management. Automated blood coagulation analyzers are used in laboratories with heavy workloads."
    },
    {
      "code": "18621",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Coagulation, Manual",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood coagulation analyzers that require the human manipulative effort (e.g., manual insertion of reagents and samples) in all the steps of each test; most analyzers require previous centrifugation of the sample to obtain plasma samples.  These analyzers include an incubation cuvette or test tube, a heating block, a manual pipette, timing devices, and a clot formation detector (e.g., photometric); some analyzers may be connected to printers, recorders, and/or data-processing devices.  Manual blood coagulation analyzers are used as primary instrumentation for small volume tests or as backups for automated or semiautomated coagulation analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "17176",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Coagulation, Semiautomated",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood coagulation analyzers that require the manual addition of reagents and specimens, processing smaller batches of specimens than automated analyzers. Most analyzers require previous centrifugation of the sample to obtain plasma samples. Semiautomated blood coagulation analyzers include an incubation container (e.g., test tube), timing devices, a clot formation detector (e.g., using photometric, electrical impedance, or mechanical impedance), and usually, some computerized capabilities for sample handling and data management. These analyzers are used in laboratories with medium or light workloads where specimens are usually tested individually, although some semiautomated analyzers can process several samples simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "17483",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Erythrocyte Aggregation",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood analyzers used to evaluate the adhesion of red cells (erythrocytes) to one another.  Erythrocyte aggregation analyzers typically determine aggregation indirectly by measuring the changes in light transmission with a photometer, while the flow velocity of a blood sample is adjusted over the range of interest.  By applying and releasing mechanical shear forces to the blood, high enough to cause total disaggregation, they make it possible to assess the difference between normal and pathological red cell aggregation. These analyzers are an alternative to erythrocyte sedimentation rate analysis, with some potential advantages, such as a  smaller blood sample and faster screening of some disease risks (e.g., cardiovascular disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17088",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Erythrocyte Deformation",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood analyzers used to evaluate the deformation capabilities of red blood cells (erythrocytes).  These instruments are based in measuring the flow of erythrocytes through a mechanical  filter under known flow conditions or in the elongation of erythrocytes under induced shear force.  The mechanical properties of the red blood cells and their influence on blood flow is evident in a number of hematological pathologies."
    },
    {
      "code": "15177",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate",
      "definition": "Hematology laboratory analyzers designed for automated measurement and display of the rate of sinking of red blood cells in a volume of well-mixed venous whole blood sample (i.e., erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or ESR, typically expressed in millimeters per hour). These analyzers include specially designed sample cuvettes and sensors (e.g., infrared light). High erythrocyte sedimentation rate is usually due to elevated plasma proteins; moderate elevation usually indicates inflammatory diseases and/or anemia; marked increases may be related to hyperfibrinogenemias, hypergammaglobulinemias, and other abnormal conditions. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate can also be determined manually by measuring the distance that the top of the column of erythrocytes falls in an undisturbed anticoagulated blood sample in a specified time interval, following standardized (e.g., Westergren) methods."
    },
    {
      "code": "15146",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Laboratory hematology analyzers designed to determine the quantity of hemoglobin (the oxygen carrying protein of the erythrocytes) in blood, using a standard spectrophotometric method that measures the 540 nm absorption maximum of cyanmethemoglobin.  The procedure is performed after a suitable reagent has been added to the specimen of whole blood to hemolyze red cells and convert hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin."
    },
    {
      "code": "15104",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Hematology, Platelet Aggregation",
      "definition": "Laboratory blood coagulation analyzers used to evaluate the adhesion of platelets to one another.  These analyzers activate the aggregation process by adding an aggregating agent, such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or ristocetin.  Platelet aggregation analyzers use optical density (turbidmetric), electrical impedance, or bioluminescence measuring methods.  Usually, these analyzers require previous sample preparation, including centrifugation, to obtain platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) samples; but, some analyzers that use the impedance method of analysis can use whole blood.  Platelet aggregation analyzers are used to distinguish between different types of platelet dysfunction (e.g., deficiency in platelet release substances, poor platelet adhesion to injured tissue)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18625",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to identify and quantify specific substances, typically using an antibody (e.g., immunoglobulin) as a reagent to detect the substance (i.e., antigen, hapten) of interest. A label attached to the antibody or antigen permits detection of the binding compound. The specificity and high affinity of antibodies for specific antigens plus the ability of antibodies to cross-link antigens enable the identification and quantification of substances using a wide variety of methods. Dedicated immunoassay analyzers are usually used for heterogeneous immunoassay analysis, while homogeneous immunoassay analysis can be performed either in clinical chemistry laboratory analyzers or in dedicated immunoassay analyzers. Typical assays include antiarrhythmic, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, or cardiac glycoside drug concentration determination; endocrine hormone testing; and protein, viral, or bacterial toxin determinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "17916",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay, Chemiluminescent",
      "definition": "Immunoassay analyzers that attach chemiluminescent substances (e.g., isoluminol, acridinium esters), which emit light at a particular wavelength during a chemical reaction, as a label to either an antigen or an antibody and then measure the concentration of the ligand (the substance being analyzed) in the specimen under analysis, using the result of the antigen-antibody reaction. These analyzers usually include an autosampler, a reagent dispenser, and a luminometer to detect and quantify photoelectrons. Chemiluminescent analyzers have better sensitivity than photometric or fluorimetric analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "16218",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay, Fluorimetric",
      "definition": "Immunoassay analyzers that attach fluorescent substances, which emit light at a wavelength after they have absorbed light at a different particular wavelength (either natural substances or dyes), as a label to either an antigen or an antibody and then measure the concentration of the ligand (the substance being analyzed) in the specimen under analysis, using the result of the antigen-antibody reaction. These analyzers usually include an autosampler, a reagent dispenser, a light source (e.g., a tungsten-halogen lamp), a filter or monochromator, and a detection system (fluorometer or spectrofluorometer); some also include computerized data processing devices. Some fluorimetric immunoassay analyzers use rare earth (lanthanide) chelates and time-resolved procedures to overcome background fluorescence. Fluorimetric analyzers usually have better sensitivity and reagent stability and use shorter assay time than photometric devices. Fluorimetric analyzers can quantify cardiac glycosides, antiasthmatics, antibiotics, antineoplastics, anticonvulsants, antiarrhythmics, and hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "16908",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay, Nephelometric",
      "definition": "Immunoassay analyzers that use a dedicated nephelometer, which measures particulates suspended in liquid or gas, as detection system. These analyzers can be used to monitor immunoassays that produce antigen-antibody complexes (e.g., enzyme immunoassays) that are capable of scattering monochromatic light at a particular wavelength."
    },
    {
      "code": "18626",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay, Photometric",
      "definition": "Immunoassay analyzers that use a dedication filter photometer or spectrophotometer as a detection system. These analyzers usually include an autosampler, a reagent dispenser, a washer, a filter photometer or spectrophotometer as a detector, and, typically, computerized data processing devices. Photometric immunoassay analyzers can be used to monitor immunoassays that produce compounds that absorb monochromatic light."
    },
    {
      "code": "18627",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay, Photometric, ELISA",
      "definition": "Photometric immunoassay analyzers that use enzyme-labeled antigens or antibodies and a solid-phase binding support (e.g., beads, microtiter plates) to detect and/or quantitate the substance of interest. These analyzers combine reagent and sample dispensers, washers, and photometric readers in a single instrument. Antigen detection may be performed using several methods, including competitive binding, \"sandwich\" technique, and antibody inhibition. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) can detect nano- and picogram quantities of analytes. These analyzers are used mostly to evaluate the quantity of antigen or antibodies associated with most infectious viral diseases (e.g., measles, herpes, rubella) and other nonviral applications (e.g., mycoplasma pneumoniae), as well as many parasitic and fungal infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "16217",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay, Photometric, Enzyme (EIA)",
      "definition": "Photometric immunoassay analyzers that use the catalytic properties of enzymes to detect and/or quantitate immunological reactions. An enzyme substrate is attached as a label to either an antigen or an antibody, and then the changes in concentration of the ligand (the substance being analyzed) are measured using the result of the antigen-antibody reaction. Enzyme immunoassay analyzers are clinically used in the analysis of drugs and endogenous substances in body fluids (e.g., plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16979",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Immunoassay, Photometric, Microplate Reading",
      "definition": "Photometric immunoassay analyzers designed to create a limited spectral region of detection by employing radiation restriction methods. These analyzers include light sources (single or dual wavelength), bandpass filters, disposable plastic or optical glass (quartz or fused silica using UV light) sample vessels (usually in a standard plate array of 96 wells), photodetectors, and a data display device (e.g.,  light emitting diodes or video) monitor. Some microplate reading analyzers include microcomputers with dedicated software to act as controllers and to perform data analysis and storage. Microplate reading analyzers are used in analysis which results can be detected using photometric techniques, such as kinetic enzyme-linked immunoassay analysis (ELISA), protein determination, DNA detection, and hemagglutination."
    },
    {
      "code": "34062",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry, Microorganism Identification",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to measure particles based on their mass-to-charge ratio (mass spectrometry) that are intended to identify a colony of infectious microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, yeast, fungi). These analyzers are usually based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (i.e., MALDI TOF) techniques. The sample that consists of a colony of whole microorganism is exposed to an ion source and its ionized particles (i.e., proteins) are classified according to their mass-to-charge ratio, then detected and the resulting mass spectrum is compared to a library of mass spectra. The analyzer consists of an ion source, a mass analyzer, a laser system, a detector, and a computerized processor using a dedicated software. Other analyzers are based on different spectrometry techniques, such as electrospray ionization. Mass spectrometry analyzers provide high-throughput  and specific results (species, genus) of microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "16608",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to detect the presence of, identify, and/or evaluate the in vitro (e.g., in body fluids or cultures) susceptibility of a pathogen to antimicrobial agents.  The results derived from these analyzers are used for diagnosis and/or to determine the proper antimicrobial agent for a patient's treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18628",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Blood Culture",
      "definition": "Microbiology laboratory analyzers designed to test, process, and interpret data from microbiological blood cultures. Blood culture analyzers are available that use a variety of techniques, including detection of carbon dioxide by radiometric or infrared spectrophotometry and detection of microbial activity using photometric or fluorometric measurements; other analyzers use microcalorimetry, pH, electrical impedance, or flow cytometry techniques. Manual analyzers are used in small hospital laboratories; automatic blood culture analyzers are used mainly in laboratories that perform large numbers of tests. Some analyzers can detect microbial growth in body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "15973",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Blood Culture, Automated",
      "definition": "Microbiology laboratory blood culture analyzers that automatically test blood cultures, process test data, and generate an interpretation of test results using computing programs.  These analyzers detect carbon dioxide produced by microorganisms using radiometric or infrared spectrophotometry or detect microbial activity using photometric or fluorimetric measurements.  Other analyzers use microcalorimetry, pH, electrical impedance, or flow cytometry techniques.  Automated blood culture analyzers are used in laboratories that perform large quantities of tests, providing more accurate results and increasing productivity when compared to manual analyzers.  Some blood culture analyzers can also be used to detect microbial growth in other body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "18629",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Blood Culture, Manual",
      "definition": "Microbiology laboratory blood culture analyzers that require the human manipulative effort in all steps of each test, including inoculation, incubation, and examination for the presence of bacteria by either enumerating using a detection method (e.g., photometric, fluorimetric) or measuring a bacterial end product such as carbon dioxide.  Manual blood culture analyzers are used in laboratories that perform a small or medium quantity of tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "18630",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Blood Culture, Mycobacteria",
      "definition": "Microbiology laboratory blood culture analyzers that can detect  growth and test for susceptibility of Mycobacteria species (e.g., the microorganisms that causes tuberculosis) using blood and/or other body fluid (e.g., sputum) samples.  Most Mycobacteria species analyzers are automated dedicated analyzers with particular characteristics for detection and growth of slow-growing organisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "15091",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to identify microorganisms in body fluids and to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of an isolated pathogen to a variety of antimicrobial agents that prevent bacterial growth.  These analyzers are capable of yielding interpretative results (e.g., susceptible, intermediate, resistant) and/or determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC).  The results derived from these analyzers are used to treat patients with the proper antimicrobial agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "15306",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Susceptibility, Automated",
      "definition": "Susceptibility microbiological analyzers that perform the analysis with minimal involvement from the technician, using automation in most steps of the test procedure, including automated reading of the test, reduction of test data, and generation of an interpretation of the test results; most analyzers include integral incubators, and some also automate the culture preparation process.  Most of these analyzers use photometric, fluorimetric or video-image analysis methods and include sample containers (e.g., vials, trays), a reader module to scan the containers, and a computer module for control and data processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "16745",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Susceptibility, Manual",
      "definition": "Susceptibility microbiological analyzers that require the human manipulative effort in all steps of each test, including preliminary screening, culture preparation, incubation, insertion of reagents and samples, panel reading, interpretation of patterns, and recording of results.  These analyzers typically use either broth-based or disk diffusion methods.  Some of these analyzers may include automated data entry and/or automated data interpretation using a computer."
    },
    {
      "code": "16813",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microbiology, Urine Bacteriuria",
      "definition": "Laboratory urine analyzers used to detect bacteria and estimate their concentration in urine specimens.  Most bacteriuria detection analyzers use a luminometer to measure light emitted in certain biochemical reactions.  As the quantity of light is proportional to the amount of bacteria in the sample, the luminometer reading indicates the concentration of bacteria.  The results are usually expressed in relative light units (RLU).  These analyzers provide rapid screening for bacteria before performing lengthy and expensive culturing procedures. Urine bacteriuria analyzers are used to assess the presence of disease in the kidneys, the urinary bladder, or the urinary tract, which is one of the most common type of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24132",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Microparticle Characteristic",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to analyze the main characteristics of microparticles. The analysis typically includes the evaluation of one or more characteristics, such as microparticle size (from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers), molecular weight (usually expressed in daltons), and electrokinetic (zeta) potential (usually expressed in millivolts), a measure of the magnitude of the repulsion or attraction between particles. These analyzers consist of an electronic unit that performs measurements using one or more technologies that may include Doppler laser and light scattering; a measuring cell or a chamber for the sample container; and appropriate software. The unit is typically connected to a personal computer or laboratory workstation that processes and displays particle characteristics. Microparticle laboratory analyzers are intended for microparticle characterization; they may be used for particle size analysis and other related procedures (e.g., determination of polymer and protein melting points) in clinical pharmacies, and laboratories and for medical research."
    },
    {
      "code": "41014",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Milk",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers that provide a quantitative measurement of various components of milk. These analyzers can measure nutrients such as fat, protein and total carbohydrate content as well as provide calculations of the total solids and energy content contained in the milk. Milk analyzers commonly use mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy as the analysis method."
    },
    {
      "code": "20668",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Molecular Assay",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed for automated performing, processing, displaying, and reporting the results of molecular assays. These analyzers integrate all the steps of the analysis, including sample (i.e., nucleic acid) preparation, amplification, and detection. The analyzers may use one or more of several technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) or branched DNA signal amplification (bDNA). They perform the detection either directly (e.g., using a fluorimeter or luminometer, melting curve analysis) from a sample that was previously replicated in a separate instrument or include a nucleic acid replication processor (e.g., a thermal cycler) that amplifies a previously purified nucleic acid sample. Molecular assay analyzers are used clinically to detect, identify, and/or quantify molecules of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungus) and/or genetic abnormalities based in the characteristics of the patient's nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA, mRNA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20803",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Molecular Assay, Genetic Testing",
      "definition": "Molecular assay laboratory analyzers designed to identify mutations within a gene or chromosome alterations. These analyzers typically perform some or all of the processes of separation, hybridization genetic diseases (e.g., liquid or solid phase), replication (e.g., polymerase chain reaction), and detection; they use a fragment of nucleic acid labeled with one of a variety of reporter groups (i.e., a nucleic acid probe) and appropriate reagents. Genetic analyzers are used in the diagnosis of inherited genetic diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, hemophilia) or acquired genetic diseases (e.g., neoplasm) and chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome) and for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms; some are also used for human leukocyte antigen typing to test histocompatibility before transplants and for forensic and paternity analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20802",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Molecular Assay, Infectious Microorganism",
      "definition": "Molecular diagnostic laboratory analyzers designed to use nucleic acid diagnostic techniques to identify and/or quantify specific molecules belonging or related to microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi) that infect humans. These analyzers perform appropriate sequential cycles of incubation, replication (amplification), washing, and detection; some include a thermal cycle (e.g., polymerase chain reaction), but others use an isothermal process. Infectious disease molecular diagnostic laboratory analyzers are used in the detection of bacteria (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), mycobacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency, hepatitis C)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20804",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Molecular Assay, Microarray",
      "definition": "Molecular assay analyzers designed for data acquisition, display, and analysis from either wet or dry slide microarrays typically based on a glass or silicon substrate or less frequently on nylon membranes, mirrored slides, and/or cover slips. These analyzers typically include a microarray scanner (i.e., reader/digitizer), a dedicated configured computer including display, printing and recording capabilities, and appropriate software to process the information. Microarray analyzers are used to process information and provide useful results (e.g., for characterization, diagnostic, and/or treatment) from microarrays that include spotted molecular samples of cDNA, oligonucleotide, protein, and/or tissues. They are used to characterize the expression of many genes in a single experiment, permitting the genetic characterization of human nucleic acids and their variations due to inherited or acquired diseases (e.g., tumor cells). Microarray analyzers can also assess the partial or total genomic characteristics of pathologic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23465",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Multitechnology",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers designed to perform tests using techniques such as immunoassay, molecular assay (e.g., DNA and RNA determinations), and clinical chemistry (e.g., enzymatic assays). These analyzers include a multiwell (typically 96 wells) plate; measuring systems, frequently using flow-cytometry techniques; a laser radiation source used to identify each individual microsphere thus allowing multiple simultaneous assessments; an electronic processing unit; and a display. Multitechnology analyzers using microsphere techniques typically apply one of several combinations of fluorescent dyes (e.g., Texas Red) to each sphere for a unique spectral identification of the microsphere sets, facilitating many simultaneous assays using a single sample volume. The analyzers can perform simultaneous tests in the same well using small-volume samples; they are used in clinical laboratories and for pharmaceutical research."
    },
    {
      "code": "15301",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Radioimmunoassay",
      "definition": "Immunoassay analyzers that attach a radioactive substance (e.g., iodine 125) as a label to the antigen and then measure the concentration of the ligand (the substance being analyzed) in the specimen under analysis using the result of the antigen-antibody reaction.  These analyzers usually include a sampler; pipetting, mixing, and incubation devices; a separation mechanism (to separate the free ligand from the ligand-binder complex), a radioactivity counter (beta or gamma counter), and a data-processing (data reduction) computerized device.  Radioimmunoassay analyzers are used as a specific technique for measuring analytes (e.g., hormones, vitamins, viruses) in patient body-fluid samples, such as serum or urine."
    },
    {
      "code": "16382",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Radioimmunoassay, Automated",
      "definition": "Radioimmunoassay analyzers that require minimal involvement of technicians and provide complete automation of sample and reagent pipetting; mixing, incubation, and separation of bound and free ligand; counting; and data reduction. Automated radioimmunoassay analyzers provide a standardized method of obtaining accurate and reproducible results, reduce throughput time, and make assays easy to perform. These analyzers are intended for medium- or large-size hospitals or large reference laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16865",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Radioimmunoassay, Manual",
      "definition": "Radioimmunoassay analyzers that require the human manipulative effort (e.g., manual insertion of reagents and samples) in all steps of each test, including manual pipetting, control of incubation, separation, and counting.  These tests are usually performed using manufacturer's kits, which include the unlabeled and radioactively labeled ligands, the binder, and the calibration standards.  Most current manual radioimmunoassay analyzers include computerized data-processing (data reduction) devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16383",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Radioimmunoassay, Semiautomated",
      "definition": "Radioimmunoassay analyzers that require reduced involvement of a technician, using automation in some discrete steps of the test procedure such as sample and reagent pipetting, mixing, incubation, and separation procedures, and using automated gamma or beta counters and computerized data-reduction devices. These analyzers are intended for small laboratories or as backup for automated analyzers in clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16984",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Semen",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers used to determine the characteristics of human sperm cells (spermatozoa). These analyzers usually measure the total sperm cell concentration and the morphology and motility of cells.  Most of these analyzers include optical devices (e.g., light sources, microscopes), computer processing capabilities, and monitors to display the results."
    },
    {
      "code": "16886",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Urine",
      "definition": "Laboratory analyzers that perform semiquantitative chemical analysis to determine the presence of certain analytes and estimate their concentration in a urine sample.  These analyzers use reflectance photometry methods (usually using the amount of light produced by a LED [light emitting diode] and reflected from a reagent-impregnated test pad that has reacted with the urine sample in measured, automatic microscopy) and/or other methods  (e.g., electrical impedance).  Most of these instruments can detect bilirubin, glucose, ketones, pH, protein, leukocyte esterase, and other analytes using reagent-embedded dipsticks, but the results are less precise than those obtained with multianalyte chemical analyzers.  These analyzers are used to help physicians in diagnosis and management of renal, urinary tract, and metabolic diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "16378",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Urine, Automated",
      "definition": "Laboratory urine analyzers that, once the urine is placed in the analyzer, are dispensed onto the dipstick. The results are then determined and a report is generated with minimal involvement of technicians.  In addition to analyte detection, some of these analyzers,  can measure the specific gravity of the urine specimen and/or examine urinary sediments using intelligent microscope techniques, so the final report includes the results of the chemical analysis, the specific gravity, and the microscopic analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "16887",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Urine, Semiautomated",
      "definition": "Laboratory urine analyzers that perform the analysis, requiring the technicians to immerse the reagent portion of the dipstick in each urine specimen and place the strip in the instrument, usually one specimen at a time.  These analyzers can usually interface with computers and include a final report, either displayed or printed."
    },
    {
      "code": "27646",
      "display": "Analyzers, Laboratory, Urine, Semiautomated, Toxicology Screening",
      "definition": "Semiautomated laboratory analyzers designed to perform rapid qualitative immunology (e.g., using immunochromatography) tests to determine the presence of certain analytes that are considered drugs of abuse (e.g., barbiturates, amphetamines, oxycodone, propoxyphene) when the concentrations are above a pre-determined cutoff value in a urine sample. These analyzers may consist of a combination of a cassette with several wells for the urine samples and a filter photometer reader (i.e., a colorimeter); other technologies involving enzyme immunoassays and spectrophotometers may also be used. Typically the urine samples are placed in the cassette wells where the reagents are present, resulting in colors the intensity of which depends on the presence and concentration of each drug. The reader scans the cassette, processes the information using dedicated software, and displays and/or prints the results as positive or negative for each of the substances in a few minutes. Toxicology screening urine analyzers provide only preliminary results that should be confirmed using more specific analytical tests (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography); they are not intended for use as point-of-care analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18777",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic",
      "definition": "Analyzers designed to assess one or more characteristics related to the processes and/or functions of the human or animal body (i.e., physiology). These analyzers are typically used for in vivo determination of a patient's or research animal's characteristics, performing analysis based on physiology rather than chemical evaluations. Dedicated physiologic analyzers are available to assess a variety of body physiology characteristics, including body composition; aural, visual, pulmonary, and neuromuscular functions; metabolic rate; and peristaltic motility. Dedicated animal physiologic analyzers, which should not be used for human tests, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34362",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Animal",
      "definition": "Analyzers designed to assess one or more characteristics related to the processes and/or functions of the animal body (i.e., animal physiology). These analyzers are typically used for in vivo determination of an animal's characteristics, performing analysis based on physiology rather than chemical evaluations. Most of the animal physiologic analyzers have special animal restraints systems, environmental controls, and accessories that allow them to measure physiologic parameters on certain species of animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "31197",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Attention Level",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed for use during the assessment of a person's attention level by means of an electronic unit that provides a series of tasks that the person under evaluation should perform. These analyzers consist of a visual display and/or sound system that provides the stimuli which should be recognized by the person; input devices (e.g., buttons, switches, keypads) to be operated each time a given stimuli is provided; computerized electronic circuits to analyze and record the response. and  software to perform the analysis of the person's response. The analyzer also provides output signals that can be linked to computers or computerized systems and printers. Attention level physiologic analyzers are intended to evaluate a person's ability to obtain and sustain attention for a given period of time; they are used to help in the evaluation of attention deficit, hyperactive, behavioral, and/or other inherited or acquired neurologic disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "17417",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Body Composition",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that assess human body composition.  These analyzers may determine body composition based in fat/fat-free two-compartment models (also called fat/lean components) using indirect methods (e.g., densitometry, absorptiometry, electrical conductivity, impedance), or a several-component method (typically four; i.e., water, protein, bone mineral, fat) using direct methods such as neutron-activation analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18778",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Body Composition, Hydrostatic Weighing",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that determine fat/fat-free (fat/lean) tissue ratio in human body composition by measuring the subject's weight both out of water and submerged in water.  These systems typically consist of a water tank and a cot where the patient kneels during water immersion and that include the weighing gauges, some means to determine residual lung volume during immersion, and computing capabilities for data processing and recording.  Hydrostatic weighing analyzers are considered an accurate method for fat/fat-free body determinations in research and for use in healthy adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "25597",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Body Pressure Distribution",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to determine the area of contact and evaluate the pressure exerted by the whole body or part of it when lying or sitting on a surface. These analyzers typically include sensors to determine the contour of the area of contact and the pressure existing at each point of the interface between the body and the resting surface (e.g., chair, table, bed), an electronic unit to process the information, and a display typically showing in a colored map the areas of contact and the pressure values for each contact point. Body pressure distribution analyzers are used to determine high-pressure areas, determine abnormal positioning of the body while resting on a surface, facilitate selection of appropriate support surfaces and/or cushions, and help in the treatment and prevention of decubitus ulcers. Dedicated analyzers intended to measure the pressure on the body surface while sitting are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23686",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Body Pressure Distribution, Back/Seating",
      "definition": "Body pressure distribution physiologic analyzers designed to determine the area of contact and to evaluate the pressure exerted by the body when sitting and/or leaning on a surface. These analyzers typically include sensors to determine the contours of the contact area and the pressure existing at each point of the interface between the body and the sitting and/or back surfaces of a chair or wheelchair, an electronic unit to process the information, and a display typically showing in a colored map the areas of contact and the pressure values for each contact point. Back/seating pressure distribution analyzers are used to determine the high-pressure areas, determine abnormal positioning of the body while resting on a surface, facilitate selection of appropriate support surfaces and/or cushions, and help in the treatment and prevention of decubitus ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "25794",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Cardiovascular Function",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed for non-invasive assessment of the main characteristics of the cardiovascular function and the blood circulatory system. These analyzers usually measure and/or asses the main parameters that determine the heart and vasculature status, such as the ratio of the systolic pressures at the ankle to the systolic pressure in the upper arms (i.e., brachial pressure) known as ankle-brachial index (ABI) that is considered a measure of the stenosis and occlusion of arteries. They also measure the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) which is a measure of the vascular stiffness as well as other characteristics such as the toe-brachial index (TBI) that are also useful in the evaluation of the vascular function. Vascular function analyzers usually consist of a computerized unit with a display, a printer, and controllers; the analyzers use dedicated software with algorithms for automated assessment of the patient's status. They also include an electrocardiograph, a sphygmomanometer to determine the non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP); appropriate cuffs for the measurement of the brachial, ankle, and toe blood pressure; and interconnection cables. Vascular function analyzers are used to screen the vascular function status and/or to follow the progress of vascular diseases (e.g., arteriosclerosis) in patient; some analyzers are based in the variation of length of the interval between heart beats."
    },
    {
      "code": "34872",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Cardiovascular Function, Central Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed for non-invasive assessment of the main characteristics of the cardiovascular function and the blood central circulatory system based on the variations of the blood pressure waveform. These analyzers usually consist of a computerized unit that includes as components a calibrated tonometer to measure the blood pressure and an electrocardiograph, both with appropriate probes and leads, and also dedicated software. The equipment usually measure the blood pressure on an artery (e.g., radial), the pulse wave velocity between two arteries, and electrocardiography parameters such as heart rate. The analyzer asses some of the main parameters that determine the heart and vasculature status, such as ejection index and aortic blood pressure; the pressure on other arteries such as the brain and kidney may be also assessed. Conditions such as the cardiac function status, heart rate variability,  and vascular elasticity (i.e., artery stiffness) are also assessed helping in the evaluation of risks for cardiac diseases and the evaluation of drug effects."
    },
    {
      "code": "39867",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Cardiovascular Function, Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed for non-invasive measurement of cutaneous fluorescence over time for evaluating cutaneous microcirculation. These devices typically consist of a UV light source (e.g. UV LED), a quartz window, excitation and emission filters, a detector (usually photodiode), an automatic occlusion module with cuff, an arm positioner, and an electronic control unit. Flow-mediated skin fluorescence analyzers are typically used to assess cutaneous microcirculation by measuring skin fluorescence intensity as a function of time following the blockage and release of blood flow to the measured tissue (e.g., forearm skin fluorescence measurements following brachial artery occlusion)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32035",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Cardiovascular Function, Heart Rate Variability",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed for non-invasive assessment of the main characteristics of the cardiovascular function and the blood circulatory system based on the variations in length of the interval between heartbeats. Analyzers of heart rate variability (HRV) measure the times elapsed between successive heartbeats (usually R-R intervals) obtained from ECG or plethysmographic signals. Dedicated software is used to determine the HRV and associated abnormalities using time domain analysis, frequency domain analysis, or both methods. Heart rate variability analyzers provide information regarding the cardiovascular system conditions and also on the autonomous nervous system (the system that regulates the arterial and venous blood circulation) status. Conditions such as the cardiac function status and vascular elasticity can be assessed helping in the evaluation of risks for diseases such as arteriosclerosis, ventricular arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac arrest."
    },
    {
      "code": "13187",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Dental Pulp",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to evaluate the pulpal vitality of teeth by electrically stimulating the nerve tissue of the pulp. The electric current needed to obtain a patient response to the stimulus is a measure of the condition of the dental pulp. These analyzers usually consist of a high-frequency electronic oscillator, cables, and electrodes to apply the electrical signal; some units include a display. Dental pulp physiologic analyzers are used to determine pulp necrosis, pulpitis, and involvement of teeth that are near lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "17441",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Erection/Tumescence",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that determine male sexual arousal by measuring and evaluating erectile events and/or penile tumescence.  These analyzers may consist of mechanical electroimpedance or ultrasound sensors for measuring the circumferential volumetric, and/or blood-volume penile changes; they may collect data during diurnal tests or while recording the nocturnal sleep erection cycle.  Erection/Tumescence analyzers typically are used in the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction (impotence), especially in the differentiation between psychogenic versus organic impotence."
    },
    {
      "code": "31267",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Extracellular Limb Fluid, Electrical Impedance",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to measure the bioelectrical impedance in the extracellular fluid found in the limbs. These analyzers consist of a main unit with an instrument that includes a low-frequency electric signal generator that delivers an electric current in a spectrum of frequencies (e.g., up to one kHz) to determine the impedance of the extracellular fluid in the limbs, computerized circuits that analyze the impedance measurements using firmware, and detachable wires with electrodes at the distal end that are located on pre-determined areas on the patient limbs. The main unit also includes recording capabilities and a display to show the appropriate disposition of the electrodes on the patient limbs, the results of the measurement, and the impedance value changes from previous measurements. The analyzer generates an index intended to help physicians to identify the early stages of unilateral lymphedema in a limb (arm or leg) by following the index variation with time. The instrument may include an optional software for further data analysis in a standard personal computer."
    },
    {
      "code": "42086",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Extravascular Fluid Accumulation, Electrical Impedance",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to measure the bioelectrical impedance that indicates an internal bleeding complication (IBC). These analyzers include an introducer sheath with embedded electrodes, user interface display, and a dilator. The introducer sheath contains embedded electrodes on the cannula and a hemostasis valve located within the sheath hub. The sheath is usually inserted into the femoral vein or artery. The user interface display shows decreased bioimpedance levels, which correlates with an increase in bleed volume in order to help identify the early stages of an IBC."
    },
    {
      "code": "25109",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Facial Skin Characteristics",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to measure and evaluate the main visual characteristics of the facial skin. The analyzers can simultaneously obtain high-resolution images of the face from different angles, including 3-D and ultraviolet images to assess some conditions under the skin surface (e.g., vascular abnormalities). These analyzers typically include a computerized system that consists of high-resolution cameras and displays showing images of the whole face; a processing unit using software with algorithms to evaluate skin characteristics such as pigmentation, wrinkles, and ultraviolet damage; and a printer to provide reports of the skin conditions. Face image physiologic analyzers are intended to facilitate the assessment and track the treatment of skin disorders such as acne, spider veins, and rosacea; they are also used in the evaluation and planning of cosmetic treatments of the facial skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "17727",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Joint Laxity",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to assess the functioning of normal or abnormal joints (e.g., knee); they can measure and document the slackness and/or displacement in the motion of a joint (i.e., the joint laxity), usually by measuring ranges of motion, acceleration, or forces exerted by the joint. Some of these analyzers can also assess other characteristics of the joints, such as the stability and/or anterior/posterior tibial displacement. Joint laxity evaluation physiologic analyzers are used in joint function diagnoses and/or in reconstructive surgery to evaluate and control joint laxity and stability of the knee and the length of reconstructed ligaments."
    },
    {
      "code": "20693",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Metabolic Rate",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to measure the rate at which a person burns calories either at rest (i.e., resting metabolic rate, RMR), during normal activities, and/or during exercise (e.g., stress exercise). These devices typically use indirect calorimetry methods to calculate the metabolic rate; they may include gas analyzers, airflow measurement devices, controls, and a computerized system that integrates the measurements and brings the result in energy units. Metabolic rate physiologic analyzers are used to assess patient status in ICU and CCU units and for other medical applications (e.g., sport medicine, nutritional support, spatial and military physiology)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20694",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Metabolic Rate, Oxygen Based",
      "definition": "Metabolic rate physiologic analyzers designed to measure oxygen consumption (VO2)   and estimate the rate at which a person burns calories, usually at rest (i.e., resting metabolic rate, RMR). These devices calculate the RMR using indirect calorimetry methods, performing algorithms based only on oxygen consumption rather that the combine oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production; making them simpler than conventional metabolic analyzers. Typically the analyzers are portable or handheld devices that include a mouthpiece with unidirectional breathing valves, a flowmeter, and computerized capabilities; all integrated as a single unit. Oxygen based physiologic analyzers are  mainly intended for use in hospitals and/or doctor's offices for nutritional assessment; usually to determine oxygen uptake and the caloric intake requirements of patients (e.g., weight management, burn and/or parenterally fed patients, patients at risk of malnutrition)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10297",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Metabolic Rate, Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Based",
      "definition": "Metabolic rate physiologic analyzers designed to measure exhaled (i.e., produced) carbon dioxide and oxygen consumption (VO2) and estimate the metabolic rate based on indirect calorimetry by performing algorithms that use both data. These devices usually include carbon dioxide and oxygen analyzers, airflow measurement devices (e.g., pneumotachographs), controls, and a computerized system that integrates the measurements and brings the result in energy units. Oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide production based metabolic rate physiologic analyzers are used to assess patient status in ICU and CCU units and for other medical applications (e.g., sports medicine, nutritional support, spatial and military physiology); they are frequently available mounted on carts (i.e., \"metabolic\" carts)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17895",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Metabolic Rate, Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Based, Stress Exercise",
      "definition": "Oxygen/carbon dioxide metabolic rate physiologic analyzers combined with an ergonometer such as a static bicycle or a treadmill (i.e., a metabolic system) to measure metabolic energy expenditure as well as cardiovascular and respiratory function during exercise. These combined devices are used for periodic assess of patient progress in cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation programs, for exercise and/or space physiology, to determine energy expenditure needs, and for other medical applications (e.g., sport medicine)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15634",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that measure and evaluate some physical aspects of the ear's conductive apparatus, especially the detection of middle-ear fluid.  These analyzers are used as adjuncts to visual (or pneumatic) otoscopy in diagnosing and managing middle ear disease, particularly in children, including obstructions and otitis media effusions; they are also used to evaluate stiffness or flaccidity of the tympanic membrane."
    },
    {
      "code": "18784",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Middle Ear, Acoustic Reflectometry",
      "definition": "Middle-ear physiologic analyzers that measure the amplitude of the sound waves reflected off the tympanic membrane as a function of the distance from a sound source; the results are usually shown in a display and/or recorded as a graphic.  These analyzers include a pulsed sound source and a microphone that picks up the sum of the emitted sound and the sound source reflected back, the higher the x, the higher the nullification or reinforcement of the sound waves."
    },
    {
      "code": "18783",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Middle Ear, Impedance Tympanometry",
      "definition": "Middle-ear physiologic analyzers that measure the absorption of acoustic energy by the tympanic membrane and ossicles (tympanic membrane compliance) as a function of the air pressure in the external ear canal; the graphical representation of membrane compliance is referred to as a tympanogram.  These analyzers consist of an external instrument (electroacoustic impedance bridge) connected to a probe that is hermetically sealed in the external auditory canal.  The probe delivers a fixed-frequency audio tone into the ear canal and monitors the sound-pressure level using a microphone; it is also connected to an external pump-manometer that varies the air pressure variations and performs measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "17763",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that evaluate the interaction between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system that activates the skeletal muscles (i.e., the basic units of the body movement).  To make a complete evaluation of the neuromuscular function, the system should include units capable of performing electrophysiologic tests (e.g., motor and somatosensory evoked potentials, electromyography), diagnostic imaging (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound), and biomechanical studies (e.g., dynamometry, posturography, gait).  These analyzers are used in advanced diagnosis and research to assess structural and functional abnormalities of muscles, the neuromuscular junction, and the central nervous system, including the cortex, brain stem, and spinal motorneurons."
    },
    {
      "code": "17929",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Body Motion",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analyzers that measure and evaluate the movement of the human body or body segments. Some of these analyzers are automated optoelectronic devices that use pattern recognition and include markers, sensors, image processors, and computers; others use video (normal or high-speed) or cine cameras employing manual digitization or pattern-search algorithms. Analyzers consisting of electromagnetic devices that measure the position and orientation of sensors in space and are capable of measuring three-dimensional movements are also used for motion analysis. Body segment analyzers are used to obtain a graphic image and biomechanical analysis of human body segment movements (e.g., spinal analysis, joint function). These analyzers are used mostly to study the mechanisms of sports, work-related tasks, and rehabilitation activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18781",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Dynamometric",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analyzers that evaluate muscle strength.  These analyzers include dedicated force dynamometers and accessories for positioning the joints at specific angles, so they can perform measurements at constant length, resistance or speed (isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic measurements, respectively).  Most of these analyzers are highly mechanized and may also include computing capabilities for data processing and recording.  Dynamometric analyzers are used for upper- and lower-extremity analysis in several positions (e.g., supine, prone, sitting, standing); some are also useful for trunk muscle evaluations."
    },
    {
      "code": "28507",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Functional Age",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function physiologic analyzers designed to evaluate several biological measures (i.e., biomarkers) that assess biological states that are essential for activities of daily living, thus characterizing the functional age of a person. The analyzers evaluate both neurologic (e.g., memory, reaction times) and physical conditions (e.g., hearing, vision, tactile, lung functions) and compare the results with standard values from healthy people adjusted for sex and age to show the biomarkers' decline in a given person. The set of biomarkers (typically about 12) chosen is related to those conditions that are involved in mental and physical activities that better characterize normal day-to-day living. These analyzers typically consist of a set of measuring instruments and transducers (e.g., headphones, lenses, vibrometers, spirometers) and a panel with push buttons to evaluate the physiologic parameters and reaction times. The analyzer also includes a computer with appropriate software to calculate and provide the results including a value of the functional age for comparison with the chronological age.  Functional-age physiologic analyzers are used to assess the status of a person, facilitating the development of programs for lifestyle, diet, exercise, and/or other therapeutic (e.g., use of assistive devices) actions needed to improve daily living of aging people."
    },
    {
      "code": "28093",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Functional Capacity Evaluation",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function physiologic analyzers designed to evaluate the strength, dexterity, and range of motion (i.e., functional capacity evaluation [FCE]) of a person. To make a complete FCE, the analyzers should include components that permit the (frequently computerized) assessment of dexterity and range of movement of the main body parts (e.g., spine, fingers, hands), muscular strength (e.g., weight lifting), as well as the coordination between the sensorial organs (e.g., vision) and the performance of different tasks. FCE analyzers typically consist of a rack that includes the instruments (e.g., gauges, dynamometers, pinch measurement) and attachments (e.g., weight lifting boxes) needed to perform the complete evaluation; the analyzer may also include dedicated software to make a computerized fast evaluation. FCE analyzers are mainly used during rehabilitation treatments and/or to evaluate the working capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16334",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Gait",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analyzers that measure and evaluate the human walking cycle (gait). To make a complete evaluation of human gait, these analyzers should include measuring instruments capable of determining the movement in space, the forces exerted on the ground, and the muscle function pattern during walking movement. These analyzers are used for gait analysis including dynamic and static body balance and the analysis of joint movement during clinical studies (e.g., cerebral palsy, stroke), posttrauma studies, and monitoring of rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41690",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Gait, Animal",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analyzers that measure and evaluate the walking cycle (gait) in animals. To make a complete evaluation of the gait of the animal, these analyzers should include measuring instruments capable of determining the movement in space, the forces exerted during locomotion, and the muscle function pattern during walking movement."
    },
    {
      "code": "18782",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Posturographic",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that evaluate upright posture, balance, and sense of equilibrium.  These analyzers usually include a movable, tilting platform; a pressure transducer; and computing capabilities for data processing and recording.  Some of these analyzers include electromyographic devices.  For static posturography, the patient stands on a platform that is used to determine his/her center of gravity and to provoke destabilizing perturbations; in dynamic posturography, visual, somatosensory, and vestibular inputs are applied to the patient during postural control efforts.  Posturographic analyzers are used to evaluate equilibrium disorders and other diseases of the nervous system; they may be used to evaluate the static weight distribution of manual wheelchairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "28052",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Neuromuscular Function, Posturographic, Spinal",
      "definition": "Posturographic analyzers designed to evaluate an abnormal posture due to variations in the spinal structure, its alignment, and/or the position that it takes during body movements. These analyzers usually consist of a video image scanner or other multiple photographic image system, a control console, markers for a set of reference (e.g., reflective) points on the spine,  computerized image processing systems, an image display, printers, and appropriate software including algorithms to evaluate abnormal spinal curvatures based on the measured parameters (e.g., the spinal rotation). These analyzers do not include ionizing radiation equipment. Spinal posturographic analyzers are used for screening, diagnoses, and follow-up of the progress of patients who suffer from a curvature of the spine usually combined with a rotation of the vertebrae (i.e., scoliosis), extreme curvature of the upper back (i.e., kyphosis), or inward abnormal curvature in the lumbar region (i.e., lordosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18779",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Peristaltic Motility",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that determine the peristaltic smooth movement of some part of the digestive tract (e.g., esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon) and the intraluminal pressure exerted in its content.  Some of these analyzers can evaluate motility in several areas of the intestinal tract using interchangeable dedicated catheters.  These analyzers may include catheters that either use a manometric sensor in the tip to measure the pressure directly (nonperfusion catheter) or are connected to extracorporeal pressure transducers to measure the pressure indirectly (perfusion catheters).  Motility analyzers usually have multichannel capabilities for measuring pressure at several points simultaneously, as well as some additional sensors to perform other measurements of interest (e.g., pH); they may also include computing capabilities for data processing and recording."
    },
    {
      "code": "18780",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Peristaltic Motility, Colon/Rectum",
      "definition": "Peristaltic motility analyzers that determine the motility of the colon (colon motility studies) and/or the pressure in the rectum and the internal and external sphincter (anorectal motility studies).  These analyzers typically use small inflatable balloons and pressure sensors; some include computer capabilities for recording and data processing.  Colon/rectum motility analyzers are mostly used in the assessment of fecal incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "11600",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Peristaltic Motility, Esophageal",
      "definition": "Peristaltic motility analyzers designed to determine the motility of the esophagus by measuring the pressure on a swallowed catheter at several points. These analyzers usually include nonperfusion catheters to measure the esophageal pressure directly and/or perfusion catheters and extracorporeal transducers to measure the pressure indirectly. Most esophageal motility analyzers also measure pH, respiration, and swallowing using appropriate sensors. These analyzers are used in the evaluation of patients with dysphagia, acid reflux (heartburn), and/or noncardiac chest pain; they are also used for assessing connective tissue and neuromuscular diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "15036",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Peristaltic Motility, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Peristaltic motility analyzers designed to determine gastric and/or small intestine (usually the duodenum) motility by measuring the pressure on an intragastric probe at several points. These analyzers usually also include a pH electrode to measure the acidity of the stomach contents. Gastrointestinal motility analyzers are used to evaluate several diseases in the stomach and small intestine, including the prediction of duodenal and/or gastric ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "24858",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Peristaltic Motility/Gastric Accommodation, Barostatic",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to determine gastric accommodation and/or peristaltic motility in some part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and the small and/or large intestines. These analyzers typically consist of catheters with one or more balloons that are inflated and/or deflated to maintain constant pressure inside the GI tract and an external electronic unit that regulates the balloon pressure by providing insufflation through the catheter, monitors the balloon pressure, displays and/or records the results, and processes the data to assess the accommodation response and/or motility of the GI tract segment. Barostatic GI analyzers are intended for the determination of pressure, motility, accommodation, sensations, and pain thresholds in a section of the GI tract (e.g., colon) and to evaluate several conditions and/or diseases in the stomach and small intestine, such as proximal gastric motility and accommodation response after meals."
    },
    {
      "code": "17698",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to assess the volume, airflow (i.e., diffusion and distribution of tracking gases), and derived parameters (e.g., airway compliance, resistance) through the respiratory tract from the nose to the lungs. These devices typically include a spirometer, a gas analyzer, and an electronic unit with computerized capabilities and appropriate software. Respiratory function mechanics analyzers are intended for the evaluation of performance of the respiratory system to determine a baseline ventilatory function and respiratory impairments; to screen for and/or diagnose respiratory tract diseases. Dedicated analyzers are available for use with adults (including older children) and for neonatal/pediatric use."
    },
    {
      "code": "13182",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics, Adult",
      "definition": "Respiratory function mechanics analyzers designed to assess the volume, airflow (i.e., diffusion and distribution of tracking gases), and derived parameters (e.g., airway compliance and resistance) through the respiratory tract of adults and older children (typically older than 12 years of age). These devices typically include a spirometer, a gas analyzer, and an electronic unit with computerized capabilities and appropriate software. Adult respiratory function mechanics analyzers can measure, in addition to diagnostic spirometer measurements, parameters such as functional residual capacity, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, and airway resistance. The analyzers are intended to provide a baseline ventilatory function as well as identify respiratory impairments."
    },
    {
      "code": "24100",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics, Adult, Nasal",
      "definition": "Respiratory function analyzers designed to assess the mechanics of the respiratory function in the nasal passages of adults and/or older children (typically older than 12 years of age). These analyzers use one of several techniques for directly measuring the volume, pressure, and airflow in the nose while breathing or indirectly by determining the patency of the nose canals using other techniques. Dedicated nasal respiratory function analyzers for respiratory breathing-resistance measurement and those using acoustic reflectometry are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24796",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics, Adult, Nasal Resistance",
      "definition": "Adult respiratory function mechanics analyzers designed to measure airway volume and airflow through the nasal passages, including the partition of airflow between the two nasal passages. These analyzers typically consist of a measuring unit and appropriate tubes and nasal adapters that permit the independent measure of the volume of air breathed into each side of the nose; usually the ratio of the two volumes is calculated as a measure of the difference between the air passage (i.e., a nasal partitioning ratio [NPR]). Adult nasal respiratory mechanics analyzers are intended to assess nasal septum deviation and/or to evaluate the upper airway respiratory cycle."
    },
    {
      "code": "24101",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics, Adult, Nasal, Acoustic Reflectometry",
      "definition": "Respiratory function mechanics analyzers designed to measure the patency of the nasal conducts using acoustic reflection. These analyzers include a tube with an appropriate nose tip, a sound source, microphones to pick up the emitted and reflected sounds, filters, a wave tube that matches the diameter of the nose, and a computerized unit using dedicated software to process the measured data and display and/or record a nasal patency graph. Acoustic reflectometry nasal respiratory analyzers are used to assess the patency of the nasal tract during screening and/or diagnostic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24131",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics, Adult, Nasal, Breathing Resistance",
      "definition": "Adult respiratory function mechanics analyzers designed to determine the resistance of the nasal passages to breathing by measuring the volume and airflow through the nasal passages including the partition of airflow between the two nasal passages. These analyzers typically consist of a measuring unit and appropriate tubes and nasal adapters that permit the independent measure of the volume of air breathed from each side of the nose; usually the ratio of the two volumes as a measure of the difference between the air passage is calculated (i.e., a nasal partitioning ratio, NPR). Adult nasal respiratory mechanics analyzers are intended to assess nasal septum deviation and/or to evaluate the upper airways respiratory cycle."
    },
    {
      "code": "24099",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics, Adult, Oropharynx, Acoustic Reflectometry",
      "definition": "Respiratory function mechanics analyzers designed to measure the patency of the upper respiratory airways (oropharynx) using acoustic reflection. These analyzers consist of a mouthpiece, a sound source, microphones for both the emitted and reflected sounds, filters, a wave tube that matches the diameter of the oral airways, and a computerized unit using dedicated software to process the measured data and display and/or record the airway patency graph. Acoustic reflectometry respiratory analyzers are used to assess the patency of the upper respiratory tract during screening and/or diagnostic procedures including changes in the tract due to patient breathing."
    },
    {
      "code": "17699",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Respiratory Function Mechanics, Neonatal/Pediatric",
      "definition": "Respiratory function mechanics analyzers designed to assess lung and airway volume, flow, and mechanical parameters (including airway compliance and resistance) in young children and infants (including neonates). These analyzers are different from adult analyzers not only in absolute dimensions, but also in the special procedures required to adapt general methods to the pediatric patient (e.g., use of a small constant-volume chamber in which the infant reclines for plethysmography, use of a pressure jacket to obtain forced exhalation); they also differ in their inability to determine some parameters (e.g., vital capacity forced expiratory volume) due to their dependence on subject cooperation. Neonatal/pediatric respiratory function mechanics analyzers are used for pulmonary function testing in diagnostic studies and for evaluation of diseases and chest deformities."
    },
    {
      "code": "28448",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Skin",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to measure and evaluate all or most of the main characteristics of the skin, including elasticity, surface moisture and sebum, pigmentation and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Some analyzers also include a microscope or video microscope to assess the skin conditions and/or ultrasound devices to assess the level of skin damage. The analyzer is usually microprocessor- or computer-controlled and contains appropriate software for data processing and digital recording. Skin physiologic analyzers are used to assess the skin characteristics during dermal, cosmetic, and/or occupational medicine studies. Dedicated measuring instruments intended only to measure one or a few characteristics of the skin (e.g., TEWL, elasticity, surface moisture or sebum) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28506",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Skin Electrical Resistance-Based Screening",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed for a pre-diagnosis of the presence of a variety of physiologic diseases of the internal organs (e.g., cancer tumors) based on the variations of the external electrical resistance on the skin in a group of selected body areas (e.g., pulse points, dermal-visceral zones). Skin electrical-resistance analyzers (that are not impedance scanners) typically consist of a main unit and a set of attached resistance sensors placed around the wrist, ankle, and on both sides of the body. The sensors detect the resistance values before and after the application of electrical stimuli using a set of active and passive electrodes. The main unit digitizes and records the resistance values taken by the sensors and delivers the data to a computer for processing using a dedicated software. The results are then shown in a graphical display that is a component of the system. Skin electrical-resistance-based screening analyzers are mostly intended for use in the pre-diagnosis of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and/or other physiologic diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17456",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Somnography",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that simultaneously measure, record, and interpret a variety of physiologic functions during sleep.  These analyzers typically perform evaluations of electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electro-oculography, electromyography, respiration, temperature, and pulse oximetry readings; usually, they also provide audiovisual information about the sleeping patient for behavioral analysis.  Some analyzers also perform additional evaluations according to the study needs, such as gastroesophageal reflux, bedwetting (enuresis), or penile tumescence.  Somnography analyzers consist of electrodes and instruments that measure physiologic activities; a headbox that includes samplers, filters, and amplifiers; and appropriate software for processing and patient reporting.  These analyzers are used in the diagnostic evaluation of sleep and sleep-related disorders, such as difficulty falling asleep (insomnia), difficulty staying awake (hypersomnia), apnea, and other sleep disorders associated with medical or psychiatric conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "28504",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Temperature/Base Screening",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers designed to obtain estimates of a variety of physiologic parameters (e.g., blood components) based on the variations of the external temperature in a group of selected body areas. These analyzers typically consist of a main unit and several attached temperature sensors. The main unit digitizes the temperature values taken by the sensors at a pre-established rate and time (usually about 12 minutes) and delivers the data to a computer for processing using a dedicated software. The temperature sensors are placed in several reference points on the body (e.g., armpits, umbilical area, carotid artery). Temperature-based screening analyzers are mostly intended to obtain preliminary estimate of hematology values, such as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels; red, white, and lymphocyte cell counts; electrolytes (e.g., sodium potassium, calcium); and other blood components (e.g., cholesterol). They may be used for health status screenings."
    },
    {
      "code": "17645",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Thermometric Fertility Cycle",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that measure, record, and process the basal body temperature of women to determine the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle.  These analyzers are automatic, electronic, portable handheld instruments; they typically include a thermometer and a microprocessor programmed with a mathematical algorithm to calculate and identify temperature shifts and their relation to fertility phases."
    },
    {
      "code": "14382",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Visual Function",
      "definition": "Physiologic analyzers that measure and evaluate the main physical characteristics of vision, the visual system, and other eye structures. These analyzers usually determine near, intermediate, and far visual acuity; depth and color perception; muscle balance (heterophoria); visual fields; and interior eye structures that are integral to proper vision. Some analyzers include computer processing and result-recording capabilities. Dedicated visual function analyzers to assess eye movement, macular integrity, tear structure, and interior eye structures are also available. Visual function analyzers are frequently used for vision screening and for selecting patients that would benefit from certain ophthalmological procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12609",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Visual Function, Eye Movement",
      "definition": "Visual function physiologic analyzers designed to observe and analyze eye movement. These analyzers typically include lamps to illuminate the eyes, a screen (typically located on the back of the analyzer) on which images of the eyes are projected, and a set of photocells that continuously monitor eye movement. The analyzer records and processes electric signals from the photocells, providing an analysis of eye movement."
    },
    {
      "code": "25702",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Visual Function, Eye Structure",
      "definition": "Visual function physiologic analyzers that measure the interior structures of the eye (e.g., anterior segment biometrics, corneal shape and thickness, anterior chamber angle information, iris morphology) in a non-contact manner through a combination of optical coherence tomography and corneal topography. The analyzers consist of a patient interface with a chin rest on a corneal topographer into which the patient gazes with the dilated pupil. A Placido disk (series of concentric rings) is projected onto the eye. The rings are reflected back from the cornea and are captured by a camera and analyzed by a computer to create a topographic map of the cornea using special computer software. When combined with a corneal thickness map (pachymetry) from an anterior segment optical coherence tomographer, the analyzers provide information about the back surface of the cornea and therefore the entire cornea. Other features include automatic-alignment tracking software to compensate for eye movements while tracking the corneal vertex. Dedicated software allows the analyzers to produce visual images and reports of results that may be displayed on a screen and/or printed out. Visual function physiologic analyzers of eye structure are used by ophthalmologists to detect eye structure abnormalities and aid in patient selection for various ophthalmological procedures (e.g., refractive surgery, aspheric intraocular lens selection, contact lens fitting, pre- and post-excimer laser surgery, glaucoma surgery, corneal transplant, and phakic intraocular lens implantation)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21159",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Visual Function, Macular Integrity",
      "definition": "Visual function physiologic analyzers designed to assess degenerative effects on the macula (i.e., macular integrity). These analyzers typically consist of an electrically powered device intended to produce two conical, brushlike images with apexes touching (known as Haidinger's brushes). The observation of image characteristics through a Nicole prism facilitates evaluation of visual function, particularly macular integrity."
    },
    {
      "code": "23694",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Visual Function, Tear Structure",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic diagnostic instruments designed mainly to assess the characteristic of the tear film. These devices typically consist of electronic handheld instruments that permit noninvasive measurement of the tear film, its layers (i.e., lipid, water, and mucus), and the tear meniscus between the cornea and lid, and visual determination of corneal surface irregularities. The device includes grids to facilitate examination and/or disks with patterns (e.g., Placido disks) to assess corneal irregularities. Tear visual functions analyzers are used to evaluate the tear film, evaluate dry-eye problems, and facilitate the selection of appropriate contact lenses."
    },
    {
      "code": "23683",
      "display": "Analyzers, Physiologic, Visual Function, Visual Acuity/Macular Integrity, Bright Light",
      "definition": "Visual function analyzers designed to measure and evaluate visual acuity and macular integrity under several bright light conditions (i.e., brightness acuity). These analyzers typically consist of an electrically powered device that provides several intensities of light to the patient's eye when using the best possible correcting lens (i.e., eyeglasses or contact lenses); visual acuity and macular disturbances are checked under those conditions. Testing visual acuity under bright light conditions facilitates the assessment of opacities and/or distortions in the ocular media (e.g., corneal opacities, opacities following cataract surgery); macular test under bright conditions (i.e., photo stress macular test) is intended to detect macular disturbances such as macular edema and senile macular degeneration"
    },
    {
      "code": "18505",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care",
      "definition": "Analyzers designed to be used at the point of patient care, wherever medical care is needed.  Most of these analyzers are used in places where a quick result is needed and where it is possible to perform the assay soon after the sample is obtained, using samples taken directly from the patient, such as whole blood or urine, usually without any manipulation (e.g., centrifugation) before the introduction of the sample in to the analyzer.  Some of these analyzers incorporate computerized data management capabilities for storage and retrieval of test results and may also incorporate software programs (e.g., to calculate anticoagulant dosages).  These analyzers are handheld portable or mobile devices and do not require permanent dedicated space.  Point-of-care analyzers may be operated by healthcare providers (e.g., nurses) or patients with a minimum of, or without, any previous training.  Typical places for point-of-care analyzer use are intensive care units, emergency departments, operating rooms, or at the bedside.  Some point-of- care analyzers can also be used at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "18514",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Breath",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers designed to determine the proportion of one or more constituents in a breath and/or respired gas sample."
    },
    {
      "code": "17475",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Breath, Alcohol",
      "definition": "Point-of-care breath analyzers used to determine the alcohol (ethanol) content in a breath sample, usually expressed as percentage of blood alcohol concentration."
    },
    {
      "code": "18422",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Breath, Carbon Isotope",
      "definition": "Point-of-care breath analyzers used to determine the increase in carbon isotope content (e.g., carbon-13) in a breath sample, usually expressed as a carbon isotope relation, such as the relation of carbon-13 to carbon-12, after administration of carbon-13-labeled substrates.  These analyzers typically use gas chromatography techniques.  Carbon isotope breath analyzers are used to assess bacterial overgrowth and colonization in gastroenterology (e.g., determination of urea in breath for detection of Helicobacter pylori), to measure organ function, and to evaluate digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins."
    },
    {
      "code": "20198",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Breath, Carbon Monoxide",
      "definition": "Point-of-care breath analyzers designed to measure the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) present in a breath sample, usually expressed as parts per million (ppm). These analyzers typically use electrochemical sensors to determine the amount of CO present; analyzers may display the CO value or the equivalent carboxyhemoglobin estimated value using appropriate algorithms. Carbon monoxide breath analyzers are typically used to measure CO concentrations present in patients' breath samples following accidental exposure to CO and/or in the clinical care of patients with conditions associated with smoking tobacco (e.g., asthma, COPD); they are also used as an indirect method to determine red blood cell life span (i.e., in the management of patients with sickle cell disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17476",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Breath, Hydrogen",
      "definition": "Point-of-care breath analyzers designed to determine the hydrogen content in a breath sample, usually expressed as parts per million (ppm).  These analyzers typically use electrochemical or gas chromatography measuring methods.  Some of these analyzers can also determine methane and/or carbon dioxide content in the breath sample.  Hydrogen breath analyzers are mostly used to determine carbohydrate bacteriological breakdown deficiencies and malabsorption in the small intestine due to bacterial overgrowth."
    },
    {
      "code": "17477",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Breath, Methane",
      "definition": "Point-of-care breath analyzers designed to determine the methane content in a breath sample, usually expressed as parts per million (ppm).  These analyzers typically use electrochemical or gas chromatography measuring methods.  Most of these analyzers can also determine hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide content in the breath sample.  Methane breath analyzers are mostly used to determine carbohydrate bacteriological breakdown deficiencies and malabsorption in the small intestine due to bacterial overgrowth."
    },
    {
      "code": "23714",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Breath, Nitric Oxide",
      "definition": "Point-of-care breath analyzers designed to determine the nitric oxide (NO) content in a breath sample, usually expressed as parts per billion (ppb, one part in 10^9 ). These analyzers typically use gas-measuring methods based on chemiluminescence and dedicated software; the typical range of measured values is up to 200 ppb. NO analyzers are intended for the periodic assessment of breath levels of NO to help determine disease (e.g., bronchial asthma) progression and treatment effectiveness."
    },
    {
      "code": "24092",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Feces, Occult Blood",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers designed to determine the presence of nonvisible (i.e., occult) blood (i.e., human hemoglobin) in feces samples. These analyzers usually perform automated tests using clinical chemistry and/or immunoassay methods in a short time (several minutes); most of them require the technician to take the sample in a dedicated collector and place it directly in the instrument, usually one specimen at a time. Occult blood feces analyzers are intended to help physicians diagnose blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract; they are mostly used for screening patients for colorectal carcinomas, but are also used to detect bleeding ulcers and/or other malignant diseases in the gastrointestinal tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "18517",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Urine",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers that perform semiquantitative chemical analysis to determine the presence of certain analytes and estimate their concentrations in a urine sample. Most of these analyzers require the technician, to immerse the reagent portion of the dipstick in the urine specimen and place the strip in the instrument, usually one specimen at a time.  Point-of-care urine analyzers usually use reflectance photometry methods (typically, the amount of light produced by an LED and reflected from a reagent-impregnated test pad that has reacted with the urine sample is measured).  These analyzers can detect one or more analytes such as bilirubin, glucose, ketones, or protein using reagent-embedded dipsticks, but the results are less precise than those obtained with laboratory multianalyte chemical analyzers.  These analyzers are used to help physicians in diagnosing and managing renal, urinary tract, and metabolic diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18508",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers that perform analysis using small samples of whole blood, usually allowing the use of a fingerstick instead of venipuncture.  Some of these analyzers can also use plasma or serum."
    },
    {
      "code": "23481",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Ammonia",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers designed to measure ammonia in whole blood.  Many of these analyzers use microdiffusion colorimetric methods; the ammonia ion in the specimen is converted to ammonia gas, which is liberated from the blood sample and reaches an indicator (e.g., bromocresol green) to cause a color development proportional to the concentration of ammonia. These analyzers are used mainly in the diagnosis and follow-up of several hepatic and renal pathologies; ammonia levels are also high in patients infected with some bacteria (e.g., Helicobacter pylori)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16749",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Point-of-care whole blood analyzers designed primarily to detect abnormalities in the components required to complete normal blood clotting.  Most analyzers perform at least one or more of the following assays on whole blood: activated clotting time (ACT), activated partial thromboplastin time (WBAPTT), prothrombin time (WBPTT), recalcification time (WBRT), heparin dose response, heparin/protamine titration, and high-dose thrombin time (HiTT).These analyzers use photometric, mechanical impedance, or electromagnetic techniques (or sometimes combinations of techniques) to assess the coagulation process. Whole blood point-of-care coagulation analyzers are used to detect clotting deficiencies and to monitor the effects of drugs (e.g., heparin) and of blood component therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "39671",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Cotinine",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers designed to measure cotinine in whole blood. Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine, a chemical present in tobacco products. Determination of cotinine blood levels may be used as an indicator of an individual's exposure to nicotine either through smoking or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (i.e., second-hand smoke)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33906",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Creatinine",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers dedicated to measuring creatinine levels in whole blood, typically using an electrochemical detection method. Healthcare workers typically use these analyzers to assess kidney function. Some of these analyzers may be preprogrammed with an algorithm to automatically calculate an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on the measured creatinine level."
    },
    {
      "code": "18510",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Gas/pH",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers used for direct measurement of pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2) in whole blood specimens.  Measurements are made using three different sets of electrodes.  These analyzers are used to determine the patient's acid-base balance and oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange in diagnosis and regulation of therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18511",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Gas/pH/Electrolyte",
      "definition": "Point-of-care blood gas analyzers that can assess some metabolites as well as measure blood gas, pH, and electrolytes.  These analyzers can directly measure pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2) and concentrations of the most common ions (i.e., sodium [Na+], potassium [K+], chloride [Cl-] and bicarbonate [HCO3-]) and some metabolites such as calcium, magnesium, glucose, and lactate present in whole blood.  These analyzers are used for determination of metabolites and to assess abnormal electrolyte levels in the blood;  they are also used to determine the patient's acid-base balance and oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange."
    },
    {
      "code": "18853",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Gas/pH/Electrolyte/Metabolite",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers designed to measure and/or assess blood gas, pH, electrolytes, and some metabolites in whole-blood specimens. These analyzers can directly measure pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2), and concentrations of the most common ions (i.e., sodium [Na+], potassium [K+], chloride [Cl-], bicarbonate [HCO3-]) and metabolites such as calcium, magnesium, glucose, and lactate. These point-of-care analyzers are used to determine abnormal metabolite and/or electrolyte levels in blood; they are also used to determine the patient's acid-base balance and levels of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange."
    },
    {
      "code": "16488",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Glucose",
      "definition": "Point-of-care whole blood analyzers dedicated to measuring the concentration of glucose in capillary blood.  Some units can also use venous and/or arterial blood. Most of these analyzers use reflectance photometry methods (i.e., the amount of light produced by an LED and reflected from a reagent-impregnated test pad that has reacted with the blood sample is measured) or electrochemical methods (i.e., electric current is measured when glucose oxidase converts glucose to gluconic acid on a blood-dampened reagent strip).  Some blood glucose analyzers are capable of cholesterol-level determination for screening purposes.  These glucose analyzers are used for health professionals and diabetic patients to manage diabetes and to test for transient high or low glucose levels (e.g., during surgery); they are also used in sports medicine."
    },
    {
      "code": "35818",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase",
      "definition": "Point-of-care whole blood analyzers dedicated to measuring the level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in blood. These analyzers typically use an electrochemical method to detect the products of G6PD enzymatic activity. In addition, these analyzers may include a temperature sensor and/or the ability to detect hemoglobin levels, which are used to normalize G6PD activity levels. These G6PD analyzers are used by health professionals to test for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, which may dispose patients to developing hemolytic anemia when exposed to certain drugs (e.g., primaquine, thiazide diuretics), foods (e.g., fava beans), or stress."
    },
    {
      "code": "34354",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Glucose/Lipid Profile",
      "definition": "Point-of-care whole blood analyzers designed to measure the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, and lipids usually in a capillary blood sample (e.g., from a fingerstick). These analyzers may use one or more technologies such as reflectance photometry (i.e., by measuring the amount of light that is reflected from reagent-impregnated test pads or reagent strips that have reacted with the blood sample) and/or electrochemical methods. Glucose/lipid profile analyzers are capable of determining the concentration of glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Some other related values (e.g., low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol) may be obtained using the analyzer software. The results are shown in the analyzer display; some analyzers include a printer for immediate printing of the results. Point-of-care glucose and lipid profile analyzers are used at the bedside, in operating rooms, and emergency departments; some are also intended for home use by patients with diabetes and/or heart diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20385",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Glycated Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Point-of-care whole blood analyzers dedicated to measuring the concentration of glycated hemoglobin (GHB), also known as glycohemoglobin, in a sample of capillary blood. These analyzers may use several measuring techniques, including photometry and immunoassay. The amount of GHB in blood represents the integrated values for glucose in the previous three month period. GHB point-of-care analyzers are mostly used in physician's offices for assessing glucose control."
    },
    {
      "code": "18513",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Hematology",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers dedicated to measuring red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in whole blood using the volumetric impedance technique or the light-scatter technique.  Most of these analyzers can also measure and/or calculate other values, such as mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit."
    },
    {
      "code": "23456",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Hematology, Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Point-of-care hematology analyzers designed to determine the quantity of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein of erythrocytes) in whole blood; capillary, venous, or arterial blood can be used. These devices are typically portable units with a dual-wavelength photometer, a disposable cuvette for collecting and mixing blood with reagents, and a display. Point-of-care hemoglobin hematology analyzers provide results quickly without the need for laboratory technicians or sending samples to a clinical laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "18512",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Lactate",
      "definition": "Point-of-care analyzers dedicated to measuring lactate in whole blood. Some point-of-care lactate analyzers can also measure lactate in plasma, serum, or cerebrospinal fluid.  Most of these analyzers use amperometric methods (i.e., electric current is measured through an electrochemical cell while a constant electric potential is applied to immobilized enzyme electrodes).  These analyzers are used in critical care units and emergency rooms, for sports medicine and exercise physiology, to determine lactate acidosis, and to assess other disorders such as cerebrovascular accidents and decreased liver perfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "18509",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Multianalyte",
      "definition": "Point-of-care whole blood analyzers used to determine concentrations of clinically important analytes (e.g., cholesterol, glucose), electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium), and drugs of abuse; provide certain hematology values (e.g., hemoglobin concentrations); assay some therapeutic drugs (e.g., theophylline); and perform other clinical laboratory analyses. Most of these analyzers currently perform analysis with minimal technician involvement and with complete automation of the whole process, providing a standardized method of obtaining accurate and reproducible chemical concentration values. Multianalyte point-of-care analyzers are used as primary instrumentation in intensive care units, emergency departments, operating rooms, and animal research laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "23482",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood, Multianalyte, Cardiovascular Marker",
      "definition": "Multianalyte point-of-care analyzers designed to detect and determine the concentration of analytes (cardiac markers) in whole blood appropriate for rapid assessment of acute cardiovascular diseases such as acute coronary syndrome and/or myocardial infarction. Key cardiac markers include troponin I or T, myoglobin, creatine kinase MB, D-dimer and N-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). These analyzers are typically portable electronic units with a display and appropriate software; tests are performed using disposable reagent strips and/or cartridges. Cardiovascular multianalyte point-of-care analyzers are intended for use in emergency rooms and doctors' offices; they may also be used to aid in the assessment and management of other cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism."
    },
    {
      "code": "20386",
      "display": "Analyzers, Point-of-Care, Whole Blood/Urine, Multianalyte, Diabetes",
      "definition": "Multianalyte point-of-care analyzers designed to determine the concentration of analytes in the blood and urine that is appropriate for diabetes disease management. The most frequently measured analytes are glycated hemoglobin (GHB), also known as glycohemoglobin, in whole blood, and urine creatinine and albumin. The amount of GHB in blood represents the integrated values for glucose for the previous  three months; the value of the albumin/creatinine ratio may be an indicator of microalbuminuria. These devices typically consist of a portable analyzer that includes a reagent cartridge to collect and assess the samples; they may use several measuring techniques, including photometry and immunoassay. Point-of-care analyzers for diabetes management are used in clinics and physician's offices to obtain criteria in assessing glucose control and/or to find early signs of possible diabetes-related nephropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "16770",
      "display": "Analyzers, Spectrum",
      "definition": "Analyzers designed to measure and display the amplitudes of the sinusoidal components of a signal as a function of frequency (i.e., frequency domain representation or spectrum). These analyzers are electronic instruments that function as a combination of a heterodyne radio receiver, a signal strength meter, and a graphic plotter or display; the display shows the meter reading (amplitude) versus the frequency as the receiver is tuned from one end of the band to the other. Spectrum analyzers may be used to analyze or check the spectrum of bioelectrical or medical device signals and/or to characterize the electromagnetic interference (EMI) coming from other equipment and/or from natural sources (e.g., thunderstorms). Some spectrum analyzers perform real-time spectrum analysis with high accuracy and resolution using digital processing techniques based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT); they are especially useful when low-frequency (e.g., less than 100 kHz) or very fast measurements are needed (e.g., speech analysis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18134",
      "display": "Anastomosis Couplers",
      "definition": "Implantable devices intended to be used to join and transect excess structures, typically through the coupling of two ring-shaped components that are inserted into the ends of the segments to be attached.  These devices may be permanent or biofragmentable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18135",
      "display": "Anastomosis Couplers, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Implantable devices intended to be used to join and transect excess tissue of gastrointestinal structures, typically through the coupling of two ring-shaped components that are inserted into the ends of the segments to be attached. These devices may be permanent or biofragmentable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18137",
      "display": "Anastomosis Couplers, Vascular",
      "definition": "Implantable devices intended to be used to join vascular structures typically through the coupling of two ring-shaped components that are inserted into the ends of the vessels to be attached."
    },
    {
      "code": "15811",
      "display": "Anatomic Models",
      "definition": "Models designed to resemble the whole human body or body parts. Human anatomic models consist of an accurate three-dimensional representation in whole (i.e., manikins) or in part of the body; they may consist of organs (e.g., liver, heart), anatomic systems (e.g., skeletal, nervous, and muscular), and or other structures (nasal cavities, middle ear) of the human anatomy. Anatomic models are made of natural (e.g., hair, bone, metal, wood) and or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Anatomic models are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the anatomy. They may be used in combination with other dedicated devices and/or computerized systems to calibrate or test devices and/or as components of simulators used for training in particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34100",
      "display": "Anatomic Models, Head",
      "definition": "Anatomic models designed to resemble the head of a human body. These models consist of an accurate three-dimensional total or partial representation of the head, including the complete head or only the appropriate components of the head (e.g., scalp, hair, teeth) needed for the intended purpose.  Head anatomic models are made of natural (e.g., hair, bones, wood, metals) and or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Head anatomic models are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the head. They may be used in combination with other dedicated devices as components of training simulators for particular healthcare or dental examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34102",
      "display": "Anatomic Models, Limb",
      "definition": "Anatomic models designed to resemble a limb of a human body. These models consist of an accurate three-dimensional total or partial representation of an upper or lower limb, including a complete limb or only the appropriate components (e.g., veins, muscles, nails) needed for the intended purpose.  Limb models are made of natural (e.g., bones, wood, metals) and/or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Limb anatomic models are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of a limb; they may be used in combination with other dedicated devices as components of training simulators for particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34103",
      "display": "Anatomic Models, Skeleton",
      "definition": "Anatomic models designed to resemble the skeleton of a human body. These models consist of an accurate three-dimensional total or partial representation of the skeleton (i.e., the bony framework of the body), including the complete skeleton or only the appropriate components (e.g., cranium, ribs, spine, limb bones) needed for the intended purpose.  Skeleton anatomic models are made of natural (e.g., bones, wood, metals) and or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Skeleton anatomic models are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the skeleton; they may be used in combination with other dedicated devices as components of training simulators for particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34101",
      "display": "Anatomic Models, Torso",
      "definition": "Anatomic models designed to resemble the torso of a human body. These models consist of an accurate three-dimensional total or partial representation of the torso (i.e., the main part of the body where the head and limbs are attached), including the complete torso or only the appropriate components (e.g., organs, ribs, spine) needed for the intended purpose.  Torso models are made of natural (e.g., bones, wood, metals) and or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Torso anatomic models are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the torso. They may be used in combination with other dedicated devices as components of training simulators for particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "25633",
      "display": "Anemometers, Environmental",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the air and/or other gas speed in the environment. These instruments may consist of a mechanical or more frequently an electronic instrument with a display to show the air speed, and an air velocity probe including a sensor and transducer. Environmental anemometers usually measure air velocity at speeds up to 320 km/h (200 miles/hour) or more; they are mainly intended for outdoor measurement of the air speed. Dedicated indoor anemometers intended for evaluation of low-speed air flow are also available. Some instruments incorporate a thermometer for simultaneous measurement of air speed and temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "35373",
      "display": "Anesthesia Systems",
      "definition": "Devices that contain anesthesia units as their main component and which administer a mixture of gases to control an individual's level of consciousness. These systems also include other auxiliary equipment such as enhanced patient vital sign monitors, anesthesia record keeping capabilities, and integration into anesthesia information management systems. Some anesthesia systems include enhanced ventilator support for high-risk patients or subsystems capable of automatically dispensing injectable anesthetic drugs. Anesthesia systems go beyond the capabilities of anesthesia units that usually only offer the minimum requirements of monitors and alarms to provide inhaled anesthesia to an individual."
    },
    {
      "code": "10140",
      "display": "Anesthesia Unit Absorbers, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Devices designed to absorb expired carbon dioxide circulating in the patient breathing circuit before the gas is recirculated back through the anesthesia system to the patient. Typically, these absorbers consist of canisters in line with the connection from the breathing bag to the patient or canisters with appropriate valves for inclusion in a circle system. The carbon dioxide is typically absorbed in soda lime (calcium hydroxide plus additives) or another mixture with similar properties."
    },
    {
      "code": "17509",
      "display": "Anesthesia Unit Carbon Dioxide Absorbents",
      "definition": "Substances or materials capable of attracting or incorporating (i.e., absorbing) carbon dioxide. These materials are designed to be inserted in an anesthesia unit carbon dioxide absorber to remove carbon dioxide from the expired gases circulating in the patient breathing circuit before they are recirculated back through the anesthesia system to the patient. Commonly used absorbent materials include soda lime (e.g., Sodasorb) and barium hydroxide lime (e.g., Baralyme)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10144",
      "display": "Anesthesia Unit Vaporizers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to vaporize and add a controlled amount of anesthetic agent to the gas mixture delivered to an individual through an anesthesia unit. Vaporizers are usually installed in the low-pressure circuit of the anesthesia system to inject the liquid anesthetic agent after the gases pass the control valve and flowmeter. These devices may consist of: (1) a variable bypass type vaporizer (the stream of gas is split into bypass gas which does not enter the vaporizing chamber and carrier gas which flows over the liquid agent), or (2) heated blender vaporizer (the anesthetic agent is evaporated using heat and pressurized to a high pressure); another option (3) is to \"inject\" the anesthetic agent directly into the fresh gas flow coming from the flow meters (direct injection vaporizers). Dedicated vaporizers intended for use with only one anesthetic agent (e.g., isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane) are also available. Anesthesia vaporizers are needed because the inhaled anesthetic agents (except nitrous oxide N2O) exist as liquids at room temperature and sea-level pressure; they are intended to add anesthetic vapor into the gas flow in a way that the output of the system delivers the set concentration of anesthetic agent accurately."
    },
    {
      "code": "10134",
      "display": "Anesthesia Units",
      "definition": "Devices that continuously or intermittently administer a mixture of gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide, the vapor of a volatile liquid such as halogenated hydrocarbon), varying the proportion of gases in order to control an individual's level of consciousness. These devices are also designed to facilitate spontaneous, controlled, or assisted ventilation with these gas mixtures. An anesthesia unit is typically comprised of four basic subunits: a gas supply and control circuit, a breathing and ventilation circuit, a scavenging system to help prevent the escape of exhaled gases, and a set of function and breathing circuit monitors (e.g., inspired oxygen concentration, breathing circuit integrity). Also included in some anesthesia units are a number of monitors and alarms that indicate levels and variations of several physiologic variables and parameters associated with cardiopulmonary function and/or gas and agent concentrations in breathed-gas mixtures. Most anesthesia units are also equipped with a battery back-up in case central power supplies fail. Some anesthesia units are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments (i.e., MRI-compatible anesthesia units) and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite. Dedicated anesthesia units that are used on research animals and units that do not need a vaporizer and deliver mixtures of air and nitrous oxide gas (nitrous oxide anesthesia units) are also available. Anesthesia units are the main component of an anesthesia systems that may include more enhanced capabilities than those that are required for the minimum standards for anesthesia units."
    },
    {
      "code": "35374",
      "display": "Anesthesia Units, Animal",
      "definition": "Devices that continuously or intermittently administer a mixture of gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide, the vapor of a volatile liquid such as halogenated hydrocarbons), varying the proportion of gases in order to control a lung-breathing animal's level of consciousness. These devices are also designed to facilitate spontaneous, controlled, or assisted ventilation with these gas mixtures. An animal anesthesia unit is typically comprised of four basic subunits: a gas supply and control circuit, a breathing and ventilation circuit, a gas scavenging system to help prevent the escape of exhaled gases, and a set of function and breathing circuit monitors (e.g., inspired oxygen concentration, breathing circuit integrity). The breathing circuit is usually in the form of a sealed see-through chamber to hold one or more animals to receive the anesthesia or in some cases it may be a nose-cone face mask. Also included in some anesthesia units are a number of monitors and alarms that indicate levels and variations of several physiologic variables and parameters associated with cardiopulmonary function and/or gas and agent concentrations in breathed-gas mixtures. Some animal anesthesia units are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments (i.e., MRI-compatible animal anesthesia units) and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite. Animal anesthesia units can also be used to administer a lethal level of gas to one or more animals to euthanize the animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "35375",
      "display": "Anesthesia Units, Nitrous Oxide",
      "definition": "Devices that continuously or intermittently administer nitrous oxide or a mixture of nitrous oxide and air to an individual to produce conscious sedation. Unlike general anesthesia units, nitrous oxide anesthesia units are not used in conjunction with vaporizers because nitrous oxide is already in a gaseous state at normal room temperatures and pressures. Nitrous oxide anesthesia units contain hardware that allows connection to a nitrous oxide gas tank or central nitrous oxide gas system in a wall unit and usually connect to a breathing circuit (typically a face mask) into which the anesthetic gas mixture is released. Flow regulators are used to regulate the amount of gas delivered and a gas scavenging system is usually included to help prevent the escape of exhaled gases. Nitrous oxide anesthesia units may be transportable (on rolling casters) or stationary (wall- or table-mounted) and are typically used during dental procedures or sometimes during obstetric labor and other medical procedures to relieve patient anxiety. Dedicated portable anesthesia units are also available for use in the field during military or emergency use with portable tanks of nitrous oxide."
    },
    {
      "code": "17842",
      "display": "Anesthesia Units, Nitrous Oxide, Dental",
      "definition": "Devices that continuously or intermittently administer nitrous oxide or a mixture of nitrous oxide and air to patients to produce conscious sedation during dental procedures. Unlike general anesthesia units, dental nitrous oxide anesthesia units are not used in conjunction with vaporizers because nitrous oxide is already in a gaseous state at normal room temperatures and pressures. Nitrous oxide anesthesia systems contain hardware that allows connection to a nitrous oxide gas tank or central nitrous oxide gas system in a wall unit and usually connect to a breathing circuit (typically a face mask) into which the anesthetic gas mixture is released. Flow regulators are used to regulate the amount of gas delivered. Since dental nitrous oxide anesthesia units deliver gases to the patient via a face mask, there is a possibility of leaks so that proper gas scavenging systems are an important part of the unit to help prevent the escape of exhaled gases. Also, since N2O is more rapidly diffused than nitrogen during desaturation, oxygen flush at the end of N2O administration is important to prevent hypoxia. Some dental units are equipped with capability for the oxygen gas flush to the patient at the end of procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "35376",
      "display": "Anesthesia Units, Nitrous Oxide, Portable",
      "definition": "Portable devices that continuously or intermittently (by patient self-administration) administer a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen to patients to produce conscious sedation outside of the usual health facility setting (e.g., inside of ambulances, during emergency response, or in the field during military operations). These portable units do not have ventilator capabilities but rely on patient inhalation to administer the gases. Nitrous oxide anesthesia units contain hardware (valves and hoses) that allows connection to portable nitrous oxide gas tanks (included) and standard supply oxygen tanks (not included) and contain flow regulators and meters that measure gas delivery (which is usually at a preset ratio of 50 percent nitrogen oxide and 50 percent  oxygen). The gas mixture is delivered into a breathing circuit (usually a face mask) that may contain a gas scavenging system to help prevent the escape of exhaled gases. Portable nitrous oxide anesthesia units are usually housed in a sturdy carrying case to allow for easy portability under rugged conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "17559",
      "display": "Angioplasty Systems, Atherectomy",
      "definition": "Systems intended to mechanically disrupt and/or remove atheroma plaque from the walls of arteries. There are various types of atherectomy devices: orbital, rotational, laser, and directional. These systems consist of devices that are designed differently to either cut, shave, sand, or vaporize these plaques. The systems typically include an energy-producing generator, a remote control or footswitch, a handpiece, and a dedicated disposable catheter with a cutting or abrasive head that transmits the mechanical energy to the atheroma. The motor drive may be part of the handpiece. The system may include an integrated irrigation and/or suction system and includes accessory devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "37808",
      "display": "Angioplasty Systems, Lithotripsy Assisted",
      "definition": "Angioplasty systems that use sonic pressure waves to create microfractures in calcium deposits in the arteries. These systems transform electrical energy into ultrasonic energy to deliver localized lithotripsy (the breaking up of a stone or calculus). The systems usually consist of consists of a compact rechargeable generator, a connector cable, and a single-use catheter that contains the transducer elements along the integrated balloon. The balloon acts as a coupler to facilitate energy transfer of the sonic pressure waves into the vessel wall to reach the calcium. Along the length of the balloon, a localized field effect is created from a small electrical discharge at the emitters to vaporize is the fluid within the balloon and create a rapidly expanding bubble that generates the sonic pressure waves that create the microfractures in the calcium."
    },
    {
      "code": "16996",
      "display": "Angioscopes",
      "definition": "Flexible endoscopes designed for examination of the inner lumen of vessels. They are usually introduced in the vascular system through peripheral vessels.  Angioscopes usually consist of a fiberoptic lighting system surrounded by a flexible outer sheath; they are usually available in sizes from 0.8 to 3 mm in diameter and are appropriately sized for use in iliac, femoral, renal, and coronary arteries. Large-diameter angioscopes often include an irrigation channel through which a saline solution is pumped to clear blood from obstructing the view. Angioscopes may be used to evaluate the results of therapeutic procedures either in peripheral or in the coronary arteries, as well as to distinguish clots from plaque."
    },
    {
      "code": "41938",
      "display": "Animal Anatomic Models",
      "definition": "Models designed to resemble a whole animal body or body parts. Animal anatomic models consist of an accurate three-dimensional representation in whole or in part of the body; they may consist of organs (e.g., liver, heart), anatomic systems (e.g., skeletal, nervous, and muscular), and or other structures of an animal�s anatomy. Anatomic models are made of natural (e.g., hair, bone, metal, wood) and or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of both. Anatomic models are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the anatomy. They may be used in combination with other dedicated devices and/or computerized systems to calibrate or test devices and/or as components of simulators used for training in particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15779",
      "display": "Animal Enclosures",
      "definition": "Enclosures or containers used to house or transport animals. They may be made of wood, metal, plastic or a combination of these and can have solid or latticed sides and usually have one or more doors or lids; they can also contain openings for adding food, water, and other equipment. Animal enclosures are available in many sizes according to the animals to be confined; some are shaped to fit on racks or carts and can house small animals (e.g., mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs) while larger enclosures may be used to house larger animals (e.g., dogs, swine, primates). Leak-proof animal enclosures that may be filled with water (aquatic enclosures) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34519",
      "display": "Animal Enclosures, Aquatic",
      "definition": "Enclosures or containers made of sturdy leak-proof (usually see-through) plastic or glass that can be filled with water to house fish or other aquatic or amphibious animals. Some aquatic enclosures may be shaped to fit on racks or carts and may have lids and special openings for adding food, chemicals, or other equipment (e.g., aerators, water filter hoses, heaters, environmental sensors). They come in various sizes (e.g., 0.5 liters [.13 gallons] to 303 liters [80 gallons] or more), depending on the size of the species of animal they are meant to house."
    },
    {
      "code": "34367",
      "display": "Animal Impactor Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to produce contusions (e.g., on brain or spine) in laboratory research animals (e.g., rats and mice) to allow researchers to evaluate the process of injury to anatomical structures. These devices usually consist of some type of contusion-producing standard force pointed impactor positioned above a platform containing restraints to hold an anesthetized animal in position, and an electric control cabinet to precisely regulate the forces applied (impact velocity, depth and dwell time). Some impactors also have an integral stereotactic positioning system for the animal so that lesions may be precisely reproduced in more than one animal or more than one time."
    },
    {
      "code": "40960",
      "display": "Animal Mazes",
      "definition": "Apparatus consisting of a system of intersecting paths and passages used in cognitive and behavioral testing of experimental animals. Animal mazes are configurable with removable wall and doors and additional modular segments. These mazes can have different arrangements, such as T-mazes with T-shaped intersections or Y-mazes with gradually shaped intersections.."
    },
    {
      "code": "37138",
      "display": "Animal Watering/Feeding Devices",
      "definition": "Devices used to provide water and/or food for oral intake to animals, including insects."
    },
    {
      "code": "10155",
      "display": "Anklets",
      "definition": "Devices designed to embrace the ankle, providing limited support and protection. These devices consist of single-use material that is integral (e.g., straps). They are typically made of elastic fabrics that may be combined with soft plastics. Anklets are used for temporary treatment of minor ankle injuries such as sprains and during rehabilitation for performing exercise. They may also provide compression to increase venous activity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16039",
      "display": "Annuloplasty Ring/Band Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed for plastic repair of a cardiac valve by restoring its anatomic shape and size, usually by shortening the circumference of its annulus. These implants typically consist of a rigid, semirigid, or flexible metal (e.g., titanium alloy) or synthetic (e.g., silicone elastomer, polyethylene) ring that is inserted around the natural annular structure of a cardiac valve; sometimes an incomplete ring, known as a \"C-ring,\" or band, is used. Dedicated annuloplasty ring and band implants are used to restore mitral (e.g., to prevent regurgitation) and/or tricuspid (e.g., to treat insufficiency) valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "16342",
      "display": "Anomaloscopes",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine the anomalies of color vision by assessing how the patient matches yellow light with a mixture of green and red light. The devices consist of a system of light sources, a lens, prisms, slit mechanism, eyepieces, and controls with scales for adjusting the intensity and wavelength of the lights; some have a digital display for light parameter values. A patient observes the field in the eye-piece, half of which presents a yellow light and half of which presents a mixing of red and green light, and matches the two half fields by adjusting the brightness of the yellow light and/or the proportion of the red/green mixture. Anomaloscopes are used mainly for the assessment of color vision and the detection of color vision deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "10156",
      "display": "Anoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the anal canal in the lower gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the anal canal and lower rectum (e.g., fissures, fistulae, hemorrhoids). These devices are rigid endoscopes that may include fiberoptic light sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "27479",
      "display": "Anti-Fogging Solution/Gels",
      "definition": "Products consisting of solutions or gels designed to provide anti-fogging protection; they are mainly used on transparent glass and plastic lenses, and also on mirrors. These products typically consist of a solution with a variety of different components including substances that prevent and/or eliminate fogging of lenses used in optical devices.; Gels containing similar substances but usually at a higher concentration are also available. Some products that do not contain alcohol are also available. Dedicated solutions with formulations intended specifically for endoscopic and/or laparoscopic use are also available. Anti-fogging solutions and gels are used in many healthcare device lenses or face/eye shields such as spectacles, surgical helmets, microscopes, and photographic and video cameras; they are also used in other healthcare facility devices including refrigerators and freezers."
    },
    {
      "code": "27478",
      "display": "Anti-Fogging Solution/Gels, Endoscope Lens",
      "definition": "Anti-fogging products designed to provide anti-fog protection when applied on the lenses of endoscopic and/or laparoscopic devices, including endoscopic photographic and video cameras. These products typically consist of sterile solutions or gels with a variety of different components including substances that prevent and/or eliminate fogging of lenses used in endoscopic and/or laparoscopic instruments and other devices (e.g., endoscopes, laparoscopes, cameras) without damaging the endoscopic lenses and avoiding distortion of images obtained through the lenses. Some products that do not contain alcohol are also available. Anti-fogging products are usually applied using dedicated wipes, but cleaning and antifogging units are also available to facilitate the procedure. Anti-fogging solutions and gels used on endoscopic lens are mainly intended for intraoperative minimal access surgical procedures using endoscopes and/or laparoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "36498",
      "display": "Anticoagulation Solutions, Citrate",
      "definition": "Solutions containing citrate as their active ingredient that are intended to act as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium ions, which are required for activation of various coagulation factors. These solutions typically used to prevent blood coagulation during extracorporeal processing of blood or blood products, frequently to achieve regional anticoagulation in extracorporeal circuits during hemodialysis or apheresis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17005",
      "display": "Antimicrobial Reagent Disks",
      "definition": "Small, round, thin patches impregnated with an antimicrobial substance (i.e., a substance known to kill or inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms) that are intended to be used to measure (e.g., by a disk-agar diffusion technique or a disk-broth elution technique) the in vitro susceptibility of most clinically important bacterial pathogens to antimicrobial agents. These disks are typically used in the identification of bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "41034",
      "display": "Antiseptic Applicators",
      "definition": "Devices used to apply antiseptic solution to skin that typically consist of a handle or grip on the proximal end and a small pad or sponge at the distal end. Antiseptic applicators are supplied dry and the user must saturate the applicator pad/sponge with antiseptic solution before use. The handle of the antiseptic applicator may function as a reservoir and come pre-filled with antiseptic solution or come pre-attached to an antiseptic solution vial. These types of applicators may be saturated with antiseptic solution by manual activation of the applicator (e.g. by pressing down on one end). Alternately, the antiseptic applicators may be pads/sponges on a simple stick that can be dipped into an antiseptic solution and then used to apply the antiseptic to the incision area. These devices are typically used to disinfect incision areas before major and minor invasive procedures, such as catheter insertion, peritoneal dialysis site cleaning, implantable device placement, prosthetic device placement or removal, interventional radiology procedures, cardiac catheterization lab procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22548",
      "display": "Antiskid Strips",
      "definition": "Strips designed to help to prevent people from slipping and falling in any area with smooth and slippery surfaces. These devices usually include strips made of anti-skidding materials and backed with pressure sensitive adhesives to stick to other surfaces (e.g., floors, mats). They can usually resist grease, oil, and water. Antiskid strips may be installed in a variety of places, such as bathtubs, staircases, and kitchen floors."
    },
    {
      "code": "10164",
      "display": "Apex Cardiographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs designed to make a graphical record of the movements (pulsations) of the precordium over the left ventricular apex of the heart. These cardiographs include a noninvasive transducer (e.g., piezoelectric pressure) that senses the movement (i.e., vibrations) of the soft tissue enclosed in the intercostal space and a graphical recorder that stores the results as an apex cardiogram. Apex cardiographs are typically used to assess left ventricular function by studying the dynamics of myocardial motion under various pathological conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16355",
      "display": "Apex Locators, Endodontic",
      "definition": "Electronic devices designed to accurately locate the apex (i.e., apical foramen) of a tooth root. Operation of these instruments is based on the constant relationship of electrical resistance (impedance) between the periodontium and the oral mucosa. Several accurate methods are used, including measuring the voltage gradient, measuring the ratio of impedance at different frequencies, as well as a completely automatic method known as Root ZX. Some devices can display the length of the root canal. Apex locators are used in endodontic procedures to determine the length of the root canal that is needed and to determine perforations and their communication with the periodontal membrane. Some devices are a component of a dental handpiece, used to stop its rotation upon reaching the apex."
    },
    {
      "code": "17917",
      "display": "Apheresis Immunoadsorption Columns",
      "definition": "Columns designed to remove abnormal or pathogenic substances from the blood using immunoadsorption techniques during automated apheresis procedures. These columns include adsorption products specific for a given application, such as anti-apolipoprotein B antibodies to reduce the concentration of low-density cholesterol; highly-purified staphylococcal A protein bound to an inert silica matrix to eliminate circulating immune complexes and platelet-specific auto-antibodies; and peptides designed appropriately to remove the pathogenic substances responsible for a given disease. The apheresis technique frequently involves extracorporeal separation of plasma from the cellular blood components and perfusion of the collected plasma over the adsorbent column. Immunoadsorption columns with a specific immunoadsorbent product appropriate for a particular treatment are available, including columns for reduction of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and the removal of pathogenic substances specifically responsible for a given disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "16405",
      "display": "Apheresis Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to automate the separation, collection, and reinfusion of blood components such as plasma, platelets, and leukocytes. Typically, one or more components are separated and collected and the rest of the blood is automatically reinfused in the blood donor or patient. Apheresis units usually consist of a pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit), pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps), a centrifugation chamber, bowls, filters, clamps, controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added), alarms, and bubble detectors. Apheresis units are used in hospitals, dialysis centers, and/or blood banks for collection of blood components from healthy donors and/or to treat diseases by removing a pathologic component or toxin from patient blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "23134",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Blood Donor",
      "definition": "Apheresis units primarily designed to automate the separation, collection, and reinfusion of blood components such as plasma, platelets, and leukocytes from a healthy blood donor. Typically, one or more components are separated and collected and the rest of the blood is automatically reinfused; with the use of automated methods, large quantities of specific components can be obtained from a single donor. Blood donor apheresis units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit), pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps), a centrifugation chamber, bowls, filters, clamps, controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added), alarms, and bubble detectors. The blood products collected depend on the needs of the blood center and the weight, total blood volume, and hematocrit of the donor. Dedicated apheresis units are available to collect only plasma or platelets (i.e., perform only plasmapheresis or plateletpheresis, also called thrombocytapheresis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23136",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Blood Donor, Plasma",
      "definition": "Apheresis units primarily designed to automate the separation and collection of plasma from a healthy blood donor (i.e., perform plasmapheresis). Typically, plasma is collected and the rest of the blood is automatically reinfused; with the use of automated methods, large quantities of plasma can be obtained from a single donor. Blood donor plasmapheresis units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit), pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps), a centrifugation chamber, bowls, filters, clamps, controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added), alarms, and bubble detectors. Blood donor plasmapheresis units may be used also for plasma exchange in some therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23135",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Blood Donor, Platelet",
      "definition": "Apheresis units designed to automate the separation and collection from and reinfusion of platelets to a healthy blood donor (i.e. perform plateletpheresis). Typically, platelets are collected and the rest of the blood is automatically reinfused; with the use of automated methods, large quantities of platelets can be obtained from a single donor. Blood donor platelet apheresis units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit), pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps), a centrifugation chamber, bowls, filters, clamps, controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added), alarms, and bubble detectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "32813",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Blood Donor, Red Blood Cell",
      "definition": "Apheresis units designed to automate the separation and collection of red blood cells (RBC) from a healthy blood donor. Typically, RBCs (i.e., erythrocytes) are collected and the rest of the blood with additional volume replacement (e.g., saline solution) is automatically reinfused; with the use of automated methods, large quantities of RBCs (e.g., two units) can be obtained from a single donor. Blood donor RBC apheresis units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit), pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps), a centrifugation chamber, bowls, filters, clamps, controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added), alarms, and bubble detectors. Red cell apheresis separates red cells and plasma while blood is being drawn rather than blood donations where blood components are separated later in the process. Some units are portable and appropriate for use in the field."
    },
    {
      "code": "23137",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Apheresis units primarily designed to automate the removal of a pathologic component or toxin from the blood of a patient and/or its exchange with a replacement fluid. Typically, one or more pathologic components (e.g., antibodies, sickle cells) and/or toxins are removed and the rest of the blood is automatically reinfused. These units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit); pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps); a centrifugation chamber; bowls; filters; clamps; controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added); alarms; and bubble detectors. Some therapeutic apheresis units use special affinity columns which contain adsorbents. These adsorbents selectively remove a pathogenic substance by chemical or antigen-antibody reactions as the plasma is pumped through the column rather than centrifugation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23139",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Therapeutic, Low-Density Cholesterol",
      "definition": "Therapeutic apheresis units designed to remove low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from the blood. Typically, the unit includes a specialized filter that eliminates the LDL (including the very low-density [VLD]) cholesterol particles from the blood and two intravenous lines; one line is used to draw blood from one arm and the other to return the blood into the other arm after LDL cholesterol filtration. LDL cholesterol removal apheresis units are used periodically (e.g., every other week) when diet, exercise, and drugs do not provide an adequate treatment for high levels of cholesterol. Other blood products such as triglycerides and fibrinogen are also lowered with this apheresis treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "23138",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Therapeutic, Phototherapy",
      "definition": "Apheresis units designed to produce an immunosuppressant response in a patient using extracorporeal light activation (i.e., phototherapy) of leukocytes. These units typically separate the blood cell component to be treated (e.g., leukocytes), incorporate a photosensitive drug (e.g., 8-methoxypsoralen), and then photoactivate them using an appropriate light source (e.g., ultraviolet); the treatment may be tailored to the specific needs of a patient. Phototherapy apheresis units are used in the treatment (either curative or palliative) of several diseases, especially those related to T-cell disorders (e.g., palliative treatment of cutaneous effects of T-cell lymphoma, and organ transplant rejection)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32815",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Therapeutic, Platelet/Plasma Exchange",
      "definition": "Therapeutic apheresis units primarily designed to automate the removal and replacement (i.e., exchange) of plasma and/or platelets from the blood of a patient. Typically, plasma is collected, abnormal blood cells (e.g., sickle cells) and plasma constituents (e.g., antibodies, toxins) are extracted, and the rest of the blood (with the addition of replacement fluid) is automatically reinfused. The units may also reduce (deplete) platelets in the blood prior to reinfusion. These apheresis units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit); pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps); a centrifugation chamber or membrane filtration unit; centrifugation bowls; filters; clamps; controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added); alarms; and bubble detectors. Platelet/plasma apheresis units are used to extract abnormal blood cells and plasma constituents' mainly in patients with autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barre and Goodpasture's syndromes, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, Myasthenia gravis, and in some cases of leukemia; they are also used to deplete platelets in patients with essential thrombocytosis. Most of the units may be used also to perform plasmapheresis and plateletpheresis on healthy blood donors."
    },
    {
      "code": "32817",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Therapeutic, Stem Cell Harvesting",
      "definition": "Apheresis units primarily designed to automate the removal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), from the peripheral blood of a patient, close relative, or other appropriate donor.  Typically, peripheral blood is collected and mononuclear white blood cells and peripheral blood stem cells are harvested in a blood cell separator and transferred to a collection bag while the other blood components (plasma, red blood cells, platelets) are returned to the patient. These apheresis units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit); pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps); a centrifugation chamber or membrane filtration unit; centrifugation bowls; dedicated cartridge separators; clamps, controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added); alarms; and bubble detectors. One or two HSC harvests are usually sufficient to obtain enough cells from normal allogeneic donors, but in autologous cases some patients may have to undergo three, four, or more daily apheresis procedures; the collected cells can be used in bone marrow transplantation usually after chemotherapy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32816",
      "display": "Apheresis Units, Therapeutic, White Blood Cell",
      "definition": "Apheresis units designed to automate the removal of white blood cells (WBC) from the blood of a patient. Typically, blood is collected, and the excess of WBC (i.e., leukocytes) is depleted prior to reinfusion of the rest of the blood. These apheresis units usually consist of a disposable pheresis set (i.e., a tubing set that connects the patient to the apheresis unit); pumps (e.g., rotary peristaltic pumps); a centrifugation chamber or membrane filtration unit; centrifugation bowls; dedicated cartridges capable of removing specific target cells such as leukocyte and granulocyte in excess; filters; clamps; controls (e.g., centrifuge and pump speed, volume of solution added); alarms; and bubble detectors. Therapeutic WBC apheresis units are used mainly to deplete WBCs such as granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes from the blood of patients affected by leukemia. This reduces the amount of white blood cells and may help prevent the excess white blood cells from blocking blood flow. Leukapheresis units may be also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "16022",
      "display": "Applicator Sticks, Wooden",
      "definition": "Devices for applying a substance, such as medicine, to an exposed area of tissue. Applicator sticks are typically long, thin pieces of wood that may be flat or rounded. Substances or medications are placed on one end of the applicator stick, which is then applied to the affected area. The applicator sticks can also be used for transferring specimens and mixing substances. They are generally handheld, disposable, and do not have a swab at the end."
    },
    {
      "code": "17673",
      "display": "Approximators",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to bring anatomic structures into proximity or apposition (juxtaposition) during surgical procedures. These manual, handheld devices have physical dimensions and characteristics appropriate to the structures that they bring together (e.g., blood vessels, soft tissue, ribs, nerve tissue); they are manufactured with nonconventional shapes or components, differentiating them from other devices (e.g., hooks, clips, forceps) used to approximate anatomic structures. Surgical approximators are frequently used in pairs to grasp torn or resected portions of a single anatomic structure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20977",
      "display": "Approximators, Nerve",
      "definition": "Approximators designed to bring nerve edges into proximity during surgical procedures. These approximators are usually manual, handheld instruments with two arms mounted on a mechanical frame; one arm is fixed at one end of the frame, while the other arm can slide along the metallic frame to approach or to separate from the fixed one. Both arms include fine needles on the distal end of the arms to pierce the center of the nerve sections without damaging them. A separate key permits adjustment and/or locking of the distance between the arms. Nerve approximators are typically used in procedures intended to reattach one nerve portion to another."
    },
    {
      "code": "20979",
      "display": "Approximators, Rib",
      "definition": "Approximators designed to bring rib edges into proximity during surgical procedures. These approximators are usually manual, handheld instruments with two arms pivoted at the center; the distal ends are configured to hold a rib in an anatomically correct position. The proximal ends are configured as handles to manipulate the approximator arms. Rib approximators are typically used in procedures intended to reattach one rib portion to another in order to complete the structure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20980",
      "display": "Approximators, Skin",
      "definition": "Approximators designed to temporarily bring the edges of a skin wound into proximity or contact with one another during surgical procedures; they are manufactured with nonconventional shapes or components. These manual, handheld instruments may consist of two hinged sections with free ends that move toward and away from each other. The free ends have barbed arms that are inserted into the skin at opposite sides of a wound; the hinged arms pivot during movement of the sections toward each other. The pivoting movement causes skin edges extending along the wound to become everted before they move into abutment with one another. Other dedicated skin approximators consist of a set of clips mounted on a fixed rod.  Skin approximators are used during surgical procedures to bring together the edges of a skin wound for suturing; they are not intended for use for permanent wound closure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20981",
      "display": "Approximators, Sternum",
      "definition": "Approximators designed to bring the sternal bone edges into proximity during surgical procedures, usually for the purposes of holding the bone edges in place so that they can be securely sutured. These manual, handheld devices typically have a fixed blade located at one end of the instrument and a second blade that can be displaced in steps along the instrument to grasp the resected portions of the sternum. Sternum approximators are used during procedures intended to reattach one portion to the other to complete the structure. Sternal approximators are frequently used in pairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17674",
      "display": "Approximators, Tendon",
      "definition": "Approximators designed to grasp torn or resected portions of a tendon, holding the tendon ends in an anatomically correct position without tension for the purpose of reattaching one portion to the other (e.g., by suturing) in order to complete the structure during a surgical procedure. These manual, handheld devices typically consist of a metallic frame with two sliding atraumatic blades or clamps; they are frequently used in pairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17675",
      "display": "Approximators, Vessel",
      "definition": "Surgical approximators designed to grasp torn or resected portions of a vessel, holding the tissue in an anatomically correct position without tension for the purpose of reattaching one portion to another to complete the structure (i.e., anastomosis) during a surgical procedure. These manual, handheld devices typically consist of a metallic frame with two sliding atraumatic clamps or blades with gripping surfaces; they are frequently used in pairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20984",
      "display": "Approximators, Vessel, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Vessel approximators designed to grasp torn or resected portions of small-diameter vessels, holding the tissue in an anatomically correct position without tension for the purpose of reattaching one portion to another to complete the structure during microsurgical procedures. These manual, handheld devices typically consist of a very small metallic frame with two sliding atraumatic clamps or blades with gripping surfaces; they are frequently used in pairs. They are typically used in microsurgical repair of very thin vessels (i.e., microanastomosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15553",
      "display": "Aprons",
      "definition": "Garments designed to be worn to protect the front of the user's body and the user's clothing. Aprons are typically made of cloth or plastic and tied around the waist and the neck. They are usually fitted with ties at neck and waist so that the fit can be adjusted to the individual wearer and include a bib attached to the front panel. Aprons often include pockets, and may be made to be disposable or reusable. Also available are aprons intended to facilitate hands-free evacuation of infants; conductive aprons; and aprons intended for use by laboratory personnel. Dedicated aprons intended to protect patients or staff during x-ray procedures (examination, dental) are considered to be shields."
    },
    {
      "code": "10986",
      "display": "Aprons, Conductive",
      "definition": "Aprons designed to prevent the development of an electrostatic charge by providing a path of low impedance to the user from accidental contact with energized electrical equipment and lines. They are usually made of reinforced rubber, thermoplastic polymers, or elastomer with adjustable straps and non-metallic buckles. Conductive aprons are usually long enough to cover the front or to wrap around both the front and back of the person wearing it."
    },
    {
      "code": "20466",
      "display": "Aprons, Infant Evacuation",
      "definition": "Aprons designed for safe evacuation of infants. These aprons are typically made of heavy-duty fabrics (may be fire-retardant) that include several pouches in the front and in the back, with appropriate fasteners to hold the infants secure. They are typically finished in bright colors (e.g., yellow) for easy recognition during emergency situations; some models include pouches for newborns and other models are appropriate for older infants. Infant-evacuation aprons permit hands-free multiple evacuation of infants (typically up to four or five babies) by only one person during emergencies such as environmental contamination, fires, and floods."
    },
    {
      "code": "15078",
      "display": "Aprons, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Aprons designed to be worn as protective clothing by laboratory personnel. They are usually fitted with ties at neck and waist so that the fit can be adjusted to the individual wearer. They include a bib attached to front panel intended to cover the front of the body. They are usually tear- or abrasion-resistant, and can be made of synthetic rubber, polyethylene, vinyl, or other chemical-resistant materials. They are designed to be resistant to spills or splashes of chemicals typically used in a clinical laboratory, such as alcohols or acids."
    },
    {
      "code": "42092",
      "display": "Aprons, Splash Protection",
      "definition": "Aprons designed to prevent strike-through contamination by providing protection against fine particulates and biological and chemical liquid splashes. These aprons are impermeable to fluids. They are typically made of a breathable multilayer nonwoven plastic material (e.g., polyethylene). Splash protection aprons are appropriate for long, fluid-intensive procedures in clinical laboratories and general hospital use, including the operating room and mortuary."
    },
    {
      "code": "16398",
      "display": "Aprons, Surgical (Retired)",
      "definition": "Aprons designed to be worn as protective clothing by surgical personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "18102",
      "display": "Aqueous Flare/Cell Meters",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed to measure aqueous flare (i.e., protein concentration) and the number of cells in the aqueous humor. These instruments usually consist of light sources (e.g., lasers), a slit-lamp microscope, photo-multipliers, and dedicated software. Aqueous flare/cell meters measure the light scattered from the protein and cells in the aqueous humor using a photo-multiplier and typically analyze the results using a personal computer; they are used mainly to assess anterior chamber inflammation. Meters using lasers as light sources are used in current practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "18192",
      "display": "Aqueous Flare/Cell Meters, Laser",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed to measure aqueous flare (i.e., protein concentration) and the number of cells in the aqueous humor. These instruments usually consist of a computerized unit with a low-power laser (e.g., He:Ne, diode) as a light source, a slit-lamp microscope, photo-multipliers, and dedicated software. Aqueous flare/cell meters measure the light scattered from the protein and cells in the aqueous humor using a photo-multiplier and typically analyze the results using a personal computer; they are used mainly to assess anterior chamber inflammation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16844",
      "display": "Aqueous/Vitreous Humor Replacement Media",
      "definition": "Artificial fluids or semifluid substances used to replace the aqueous or vitreous humor within the eye."
    },
    {
      "code": "31212",
      "display": "Arthroplasty Templates",
      "definition": "Templates designed from images previously obtained (i.e., pre-operatively) from computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or other imaging procedures that are intended for use in arthroplasty procedures. These templates consist of very accurate computerized (digital) maps made of solid materials that are used as guides for surgical instruments (e.g., drills, knives, probes) during procedures and/or to determine the proper size of arthroplasty implants. Dedicated arthroplasty templates are available for specific bones and/or joints and/or for particular procedures, such as knee cartilage repair."
    },
    {
      "code": "31213",
      "display": "Arthroplasty Templates, Knee",
      "definition": "Arthroplasty templates of the knees designed from images previously obtained (i.e., pre-operatively) from computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or other imaging procedures. The templates consist of very accurate computerized (digital) maps of the knee articulation and are made of solid materials that permit guidance of surgical instruments such as drills and knives when placed on the articulation surface. Knee templates are used in arthroplasty procedures to determine the size of the implants and the cutting strategy. They are also used to repair the cartilage using plugs of cartilage (i.e., autografts) from other areas of the knee less critical to its function in a procedure called mosaicplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "10198",
      "display": "Arthroscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for percutaneous insertion into a joint (e.g., wrist, elbow, knee) for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the articulation, especially during surgical procedures. Arthroscopes usually consist of a rigid outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices. Most arthroscopes include a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "17918",
      "display": "Arthroscopic Shaver Systems",
      "definition": "Powered systems designed for bone and soft tissue resection during arthroscopic joint (e.g., knee, shoulder) surgery procedures. These systems typically consist of a power supply unit (electric or pneumatic), a display of operational characteristics, and dedicated software that provides optimal parameters for a procedure and/or stores previous settings; one or more rotary handpieces with several speeds that can operate different sizes of a variety of burs and blades (either straight or curved) and other rotary instruments such as a sagittal saw. Smaller and lighter handpieces are usually intended for surgery in small joints (e.g., wrist, ankle). Arthroscopic shavers are used in combination with fiberoptic video arthroscopes, irrigation systems, and other manual instruments. They are most commonly used to debride defective cartilage (e.g., meniscus repair or meniscectomy) and remove the inflamed inner lining of the joint (synovectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10201",
      "display": "Articulators, Dental",
      "definition": "Dental instruments designed to simulate the movement of the upper and lower jaw (i.e., the movement of the mandibular arch in relation to the maxillary arch); maxillary and mandibular casts are usually attached to the articulator. These articulators typically include two hinge-jointed arms; each arm has segments connected to a hinge joint with mating elements, one integral to each segment of an arm. The articulator elements determine the degree and limit of articulator movement, as well as the capability of the articulator to closely simulate the movement of the mandible. Dental articulator characteristics, such as horizontal axis of rotation, condylar inclination, intercondylar distance, adjustability of the angle and side-shift movement (Bennett angle and movement, respectively), and incisal guidance, determine the degree of simulation of mandibular dynamics. Dental articulators are available as nonadjustable articulators (Class I, limited to hinge opening and closing arcs about a fixed axis, or Class II, capable of lateral movement), semiadjustable articulators (which can simulate lateral, protrusive, and Bennett movement), and fully adjustable articulators intended to simulate all movements of the mandible. Dental articulators are used for dental restorative procedures, modeling and diagnosis, determining the position of an artificial dental prosthesis to obtain the best placement, occlusion, and articulation during the restorative procedure; the class of articulator used in each procedure is chosen according to the characteristics of the procedure/prosthesis to be modeled (e.g., placement of partial and complete dentures or individual crowns, diagnosis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10053",
      "display": "Artificial Airways",
      "definition": "Devices designed to permit the passage of gases (e.g., air, oxygen) to the lungs while preventing obstruction of the patient's upper airway. These airways include a variety of devices according to the technique used to facilitate the passage of gases, the intended application, and the expected time of use. In emergency and/or for short-time use, esophageal obturation with one- or two-lumen tubes and oropharyngeal artificial airways are typically used. For a few days of intubation, nasopharyngeal artificial airways are the most commonly used devices, while for longer periods (up to three weeks) endotracheal tubes are the preferred devices. When long-term mechanical ventilation is needed, tracheostomy tubes are used. Artificial airways are available in a variety of configurations from newborn to adult sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "10056",
      "display": "Artificial Airways, Esophageal Obturation",
      "definition": "Artificial airways designed for insertion through the mouth into the esophagus, permitting the passage of oxygen to the lungs while occluding the esophagus. These airways typically consist of an esophageal tube with a distal cuff that occludes the esophagus, securing the patient's airway and decreasing the risk of regurgitation; a mask that seals the nose and mouth; and a nasally inserted small-diameter tube for breathing. Esophageal obturation artificial airways are available in several sizes  to accommodate the patient's anatomic characteristics. They are intended for temporary use in emergency by healthcare personnel with minimum training to facilitate breathing and/or for resuscitation; the airways also facilitate suctioning through them."
    },
    {
      "code": "17986",
      "display": "Artificial Airways, Esophageal Obturation/Tracheal",
      "definition": "Artificial airways designed for insertion through the mouth into the esophagus or trachea, permitting the passage of oxygen to the lungs while occluding the esophagus. These airways typically consist of a two-lumen tube that is inserted blindly through the mouth either into the esophagus or less frequently the trachea to keep airway patency while occluding the esophagus. The esophageal obturation lumen has a blocked distal end and perforations at the pharyngeal level; the tracheal lumen is open at both ends. A large oropharyngeal balloon seals mouth and nose, and a distal cuff occludes either the esophagus or trachea. Ventilation starts via the esophageal tube. If the tube is inserted in the esophagus, air enters the pharynx via the perforations. If the tube is inside the trachea, the ventilation will be performed directly through the shorter tracheal tube. Esophageal obturation/tracheal airways are used in emergency situations by healthcare personnel with minimal training to facilitate breathing and/or for resuscitation; single use (disposable) and reusable tubes are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27014",
      "display": "Artificial Airways, Laryngeal Mask",
      "definition": "Artificial airways designed for insertion through the mouth into the pharynx, producing a peri-pharyngeal seal while permitting the passage of oxygen to the lungs. These airways typically consist of a hollow, large-diameter curved plastic tube with a protruding rim (flange) at the proximal end and a mask with an inflatable cuff at the distal end. The lubricated mask is introduced through the mouth into the pharynx with the cuff deflated until it sits in the pharynx, then the cuff is inflated, producing a tight seal. Some devices can provide both pharyngeal and tongue sealing, but they usually do not protect the lungs from aspiration of regurgitated materials. Laryngeal mask artificial airways, both reusable and single use, are available in several sizes  to accommodate the patient's anatomic characteristics. They are intended for administration of anesthesia during minor surgical procedures; the masks are also used for spontaneous and/or mechanical ventilation especially in emergency situations when endotracheal intubation is unsuccessful."
    },
    {
      "code": "10057",
      "display": "Artificial Airways, Nasopharyngeal",
      "definition": "Artificial airways designed for insertion through one of the nostrils, permitting the passage of oxygen to the lungs. These airways typically consist of a hollow, curved plastic tube with a protruding rim (flange) at the proximal end; when the airway is inserted, the flange rests against the nostril, the curvature of the artificial airway follows the contour of the floor of the nose, and the distal end opens into the posterior pharynx. Nasopharyngeal artificial airways are available in several sizes to accommodate the patient's anatomic characteristics. They are intended for use in unconscious or semi-conscious patients who cannot maintain an open natural airway; insertion of the artificial airway should be performed only by trained healthcare personnel. Suction through the airway may be performed using appropriate catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "10059",
      "display": "Artificial Airways, Oropharyngeal",
      "definition": "Artificial airways designed for insertion through the mouth to keep the tongue from occluding the upper airway, permitting the passage of oxygen to the lungs. These airways typically consist of a hollow, large-diameter curved plastic tube with a protruding rim (flange) at the proximal end; when inserted the flange rests against the lips, the curvature of the artificial airway follows the contour of the tongue, and the distal end opens into the pharynx. Oropharyngeal artificial airways are available in several sizes to accommodate the patient's anatomic characteristics. They are intended for temporary use during resuscitation and/or in unconscious patients to permit or facilitate breathing and also to facilitate suctioning through it."
    },
    {
      "code": "23919",
      "display": "Artificial Saliva",
      "definition": "Solutions, gel, or sprays designed to resemble the moisturizing properties of natural saliva. These products typically consist of water solutions (or gels), including Sorbitol, sodium chloride, and carboxymethylcellulose. Artificial saliva is intended to substitute for natural saliva for alleviating symptoms of dry mouth and/or difficulties of swallowing and changing taste in patients with reduced or absent salivary flow as a result of salivary gland dysfunction (xerostomia). This solution may contain products to protect tooth enamel (e.g., fluorides) but is not intended to replace the digestive properties of natural saliva."
    },
    {
      "code": "17114",
      "display": "Artificial Teeth",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed to replace missing natural teeth. These devices resemble natural teeth in shape, color, and functional capabilities; artificial teeth are typically made of ceramic, polymers, or resins. These prostheses are usually available as sets of teeth of a variety of sizes, shapes, and colors that replace the different types of teeth (e.g., canine, premolars, molars) for either the lower or upper arch. A single tooth may be replaced, or artificial teeth may be mounted in preformed dental plates to make new removable dentures or to repair existing dentures; artificial teeth that are included as an integral part of a fixed dental prosthesis are usually known as pontics."
    },
    {
      "code": "13845",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for automated or semiautomated aspiration (i.e., suction) and irrigation of body cavities and/or other body areas. These devices typically include pumps that deliver the liquid and/or suction the debris, an easy-to-handle (e.g., pistol-like) handpiece that usually has a clamp to control the power of the irrigation/suctioning flush, and appropriate tubing to connect the handpiece to the main suction and irrigation unit. The equipment is frequently supplied with dedicated auxiliary irrigation kits that may include connectors, splash shields, and adapters; some devices use the hospital vacuum system. Aspirator/irrigators are intended to clean and improve visualization of clinical or surgical procedure sites (e.g., body cavities) by irrigating and removing fluids, necrotic tissues, and debris. Dedicated aspirator/irrigators are available for surgical, ophthalmic, dental, wound care, and uterine procedures; devices intended for endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26679",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators, Colon",
      "definition": "Aspirators/irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation, washing, and evacuation of debris from the colon and other segments of the large intestines from the rectum to the cecum. These devices typically consist of a main electromechanical unit that includes a pump for infusion of nonmedicated liquids (e.g., saline), an extractor (frequently using vacuum), and controls for the temperature and the rate of infusion (e.g., using a nozzle) and withdrawal of the liquid; the units are coupled to dedicated handpieces and/or to disposable catheters that are introduced through the rectum. Colon lavage units are used to remove damaged tissue and/or debris (e.g., feces, foreign objects) in emergency departments; they are also used for cleaning and evacuation of the large intestine before or during particular (e.g., endoscopic, surgical) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17424",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Aspirators/irrigators designed to provide irrigation and evacuate fluids (i.e., gases and liquids), tissue, and foreign materials from a body cavity through an endoscope. These irrigators usually include pumps to deliver the liquid and/or suction the debris, appropriate means (e.g., tubes, catheters) to irrigate the operatory or treatment field through the working channel of an endoscope, and controls for exterior regulation of the mode of  operation  (irrigation or suctioning ) and/or the intensity of the flush and vacuum applied.  Endoscopic aspirators/irrigators are intended for a variety (e.g., gastric, urinary tract) of procedures, each one using an appropriate delivery system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26681",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators, Eye Surface",
      "definition": "Aspirators/irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation and washing of the eye surface (i.e., sclera and cornea). These devices typically consist of a main electromechanical unit that may include a pump for infusion of nonmedicated liquids (e.g., saline), an extractor, and controls for the temperature and the rate of irrigation; the units may be coupled to special (e.g., Morgan therapeutic) lenses and/or to dedicated (e.g., Lewis) handpieces, cannulae, catheters, and/or probes. Eye lavage units are used to remove damaged tissue and/or debris (e.g., foreign objects) before and/or during ophthalmic procedures or surgery and in emergency departments; the units are frequently available as an integral part or to be attached to ophthalmic examination and/or surgical (e.g., phacoemulsification) units."
    },
    {
      "code": "26686",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators, Gastric",
      "definition": "Aspirators/irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation, washing, and evacuation of debris (e.g., toxic substances) from the stomach. These devices typically consist of a main electromechanical unit that includes a pump for infusion of nonmedicated liquids (e.g., saline); an extractor (frequently using vacuum); controls for the temperature, rate of infusion and withdrawal of the liquid, and pressure; and bags for the irrigation solution and waste. Most units can deliver charcoal to the stomach for absorption of toxic substances. Stomach aspiration/irrigation units are usually coupled to disposable vented tubes that are introduced into the stomach through the mouth. The units are intended mainly for use in emergency departments; they are also used for cleaning and evacuation of the stomach before some endoscopic and/or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26688",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators, Laparoscopy",
      "definition": "Aspirators/irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation, washing, and evacuation of debris from the peritoneum during laparoscopic procedures. These devices typically consist of an electromechanical main unit that usually includes a pump for irrigation/infusion of liquids (e.g., saline), an extractor (frequently using vacuum), and controls for the rate of irrigation/infusion and withdrawal of the liquid; surgical aspirators/irrigators are usually coupled to disposable laparoscopic handpieces and/or other laparoscopic instruments such as high-capacity tubing and electrosurgical (e.g., bipolar forceps) instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "26685",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators, Surgical",
      "definition": "Aspirators/irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation, washing, and evacuation of debris from the surgical site. These devices typically consist of an electromechanical main unit that usually includes a pump for irrigation/infusion of liquids (e.g., saline), an extractor (frequently using vacuum), and controls for the rate of irrigation/infusion and withdrawal of the liquid; surgical aspiration/irrigation units are usually coupled to handpieces that may include the irrigation/suction controls. A set of dedicated detachable tips and other accessories for particular surgical applications are also available. Surgical lavage units are intended for use in surgical rooms and in doctors' offices during minor surgical procedures. Dedicated surgical irrigators/aspirators intended for endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15756",
      "display": "Aspirator/Irrigators, Surgical, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Aspirator/irrigators designed to fragment and remove soft tissue during surgical procedures. These devices use mechanical vibration at ultrasonic frequencies while also providing suction and/or irrigation. These devices typically consist of a control unit that includes a generator which delivers an ultrasound energy output. They also include a pump used for suction and irrigation, and a set of detachable handpieces that are usually frequency-specific according to the place and nature of the tissue. The ultrasonic energy is converted in mechanical vibration in the dedicated handpiece; the vibrations are then applied to the tissues at a frequency appropriate for debridement. Ultrasound surgical aspirator/irrigators are used in a variety of general surgery, neurosurgery, and laparoscopic procedures. They are also used in liposuction and other soft tissue surgical procedures performed in places such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys."
    },
    {
      "code": "39400",
      "display": "Aspirator/Suction Unit Collection Container Liners",
      "definition": "Liners typically made of plastic materials that are used to cover the interior of aspirator collection containers for the purpose of keeping reusable collection containers clean and facilitating the proper disposal of tissue, secretions, mucus, blood, irrigation fluids, or other collected debris. These liners may be soft-walled (i.e., flexible) bag-like devices or rigid-walled canister-shaped devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "10208",
      "display": "Aspirators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to evacuate gas, fluid, tissue, or foreign materials from the body by means of vacuum suction. These devices usually consist of a powered (or less frequently) manual vacuum pump, a regulator and gauge, a suction tube, one or more collection canisters, plastic tubes connecting the components to each other, and an overflow protection and/or bacteria filter. Typically the pump creates a vacuum in the suction (e.g., tubes, catheters, cannulae) tubing which is inserted into the cavity; then the debris is removed and routed to a specimen container. The vacuum capacity varies from as high as 400 mm Hg or more to as low as 80-120 mm Hg or less; free flow rates may be as low as 5 liter/min or as high as 35 liter/min. Aspirators may be portable or mobile and line- or battery-powered. Dedicated aspirators are available for surgical procedures (e.g., general surgery, liposuction, and uterine suction); for breast milk extraction; and/or for clearing of secretion during dental; gastric; wound, and airway procedures. They are mainly used when suction from a central vacuum system is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "27657",
      "display": "Aspirators, Airway",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to evacuate obstructive secretions, gas, liquids (e.g., blood), and/or foreign bodies from the patient's airway (including nose, mouth, pharynx, and trachea), to keep the air passages to the lungs open. Suctioning can be done to remove secretions from the upper airway above the glottis (e.g., mouth, nose, and pharynx) or to remove secretions from the trachea. These devices usually consist of a powered (or less frequently) manual vacuum pump, a pressure regulator and gauge, one or more collection canisters, plastic tubes connecting the components to each other, overflow protection and/or bacteria filter, the suction tubing (e.g., tubes, catheters, cannulae), and a carrying case. Free flow rates of airway aspirators are usually higher than 25 liter/min. For tracheal suctioning, the aspirator should provide a low vacuum level of 80 mm to 120 mm Hg; for oropharyngeal suctioning, the aspirator should provide a high vacuum level less than or equal to 400 mm Hg. Many units are portable and battery-operated, and some can have a manual pump and are handheld. Oropharyngeal aspiration is frequently used to prepare the patient for emergency intubation, while tracheal aspiration is mainly used to maintain airway patency of an intubated patient. Dedicated aspirators intended only for tracheal aspirations are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10216",
      "display": "Aspirators, Airway, Nasal",
      "definition": "Airway aspirators designed to evacuate nasal secretions, liquids (e.g., blood), and/or foreign bodies from the nasal cavity.  The devices usually consist of a battery-powered pump (or less frequently) manual vacuum pump, a nasal tip, and a fluid collection cup. Nasal aspirators are used mainly for adults and, more frequently, for babies and children to alleviate their nasal congestion."
    },
    {
      "code": "10214",
      "display": "Aspirators, Airway, Nasal, Infant",
      "definition": "Airway aspirators designed to evacuate secretions, liquids (e.g., blood), and/or foreign bodies from the nasal cavity of infants. These aspirators consist of a device that provides the suction, such as a manually operated bulb, a battery-powered pump, or a device including a long tube placed against the nostril while the operator (e.g., the parents) use their own suction to draw mucus out of the child's nose."
    },
    {
      "code": "10219",
      "display": "Aspirators, Airway, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Airway aspirators designed to evacuate obstructive secretions, gas, liquids (e.g., blood), and/or foreign bodies from the trachea and/or bronchial tubes. These devices usually consist of a powered (or less frequently) manual vacuum pump, a pressure regulator and gauge, one or more collection canisters, plastic tubes connecting the components to each other, an overflow protection and/or bacteria filter; an endotracheal tube is usually attached to the aspirator. Tracheal aspirators are usually portable and battery powered. The typical vacuum level is from 80 mm Hg to 120 mm Hg to reduce the risk of trauma. Tracheal aspirators are used to remove secretions and to maintain the airway of an intubated patient; they are mainly used when suction from a central vacuum system is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "17435",
      "display": "Aspirators, Autopsy",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to evacuate large volumes of gas, liquid, tissue and/or other debris from a body site by means of high vacuum suction during autopsies and/or other postmortem procedures. These devices usually consist of a powered vacuum pump, a pressure regulator and gauge, one or more large capacity collection canisters, and plastic tubes connecting the components to each other. Frequently these units are connected to an autopsy/dissection station, and may have overflow protection and/or a bacteria filter.  The typical vacuum capability should be at least 400 mm Hg; free-flow rates may be as high as 35 liter/min or more. Autopsy aspirators may be portable or mobile and line- or battery-powered. Autopsy aspirators coupled to autopsy stations may include accessories to provide simultaneous irrigation. They are mainly used when suction from a central vacuum system is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "10485",
      "display": "Aspirators, Breast",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to obtain milk from the breast of breastfeeding mothers by means of vacuum suction. They generally consist of an electric (battery- or line-powered) vacuum pump with a low flow rate, a cone-shaped cup (i.e., breast-shield), and a milk collection container. Manual breast aspirators with a pump that includes a handle, lever, or uses a rubber ball are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10212",
      "display": "Aspirators, Dental",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to evacuate oral secretions, water, blood, and tooth debris from the mouth by means of vacuum suction during dental diagnostic, treatment, and/or surgical procedures. These aspirators generally consist of a vacuum pump (typically a low-pressure, high-volume evacuator), plastic tubes connecting the components to each other, one or more collection containers, a control valve or switch and suction tubes or cannulae which are inserted into the oral cavity. Dental aspirators may be portable or mobile and they are either line- or battery-powered. Aspiration using a central vacuum system is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10215",
      "display": "Aspirators, Gastric",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to evacuate gastric secretions and toxic solutions (e.g., poison, overdosed medications) from the stomach by means of an intermittent vacuum suction. These devices usually consist of a lined-powered vacuum pump with user-selectable vacuum settings (e.g., as low as 60 mm Hg and as high as 120 mm Hg), a regulator and gauge, a collection bottle or canister, plastic tubes connecting the components to each other, overflow protection and/or bacteria filter, and/or the suction tubing. The vacuums frequently use the thermotic principle of alternately expanding the air upon heating and contracting the air upon cooling."
    },
    {
      "code": "37410",
      "display": "Aspirators, Liquid Waste-Disposal System",
      "definition": "Mobile liquid waste disposal aspirators  that are intended to collect, contain, and  allow disposal of liquid waste via connection to a dedicated liquid waste-disposal unit. These aspirators usually consist of a powered vacuum pump, a regulator and gauge, one or more collection canisters, and an interface that allows connection of the aspirator to a liquid waste-disposal unit. These aspirators are typically mounted on small wheels (i.e., casters) to allow the aspirator unit to be moved between surgical sites (e.g., operating rooms) and to the location of the waste-disposal unit. Some aspirators incorporate a smoke evacuator to collect smoke generated during surgical procedures (e.g., electrocautery procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37421",
      "display": "Aspirators, Paracentesis",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to provide suction for abdominal paracentesis procedures, which involve the evacuation of accumulated ascitic fluid from the area between the abdominal wall and the abdominal organs (i.e., the peritoneal cavity) to the outside of the body. These aspirators typically consist of a reusable portable suction pump designed to withdraw fluid from the peritoneal cavity to a collection container outside the body. These pumps are typically used in combination with single-use procedure kits that include an abdominal access sheath, tubing, and drainage bags. They are used for periodic removal of large volumes (i.e., multiple liters) of ascitic fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "10217",
      "display": "Aspirators, Surgical",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to evacuate large volumes of gas, liquid, tissue and/or other debris from a surgical site by means of a high vacuum suction during surgical procedures. These devices usually consist of a powered vacuum pump, a regulator and gauge, one or more collection canisters, plastic tubes connecting the components to each other, and overflow protection and/or bacteria filter, and the suction tubing (e.g., tubes, catheters, cannulae).  The vacuum capability should be at least 400 mm Hg; free-flow rates are usually higher than 25 liter/min.  Surgical aspirators may be portable or mobile; line- or battery-powered. They are mainly used when suction from a central vacuum system is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "17103",
      "display": "Aspirators, Surgical, Liposuction",
      "definition": "Surgical aspirators designed to remove fat deposits from particular areas of the body by means of vacuum suction. These aspirators usually consist of a powered vacuum pump with a large vacuum capacity (> 700 mm Hg) and high flow rate (> 80 liter/min); one or more collection canisters; plastic tubes connecting the components each other; an overflow protection and/or bacteria filter; and the suction tubing (e.g., cannulae). Liposuction surgical aspirators are intended to remove fat from specific areas of the body (e.g., abdomen, hips, thighs, arm, cheeks, and neck). They are mainly used when suction from a central vacuum system is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "10218",
      "display": "Aspirators, Thoracic",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to provide suction for evacuation of gas, body fluids, or foreign materials that may accumulate between the lung and chest wall (i.e., pleural space). These aspirators typically consist of a powered low-vacuum (> 50 mm Hg) and high-volume (> 20 liter/min) pump; collection canisters; plastic tubes connecting the components each other; an overflow protection and/or bacteria filter; and suction tubing (e.g., tubes, catheters, cannulae).  The devices can be line-or battery-powered, mobile or portable. Thoracic aspirators are intended to evacuate gas and body fluids after thoracic surgery, trauma in the chest, or after cardiac bypass surgery. They are used mainly when suction from a central vacuum system is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "10222",
      "display": "Aspirators, Uterine",
      "definition": "Aspirators used to evacuate gas, fluid, tissue, or foreign materials from the uterus by means of suction. These aspirators typically include a powered high-vacuum (less than or equal to  400 mm Hg) and high-flow (>30 liter/min) vacuum pump; collection canisters; plastic tubes connecting the components to each other; an overflow protection and/or bacteria filter; and suction tubing (e.g., tubes, catheters, cannulae). The aspirators are usually mobile units that may be line- or battery-powered, and mobile. Uterine aspirators are used mainly for dilation and evacuation therapy, to terminate early pregnancies up to 12 weeks, to treat incomplete spontaneous abortions or to remove some tissues after labor. Other uses also include diagnostic dilation and curettage intended to remove the outermost layer of uterine lining (endometrium) for an endometrial biopsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "10223",
      "display": "Aspirators, Wound",
      "definition": "Aspirators designed to evacuate gas, liquid, tissue and/or other debris from a wound by means of vacuum suction. These devices usually consist of a powered (or less frequently) manual vacuum pump with a low flow rate; suction tubes; a regulator and gauge; one or more collection canisters; and plastic tubes connecting the components to each other. They may include overflow protection and/or a bacteria filter. The aspirators may be portable or mobile, line- or battery-powered. The pumps may use the thematic technique or they may provide either a continuous or intermittent suction.  Wound aspirators are intended to promote wound healing and they are mainly used when suction from a central vacuum system is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "34686",
      "display": "Audio Players",
      "definition": "Devices designed to reproduce (playback) stored sound information. Audio players usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes sound signal processors; controls; an integral electronic memory and/or an external slot for optical compact discs or, less frequently, an audio cassette. The players may include a digital/analog converter and also integral amplifiers and speakers or can provide output to sound reproduction systems. Audio players are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions; most audio recorders include also playback capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34687",
      "display": "Audio Players, Compact Disk",
      "definition": "Audio players designed to reproduce (playback) sound information stored in compact audio disks. These players usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes sound signal processors, controls, and an external slot for optical audio compact discs. The players may include a digital/analog converter and also integral amplifiers and speakers or provide output to sound reproduction systems. The audio information may be from disks that use a variety of formats and the content may be compressed using dedicated programs (including a very common format known as MP3). Compact disk audio players are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions and most compact disk audio recorders also include playback capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34688",
      "display": "Audio Players, Tape",
      "definition": "Audio players designed to reproduce (playback) sound information stored in magnetic tapes. These players usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes sound signal processors, controls, and an external slot for audio cassette tapes. The players may also include integral amplifiers and speakers or provide output to sound reproduction systems. Tape audio players are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions; most audio tape recorders include also play-back capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "35854",
      "display": "Audio Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to reproduce, record, and/or process sound. These systems include several audio devices, such as microphones, loudspeakers, radio transmitters and receivers, recorders and players (e.g., tape, compact disk), amplifiers, amplifiers, mixers, and mixing consoles. Most audio systems are intended for specific uses or locations such as home, car, theater, public address, point-to-point, broadcasting, or language interpretation/translation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34880",
      "display": "Audio Systems, Language Interpretation",
      "definition": "Audio systems designed to facilitate language interpretation and translation. These systems typically consist of a portable or mobile radio transmitter that sends the audio signals to several receivers simultaneously. Each receiver is listened by a translator that provides an interpretation in a different language to an audience whose audio players can be tuned to the appropriate channel. The systems include the transmitter, a set of receivers (e.g., four), batteries, and carrying cases. Language interpretation audio systems are used to provide simultaneous translation to audiences that speak different languages."
    },
    {
      "code": "25700",
      "display": "Audiometer/Otoscopes",
      "definition": "Devices used in otolaryngology that consist of an audiometer and an otoscope combined into a single handheld device. Use of the audiometer/otoscope allows viewing of the tympanic membrane and ear canal while simultaneously screening for hearing loss in a patient. Audiometers/otoscopes usually include multiple audio screening levels, audio probes, a light source, and a charging transformer and charging stand."
    },
    {
      "code": "10228",
      "display": "Audiometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure and characterize hearing loss by determining the lowest audible level (i.e., hearing threshold) of a patient for pure test tones, signals (e.g., speech), or both. These devices include tone generators, amplifiers, and sound-level monitors. Audiometers are intended for conducting diagnostic tests for hearing disorders and assisting in other otologic disorders diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "28260",
      "display": "Audiometers, Visual Reinforcement",
      "definition": "Audiometers designed to measure and characterize hearing loss by determining the lowest audible level (i.e., hearing threshold) of a patient for pure test tones, signals (e.g., speech), or both that include visual stimuli such as lights and/or images to reinforce the test procedures. The audiometers work by encouraging the patient to hear by a visual scene shown on the same side as the sound. Several different techniques and equipment are available to perform these tests; usually these audiometers include, in addition to the standard audiometric equipment such as tone generators, amplifiers, sound level monitors, and earphones, one or more screens for lights and/or image display, toys, and remote controls that permit keeping the patient isolated inside the audiometric booth. Visual reinforcement audiometers are intended for conducting diagnostic tests for hearing disorders and assisting in other otologic diagnosis in children and other patients who have difficulty understanding how to perform a standard audiometer test."
    },
    {
      "code": "10229",
      "display": "Audiometric Booths",
      "definition": "Enclosures designed to provide a consistent and controlled acoustic environment and keep background noise at an acceptably low level in order to provide a calibrated acoustical test area that meets requirements for clinical audiometry or research.  The walls consist of solid steel panels on the outside, perforated steel panels on the inside, and an insulating material in between.  Single-wall booths are constructed from a single-wall and layer of sound-absorbing material and are used primarily for pure tone air conduction testing.  Double-wall booths employ \"booth inside a booth\" construction, which further reduces outside noise interference, and are preferred for bone conduction, sound field, and speech testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "17601",
      "display": "Auditory Function Screening Devices",
      "definition": "Auditory measuring instruments capable of both air conduction measurements and bone conduction measurements. These devices are typically equipped with earphones and a headband, which provides pure tones of specified frequencies at known sound pressure levels, one ear at a time; they may also be equipped with a bone vibrator. For clinical use, both facilities are required, as well as means of generating calibrated masking noise. An external-input port is usually provided for connection to an external signal source. These devices are used to screen the auditory function of adult and pediatric patients who are capable to cooperate with the measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "20167",
      "display": "Auditory Function Screening Devices, Newborn",
      "definition": "Auditory function screening devices designed to detect hearing loss in new borns. Tests are based on the assess (either manual or automated) of the response of the hearing pathway from the ear to the cochlea by detecting the otoacoustic emissions (OAE); from the ear to the brainstem by detecting the auditory brainstem response (ABR); or both. These devices typically consist of an audio frequency generator, earphones, sensors, cables, a computerized processing unit, and a display and/or printer."
    },
    {
      "code": "23860",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of an anatomic structure. These implants are usually inserted during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery; they are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials that reproduce the desired external shape of the tissue or anatomic part. Facial implants (e.g., nose, chin, cheek) are intended mainly to improve physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma; muscle implants are intended mainly to improve the physical appearance by augmentating the volume of muscles such as the calf, pectoralis, and biceps and, less frequently, for reconstructive surgery after illness or trauma. Carving blocks made of solid silicone elastomers are also available in a variety of sizes, colors, and textures (i.e., from extra soft to extra firm) to carve customized cosmetic implants that match particular patient requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "23861",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Facial",
      "definition": "Implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the face. These implants are usually inserted during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery; facial implants are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials that reproduce the desired external shape of the tissue or anatomic part. Dedicated facial augmentation/reconstruction implants are available for the nose, chin, and cheek; they are intended to improve the physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23865",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Facial, Cheek",
      "definition": "Facial implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the cheeks (i.e., malar bones). These implants are usually inserted on top of the cheekbone during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery (either through the mouth or the lower eyelid). Cheek implants are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials intended to reproduce the desired external shape of the cheek; it may also be necessary to implant a bone graft. Facial cheek implants are intended to improve the physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23866",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Facial, Chin/Mandible",
      "definition": "Facial implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the mandible and/or chin. These implants are usually inserted in the soft tissue of the chin (e.g. anterior and/or pre-jowl sulcus segmentation) or mandible (e.g., lateral augmentation of mandibular angle) during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery; chin/mandible cosmetic implants typically consist of pre-contoured sections of synthetic (e.g., silicone) or less frequently biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, or xenograft) materials intended to reproduce the desired external shape of the chin. They are intended to improve the physical appearance, to correct congenital abnormalities, or after illness or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23868",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Facial, Nasal",
      "definition": "Facial implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the nose. These implants are usually inserted beneath the skin of the nose during plastic (i.e., rhinoplasty) and/or reconstructive (e.g., dorsal) surgery. Nasal augmentation/reconstruction implants are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials intended to reproduce the desired external shape of the nose; it may also be necessary to implant a bone graft. Nose implants are intended to improve the physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma. Hollow tubular nasal implants intended to facilitate breathing (typically used after surgical procedures) and/or to support the nasal structure are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23871",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Muscle",
      "definition": "Implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the muscles. These implants are usually inserted during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery; they are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials that reproduce the desired external shape of the muscle or anatomic part. Muscle augmentation implants are intended to improve the physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma. Dedicated muscle augmentation/reconstruction implants are available for the calf, pectoralis, biceps/triceps, and gluteus (buttocks)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23874",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Muscle, Bicep/Tricep",
      "definition": "Muscle augmentation/reconstruction implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of upper arm muscles. These implants are usually inserted in surgical pockets between the fascia and the existing muscles during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery; they are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials that reproduce the desired external shape and/or size of the biceps and/or triceps. Biceps/triceps implants are intended to improve the physical appearance and/or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23872",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Muscle, Calf",
      "definition": "Muscle augmentation/reconstruction implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the calf muscles. These implants are usually inserted in surgical pockets between the fascia and the existing muscles during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery; they are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials that reproduce the desired external shape and/or size of the calf. Calf implants are intended to improve the physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23875",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Muscle, Gluteal",
      "definition": "Muscle augmentation/reconstruction implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the gluteal muscles (i.e., buttocks). The implants are usually inserted in surgical pockets created in the midline between the existing muscles (i.e., gluteus) during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery. These implants typically consist of precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials that reproduce the desired external shape and/or size of the buttocks. Buttocks implants are intended to improve the physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23873",
      "display": "Augmentation/Reconstruction Implants, Muscle, Pectoral",
      "definition": "Muscle augmentation/ reconstruction implants designed for augmentation and/or reconstruction of the male pectoral muscles. The implants are usually inserted under the pectoral muscles during plastic and/or reconstructive surgery; the procedure is frequently performed through an opening in the armpit using either open or endoscopic surgery. These implants are typically precontoured sections of synthetic (typically silicone) or, less frequently, biologic (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft) materials that reproduce the desired external shape and/or size of the pectoral muscle. Pectoral implants are intended to improve the physical appearance or to correct abnormalities that are congenital or the result of illness or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "41993",
      "display": "Autofluorescence Detection Units",
      "definition": "Units designed to identify tissue during surgery by detecting the autofluorescence properties of the tissue. This device typically consists of a handheld probe and console with a photodetector. The fiberoptic probe includes two elements: one that emits non-ionizing radiation in the near infrared range (NIR) and another fiberoptic detector element for collection and transmission of the fluorescence emitted by the tissue to the photo detector. After the probe is used to collect autofluorescence data points, the device calculates a baseline median for the targeted tissue based on those points. When the probe is subsequently touches other tissue, the console will display the autofluorescence detection data."
    },
    {
      "code": "37143",
      "display": "Autofluorescence Imaging Units, Wound",
      "definition": "Handheld devices that use violet light to visualize bacteria in wounds based on their autofluorescence property. A wavelength of violet light interacts with the wound tissue and bacteria causing the wound and surrounding skin to emit fluorescence. The imaging device can capture and document images or videos of wounds and surrounding areas where fluorescent bacteria may be present. These units include violet light(s) for wound illumination and fluorescence, lens, display screen, and video/image capture technology."
    },
    {
      "code": "27649",
      "display": "Autologous Fat Transfer Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for automated adipose tissue (i.e., fat) transfer from a donor site to other area of the body of the same person (i.e., autologous) in one procedure. This equipment typically consists of a central unit that includes a vacuum pump, a centrifuge, and a filtering system to separate adipose tissue from other fluids such as blood; the unit also includes a detachable probe with a cannula or a small diameter needle at the distal end intended for fat harvesting and re-injection, respectively. Autologous fat transfer units are used mainly in body reconstruction and/or cosmetic procedures (e.g., breast augmentation or reconstruction, cosmetic procedures in the face)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32712",
      "display": "Automated Blood Fractionation Systems",
      "definition": "Automated workstation that uses an advanced imaging system for fractionated blood detection and fraction transfer of blood components in multiple or one aliquot. This usually measures the height of each fraction and calculates the volume of each layer following fractionation via centrifugation. The automated blood fraction system usually measures the height of each fraction and calculates the volume of each layer following fractionation via centrifugation. The blood components may be reformatted into nearly any consumable for downstream storage analysis. The automation workflow is usually able to scan blood tube barcodes and may include an optional 2D whole plate/rack reader for output logs. This device may be used for gDNA, cfDNA, or long-term biobanking storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "41949",
      "display": "Automated Chromosome Harvesting Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that are designed to automate the multi-step process of preparing and harvesting metaphase cells derived from blood and bone marrow cell cultures and from other cell suspension cultures for cytogenetic analyses. These systems can perform centrifugation, aspiration, addition of hypotonic and fixative solutions, and cell resuspension. They are usually used to prepare chromosomes for cytogenetic analyses."
    },
    {
      "code": "39728",
      "display": "Automated Electrophoretic Gel Spot Cutters",
      "definition": "Devices designed to perform the automated or semi-automated identification and removal of bands and/or spots from electrophoretic gels (e.g., agarose gels, acrylamide gels). Some spot cutters may also allow the automated removal of bands and/or spots from membranes (e.g., nitrocellulose) to which analytes have been previously transferred by blotting procedures. Automated electrophoretic gel spot cutters typically include a charged-coupled device-based imaging system, light sources appropriate for visualization of visible and/or fluorescent labels, a robotically-controlled cutter, a mechanisms for transferring the removed spots/bands to tubes and/or plates for subsequent analysis, and a mechanism for washing the cutting head between cuts."
    },
    {
      "code": "38065",
      "display": "Automated Protein Crystal Harvesting Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for complete or near-complete processing of protein crystal samples for experimentation. These systems can perform crystal processing steps such as transferring, harvesting, soaking, looping, mounting, and imaging. These systems are usually used to prepare crystals for x-ray diffraction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18572",
      "display": "Automation Systems",
      "definition": "Computerized systems designed to perform a specialized procedure (e.g., laboratory testing, minimally invasive surgery, medication dispensing) either following a preestablished program with minimal human intervention, through a user interface, or a combination of both. These systems typically consist of a combination of software used to control the procedure and appropriate hardware to perform the necessary mechanical operations. All hardware used in the system should share the same information protocol. Most systems are capable of information (e.g., data, images) interchange with hospital information systems (e.g., radiology, anatomic pathology, material management). Automation systems are intended to improve the ergonomy, safety, and/or efficiency of healthcare procedures; they are usually configured according to particular hospital requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "18573",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Automation systems used in clinical laboratories to prepare, analyze, and evaluate samples. These systems typically consist of several modules for specimen handling and processing that work as a network connected by a transportation system and under software control; they can perform tasks in sequence with minimal operator intervention. The systems usually include modules for sample preparation (preanalytic modules), analysis of samples (e.g., hematology, clinical chemistry, immunoassay), and recompilation and evaluation of results (postanalytic modules). Each module typically includes several units (e.g., decappers, sorters, centrifuges, analyzers, refrigerators) that may be either standard clinical laboratory equipment or, more frequently, specially designed units for the automation system. Laboratory automation systems are intended to improve the safety and/or efficiency of  laboratory procedures; they are frequently configured according to particular laboratory requirements. Most of these systems can interact with laboratory and/or hospital information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "28042",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Laboratory, Preanalytic, Microbiology",
      "definition": "Automation systems used in clinical laboratories to prepare microbial samples from a clinical specimen or cultural isolate. These systems typically consist of several modules for specimen handling and processing that work as a network connected by a transportation system and under software control; they can perform tasks in sequence with minimal operator intervention. These systems can perform various tasks such as transfer of the clinical specimen by aspiration or inoculating loop; inoculation into culture dishes, tubes, or slides; streaking of cultural dishes; and microbial colony picking."
    },
    {
      "code": "18167",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Medication Dispensing",
      "definition": "Automation systems designed for use in healthcare facilities to dispense medications. They can usually read patient's medication orders and retrieve the correct medication, adjusting the inventory and/or the patient's bill. Most systems can accommodate oral medicines (solid or liquid), ophthalmic drops, prefilled syringes, and topical preparations. They are usually interfaced with the pharmacy and/or the hospital information systems. Medication-dispensing automation systems are available either for a centralized distribution of medicines only in a central clinical pharmacy or throughout the hospital through computerized cabinets in patient care areas and/or nurse stations. All these systems are intended to improve the safety and/or efficiency of dispensing medications; they are usually configured according to particular hospital pharmacy requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "18168",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Medication Dispensing, Clinical Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Automation systems designed for centralized preparation and distribution of medications (e.g., filling medication carts or unit-dose cassettes) in the clinical pharmacy. These systems can usually read patient's medication orders and retrieve the correct medication, adjusting the inventory and/or the patient's bill. Most systems include a control module and robotic arms that are used either to choose from prepacked medicines or for automated packaging and dispensing unit-dose medications from bulk containers. These systems can accommodate oral medicines (solid or liquid), ophthalmic drops, prefilled syringes, and topical preparations; they are usually interfaced with the pharmacy and/or the hospital information systems. Clinical pharmacy automation systems are intended to improve the safety and/or efficiency of dispensing medications; they are usually configured according to particular hospital pharmacy requirements. Some systems can interact through the hospital information system with computerized medication cabinets located in patient care areas or nursing stations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41978",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Medication Dispensing, Clinical Pharmacy, Narcotic Control",
      "definition": "Automation systems designed for distribution of narcotic medications under strict security requirements. These systems are usually interfaced with the clinical pharmacy and/or the health facility information systems to track inventory and keep records for auditing purposes. Narcotic control clinical pharmacy automation systems are intended to improve the safety and efficiency of dispensing controlled substances and to ensure that only authorized personnel have access to controlled drugs. They may be used to restock the narcotic medication cabinets in patient care areas or nursing stations throughout healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18169",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Medication Dispensing, Decentralized",
      "definition": "Automation systems designed to provide and control medicine distribution throughout a healthcare facility. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software that includes an appropriate server and a set of computerized medication-dispensing cabinets located in patient care areas and/or nurse stations. The systems can accommodate oral medicines (solid or liquid), ophthalmic drops, prefilled syringes, and topical preparations; they may be interfaced with pharmacy automation systems and/or with the hospital information system to provide complete medication management. Some systems include a computerized device (e.g., a portable or handheld computer) with bar-code label scanning capabilities that reads information from the identification wristband and on the medication package, to confirm that the administered medications match provider orders (i.e., that it is the right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, and right time). Medication-dispensing automation systems are intended to improve the safety and efficiency of medication dispensing, providing better access, proper identification of patient and medicine, control of consumption, replenishing, and inventory of medicines."
    },
    {
      "code": "20944",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Medication Dispensing, Outpatient Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Automation systems designed to provide and control medicine distribution at a smaller scale than typically encountered in hospital-based installations (i.e., clinical pharmacy automated medication dispensing systems). Medication distribution from these systems will typically be via individual containers for use in outpatient or ambulatory care settings. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software that includes a cabinet-like or enclosed shelving unit that may perform all or most of the operations of counting, packaging, bar-coding, labeling, and dispensing solid oral prescription medications (e.g., tablets, pills, capsules) of different sizes and shapes, recording the individual deliveries and maintaining an inventory of the stored drugs. Most systems can exchange data with automated pharmacy and/or ambulatory care or other information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20388",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Operating Room",
      "definition": "Automation systems designed to control multiple operating-room devices via a common interface. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software that includes a networked computerized control system through which information and images can be directed, a user interface (e.g., touchscreens, voice control) to perform functions (e.g., issuing commands, routing data and video), surgical and ancillary devices (e.g., electrosurgical units, lights, endoscopic devices) that share a common communication protocol and that are integrated into the system, and local endoscopic and operating-room video systems. Some systems only network devices located within the operating room (i.e., stand-alone systems); other systems can communicate with information and image systems outside the operating room (e.g., hospital and/or radiology information systems). Operating-room automation systems are intended to improve the ergonomy, safety, and efficiency of surgical procedures, particularly during minimally invasive surgery; they are usually configured according to particular surgical requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "23484",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Operating Room, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Operating room automation systems designed to control, manage, and/or operate various devices used in an endoscopic surgery procedure via a common interface. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software that includes a user interface (e.g., touchscreens, voice control) and a networked computerized control system through which information and images can be directed in order to perform frequently used functions (e.g., issuing commands, routing data and video), to operate endoscopic surgical and ancillary devices (e.g., endoscopic electrosurgical units for cutting and coagulation, lights, instruments), and to provide equipment information, including insufflation pressure, reference images, and error messages with appropriate corrective actions. Endoscopic operating room automation systems are intended to improve the ergonomics, safety, and efficiency of endoscopic surgical procedures; they may operate exclusively with devices in the operating room (i.e., stand-alone systems) or may communicate with information and image systems outside the operating room (e.g., hospital and/or radiology information systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18170",
      "display": "Automation Systems, Supplies Dispensing, Decentralized",
      "definition": "Automation systems designed to provide and control the distribution of supplies (material) throughout a healthcare facility. They typically consist of a combination of hardware and software that includes an appropriate server and a set of computerized dispensing cabinets located mainly in areas of high-volume patient treatment, such as procedure (e.g., catheterization) and operating rooms and/or nurse stations. The systems can accommodate different types of supplies according to the intended use. Decentralized supplies-dispensing automation systems may include a hospital material management information system, either as an integral part or interfaced. These systems are intended to provide complete automated material management capabilities, improving the safety and efficiency of hospital supplies distribution and providing better access, control of consumption, replenishing, and inventory of hospital supplies."
    },
    {
      "code": "16532",
      "display": "Autopsy/Dissection Stations",
      "definition": "Installations designed for use in the performance of complete autopsy and dissection procedures on a cadaver. These stations typically consist of an autopsy/dissection table and sink that are permanently or that may be easily attached to each other; they may include a scale appropriate to weigh body parts.  The table has a smooth, polished surface with raised rims and rounded corners and no crevices, screws, or rivets. The tabletop slopes toward a sink with one or more stainless steel bowls, configured to permit the direct collection of fluids from the table without additional manipulation of the bodies. The sinks typically include several faucets, cold and hot water supply, a vacuum aspirator, soap dispensers, a garbage disposal unit, and appropriate tubing for drainage. Autopsy stations may include exhaust ducts that connect to the building ventilation system, drawers for instruments and supplies storage, and electrical receptacles. Autopsy stations are designed to provide a complete installation for postmortem examination and whole-body dissection, to collect and drain fluids discharged from the cadaver, to facilitate cleaning and decontamination, and to prevent the accumulation of microorganisms. Additional equipment, such as dictation and/or photo documentation systems, is included in some autopsy/dissection stations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41926",
      "display": "Autotransfusion Sponge Blood Recovery Devices",
      "definition": "Devices designed to facilitates the salvage of blood from surgical sponges as a preliminary step in the process of intraoperative autotransfusion. These devices usually include a mechanism to extract the blood from surgical sponges and a reservoir for collecting the blood. This device is usually a single-use device, small enough to be used in the intraoperative area, and used in conjunction with standard equipment that processes the extracted blood for autotransfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "10239",
      "display": "Autotransfusion Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to collect and reinfuse blood lost by a patient (i.e., perform an autologous transfusion). These units typically include vacuum suction and blood processing devices that use anticoagulants; they may reinfuse the blood directly into the patient after collection (i.e., whole blood recovery) or after a procedure that involves separation and washing of blood components (i.e., blood processing). Autotransfusion units are used mainly during surgery or in emergency and intensive care units after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17537",
      "display": "Autotransfusion Units, Blood Processing",
      "definition": "Autotransfusion units designed to collect and process blood lost by a patient to obtain red blood cells for subsequent reinfusion into the same patient (i.e., autotransfusion). These units typically include a disposable suction system to collect blood from the surgical field, a reservoir to store the blood, a spinning processing chamber (e.g., centrifugation device) to separate waste (e.g., clotting factors, debris) and wash the red blood cells with saline, particulate microfilters, and a reinfusion bag that stores the red blood cells suspended in saline. Blood processing autotransfusion units are used mainly during surgical procedures, but they may be also used during postoperative recovery and in emergency or intensive care units after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17538",
      "display": "Autotransfusion Units, Whole Blood Hemofiltration",
      "definition": "Autotransfusion units designed to collect blood lost by a patient for subsequent reinfusion into the same patient (i.e., autotransfusion) without processing. These units typically include a suction mechanism to collect blood from the surgical field, a mechanism to add anticoagulants, particulate microfilters, and a reservoir to store the blood. Whole blood autotransfusion units are used mainly during surgical procedures, but they may be also used during postoperative recovery and in emergency or intensive care units after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23176",
      "display": "Auxiliary Displays",
      "definition": "Devices designed to display text and/or graphical information on an electronic screen located remotely from the source of information. The devices typically consist of an electronic (e.g., liquid crystal, cathode ray tube) screen with electronic circuitry appropriate to display the information. Auxiliary displays may be intended for display of information for the general public and/or the staff in healthcare facilities; dedicated displays intended for physiologic monitoring are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23177",
      "display": "Auxiliary Displays, Physiologic Monitor",
      "definition": "Auxiliary displays designed to provide access to displays of monitored data (e.g., numeric, waveforms) that is usually identical to information provided in the central station. These displays typically consist of an electronic screen that interacts with physiologic monitors or physiologic monitoring systems and shows the parameters and/or waveforms in real time; some devices may also display the alarm status of the physiologic monitors. Physiologic monitoring auxiliary displays are usually placed in hallways or multipatient rooms, providing healthcare staff ready access to patient alarm information. Some displays may be available as components of physiologic monitoring system, facilitating their installation and support. Interactive auxiliary displays that permit input from clinicians (e.g., adjusting or inactivating settings) and noninteractive (i.e., read only) devices are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23178",
      "display": "Auxiliary Displays, Physiologic Monitor, Interactive",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring auxiliary displays designed to provide access to patient information that is similar to the information on the central monitoring station and to permit the modification of monitor settings. These displays typically consist of a display screen, appropriate electronic circuits appropriate to permit the visualization of patient physiologic numeric parameters and/or waveforms, and controls and keypads appropriate for changing alarm settings and activating or inactivating alarms, as well as making other modifications in the monitoring system. Interactive auxiliary displays (also known as central station clients) are usually placed in hallways or multipatient rooms, providing ready access to patient information and allowing clinicians to modify monitoring system parameters without going to the central station or checking each bedside monitor."
    },
    {
      "code": "23179",
      "display": "Auxiliary Displays, Physiologic Monitor, Noninteractive",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring auxiliary displays designed to provide access to patient information that is similar to the information on the central monitoring station, but without allowing any input from the clinician. These displays consist of electronic screens with appropriate electronic circuits to permit the visualization of physiologic parameters and/or waveforms. Noninteractive auxiliary displays (also known as slave displays) are usually placed in hallways or multipatient rooms, providing staff ready access to patient information and allowing clinicians to determine patient status without going to the central station or checking each bedside monitor."
    },
    {
      "code": "25746",
      "display": "Auxiliary Displays, Touchscreen",
      "definition": "Auxiliary displays designed to allow manipulation of the screen's display when the user touches different icons on the screen with the finger or with a stylus. These devices typically consist of an electronic (e.g., liquid crystal, cathode ray tube) screen with electronic circuitry appropriate to display the information that is supplied to the screen via interfaced computer systems and dedicated software programs that are located remotely from the screen. Auxiliary touchscreen displays come in various sizes and can be mounted to the wall or ceiling or can stand on a cart or table. Auxiliary touchscreen displays may be intended for display of information for the general public and/or the staff in healthcare facilities where they may be interfaced with other computerized hospital information systems (e.g. operating room automation systems, radiology information systems, computerized medical records systems). Some displays permit limited or complete interaction with the system by the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "15275",
      "display": "Awls",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed for marking the surface of or piercing small holes in rigid or semirigid tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage) and/or exploring or initiating access through cortical bone during surgical procedures. Awls are typically slender, handheld, manual instruments with a handle and a straight or curved pointed distal end."
    },
    {
      "code": "20985",
      "display": "Awls, Bone",
      "definition": "Awls designed for marking the surface of or piercing small holes in bony tissue and/or exploring or initiating access through cortical bones. They are typically handheld, manual instruments with a slender, straight or curved and frequently grooved working blade and a sturdy handle that is an integral part or attached to the working blade. Dedicated bone awls are used in oral, plastic, and orthopedic surgery to make small dents (i.e., to mark) and/or holes to prepare bones for implant or prosthesis attachment, as well as to explore small bone cavities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20987",
      "display": "Awls, Bone, Mandible",
      "definition": "Awls designed to make small dents (i.e., to mark) or pierce small holes in the lower jaw bone (i.e., the mandible). They are typically handheld, manual instruments with a slender, usually curved working blade and a sturdy handle that is often an integral part of the instrument. Mandible awls are used in plastic and oral surgery procedures to mark and/or prepare the mandible for prosthesis attachment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20990",
      "display": "Awls, Bone, Sternum",
      "definition": "Awls designed for piercing small holes on the sternum. They are typically handheld, manual instruments with a slender, straight or curved, and frequently grooved working blade and a sturdy handle that is an integral part or attached to the working blade. Sternum awls are used mainly to make appropriate holes for sternum closure (e.g., suturing) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20992",
      "display": "Awls, Bone, Subchondral",
      "definition": "Bone awls designed for piercing the slightly thickened layer of bone that underlies and supports the articular cartilage at the end of long bones (i.e., the subchondral bone) for the purpose of producing microfractures to promote cartilage regeneration. The area of cartilage damage is debrided, and the awl is used to produce holes (e.g., every 4 to 5 mm to a depth of 3 to 4 mm) in the bone at the base of a cartilage defect, causing formation of a superclot. This procedure is a one-stage arthroscopic surgery that is intended for smaller and localized chondral defects in the knee. Subchondral bone awls are available with different shaft calibers and curvatures at their working end (e.g., 30, 45, or 90 degrees); they are also used to mark intended drill sites during anterior and/or posterior cruciate ligament procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20991",
      "display": "Awls, Bone, Zygomatic Arch",
      "definition": "Awls designed for piercing small holes in bone to facilitate the placement of a wire around the zygomatic arch, an area of facial bone formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. They typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a slender, slightly curved working blade with a hole at the tip and a sturdy handle as an integral part. Zygomatic arch awls are used in orthopedic procedures to treat oral and/or maxillary fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20986",
      "display": "Awls, Cartilage",
      "definition": "Awls designed for piercing small holes in cartilage. They are typically handheld, manual instruments with a slender, straight or curved, and frequently grooved working blade with a very sharp point and a handle that is an integral part or attached to the working blade. Cartilage awls are usually smaller and more slender than bone awls. These awls are used in plastic surgery (e.g., facial reconstruction) and oral surgery procedures; dedicated cartilage awls are also available for a variety of procedures (e.g., to fix nasal deformities, for lip augmentation)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20994",
      "display": "Awls, Cartilage, Nasal",
      "definition": "Cartilage awls designed for piercing the nasal cartilage and surrounding tissue. They are typically handheld, manual instruments with a slender, very delicate, slightly curved grooved blade with a very sharp point and a handle that is an integral part or attached to the working blade. Nasal cartilage awls are available in shapes and sizes appropriate to pierce the nasal cartilage so that damage to the cartilage and surrounding tissue is minimized; they are used in plastic and oral surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21985",
      "display": "Backpacks, Medical Device/Gas Cylinder",
      "definition": "Sack-like containers designed for transporting/holding medical devices or gas cylinders (e.g., oxygen canisters). These devices incorporate shoulder straps or other mechanisms so that they can be worn by a healthcare worker or patient, thereby supporting ambulatory use of the device as needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "10248",
      "display": "Backrests",
      "definition": "Cushions or pads that the patient leans against in order to relieve or prevent back pain caused by extended periods of sitting, herniated disks, surgery pain, tension, muscle spasms, poor posture, or problems associated with wheelchair use. Backrests are usually nylon-covered foam but can also be inflatable or gel-filled for adjustable support or based on wood or hard plastic for solid support. They can be used in chairs, wheelchairs, or car seats."
    },
    {
      "code": "17962",
      "display": "Backrests, Commode",
      "definition": "Backrests that are placed on the back portion of the commode, either to provide padding where there was no previous support or to cover pipes and other commode hardware to prevent injury if the patient leans back or falls."
    },
    {
      "code": "18010",
      "display": "Backrests, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Backrests designed to be attached to the back of a wheelchair to provide support or comfort to the wheelchair's occupant by providing posture support, lumbar support, spinal alignment, and lateral stability. Backrests are usually nylon-covered foam but can also be inflatable or gel-filled for adjustable support or based on wood or hard plastic for solid support. They are made in different widths and heights to fit adult or pediatric wheelchairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19036",
      "display": "Bags, Test Lung",
      "definition": "Bags designed as a gas reservoir that mimics the pulmonary mechanics by taking in air and then expelling it. These devices consist of an elastomeric (e.g., rubber) bag with appropriate volume (e.g., one-liter capacity) and  include connection capabilities to couple with the device under test but do not include measuring devices or allow any settings. Test-lung bags are typically used as part of a test set-up (e.g., attached to a ventilator tester) to test devices such as ventilators, resuscitators, and anesthesia machines."
    },
    {
      "code": "17407",
      "display": "Balance Weights, Precision",
      "definition": "Standard masses manufactured to an exact measurement. These weights are used for balancing the mass of an object on a mechanical balance to measure the mass of the object. They can also be used for testing and calibrating balances. These weights are typically made of stainless steel or aluminum."
    },
    {
      "code": "10261",
      "display": "Balances",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine the mass of a body, using the force of gravity on the body (weight) as a basis for comparison. The result read from the balance is generally taken as a measure of the quantity weighed; corrective calculations are done only in exceptional cases. In practice, most balances measure in grams, although other units such as ounces and grains are also used. Balances are mostly used for clinical laboratory measurements; they are usually placed on a vibration-free workbench."
    },
    {
      "code": "10263",
      "display": "Balances, Electronic",
      "definition": "Balances that include an electronic circuit that senses the deviation of the balance beam from the equilibrium point (e.g., a strain gauge sensor) and applies a restoring electromagnetic force, usually through a solenoid or torque motor. Typically, the current required to produce the balancing force in units of weight is displayed on a digital display. Most electronic balances include automatic calibration, temperature change compensation, and taring capability for easy subtraction of the mass of the container. Electronic balances frequently include a built-in interface so that they can communicate with printers, computers, and data-processing units."
    },
    {
      "code": "18449",
      "display": "Balances, Electronic, Analytic",
      "definition": "Electronic balances designed for weighing with a high degree of accuracy and precision. These balances typically have a weighing range of up to 200 g (some are capable of measuring up to 300 or 400 g), with a readability of 0.01 to 0.1 mg and a reproducibility of 0.1 mg or better. Analytic electronic balances usually include an integrated or separate weighing chamber, and some have motorized doors."
    },
    {
      "code": "18451",
      "display": "Balances, Electronic, Microanalytic",
      "definition": "Electronic balances designed to weigh, with a high degree of precision, substances with a very small mass; the balances can typically register weights of between 5 and 20 grams with a readability and reproducibility of one microgram or better. These balances typically consist of an electronic unit that senses the deviation of the balance beam and applies a restoring electromagnetic force, processing and control circuits, and a digital display that shows the value of the balancing force calibrated in units of weight. Balances usually incorporate automatic calibration, temperature change compensation, and taring capability for easy subtraction of the mass of the container. Microanalytical balances with integral interface circuits to communicate with printers, computers, and data processing units are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18450",
      "display": "Balances, Electronic, Precision",
      "definition": "Electronic balances designed for general measurement in the clinical laboratory. These balances typically have weighing capacities in different ranges from several hundred milligrams to about 30 kg, a readability of 1 to 10 mg, and a reproducibility of 1 to 50 mg, according to the weighing range. Precision electronic balances typically include a pan or platform on their top for weighing (i.e., toploading balances)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10264",
      "display": "Balances, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Balances designed to weigh by restoring the deviation of the balance beam to the equilibrium point by applying a mechanical force."
    },
    {
      "code": "18453",
      "display": "Balances, Mechanical, Analytic",
      "definition": "Mechanical balances designed for weighing with a high degree of accuracy and precision. These balances typically have a weighing range of up to 200 g, with a readability of 0.01 to 0.1 mg. Analytic mechanical balances usually include an integrated weighing chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "18454",
      "display": "Balances, Mechanical, Microanalytic",
      "definition": "Mechanical balances designed for weighing a very small mass with a high degree of accuracy and precision. These balances typically have a weighing range of up to 5 to 20 g with a readability and reproducibility of 1 microgram or better."
    },
    {
      "code": "18452",
      "display": "Balances, Mechanical, Precision",
      "definition": "Mechanical balances designed for general measurement in the clinical laboratory. These balances typically have weighing capacities ranging from several hundred milligrams to about 20 kg and readability of 0.1 to 1.0 g, according to the weighing range. Precision mechanical balances may have one pan (single-pan balances) or two pans (double-pan balances). With double-pan balances, one pan is located at each end of a beam that is poised on an agate knife-edge fulcrum; a pointer hangs at the center of the beam. The object to be weighed is placed on one pan, and analytic weights are manually placed in the other pan until equilibrium (i.e., balance) is reached.  With single-pan balances, a pan is located at one end of the shorter arm of the beam. The beam is balanced on a fulcrum by a larger arm that usually consists of two or three parallel beams to which weights are attached until the main beam returns to its null position."
    },
    {
      "code": "22560",
      "display": "Ballasting Rings, Laboratory Glassware",
      "definition": "Rings designed to fit around laboratory glassware (e.g., flasks) for stabilization when the glassware is immersed in water. These devices usually consist of rings made of lead and covered with vinyl or PVC to avoid scratching the glass. Ballasting rings can be open or closed loop devices; they are available in different sizes and weights according to the glassware diameter and the intended use (e.g., water bath)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10266",
      "display": "Ballistocardiographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs designed to measure and record data and graphics (i.e., a ballistocardiogram) of the external movements of the body caused by thrust of the heart during systolic ejection of the blood. Ballistocardiographs were originally based on devices such as dedicated tables and chairs capable of measuring the displacement of the body caused by the heart function; some devices were also capable of measuring velocity (i.e., displacement first derivative). Lightweight small devices (known as digital ballistocardiographs and also as seismographs) based on sensors that measure the acceleration of the body movement are currently used, especially for detecting early cardiac abnormalities and to characterize particular diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "34542",
      "display": "Ballistocardiographs, Accelerometer",
      "definition": "Ballistocardiographs designed to measure and record data and graphics (i.e., a ballistocardiogram) of the external movements (e.g., the sternum movement) of the body caused by thrust of the heart during systolic ejection of the blood by measuring the acceleration of the movement. These devices are based on small lightweight sensors (accelerometers) that measure the acceleration of the body movement which is related to the force exerted by the heart. Typically, a tri-axial accelerometer is used to determine the acceleration following a 3-D axial system, then the values are digitally processed and displayed. The display shows the values of the acceleration amplitudes as the vertical axis and the time as horizontal axis (i.e., a ballistocardiogram) during a time period of less than a minute. Accelerometer ballistocardiographs are used for research and also clinically, especially for detecting early cardiac abnormalities and to characterize particular diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "39714",
      "display": "Balloon Enteroscope Overtubes",
      "definition": "Endoscope overtubes designed to facilitate the advancement of flexible endoscopes through the gastrointestinal tract, particularly portions of the gastrointestinal tract such as the small intestine that are less amenable to endoscopic access. These overtubes are typically single-use devices constructed of latex or silicone with an inner diameter and length appropriate to accommodate the endoscope (i.e., approximately 10 mm inner diameter, approximately 140 cm in length). Enteroscope advancement overtubes are intended to work with single- or double-balloon enteroscope systems and typically incorporate an air-inflatable balloon at their distal end and a connection port for an air pump at their proximal end. The body of these overtubes is typically accordion-shaped, which facilitates plication of the small intestine walls during enteroscope advancement."
    },
    {
      "code": "37217",
      "display": "Bandage Rollers",
      "definition": "Devices that reroll elastic compression/support bandages for storage and reuse. They typically consist of a handle and two parallel rods: one over which the bandage is wound and one that holds the bandage in place during device operation. Bandage rollers may be powered electrically or manually and may be handheld or mounted to a table or wall."
    },
    {
      "code": "10274",
      "display": "Bandages",
      "definition": "Long pieces of material designed for holding dressings and/or small devices (e.g., intravenous needles), to cover and protect superficial wounds, or to support and compress body parts. Bandages may be made of elastic or nonelastic materials; they are typically available in rolls and are single-use (i.e. not reusable). Bandages supplied as liquids that become solid after drying are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25170",
      "display": "Bandages, Casting",
      "definition": "Bandages designed to cast a body part and to provide protection and immobilization. These bandages are made from fabric coated with wet calcium sulfate hemihydrates (plaster) that becomes a rigid orthopedic cast when dry, or of synthetic materials (such as a fiberglass substrate with polyurethane resin). Casting bandages mainly are used on limbs for management of fractures and sprains."
    },
    {
      "code": "25171",
      "display": "Bandages, Casting, Plaster",
      "definition": "Casting bandages made of plaster. These bandages consist of a combination of a fabric (e.g., cotton gauze) coated with wet calcium sulfate hemihydrates (plaster) that becomes a rigid orthopedic cast when dry. Plaster bandages are used to immobilize the limbs in the management of fractures and sprains."
    },
    {
      "code": "25172",
      "display": "Bandages, Casting, Synthetic",
      "definition": "Casting bandages made of synthetic materials. These bandages typically consist of a combination of a fiberglass substrate and water-activated polymeric (e.g., polyurethane) resins. Synthetic casting bandages are used to immobilize the limbs in the management of fractures and sprains."
    },
    {
      "code": "10284",
      "display": "Bandages, Compression/Support",
      "definition": "Elastic bandages designed to apply pressure and to provide support to a body part. These bandages typically contain elastomeric material that provides extension only along its length (i.e., one-way stretch); the bandages may be covered with an adherent substance. Compression/support bandages can provide light (usually less than 20 mm Hg), moderate (20 to 40 mm Hg), or high (40 to 60 mm Hg) pressure. They are intended for treatment of sprains and strains, lymphedema, and venous leg ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "25168",
      "display": "Bandages, Compression/Support, Crepe",
      "definition": "Elastic bandages made of a light crinkled fabric woven of any of various fibers (i.e., cotton, crepe). These bandages usually include some elastomeric material that provides light (usually less than 20 mm Hg) pressure to a body part. Crepe bandages are used mainly to provide support and light pressure to a limb to treat mild sprains and strains or to prevent edema."
    },
    {
      "code": "25169",
      "display": "Bandages, Compression/Support, Multilayer",
      "definition": "Elastic bandages with two or more layers with different characteristics. These bandages typically consist of three or four layers that provide padding, support, and compression respectively. Multilayer bandages are intended mainly for treatment of venous leg ulcers. Bandages that are intended only for use in the field and that may be self-applied are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33255",
      "display": "Bandages, Compression/Support, Multilayer, Emergency",
      "definition": "Compression/support multilayer bandages that are used in emergency care to apply direct pressure to wounds to control bleeding and to forestall shock. They usually are comprised of non-adherent sterile pads, elasticized wrapping, a pressure applicator, a closure bar, and a release tab. These bandages can be used by health practitioners, such as emergency medical technicians or medical technicians in the military field, or can be self-applied by the patient (one-handed, if necessary).  They are packed in sterile packaging, and are made in different sizes for use on wounds in different body parts. Some emergency compression/support bandages include moisture-sealing plastic sheets to maintain wound moisture."
    },
    {
      "code": "10286",
      "display": "Bandages, Compression/Support, Multitail",
      "definition": "Elastic bandages with a solid central part ending in many tails at both sides. These bandages are typically held in position by tying the tails together or by overlapping the tails and fixing them with pins. Multitail bandages are intended mainly to provide compression and support to the abdomen or other body parts (e.g., face, limbs); they may additionally keep dressings in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "25173",
      "display": "Bandages, Liquid",
      "definition": "Bandages designed to protect wounds that are supplied as liquids. These bandages consist of a liquid chemical mixture (some may contain antiseptics also) that quickly dries and provides a protective cover that protects wounds from germs, dirt, and moisture. Liquid bandages are used to protect wounds caused by minor cuts and scrapes, and to prevent further bleeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "11321",
      "display": "Bandages, Liquid, Spray",
      "definition": "Liquid bandages supplied in the form of a spray or aerosol."
    },
    {
      "code": "25174",
      "display": "Bandages, Medicated",
      "definition": "Bandages impregnated with medication (e.g., zinc paste, icthammol). These bandages usually are made of an absorbent material (i.e., cotton). Medicated bandages are used in the management of skin lesions, leg ulcers, eczema, and dermatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "25175",
      "display": "Bandages, Medicated, Zinc Oxide",
      "definition": "Bandages impregnated with zinc oxide paste. These bandages usually are made of an absorbent material (i.e., cotton) impregnated with a zinc oxide paste or a zinc oxide mixture (e.g., 10%, 20%) and may contain other drugs. Zinc oxide medicated bandages are usually supplied in long, rolled pieces; they are used in the management of wounds such as leg ulcers, eczema and dermatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "10281",
      "display": "Bandages, Plain Gauze",
      "definition": "Rolls of fabric (e.g., cotton) made of open weave and differing degrees of fineness used to hold (i.e., for retention) dressings and/or other small devices (e.g., intravenous needles) in place, to cover and protect small superficial wounds, or to provide moderate compression to body parts."
    },
    {
      "code": "25161",
      "display": "Bandages, Retention",
      "definition": "Bandages mainly designed to hold dressings or small devices (i.e., intravenous catheters, splints) in place. These bandages can be nonelastic or elastic and conform to body contours. Retention bandages may be covered with an adherent substance, but they are not intended to support or compress a body part."
    },
    {
      "code": "25162",
      "display": "Bandages, Retention, Elastic",
      "definition": "Bandages designed with elastic properties. These bandages are usually made of mechanically crimped cotton and include some elastomer; they usually readily conform to body contour. The bandages usually extend in multiple directions (two-way stretch), imparting elasticity but little compression capability to the bandage. Elastic retention bandages may be covered with an adherent substance, and they are intended to retain dressings or other small devices (e.g., splints, intravenous catheters) in an appropriate position. They are not intended to support or compress a body part."
    },
    {
      "code": "25163",
      "display": "Bandages, Retention, Non-Elastic",
      "definition": "Bandages designed with no elastic properties. These bandages usually are made of cotton and may include elastic threads that permit minor stretching (usually less than 40%) of their resting length. Nonelastic retention bandages may be covered with an adherent substance, and they are intended to retain dressings and/or other small devices (e.g., intravenous catheters, splints) in an appropriate position. They are not intended to support or compress a body part."
    },
    {
      "code": "25164",
      "display": "Bandages, Retention, Non-Elastic, Cotton/Gauze",
      "definition": "Bandages made of woven cotton or a cotton and viscose combination. These bandages have little or no elastic properties, typically stretching less than 40% of their resting length. Cotton/gauze retention bandages mainly are used to keep the dressings or other small devices (e.g., splints, intravenous catheters) in an appropriate position."
    },
    {
      "code": "10289",
      "display": "Bandages, Traction",
      "definition": "Bandages designed to place and fit orthoses and other orthopedic devices. These bandages typically consist of wide strips made of crepe, linen, foam rubber or other materials with sturdy fabric backing and may include an adhesive layer. Skin traction bandages are usually placed on the skin and connected to hanging weights or traction units. They are intended to manage fractures (e.g., to keep bones aligned in the case of fracture or dislocation) or to immobilize a swollen or injured joint; traction bandages are more frequently used in elderly patients during orthopedic-traction procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10298",
      "display": "Basin Stands",
      "definition": "Frames used to hold a basin at an elevated height or to transport basins throughout the hospital. They are typically constructed of metal and are on casters for mobility. Some basin stands are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] environments, i.e., MRI-compatible basin stands, and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "15554",
      "display": "Basins (Retired)",
      "definition": "Open vessels, usually circular or kidney-shaped, used to hold fluids for washing, soaking, or treating or as a fluid collection device. They are typically made from metal or plastic that can withstand high temperatures for autoclaving and/or boiling."
    },
    {
      "code": "13691",
      "display": "Basins, Sponge (Retired)",
      "definition": "Basins designed to store and/or collect sponges during surgical procedures. These basins typically consist of a reusable, stainless-steel metallic device of 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) diameter and 7 to 10 cm (3 to 4 inches) depth that may be attached to a mobile (caster) stand. Sponge basins are used to collect sponges during surgical procedures; some basins have a configuration that facilitates sponge count after the procedure is finished."
    },
    {
      "code": "25052",
      "display": "Bassinet Baskets",
      "definition": "Container-like devices with low sides designed to provide an appropriate sleeping/resting/support surface for very young infants (i.e., neonates). These devices are intended to be used with infants during the first few days/weeks of life. Bassinet baskets can be made from a variety of materials. A common type of bassinet basket is made from clear plastic material and is designed to fit into the top of a bassinet frame/stand. Specialized bassinet baskets may be made from materials such as foam and may be designed for both support and transport of very small neonates."
    },
    {
      "code": "10302",
      "display": "Bassinets",
      "definition": "Small, compact beds with low sides specifically designed for very young infants (i.e., neonates). Bassinets designed for use in healthcare environments typically consist of a metal or wooden frame with a top that is designed to hold a bassinet basket or to provide an appropriate sleeping surface for the infant. Designs range from basic stands/frames to frames equipped with shelves, cabinets and/or drawers intended to provide storage. Certain designs may incorporate woven wood frames with retractable hoods. In healthcare environments, bassinets typically are wheeled devices used to move the infant to different locations. Some designs may incorporate over-the-bed/wheelchair accessible features."
    },
    {
      "code": "15555",
      "display": "Baths",
      "definition": "Devices used to influence other objects, media, a human's body or body part in order to transfer the treatment basis for which the bath is intended to the object.  Purposes can be, e.g., cleansing, therapeutic, temperature change, chemical reaction, etc.  Objects can also be exposed to mechanical influence, e.g., ultrasonic waves, water jets from nozzles for massage, or other forms of reaction."
    },
    {
      "code": "34879",
      "display": "Baths, Decalcifying Solution, Tissue, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Baths filled with a decalcifying solution that use ultrasonic power for fast destruction of crystalline structures (e.g., calcium and magnesium phosphates) present in tissue samples.These devices typically consist of a programmable computerized unit that includes a temperature controlled cuvette that is filled with the decalcifying solution, one or more sample containers, a source of ultrasonic power, and time and temperature controllers. Ultrasonic decalcifying baths are used in clinical laboratories for decalcification of tissue samples such as nose and ear cartilages and bone marrow before histology tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "15106",
      "display": "Baths, Freezing",
      "definition": "Baths used for the cooling of a patient in order to lower the body temperature rapidly."
    },
    {
      "code": "12313",
      "display": "Baths, Leg",
      "definition": "Water baths designed for treatment of the leg(s).  These are typically electrically heated and may have other therapeutic features built in."
    },
    {
      "code": "12956",
      "display": "Baths, Paraffin, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Tubs filled with liquid paraffin (wax) and maintained at an elevated temperature in which the patient's appendages (e.g. hands or fingers) are placed to relieve pain and stiffness.  Also called wax baths."
    },
    {
      "code": "37015",
      "display": "Baths, Shell Freezing",
      "definition": "Reservoirs intended to be used as temperature controlled baths that incorporate a mechanism to rotate the sample container (i.e., flask, vial) during exposure to temperatures below the freezing point of water. Rotation of the sample container during the cooling process in intended to form a thin layer of frozen sample on the interior surface of the container. These baths are typically used to prepare samples for lyophilization (i.e., freeze drying)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13609",
      "display": "Baths, Sitz",
      "definition": "Tubs filled with water that are used in external hydrotherapy to relieve pain or pruritis and to accelerate the healing of inflamed or traumatized tissues of the perineal and perineal areas.  The patient immerses only the hips and buttocks, with the legs being outside the tub."
    },
    {
      "code": "13725",
      "display": "Baths, Steam",
      "definition": "Baths designed to apply hot steam to a patient, the patient is typically enclosed to obtain the full effect of the steam. These baths typically consist of a steam generator, a heat regulating mechanism that also provides safeguard against a too hot environment, and a cabinet or similar structure where the patient receives the treatment. Steam baths are used in physical therapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "15107",
      "display": "Baths, Tissue Flotation",
      "definition": "Temperature-controlled water baths designed to warm tissue specimens in order to relax, smooth, and dry them. The tissue specimens float onto the surface of the temperature-controlled water. Some types may include an illuminated background to enable the specimens to be easily seen. Tissue flotation bath is used after the step of cutting paraffin sections and before they are placed on slides."
    },
    {
      "code": "15108",
      "display": "Baths, Water",
      "definition": "Baths used to increase, decrease, or hold constant the temperature of bodies or vessels immersed in the water."
    },
    {
      "code": "16861",
      "display": "Baths, Water, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Water baths designed to immerse and keep objects or products at a hot or less frequently cold water temperature; typically the temperature can be controlled from a few degrees below or above ambient temperature to close to 100 degrees Celsius (212 Fahrenheit). These baths typically consist of a corrosion resistant (e.g., stainless steel) container that can store water, heating (typically electric) elements, sensors, thermostats, and controls; some baths incorporate refrigerating capabilities. Laboratory water baths are available in a variety of sizes and capacities, from a few to several hundred liters; they are used in many different procedures performed in the clinical laboratory. Dedicated laboratory water baths including stirring mechanisms are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17526",
      "display": "Baths, Water, Molded Plastic Splint",
      "definition": "Water baths designed to conform plastic moldable splints. These baths typically consist of a temperature controlled pan, electrical resistors, a thermometer, temperature controllers, and a timer.  Some units include a pump to empty the pan. Temperature is usually adjustable from room temperature to 100 degrees Celsius (212 Fahrenheit). Sheets of thermoplastic materials are introduced into the pan with the temperature adjusted according to the material and then molded to conform the desired splint."
    },
    {
      "code": "16772",
      "display": "Baths, Water, Shaker",
      "definition": "Large volume reservoirs for temperature controlled liquid bath with smoothly operating shaking mechanisms.  They are designed for a variety of reactions requiring either, or both, agitation and incubation -- enzyme reactions, bacterial incubations, tissue cultures, fermentations, extractions, dialyses, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "14450",
      "display": "Baths, Whirlpool",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to provide a turbulent (jet) water bath in a large container for the user (i.e., whirlpool baths). These baths typically include a large container (e.g., a stainless steel tank) with capabilities for easy filling and draining; the tank may be mounted on casters. Whirlpool baths include a turbine to provide the turbulent water supply and a thermometer; they may also include other accessories such as patient lifts and seats. Whirlpool baths are used clinically to provide hydrotherapy during physical therapy and/or rehabilitation procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16640",
      "display": "Batteries",
      "definition": "Power supplies consisting of a set of electrochemical cells designed to store chemical energy and release it in the form of electrical power; the cells are usually connected in series. Single electrochemical cells used as electric power sources are also commonly called batteries. Every cell, regardless of its chemical composition, consists of a negative electrode, a positive electrode, an ionic conducting material (electrolyte), a separator to electrically isolate the electrodes, and a case; the electric current flows externally from the positive to the negative electrode . Batteries are usually described by some characteristic of their chemical composition (e.g., nickel-cadmium, zinc-carbon, lithium); they may be nonrechargeable (i.e., a primary battery) or rechargeable (i.e., a secondary battery). Batteries are mostly used in the field of medicine as power supplies for implantable medical devices (e.g., pacemakers, neural stimulators) and external medical instruments (e.g., defibrillators, pacemaker programmers), for backup power for programmable devices that must retain electronic information, and in portable or other medical devices when it is not possible or convenient to use the line supply."
    },
    {
      "code": "11577",
      "display": "Batteries, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Batteries designed to deliver energy to the lamp (e.g., halogen) of some rigid endoscopes (e.g., otoscopes, ophthalmoscopes) and illuminators (e.g., larynx, nasopharynx). These batteries usually consist of a set of nonrechargeable alkaline cells or nickel-cadmium rechargeable cells. Some of these batteries are mounted in the handle of the endoscope; some rechargeable batteries may be attached to a specially designed recharger unit or directly to a power line outlet for recharging purposes.  Endoscopic batteries are used to provide a stable voltage to endoscopic lights, thus providing constant illumination while performing diagnosis or other medical procedures. Some of these batteries are also capable of delivering enough power to operate an electrocautery unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18556",
      "display": "Batteries, External Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Batteries designed for use as a power source in external defibrillators. These batteries typically consist of high storage capacity and high-efficiency cells; they are usually rechargeable (e.g., sealed nickel-cadmium, lead acid), although disposable nonrechargeable batteries (e.g., lithium) are sometimes used. Most external defibrillator batteries are used in portable defibrillators or to ensure that equipment is serviceable if there is a failure of the main power supply."
    },
    {
      "code": "17253",
      "display": "Batteries, Hearing Aid",
      "definition": "Batteries designed for use in nonimplantable hearing aids such as those placed on the external auditory canal. These batteries usually consist of a high-capacity low-weight cell (e.g., zinc-air); they should have a low cost and support immediate and continuous use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18554",
      "display": "Batteries, Implantable Device",
      "definition": "Batteries designed to provide power to devices that support the working environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, chemicals) inside the human body. Implantable batteries are usually nonrechargeable and lightweight, and most are lithium batteries, although zinc/mercury-oxide batteries are also used. Implantable batteries are used as a source of direct current for long-term implantable devices such as cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, and stimulators."
    },
    {
      "code": "17883",
      "display": "Batteries, Implantable Device, Cardiac Pacemaker/Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Batteries designed as a power source for implantable pacemakers, defibrillators, or pacemaker/defibrillators. Most of these batteries consist of nonrechargeable (e.g., lithium/iodine) cells. Implantable cardiac pacemaker batteries are usually packed together with a pulse generator in a container; they are typically placed in a surgical pocket in the patient's chest or abdomen."
    },
    {
      "code": "16558",
      "display": "Batteries, Mobile Radiographic Unit",
      "definition": "High-capacity batteries designed to deliver energy through a transformer to the x-ray generator of a mobile radiographic unit. These batteries typically consist of a stack of several sealed lead-acid or, less frequently, nickel-cadmium cells with a capacity up to 25,000 milliamperes second. The whole power supply unit also includes an inverter, a transformer, and a battery charger; it is usually an integral part of a mobile radiographic unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18558",
      "display": "Batteries, Powered Wheelchair",
      "definition": "High-capacity batteries designed to deliver energy to a direct-current motor used for wheelchair propulsion. These batteries typically consist of a stack of several sealed lead-acid (e.g., gel-type) or nickel-cadmium rechargeable cells. Wheelchair batteries are usually mounted into a battery box, which is placed on the wheelchair (e.g., under the seat); some wheelchairs include an integral battery charger."
    },
    {
      "code": "37525",
      "display": "Battery Chargers, Implantable Paracentesis Pump",
      "definition": "Battery chargers designed to perform transcutaneous inductive charging of an implantable paracentesis pump. These battery chargers are typically placed over the pump implantation site twice per day for approximately 20 minutes. During charging, the battery charger may also receive data on parameters related to pump function. These battery chargers are usually appropriate only for a particular type of implantable paracentesis pump."
    },
    {
      "code": "37545",
      "display": "Beam Splitters, Microscope",
      "definition": "Optical devices that split a beam of light into two or more beams and are designed to be used with a microscope. The split beams may or may not have the same optical power. Beam splitters divide the light path to allow image viewing with a video camera, digital camera, or an assistant scope attached to the microscope. Beam splitters usually have a specific split ratio."
    },
    {
      "code": "33051",
      "display": "Bed Locators",
      "definition": "Panels mounted to the wall in a fixed location that are designed to help to position the bed and to protect the wall from damage caused by the bed hitting the wall. Bed locators are typically made of plastic or other materials that can withstand an impact. They may have limited features such as electrical power receptacles, lights, and a component for wireless connectivity. These devices can have no power source or may be battery powered or hardwired."
    },
    {
      "code": "10339",
      "display": "Bedpans",
      "definition": "Devices used by a bedridden patient as receptacles for urine and feces."
    },
    {
      "code": "10340",
      "display": "Bedpans, Fracture",
      "definition": "Devices used by bedridden patients as receptacles for urine and feces. Fracture bedpans are designed specifically to include an edge of minimal height to ease insertion under those patients who may have difficulty rolling onto their side and/or lifting their buttocks high enough to allow for use of a regular bedpan. Examples of such patients include those persons with fractures of the hip, pelvis, spine, femur, tibia/fibula, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "10341",
      "display": "Bedrails",
      "definition": "Bars that are mounted to the sides (and foot) of hospital and homecare beds to prevent patients from falling out of bed while sleeping or during transport.  They are typically made of steel and either telescope or fold down when not in use."
    },
    {
      "code": "10342",
      "display": "Beds",
      "definition": "Furniture designed with a comfortable surface appropriate for supporting the lying body of a person. Beds typically consist of a horizontal surface or support appropriate to hold a mattress and/or mattress and spring-box; they may also include a head and/or foot frame and sometimes lateral rails (i.e., siderails). Beds are mainly used in healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, nursing homes) and at home for resting and sleeping and also during recuperation and/or medical treatments. Beds with a fixed height and width and beds that permit the adjustment of the height and contour of the resting surface using mechanical, electric, and/or hydraulic mechanisms are also available. Some beds are intended for particular procedures, such as to provide alternating pressure, for birthing, and to perform radiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10347",
      "display": "Beds, Electric",
      "definition": "Beds designed with one or more built-in electric motors and remote electric or pneumatic controls that can be operated by the patient or staff members to adjust the bed surface, contour, or both. In most electric beds the mattress support is divided into three or more pivoted sections that can adjust the height and assume Gatch positions or Fowler positions (head and knees elevated) or tilt to Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg positions (body straight; feet elevated or lowered, respectively). Most electric beds include movable and latchable siderails. Some beds may incorporate fixed endrails or a fabric framed canopy. Electric beds are mainly used in healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, nursing homes) and at home for resting and sleeping and also during recuperation and/or medical treatments (e.g., alternating pressure) and procedures (e.g., birthing, radiography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41586",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Air-Fluidized",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to provide a very soft, fluid-like surface for the patient. These beds typically consist of a closely woven filter sheet that rests loosely atop a tank that contains tiny soda-lime glass or ceramic microspheres, which in turn are suspended by a continuous flow of warm air. Air-fluidized fixed beds are intended for a variety of severe skin disorders, particularly in treating patients with burns or decubitus ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18383",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Alternating-Pressure",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to provide alternating pressure to the patient's body. These beds typically include a set of hollow sacks that are cyclically inflated and deflated by an air compressor in such a way that the inflated sacks support the patient and the deflated ones give pressure relief to prevent maceration of the patient's skin. Alternating pressure electric beds are mainly used for treating of patients with burns or decubitus ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15760",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Bariatric",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to support bariatric patients. These beds typically include a sturdier and wider frame than standard beds, giving extra support and facilitating the ingress and egress of patients weighing 300 pounds (140 kg) or more. Overweight-patient electric beds used for bariatric patients are mainly used for patients who cannot turn by themselves or with minimal assistance and are at risk of skin breakdown."
    },
    {
      "code": "15732",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Birthing",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to permit women to assume more natural delivery positions and minimize the associated discomfort and risks during birthing. These beds typically have three sections: backrest, seat, and foot. The backrest angle, foot height, and bed height are adjustable, and the foot section can be removed to permit access to the mother's perineal area. Electric birthing beds lessen the lapse of time associated with transfers between beds, stretchers, and labor/delivery tables, often allowing the mother to remain in the same bed throughout labor and delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "10345",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Circular Revolving",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to turn a semi-circle (i.e., 180 degrees) along the vertical plane of the bed, moving the patient from supine to prone position and vice versa; the bed surface may tilt to a variety of different positions. These beds typically include a surface and restraints that are appropriate for use as a mattress and to keep the patient in a fixed position while rotating. Circular revolving electric beds are intended to provide caregivers total access to critically ill patient without the need to handle or disturb the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "40669",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Cradle, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed with a configuration resembling a baby cradle, incorporating fixed endrails and movable and latchable siderails and/or a fabric framed canopy. Electric pediatric cradle beds restrain children passively, avoiding the risk of patient falls while providing easy access to the patient by the staff."
    },
    {
      "code": "10348",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Flotation Therapy",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to provide a soft surface for the patient similar to that provided by floating on a fluid. These beds typically include a mattress filled with some appropriate substance, such as air, water, or gel; the mattress covering may be permeable to air and water vapor but not to liquids. Floatation therapy electric beds are used to treat patients who are at moderate to high risk for developing decubitus ulcers and whose clinical status requires high head elevation, frequent transfer, and/or ambulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17593",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Low-Air-Loss",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to provide a controlled-rate air loss from the mattress. These beds typically have a mattress consisting of interconnected synthetic fabric air-filled cushions that are inflated at regular intervals using an automated air compressor. Inflation intervals are alternated with deflation intervals wherein the surface loses air through the cushions at a controlled rate. Low-air-loss electric beds are used to prevent patient skin breakdown or for use in patients who have special needs due to existing skin issues (e.g., burn patients, patients with decubitus ulcers, etc.)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10351",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Radiography/Fluoroscopy",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to permit radiographic and/or fluoroscopic procedures on a patient. These beds typically include radiolucent mattresses and supporting surfaces, raising and lowering mechanisms that do not intervene in the path between the radiation source and image intensifiers, and dimensions and clearances that facilitate placement of the x-ray tube head under the bed. Radiography/fluoroscopy electric beds are mainly used for bedside procedures using mobile radiographic or fluoroscopic units."
    },
    {
      "code": "10363",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Rocking",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to periodically tilt patients a small angle (e.g., 15 degrees) from the horizontal plane, placing them alternately in the Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg positions following a rocking motion. These beds may include controls for adjustment of the speed and/or degree of tilting. Rocking electric beds are intended mainly to help patient breathing by using the weight of the abdominal contents to move the diaphragm; they are also used in occlusive arterial diseases to improve circulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18384",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Rotation",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed for periodic or constant turning (i.e., rotate) patients along the vertical axis of the bed, keeping the body alignment. These beds typically include a surface and restraints that are appropriate for use as a mattress and to keep the patient in a fixed position while rotating. Rotation electric beds are intended for unstable trauma patients, particularly those who have spinal cord injury; they also may be used for patients who have severe pulmonary disorders and/or decubitus ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18385",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Rotation/Rocking",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to combine the capabilities of rocking and rotating beds. These beds can tilt patients a small angle (e.g., 15 degrees) from the horizontal plane, placing them alternately in the Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg positions following a rocking motion or rotate patients along the vertical axis of the bed, keeping the body alignment. Rotation/rocking electric beds are mainly intended for immobilized patients (e.g., patients who have unstable trauma or severe pulmonary problems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16991",
      "display": "Beds, Electric, Vertical Tilting",
      "definition": "Electric beds designed to tilt the horizontal axis of the bed surface to a full or nearly full vertical position. These beds may include manual controls to move the bed surface to the required tilting angle needed using the electric powered motors. Vertical tilt electric beds permit patients with severe back problems to have easy ingress and egress into and from the bed without bending their backs; they are also used in physical therapy and chiropractic treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "18394",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed",
      "definition": "Beds designed with a support surface that has a permanent, fixed height and contour. These beds typically include a standard mattress; some beds may include fixed, movable, and/or latchable siderails and endrails and a fabric framed canopy. Beds are widely used in healthcare facilities, both in patient rooms and/or to perform special treatments or procedures. Dedicated fixed beds intended for pediatric patients and adults are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16889",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Air-Fluidized",
      "definition": "Fixed beds designed to provide a very soft, fluid-like surface for the patient. These beds typically consist of a closely woven filter sheet that rests loosely atop a tank that contains tiny soda-lime glass or ceramic microspheres, which in turn are suspended by a continuous flow of warm air. Air-fluidized fixed beds are intended for a variety of severe skin disorders, particularly in treating patients with burns or decubitus ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "10328",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Cradle",
      "definition": "Fixed beds designed using a configuration resembling a baby cradle to protect patients. These beds typically incorporate fixed endrails and movable and latchable siderails and/or a fabric framed canopy. Cradle fixed beds restrain patients passively and avoid the risk of patient falls; both adult and child cradle beds are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18396",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Cradle, Adult",
      "definition": "Cradle fixed beds designed for adult use. These beds have a size appropriate for adults; they typically have a configuration resembling a baby cradle, incorporating fixed endrails and movable and latchable siderails and/or a fabric framed canopy. Adult cradle fixed beds restrain patients passively and avoid the risk of patient falls; they are used mainly in patients with severe physical and/or mental conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "10362",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Cradle, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Cradle fixed beds designed for child use. These beds have a size appropriate for children; they typically have a configuration resembling a baby cradle, incorporating fixed endrails and movable and latchable siderails and/or a fabric framed canopy. Pediatric cradle fixed beds restrain children passively and avoid the risk of patient falls while providing easy access to the patient by the staff."
    },
    {
      "code": "18395",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Flotation Therapy",
      "definition": "Fixed beds designed to provide a soft surface for the patient similar to that provided by floating on a fluid. These beds typically include a mattress filled with some appropriate substance, such as air, water, or gel; the mattress covering may be permeable to air and water vapor but not to liquids. Floatation therapy fixed beds are used to treat patients who are at moderate to high risk of developing decubitus ulcers and whose clinical status requires high head elevation, frequent transfer, and/or ambulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16168",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Flotation Therapy, Neonatal",
      "definition": "Fixed beds designed to provide a soft surface for infants and neonates similar to that provided by floating on a fluid. These beds typically include a mattress filled with some appropriate substance, such as air, water, or gel; the mattress covering may be permeable to air and water vapor but not to liquids. Neonatal and infant beds are appropriate in size and environmental conditions (e.g., softness, illumination levels) for a neonate and also provide good working conditions for healthcare staff members. They are frequently mounted on wheels and may include or permit attachments to incubators. Neonatal flotation therapy beds are intended for continuous care of newborns as well as ill and/or premature babies."
    },
    {
      "code": "18397",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Neonatal",
      "definition": "Fixed beds designed for use by neonates. These beds typically consist of a plastic or stainless steel box with a resting surface that has a permanent, fixed height and contour. Neonatal beds are frequently attached to dressing tables and/or trolleys; they may be used for a period up to a few weeks after birth in healthcare facilities, especially in birthing and neonate rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "10360",
      "display": "Beds, Fixed, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Fixed beds designed for orthopedic treatment. These beds typically include a resting surface that has a permanent, fixed height and contour and one or more pre-attached traction (e.g., weights, pulleys) devices. Orthopedic fixed beds are mainly used in long-term treatment procedures due to illness or trauma (e.g., fractures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10353",
      "display": "Beds, Hydraulic",
      "definition": "Beds designed with one or more built-in hydraulic mechanisms and remote controls that can be operated by the patient or staff to adjust the bed surface, contour, or both. In most hydraulic beds the mattress support is  divided into three or more pivoted sections that can adjust the height and assume Gatch positions or Fowler positions (head and knees elevated) or tilt to Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg positions (body straight; feet elevated or lowered, respectively). Most hydraulic beds include movable and latchable siderails. Some beds may incorporate fixed endrails or a fabric framed canopy. Hydraulic beds are mainly used in healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, nursing homes) for resting and sleeping and also during recuperation and/or medical treatments (e.g., alternating pressure, birthing) and procedures (e.g., radiography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18386",
      "display": "Beds, Hydraulic, Birthing",
      "definition": "Hydraulic beds designed to permit women to assume more natural delivery positions and minimize the associated discomfort and risks during birthing. These beds typically have three sections: backrest, seat, and foot. The backrest angle, foot height, and bed height are adjustable, and the foot section can be removed to permit access to the mother's perineal area. Hydraulic birthing beds lessen the lapse of time associated with transfers between beds, stretchers, and labor/delivery tables, often allowing the mother to remain in the same bed throughout labor and delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18387",
      "display": "Beds, Hydraulic, Radiography/Fluoroscopy",
      "definition": "Hydraulic beds designed to permit radiographic and/or fluoroscopic procedures on a patient. These beds typically include radiolucent mattresses and supporting surfaces, raising and lowering mechanisms that do not intervene in the path between the radiation source and image intensifiers, and dimensions and clearances that facilitate placement of the x-ray tube head under the bed. Radiography/fluoroscopy hydraulic beds are mainly used for bedside procedures using mobile radiographic or fluoroscopic units."
    },
    {
      "code": "10357",
      "display": "Beds, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Beds designed with one or more mechanisms operated by manual crank handles or other controls that can be operated by the patient or staff members to adjust the bed surface, contour, or both. In most mechanical beds, the mattress support is divided into three or more pivoted sections that can adjust the height and assume Gatch positions or Fowler positions (head and knees elevated) or tilt to Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg positions (body straight; feet elevated or lowered, respectively). Most mechanical beds include movable and latchable siderails. Some beds may incorporate fixed endrails or a fabric framed canopy. Mechanical beds are mainly used in healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, nursing homes) and at home for resting and sleeping and also during recuperation and/or medical treatments (e.g., alternating pressure) and procedures (e.g., birthing, radiography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18388",
      "display": "Beds, Mechanical, Birthing",
      "definition": "Mechanical beds designed to permit women to assume more natural delivery positions and minimize the associated discomfort and risks during birthing. These beds typically have three sections: backrest, seat, and foot. The backrest angle, foot height, and bed height are adjustable, and the foot section can be removed to permit access to the mother's perineal area. Mechanical birthing beds lessen the lapse of time associated with transfers between beds, stretchers, and labor/delivery tables, often allowing the mother to remain in the same bed throughout labor and delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18392",
      "display": "Beds, Mechanical, Cradle, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Mechanical beds designed with a configuration resembling a baby cradle, incorporating fixed endrails and movable and latchable siderails and/or a fabric framed canopy. Pediatric cradle mechanical beds restrain children passively, avoiding the risk of patient falls while providing easy access to the patient by the staff."
    },
    {
      "code": "18389",
      "display": "Beds, Mechanical, Flotation Therapy",
      "definition": "Mechanical beds designed to provide a soft surface for the patient similar to that provided by floating on a fluid. These beds typically include a mattress filled with some appropriate substance, such as air, water, or gel; the mattress covering may be permeable to air and water vapor but not to liquids. Floatation therapy mechanical beds are used to treat patients who are at moderate to high risk of developing decubitus ulcers and whose clinical status requires high head elevation, frequent transfer, and/or ambulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18393",
      "display": "Beds, Mechanical, Neonatal",
      "definition": "Mechanical beds designed for use by neonates. These beds typically include a plastic or stainless steel box with a resting surface that has a permanent, fixed height and contour that is used as the bed and a mechanism for controlled positioning of newborns by mechanically tilting the bed. Neonatal beds are intended for intensive care (e.g., respiratory) of newborns and infants; some of these beds fit into infant incubators."
    },
    {
      "code": "18391",
      "display": "Beds, Mechanical, Radiography/Fluoroscopy",
      "definition": "Mechanical beds designed to permit radiographic and/or fluoroscopic procedures on a patient. These beds typically include radiolucent mattresses and supporting surfaces, raising and lowering mechanisms that do not intervene in the path between the radiation source and image intensifiers, and dimensions and clearances that facilitate placement of the x-ray tube head under the bed. Radiography/fluoroscopy mechanical beds are mainly used for bedside procedures using mobile radiographic or fluoroscopic units."
    },
    {
      "code": "18390",
      "display": "Beds, Mechanical, Rotation",
      "definition": "Mechanical beds designed for periodic or constant turning (i.e., rotate) patients along the vertical axis of the bed, keeping the body alignment. These beds typically include a surface and restraints that are appropriate for use as a mattress and to keep the patient in a fixed position while rotating. Rotation mechanical beds are intended for unstable trauma patients, particularly those who have spinal cord injury; they also may be used for patients who have severe pulmonary disorders and/or decubitus ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15962",
      "display": "Bedside Charts",
      "definition": "Devices that hold the patient data (in the form of printouts and/or notes) that is collected at each clinic/hospital visit. These bedside charts are typically in the form of a three-ring binder, clipboard, or manila folder with fasteners, and may contain a hook or lip that allows them to hang from patient beds or handrails."
    },
    {
      "code": "35372",
      "display": "Benches, Exercise",
      "definition": "Equipment that has a long padded seat and that is designed for use in weight training. Exercise benches may be of various designs and have different components. Some benches are a fixed horizontal or inclined design. Exercise benches can also have adjustable portions or be foldable for transport. These benches can also be equipped with racks or rods to hold weights, foot holders, or other attachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "10382",
      "display": "Bibs",
      "definition": "Devices made of cloth, plastic, or paper that are fastened around a person's neck. Bibs can act as a preliminary barrier to soiling or to some forms of contamination. Bibs can be a variety of sizes and can be disposable or reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18081",
      "display": "Bidets",
      "definition": "Bathroom fixtures designed to deliver a water spray and/or a stream of dry air to  bathe the external genitalia and perineal area. These fixtures typically resemble the shape and height of a toilet seat. Bidet function may be performed by attachments designed for the same purpose that are added to a standard toilet."
    },
    {
      "code": "10386",
      "display": "Bile Collection Bags",
      "definition": "Collection bags designed for collection of bile (fluid secreted by the liver and passed to the small intestine), for example, from a drainage tube inserted into the patient's duodenum. Bile collection bags are usually plastic or elastomeric single-use devices; patient-worn and independent bile collection bags are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15109",
      "display": "Bilirubinometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the concentration of bilirubin in the blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "16166",
      "display": "Bilirubinometers, Cutaneous",
      "definition": "Bilirubinometers that measure the concentration of bilirubin in neonate blood through the skin.  A light beam is applied to the newborn's skin, usually on the forehead or sternum, and the reflected light is split into two beams (with wavelengths of 455 nm and 575 nm), which are measured by optical detectors.  The blood bilirubin concentration can be derived from the measured light absorbance."
    },
    {
      "code": "15557",
      "display": "Binders",
      "definition": "Special types of bandages, typically with an encircling structure, designed to fit and support a specific part of the body. These devices are usually made of single pieces of elastic fabric that have hook-and -loop closures (e.g., Velcro), allowing the adjustment of the size of the binders. Binders are used mainly to support and compress the muscles of a body part after surgery and/or to provide relief from pain and strain; they can also be used to keep dressings in place. Binders are available in different shapes and sizes; dedicated binders designed to support abdomen, ankle, breast, chest, wrist, and perineum are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10003",
      "display": "Binders, Abdominal",
      "definition": "Binders designed to encircle the abdomen to provide support to the abdominal walls and keep the abdomen in the appropriate position. These devices are usually made of wide flexible pieces of elastic fabric with hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) or metal fasteners with small teeth that grab onto and secure the elastic fabric for adjustment of the size of the binders; the binders are available in several sizes. Abdominal binders are used to support and compress the abdominal muscles and other abdominal structures for rehabilitation after childbirth or abdominal surgery (e.g., liposuction); the binders may be also used by women after labor to support the relaxed abdominal walls. They may also provide relief from pain and strain."
    },
    {
      "code": "10483",
      "display": "Binders, Breast",
      "definition": "Binders designed to encircle the thorax to provide support and keep the women patient's breasts in the appropriate position. These devices are usually made of wide pieces of elastic fabric with hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) or metal fasteners with small teeth that grab onto and secure the elastic fabric for adjustment of the size of the binders; the binders are available in several sizes. Breast binders are used to support and compress the breasts and/or other associated anatomical structures for rehabilitation after surgery (e.g., cardiothoracic surgery); they may also provide relief from pain and strain."
    },
    {
      "code": "10816",
      "display": "Binders, Chest",
      "definition": "Binders designed to encircle the chest providing support and keeping the anterior part of the thorax (i.e., chest and ribs) in the appropriate position. These devices are usually made of wide pieces of elastic fabric with hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) or metal fasteners with small teeth that grab onto and secure the elastic fabric for adjustment of their size; they are available in several sizes. Chest binders are used mainly to support and compress the chest muscles, and/or other chest anatomical structures for rehabilitation after (e.g., cardiothoracic) surgery; they may also provide relief from pain and strain."
    },
    {
      "code": "13946",
      "display": "Binders, T (Retired)",
      "definition": "Binders designed in the shape of the letter \"T.\""
    },
    {
      "code": "10396",
      "display": "Biofeedback Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that provide a visual or auditory signal corresponding to the status of one or more of a patient's physiological functions (e.g., brainwave activity, muscle activity, blood pressure). These systems detect changes in the physiological function that are normally outside of normal awareness, amplify them, and provide the signal to the patient, helping him/her to develop some degree of conscious control over a usually involuntary function.  Biofeedback systems are mostly used in tension headache control, muscle relaxation, and rehabilitation and behavioral research."
    },
    {
      "code": "37341",
      "display": "Biofeedback Systems, Neonatal, Feeding",
      "definition": "Biofeedback systems designed for analysis and real-time feedback of a neonate�s sucking skills by measuring the strength and coordination of the tongue. These systems can include an integrated feeding bottle with a sensor or can have a sensor to be used with a standard feeding bottle; some systems use a pacifier. Some feeding biofeedback systems deliver a pulse through the pacifier component to encourage the baby to suck in a paced and organized manner."
    },
    {
      "code": "17242",
      "display": "Biomechanics Platforms",
      "definition": "Movable tilting platforms equipped with sensors that measure applied forces in any of the three dimensions and outputs data to a computer. Typically the patient stands on the platform while it moves to provoke destabilizing perturbations. Biomechanics platforms are commonly used as a part of neuromuscular function physiologic analyzers for posture, balance, and/or sense of equilibrium studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "17848",
      "display": "Biopsy Guns",
      "definition": "Biopsy instruments designed for the automatic extraction of core tissue samples (typically in the form of a cylinder) from an anatomic structure with minimal damage to the sample and surrounding tissue. Biopsy guns are typically handheld, manual instruments with a spring-loaded mechanism for transcutaneous insertion of a biopsy needle to obtain tissue samples intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e. biopsy). Biopsy guns are used mainly to obtain large samples of soft tissue from internal organs, including the kidneys, prostate, pancreas, and liver, and the breast. The procedures are frequently performed under image guidance (e.g., radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic resonance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22725",
      "display": "Biopsy Guns, End-Cut",
      "definition": "Biopsy guns designed for the automatic extraction of core tissue samples (typically in the form of a cylinder) from an anatomic structure of the body, by advancing an outer needle (i.e., a cutting cannula) into the tissue when the gun is released, while the inner needle (trocar) remains stationary. The biopsy gun holds the sample within the cannula when it is withdrawn from the patient and usually maintains a tight suction around the trocar. End-cut biopsy guns typically include a reusable, spring-loaded mechanism and disposable biopsy needles; they are used mainly to obtain samples of soft tissue from internal organs, including the kidneys, prostate, pancreas, and liver and the breast. The procedures are frequently performed under image guidance (e.g., radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic resonance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22726",
      "display": "Biopsy Guns, End-Cut, Disposable",
      "definition": "Single-use end-cut biopsy guns designed for the automatic extraction of core tissue samples (typically in the form of a cylinder) from an anatomic structure of the body. End-cut disposable biopsy guns typically consist of a single-use, spring-loaded mechanism that advances the inner disposable biopsy needles, which work like a pair of pincers, cutting off the sample and retracting it in the cannula without suction. Biopsy guns are used mainly to obtain samples of soft tissue from internal organs, including the kidneys, prostate, pancreas, and liver and the breast. The procedures are frequently performed under image guidance (e.g., radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic resonance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22724",
      "display": "Biopsy Guns, Side-Notch",
      "definition": "Biopsy guns designed for the automatic extraction of core tissue samples (typically in the form of a cylinder) from an anatomic structure of the body with minimal sample and surrounding tissue damage. Side-notch biopsy guns typically include a reusable, spring-loaded mechanism that advances an inner disposable biopsy needle (trocar); when the spring is released, the side notch of the inner needle fills with tissue, and a cut-core tissue biopsy sample is extracted when the outer cannula is triggered. Biopsy guns are used mainly to obtain samples of soft tissue from internal organs, including the kidneys, prostate, pancreas, and liver and the breast. The procedures are frequently performed under image guidance (e.g., radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic resonance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "39659",
      "display": "Biopsy Site Markers, Breast",
      "definition": "Implantable radiopaque and/or ultrasonographically detectable markers used during breast biopsy procedures to mark the site of the biopsied breast lesion. Breast biopsy markers typically consist of a small, radiopaque metallic (e.g., nitinol, stainless steel, titanium) or non-metallic (e.g., carbon-coated ceramic) implant in one of several distinctive shapes (e.g., barbell, coil, ribbon, ring, wing). Some markers are complexed with or embedded in collagen, polymer, or hydrogel, which may improve ultrasonographic detection and/or decrease the risk of marker migration. Breast biopsy markers are typically supplied preloaded in an applicator, which may consist of a needle for direct percutaneous access to the lesion or an applicator designed to access the lesion via a biopsy system probe. Biopsy site markers facilitate the localization of biopsied lesions that may no longer be detectable by imaging following the biopsy and/or subsequent treatment (e.g., neoadjuvant chemotherapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18148",
      "display": "Birthing Bars",
      "definition": "Bar- or rail-like apparatus used to assist women with positioning and support during labor."
    },
    {
      "code": "27332",
      "display": "Birthing Pools",
      "definition": "Pools or tubs designed to be filled with water and used by pregnant women during labor and delivery.  The pools are designed to have enough room for a laboring woman to move around in and give birth.  These pools are usually mobile; the mobile pools are either inflatable (made of vinyl or other soft plastics) or are molded hard plastic tubs on wheels. Stationary birthing pools made of molded hard plastics are also available.  These birthing pools can sometimes be attached to the facility's plumbing but most are filled from a separate water source (e.g., hose, faucet). Birthing pools sometimes have lower edges or side doors where health care personnel or others can easily access the laboring woman.  Some of the pools can be lowered and raised to make entering and exiting the pool easier.  These pools are used in hospitals, birthing centers, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "10405",
      "display": "Bite Blocks",
      "definition": "Temporary appliances that cover some or all of a patient�s teeth and that are designed to keep a patient's mouth open during treatment. Bite blocks can assist in protecting the teeth and protecting instruments, such as endoscopes, used during treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "13136",
      "display": "Bladder Support Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed for stabilizing the urethrovesical junction by providing compression of the urethral lumen and support to the urinary bladder. These implants are typically sling-shaped devices made either of biological (i.e., autograft, allograft, xenograft), synthetic (e.g., silicone-elastomer), or bioengineered materials that are intended for urethral, pubovaginal placement during surgical  procedures using a transvaginal, prepubic, suprapubic, or transobturator approach; some devices are fixed to the posterior pubic bone by sharp-tipped bone anchors. Bladder support implants are intended mainly for patients with stress urinary incontinence caused by sphincter deficiency or urethral hypermobility."
    },
    {
      "code": "24905",
      "display": "Bladder Support Implants, Bioengineered",
      "definition": "Bladder support implants made of bioengineered materials, designed for stabilizing the urethrovesical junction by providing compression of the urethral lumen and support to the urinary bladder. These implants consist of a tissue matrix typically derived from porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS) that has been mechanically separated from the adjoining intestinal layers. SIS consists primarily of acellular collagen, with the original three-dimensional structure of the natural intestinal collagen remaining intact, which is used as a scaffold for urologic tissue growth. Bioengineered bladder support implants are intended for urethral, pubovaginal placement during surgical (e.g., prepubic, transobturator, suprapubic) procedures; some devices are fixed to the posterior pubic bone by sharp-tipped bone anchors."
    },
    {
      "code": "24904",
      "display": "Bladder Support Implants, Biological",
      "definition": "Bladder support implants made of biological tissue, designed for stabilizing the urethrovesical junction by providing compression of the urethral lumen and support to the urinary bladder. These implants are typically sling-shaped devices made of biological tissue and may be autografts (e.g., fascia lata, vaginal wall), allografts (usually from cadaver dura mater, fascia lata, or dermis), or xenografts (e.g., porcine dermis), which are intended for placement during surgical (e.g., prepubic, transobturator, suprapubic) procedures; some devices are fixed to the posterior pubic bone by sharp-tipped bone anchors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22849",
      "display": "Bladder Support Implants, Synthetic",
      "definition": "Bladder support implants made of synthetic materials, designed for stabilizing the urethrovesical junction by providing compression of the urethral lumen and support to the urinary bladder. These implants are typically solid or mesh, sling-shaped devices made of synthetic material (e.g., silicone elastomer, polyglactic acid, polyester, polypropylene), which are intended for urethral, pubovaginal placement during surgical (e.g., prepubic, transobturator, suprapubic) procedures; some devices are fixed to the posterior pubic bone by sharp-tipped bone anchors."
    },
    {
      "code": "15558",
      "display": "Blades",
      "definition": "Devices designed for cutting purposes typically attached to a handle or as a component of a specialized instrument. Blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with a sharp edge; they may be intended either for reuse or for single-use. Dedicated blades are available for use with manual or powered cutting instruments (e.g., knives, saws, trephines). Blades used for purposes other than cutting, which are usually components of other instruments (e.g., laryngoscopes and retractors), are not included in this category."
    },
    {
      "code": "27273",
      "display": "Blades, Adenotome",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of manual surgical instruments intended for the excision of the adenoids (i.e., adenotomes). These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one or both sharp edges that are attached at the working end of an adenotome; they may be intended either for single or multiple use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27176",
      "display": "Blades, Electric Hair Clipper",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated rotatory electric hair clipper, either for grooming or as a part of skin preparation before a surgical procedure. These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with circular section and a sharp edge; they are usually intended for multiple use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27216",
      "display": "Blades, Electric Razor",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of a handheld, electrically operated rotatory razor. These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with circular section and a sharp edge; they are usually intended for multiple use. Electric razor blades are intended for shaving, either for grooming or as a part of the skin preparation prior to a surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "27178",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Dermatome",
      "definition": "Blades designed as the cutting component of powered (electric or pneumatic) surgical instruments intended for mechanical skin graft harvesting (i.e., dermatomes). These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one sharp edge that can cut large skin grafts with uniform-thickness by performing a rapidly oscillating side-to-side movement as the dermatome is manually advanced over the skin. Dedicated blades are available according to the particular characteristics of the dermatomes (e.g., Castroviejo, Brown). Dermatomes are mainly used to obtain skin grafts from donor sites, but they are sometimes used in other procedures (e.g., to remove tattoos)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27183",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Saw",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated rotatory electric or pneumatic saw to cut materials, objects, or anatomic structures. These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with a circular section and a sharp edge; they may be intended either for single or multiple use. Dedicated blades are available for electric/pneumatic saws used to cut tissues and/or bones during surgical procedures and also to cut plaster cast placed on a patient's body."
    },
    {
      "code": "27193",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Saw, Oscillating",
      "definition": "Saw blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated oscillating electric or pneumatic saw used to cut materials, objects, or anatomic structures. These devices typically consist of a detachable, toothed, circular or semicircular flat blade that is attached to a saw that includes a mechanism that oscillates at a very high speed perpendicular to the axis of the machine without full rotation. Oscillating electric/pneumatic blades are mainly used in orthopedic surgery (e.g., to cut bones) and postmortem procedures; dedicated blades are also available for saws used for cutting cast."
    },
    {
      "code": "27195",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Saw, Oscillating, Cast",
      "definition": "Saw blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated oscillating electric or pneumatic saw used to cut plaster casts. These devices typically consist of a detachable, toothed, circular or semicircular flat blade with a serrated edge. It is attached to a saw that includes a mechanism that oscillates at a very high speed perpendicular to the axis of the machine without full rotation. Oscillating electric/pneumatic cast blades are used in dedicated manual, handheld electric or pneumatic saws intended to cut cast (also known as cast cutters)  while placed on the body of patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "27186",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Saw, Reciprocating",
      "definition": "Saw blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated reciprocating electric or pneumatic saw used to cut materials, objects, or anatomic structures. These devices typically consist of a detachable, toothed, straight or curved flat blade that is attached to a saw that includes a mechanism that generates a back and forth (i.e., reciprocating) motion. Reciprocating electric/pneumatic blades are mainly used in orthopedic surgery (e.g., to cut bones); dedicated blades are also available for saws intended for cutting cast."
    },
    {
      "code": "27188",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Saw, Reciprocating, Cast",
      "definition": "Saw blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated reciprocating electric or pneumatic saw used to cut plaster casts. These devices typically consist of a detachable, toothed, straight or curved flat blade that is attached to a saw that includes a mechanism that generates a back and forth (i.e., reciprocating) motion. Reciprocating electric/pneumatic cast blades are used in dedicated manual, handheld electric or pneumatic saws  intended to cut cast (also known as cast cutters) while placed on the body of patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "27211",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Saw, Rotatory",
      "definition": "Saw blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated rotatory electric or pneumatic saw to cut materials, objects, or anatomic structures. These devices typically consist of a circular section that is a detachable, toothed, flat blade and is attached to a saw that includes a mechanism that rotates at a controllable, variable speed. Dedicated rotatory electric/pneumatic blades are available for use in laboratory and postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27209",
      "display": "Blades, Electric/Pneumatic Saw, Sagittal",
      "definition": "Saw blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated sagittal electric or pneumatic saw used to cut materials, objects, or anatomic structures. These devices typically consist of a detachable, toothed, flat blade that is attached to a saw that includes a mechanism that oscillates at a very high speed in the same or a parallel plane to the axis of the machine without full rotation. Dedicated sagittal electric/pneumatic blades are available to cut bone and other hard tissue during orthopedic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "27275",
      "display": "Blades, Keratome",
      "definition": "Blades designed as the cutting component of powered (electric or pneumatic) surgical instruments that are intended for cutting the cornea (i.e., keratomes). These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one sharp edge that can cut thin sections of the cornea with uniform thickness. Keratome blades are usually intended for use with a particular type of keratome; they are used in keratoplasty procedures and may also be used for lamellar resection of the cornea (e.g., to make a corneal flap in patients undergoing LASIK surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27268",
      "display": "Blades, Manual Dermatome",
      "definition": "Blades designed as the cutting component of manual surgical instruments intended for mechanical skin graft harvesting (i.e., manual, mechanical dermatomes). These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one sharp edge that can cut large skin grafts with uniform-thickness by moving a handheld frame with the blade attached to it or, more frequently, by operating a drum with an oscillating blade that cuts the skin grafts as the drum rolls over the skin. Manual dermatome blades are typically available as disposable (single-use) devices, but some are intended for reuse after sterilization Dedicated blades are available according to the particular characteristics of the dermatomes; they are mainly used to obtain skin grafts from donor sites but they may be also used in other procedures (e.g., to remove tattoos)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27175",
      "display": "Blades, Manual Hair Clipper",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manual hair clipper, either for grooming or as a part of skin preparation before a surgical procedure. These blades typically consist of a very thin flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one or both sharp edges; they may be intended either for reuse or single-use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27213",
      "display": "Blades, Manual Razor",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of a handheld, manually operated razor. These blades typically consist of a very thin flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one or both sharp edges; they may be intended either for reuse or single-use. Manual razor blades are intended for shaving, either for grooming or as a part of skin preparation before a surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "27204",
      "display": "Blades, Manual Saw",
      "definition": "Saw blades designed for use as the cutting component of a manually operated usually handheld saw used to cut materials, objects, or anatomic structures. These devices typically consist of a detachable, toothed, flat blade that is attached to a saw that includes a mechanism that is typically a manually operated frame. Dedicated manual saw blades are available for use in orthopedic surgery to cut bone and other hard tissue, for amputation, to cut cast, and for use in postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27278",
      "display": "Blades, Microtome",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of laboratory microtomes that are used to cut very thin slices of tissue samples, usually intended for histology examination. Microtome blades typically consist of a flat piece of steel, glass, or diamond; they are typically reusable devices. These blades are usually intended for use in a particular type or model of microtome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34029",
      "display": "Blades, Resectoscope Handpiece, Transverse Carpal Ligament Resection",
      "definition": "Blades designed as the cutting component of transverse carpal ligament resectoscopes. These blades are usually metal structures with a sharp edge; they are usually available as disposable detachable blades that are endoscopically inserted in the carpal tunnel using a dedicated surgical handpiece. After insertion the handpiece operates a mechanism that drives the blade to cut the carpal ligament. Carpal tunnel ligament resection blades are used as disposable components of carpal tunnel resectoscopes intended to treat patients with carpal syndrome that is not associated to other pathologies."
    },
    {
      "code": "27200",
      "display": "Blades, Surgical Scalpel",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of a surgical scalpel that combines a detachable blade and a reusable handle. These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel), diamond, or ceramic with one or both sharp edges; the shape and size of the blade is determined by the procedure to be performed and the particular instrument handle. Surgical scalpel blades are usually intended for disposal (i.e., single-use) or, less frequently, for reuse. The scalpel is used for cutting tissues and other anatomic structures during surgical (e.g., middle ear, oral, ophthalmic) procedures. Dedicated blades intended for use with microsurgical handles are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27208",
      "display": "Blades, Surgical Scalpel, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Blades designed for use as the cutting component of a microsurgical scalpel that combines a detachable blade and a reusable handle. These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one or both sharp edges; the shape and size of the blade is determined by the procedure to be performed and the particular instrument handle. Microsurgical scalpel blades are usually intended for disposal (i.e., single-use) or, less frequently, for reuse. The scalpel is used for cutting tissues and other anatomic structures during microsurgical (e.g., middle ear, neurosurgery, ophthalmic) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27222",
      "display": "Blades, Trephine",
      "definition": "Blades attached to a manually operated rotary mechanical, electric, or pneumatically powered handpiece that is designed to cut and remove circular sections of anatomic tissues.  These devices typically consist of hollow cylindrical blades having a circular saw-like working edge a shaft, and a proximal end appropriate for connection to the rotary handpiece; they may be intended either for single or multiple use. Dedicated blades are available for electric/pneumatic trephines used in soft tissues (e.g., ophthalmic) and/or bones during dental, biopsy, or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27223",
      "display": "Blades, Trephine, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Trephine blades designed to cut and remove circular sections of anatomic tissues for histological examination (i.e., biopsy). These devices typically consist of a hollow cylindrical blade having circular saw-like edges, a shaft, and a proximal end that is appropriate for connection to the rotary handpiece. The biopsy sample occupies the hollow center of the trephine from which it can be removed after trephine extraction. Dedicated trephine biopsy blades, both reusable and single-use, are available for skin biopsy (either standard or excision biopsy), bone biopsy, and intraosseous biopsy (e.g., bone marrow biopsy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27229",
      "display": "Blades, Trephine, Dental",
      "definition": "Electric and/or pneumatic trephine blades designed to cut and remove circular sections of tissue during dental procedures. These devices typically consist of a hollow cylindrical blade having a circular saw-like edge, a shaft, and a proximal end appropriate for connection to a low-speed rotary dental handpiece. Dedicated dental trephine blades are available to facilitate the retrieval of broken files and silver points from root canals, for artificial tooth root implantation, and also for failed implant removal. Manual dental trephines that include a blade as an integral part are also available, but not frequently used."
    },
    {
      "code": "27224",
      "display": "Blades, Trephine, Surgical",
      "definition": "Trephine blades designed to cut and remove circular sections of tissues during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of hollow cylindrical blades in a variety of diameters having circular saw-like edges, a shaft, and a proximal end appropriate for connection to a common rotary handpiece. Dedicated trephine blades are available for particular procedures, such as skull and eye surgery and also for bone harvesting."
    },
    {
      "code": "27225",
      "display": "Blades, Trephine, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Trephine blades designed to cut and remove circular sections of eye tissues during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of hollow cylindrical blades in a variety of diameters having circular saw-like edges, a shaft, and a proximal end appropriate for connection to a common rotary handpiece. Dedicated eye surgery trephine blades are available for several ophthalmic procedures, including corneal and scleral implantation and chalazion treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "27227",
      "display": "Blades, Trephine, Surgical, Skull",
      "definition": "Trephine blades designed to cut and remove circular sections of skull tissue during surgical procedures. Skull trephines usually includes two hollow cylindrical blades; the external cutting blade has a circular-saw-like working edge and the internal blade at the center is used for guiding purposes. Some trephines have detachable blades and a manually operated (i.e., a hand brace) or power (e.g., electrical) rotary handpiece. Skull surgery trephine blades are used to open small holes in the cranium for insertion of catheters and/or encephaloscopes for diagnosis or treatment purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "10415",
      "display": "Blankets",
      "definition": "Large pieces of woven fabric or other appropriate material used for body covering or wrapping."
    },
    {
      "code": "10416",
      "display": "Blankets, Aluminized",
      "definition": "Blankets that consist of a plastic (e.g., polyester) film coated with vapor-deposited aluminum on one or both sides.  These blankets provide thermal insulation, offering protection against heat loss under cold conditions or heat-stroke under sun radiation; they also offer some protection against other environmental agents (e.g., rain, wind).  Aluminized blankets are mostly used for rescue teams to protect injured or ill people in places such as the scene of an accident, during transportation, and at first-aid stations."
    },
    {
      "code": "12067",
      "display": "Blankets, Circulating-Liquid",
      "definition": "Blankets usually made of two plastic sheets that are thermically sealed together; they include channels for proper liquid circulation.  These blankets are attached to a central unit that delivers the heating or cooling liquid to the blanket,  are available in many different configurations and sizes, and may be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "16477",
      "display": "Blankets, Fire",
      "definition": "Blankets made of a fire-resistant fiber (e.g., fiberglass, treated wool).  These blankets usually include hand belts, and they are big enough to completely wrap a person.  Some of them are stored in a wall-mounted cabinet to facilitate their use.  Fire blankets are used to extinguish a fire burning on a person and for protection during escape from fire; they could also be used to rescue nonambulatory patients during fire emergency evacuation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18852",
      "display": "Blankets, Forced-Air",
      "definition": "Blankets usually made of plastic material that include channels for blowing air over the patient (i.e., convective heat transfer). These blankets are attached to a central unit that delivers the heating or cooling to the blanket, are available in many different configurations and sizes, and may be reusable or disposable.  Forced-air blankets are used to provide adequate heating and cooling to the patient's body in the operating room for recovery, in hypothermia and hyperthermia treatment, and in cardiac and pediatric procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10417",
      "display": "Blankets, Infant",
      "definition": "Blankets of appropriate size, material, and configuration for infant use."
    },
    {
      "code": "32895",
      "display": "Blankets, Weighted",
      "definition": "Blankets designed with inserted objects that locally increase the weight to stimulate the sensory system that are intended to improve sleep and to help calm anxiety and stress. These devices usually consist of soft, flat blankets with inserted objects (typically balls or pellets) made of hard plastics and/or polystyrene, depending on the degree of stimulation required; the blankets are available in a variety of sizes according to the anatomy of the user (e.g., infants, children, adults). Weighted blankets are mainly used to facilitate sleeping conditions in patients (especially children) suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); the blankets may be also used to alleviate chronic pain, and/or to treat patients with other neurologic or psychiatric conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "10421",
      "display": "Blood Administration Sets",
      "definition": "Tubing designed for administration of blood products (e.g., transfusion).  The tubing is typically constructed of plastic, and incorporates accessories such a roller clamps, filters, spike (e.g., single or double) necessary for transfusions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16752",
      "display": "Blood Cell Washer Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed for the storage and processing of red blood cells in blood cell transfusion washers. These bags typically consist of a flexible plastic (usually polyvinyl chloride [PVC]) container of either 800 or 1,000 mL capacity. The blood-filled bags are opened and submitted to a centrifugation and saline washing procedure to separate red blood cells from plasma. After the washing cycles are finished, other bags containing packed washed red cells are stored for transfusion; the cells should be used within 24 hours."
    },
    {
      "code": "23146",
      "display": "Blood Cell Washer Sets",
      "definition": "Combinations of preassembled devices designed for use in blood cell washers. These sets typically include plastic tubing, filters (e.g., clot, debris), connectors, and bags (e.g., red blood cell, waste); some sets also include a disposable bowl for the processing solution (e.g., saline). Dedicated disposable blood cell washer sets are available as a disposable component of cell washers for use by blood banks and transfusion centers to improve the safety of blood transfusions; others sets are intended for autotransfusion units used during surgery and/or for treatment of trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17605",
      "display": "Blood Cell Washer Sets, Autotransfusion Unit",
      "definition": "Combinations of preassembled disposable devices designed to handle blood in the washing procedure performed by autotransfusion units. These sets typically include plastic tubing, filters (e.g., bacteria), connectors, and bags (e.g., red blood cell, waste); some sets also include a disposable bowl for the processing solution (e.g., saline). Disposable blood cell washer sets are used as a disposable component of an autotransfusion unit during surgery and/or treatment of trauma to remove waste and improve the safety of autologous reinfused blood (autotransfusion)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18240",
      "display": "Blood Collection Needle Sets",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of needles and related supplies designed to be used for drawing blood. Typical components include a blood drawing needle, tubing, and an adapter to allow connection to other devices typically used for collecting blood, e.g., a vacutainer, a syringe, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "18241",
      "display": "Blood Collection Needle Sets, Protective",
      "definition": "Blood collection needle sets that allow the blood-drawing needle to be retracted into or covered by a protective sheath. These needle sets are used for prevention of accidental needlesticks during blood collection procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17814",
      "display": "Blood Collection Tube Holders",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold vacuum blood collection tubes during blood collection from a patient. These devices may come equipped with a blood collection needle or have the capacity to attach to a blood collection needle through an opening in one end of the tube. Blood collection tube holders are cylinders usually made of sturdy plastics and are usually disposable. Smaller blood collection tube holders can hold pediatric-sized blood collection tubes and needles."
    },
    {
      "code": "18243",
      "display": "Blood Collection Tube Holders, Protective",
      "definition": "Blood collection tube holders that are designed to hold vacuum blood collection tubes during blood collection and incorporate a sheath that advances over the needle or covers a retracted needle. These devices may come equipped with a protective blood collection needle, or have the capacity to attach to a protective blood collection needle. Most operate by some spring action that is activated when a needle is withdrawn from the patient or the blood collection tube is capped by the user after the last tube is removed from the holder. Protective blood collection tube holders are used to prevent accidental needlesticks during blood collection procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "39869",
      "display": "Blood Component Separators, Automated",
      "definition": "Automated devices that extract centrifuged blood components (e.g., plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells) by applying pressure to a bag of centrifuged whole blood using a high-resolution imaging software. Typically, the separator identifies the layers of components, and an automated workflow transfers the components to target containers in a user-identified single or multiple aliquot patterns. The automation workflow can withdraw the user specified thresholds and detection limits, dispenses into nearly any output labware, and may have an optional 2D whole plate/rack reader for output logs. The autoload system automatically places samples onto the system and records each sample barcode that is protected and logged. This device usually includes camera channels, mirror carriers for imaging, sample tube carriers, and deck equipment for basic applications. This device may be used for gDNA, cfDNA, or long-term biobanking storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "18244",
      "display": "Blood Donor Set Tube Holders, Protective",
      "definition": "Blood collection tube holders that consist of a recessed needle holder that mates with a sampling site attached to the donor tubing. These tube holders typically have a tubing access needle on one end that attaches to the donor tubing and functions as the blood collection needle and a tube-puncturing needle on the opposite end (recessed inside the tube holder) which interfaces with the blood collection tube. The user attaches the tubing-access needle to the donor tubing and then places a blood collection tube inside the holder on the tube-puncturing needle to obtain samples. Some protective blood donor set tube holders have the donor collection tubing set attached to the holder's outer needle all as one irremovable unit to further protect against needlestick injuries to healthcare workers. Protective blood donor set tube holders are meant for one use and are disposable. They are used in blood donation and collection settings for the collection of blood and to minimize needlestick injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "10426",
      "display": "Blood Donor Sets",
      "definition": "Blood donor sets include blood bags, tubing and any accessories necessary to collect and store blood from donors."
    },
    {
      "code": "24254",
      "display": "Blood Drawing Stands, Adjustable Height",
      "definition": "Metal structures (frames) with a mechanically adjustable height platform at the top designed to hold and support an arm in the appropriate position during blood drawing (i.e., phlebotomy) procedures. These stands typically consist of a metallic frame that include a straight column or tubular structure with a metal or plastic platform at the top to hold the arm in an appropriate position. These units also have a heavy base,  typically mounted on casters with wheel lockers at the lower end. The stand also includes a mechanism that permits manual adjustment of the height of the upper platform. Adjustable-height blood drawing stands are used by phlebotomists to facilitate blood drawing, either as isolated devices or as a component of a blood drawing station."
    },
    {
      "code": "27887",
      "display": "Blood Drawing Stations",
      "definition": "Installations (stations) designed for blood drawing (i.e., phlebotomy) procedures. These stations typically consist of a combination of an easy-access rack or shelf for consumables (e.g., sample test tubes, gloves, strap tourniquets) and waste containers. The station also includes either a chair, typically with an adjustable arm board, or a standard chair and an adjustable height stand to accommodate the patient's arm. Blood drawing stations are intended for use in healthcare facilities to facilitate the procedure and improve safety for the phlebotomist. They are mainly used in facilities that perform a great volume of procedures, such as blood banks, hospitals, and clinical laboratories. Dedicated blood drawing stations intended for infants and/or disabled people are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "37344",
      "display": "Blood Glucose Analyzer/Sphygmomanometers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for both the measurement of the concentration of glucose in blood and the non-invasive measurement of blood pressure. Blood glucose measurement is typically accomplished using an electrochemical method (i.e., electric current is measured when glucose oxidase converts glucose to gluconic acid on a blood-dampened reagent strip). Blood pressure measurement is performed non-invasively using a blood pressure cuff, which is automatically inflated by an air pump incorporated in the unit. These devices may incorporate computerized data management capabilities for storage and retrieval of test results. These blood glucose analyzer/sphygmomanometers are intended to be used in the point-of-care setting and may be operated by healthcare providers (e.g., nurses) or patients with a minimum of, or without, previous training."
    },
    {
      "code": "16811",
      "display": "Blood Pheresis Sets",
      "definition": "Combinations of preassembled disposable devices designed to process blood in apheresis units. These sets typically include tubing, needles, and collection bags; they may also include the solutions used in the procedure (e.g., saline, anticoagulants). Blood pheresis sets are available as closed sets with all components and products preattached or as open sets that usually do not include the solutions needed for the process."
    },
    {
      "code": "23147",
      "display": "Blood Pheresis Sets, Closed",
      "definition": "Blood pheresis sets in which all the components are preattached as a closed system. These devices typically include a set of tubing, needles, collection bags, and saline solutions and anticoagulants; some closed sets have sterile-barrier filters that permit users to provide their own intravenous and anticoagulant solutions. Closed blood pheresis sets are used to extend storage life of the products (e.g., five days for platelets). They are used in apheresis units."
    },
    {
      "code": "23148",
      "display": "Blood Pheresis Sets, Open",
      "definition": "Blood pheresis sets in which the components can be attached in-situ, allowing flexibility in the connection and use of intravenous and anticoagulant solutions. These sets typically include tubing, needles, and collection bags. Open blood pheresis sets are simpler and allow more flexibility than closed sets, but the pheresis products can be stored only for several hours. They are used in apheresis units."
    },
    {
      "code": "11071",
      "display": "Blood Pressure Cuff Inflators",
      "definition": "Devices used to inject air manually into a blood pressure cuff. Blood pressure cuff inflators typically consist of a rubber bulb and may include tubing and an air release valve."
    },
    {
      "code": "35273",
      "display": "Blood Substitutes",
      "definition": "Substances designed to substitute all or some of the properties of human blood or its components. A whole blood substitute should provide a reasonable amount of oxygen delivery when compared with human red blood cells, should be readily available, and have a long storage life, preferably at room temperature; the substitute should not induce immune responses (i.e., lack of antigenicity) and have a low capability to transmit infections. Most blood substitutes are intended to provide a substitute for the oxygen-carrying capabilities of blood (i.e., red blood cell substitutes); there are also some blood component substances intended as platelet substitutes."
    },
    {
      "code": "35274",
      "display": "Blood Substitutes, Oxygen-Carrying",
      "definition": "Substances designed to substitute the oxygen-carrying capability of the red cells of human blood. There are two main types of oxygen-carrying blood substitutes: (1) perfluorocarbon-(PFC) and (2) hemoglobin-based. PFC are synthetic hydrocarbons that can carry and release oxygen; PFC compounds should be emulsified because they do not mix with blood.  and vaporize after infusion and are exhaled in a few days. Hemoglobin-based substitutes may be obtained from human or animal (typically cow) hemoglobin or using recombinant procedures that insert the gene of human hemoglobin into bacteria and then collect the hemoglobin product from the bacterial culture. Oxygen-carrying blood substitutes are intended to provide a substitute for red blood cells for a limited period of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "34514",
      "display": "Blood Substitutes, Platelet",
      "definition": "Substances designed to substitute the hemostasis capability of platelets of human blood without associated thrombogenicity. There are several types of compounds intended for platelet substitutes, including: (1) infusible platelet membranes produced from human platelets, (2) fibrinogen-coated albumin microspheres, and (3) liposome-based agents. Platelet blood substitutes are intended to increase in-vivo hemostasis for a significant period of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "35280",
      "display": "Blood Volume Expansion Solutions",
      "definition": "Intravenous solutions used to provide replacement for blood losses in the circulatory system. These solutions do not replace red blood cells or any other component of the blood but an increase in the volume of circulating blood helps to improve oxygen delivery when there is a considerable blood loss. There are two main types of blood volume expansion solutions: (1) crystalloid solutions consisting of aqueous solutions of water-soluble molecules such as mineral salts (e.g., normal saline, Ringer's lactate or acetate); and (2) colloid solutions consisting of large insoluble molecules (e.g., gelatins, starches) that increase the intravascular volume but not the interstitial and intracellular volumes. Blood volume expansion solutions are used to treat patients who have suffered hemorrhage or shock due to reduced blood volume (usually due to hemorrhage) and it is necessary to get the blood volume back to normal as quickly as possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "34692",
      "display": "Blu-Ray Players",
      "definition": "Video and audio players designed to reproduce (playback) large amounts of digital data stored in a special type of optical disk known as Blu-ray and has a greater density than digital versatile disks (e.g., 25, 50 GB). They are mainly intended for high-definition video signals storage. These players usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes an optical reader with a \"blue\" (violet) light laser (typically 405 nm wavelength); data processors; controls; and a slot to place a Blu-ray disk (BD). The players also include a digital/analog converter and other accessories such as a display and loudspeakers to playback both video and audio signals (typical in portable players) or provide output to high-definition video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets) that may include 3-D signals.  Most Blu-ray players have capabilities to play digital versatile disks and audio and video optical compact discs (CDs) using the same disk slot. BD players are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions; BD players may provide direct access to Internet data. Most BD recorders include also playback capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "19013",
      "display": "Boards",
      "definition": "Flat, usually rectangular, pieces of material (e.g., wood, plastic) that have appropriate physical characteristics (e.g., strength) and dimensions for a particular clinical use."
    },
    {
      "code": "10184",
      "display": "Boards, Arm",
      "definition": "Boards designed to stabilize a patient's arm. Arm boards are typically constructed of hard plastic; they can be straight or curved to accommodate the arm and/or wrist. Arm boards are mostly used to maintain the patency of intravascular catheters such as those connected to an intravenous or intra-arterial line. Some arm boards are used as table (e.g., operating table) extensions (attachments)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10326",
      "display": "Boards, Bed",
      "definition": "Boards designed to be used on a bed in such a way (on top of or under the mattress) as to increase the firmness of the patient-supporting surface. These boards are typically constructed to match the dimensions of bed and are made of wood or other stiff (e.g., hard plastic) material. Bed boards are used to provide an appropriate rest surface for patients with orthopedic (e.g., spinal) traumas or disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "10608",
      "display": "Boards, Cardiac Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Boards designed to be placed under a patient to offer back support to chest compression applied during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. These boards are typically kept attached to or near beds and stretchers for use during sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest."
    },
    {
      "code": "16859",
      "display": "Boards, Dissecting",
      "definition": "Boards designed for dissection of human body parts. These boards are typically constructed of a stain- and chemical-resistant material (e.g., high-density polyethylene). To reduce the possibility of spreading infection, the surface is usually nonporous and appropriate for mechanical washing and autoclaving; the borders are typically shaped to avoid spills."
    },
    {
      "code": "11769",
      "display": "Boards, Foot",
      "definition": "Boards designed to provide support to the feet. Most footboards consist of a horizontal or slanted piece of wood or other material (e.g., hard plastic) that is placed on the floor to accommodate a sitting patient's feet. Other footboards are designed to keep the feet in a vertical position when the patient is on a bed; they are usually attached to the bed and may include lateral cushions to prevent foot rotation. Some footboards are used as table extensions (attachments) to accommodate taller patients or as vertical footrests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19014",
      "display": "Boards, Patient Transfer",
      "definition": "Boards designed to facilitate patient transfer between two close surfaces, providing a bridge on which the person can slide. These boards are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The most common are rectangular with dimensions of 50 to 76 cm x 20 to 25 cm (20 to 30 inches x 8 to 10 inches); most of them are made of wood or plastic, have tapered ends, and include cutouts or notches to facilitate placing and removal. Patient transfer boards are used to transfer disabled patients to and from wheelchairs, beds, stretchers, commodes, and bathtubs."
    },
    {
      "code": "13673",
      "display": "Boards, Spine (Retired)",
      "definition": "Boards designed to ensure spinal immobilization during patient transportation. These boards consist of a stiff material (e.g., wood, hard plastic, aluminum) that usually includes multiple strap and handhold openings. Typically full-size boards of 183 x 41 cm (72 x 16 inches) and small-size boards of 81 x 33 cm (32 x 13 inches) are available. Spine boards can be used alone or placed on stretchers (e.g., basket stretchers) when spinal injuries are suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "16176",
      "display": "Body Exhaust Systems",
      "definition": "Clothing, frequently including a helmet, with accessory evacuation devices that permit recovery of shed body particles.  Body exhaust systems are worn by surgical staff (e.g., for orthopedic procedures) in order to provide an ultraclean environment for the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "37600",
      "display": "Boilers",
      "definition": "Units designed to heat water to produce steam, which is usually transferred to and used by another piece of equipment. Boilers can be an integrated part of other equipment or a stand-alone unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "16077",
      "display": "Bolts, Bone",
      "definition": "Bolts designed to be inserted through the hole created in a bone and then secured by nuts and washers. These bolts typically consist of metallic or plastic pins or rods that are either threaded at one end with a head at the other end or threaded at both ends; bone bolts are usually supplied with washers for both ends and one or two nuts. Bone bolts are used mainly for direct compression reduction and/or fixation of the proximal end of the tibia or ulna after fractures; dedicated bolts are used to lock to the bone long intramedullary nails used for tibia and femoral fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16082",
      "display": "Bone Cap Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable devices designed to cover the severed end of a long bone after amputation. These implants are typically a  hollow plastic or ceramic cylinder with one end closed and the other open to permit insertion of the bone extremity. Bone cap implants are intended to control bone overgrowth of amputated limb bones (e.g., humerus, tibia) in children and youth."
    },
    {
      "code": "41918",
      "display": "Bone Depth Gauges",
      "definition": "Devices used to measure bone depth when drilling into bone. They are small handheld instruments and may be single use or reusable. Some bone depth gages have a display and can record the measurement."
    },
    {
      "code": "37286",
      "display": "Bone Graft Substitutes",
      "definition": "Substances used as alternatives to autologous bone grafts (i.e., bone autografts) in various orthopedic procedures such as filling of bone voids, arthrodesis (i.e., bone joint fusion), repair of bone fractures, or healing of bone surrounding implanted devices (e.g., knee/hip prostheses, bone screws). Depending on the type of bone repair procedure in which they are used, some of these bone graft substitutes may be used in combination with autologous bone grafts (i.e., as bone graft extenders) rather than as standalone autograft replacements. Bone graft substitutes are intended to promote bone formation through osteogenic, osteoconductive, and/or osteoinductive means. They may be composed of biological materials (i.e., allografts, xenografts), synthetic materials, or various combinations of these materials. It is typically provided as sterile cancellous blocks, chips, or granules of varying sizes, or moldable materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "41910",
      "display": "Bone Graft Substitutes, Allograft",
      "definition": "Bone graft substitutes obtained from human donors, typically cadavers, which is intended to replace or repair an area of a patient's diseased or injured bone. Allografts are sterilely processed after harvest and prior to being transplanted to a recipient. Allograft comes in a variety of forms, including osteochondral, cortical, cancellous and highly processed bone derivatives such as demineralized bone matrix (DBM). Depending on the preparation process, allograft exhibits osteoconductive and sometimes osteoinductive potential. The donor bone graft acts as a temporary calcium deposit on which a patient's own bone eventually grows and replaces in the bone-fusing process. An allograft bone contains no living cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "41912",
      "display": "Bone Graft Substitutes, Calcium-Based",
      "definition": "Bone graft substitutes made from calcium mineral (calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite), which is intended to replace or repair an area of a patient's diseased or injured bone. Calcium-based bone graft substitutes exhibit osteostimulative and/or osteoconductive potential. These substitutes act as a temporary calcium deposit on which a patient's own bone eventually grows and replaces in the bone-fusing process."
    },
    {
      "code": "37288",
      "display": "Bone Graft Substitutes, Cell-based",
      "definition": "Bone graft substitutes that include among their components a population of viable osteogenic cells, which are typically supplied in combination with a bioresorbable scaffold. Viable cell populations consist of cell types (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitor cells) that may be sourced from one or more allogeneic sources such as bone marrow or harvested bone. These osteogenic cells may be lineage-committed bone cells or have the potential to differentiate into bone-forming cells and/or produce growth factors that promote recruitment and/or proliferation of bone-forming cells. The bone scaffold component of these bone graft substitutes typically consists of one or more allogeneic bone-derived products (e.g., demineralized bone matrix, cancellous/cortical bone chips)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41913",
      "display": "Bone Graft Substitutes, Hybrid",
      "definition": "Bone graft substitutes that combine allograft material and calcium mineral (calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite), which is intended to replace or repair an area of a patient's diseased or injured bone. Hybrid bone graft substitutes exhibit osteoconductive and osteoinductive potential. The allograft material can be demineralized bone matrix. These substitutes act as scaffolding for new bone growth."
    },
    {
      "code": "37566",
      "display": "Bone Graft Substitutes, Non-Cell-Based",
      "definition": "Bone graft substitutes that do not include among their components viable osteogenic cells. These bone graft substitutes typically consist of osteoconductive materials, which promote bone formation passively by providing a physical scaffold for bone growth. Bone scaffold materials may include various allogenic materials (e.g., demineralized bone, mineralized bone), synthetic materials (e.g., calcium sulfate, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate), xenogenic materials (e.g., animal-derived collagen, coral-derived ceramics, animal-derived bone), or combinations of these materials (i.e., composite scaffolds). Some non-cell-based bone graft substitutes may combine a scaffold material with recombinant or isolated growth factors (e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins [BMPs], platelet-derived growth factors [PDGFs])."
    },
    {
      "code": "41911",
      "display": "Bone Graft Substitutes, Xenograft",
      "definition": "Bone graft substitutes obtained from animal-derived bone (e.g., bovine, porcine), which is intended to replace or repair an area of a patient's diseased or injured bone. Xenografts are sterilely processed after harvest and prior to being transplanted to a recipient. Xenografts exhibit osteoconductive potential. The xenograft acts as a temporary calcium deposit on which a patient's own bone eventually grows and replaces in the bone-fusing process."
    },
    {
      "code": "41136",
      "display": "Bone Preparation Systems, High-Pressure Gas",
      "definition": "Systems that employ high-pressure gas (typically carbon dioxide) for physical site clearing of the bone bed by removing fatty marrow, blood, lipids, etc. These units typically consist of a portable high-pressure-gas delivery device and one or more hoses, nozzles, pressure gauges, and filters; they frequently include a handheld device with a trigger to deliver pressurized gas to the bone surface. These bone preparation systems are typically used to remove debris prior to cementation."
    },
    {
      "code": "27821",
      "display": "Bone Tamps",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to enlarge a hole into the bone cavity. These instruments typically are surgical handheld manual instruments that include a distal end that has appropriate means to enlarge and smooth the bone cavity. Bone tamps are mainly used in surgical procedures intended to insert grafts and/or bone cement, such as the repair of knee ligaments with anterior cruciate ligament tears. Dedicated bone tamps using mechanical expanders and/or balloons at the distal tip are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22539",
      "display": "Bone Tamps, Inflatable",
      "definition": "Bone Tamps with balloons  designed to enlarge a hole into the bone cavity.  Inflatable bone tamps are used to create a cavity in the cancellous bone in an orthopedic procedure (i.e. kyphoplasty). These instruments usually include a cannula with a balloon which is inserted into the intra-vertebral space and then is inflated to create a vertebral cavity under fluoroscopic guidance. Then the balloon is removed and the cavity is filled with bone cement. Inflatable bone tamps are mainly used to reduce the compression fractures (e.g., spinal fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32917",
      "display": "Bone Tamps, Vertebral Cavity Expansion Balloon",
      "definition": "Bone tamps designed as inflatable balloons intended to perform dilatation of vertebral bone cavities during percutaneous procedures. These devices typically consist of flexible balloons with radiopaque markers that are inflated with contrast media after appropriate positioned positioning inside the vertebra using a small-diameter hollow cannula attached to a syringe. Both the balloon and the cannulae are available in several sizes. Vertebral cavity expansion balloons are mainly used during kyphoplasty procedures to expand the vertebral cavities prior to filling with orthopedic cement; the procedure is intended for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18382",
      "display": "Bone Ultrasonometers",
      "definition": "Densitometers designed to assess bone density by delivering ultrasonic energy through a targeted body part; they may also be used to obtain bone structural information. These densitometers typically determine bone density by measuring the speed and/or attenuation of ultrasound energy usually over frequencies from 0.2 to 0.6 MHz (known as broadband ultrasonic attenuation [BUA]). Bone ultrasound densitometers are used mainly to determine bone density in the appendicular skeleton, typically by measuring the heel (i.e., calcaneus) bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "10459",
      "display": "Bone Wax",
      "definition": "Substances designed to control bleeding from cut or damaged bone surfaces by acting as a mechanical barrier. The material is typically used during surgical procedures or in treating traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "21907",
      "display": "Bone/Cartilage/Fascia Crushers",
      "definition": "Crushers designed to squeeze and mix bone, cartilage, and/or fascia intended for implantation during surgical procedures. These crushers are typically benchtop instruments including a metallic solid base structure with a cavity and a handle to manually compress bone, cartilage, and/or fascia. Bone/cartilage/fascia crushers are used in healthcare facilities to prepare implantable material before or while performing procedures such as plastic, orthopedic, ophthalmic, oral, or middle-ear surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "34043",
      "display": "Boots",
      "definition": "Outer coverings for the human foot that are designed to cover the foot, the ankle, and the lower part of the leg, sometimes as far as the knee or hip. Boots can be made from a wide variety of materials, depending on their intended uses. Typically, they are worn to protect the foot and leg from water, snow, mud, or hazards and to provide ankle support. Boots designed specifically for use during bathing and/or showering and to protect a cast on the leg, foot, or ankle are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10304",
      "display": "Boots, Bath/Shower",
      "definition": "Boots intended to be worn while bathing or showering to provide traction and to help prevent falls. They can also help with hygiene by protecting the feet from contact with microorganisms in shared bathing facilities. They are made of loosely woven nylon fabric for quick drainage, are stretchable, are made in several sizes based on shoe sizes, have non-skid rubber soles, and may be disposable or reusable. Bath/shower boots designed specifically to be worn over casts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10667",
      "display": "Boots, Cast Protection",
      "definition": "Boots intended to be worn by patients who are using plaster or fiberglass casts or orthopedic walking boots or braces. Cast protection boots are designed to be worn over casts to protect them from water and other contaminants while the wearer is bathing and/or showering, or outdoors in various weather conditions. They are waterproof, made of abrasion-resistant vinyl, and designed to be easily applied by the patient. They are usually made of a specialized membrane that is waterproof and breathable; some are also latex-free; they come in various sizes, from ankle-high to over-the-knee-high, and can be reused. They can be adjusted to fit over any size foot and cast with adjustable straps, zippers, and/or elasticized fittings. Some weatherproof cast protection boots are designed with a pump and a vacuum seal and with a tight fit around the leg above the cast. The pump is used to vacuum out all of the air from inside the cast cover; this makes a waterproof seal that protects the cast from water, sand, and dirt. This type of boot can be worn at the beach, in the ocean, or in swimming pools."
    },
    {
      "code": "15560",
      "display": "Bougies",
      "definition": "Slender surgical instruments designed for passing through thin anatomic tubular structures (e.g., ear canal, urethra, esophagus) for the purposes of calibrating and/or dilating the structure, guiding another instrument through the structure, or dislodging an object. These handheld, manual instruments are typically flexible, rod-shaped, frequently hollow cylinders of metal, plastic, or rubber; they come in a variety of shapes and diameters. Dedicated bougies are available with a variety of shapes at their distal tip, such as bulbous or olive-shaped. Some bougies allow the introduction of a filament with a very small caliber (i.e., a filiform) through the hollow core and/or include a balloon at the distal tip."
    },
    {
      "code": "20995",
      "display": "Bougies, Bronchus",
      "definition": "Bougies designed to be inserted through the working channel of a rigid or flexible bronchoscope and used to dilate the bronchi. These manual, handheld devices are typically hollow metal or plastic cylinders with a tapered working end. Bronchial bougies are used to produce stricture dilation to improve ventilation and prevent atelectasis and pneumonia; they are also used prior to stent implantation. Dedicated bronchoscopy dilators with an inflatable balloon are also used for bronchial stricture dilatation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20996",
      "display": "Bougies, Ear Canal/Eustachian Tube",
      "definition": "Bougies designed for probing and/or dilating the conducts of the ear canal and/or the eustachian tube. These manual, handheld devices are typically hollow metallic or plastic cylinders with a tapered working end. Ear canal/eustachian tube bougies are mainly used during surgical procedures involving the middle ear, the nasal cavity, and/or nasopharynx."
    },
    {
      "code": "11597",
      "display": "Bougies, Esophagus",
      "definition": "Bougies designed for passing through the esophagus, usually to dilate and/or calibrate strictures. These handheld, manual instruments consist of a strong-walled rubber tube that is filled with mercury (or tungsten) or a set of perforated, olive-shaped tips, devices that are inserted via a previously swallowed string. Esophageal bougies are intended to treat strictures, stenosis, esophagitis, and/or cardiospasm; some esophageal bougies permit the introduction of an extremely slender solid tube (a filiform) via their lumen for use as a guide or for dilation of very thin strictures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21005",
      "display": "Bougies, Esophagus, Filiform",
      "definition": "Extremely slender esophageal bougies designed to explore and/or dilate the esophagus. These manual, handheld devices are typically solid metallic or plastic tapered tubes; some devices include an olive-shaped tip at the distal end. A filiform bougie may be introduced directly or via an appropriate esophageal catheter; the device may also be used as a guide by attaching it to the distal end of a larger-diameter bougie. They are used mainly to treat minute cicatricial strictures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21002",
      "display": "Bougies, Esophagus, Mercury-Filled",
      "definition": "Esophageal bougies filled with mercury (a metal that is liquid at room temperature) that are designed to dilate a narrowed area in the esophagus. These bougies are typically strong-walled rubber or latex tubes filled with mercury to provide a flexible weight, either with a round, blunt tip (Hurst type) or a fine tip tapered to full diameter over several centimeters from the tip (Maloney type). Mercury-filled esophageal bougies are available in sets that include bougies with a variety of diameters; they are intended to treat cardiospasm, esophagitis, and stenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21004",
      "display": "Bougies, Esophagus, Olive-Tip",
      "definition": "Bougies designed to calibrate esophageal strictures and/or dilate the esophagus using a set of olive-shaped tips. These manual, handheld devices typically consist of a set of perforated olive-shaped tips that are inserted in the esophagus in increasing order of diameter via a swallowed string, frequently using a spring mechanism. Olive-tip bougies are mainly intended to treat esophageal strictures in children and adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "21003",
      "display": "Bougies, Esophagus, Tungsten-Filled",
      "definition": "Esophageal bougies filled with tungsten (a metal that is solid at room temperature) that are designed to dilate a narrowed area in the esophagus. These bougies are typically strong-walled polyvinyl chloride or silicone tubes filled with tungsten powder suspended in a gel to provide weight, either with a round, blunt tip (Hurst type) or a fine tip tapered to full diameter over several centimeters from the tip (Maloney type). They are used with the same techniques as mercury-filled bougies. Tungsten-filled esophageal bougies are available in sets that include bougies with a variety of diameters; they are intended to treat cardiospasm, esophagitis, and stenosis. Tungsten-filled bougies (i.e., mercury-free bougies) are used as an alternative to mercury-filled bougies to avoid the hazards of mercury manipulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "14286",
      "display": "Bougies, Urethra",
      "definition": "Bougies designed to explore (e.g., to search for stones) and/or dilate the urethra. These manual, handheld devices are typically hollow metallic or plastic cylinders that often have a tapered working end. Some urethral bougies permit the introduction of an extremely slender solid tube (a filiform) through their lumen for use as a guide or for dilation of very thin strictures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21007",
      "display": "Bougies, Urethra, Filiform",
      "definition": "Extremely slender urethral bougies designed to explore and/or dilate the urethra. These manual, handheld devices are typically metallic or plastic, thread-shaped, tapered, slender solid tubes; some devices include an olive-shaped tip at the distal end. A filiform bougie may be introduced directly or via an appropriately threaded urethral catheter or bougie. The device may also be used as a guide by attaching it to the distal end of a larger-diameter bougie."
    },
    {
      "code": "15561",
      "display": "Bowls",
      "definition": "Containers that are typically round or kidney shaped, concave, and wider than they are deep. These containers are used for holding, mixing, and/or storing foods, liquids, bodily fluids, and/or devices/supplies. These containers may be reusable (e.g., made of metal or ceramics that can be cleaned/autoclaved) or disposable (e.g., made of plastic or cardboard)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17221",
      "display": "Bowls, Cement Mixing",
      "definition": "Containers intended for use in mixing polymethylmethacrylate powder with methylmethacrylate monomer in order to produce polymerising bone cement."
    },
    {
      "code": "16213",
      "display": "Bowls, Ear",
      "definition": "Bowls used with ear cleaning kits for the purpose of catching water as the ear is being flushed. These bowls are typically made of plastic or metal and have a depression that fits around the ear."
    },
    {
      "code": "11522",
      "display": "Bowls, Emesis",
      "definition": "Bowls used to collect/contain vomit or oral secretions. Emesis bowls may be reusable (e.g., made of metal) or disposable (e.g., made of cardboard or plastic), and often contain an indentation around the lip of the bowl to accommodate the chin."
    },
    {
      "code": "32779",
      "display": "Bowls, Guide Wire",
      "definition": "Bowls designed to hold guide wires in an appropriate position and facilitate easy removal during the procedure. These devices typically consist of  plastic material bowls with integral lips and recessed bottoms that hold the guide wire. Guide wire bowls are usually available as sterile disposable devices that are supplied in individually packaged units; the bowls are frequently as components of angiography procedure kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "13637",
      "display": "Bowls, Liquid Mixing/Storage",
      "definition": "Bowls used to store, mix, and/or collect solutions. These bowls may be reusable (e.g., made of metal that can be cleaned/autoclaved) or disposable (e.g., made of plastic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13692",
      "display": "Bowls, Sponge Collection",
      "definition": "Bowls used to store and/or collect used sponges during surgical or other procedures. These bowls may be reusable (e.g., made of metal that can be cleaned/autoclaved) or disposable (e.g., made of plastic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15864",
      "display": "Bowls, Wash",
      "definition": "Bowls used to hold water for the purpose of bathing patients. They may also be used for limb soaking. These bowls may be reusable (e.g., made of metal that can be cleaned/autoclaved) or disposable (e.g., made of plastic, paper pulp, or cardboard)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20913",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators",
      "definition": "Devices designed  to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them at the treatment site; brachytherapy applicators typically include components such as hollow needles, tubes, catheters, holders, and/or templates. These applicators may be configured for manual or automated approaches (i.e., connected to a remote afterloading brachytherapy system) and may be placed using endoscopic or image-guided techniques. Brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat malignant tumors on the surface of the body (i.e., topical) or within the body (e.g., interstitial, intracavitary, intraluminal). Dedicated applicators are available for use on a specific treatment site or with a particular afterloading system; some brachytherapy applicators are designed specifically to treat intravascular restenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17732",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Automated",
      "definition": "Brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them at the treatment site using automated procedures; automated brachytherapy applicators are usually connected to (either directly or through a transfer tube), or are an integral part of, a remote afterloading system. These applicators typically include hollow needles, catheters, templates, and/or cannulae; they are frequently configured for use according to the treatment site, such as on the surface of the body (i.e., topical) or within the body (e.g., interstitial, intracavitary). Most applicators are configured for use only with a particular afterloading system. Automated brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20918",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Automated, Interstitial/Intracavitary",
      "definition": "Automated brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them in (natural or surgically created) interstices or cavities of the body. These applicators typically include hollow needles, catheters, and/or cannulae and are frequently configured for use according to the treatment site within the body (e.g., brain, bladder, biliary ducts, breast). Some applicators include a catheter with a balloon at the tip that is left in a surgical cavity (e.g., after extraction of a breast lump); several treatments are performed after surgery by introducing a radioactive source (i.e., seed) into the balloon through a catheter for a predetermined period of time. The radioactive source is delivered by a remote afterloading brachytherapy system. Interstitial/intracavitary automated brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat malignant tumors in internal tissue (e.g., sarcoma) and/or organs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20919",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Automated, Interstitial/Intracavitary, Tandem/Ovoid",
      "definition": "Automated brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them in the uterine cavity. The applicator consists of a hollow metal tube (i.e., tandem), which temporarily holds the radioactive source, and two semioval, cuplike structures (i.e., ovoids) placed on either side of the cervix. The applicator holds the radioactive source during treatment and includes tiny shields to reduce the radiation dose to the rectum and bladder. The tandem is fixed inside a hollow plastic tube (i.e., Smitt sleeve) previously inserted into the uterine cavity. Tandem/ovoid interstitial/intracavitary applicators are used to treat cervical cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20920",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Automated, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Automated brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver a therapeutic radiactive source (e.g., metallic wire, liquid container), retrieve it from, and/or hold it in a predetermined area inside a vessel and/or a stent previously inserted into the vessel. These applicators usually include a double-lumen catheter that locates the radioactive source; they are connected to, or are an integral part of, an intravascular automated brachytherapy system. Intravascular automated brachytherapy applicators are intended to prevent and/or treat restenosis in arteries and/or vascular stents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20917",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Automated, Topical",
      "definition": "Automated brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them on the surface of the body. The radioactive source is delivered by a remote afterloading system. These applicators typically include special holders and templates and are frequently configured for use according to the treatment site (e.g., neck, eyes). Topical automated brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat malignant tumors on or close to the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "20914",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Manual",
      "definition": "Brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them at the treatment site using manual procedures, without any connection to an automated afterloading system. These applicators typically include hollow needles, catheters, templates, and/or cannulae; and are frequently configured for use according to the treatment site, such as on the surface of the body (i.e., topical) or within the body (e.g., interstitial, intracavitary). Manual brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20916",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Manual, Interstitial/Intracavitary",
      "definition": "Manual brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them inside tissue (i.e., interstitial) and/or natural or surgically created body cavities (i.e., intracavitary). These applicators typically include hollow needles, catheters, and/or cannulae and are frequently configured for use according to the treatment site within the body (e.g., brain, bladder, biliary ducts, breast). Some applicators include a catheter with a balloon at the tip that is left in a surgical cavity for introduction of solid radioactive sources (i.e., seeds) after surgery. Interstitial/intracavitary manual brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat malignant tumors in internal tissue and/or organs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20686",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Manual, Interstitial/Intracavitary, Liquid Radioisotope",
      "definition": "Manual brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver radioactive liquids to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them in interstices or cavities (often surgically created) of the body. These applicators usually include one or more catheters with a balloon at the tip, as well as anchoring clips, noncoring needles, an infusion set with appropriate syringes and shields, and supplies. The balloon is left in the surgical cavity (e.g., after extraction of a tumor). After surgery, the liquid radioactive source is introduced into the balloon to allow radiation treatment very close to the tissue adjacent to the resected tumor. Liquid radioisotope brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat to malignant brain tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20915",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Applicators, Manual, Topical",
      "definition": "Manual brachytherapy applicators designed to deliver therapeutic radioactive sources to, retrieve them from, and/or hold them on the surface of the body. These applicators typically include special holders and templates and are frequently configured for use according to the treatment site (e.g., neck, eyes). Topical manual brachytherapy applicators are typically used to treat malignant tumors on or close to the skin or other external surface of the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "17518",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Sources",
      "definition": "Sources of radiation used in either manual or remote-afterloading brachytherapy treatments. These sources consist of radioactive isotopes that may be either naturally occurring or accelerator/reactor produced. Brachytherapy sources produce the radiation that is used to deliver either external or internal curative or palliative radiotherapy treatments. They are available in a variety of physical forms such as encapsulated (sealed), plated, foil, or imbedded; they contain radioactive liquids, gels,  other nonsolids, or gases. Radioactive isotopes commonly used in brachytherapy applications include  paladium-103 (Pd-103), iridium-192 (Ir-192), and iodine-125 (I-125)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20352",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to perform radiotherapy by administering a radioisotope directly into tissue (e.g., tumor, intravascular) to prevent or reduce tissue proliferation. These systems typically include a radiation delivery unit, a source safe, applicators, and controls. Brachytherapy systems (e.g., remote afterloading systems) are used to treat cancer and other types of abnormal proliferative tissue (e.g., intravascular restenosis), minimizing the radiation dose to surrounding tissue and avoiding hospital staff exposure to radiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34048",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Systems, Electronic X-Ray Source",
      "definition": "Brachytherapy systems designed to deliver radiation therapy in the form of x-rays to tissues. These systems typically consist of a control system and a miniaturized, electronic x-ray source that generates high-dose-rate, low-energy x-rays. The x-ray source may be housed in a probe or in the tip of a flexible catheter, allowing the x-ray source to be placed in close proximity to the target tissue. During a radiation therapy procedure, the x-ray source is typically used with dedicated applicators intended to provide a uniform dose within the targeted field while limiting exposure of non-targeted tissue. The control system consists of a microprocessor-based computer that allows the user to modify treatment parameters; start and/or stop treatment; and record and review treatment data. These systems are typically used in the treatment of cancers (e.g., intraoperative treatment of invasive breast cancer, treatment of skin cancer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20353",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Systems, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Brachytherapy systems designed to deliver radiation (e.g., beta, gamma) to tissue inside the vessels (e.g., coronary or peripheral arteries). These systems typically consist of a radioisotope source delivery unit and a catheter specially designed for application of the intravascular radiation. The most common isotope for gamma irradiation is Iridium-192; for beta irradiation, Phosporous-32, Rhenium-188, Yttrium-90, Strontium-90, and their compounds are used. Intravascular restenosis brachytherapy systems are mainly intended to prevent and/or treat excessive intimal proliferation of tissue that progressively obstructs the arterial lumen (i.e., restenosis) of arteries after angioplasty procedures, frequently inside implanted stents."
    },
    {
      "code": "17517",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Systems, Remote Afterloading",
      "definition": "Brachytherapy systems designed for automated delivery of radioisotopes, usually cesium-137 or iridium-192, directly into cancerous tissue. These systems are typically radioisotope delivery units (i.e., afterload unit) with a source-drive mechanism (usually a computer-controlled stepper motor with drive rollers or belts), a shielded safe, applicators, a control console, and a computerized planning unit. Brachytherapy systems may include treatment planning modules, a motorized treatment table with three-dimensional (i.e., X, Y, and Z) movement, and x-ray imaging capabilities, completely integrating the treatment planning system for immediate update of dose distribution. Radiation isotopes are delivered using either special applicators for specific body cavities or disposable needles, tubes, or catheters for interstitial delivery. Remote afterloading systems are commonly used to treat a range of cancers, including endometrial, cervical, pancreatic, and endobronchial."
    },
    {
      "code": "20922",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Templates",
      "definition": "Predrilled plates with holes that are used to guide the insertion of catheters, needles, or other hollow devices in a parallel pattern (e.g., rectangles, concentric circles) to cover the tumor volume during brachytherapy treatments. They are typically used during brachytherapy procedures at internal sites."
    },
    {
      "code": "20924",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Templates, Flexible",
      "definition": "Brachytherapy templates made of flexible plastic or rubber. These templates are usually attached (e.g., sutured) to the treatment area once the catheters or needles are properly positioned. They are typically used during high-dose brachytherapy procedures at internal sites such as the prostate gland."
    },
    {
      "code": "20923",
      "display": "Brachytherapy Templates, Rigid",
      "definition": "Brachytherapy templates made of metal or rigid synthetic material. These templates are usually clamped to the treatment table during the procedure. They are typically used to insert radioactive sources (i.e., seeds) during low-dose brachytherapy procedures at internal sites such as the prostate and the brain."
    },
    {
      "code": "10479",
      "display": "Brassieres",
      "definition": "Undergarments designed to be worn to support the weight of women's breasts. They are constructed of an elasticized fabric chest band that wraps around the woman's torso and two fabric cups to hold the breasts. Brassieres typically include two shoulder straps; some are made without straps. Some brassieres include flexible underwires inserted at the bottom of the cups to add support. The brassieres are typically fastened by a hook-and-eye closure in either the front between the cups or at the back of the bra. Bras intended for use during sleep or during athletic activities typically do not have fasteners and are pulled on over the head and breasts. Bras designed to be worn without removal by a mother while breastfeeding, or to hold and support the breasts post-surgery, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10480",
      "display": "Brassieres, Maternity",
      "definition": "Brassieres designed to be worn by women during pregnancy and by lactating women post-pregnancy who are breastfeeding (or nursing) their infants. Maternity brassieres are designed to be stretchy, typically include wide straps, soft cotton lining, and extra hooks and eyes on the band to allow size adjustments. They are constructed of an elasticized fabric chest band that wraps around the woman's torso, two fabric cups to hold the breasts, and typically, two shoulder straps. Some maternity brassieres are strapless and some include convertible straps that can either be removed or used as halter style or crisscross style across the back. Some include flexible underwires inserted at the bottom of the cups to add support. Maternity brassieres are typically fastened by a hook-and-eye closure in either the front between the cups or at the back of the bra. Some have no fasteners and can be put on or removed by pulling over the head. Maternity brassieres worn by lactating women are designed to facilitate breastfeeding without the need to remove the brassiere. These brassieres have cups or flaps that can be opened easily with one hand and can be pulled aside to allow easy access to the nipples for breastfeeding; once breastfeeding is complete, the flap or cup can be replaced and held closed with a simple clasp or hook. Maternity brassieres worn by lactating women might include removable, absorbent, replaceable nursing pads to handle excess lactation."
    },
    {
      "code": "10481",
      "display": "Brassieres, Post-Surgical",
      "definition": "Brassieres designed to be worn continuously to protect and stabilize breasts, and to protect and secure surgical sites, stitches, and drains, during the post-surgical healing period. Surgical procedures might include breast reduction, breast lift, breast implants, mastectomy, or breast reconstruction. Post-surgical bras are constructed of an elasticized fabric chest band that wraps around the woman's torso, two cups to hold the breasts, and two shoulder straps. They are typically fastened by a hook-and-eye closure in either the front between the cups or at the back of the bra on adjustable bands. Some post-surgical bras are designed to provide compression all around the torso for women with chest or breast lymphedema. Post-mastectomy bras include pockets in the cups into which external breast prostheses can be placed."
    },
    {
      "code": "37365",
      "display": "Breast Implant Sleeves",
      "definition": "Single-use devices intended to facilitate placement of a silicone gel-based breast implant into the surgical pocket during breast reconstruction/augmentation surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a cone-shaped sleeve constructed of a transparent, flexible polymeric material. The interior of the sleeve has a hydrophilic coating that promotes passage of the implant through the sleeve."
    },
    {
      "code": "16111",
      "display": "Breast Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable devices designed for breast reconstruction and/or augmentation. These implants typically consist of an outer shell (e.g., silicone elastomer) that may include single or double (i.e., one shell inside the outer shell) lumen, a liquid or gel filler, and a patch to seal the shell once filled. The shell may be prefilled or filled during the surgery; some implants allow filler volume adjustment after implantation. Breast implants are available in a variety of surfaces, shapes, volumes, and shell thicknesses; they are usually filled with liquid (typically saline) and gel (typically silicone gel)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17855",
      "display": "Breast Implants, Gel-Filled",
      "definition": "Breast implants that are prefilled with silicone gel. These implants typically consist of an outer shell (e.g., silicone elastomer) that may include a single or double (i.e., one shell inside the outer shell) lumen, silicone gel filler, and a patch to seal the shell once filled. Single-lumen implants are prefilled with a fixed volume of gel in the manufacturing process. Double-lumen implants have an inner lumen prefilled with silicone gel and an outer lumen ready for filling with saline during surgical implantation or vice versa; some implants may allow adjustment of the saline content after implantation. Silicone gel breast implants are intended for breast reconstruction and/or augmentation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23909",
      "display": "Breast Implants, Nipple",
      "definition": "Implants designed for replacement, restoration, and or enhancement of a breast nipple that has been surgically removed. Breast nipple implants are an elastomeric (e.g., all-silicone) device with a partially visible outer face (i.e., the part resembling the nipple) that is usually covered with an outer coating that resembles the nipple in appearance and texture. Nipple breast implants are used in reconstructive surgery after total or partial mastectomy and/or for cosmetic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23844",
      "display": "Breast Implants, Saline-Filled",
      "definition": "Breast implants that are either prefilled or filled during surgery with saline solution. These implants typically consist of a single-lumen outer shell (e.g., silicone elastomer), saline solution as filler, and a patch to seal the shell once filled. The implants may be either prefilled or filled during surgery through a valve with a fixed volume of saline; some implants that are filled during surgery may allow adjustment of the saline content after implantation. Saline breast implants are intended for breast reconstruction and/or augmentation."
    },
    {
      "code": "39660",
      "display": "Breast Lesion Localization Implants, Tumor Resection Guidance System",
      "definition": "Single-use implantable devices intended for nonradioactive, wire-free lesion localization during excisional breast procedures when used in combination with tumor resection guidance systems. These implants typically consist of a small (e.g., 1 to 4 mm in width/length) device supplied preloaded in a needle-based applicator for percutaneous insertion of the device under image guidance (e.g., radiographic, ultrasound). Tumor resection guidance system implants are designed to allow preoperative implantation up to 30 days before surgical intervention. Breast lesion localization implants based on various modalities are available, including infrared light-activated radar reflectors, magnetic seeds, and radiofrequency identification tags; the implants are intended to work with a tumor resection guidance system based on the same technological modality and typically supplied by the same manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17906",
      "display": "Breast Lesion Localization Wires",
      "definition": "Metal wires designed to be inserted into breast tissue under image guidance (e.g., radiographic, ultrasound) to serve as a physical guide for subsequent surgical resection of a breast lesion. Breast lesion localization wires are typically inserted on the day of an excisional breast procedure (e.g., breast conserving surgical resection, excisional biopsy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28292",
      "display": "Breath Sounds Measuring Instruments",
      "definition": "Physiologic measuring instruments designed to detect, quantify, and give a real-time analysis of breathing sounds captured during a short span of time (e.g., 30 seconds).  These instruments also measure the proportion of the respiratory cycle occupied by continuous high-pitched whistling noises (i.e., wheezing). These instruments typically consist of a handheld unit with on/off controls; an electronic processor with dedicated software; a display; and a detachable probe that includes a sound sensor which is placed on the patient's neck.  Breathing sounds measuring instruments are used in healthcare facilities, in the field, and at home for a quick evaluation of the patient's status and to detect the presence of wheezing after drug (e.g., bronchodilator) administration."
    },
    {
      "code": "10486",
      "display": "Breathing Bags",
      "definition": "Disposable, elastomeric reservoir sacs that store breathing gas during the respiratory cycle. Breathing bags may be implemented on the inspiratory or expiratory limb of a breathing circuit depending on the breathing circuit design.  Breathing bags may also act as maximum pressure limiting devices during spontaneous or manually assisted ventilation."
    },
    {
      "code": "10123",
      "display": "Breathing Circuit Adapters",
      "definition": "Devices used to connect breathing circuits to breathing tubes, masks, tubing, or other components.  Breathing circuit adapters are typically constructed of plastic and metal and are available in disposable and reusable types. These adapters can be straight, elbow-shaped, T-shape, or Y-shaped. They also may allow for partial rotation with a swivel point and may include a port."
    },
    {
      "code": "42023",
      "display": "Breathing Circuit Adapters, T-Shaped",
      "definition": "Breathing circuit adapters shaped like a �T� which allows an additional device, such as a nebulizer, to be included in the breathing circuit."
    },
    {
      "code": "42022",
      "display": "Breathing Circuit Adapters, Y-Shaped",
      "definition": "Breathing circuit adapters shaped like a �Y� with one branch of the �Y� acting as a patient connection and two branches acting as tubing connections."
    },
    {
      "code": "15562",
      "display": "Breathing Circuits",
      "definition": "Devices that deliver oxygen, air or other gases to a patient.  They are typically constructed of rubber or flexible plastic tubing and are available in reusable and disposable types."
    },
    {
      "code": "10139",
      "display": "Breathing Circuits, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Breathing circuits used to administer medical gases from an anesthesia unit and provide ventilation to patients during general anesthesia; they typically include both an inhalation and exhalation route.  Anesthesia breathing circuits maybe  disposable or reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "15003",
      "display": "Breathing Circuits, Ventilator",
      "definition": "Breathing circuits used to deliver room air or oxygen-enriched gas from a ventilator to a patient.  They also provide connections for devices that humidify, deliver medications, and/or monitor gas within the breathing circuit."
    },
    {
      "code": "41898",
      "display": "Breathing Mouthpieces",
      "definition": "Devices that are designed for partial insertion into a patient�s mouth and to function as interfaces between a patient and a respiratory device. Mouthpieces are typically small rigid tube-shaped devices. These devices are usually disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "28101",
      "display": "Bristled Mats, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Bristled mats designed to apply pressure on points that are very close to each other on a particular area of the body for therapeutic purposes. These devices typically consist of a symmetrical arrangement of many plastic bristles attached at uniform distances (e.g., 3 or 6 mm/0.125 or 0.25 inches). The bristles are usually shaped as needles or resembling washers; they are fixed in a fabric or plastic mat. Bristled mats are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, according to the intended area of the body to be treated.  The mats may stimulate the skin and the peripheral blood circulation; they are intended to have a therapeutic effect on the musculoskeletal system, spine, joints, and muscles and also to reduce pain and improve sleeping."
    },
    {
      "code": "17760",
      "display": "Broaches",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to shape and enlarge holes in hard materials and/or tissues (e.g., bone, tooth) and/or to remove material from them during surgical or dental procedures. They are typically manual, handheld instruments with an elongated, tapered, and serrated working end and a handle. Dedicated broaches are used in bone cavity preparation and endodontic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21010",
      "display": "Broaches, Dental",
      "definition": "Broaches designed to shape and enlarge dental cavities (e.g., root canal) and/or to remove dental tissue. Dental broaches are typically manual, handheld instruments with an elongated, tapered, and serrated working end and a handle. Dedicated dental broaches are used mainly in endodontic procedures to remove intact pulp tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "16411",
      "display": "Broaches, Dental, Endodontic",
      "definition": "Dental broaches designed to enlarge the root canal. An endodontic broach is often one of the first instruments used to perform an endodontic procedure. These devices typically are thin, flexible, manual, handheld instruments with a tapered and pointed working end. They are smooth or, more frequently, have a series of sharply pointed barbed projections curved backward and obliquely and have a handle. Barbed broaches are used primarily to remove intact pulp tissue, while smooth root-canal broaches are also used as explorers."
    },
    {
      "code": "21008",
      "display": "Broaches, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Broaches designed to shape and enlarge holes in bone and/or to remove material from bone during surgical procedures. They are typically manual, handheld instruments with an elongated, tapered, and serrated working end and a handle. Bone broaches are used in bone cavity preparation for prosthesis insertion; dedicated broaches are available for use in the intramedullary canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "21009",
      "display": "Broaches, Surgical, Bone, Intramedullary Canal",
      "definition": "Bone surgical broaches designed to shape and enlarge holes in the intramedullary canal. These broaches are typically manual, handheld instruments with an elongated, tapered, and serrated working end and a handle. Intramedullary canal broaches are used mainly for cavity preparation before prosthesis insertion."
    },
    {
      "code": "10491",
      "display": "Bronchoscopes",
      "definition": "Respiratory tract endoscopes designed to view the interior of the respiratory tract, particularly the trachea and the bronchi of the lungs for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.  These endoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; these endoscopes may be flexible or rigid. Therapeutic bronchoscopes (with operating channels) may be used to perform biopsies and laser surgery, remove foreign objects, aspirate fluids, and administer diagnostic agents or therapy using devices such as lasers, electrosurgical units, or surgical instruments. These endoscopes may be flexible or rigid."
    },
    {
      "code": "15073",
      "display": "Bronchoscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Bronchoscopes with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure, capable of being manipulated  through the lumen of the curved path of the respiratory tract. The sheath is usually made of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "17662",
      "display": "Bronchoscopes, Flexible, Video",
      "definition": "Flexible bronchoscopes equipped with a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "25706",
      "display": "Bronchoscopes, Flexible, Video, Image-Guided, Extended-Reach",
      "definition": "Flexible bronchoscopes with video capabilities designed to reach deep into the lungs near the pleura and adjacent (carinal and mediastinal) lymph nodes. These devices consist of a flexible video bronchoscope that includes a disposable steerable guide with a location sensor at its distal tip and a disposable catheter that extends the reach of the working channel. The bronchoscope typically works using electromagnetic guidance (i.e., navigation) provided by previous images from a CT scan. The bronchoscope also includes a computerized central unit with a display showing real time images and dedicated software that permits electromagnetic tracking and guiding of the guide tip and /or planning of the procedures to be performed. A set of dedicated disposable tools (e.g., forceps, brushes) intended for use with the instrument through the extended working channel are also available. Extended-reach peripheral lung flexible video bronchoscopes are intended for diagnosis and biopsy of peripheral lung lesions, accurate localization of lymph nodes, and marking of tumors to guide external radiation and/or brachytherapy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "25705",
      "display": "Bronchoscopes, Flexible, Video/Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Bronchoscopes designed to access, examine, diagnose, obtain samples for biopsy, and/or treat the lower respiratory track (i.e., the bronchi) and surrounding anatomic structures using ultrasonic probes. These bronchoscopes usually consist of an outer (plastic or metal) sheath, an ultrasonic probe with appropriate transducers at the distal tip, and a working channel through which catheters, fine biopsy needles, and other operative devices are introduced. Flexible bronchoscopes with ultrasonic capabilities are intended for evaluation of the bronchi to detect lesions, take tissue samples intended for biopsies, and provide further assessment of surrounding structures using the ultrasound scanning images. The ultrasonic images (e.g., color and Doppler) permit the visualization of the mediastinum and lymph nodes in the chest surrounding the airways (bronchi) that are used to facilitate the staging of lung cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "15074",
      "display": "Bronchoscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Bronchoscopes with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path through the respiratory tract; rigid bronchoscopes include illumination and imaging systems that enable the examination and treatment of the trachea and the bronchi of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "10500",
      "display": "Brushes",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of a handle and bristles, fibers, or spines that are usually mounted along a single plane at the distal end or radiate from a central shaft. The shaft handle may be flexible or rigid, and the bristles may be soft or stiff.  Dedicated brushes are designed to be used to clean a surface, to gather tissue samples (i.e., cytology), for surgical purposes, for personal hygiene, or to apply materials to a surface or tissue. Most brushes are designed as manual, handheld devices; however, some brushes are designed to be used with a powered handpiece (e.g., attached to the revolving component of the handpiece)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21134",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning",
      "definition": "Brushes designed to remove debris from the surface of devices, instruments, and/or working areas. These brushes typically include a set of tufts of bristles or other flexible materials that are mounted along a single plane at the distal end of a handle or radiate from a central shaft for proper manipulation. Dedicated cleaning brushes of the appropriate shape, size, and materials are available for cleaning devices and instruments (e.g., burs, dilators, endoscopes), prostheses (e.g., dentures, hearing aids), and labware and for general surface cleaning (including housekeeping) in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10503",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Denture",
      "definition": "Cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from dentures. These brushes typically include a set of soft tufts of bristles that are mounted at the distal end of a rigid handle resembling a toothbrush; however, denture brushes are stiffer and the bristles are angled specifically to fit the shape of a denture. Denture cleaning brushes are used for personal, periodic (e.g., daily) cleaning of dentures, typically over a bowl of water or a folded towel after dentures are removed from the oral cavity.  Dedicated denture brushes (i.e., clasp brushes) are available to remove plaque from the inside surfaces of denture clasps."
    },
    {
      "code": "21146",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Denture, Disabled Person",
      "definition": "Denture cleaning brushes designed especially for patients with limited manual dexterity. The shape and size of these brushes permit partially disabled patients to clean their own dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41137",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Facial",
      "definition": "Cleaning brushes designed for personal cleaning of a patient's face. These brushes have a shape, size, and bristles appropriate for use on facial skin. These facial cleaning brushes may have a powered handle."
    },
    {
      "code": "21147",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Hearing Aid",
      "definition": "Cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from the microphone opening of a hearing aid. These brushes typically include a small flat brushing surface with bristles (e.g., nylon) and a semirigid plastic handle resembling a toothbrush but of the appropriate size and shape to facilitate hearing-aid cleaning. Hearing-aid cleaning brushes are also available as part of hearing-aid maintenance kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "21135",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument",
      "definition": "Cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from instruments as part of preparation for a clinical procedure or during routine maintenance. These brushes typically include a set of tufts of bristles or other flexible materials that are mounted along a single plane at the distal end of a handle or radiate from a central shaft for proper manipulation. Many instrument cleaning brushes can be used to clean the surfaces and crevices of a variety of instruments; dedicated brushes of the appropriate shape, size, and materials are available for cleaning specific instruments and parts (e.g., burs, dilators, endoscopes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10502",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument, Bur",
      "definition": "Instrument cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from burs. These brushes typically include stiff metallic (e.g., stainless steel) bristles that are mounted in several layers along a single plane on a rigid handle or radiate from a central shaft for proper manipulation.  Bur cleaning brushes can also be used to clean bone rasps and files and/or instrument serrations."
    },
    {
      "code": "17143",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Instrument cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from endoscopes during manual cleaning procedures. These brushes usually include flexible plastic shafts with stiff bristles at one or both ends that are of a size that permits cleaning of the endoscope channels; smaller brushes are available to clean the valves and heads of endoscopes. Some brushes with antielectrostatic properties are specifically designed to clean endoscope lenses. Endoscope cleaning brushes may be intended for single use or for reuse after sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "21139",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument, Endoscope, Channel",
      "definition": "Endoscope cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from endoscope channels (e.g., biopsy, suction). These brushes typically include a long (e.g., 48 to 96 inch, 120 to 240 cm,) flexible plastic (e.g., polypropylene), textured shaft with bristles (e.g., nylon) radiating from the shaft at one or both ends; they may include a soft, ball tip (to avoid damage to the endoscope) and round plastic handles. Some brushes have tiered or tapered bristles to adapt to most standard endoscope channel sizes. Endoscope channel cleaning brushes are available in several diameters and lengths, according to the channel size of the particular endoscope (e.g., cystoscope, gastroscope) to be cleaned, some endoscopes require different channel brushes for water/air channels and suction/biopsy channels. Endoscope channel cleaning brushes may be intended for single use or for reuse after sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "21140",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument, Endoscope, Valve/Head",
      "definition": "Endoscope cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from the valves, biopsy ports, and heads of endoscopes. These brushes typically include a small (e.g., 2 inch [5 cm]), rigid plastic (e.g., polypropylene), textured shaft with bristles (e.g., nylon) radiating from the shaft at the working end. Endoscope valve/head cleaning brushes may be intended for single use or, more frequently, for reuse after sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "21143",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument, Esophageal Dilator",
      "definition": "Instrument cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from the lumen of esophageal stricture dilators. These brushes typically include a very thin (e.g., 2 or 3 mm), long (e.g., 40 inch [100 cm]), flexible shaft with short stiff bristles at the working end. Esophageal dilator cleaning brushes are used in manual cleaning procedures and are typically reusable after sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "21145",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument, Multiuse",
      "definition": "Brushes designed to remove debris from the surfaces and crevices of manual instruments (e.g., surgical, dental) as part of preparation for a clinical procedure or during routine maintenance. These brushes typically include a set of tufts of bristles or other flexible materials that are mounted along a single plane at the distal end of a handle or radiate from a central shaft for proper manipulation. Multiuse instrument cleaning brushes are available in a variety of sizes, configurations, and materials (usually plastic or nylon) appropriate for general cleaning of surgical and/or dental instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "21144",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Instrument, Tracheostomy Tube Cannula",
      "definition": "Instrument cleaning brushes designed to remove debris from a reusable inner cannula that is used inside plastic or metal tracheostomy tubes (small tubes inserted into the tracheostomy to keep the stoma clear). These brushes typically include a round handle and a small, thin, curved plastic (e.g., polypropylene) shaft with bristles (e.g., nylon) that radiate from the shaft at the working end and are of the appropriate size for cleaning the cannula lumen."
    },
    {
      "code": "21148",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Labware",
      "definition": "Brushes designed to remove debris from clinical laboratory labware.  These brushes typically include a set of tufts of bristles or other flexible materials that are mounted along a single plane at the distal end of a handle or radiate from a central shaft for proper manipulation. Labware cleaning brushes can be used in a variety of devices; dedicated labware brushes of the appropriate shape, size, and materials are available for cleaning beakers, bottles, test tubes, jars, and pipettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "10507",
      "display": "Brushes, Cleaning, Surgical Scrub",
      "definition": "Cleaning brushes designed for personal scrubbing of the hands, including the fingers (especially the nails), and the forearms before surgical or other healthcare procedures for which a high degree of personal hygiene is required. These brushes typically include a strong, flat handle covered with stiff bristles or spines on the underside."
    },
    {
      "code": "15018",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology",
      "definition": "Brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from a particular area of the body to provide a specimen for cytology testing. These manual, handheld brushes may consist of a cluster of metallic bristles attached to a wire, possibly surrounded by a plastic sleeve, that runs back to a handle (for endoscopic use) or, less frequently, a set of stiff bristles (e.g., plastic) at the distal tip attached to a handle for direct manipulation. Dedicated cytology brushes are designed to collect specific types of tissue (e.g., bronchial, endometrial); cytology brushes may be intended for reuse or single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21103",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Biliary Tract, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the biliary and/or pancreatic tract through a standard cannula/sphincterotome or the working channel of a choledochoscope or duodenoscope. These brushes usually consist of a cluster of bristles attached to a wire, possibly surrounded by a plastic sleeve, that runs back to a handle for external brush manipulation. The characteristics of endoscopic biliary brushes, including diameter and length, should match one or more models of endoscopes; these brushes may be intended for reuse or, more frequently, for single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21104",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Bronchus, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the bronchi through the working channel of a flexible bronchoscope. These brushes usually consist of a cluster of bristles attached to a wire, possibly surrounded by a plastic sleeve, that runs back to a handle for external brush manipulation. The characteristics of endoscopic bronchial brushes, including diameter and length, should match one or more models of bronchoscopes; these brushes may be intended for reuse or, more frequently, for single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21120",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Cervix/Uterine Endometrium",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the cervix and/or uterine endometrium (i.e., endocervical/ectocervical cell samples). These brushes usually consist of a cluster of stiff metallic or plastic bristles at the distal tip attached to a handle for direct manipulation. Cervical/uterine cytology brushes are available in a variety of configurations (e.g., with fibers perpendicular to the handle for endocervical sampling, with parallel fibers at the tip of the handle for simultaneous ectocervical and endocervical sampling, with two brushes arranged at right angles in an adjustable design, with shorter peripheral fibers). These brushes are used to obtain samples for Pap smears (both conventional and monolayer) and/or to detect bacteria in the cervix (e.g., chlamydia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21112",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Colon, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the lower gastrointestinal tract, usually from the colon, through the working channel of a flexible colonoscope. These brushes usually consist of a cluster of bristles attached to a wire, possibly surrounded by a plastic sleeve, that runs back to a handle for external brush manipulation. The characteristics of endoscopic colon brushes, including diameter and length, should match one or more models of colonoscopes; these brushes may be intended for reuse or, more frequently, for single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21107",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Esophagus",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the upper esophagus using nonendoscopic procedures. These brushes usually consist of manual, handheld devices with a cluster of bristles attached to a wire, possibly surrounded by a plastic sleeve, that runs back to a handle for external brush manipulation. Some brushes are introduced into the esophagus through another device, such as a nasogastric tube."
    },
    {
      "code": "21108",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Esophagus/Stomach, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the upper gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus or, less frequently, from the stomach, through the working channel of a flexible gastroscope. These brushes usually consist of a cluster of bristles attached to a wire, possibly surrounded by a plastic sleeve, that runs back to a handle for external brush manipulation. The characteristics of endoscopic esophageal and/or gastric brushes, including diameter and length, should match one or more models of gastroscopes; these brushes may be intended for reuse or, more frequently, for single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21124",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Eye Surface",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the eye surface (conjunctiva). These brushes typically include a very small cluster of soft plastic bristles at the distal tip attached to a handle for direct manipulation. Eye-surface surface cytology brushes are available with flat or round distal tips. These brushes are used to obtain samples in order to detect abnormalities in conjunctiva tissue by analyzing the presence of keratinized cells, nonkeratinized cells, goblet cells, and inflammatory cells. Eye-cytology brushes are used to collect samples for the diagnosis of several eye conditions (e.g., dry eye)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21123",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Mouth",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from each of the three layers (i.e., basal, intermediate, and superficial) of the oral mucosa, usually in the space between the cheek and gum, along the roof of the mouth, and under the tongue. These brushes typically include a cluster of stiff plastic fibers at the distal tip attached to a handle for direct manipulation. Oral cytology brushes are also available in particular configurations (e.g., with two scraping surfaces, one flat at the working end of the brush and another circular at one border of the brush). These brushes are used to obtain samples intended to detect abnormalities in oral tissue (e.g., malignancies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21115",
      "display": "Brushes, Cytology, Urinary Tract/Bladder, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Cytology brushes designed to scrape and collect cells from the urinary tract or bladder through the working channel of a flexible cystoscope. These brushes usually consist of a cluster of plastic or metallic bristles attached to a wire, possibly surrounded by a plastic sleeve, that runs back to a handle for external brush manipulation. The characteristics of urinary tract/bladder brushes, including diameter and length, should match one or more models of cystoscopes; these brushes may be intended for reuse or, more frequently, for single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21131",
      "display": "Brushes, Dental",
      "definition": "Brushes designed to apply materials (e.g., resins) and to remove deposits (e.g., calculi) and/or debris from teeth and surrounding tissue during dental procedures. These brushes typically include a set of tufts of bristles or other flexible materials at the distal tip and a handle for proper manipulation or an appropriate configuration to be attached to a dental handpiece. Dental brushes are used in dental offices. Dedicated brushes are available for resin application in tooth cavities; application of antiseptic, medicine, and fluoride on the tooth surface; tooth prophylaxis; and removal of debris from gingival tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "10506",
      "display": "Brushes, Dental, Gingiva",
      "definition": "Dental brushes designed to remove deposits from the tissue surrounding the teeth (i.e., gingival tissue) during dental prophylaxis and/or restorative procedures. These brushes typically include a set of soft bristles or other flexible materials at the distal tip and a handle for proper manipulation. Gingival brushes are also used for massaging the tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "29700",
      "display": "Brushes, Dental, Micro-Application",
      "definition": "Brushes designed for application of dental materials in or on small and/or difficult to reach places of a tooth. These devices typically consist of a disposable micro brush with a plastic handle (straight or bent) and a tip at the distal end appropriate to carry the adhesive. The micro brush applies the material (e.g., cement, etchant, sealant, conditioner) to the surface (e.g., inner walls) and/or interior of a tooth (e.g., root canal) before positioning the restoration in place. Micro-application dental brushes may be used for a variety of applications; including cementation of onlays and inlays, placing of dental posts, and other minor restorations on teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "16369",
      "display": "Brushes, Dental, Prophylaxis",
      "definition": "Dental brushes designed to remove deposits and/or polish tooth surfaces (e.g., occlusal, facial, lingual) during dental prophylaxis procedures. These brushes typically include a set of tapered bristles at the distal tip and an appropriate configuration at the proximal end to be attached to a slow-speed rotary dental handpiece. Prophylaxis dental brushes are also used to polish teeth as part of the prophylaxis procedure; they are frequently a component of a tooth-polishing set."
    },
    {
      "code": "17597",
      "display": "Brushes, Dental, Prophylaxis, Vacuum-Supplemented",
      "definition": "Dental brushes designed for connection to a suction unit to facilitate simultaneous manual cleaning (i.e., prophylaxis) of teeth and removal of fluid and particles from the mouth. These brushes typically consist of a hollow-handle evacuating brush that may be connected via a flexible tube to a healthcare facility vacuum outlet or to a dedicated portable suction unit. Vacuum-supplemented manual brushes permit the removal of debris, plaque, bacteria, and fluid from the mouth during dental procedures; they are also used in people who are unable to swallow or have difficulty swallowing and expectorating and/or in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "21133",
      "display": "Brushes, Dental, Resin Application",
      "definition": "Brushes designed for dental resin application, especially in associated etching and bonding procedures. These brushes are typically disposable and include a handle with bristles in a round configuration at the working end; disposable brushes attached to a reusable handle are less frequently used."
    },
    {
      "code": "21132",
      "display": "Brushes, Dental, Topical Application",
      "definition": "Brushes designed for topical application of liquid medication (e.g., antiseptic, medicine) and/or protective products (e.g., fluoride) to the tooth surface. These brushes are typically disposable and include a handle with tapered bristles at the distal tip. Topical application dental brushes are used mainly in preventive, prophylactic, and/or cosmetic dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21125",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical",
      "definition": "Brushes designed for use during surgical procedures. These brushes typically include a set of tufts of bristles or other flexible materials at the distal tip and a handle for proper manipulation. Dedicated surgical brushes are used in many different procedures, including cleaning and debridement of bone canals in orthopedic surgery, dermabrasion in plastic and dermatologic surgery, and wiping of the cornea during ophthalmic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21126",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical brushes designed for use during procedures performed on bone. These brushes typically consist of a flexible, twisted, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) wire with bristles (e.g., nylon) radiating from the shaft; the wire is attached to a handle or conformed for direct manual manipulation or use with a manual or powered handpiece at the proximal end. Dedicated bone brushes are used mainly in orthopedic surgery to prepare (i.e., clean and debride) a bone canal or cavities before cement application during prosthetic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21128",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical, Bone, Acetabular",
      "definition": "Bone surgery brushes designed to prepare (i.e., clean and debride) the large cavity of the coxa, where the head of the femur articulates (i.e., the acetabulum), for application of bone cement. These brushes typically consist of a flexible, twisted, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) wire with bristles (e.g., nylon) radiating from a shaft that is conformed as a loop at the distal end; the wire is attached to a handle or, more frequently, conformed for use with a manual or powered handpiece at the proximal end. Acetabular brushes are typically used with simultaneous application of irrigation after broaching or reaming the cavity; they are used mainly in prosthetic orthopedic procedures (e.g., hip replacement)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15867",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical, Bone, Intramedullary",
      "definition": "Bone surgery brushes designed to prepare (i.e., clean and debride) a bone canal (i.e., intramedullary) for application of cement. These brushes typically consist of a flexible, twisted, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) wire with bristles (e.g., nylon) radiating from the shaft; the wire is attached to a handle or conformed for direct manual manipulation or use with a manual or powered handpiece at the proximal end. Dedicated intramedullary bone brushes are available for femoral (wide) and narrower bone canal preparation; they aid the removal of blood clots and bone debris."
    },
    {
      "code": "21130",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical, Bone, Intramedullary, Femoral Canal",
      "definition": "Bone surgery brushes designed to prepare (i.e., clean and debride) the femoral canal for application of bone cement. These brushes typically consist of a disposable (single-use) flexible, twisted, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) wire with bristles (e.g., nylon) radiating from the shaft at the distal end; the wire is conformed as a loop appropriate for handling at the proximal end. Femoral canal brushes are typically used with simultaneous application of irrigation after broaching or reaming the canal; they are used in prosthetic orthopedic procedures (e.g., hip replacement)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21129",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical, Bone, Intramedullary, Narrow Canal",
      "definition": "Bone surgery brushes designed to prepare (i.e., clean and debride) a narrow (usually 0.5 inch [1.27 cm or less]) bone canal for application of cement. These brushes typically consist of a disposable (single use) flexible, twisted, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) wire with bristles (e.g., nylon) radiating from the shaft at the distal end; the wire is conformed as a loop appropriate for handling at the proximal end. Narrow-canal bone brushes are typically used after broaching or reaming of the canal; they are used in total arthroplastic hip replacement and other orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16344",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical, Dermabrasion",
      "definition": "Surgical brushes designed for removal of the epidermis and/or partial removal of the dermis. These devices typically consist of a wire brush that is conformed for use attached to a rotary handpiece. Dermabrasion brushes are used in clinical or cosmetic procedures intended to remove irregularities of the skin such as congenital lesions, hamartomas, scars (e.g., acne lesions), tattoos, or fine wrinkles."
    },
    {
      "code": "37259",
      "display": "Brushes, Surgical, Eye, Corneal",
      "definition": "Surgical brushes designed for use in deepitheliazation of the cornea in preparation for subsequent ophthalmologic procedures (e.g., advanced surface ablation, corneal crosslinking, photorefractive keratectomy). These brushes typically consist of a rotary handpiece to which a single-use brush head containing synthetic filaments arranged in a circular shape is attached. The brush is applied to the eye surface to perform the deepithelialization."
    },
    {
      "code": "35810",
      "display": "Buckets",
      "definition": "Containers used to hold and carry liquids or other materials. They are vertical, watertight cylinders that are open at the top and with a flat bottom. They typically are made of metal, stainless steel, or plastic and have a handle or handles at the top to facilitate carrying and emptying. They are usually small enough to be picked up by hand. A typical bucket may have a 13 quart capacity with a diameter of  11.625 inches (29.53 cm) and a height of  9.25 inches (23.5 cm). Some buckets are lidded. Buckets that can be placed in frames with castors and that can be moved easily are called kick buckets and can be used to hold medical and/or surgical waste."
    },
    {
      "code": "39765",
      "display": "Buckwheat Hull Garments",
      "definition": "Garments (e.g., shirts, neck wraps, mitts, vests) that incorporate buckwheat hulls. These garments may be used for regulating body temperature and skin humidity. They may provide increased airflow to the patient's skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "17691",
      "display": "Bunsen Burners",
      "definition": "Gas burners in which the gas is mixed with air before ignition in order to give complete oxidation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23680",
      "display": "Bur/Drill Bit Guards",
      "definition": "Protective shields (guards) designed for use with burs and/or drill bits when they are operated attached to a rotatory machine. These guards typically consist of a hollow metallic cylinder (shaft) placed around the drill bit or bur; the cylinder is open at the operating end to allow drilling and includes at the proximal end a coupling to the rotatory (e.g., drill, handpiece) machine. Bur/drill bit guards are intended also to facilitate accurate positioning of the drill bit and/or bur and may also help to drill straight forward, avoiding lateral deviations; the main clinical use is for delicate and/or restricted access in surgical procedures that require drilling. Dedicated guards are available for specific surgical procedures (e.g., rhinoplasty, laminectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15111",
      "display": "Burets",
      "definition": "Graduated glass tubes used in volumetric chemistry to deliver a measured amount of liquid."
    },
    {
      "code": "10519",
      "display": "Burs",
      "definition": "Small instruments designed to be held and rotated by a device (e.g., handpiece, drilling machine) to excavate, perforate, reshape, and/or excise objects, tissue, or other anatomic parts. These instruments typically consist of a shank of steel or other hard metal with a well-differentiated working head of various shapes (e.g., cone, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated burs are used in a variety of dental and surgical (e.g., orthopedic, ophthalmic, endaural) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10521",
      "display": "Burs, Dental",
      "definition": "Burs designed to be held and rotated by a dental handpiece (manual, electrical, or pneumatic powered) to excavate teeth and/or dental restorations. These burs typically consist of a shank made of tungsten carbide or, less frequently, steel, with a well-differentiated working head (sometimes with bound diamond chips or covered with diamond film) in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, inverted cone, pear, end/side cutting) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated dental burs are available for many different uses, including removal of carious material from teeth, dental cavity preparation, and finishing and polishing of  teeth and restorations (e.g., porcelain, metal). They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) burs (e.g., diamond burs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16668",
      "display": "Burs, Dental, Carbide",
      "definition": "Dental burs made of tungsten carbide that are usually intended for use with ultra-high-speed rotary dental handpieces. These burs typically consist of a shank with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., cone, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated carbide dental burs are available for many different uses, including removal of carious material from teeth, dental cavity preparation, and finishing and polishing of teeth and restorations (e.g., porcelain, metal). They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) carbide burs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16670",
      "display": "Burs, Dental, Diamond",
      "definition": "A rotary cutting device, the working end of which is made from steel coated with small diamond crystals, that is designed to fit into a dental handpiece and intended to cut hard structures in the mouth, such as teeth or bone. Diamond burs can also be used to cut hard metals, plastics, porcelains, and similar materials. Dental burs with a working head that includes bound diamond chips or is covered with diamond film are usually intended for use with ultra-high-speed rotary dental handpieces. These burs typically consist of a shank with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., cone, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated diamond dental burs, either disposable or reusable, are available for many different uses, including removal of carious material from teeth, dental cavity preparation, and finishing and polishing of teeth and restorations (e.g., porcelain, metal); they are particularly useful to prepare teeth for indirect restorations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16669",
      "display": "Burs, Dental, Steel",
      "definition": "Dental burs made of steel that are usually intended for use with low-speed rotary dental handpieces. These burs typically consist of a shank with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., cone, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated steel dental burs are available for many different uses, including removal of carious material from teeth, dental cavity preparation, and finishing and polishing of teeth and restorations (e.g., porcelain, metal). They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but steel burs rapidly become dull after cutting dental enamel or other very hard materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "11341",
      "display": "Burs, Dental/Oral Surgery",
      "definition": "Burs designed to be held and rotated by a dental handpiece (manual, electric, or pneumatic) to excavate dental and other hard tissue in the oral cavity. These burs typically consist of a shank made of tungsten carbide or, less frequently, steel with a well-differentiated working head (sometimes with bound diamond chips or covered with diamond film) in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated burs are available for specific periodontal procedures (e.g., impaction, alveolectomy, periapical surgery), and other oral surgery procedures such as reduction of abnormal bone tissues (exostosis and maxillary or mandibular tori). They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) burs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33889",
      "display": "Burs, Fingernail",
      "definition": "Burs designed to be held and spun by a rotary device (e.g., handpiece, drilling machine) to perform therapeutic or cosmetic procedures on or around the finger nails. These devices typically consist of a shank of steel or other hard metal with a well-differentiated working head of various shapes (e.g., cone, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) and materials (e.g., diamond, metal carbide) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into a rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated fingernail burs are used in a variety of procedures, including nail shaping, filing, and debridement under the nails; some burs may be also used for toenail care."
    },
    {
      "code": "21388",
      "display": "Burs, Foot Care",
      "definition": "Burs designed to be held and spun by a rotary device (e.g., handpiece, drilling machine) for gentle removal and/or excavation of soft or hard foot tissue in foot care procedures (i.e., podiatric nonsurgical procedures). These devices typically consist of a shank of steel or other hard metal with a well-differentiated working head of various shapes (e.g., cone, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) and materials (e.g., diamond, metal carbide) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into a rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated podiatric burs are available for use in podiatrist offices to debride excrescences and to handle heavy nails and/or plantar calluses with reduced heat and minimum dust. Conventional orthopedic burs are used in podiatric surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21368",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical",
      "definition": "Burs designed to be held and rotated by a surgical handpiece (manual, electrical, or pneumatic) to excavate soft and hard tissue during surgical procedures. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated surgical burs are available for many different types of procedures, including orthopedic, middle-ear, nasal, oral, ophthalmic, podiatric and plastic surgery. They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) surgical burs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21369",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical burs designed to excavate, perforate, reshape, and/or excise fragments of bone usually during orthopedic procedures, including podiatric surgery. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head (sometimes with bound diamond chips) in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, inverted cone, pear) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated bone burs are available for many different uses, including shaping bones for prosthetic procedures and cranial perforation before intracranial surgery and/or biopsy. They are intended for reuse after sterilization but disposable (single use burs are also available)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10520",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Bone, Cranial",
      "definition": "Bone surgical burs designed to excavate the cranium and adjacent areas, frequently to open holes in the cranium. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, inverted cone) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Cranial burs are used mainly in neurosurgical procedures (e.g., craniotomies) involving the brain; they are usually intended for reuse after sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "21380",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical burs designed for gentle abrasion and/or removal of foreign objects from the eyes. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in appropriate sizes and shapes (e.g., rounded, cylinder, cone) on the distal end; a small, thin proximal end to fit into an ophthalmic slow-speed rotary handpiece; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated eye surgery burs are available for specific applications (e.g., corneal abrasion and/or rust-ring removal); they are used to polish small scratches, remove foreign objects from the eye surface, and to remove rust stains from the cornea. Eye burs are intended for reuse after sterilization or to be disposed of after a single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21382",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Eye, Corneal Abrasion",
      "definition": "Surgical burs designed for abrasion of the cornea. They typically consist of a shank of steel or other hard metal with a well-differentiated diamond sphere at its working tip, a proximal end to fit into the rotary device, and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Corneal abrasion burs are used to polish corneal scratches and/or the pterygium bed after surgical removal and/or abrasion of lid margin lesions. These burs are intended for use with a special slow-rotation electrically powered ophthalmic device (e.g., an ophthalmic electric spud)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21383",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Eye, Corneal Abrasion, Rust Ring Removal",
      "definition": "Corneal abrasion burs designed for gentle removal (\"brushing\") of rust stains (rust rings) from the cornea after the extraction of a ferrous foreign object. They typically consist of a shank of steel or other hard metal with a well-differentiated brush-like working tip and a proximal end to fit into a rotary handpiece, typically a slow-rotation electrically powered ophthalmic device (e.g., an ophthalmic electric spud)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21372",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Bone surgical burs designed to excavate, cut, polish, shape, and/or remove bone and/or cartilage during middle-ear (endaural) procedures. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, conical) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated middle-ear surgical burs are available for incision of the mastoid bone and for polishing or cutting the middle-ear bony structures. Middle-ear burs are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) devices are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21373",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Middle Ear, Cutting",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical burs designed for cutting and removal of tissue. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head with an appropriate shape (e.g., cone, tapered, round) and size on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Cutting middle-ear burs are used in a variety of procedures (e.g., repair of the middle-ear ossicles, stapedectomy); they are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) devices are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21374",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Middle Ear, Cutting, Mastoid",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical burs designed for removal of the mastoid bone. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head with an appropriate shape (e.g., cone) and size on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Mastoid burs are mainly used in the removal of bone from the mastoid process (mastoidectomy); they are also used in procedures intended for dissection of the facial nerve through the mastoid."
    },
    {
      "code": "21375",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Middle Ear, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical burs designed to excavate, cut, polish, shape, and/or remove bone and/or cartilage during middle-ear (endaural) procedures manually performed under microscope visualization (i.e., microsurgery). These burs typically consist of a small shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, conical) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into a very small rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated middle-ear surgical burs are available for incision of the mastoid bone and for polishing or cutting middle-ear bony structures. Middle-ear burs are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) devices are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21377",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Middle Ear, Polishing",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical burs designed for polishing and shaping of bone tissue. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head (frequently with a diamond coating) with an appropriate shape (e.g., round) and size on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Polishing middle-ear burs are used in a variety of procedures (e.g., repair of middle-ear ossicles); they are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) devices are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21378",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Surgical burs designed for excavation, incision, or removing of hard tissue (e.g., cartilage) during nasal procedures. These burs typically consist of a shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in an appropriate size and shape (a rounded end is typical) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated nasal surgical burs are available for incision of the nasal septum and/or the ethmoid antrum and also for polishing or cutting nasal cartilage structures. Dedicated nasal burs are used in anterior maxillary osteotomy, plastic surgery (rhinoplasty), and other nasal surgery procedures; they are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) devices are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21379",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Nasal, Septum",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical burs designed for removal of hard tissue (either bone or cartilage) to eliminate nasal septal deviations. These burs typically consist of a long, curved shank made of steel or tungsten carbide; a well-differentiated working head that usually includes suction through a cannula on the working end; a proximal end to fit into the rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Septum nasal burs are used in nasal surgery procedures to correct deviations of the nasal septum, to improve breathing or for aesthetic purposes (septorhinoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21386",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Spine",
      "definition": "Surgical burs designed for excavation, incision, or removal of bone and hard tissue during neurosurgical and microsurgical procedures of the spine. These burs typically consist of a long shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in appropriate sizes and shapes (e.g., round, cylinder, cone) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary handpiece; and a long neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated spine surgery burs are available for specific applications (e.g., graft harvesting, impaction); they are used in procedures such as the application of prosthetic plates to the cervical vertebrae (i.e., cervical plating). Spinal burs are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) devices are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21387",
      "display": "Burs, Surgical, Spine, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Surgical burs designed for excavation, incision, or removal of bone and hard tissue during microsurgical procedures of the spine performed under microscope visualization (i.e., microsurgery). These burs typically consist of a small shank made of steel or tungsten carbide with a well-differentiated working head in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., cylinder, conical) on the distal end; a tapered, notched, or elongated proximal end to fit into a very small surgical rotary device; and a neck that connects the shank to the working part. Dedicated spinal microsurgical burs are available for a variety of procedures, including microlumbar discectomy; they are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but disposable (single use) devices are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10526",
      "display": "Cabinets",
      "definition": "Furniture consisting of enclosed repositories typically with doors and that may include shelves, drawers, and/or compartments. This furniture is available in free-standing, wall-mounted, wall-recessed, and under- or over-the-counter mounted configurations. Cabinets may include small (e.g., one- or two-inch diameter) wheels to facilitate their positioning and/or some means for control of the internal temperature, air circulation, and/or humidity (e.g., desiccation). Cabinets are used in healthcare facilities to display and store medical devices, drugs, and utensils and to facilitate the performance of medical and/or associated treatments and/or procedures (e.g., anesthesia, endoscopy, laboratory) but not to perform treatments inside the enclosure. Cabinets are also used to store food, chemicals, ancillary material,  supplies, and miscellaneous materials; some other cabinets are intended to file documents such as medical and/or administrative records and cards."
    },
    {
      "code": "15698",
      "display": "Cabinets, Biological Safety",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed as a partial or total containment enclosure for safe manipulation of moderate and/or high-risk microorganisms and other biological hazardous materials (i.e., they offer biological safety). These cabinets typically produce a vertical laminar flow; they are available in three general types (class I, II, and III) according to their performance characteristics and applications. Class I cabinets protect the operator and the environment but not the product; class II cabinets protect the operator, the product, and the environment; and class III cabinets offer the maximum degree of protection to the product, operator, and environment. Biological safety cabinets are used for handling of cell cultures and human pathogens (e.g., bacteria, virus, parasites) and other biohazardous materials, extreme toxic agents (e.g., chemotherapy drugs), and also for tissue culture and tumor virus work."
    },
    {
      "code": "20652",
      "display": "Cabinets, Biological Safety, Class I",
      "definition": "Biological safety cabinets designed to protect the operator and the environment from low- and moderate-risk biological agents. These cabinets typically consist of an enclosure with an open front for handling of products. They include blowers to produce an inward flow of room air into the hood front and an exhaust system with a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter that exhausts the air through the top rear directly to the outside or, less frequently, into the laboratory.  Class I microbiological safety cabinets can provide biological safety for operation of devices such as blenders; toxic and radiolabeled materials may be handled inside these cabinets if inlet air release gloves are added and the gases are exhausted to the outside environment. Since the incoming air is not filtered, these cabinets are not appropriate for handling materials that are susceptible to airborne contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20653",
      "display": "Cabinets, Biological Safety, Class II",
      "definition": "Biological safety cabinets designed to protect the operator, the environment, and the samples inside the cabinet from low- and moderate-risk biological agents (e.g., human pathogens). These cabinets typically consist of an enclosure with an open front for handling of products. They include blowers to produce an inward vertical laminar flow of room air into the hood and an exhaust system; both the inward vertical laminar airflow  system and the exhaust-air system include high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filters (for product and environmental protection, respectively). Class II cabinets are, by far, preferred for most clinical laboratories for handling of cell cultures and human pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites), for tissue culture and tumor virus work, and for handling extremely toxic agents (e.g., chemotherapy drugs). Class II microbiological safety cabinets are further classified in types A (exhaust of air to the room environment through HEPA filter) and B (hard-ducted to the outdoor environment, exhaust of air through HEPA filter). The construction and the airflow velocities and patterns of type A cabinets make them suitable for microbiological use but not for handling volatile or toxic chemicals and radionuclides, while the characteristics of class B cabinets permit their use with toxic chemicals and radionuclides."
    },
    {
      "code": "20654",
      "display": "Cabinets, Biological Safety, Class III",
      "definition": "Biological safety cabinets designed to offer the highest degree of protection to the operator and the environment and to protect samples inside the cabinet from contamination caused by practically all known biologically hazardous agents. These cabinets typically consist of a ventilated, gastight total enclosure made of stainless steel; all operations inside the cabinet are performed under negative-pressure conditions and through attached armlength gloves. They include blowers to produce an inward vertical flow of room air into the hood and an exhaust system; the inward vertical laminar airflow is filtered by a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter and the exhaust-air system includes two HEPA filters in series that may be followed by incineration before outside exhaustion. Access into the cabinet should be allowed only through a dunk tank or a double-door pass-through box, which may include an autoclave. All devices needed for the working process (e.g., centrifuges, incubators) must be integral to the cabinet. Class III biological safety cabinets are used to work with the most hazardous microbiological agents, including infection aerosols."
    },
    {
      "code": "32872",
      "display": "Cabinets, Clean Room",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to small equipment, garment, and products used in clean rooms, keeping the same or better conditions that the clean room provides. Clean room cabinets usually include high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and a blower that may provide laminar air flow in the interior of the cabinet. The cabinets are usually made of a combination of metal (e.g., stainless steel) and transparent doors made of plastic (e.g., acrylic, transparent PVC) or, less frequently, glass, to permit ease of cleaning and sterilization. They may include multiple drawers, shelves, or a drawer/shelf combination; they are available in multiple configurations (e.g., stand-alone, wall-mounted) and usually include sliding or self-closing hinged doors; some also include security locks. Dedicated clean room cabinets intended for garment, supplies, and other small devices or instruments are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "32873",
      "display": "Cabinets, Clean Room, Garment",
      "definition": "Clean room cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to garments used in clean rooms, keeping the same or better conditions than the clean room provides. Garment clean room cabinets usually include high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and a blower that may provide laminar air flow in the interior of the cabinet. The cabinets are usually made of a combination of metal (e.g., stainless steel) and transparent doors made of plastic (e.g., acrylic, transparent PVC) or, less frequently, glass, to permit ease of cleaning and sterilization. They may include several racks to hang the garment and/or shelves for folded cloth and/or boots, gloves, head caps; they are available in multiple configurations (e.g., stand-alone, wall-mounted) and usually include sliding or self-closing hinged doors; some also include security locks."
    },
    {
      "code": "20629",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to file medical and/or administrative documents or other media used in a healthcare facility. This furniture typically consists of freestanding or (less frequently) under- or over-the-counter mounted cabinets; there are usually constructed of metal (e.g., steel), wood, plastic, or combinations of them. Filing cabinets are available in many different configurations and sizes. Many cabinets are manufactured to store some particular type of document such as standard letter or legal paper, cards (e.g., medical records, library), or larger documents (e.g., blueprints); others are appropriate to storage a particular store medium (e.g., hanging folders, audio or video cassettes, compact discs). Filing cabinets are used throughout hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20641",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Audio Cassette",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store audiocassettes. These cabinets typically consist of a metallic, plastic, or wooden structure that may include drawers and/or doors. They typically include several shelves (e.g., fixed, roll-out) and drawers, including dividers that may be adjustable to accommodate the audiocassettes. Audiocassette filing cabinets are available in many configurations and sizes according to the capabilities required. Metallic units that provide electromagnetic shielding and prevent electrostatic charges are preferred to store important information."
    },
    {
      "code": "20636",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Card",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store cards upright and either perpendicular or parallel to the front of the cabinet (lateral and vertical filing, respectively). These cabinets typically consist of a metallic or wooden stand-alone structure, including one or more drawers that can accommodate cards of one or more size (e.g., 6 x 9 inch, 5 x 8 inch); they may include dividers to store several rows of cards in each drawer. Many card filing cabinets include locking systems and/or mechanisms that allow only one drawer to open at a time to avoid tipping; they are available in many different configurations and sizes.  These cabinets are used to store many different types of information in healthcare facilities, including medical records, laboratory results, device status, and library and financial information and/or inventories."
    },
    {
      "code": "20637",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Card, Fire-Resistant",
      "definition": "Card filing cabinets designed with appropriate insulation to provide resistance against fire. Some cabinets include separate insulation for each drawer, making them fireproof individually. These cabinets are available in several classes according to the protection that they offer against external temperature for a predetermined time (e.g., 927 degrees Celsius/1,700 degrees Farenheit or 1,093 degrees Celsius/2,000 degrees Farenheit for one, two, three, or four hours), keeping the internal temperature at an appropriate value to preserve paper documents (typically below 176 degrees Celsius/350 degrees Farenheit). These cabinets frequently offer additional protection against dropping up to a maximum height (e.g., 9.1 m/30 feet) and/or include sealed gaskets to protect against water penetration. Fire safety card filing cabinets are available in many different configurations and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20642",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Compact Disk",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store compact discs. These cabinets typically consist of a metallic, plastic, or wooden structure that may include drawers and/or doors. They typically include several shelves (e.g., fixed, roll-out) and drawers, with dividers that may be adjustable to accommodate the compact discs; some can also store digital versatile disks (DVDs). Compact disc filing cabinets are available in many configurations and sizes according to the capabilities required."
    },
    {
      "code": "20644",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Digital Versatile Disk",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store digital versatile disks (DVDs). These cabinets typically consist of a metallic, plastic, or wooden structure with drawers and/or doors. They typically include several shelves (e.g., fixed, roll-out) and drawers, with dividers that may be adjustable to accommodate the DVDs; some can also store compact discs (CDs). DVD filing cabinets are available in many configurations and sizes according to the capabilities required."
    },
    {
      "code": "20646",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Embedding Ring/Cassette",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store blocks of either tissue-embedding rings or cassettes. Typically the cabinets can file a great number (a few hundred to several thousand) of rings and/or cassettes. These cabinets are manufactured in different configurations that permit either horizontal or vertical filing; they are available in freestanding and in over-the-counter configurations. The blocks are usually placed in drawers to provide permanent storage and include appropriate labels for easy identification."
    },
    {
      "code": "20647",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Large Document",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store documents larger than the standard letter or legal size. These cabinets can store maps, blueprints, large x-ray films, and drawings without requiring folding.  Large-document storage cabinets typically consist of metallic or wooden structures, including appropriate drawers, vertical clamps, or compartments. They are typically used in radiology departments and in the administrative areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20648",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Large Document, Flat Storage",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed for flat (horizontal) storage of large documents. These cabinets typically consist of metallic or, less frequently, wooden structures with horizontal drawers for storage of several large flat-sheet documents; the drawers frequently include handles and hold-downs to prevent curling of documents. Large-document flat-storage filing cabinets are typically used to store blueprints, maps, artwork, and large radiographic (i.e., x-ray) films."
    },
    {
      "code": "20650",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Large Document, Rolled Storage",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed for storage of large, rolled documents. These cabinets typically consist of metallic, wire, or wooden structures with square vertical compartments for storage of several large, rolled documents; the compartments are frequently arranged in different heights to facilitate insertion and removal of materials. Large-document rolled-storage filing cabinets are typically used to store blueprints, maps, artwork, and charts."
    },
    {
      "code": "20649",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Large Document, Vertical Storage",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed for vertical storage of large documents. These cabinets typically consist of metallic or, less frequently, wooden structures that have drawers with hanging clamps and/or folders for storage of several large sheet documents. Large-document vertical hanging filing cabinets are typically used to store documents larger than standard letter or legal size, such as computer drawings (e.g., 11 x 17 inch/28 x 43 cm), blueprints (usually up to 14 x 18 inches/36 x 45 cm), maps, artwork, and large radiographic (i.e., x-ray) films."
    },
    {
      "code": "20630",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Lateral",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store files and/or file folders upright and perpendicular to the front of the cabinet (i.e., lateral filing). These cabinets typically consist of a metallic or wooden stand-alone structure, including one or more drawers that can accommodate letter-, A4-, and/or legal-size documents; they may include side-to-side rails to hang file folders. Lateral filing cabinets frequently include locking systems and/or mechanisms that allow only one drawer to open at a time to avoid tipping; they are available in many different configurations and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20631",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Lateral, Fire-Resistant",
      "definition": "Lateral filing cabinets designed with appropriate insulation to provide resistance against fire. Some cabinets include separate insulation for each drawer, making them fireproof individually. These cabinets are available in several classes according to the protection that they offer against external temperature for a predetermined time (e.g., 927 degrees Celsius/1,700 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,093 degrees Celsius/2,000 degrees Fahrenheit for one, two, three, or four hours), keeping the internal temperature at an appropriate value to preserve paper documents (typically below 176 degrees Celsius/350 degrees Fahrenheit). These cabinets frequently offer additional protection against dropping up to a maximum height (e.g., 9.1 m/30 feet) and/or include sealed gaskets to protect against water penetration. Fire safety lateral filing cabinets are available in many different configurations and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20638",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Medical Chart",
      "definition": "Small filing cabinets designed to provide personal storage of medical charts (e.g., one or more ring binders) and frequently a convenient writing surface. This furniture usually consists of slim, lockable cabinets that may include an internal shelf for other documents; usually the door can be positioned to provide a flat surface to write on. Medical chart filing cabinets are place on the walls of halls, nurse stations, intensive care units, and other places in healthcare facilities to provide a convenient working place near the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "20639",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Multimedia",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store information media in several different formats such as audio cassettes, videocassettes (VHS), compact discs (CDs), floppy disks, optical disks, digital versatile disks (DVDs), and 4 and 8 mm videotape/audiotape. Some cabinets can also accommodate long plays, laser disks, and cards. These cabinets typically consist of a metallic (e.g., steel) enclosures with doors to provide electromagnetic shielding and prevent electrostatic charges; they may be either of a lateral or vertical filing type. They typically include several shelves (e.g., fixed, roll-out) and drawers, including dividers that may be adjustable to accommodate different types of media within the same unit. Multimedia filing cabinets are available in many configurations and sizes according to the capabilities required and type of media to be stored."
    },
    {
      "code": "20640",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Multimedia, Fire-Resistant",
      "definition": "Multimedia filing cabinets designed with appropriate insulation to provide resistance against fire. Some cabinets include separate insulation for each drawer, making them fireproof individually. These cabinets are available in several classes according to the protection that they offer against external temperature for a predetermined time (e.g., 927 degree Celsius/1,700 degree Farenheit or 1,093 degree Celsius/2,000 degree Farenheit for one, two, three, or four hours), keeping the internal temperature at an appropriate value to preserve multimedia devices (typically below 52 to 65 degree Celsius/125 to 150 degree Farenheit)  These cabinets frequently offer additional protection against dropping up to a maximum height (e.g., 9.1 m/30 feet) and/or include sealed gaskets to protect against water penetration. Fire safety multimedia filing cabinets are available in many different configurations and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20634",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Pedestal",
      "definition": "Small filing cabinets designed to store files and/or file folders upright, either parallel or, less frequently, perpendicular to the front of the cabinet. These cabinets typically consist of a metallic or wooden stand-alone structure, including one or more drawers that can accommodate letter-, A4-, and/or legal-size documents; they may include rails to hang file folders. Most can be easily suspended or placed at a side or under a working desk.  Pedestal cabinets are usually designed for individual use and are available in many different configurations and sizes. Some pedestal cabinets include casters with small wheels."
    },
    {
      "code": "20635",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Pedestal, Fire-Resistant",
      "definition": "Pedestal cabinets designed with appropriate insulation to provide resistance against fire. These cabinets are available in several classes according to the protection that they offer against external temperature for a predetermined time (e.g., 927 degrees Celsius/1,700 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,093 degrees Celsius/2,000 degrees Fahrenheit for one, two, three, or four hours), keeping the internal temperature at an appropriate value to preserve paper documents (typically below 176 degrees Celsius/350 degrees Fahrenheit). These cabinets frequently offer additional protection against dropping up to a maximum height (e.g., 9.1 m/30 feet) and/or include sealed gaskets to protect against water penetration. Fire safety pedestal cabinets are available in many different configurations and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20645",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Slide",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store a large number (typically from a few hundred to several thousand) of slides individually in special mountings or racks. These cabinets are manufactured in different configurations that permit either horizontal or vertical filing; they are available in freestanding and over-the-counter configurations. The slides are usually stored in rows, providing full visibility and easy searching, mounting, and removal; they are frequently protected using translucent sheets. Slide storage cabinets are used mainly for microscope glass slides and 35 mm projection slides; some cabinets are also appropriate to hold histologic cassettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20632",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Vertical",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store files and/or file folders upright and parallel to the front of the cabinet (i.e., vertical filing). These cabinets typically consist of a metallic or wooden stand-alone structure, including one or more drawers that can accommodate letter-, A4-, and/or legal-size documents; they may include front-to-back rails to hang file folders. Lateral filing cabinets frequently include locking systems (e.g., thumb-latch), wire follower to keep files upright, and/or mechanisms that allow only one drawer to open at a time to avoid tipping; they are available in many different configurations and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20633",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Vertical, Fire-Resistant",
      "definition": "Vertical filing cabinets designed with appropriate insulation to provide resistance against fire. Some cabinets include separate insulation for each drawer, making them fireproof individually. These cabinets are available in several classes according the protection that they offer against external temperature for a predetermined time (e.g., 927 degrees Celsius/1,700 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,093 degrees Celsius/2,000 degrees Fahrenheit for one, two, three, or four hours), keeping the internal temperature at an appropriate value to preserve paper documents (typically below 176 degrees Celsius/350 degrees Fahrenheit). These cabinets frequently offer additional protection against dropping up to a maximum height (e.g., 9.1 m/30 feet) and/or include sealed gaskets to protect against water penetration. Fire safety vertical filing cabinets are available in many different configurations and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20643",
      "display": "Cabinets, Filing, Video Cassette",
      "definition": "Filing cabinets designed to store videocassettes, usually in VHS format. These cabinets, typically consist of a metallic, plastic, or wooden structurewith drawers and/or doors. They typically include several shelves (e.g., fixed, roll-out) and drawers, including dividers that may be adjustable to accommodate the videocassettes. Videocassette filing cabinets are available in many configurations and sizes according to the capabilities required. Metallic units that provide electromagnetic shielding and prevent electrostatic charges are preferred to store important information."
    },
    {
      "code": "20619",
      "display": "Cabinets, Food Display",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for short-term storage and display of prepared, ready-to-eat food products at room temperature, with relative protection from the external environment. This furniture consists of metallic, wooden, or plastic cabinets with surfaces appropriate for easy cleaning and may include drawers, shelves, and/or doors. Food storage cabinets are available in configurations and/or with characteristics appropriate for short-term storage of food products that do not need refrigeration or heating, such as bread, pastries, and fruit. The cabinets should be installed in cool, dry places, away from appliances that produce heat. Food cabinets are used in hospitals, nursing centers, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20591",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store instruments, medicine, and supplies that are used frequently in healthcare facilities. These cabinets are constructed of metal, glass, plastic, wood, or a combination of these materials. Storage cabinets may be stand-alone, wall-mounted, undercounter, or countertop units; they usually include drawers, shelves, and doors. Specialized storage cabinets are distributed among the healthcare facility and located in areas such as nursing stations, operating rooms, patient rooms, and clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "20601",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Acid/Corrosives",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for storage of acids and/or other corrosive products, such as bases. These cabinets are typically made of thick plastic (e.g., high-density polyethylene), protected wood (e.g., epoxy-painted or polypropylene linen multi-ply high-density plywood), protected metal (e.g., resin-covered steel), or a combination of these. They are available in stand-alone, wall-mounted, and under-the-counter models. Some cabinets include several plastic shelves, trays, and/or liners. Most cabinets offer protection against drips and spills (e.g., leakproof sills), and some include special compartments for concentrated strong-acid (e.g., nitric acid) storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "20602",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Acid/Corrosives, Strong Acid",
      "definition": "Storage cabinets designed to resist strong-acid vapors and spills. These cabinets are typically made completely of thick plastic (e.g., polyethylene), including their internal shelves, compartments, doors, and appropriate vents. Strong-acid storage cabinets are suitable for storage of very strong and/or fuming acid, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acid."
    },
    {
      "code": "27886",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Automated External Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Storage cabinets designed to accommodate and protect automated external defibrillators (AEDs). These cabinets may consist of either a surface or recessed wall-mounted unit and are typically made of metal (e.g., steel, aluminum), plastic, fiberglass, or wood. Many cabinets include a glass or transparent-plastic front door to make the AED visible. Additionally, these cabinets may incorporate an alarm that will sound when the cabinet door is opened. AED storage cabinets are placed in many public locations including both healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, physician's offices) and non-healthcare facilities (e.g., airports, office buildings, recreational facilities)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20607",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Bedpan/Urinal",
      "definition": "Storage cabinets designed to accommodate one or more bedpans and/or urinals. These cabinets are typically made from metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum) to avoid corrosion and permit ease of cleaning and sterilization, usually providing enough internal open space to allow air circulation. Bedpan/urinal cabinets are typically mounted on the wall and are either recessed or surface mounted. Each bedpan or urinal is usually stored in an individual compartment inside the cabinet."
    },
    {
      "code": "10531",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Bedside",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store patient daily-use utensils and/or other products or devices (e.g., telephone, radio sets, nurse-call units) needed for short- or long-term patient care that are usually placed close to the patient bed. This furniture typically consists of metallic or wooden closed cabinet with drawers, shelves, and doors or, less frequently, of open cabinets including shelves and one or more drawers. Bedside cabinets are used in homes, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities; they are available either as separate units or combined with other furniture (e.g., bed, chairs, bookcases) that use the same materials and/or style conforming to a patient room furniture set."
    },
    {
      "code": "20598",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Catheter",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for organized storage, and display of catheters and for easy device access. These cabinets are typically manufactured using materials (e.g., steel, polypropylene) that permit ease of cleaning; most cabinets include catheter hangers and/or pegboard backs. They may also include drawers and shelves for supplies. Catheter storage cabinets are available in stand-alone and wall-mounted configurations; the cabinets are used mainly in cardiac catheterization laboratories, invasive radiology suites, and operating rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20599",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Catheter, Computerized",
      "definition": "Catheter storage cabinets that include a computerized unit to automatically keep track of users and the time of every transaction. These computerized systems include a set of safety features to facilitate orderly control of catheter use and cabinet access; some systems include mechanisms to render the cabinet unusable for unauthorized users. Computer-controlled catheter storage cabinets maintain a database that allows either the display or printing of data logs with information related to catheterization laboratory activities, such as the name of the current user, the history of each catheter use, both withdrawal and return time for each transaction, and costs. Computerized catheter storage cabinets may provide data to hospital information systems and a continuous inventory of catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "16285",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Desiccating",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to promote and/or keep free from moisture objects in storage. This furniture typically consists of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel), glass, or plastic (e.g., acrylic) cabinet that includes several trays or shelves and some means to locate a desiccant agent (e.g., silica gel); some cabinets also include hygrometers to check the humidity level. Desiccating cabinets are used to store products that need controlled storage conditions (e.g., anhydrous and hygroscopic biological and chemical compounds, electronic and other components, samples) protected from ambient moisture and dust. Some desiccating cabinets can be placed in refrigerators and/or freezers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20600",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Desiccating, Inert Atmosphere",
      "definition": "Desiccating storage cabinets that prevent moisture by circulating an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen). These cabinets usually include airtight seals and gas distribution systems; most include hygrometers. Inert-atmosphere cabinets typically consist of a plastic (e.g., acrylic, polystyrene) enclosure that may be colored (e.g., amber, smoke-tinted) to protect light-sensitive materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "20597",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for organized storage and display of cleaned endoscopes (e.g., bronchoscopes, gastroscopes, colonoscopes). These cabinets are typically manufactured using materials (e.g., stainless steel, polypropylene, acrylic) that permit ease of cleaning; they include endoscope holders and may also include special soft-plastic brackets to secure the endoscope heads. Endoscope cabinets should have proper vents to keep the devices dry.  Some cabinets circulate clean air using a high-efficiency particulate-air filter, exhausting the air back into the room through an activated carbon filter. Endoscope storage cabinets are used to keep endoscopes clean for the next procedure after they are decontaminated and all removable parts are detached.  Endoscopes should not be stored in their carrying cases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20611",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Fire Blanket",
      "definition": "Storage cabinets designed to accommodate and facilitate the rapid release of folded or rolled blankets made of fire-resistant fiber (e.g., fiberglass, treated wool) that are large enough to completely wrap around a person. These cabinets are frequently wall-mounted units, usually with the blankets easily visible through a window or opening. Fire-blanket cabinets are conveniently located throughout a healthcare facility, permitting use of the blankets to extinguish a fire burning on a person, to provide protection during escape from fire, or to rescue nonambulatory patients during fire-emergency evacuations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20610",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Fire Extinguisher",
      "definition": "Storage cabinets designed to accommodate and protect fire extinguishers. These cabinets may consist of either a surface or recessed wall-mounted unit and are typically made of metal (e.g., steel, aluminum), plastic, fiberglass, or wood. Many cabinets include a glass or transparent-plastic front door to make the extinguisher visible. Some cabinets are designed to provide access to the extinguisher only when the glass door is broken; they usually include a hammer for that purpose. Fire-extinguisher cabinets are available in several sizes to accommodate different types of fire extinguishers, from the most common 2.25/4.5 kg (5/10 lb) dry chemical extinguishers to heavier (e.g., 14 kg/[30 lb]) units. Cabinets with alarms and/or those manufactured specifically for outdoor use or deck mounting are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20603",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Flammable Liquid",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for storage of flammable liquids (e.g., alcohol, gasoline, paint). These cabinets typically consist of a welded-steel double wall that acts as a thermal barrier and include vents with flame arrestors to provide external exhaust; some cabinets are made of wood. Flammable-liquid storage cabinets are available in stand-alone, wall-mounted, under-the-counter, and stackable configurations.  Some cabinets include automated self-closing degrees capabilities when the temperature reaches a preestablished value (e.g., 70 degrees Celsius/160 degrees Fahrenheit)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20605",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Flammable Liquid, Drum",
      "definition": "Flammable-liquid storage cabinets designed for storage of large drums (typically 55-gallon) containing flammable liquids. These cabinets usually include appropriate shelves to store one or more drums horizontally or vertically. Most drum storage cabinets include additional accessories, such as funnels, pumps, drum supports, drum dollies, and ramps; some cabinets provide additional shelves for small containers and accessories. Horizontal-drum storage, frequently using drum dollies, is particularly appropriate for fuel, solvent, lubricant, and cleaner bulk dispensing. Many drum storage cabinets have a weather-resistant exterior finish and/or chemical-resistant interior lining for outdoor storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "20604",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Flammable Liquid, Paint/Ink",
      "definition": "Flammable-liquid storage cabinets designed for organized storage of flammable paint and ink. These cabinets typically include appropriate shelves to store paint and/or ink containers (frequently one-gallon cans).  They are manufactured with all the features of standard flammable-liquid cabinets."
    },
    {
      "code": "20620",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, General-Purpose",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for storage of miscellaneous products in a healthcare facility. This furniture typically consists of metallic, wooden, or plastic cabinet that may include shelves, drawers, compartments, and/or doors; all surfaces should have appropriate finishes or coatings to facilitate easy cleaning. Healthcare facility storage cabinets are available in a variety of sizes and configurations (e.g., upright, wall mounted, above or under the counter) and they are used in clinical and nonclinical areas of healthcare facilities to store a variety of products that do not have any particular storage and/or other special requirements for long-term time preservation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20621",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, General-Purpose, Stand-Alone",
      "definition": "General-purpose storage cabinets with appropriate size and characteristics for freestanding use. This furniture typically consists of metallic or plastic cabinets that may include shelves, drawers, compartments, and/or doors; all surfaces should have appropriate finishes or coatings to facilitate easy cleaning. Healthcare facility freestanding storage cabinets are available in a variety of sizes and are used in clinical and nonclinical areas of health facilities to store a variety of products that do not have any particular storage and/or other special requirements for long-term preservation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20623",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, General-Purpose, Undercounter",
      "definition": "General-purpose storage cabinets with appropriate size and characteristics to be installed beneath a countertop. This furniture typically consists of metallic or plastic cabinets that may have shelves, drawers, compartments, and/or doors; all surfaces should include appropriate finishes or coatings to facilitate easy cleaning. Healthcare facility undercounter storage cabinets are available in a variety of sizes and are used in clinical and nonclinical areas of health facilities to store a variety of products that do not have any particular storage and/or other special requirements for long-term preservation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20622",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, General-Purpose, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "General-purpose storage cabinets with appropriate size and characteristics to be either recessed in or mounted on a wall. This furniture typically consists of metallic or plastic cabinets that may include shelves, drawers, compartments, and/or doors; all surfaces should have appropriate finishes or coatings to facilitate easy cleaning. Healthcare facility wall-mounted storage cabinets are available in a variety of sizes and are used in clinical and nonclinical areas of health facilities to store a variety of products that do not have any particular storage and/or other special requirements for long-term preservation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20651",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, General-Purpose/Lateral Filing",
      "definition": "Cabinets that combine the capabilities of a general-purpose storage cabinet (e.g., a unit with internal shelves and doors) with those of a lateral filing unit. These cabinets include one or more drawers. Storage/lateral filing cabinets are available in many different configurations and sizes; they are frequently used for personal storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "20625",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, General-Purpose/Wardrobe",
      "definition": "General-purpose cabinets that combine multipurpose and garment storage capabilities. These cabinets typically consist of a stand-alone metallic, plastic, or wooden structure with a vertical compartment that includes a clothes  hanging rod and additional compartments to store miscellaneous materials. Storage/wardrobe cabinets are intended mainly for personal use by healthcare workers (e.g., maintenance and/or service personnel)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10534",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Instrument",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for organized storage and display of surgical instruments; they may also store small equipment and supplies. This furniture typically consists of multiple drawers, shelf, or drawer/shelf closed cabinet; some include special compartments for materials. Instrument-storage cabinets are available in multiple configurations (e.g., stand alone, wall mounted), the cabinets usually include sliding or hinged glass or stainless steel doors; some also include security locks. They are typically manufactured using stainless steel to avoid corrosion and permit ease of cleaning and sterilization. These cabinets are mostly used in operating and procedure rooms, including dental and ophthalmologic clinics and offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20596",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Instrument, Stand-Alone",
      "definition": "Instrument storage cabinets of the appropriate size and design for freestanding use; they are typically manufactured using stainless steel to avoid corrosion and permit ease of cleaning and sterilization. These cabinets consist of multiple drawers, shelves, or a drawer/shelf combinations. Some include special compartments for supplies. Stand-alone instrument cabinets may include sliding or hinged glass or solid doors; some also include security locks. They are used mainly in operating and procedure rooms, including dental and ophthalmologic clinics and offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20595",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Instrument, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "Instrument storage cabinets of the appropriate size and design to be either recessed or wall mounted; they are typically manufactured using stainless steel to avoid corrosion and permit ease of cleaning and sterilization. These cabinets typically consist of  multiple drawers, shelves, or a drawer/shelf combination. Some cabinets include special compartments for supplies. Wall-mounted instrument cabinets may include sliding or hinged glass or solid doors; some also include security locks. They are used mainly in operating and procedure rooms, including dental and ophthalmologic clinics and offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20624",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Intravenous Solution, Pole-Mounted",
      "definition": "Storage cabinets with appropriate size and characteristics to be attached to intravenous solution container holding stands (i.e., holding poles). These cabinets typically consist of a small metallic or plastic box that may include shelves, drawers, or compartments; all surfaces have appropriate finishes or coatings to facilitate easy cleaning. Some cabinets include compartments that may be locked to provide limited access to bags being used for large-volume infusions of controlled medications. Pole-mounted intravenous solution storage cabinets are used in clinical areas of healthcare facilities to store a variety of supplies that are frequently used in acute care and do not have any particular storage and/or other special requirements for long-term preservation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20608",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Isotope",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for safe storage of radioisotopes during a relatively short period of time, protecting healthcare providers and patients from harmful radiation. These cabinets typically consist of a lead-lined (e.g., 6 mm/0.25 in) heavy metallic structure that may include dose storage and decay drawers (with leaded fronts) and compartments for flood phantoms. Some cabinets also have a thicker lined (e.g., two-inch) lead-lined compartment to storage high-energy radiation sources, including syringes for isotope infusion. Isotope storage cabinets are used mainly in nuclear medicine laboratories and nuclear medicine treatment units."
    },
    {
      "code": "20614",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Key",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for organized storage of keys. These cabinets typically consist of wall-mounted metallic, wooden, or plastic units with hooks or other appropriate means to hold one or more keys and/or with identifying numbering labels. Most key cabinets include several panels (or trays) that support key hooks. They may include sliding trays, foldout locking doors, and/or other locking mechanisms. Key storage cabinets are available in many different sizes to store from a few hundreds or even thousands of keys."
    },
    {
      "code": "20615",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Key, Computerized",
      "definition": "Key storage cabinets that include a computerized unit to automatically keep track of users and the time of every transaction involving stored keys. These computerized systems include a set of safety features to facilitate orderly control of asset usage and access (e.g., vehicles, restricted areas); some systems include mechanisms to render the cabinet unusable for unauthorized users. Computer-controlled key storage cabinets frequently maintain a database that allows either display or printing of data logs with information such as the name of the current user, the history of previous users, and both withdrawal and return time for each transaction."
    },
    {
      "code": "20618",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Kitchen/Food Supply",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store food products and/or kitchen utensils. These cabinets consist of metallic, wooden, or plastic units with surfaces that facilitate ease of cleaning. They may include drawers, shelves, and/or doors. Some kitchen cabinets are used for long-term storage of products that do not need refrigeration (e.g., canned products) or staples (e.g., rice, flour, sugar). Kitchen cabinets are used in healthcare facilities, nursing centers, and homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20616",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to small equipment, instruments, labware, and/or chemicals; they may also include a working surface (e.g., the top of the cabinet) for laboratory procedures. They are usually made of wood, laminate, metal (including stainless steel), or a combination of these, permitting ease of cleaning and sterilization. These cabinets typically consist of multiple drawers, shelves, or a drawer/shelf combination. Some include special compartments for corrosive chemicals. Laboratory cabinets are available in multiple configurations (e.g., stand-alone, wall-mounted) and usually include sliding or hinged glass or solid doors; some also include security locks. Laboratory cabinets are used mainly in clinical laboratories, but they may be used to store and/or manipulate chemical products in physician's offices and in dental and ophthalmologic clinics."
    },
    {
      "code": "20617",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Laboratory, Pathology Specimen",
      "definition": "Laboratory cabinets designed to provide a vented space to store tissue specimens for pathologic analysis. These cabinets typically consist of a set of perforated shelves to accommodate containers with a preservative liquid (e.g., formaldehyde) in which pathology samples are immersed. Some cabinets are capable attaching to the laboratory ventilation system; others include a wheeled shelf that can be removed from the cabinet and used for tissue transport. Pathology specimen cabinets are used for short- and long-term storage of specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "20606",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Medical Gas Cylinder",
      "definition": "Storage cabinets designed to accommodate and protect medical gas (e.g., oxygen) cylinders. These cabinets typically consist of either a metallic (e.g., steel, aluminum) mesh or a solid metal or wood structure. Medical gas cylinder storage cabinets are available to store from a few to 20 or more cylinders, horizontally or vertically. Most cabinets are manufactured to withstand weathering for outdoor use, and they may have padlocks to prevent unauthorized access and/or anchoring accessories for maximum stability and security."
    },
    {
      "code": "10535",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Medicine",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store medicines and other disposable products of frequent use in healthcare (e.g., adhesive tape, dressing). These cabinets are usually constructed of metals (e.g., stainless steel), plastics, wood, or combinations of these materials. They frequently consist of stand-alone or wall-mounted units (either recessed or surface mounted) including shelves; many medicine cabinets include a swing door externally covered with a mirror. Some cabinets include a working surface appropriate for medicine preparation. Medicine cabinets are used in many different locations, including nurse stations in healthcare facilities, nursing centers, and homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20593",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Medicine, Computerized",
      "definition": "Medicine storage cabinets that include computerized capabilities to automatically keep track of users and the time of every transaction; some cabinets include mechanisms to render the cabinet unusable for unauthorized users. Computer-controlled medicine storage cabinets frequently maintain a database that allows either the display or printing of data logs with information such as the name of the current user, the history of previous users, and both withdrawal and return time for each transaction. These cabinets may provide data to hospital information systems and/or be used as a component of medication-dispensing automated systems designed to provide safe and orderly control of medicine dispensing throughout a healthcare facility (i.e., decentralized medication management systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10536",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Medicine, Narcotic Control",
      "definition": "Medicine cabinets designed to store narcotics and other controlled medicines under strict security requirements. These cabinets usually consist of a sturdy wall-mounted (either recessed or surface mounted) metallic unit with a hinged double-door/double-lock or single-door/double-lock combination; less frequently, they are manufactured as stand-alone units. Narcotics control cabinets are used to ensure that only authorized personnel have access to controlled drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20594",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Medicine, Narcotic Control, Refrigerator-Mounted",
      "definition": "Narcotics-control storage cabinets that are designed for use inside a refrigerator. These devices consist of a small cabinet (e.g., similar to a box) that is specifically manufactured to be securely attached to an integral part inside a refrigerator so that the cabinet cannot be removed when locked. Refrigerator narcotics-control cabinets are used for controlled drugs that require refrigeration during storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "34654",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Money/Jewelry",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for safe storage of money, jewels, and other high-value objects and documents. These cabinets consist of a heavy metallic structure with security bolts, a mechanism to open the cabinet that requires the use of a manual or digital code, and alarms.  Money and jewel cabinets  (also known as money safes) may include dedicated drawers or shelves for money, jewels, and other valuables; some cabinets also include additional drawers and/or shelves without safe protection for multipurpose storage or filing documents. Most of the cabinets provide also fire protection."
    },
    {
      "code": "20609",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Radiotherapy Blocking Tray",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to provide space to storage the plastic (e.g., polycarbonate, acrylic) trays used in radiation therapy treatments (i.e., blocking trays). These cabinets typically consist of a set of compartments for placing each blocking tray in a separate bin. The cabinets are typically made of metal, wood, particle board, or a combination of these. Most cabinets are intended for wall mounting.  They are available in several sizes depending on hospital needs. Blocking-tray cabinets are used in radiology and nuclear medicine departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "20613",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Small Component/Supply",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed for organized storage of small components (e.g., mechanical, electric, electronic) and/or supplies. These cabinets typically consists of several drawers and/or shelves with multiple compartments to classify different parts. Cabinets with removable plastic bins are also available.  Most cabinets are made of metal or plastic some used for electric and/or electronic parts are designed to avoid static electric charges. These cabinets are used in healthcare facilities to store components and/or supplies for preventive maintenance and/or repair of medical devices and other equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20612",
      "display": "Cabinets, Storage, Tool",
      "definition": "Heavy-duty cabinets designed for organized storage of tools. These cabinets are typically wide, multidrawer units with ball-bearing sliders and locking systems. They typically include 1 m (40 in) wide or larger drawers with a weight-holding capacity of 100 kg (220 lb) or more each. Most tool storage cabinets are made of metal (e.g., steel, aluminum), with a paint or coating (e.g., epoxy) that can resist acids and/or solvents, frequently including holders to keep tools in place. Some cabinets are available with a working surface on which hand tools (e.g., drills) can be mounted. Others include a detachable tool chest on the top to facilitate tool transport. Tool storage cabinets are used in healthcare facilities for preventive maintenance and/or repair of medical devices and other equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20626",
      "display": "Cabinets, Treatment",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to small equipment, instruments, and materials used in medical treatment and other medical procedures. This furniture typically consists of stand-alone multiple-drawer, -shelf, or -shelf/drawer cabinets with a working surface (e.g., the top of the cabinet) appropriate for use while performing medical treatment. The cabinets usually have hinged or sliding (either glass or solid) doors; some cabinets also include built-in grounded outlets, security locks, and/or small wheels for easy movement. Treatment cabinets are used for general treatments in emergency situations or in the field. Some are specially designed to perform particular procedures such as anesthesia, dentistry, ophthalmology, and otolaryngology."
    },
    {
      "code": "10529",
      "display": "Cabinets, Treatment, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to small equipment, instruments, and materials used in the administration of anesthetics. These cabinets are usually constructed using materials that avoid build-up of static electrical charges (typically metals such as stainless steel). They typically consist of a stand-alone multiple drawer or shelf/drawer cabinet with an appropriate working top for placement of anesthetics, instruments, vials, or other small devices. Some cabinets include lockers, intravenous poles, oxygen holders, and electrical outlets."
    },
    {
      "code": "10532",
      "display": "Cabinets, Treatment, Dentistry",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to dental instruments, devices, and materials (e.g., local anesthetics, cement) during dental treatments; they also have a working surface (e.g., the top of the cabinet) that may include a sink intended  to facilitate the dental procedure. This furniture typically consists of a stand-alone, stainless steel multiple drawer, shelf, or shelf/drawer cabinet, they may have hinged or sliding (either glass or solid) doors. Dental cabinets may have attachments for handpieces, a high volume evacuator, and a saliva ejector; some also include built-in grounded outlets, security locks, and/or small wheels for easy movement. They are used in dental clinics and offices during the performance of dental procedures, including oral surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28094",
      "display": "Cabinets, Treatment, Infant Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Treatment cabinets designed for use during infant resuscitation. These cabinets typically consist of a wooden, plastic, or metallic structure typically including a slide-out bassinet or infant bed and a warming system. The cabinet also includes all the devices needed for infant and/or neonate resuscitation such as an internal oxygen tank and/or a hook-up oxygen hose, an aspirator, a resuscitation bag, timers (e.g., for Apgar score), manometers, and monitors. Adjustable shelves and/or drawers for storage of supplies and rails to attach additional devices are also integral parts of the cabinet. Most cabinets are stand-alone units but some may be mounted on the wall. Infant resuscitation cabinets are located in maternity and infant areas and in emergency departments of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20628",
      "display": "Cabinets, Treatment, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to instruments, devices, and materials (e.g., local anesthetics) used in ophthalmic diagnoses and treatment; they usually have a working surface (e.g., the top of the cabinet) intended to facilitate the procedure. This furniture typically consists of stand-alone, multiple-drawer, -shelf, or -shelf/drawer cabinets with hinged or sliding (either glass or solid) doors. Ophthalmologic storage/treatment cabinets usually include handheld ophthalmoscopes and/or ophthalmoscope sets. They may also include attachments for electrosurgical units, fiberoptic light sources, built-in grounded electrical outlets, security locks, and/or small wheels for easy movement. They are used in hospitals and physician offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20627",
      "display": "Cabinets, Treatment, Otorhinolaryngology",
      "definition": "Cabinets designed to store, display, and provide ready access to instruments, devices, and materials (e.g., local anesthetics) used in ear, nose, and throat diagnoses and treatment; they usually have a working surface (e.g., the top of the cabinet) intended  to facilitate the procedure. This furniture typically consists of a stand-alone, multiple drawer, shelf, or shelf/drawer cabinet, it may have hinged or sliding (either glass or solid) doors. Otolaryngology cabinets may include otoscopes and/or otoscope sets; they may also include attachments for suction and pressure pumps, electrosurgical units, fiber optic light sources, built-in grounded electrical outlets, security locks, and/or small wheels for easy movement. They are used in hospitals and physician's offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "10538",
      "display": "Cabinets, Treatment, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Cabinets with the interior walls lined with ultraviolet lamps to allow full body exposure with even distribution of ultraviolet radiation for the treatment of dermatological disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "37032",
      "display": "Cable Tie Tensioners",
      "definition": "Handheld, manual applicators designed to apply sufficient tension in order to fasten/tighten cable ties in place. These devices may also have the capacity to cut off any unneeded length from the tie once it is in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "37034",
      "display": "Cable Ties",
      "definition": "Fasteners typically made from plastic or metal that have a flexible section on one end which feeds into the head on the other end. Teeth on the flexible end engage with a pawl in the head to form a ratchet. As the free end of the tie is pulled through the ratchet, the ratchet tightens and does not come undone. Cable ties are typically single-use devices; they are typically cut off rather than loosened and reused. However, some ties include a tab that can be depressed to release the ratchet so that the tie can be loosened or removed."
    },
    {
      "code": "41853",
      "display": "Cable/cord holders",
      "definition": "Brackets or racks used to hold electric cables, wires, tubes, and/or cords. Cable/cord holders can be used anywhere in healthcare facilities that cables, tubing or wires need to be stored, such as attached to desks, intravenous stands, bed or stretcher rails, monitors, carts, or mounted to the wall. They provide a place to keep cords cables, and tubing organized, untangled, and keep them off the floor."
    },
    {
      "code": "36831",
      "display": "Cables, Audio",
      "definition": "Cables with plugs at both ends that allow output devices (e.g., laptops, tablets, stereo systems) to be hooked up to other output devices (e.g., speakers, headphones, public address systems) in order to play sound."
    },
    {
      "code": "40392",
      "display": "Cables, Computer",
      "definition": "One or more wires covered in insulating material, such as plastic, that allows for the transmission of power or data between a computer and other computers, computer components, peripheral devices, and/or power sources. Most computer cables have a connector at each end."
    },
    {
      "code": "41971",
      "display": "Cables, External Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Cables designed to provide connection between pacing catheters, leads, or electrodes and an external cardiac pacemaker. The cable is usually insulated with a connector (plug) at both ends. This device transmits electrical power and/or signals."
    },
    {
      "code": "15308",
      "display": "Cables, Fiberoptic",
      "definition": "One or more thin optical fibers contained in a protective tube that allows for the transmission of light between the two ends of a fiber. The optical fibers are flexible and transparent, and they may be made of glass or plastic. Fiberoptic cables are comprised of a core of optical fibers surrounded by transparent cladding material and an outer protective plastic cover."
    },
    {
      "code": "23696",
      "display": "Cables, Handpiece/Power Console",
      "definition": "Cables designed to deliver power to a handpiece by providing connection of the handpiece to a power console.  These devices typically are detachable cables with appropriate caliber that include mechanical strain reliefs at both ends; they allow the connection of a single handpiece to the console but some consoles permit the connection of several cables and the attached handpieces simultaneously. Handpiece/power console cables may be intended to attach handpieces to only one or several models of consoles."
    },
    {
      "code": "16312",
      "display": "Cables/Leads",
      "definition": "Combinations of leads and cables designed for connection between electrodes, which are placed on or in the body, and an electric or electronic device. These combined devices typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads) and an integral cable that is connected to the leads at one end and to the electric or electronic device at the other end. Cable/leads are used with a variety of healthcare equipment including recorders, monitors, and stimulators usually to detect bioelectric signals and/or to deliver electric energy to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "35338",
      "display": "Cables/Leads, Apnea Monitors",
      "definition": "Combinations of a cable and several (usually two) leads designed for connection between electrodes placed on the chest (typically on the right and left sides) and an apnea monitor. These combined devices typically consist of flexible wires (leads) that are completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads) and an integral cable that is connected to the leads at one end and to the apnea monitor at the other end. Apnea monitor cable/leads are used for recording and/or displaying in real time the variations of the electrical impedance in the thorax (that are interpreted as breaths); they are also used to monitor the electrical biosignals of the heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "15754",
      "display": "Cables/Leads, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Combinations of a cable and several leads designed for connection between electrodes, which are placed on or in the body, and an electrocardiograph (ECG) or ECG monitor. These combined devices typically consist of flexible wires (e.g., 3, 5, 12 leads) that are completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads) and an integral cable that is connected to the leads at one end and to the electronic recorder or monitor at the other end. ECG cable/leads are used for recording and/or displaying in real time the waveforms (i.e., electrocardiograms) of the biologic electric signals from the heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "17469",
      "display": "Cables/Leads, Electrocardiography, Radiolucent",
      "definition": "Electrocardiography cable/leads including leads designed to produce a very small, almost negligible, attenuation to the passage of x-rays.  These devices consist of a cable and several (e.g., 3, 5, 12) leads completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads); they are intended for connection between the patient electrodes and an electrocardiograph or cardiac monitor. Radiolucent electrocardiography cable/leads are mainly used for recording and/or displaying in real time the waveforms (i.e., electrocardiograms) of the biologic electric signals from the heart in cardiac procedures (e.g., catheterization) that require real-time radiographic observation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16313",
      "display": "Cables/Leads, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Combinations of a cable and several leads designed for connection between electrodes placed on the skull and an electroencephalograph (EEG) or EEG monitor. These combined devices typically consist of flexible wires (e.g., 19, 21 leads) that are completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads) and an integral cable that is connected to the leads at one end and to the electronic recorder or monitor at the other end. EEG cable/leads are used for recording and/or displaying in real time the waveforms (i.e., electroencephalograms) of the biologic electric signals from the brain."
    },
    {
      "code": "16314",
      "display": "Cables/Leads, Electromyography",
      "definition": "Combinations of a cable and several leads designed for connection between electrodes (e.g., surface, needle) and an electromyograph (EMG). These combined devices typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads) and an integral cable that is connected to the leads at one end and to the electronic recorder or monitor at the other end. EMG cable/leads are used for recording and/or displaying in real time the waveforms (i.e., electromyograms) of the biologic electric signals from the muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "11496",
      "display": "Cables/Leads, Electrosurgical Unit",
      "definition": "Combinations of cables and leads designed for electrical connection between electrodes placed on or in the body and an electrosurgical unit (ESU). These combined devices may consist of a cable with one or two leads (for monopolar and bipolar surgery respectively) attached to active electrodes; monopolar surgery typically involves using pen-like electrodes while bipolar surgery is performed usually using the tips of surgical instruments such as forceps or scissors as the electrodes. Monopolar surgery requires an additional cable that is usually attached directly to a dispersive (i.e., return) electrode.  ESU cables/leads are used to pass high density radiofrequency energy through the tissues while performing electrosurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "16315",
      "display": "Cables/Leads, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation",
      "definition": "Combinations of a cable and several leads designed for connection between electrodes placed on the body area where the stimuli are needed and a transcutaneous electro-analgesic nerve stimulator (TENS). These combined devices typically consist of flexible leads, usually 2 or 4 leads for single- and dual-channel units respectively, that are completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads) and an integral cable that is connected to the leads at one end and to the stimulator at the other end. TENS cable/leads are intended to provide stimuli to relieve acute and chronic pain associated with surgery, trauma, musculoskeletal problems, bursitis, and dental problems and procedures; they also provide pain relief in the course of physical therapy and during labor and delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17130",
      "display": "Cadaver Bags",
      "definition": "Sack-like containers intended to hold the body of a deceased individual (e.g., a patient who has expired and is being transported to the morgue or other appropriate location, a body intended for dissection and study, etc., deceased individuals recovered from the scene of an accident/disaster). Cadaver bags are often included as a component of a postmortem kit."
    },
    {
      "code": "15563",
      "display": "Calibrators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to determine and/or adjust the accuracy of a measuring instrument so that the instrument can be used to make measurements that are accurate to within a specified tolerance. Most calibrators assess the medical instrument measurements deviations from a standard; others are high-accuracy simulators used to calibrate instruments that are capable of adjustment. A calibrator should be several times (e.g., 4 to 10 times) more accurate than the instrument being calibrated. Calibrators are also used in nuclear medicine to assess the radiation dose of radionuclides before their administration to patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "36640",
      "display": "Calibrators, Manometer",
      "definition": "Calibrators designed to determine the accuracy of manometers. These calibrators can be either hydraulic or pneumatic and are usually portable. They typically consist of a pressure gauge; one or two piston/cylinder units; calibrated weights; and a gas or fluid reservoir."
    },
    {
      "code": "16414",
      "display": "Calibrators, Ophthalmic Tonometer",
      "definition": "Calibrators designed to test the accuracy of ophthalmic tonometers. These calibrators usually include measuring (e.g., force, area) instruments with physical characteristics and measuring ranges appropriate to assess the type of tonometer (e.g., indentation, applanation, noncontact) under test. Calibrators may be supplied as accessories to ophthalmic tonometers; some tonometers include self-calibration capabilities. Ophthalmic tonometer calibrators are used for periodic verification of tonometers; new types of tonometers are frequently calibrated in laboratories and/or factories by comparison to in vivo or in vitro manometric intraocular pressure measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "36641",
      "display": "Calibrators, Oscilloscope",
      "definition": "Calibrators designed to determine the accuracy of oscilloscopes.  These calibrators are usually line-powered devices that provide various electrical signals as outputs intended to assess oscilloscope functions including vertical deflection coefficients, horizontal time coefficients, frequency response, and trigger response. Calibrators may be intended for manual use, semi-automated use (i.e., the calibrator runs through a standard set of outputs and prompts the user to manually adjust the oscilloscope), or fully automated use (i.e., the calibrator automatically runs through a standard set of outputs and adjusts the oscilloscope automatically if necessary)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17823",
      "display": "Calibrators, Pipette",
      "definition": "Calibrators designed to test the accuracy of the volume delivered by pipettes, pipetters, and diluters. These calibrators typically use either colorimetric methods that use dedicated spectrophotometers and special reagents or gravimetric methods based on analytic balances; other methods such as titration using digital titrators are also used. Pipette calibrators are used for periodic, regular checking of the performance of volumetric equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "34749",
      "display": "Calibrators, Positive Pressure Airway Unit, Titration",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to calibrate positive  pressure airway  (PAP) units to the therapeutic levels needed for the successful management of an individual patient. These calibrators usually consist of a computerized unit that control the therapeutic mode (e.g., continuous, two different levels, intermittent - CPAP, BIPAP, and IPPB respectively) and pressure level needed for the best possible sleeping. The calibrators are used in laboratory titration studies with appropriate masks, tubing and sensors to assess patent status while sleeping. Titration PAP calibrators are used to perform titration studies after a patient is diagnosed with a breathing disorder such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); some calibrators can provide automated reports of the titration study."
    },
    {
      "code": "18971",
      "display": "Calibrators, Radiopharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Calibrators designed to detect and measure the total amount of ionization produced by a radiopharmaceutical (i.e., the radionuclide activity) in either curies (Ci) or becquerels (Bq). The measured radiopharmaceuticals are usually in syringes, vials, or capsules. These calibrators typically consist of a power supply, a detector (e.g., an ionization chamber), sample holders, amplifiers, an electrometer, and a display; they usually include controls to adjust for different isotopes (e.g., Tc-99, Cs-137). Radioisotope calibrators are used in nuclear medicine studies to prepare radiopharmaceuticals at specific concentrations, to measure their activity before administration, and to determine the activity of radionuclide impurities (e.g., Mo-99). Some calibrators include appropriate measuring ranges and characteristics (e.g., holders) to calibrate both high-energy gamma and beta nuclides, high-dose brachytherapy, and/or PET isotopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "34401",
      "display": "Calibrators, Sound Measuring Instrument",
      "definition": "Calibrators designed to determine the accuracy of sound measuring instruments. These calibrators are usually portable, battery-operated devices, that may use one of a variety of techniques to produce a stable sound pressure, including rotating cam-piston technology.  The calibrators usually perform the calibrations at one or more pre-established frequencies (e.g., 250 HZ, 500 HZ, 1 kHZ) following a given standard (e.g., ANSI, IEC). The measuring devices may be manually or automatically adjusted when the measured level  is outside the intended value. Sound measuring instrument calibrators are used to calibrate sound level meters,  noise dosimeters, and other sound measuring instruments; they are also used to calibrate microphone arrays."
    },
    {
      "code": "17843",
      "display": "Calibrators, Spectrophotometer, Visible Light",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometer calibrators designed for verification of the transmittance and/or absorbance scales of visible spectrophotometers. These calibrators typically consist of a set of filters (e.g., holmium oxide, didymium oxide) with different nominal transmittance values (e.g., 10, 20, 30%); each filter is calibrated stating the transmission values at several frequencies in the visible range (e.g., 440.0, 546.1, 635.0 nm).The filters are usually mounted in a cuvette-size holder to facilitate calibration."
    },
    {
      "code": "10546",
      "display": "Calipers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for the accurate measurement of the diameter or thickness of an object or, less frequently, the distance between two points on a plane. These instruments are typically metallic, compasslike, handheld instruments with two adjustable, frequently curved, hinged legs or jaws; some instruments display the results of measurements on analog (e.g., mechanical scales) or digital (electronic) displays. Metallic and/or rigid plastic calipers are available with an L-shaped frame with a linear scale along its longer arm and a second L-shaped sliding arm with an auxiliary graduated scale to facilitate fine adjustment and to increase the accuracy of measurement (i.e., vernier calipers). Dedicated clinical calipers are intended mainly to measure organ and/or tissue (e.g., bones, eyes, skin) diameters and/or thicknesses and, less frequently, to determine length and distances on graphic recordings (e.g., electrocardiograms)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16613",
      "display": "Calipers, Electrocardiogram",
      "definition": "Calipers designed to measure the distance between two points on a printed electrocardiogram waveform. These instruments are typically metallic, compasslike, handheld instruments with two adjustable, straight, hinged legs with sharp, rigid tips. Electrocardiogram calipers are intended for manual processing and assessment of electrocardiograms; they may be also used to measure sections of other physiologic waveforms or electronic image prints."
    },
    {
      "code": "23766",
      "display": "Calipers, External Anthropometry",
      "definition": "Calipers designed for external measurement of the distance from side to side of a bony anatomic structure such as the thorax, pelvis, or cranium or the diameter of a circular or nearly circular structure.  These instruments are frequently sturdy, metallic, compasslike, handheld instruments that may include two adjustable, frequently curved, hinged legs or jaws; Campbell-type calipers include a central graduated frame, two sliding flat bars, and an auxiliary graduated scale or an inverted T structure to facilitate fine adjustment and increase the accuracy of measurement (i.e., vernier calipers). The calipers are intended for anthropometric measurements of the body, such as the shoulder (i.e., acromial) breadth, transverse chest, and the external margins of the iliac crest (bicristal). Dedicated external anthropometric calipers are available for measurement of the pelvis (i.e., external pelvimeters) and of infant craniums to assess abnormal or twisted conditions of the head (i.e., plagiocephaly)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32742",
      "display": "Calipers, External Anthropometry, Craniometry, Occlusal Vertical Dimension",
      "definition": "Craniotomy calipers designed for external measurement of the distance from an ear to the eye that is on the same side of the face. The normal distance between the chin and the nose (i.e., vertical occlusal dimension) for a given patient is then determined based on the anatomical correlation that has been found to exist between these two craniofacial features. These handheld instruments are frequently sturdy, metal or hard plastic with an L-shaped frame. They include a linear scale along the longer arm and a second L-shaped sliding arm that may include an auxiliary graduated scale to facilitate fine adjustment and to increase the accuracy of measurement. The results of the ear-eye distance are mainly used to predict chin-nose distance and determining occlusal vertical dimension in edentulous patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "32741",
      "display": "Calipers, External Anthropometry, Craniotomy",
      "definition": "Anthropometry calipers that externally measure the dimension of the cranium. They are also used to measure bony cranial structures or deformations of the head. These handheld instruments are frequently sturdy metal or hard plastic, and are compass-like in shape. They may include two adjustable, frequently curved, hinged legs or jaws. Some calipers include a central graduated frame, two sliding flat bars with ball ends for introduction in the ear canal, and an auxiliary graduated scale to facilitate fine adjustment and increase the accuracy of measurement (i.e., vernier calipers). Some of these calipers are intended to measure head deformation (i.e., plagiocephaly) in infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "16376",
      "display": "Calipers, Skinfold",
      "definition": "Calipers designed for assessing body fat in subcutaneous adipose tissue by measuring the thickness of folds of skin gathered at various areas of the body. These calipers are either manually operated, handheld instruments with an auxiliary graduated scale to facilitate fine adjustment, increasing accuracy of the measurement, or electronic instruments that can process and display the information based on algorithms. Skinfold calipers are used mainly to measure the skinfold on the posterior aspect of the upper arm; measurements are also frequently performed on the thighs or back or over the lower ribs."
    },
    {
      "code": "16267",
      "display": "Calipers, Skinfold, Electronic",
      "definition": "Skinfold calipers designed to assess body fat in subcutaneous adipose tissue by measuring the skinfold thickness and processing the data electronically. Measurement of the thickness of folds of skin gathered at various areas of the body is displayed on the device. These instruments are typically electrically powered (usually with batteries), handheld, pistol-like metallic and/or rigid plastic calipers with curved working ends that apply even pressure to the skinfold. Electronic skinfold calipers help to perform fast and repetitive measurements on the posterior aspect of the upper arm, thighs, or back or over the lower ribs; the instruments typically show the results as percent body fat (e.g., using an standard algorithm such as the Jackson-Pollack formula) in a digital display."
    },
    {
      "code": "10547",
      "display": "Calipers, Skinfold, Manual",
      "definition": "Skinfold calipers designed to assess body fat in subcutaneous adipose tissue by measuring the thickness of folds of skin gathered at various areas of the body by mechanical means.  These instruments are typically manually operated, handheld, metallic, and/or rigid plastic calipers with an L-shaped frame with a linear scale along its longer arm and a second L-shaped sliding arm that may include an auxiliary graduated scale to facilitate fine adjustment and increase the accuracy of the measurement (i.e., vernier calipers); the long L-shaped arm is usually spring-loaded to ensure even pressure and is conformed for easy grasping by the operator. Devices with other shapes are also available. Some calipers include circular graduated scales (gauges) to facilitate reading. Skinfold calipers are used mainly to measure the skinfold on the posterior aspect of the upper arm; measurements are also frequently performed on the thighs or back or over the lower ribs."
    },
    {
      "code": "23756",
      "display": "Calipers, Surgical",
      "definition": "Calipers designed to measure the distance between two points during surgical procedures. These instruments are typically handheld, metallic, compasslike instruments with two adjustable, centrally hinged legs and sharp, rigid, either straight, angled or curved tips; the proximal end (i.e., the handle) usually includes a calibrated scale and a screw to adjust the separation of the legs (i.e., Castroviejo calipers). Other surgical calipers include instruments with an L-shaped frame with a linear scale along its longer arm and a second L-shaped sliding arm (i.e., Jameson calipers). Dedicated calipers are available for measuring eye and bone structures during ophthalmic and orthopedic surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23760",
      "display": "Calipers, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical calipers designed to measure the dimension of bones and/or eminences on bones (i.e., epicondyles) during surgical procedures. These instruments are typically handheld metallic calipers that consist of a central graduated frame, a sliding L-shaped bar or two sliding flat bars, and an auxiliary graduated scale to facilitate fine adjustment and to increase the accuracy of the measurement (i.e., vernier calipers). Bone calipers are used to measure the length, thickness, or diameter of the bones. Dedicated bone calipers are available to measure patellar thickness during patellar resurfacing procedures, to map bone ridges (usually with a central pivot and scissorslike handles), and to measure the bony ridge of the maxilla containing the alveoli (i.e., alveolar ridge calipers) during maxillofacial procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16415",
      "display": "Calipers, Surgical, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Surgical calipers designed to measure the distance between two points of the eye during ophthalmic surgery procedures. These instruments are typically handheld, metallic, compasslike instruments with two adjustable, centrally hinged legs and either straight, angled, or curved sharp, rigid tips; the proximal end (i.e., the handle) usually includes a calibrated scale and a screw to adjust the separation of the legs (i.e., Castroviejo calipers, also used in other surgical procedures). Dedicated ophthalmic calipers are  available that are articulated at the proximal end with a scale at the working end intended for cataract incision measurement (i.e., Osher calipers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41798",
      "display": "Calorimeters, Differential Scanning",
      "definition": "Units designed to determine the heat flow of a material during endothermic and exothermic processes by measuring the difference in heat flow between the sample and a reference. These instruments typically consist of a unit (i.e., the calorimeter) including two small-volume identical sample and reference containers (i.e., pans), an electronic heating element (i.e. furnace), thermoelectric disks, and thermocouples. As the furnace temperature is changed, heat is transferred to the sample and reference, and the differential heat flow to the sample and reference is measured by thermocouples. Heat flux differential scanning calorimeters have a single furnace, and the sample and reference pans are placed in the same chamber. These units primarily measure the temperature difference between the sample and the reference, and heat flow is then calculated from the temperature difference. Power-compensated differential scanning calorimeters have two independent furnaces, and the sample and reference pans are placed in separate chambers. The temperature of the sample and reference are kept at the same value via independent heating, and the unit determines the heat flow by measuring the energy required to reach and maintain this state."
    },
    {
      "code": "27726",
      "display": "Calorimeters, Isothermal Titration",
      "definition": "Calorimeters designed to determine the heat exchange and other thermodynamic parameter (i.e., related to the heat of reaction) values during a titration assay. These instruments typically consist of a unit (i.e., the calorimeter) including two small-volume (frequently in the order of micro- or nano-liter) identical sample and reference cells, an electronic heating and cooling system, and a detachable syringe assembly to deliver the titrant into the sample cell. The power needed to keep both cells at the same temperature (the titration may be endothermic or exothermic) is measured during the titration process. The data is obtained as a series of pulses of power that are processed using a dedicated software to obtain the total heat exchanged per each injection of titrant; further evaluation provides the thermodynamic parameters (e.g., temperature, entropy, enthalpy) of the reaction under test. Isothermal titration calorimeters are mainly used in biochemistry tests (e.g., to determine the substrates binding to enzymes); they are also used in pharmacology to assess new potential medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "40668",
      "display": "Camera Bags/Cases",
      "definition": "Fabric, metal, or plastic cases or bags for transporting and protecting cameras and/or camera accessories (e.g., filters, lenses, tripods)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10549",
      "display": "Cameras",
      "definition": "Devices designed to capture and record images. There are a variety of cameras according to the characteristics of the images to be captured and/or the technical characteristics of the device; they include photographic cameras intended to obtain still images and/or a limited sequence of images, video cameras intended to get a set of images in electronic format that can be retrieved in video displays and/or recorded; cine cameras that takes a series of images on a reel that are  retrieved using a movie projector; and gamma cameras that can obtain a physiologic image of the distribution of gamma-ray-emitting radioisotopes within the human body after the injection or ingestion of a radiopharmaceutical. Dedicated photographic, cine, and video cameras intended for particular (e.g., surgery, microscope, endoscope, ophthalmologic, dental) applications are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16657",
      "display": "Cameras, Cine",
      "definition": "Modified motion picture cameras that record fluoroscopic images onto 16 or 35 mm roll film. The image is recorded by the camera from the output phosphor of an image intensifier tube for later playback on cine projectors. The cine camera consists of eight basic parts: a converging lens system, an iris diaphragm, a shutter, an aperture, a pull-down arm, a pressure plate, a film-transport mechanism, and a supply and take-up reel. Cine cameras are mostly used for complex cardiac studies (e.g., cardiac catheterization); they are also used in some angiographic procedures and gastrointestinal examinations"
    },
    {
      "code": "41951",
      "display": "Cameras, Document",
      "definition": "Real-time image capture devices designed for displaying an enlarged image of three-dimensional objects or two-dimensional documents to a large audience. The objects or documents can be manipulated or written on. These cameras have a zoom feature and are mounted on free-angle arms so as to facilitate their placement. These cameras include an optical system, lighting system, and software. They can be connected to a projector or monitor. Some document cameras include a microphone."
    },
    {
      "code": "15944",
      "display": "Cameras, Gamma",
      "definition": "Cameras designed to obtain a physiologic image of the distribution of gamma-ray-emitting radioisotopes within the human body after the injection or ingestion of  a radiopharmaceutical. These cameras include a collimator to reduce scattered rays, a detector (e.g., a sodium iodide crystal, an array of multiple crystals) that converts the gamma rays in pulses of light (scintillation), photomultiplier tubes that convert light to electrical current, electronic circuitry to determine the location and magnitude of scintillation events, and a display. Gamma cameras are mostly used in the detection of  cancerous tumors, nuclear cardiology studies, and cerebral blood flow images; they are frequently used in nuclear medicine as part of physiological imaging scanning systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "23441",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic",
      "definition": "Cameras designed to obtain still images either one by one or in a limited sequence of images each time the user presses a switch. These cameras typically include one or more lenses positioned in the front of the camera, a shutter button that operates the camera and frequently also triggers a light flash, and controls to modify the focus, optical zoom, and time; the camera also includes a film or an image sensor for film and digital cameras respectively. Dedicated photographic still cameras using digital technology or less frequently film techniques are available for a variety of applications (e.g., ophthalmology, surgery); autoclavable cameras intended mainly for use in surgical procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26030",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Photographic cameras designed to provide still images from the proximal end of an endoscope. These cameras typically include one or more lenses positioned in the front of the camera, a shutter button that operates the camera, and controls to modify the focus, optical zoom, and time. The endoscopic camera also includes a film or an image sensor for film and digital cameras, respectively; the sensors are attached to the endoscope externally. Endoscope photographic cameras are intended mainly to provide diagnostic data and picture documentation of endoscopic findings."
    },
    {
      "code": "15815",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic, Microscope",
      "definition": "Photographic cameras designed to provide still images from the proximal end of a microscope. These cameras typically use the lens system of the microscope to enlarge the image of the field; the camera may be intended to be used directly through the microscope or through a dedicated adapter attached to the microscope. Photographic microscope cameras are used mainly in clinical laboratories for documentation of images of microscope slides and to facilitate diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15823",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic, Multi-Image",
      "definition": "Photographic cameras used to capture digital images created by diagnostic imaging systems such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), position-emission tomography (PET), gamma camera, and ultrasound,  and reproduce them in variable image formats on radiographic films. These cameras use several optical,  mechanical, and electronic methods to record each image; they usually have adjustments that allow the operator to determine how  many images will be recorded on one film sheet (multiformatting, usually from 1 to 128 images on a single sheet film). Multi-image cameras are typically self contained with a television monitor that receives the video signal to be recorded."
    },
    {
      "code": "16419",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Photographic cameras designed to obtain still images of the eye. Typically several photographs are taken with the camera close to the eye. These cameras usually include one or more lenses positioned in the front of the camera, a shutter button that operates the camera and frequently also triggers a light flash, and controls to modify the focus, optical zoom, and time. The camera also includes a film or an image sensor for film and digital cameras respectively. Ophthalmic cameras are used to provide diagnostic data of eye conditions; dedicated ophthalmic cameras are available to obtain pictures as well as to document the pathology of the ocular fundus and associated blood vessels (i.e., fundus cameras)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10551",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic, Ophthalmic, Fundus",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic photographic cameras designed to take still images of the ocular fundus and associated blood vessels (i.e., fundus oculi) of the eye. These devices typically consist of dedicated high-resolution photographic (either film or digital) cameras that may include specific controls to facilitate the operation and image devices for observation; they are usually attached to a low-power microscope. Fundus cameras are frequently intended for observation of the ocular fundus after local administration of pupil dilatation drugs (known as mydriatic cameras); cameras that provide images without pupil dilatation (i.e., nonmydiatric cameras), or for both conditions are also available. The cameras are used for screening, diagnosis, and checking treatment progress in patients suffering or at risk of retinopathy (e.g., macular degeneration)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23486",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic, Ophthalmic, Fundus, Non-Mydriatic",
      "definition": "Fundus cameras designed to make photographic records of the ocular fundus without dilatation (i.e., non-mydiatric) of the pupil. These devices typically consist of dedicated high-resolution photographic cameras usually attached to a low power microscope; they may include automated controls to facilitate the operation and image devices for observation. Digital cameras using CCD or CMOS technologies are frequently connected to image systems to record and display the images. Non-mydriatic cameras permit the observation of pupils as small as 3.3 mm or less and other fundus structures (e.g., vasculature)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10558",
      "display": "Cameras, Photographic, Oscilloscope",
      "definition": "Photographic cameras designed to take pictures of an oscilloscope screen. These cameras are usually film cameras that need special, rapid response films (e.g., instant films); the camera is typically attached to the oscilloscope but also may be a handheld device. Oscilloscope cameras are used to record a permanent copy of oscilloscope images."
    },
    {
      "code": "16418",
      "display": "Cameras, Radiographic Photospot",
      "definition": "Modified motion-picture cameras designed to obtain images directly from the output phosphor of the image intensifier.  These cameras are similar to standard motion-picture (movie) cameras, but expose films in a higher format. Radiographic photospot cameras are frequently used for direct radiography imaging during barium studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "17001",
      "display": "Cameras, Video",
      "definition": "Cameras designed to receive an optical image and transform it into an electronic signal (videosignal) that contains all the necessary information needed for storage or display. Video cameras may be used for many medical applications, including surgical and endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17002",
      "display": "Cameras, Video, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Video cameras attached (either directly or by means of an adapter) to a flexible or rigid endoscope. These cameras typically consist of a charge-coupled device (CCD). Endoscopic video cameras are used  for picture documentation of the endoscopic findings or for instantaneous display to make possible the  performance of real-time surgical procedures through the endoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "26333",
      "display": "Cameras, Video, Endoscope Tip",
      "definition": "Video cameras designed for attachment as an integral component at the distal end of a flexible or rigid video endoscope. These cameras usually include appropriate semiconductor sensors (e.g., CCD, C-MOS) located at the distal tip of the endoscope; the captured signal is delivered through fiber optics to the proximal end of the endoscope and then sent to a video processor. Endoscope tip video cameras are intended for picture documentation of the endoscopic findings and/or for instantaneous display of the images; facilitating diagnoses and/or making possible the performance of real-time therapy and/or surgical procedures through the endoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "20392",
      "display": "Cameras, Video, Ingestible",
      "definition": "Video cameras designed as a tiny, disposable-image pill that is swallowed by the patient and transmits endoscopic images from various locations along the gastrointestinal tract. These devices include a number of components, such as a color video camera, lights, a transmitter, an antenna, and appropriate batteries; the camera pills/capsules are usually part of a system that includes a recorder worn by the patient and a computerized unit to process and display the images. The patient swallows the pill/capsule, which then travels along the gastrointestinal tract by natural movement (i.e., peristalsis) and is eventually excreted. Endoscopic camera pills/capsules are used to detect abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., cancer lesions, telangiectasia), especially in areas of the small intestine that are difficult or impossible to view using endoscopes. They are also used to view the esophagus in the diagnosis and evaluation of esophageal diseases (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal ulcer, esophageal varices)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23487",
      "display": "Cameras, Video, Intraoral",
      "definition": "Video cameras designed for use in the oral cavity (i.e., intraoral). These cameras usually include appropriate semiconductor sensors [e.g., charge-coupled devices (CCD)]; the camera may be attached to a long handle for manual operation or fixed to oral surgery and/or dental handpieces or multi holders. Intraoral video cameras are intended for picture documentation and/or to facilitate the performance of diagnostic, surgical, and/or dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26335",
      "display": "Cameras, Video, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Video cameras designed to transmit images from the organs inside the abdominal cavity through a laparoscopic port. These cameras usually include appropriate semiconductor sensors (e.g., CCD, C-MOS) at the distal tip of a laparoscopic probe; the captured signal is delivered through fiber optics to a video monitor and/or to a video recorder or processor. Laparoscopic video cameras permit diagnoses, treatment, and/or performance of laparoscopic surgery in real time becoming the eyes of the surgeon; they are also intended for picture documentation of the laparoscopic findings and/or instantaneous display of the images for observers outside the operating room and/or for teaching purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41791",
      "display": "Cameras, Video, Security",
      "definition": "Video cameras that are designed for monitoring an area and are usually ceiling or wall mounted and able to rotate up to 360 degrees. The video signals from these cameras are typically transmitted into a recording platform and/or monitor. Security video cameras may be used inside and/or outdoors. Security video cameras may have some or all of the following features: weather-resistant, tamper-resistant, and bright light and low light recording capabilities. Some security video cameras have panoramic video capabilities and may include motion sensors that trigger recording. These cameras can be analog or digital."
    },
    {
      "code": "26334",
      "display": "Cameras, Video, Surgical",
      "definition": "Video cameras designed for external use during surgical procedures.  These cameras usually include lenses to focus the visual image, semiconductor sensors (e.g., CCD, C-MOS), a mosaic or rotating color filter and electronic circuitry to generate the video signal; appropriate means to hold the camera and a light source for illumination. Typically the output signals from the camera are displayed and/or send to a video processor or to a remote station; some video cameras are capable of recording the images (commonly known as camcorders). Surgical video cameras are intended to document surgical procedures, to show the results in real time to observers outside the operating room, and to be used for teaching purposes. Dedicated surgical video cameras integrated with the surgical or head lights are available; camcorders that are not fixed to any structure are available; autoclavable cameras intended mainly for use in surgical procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10964",
      "display": "Campimeters",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed to measure the central (usually 30 degrees) visual field by presenting stimuli on the screen.  These instruments usually consist of a white screen, which provides one or multiple static or mobile targets to hold the patient's fixation, and one or more static or mobile test stimuli. The patient focuses on the fixation targets and the perception of his or her response to the test stimuli is assessed. Campimeters can be manually or automatically operated using a camera to monitor the patients' fixation and computerized components to present different stimuli and to measure, analyze, and plot the visual field; they are used mainly to detect glaucoma and other eye disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "28091",
      "display": "Cane/Crutch Spikes",
      "definition": "Metal spikes applied to the distal end of crutches (i.e., crutch tips) designed to provide skid-resistant traction. Cane/crutch spikes are intended for use outdoors on snow, ice or other slippery or uneven surfaces. These spikes help the crutch user gain traction, ease shock to the shoulder, and help prevent accidental falls. The spikes can easily be retracted or removed for indoor use of canes and crutches."
    },
    {
      "code": "10560",
      "display": "Canes",
      "definition": "Assistive devices using a single shaft designed to aid the user while walking by providing additional support. These devices usually consist of a straight shaft including a handle at the proximal end and a rubber tip at the distal end. Canes are typically made of sturdy materials such as wood (e.g., walnut), light metals (e.g., aluminum), plastics (e.g., acrylics), fiberglass, or a combination of these.  Most patients use only a single cane but a few may use two canes while walking; dedicated canes with a variety of handles and/or special characteristics (e.g., spring-loaded tips) are also available. Pedestal-base canes have several (e.g., three or four) distal tips to improve floor contact. Also available are canes dedicated for the visually impaired. Frequently having a white shaft and/or red tips, these canes are intended to guide visually impaired users and alert others to that impairment."
    },
    {
      "code": "17632",
      "display": "Canes, Adjustable-Length",
      "definition": "Canes using a single shaft that can be adjusted in length designed to provide additional support to the user while walking. These canes usually consist of a straight shaft divided in several sections with holes and pins to adjust length, a handle at the proximal end, and a rubber tip at the distal end. The handle typically includes an easy-to-turn button/knob at its base with a mechanism that is activated to adjust the length of the cane. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as light metals (e.g., aluminum), plastics (e.g., acrylics), fiberglass, or a combination of these.  Adjustable-length canes are mainly designed for patients with mobility disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17623",
      "display": "Canes, Adjustable-Length, Offset-Handle",
      "definition": "Canes using a single adjustable-length shaft and an off-set handle designed to provide additional support to the user while walking. These canes usually consist of a straight shaft divided in several sections with holes and pins to adjust the desired height, an offset handle at the proximal end, and a rubber tip at the distal end. The offset handle provides comfort and additional balance assistance (i.e., the hand rests directly over the shaft of the cane) and may also include an easy-to-turn button/knob at its base with a mechanism that is activated to adjust the length of the cane. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as light metals (e.g., aluminum), plastics (e.g., acrylics), fiberglass, or a combination of these. Offset-handle adjustable-length canes are mainly designed to help provide balance for patients with mobility disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17621",
      "display": "Canes, Adjustable-Length, Standard-Handle",
      "definition": "Canes consisting of a single adjustable-length shaft and a standard C-handle (also known as crook handle) designed to provide additional support to the user while walking. These canes usually consist of a straight shaft divided in several sections with holes and pins to adjust the desired height, a standard handle at the proximal end, and a rubber tip at the distal end. The handle is typically curved which gives extra support and allows the patient to retain the cane over an arm while performing other tasks. It also includes an easy-to-turn button/knob at its base with a mechanism that is activated to adjust the length of the cane to fit different heights. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as light metals (e.g., aluminum), plastics (e.g., acrylics), fiberglass, or a combination of these.  Standard-handle adjustable-length canes are mainly designed for use by patients with pain, one-sided weakness, and/or mobility disabilities; they are also available with hand straps/bands."
    },
    {
      "code": "32021",
      "display": "Canes, Fixed-Length",
      "definition": "Canes using a single fixed-length shaft designed to provide additional support to the user while walking. These canes usually consist of a one-piece straight shaft with handle at the proximal end, and a rubber tip at the distal end. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as wood (e.g., walnut), light metals (e.g., aluminum), plastics (e.g., acrylics), fiberglass, or a combination of these.  Fixed-length canes are mainly designed for use by patients with mobility disabilities to provide support when walking."
    },
    {
      "code": "32023",
      "display": "Canes, Fixed-Length, Offset-Handle",
      "definition": "Canes using a single fixed-length shaft and offset handle designed to provide additional support and balance to the user while walking. These canes usually consist of a one-piece straight shaft with an offset handle at the proximal end, and a rubber tip at the distal end. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as wood (e.g., walnut), light metals (e.g., aluminum), plastics (e.g., acrylics), fiberglass, or a combination of these.  Offset-handle fixed-length canes are mainly designed for use by patients with mobility disabilities to provide support and aid balance when walking. They are available with different offset handles (i.e.,  a crook-style handle featuring a flattened top for ease of grip and proper weight distribution, a saddle-shaped handle to allow for correct grip requiring minimal finger and hand strength, and a T-shaped handle for proper weight distribution."
    },
    {
      "code": "17622",
      "display": "Canes, Fixed-Length, Standard-Handle",
      "definition": "Canes using a single fixed-length shaft and a standard C-handle (also known as crook handle) designed to provide additional support to the user while walking. These canes usually consist of a one-piece straight shaft, a standard (i.e., curved) handle at the proximal end, and a rubber tip at the distal end; They are mostly made of wood (e.g.; walnut).  Standard-handle fixed-length canes are mainly designed to provide minimal support to patients while walking; they are also available with hand straps/bands."
    },
    {
      "code": "17624",
      "display": "Canes, Pedestal Base",
      "definition": "Canes with a single fixed-length shaft and a supporting (pedestal) base designed to provide additional support and maximum stability to the user while walking. These canes usually consist of a one-piece straight shaft including a handle at the proximal end, and a pedestal base with metal/rubber pods at the distal end. The tips of the pods make the cane self-standing in order to provide maximum stability (e.g., tripod, quadripod). They are typically made of sturdy materials such as light metals (e.g., aluminum), plastics (e.g., acrylics), fiberglass, or a combination of these.  Pedestal-base canes are available as fixed-length or adjustable-length. They are mainly designed to provide the user with support, balance, and stability and to reduce the stress of impact on the user's hand."
    },
    {
      "code": "10561",
      "display": "Cannulae",
      "definition": "Short, hollow cylinders or tubes for insertion into a canal, vessel, passageway, body cavity, or duct. Cannulae usually consist of a small-length rigid or semirigid plastic or metal tube, a handle, and a valve. The valve regulates the pressure within the cavity. Most cannulae are fitted with a trocar or stylet during insertion. After insertion, the trocar is withdrawn, providing a rigid or semirigid structure that can be connected to an external tube, catheter, or connector for the injection or withdrawal of substances. Cannulae may also provide a port through which diagnostic or surgical instruments are passed to gain access to and operate on internal structures. They can be used in a great variety of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15768",
      "display": "Cannulae, Aortic",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed for insertion into the aorta. The cannulae are used to transfer cardioplegic solutions into the aorta during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery perfusion and cerebral blood flow studies and are also used as outflow cannulae for ventricular assist devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18760",
      "display": "Cannulae, Aortic, Cardiac Bypass",
      "definition": "Aortic cannulae designed for cardiopulmonary bypass procedures to deliver antegrade cardioplegia. These cannulae typically consist of a 17 Fr (12 to 18 G) silicone tube with an end hole (some may include side holes). Cardiac bypass aortic cannulae can return blood from external tubing into the aorta, bypassing the heart and lungs completely; they are mostly used in cardiac surgery and also in some cardioplasty procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10564",
      "display": "Cannulae, Arterial",
      "definition": "Cannulae for insertion into an artery (usually the coronary, radial, or femoral artery) for procedures such as continuous blood pressure monitoring, blood analysis, arterial infusion/aspiration, or perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. They are also typically interfaced with an arterial catheter, which is in turn interfaced with oscilloscopes for continuous measurement of arterial blood pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "15982",
      "display": "Cannulae, Arthroscopy Drainage",
      "definition": "Cannulae that are inserted into a joint during arthroscopic surgery to drain distention/irrigation solution from the joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "10566",
      "display": "Cannulae, Aspirating",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed for use with a surgical aspirator in multiple procedures, including general and plastic surgery. These cannulae typically consist of a plastic or metal tube attached to the surgical aspirator that is manipulated by the surgeon during the procedure; some cannulae are attached to a dedicated handpiece that may also be used with other surgical instruments. Surgical aspirating cannulae are intended for evacuation of liquid and debris; they are also frequently used for irrigation of the surgical area. Dedicated cannulae intended for particular procedures (e.g., bronchial, dental, eye, uterine, liposuction, thoracentesis), that are typically used attached to specifically designed aspirators, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10569",
      "display": "Cannulae, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Arterial cannulae that are inserted into the coronary artery to administer solutions during cardiac surgical procedures such as administration of cardioplegic solutions during bypass surgery. They are also used in diagnostic procedures such as coronary arteriography. They are typically interfaced with a coronary artery infusion catheter or a coronary artery perfusion catheter, depending on the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "17644",
      "display": "Cannulae, Coronary Sinus",
      "definition": "Arterial cannulae intended for the ostium of the coronary sinus in order to provide antegrade or retrograde coronary perfusion/cardioplegia during cardiopulmonary bypass. They may be equipped with a self-inflating low-pressure balloon. These cannulae are typically used for back-flushing the coronary vessels in the event of inadvertent coronary air embolization."
    },
    {
      "code": "10571",
      "display": "Cannulae, Ear",
      "definition": "Cannulae that are inserted into the outer ear canal to provide a channel for suction or irrigation or the insertion of a surgical device."
    },
    {
      "code": "10572",
      "display": "Cannulae, Epidural",
      "definition": "Cannulae that are placed in the epidural space, usually to deliver drugs for pain management."
    },
    {
      "code": "10573",
      "display": "Cannulae, Eye",
      "definition": "Cannulae used to drain the eye of fluid or to aspirate the eye during ophthalmologic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10574",
      "display": "Cannulae, Eye, Cyclodialysis",
      "definition": "Eye cannulae or handpieces used to create a channel between the anterior chamber of the eye and the subarachnoidal space in the treatment of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17899",
      "display": "Cannulae, Eye, Irrigating/Aspirating",
      "definition": "Eye cannulae used for ocular surgery to provide simultaneous irrigation and aspiration. These cannulae can be used with automated irrigation/aspiration devices, phacoemulsifiers, and vitrectomy units or for manual procedures with a hanging IV bag and a syringe. These cannulae are used in many anterior-segment procedures, including cataract extraction and the aspiration of fluid from the eye, or use in a vacuum trephine for corneal tissue aspiration."
    },
    {
      "code": "10575",
      "display": "Cannulae, Eye, Lacrimal",
      "definition": "Devices used to extract the cortex lentis, or softer, external part of the lens of the eye.  Additionally, they may be used to remove certain fluids from the eye during an ophthalmologic procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "10576",
      "display": "Cannulae, Femoral",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed specifically for insertion into a femoral artery or a femoral vein. They are typically used as a component of a continuous invasive monitoring set-up/system; there are also  specifically designed femoral cannulae that are used in procedures such as cardiac surgery, e.g., as a component in a circulatory support set-up/system."
    },
    {
      "code": "18759",
      "display": "Cannulae, Femoral, Cardiac Bypass",
      "definition": "Femoral cannulae designed for use in cardiopulmonary bypass procedures.  These cannulae are usually 9 to 24 Fr tubes with an end hole (some may include side holes); they are short enough to keep the distal tip inside the femoral vessel (femoral artery or femoral vein). Cardiac bypass femoral cannulae are used for diverting the patient's blood to and from external tubing and an arterial pump, bypassing the heart and lungs completely; aortic and vena caval cannulae are also used for this purpose."
    },
    {
      "code": "15021",
      "display": "Cannulae, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Cannulae inserted into an arteriovenous fistula for placement of an arteriovenous shunt."
    },
    {
      "code": "10567",
      "display": "Cannulae, Intracranial",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed to be inserted into the cranium, providing access to the brain (e.g., for a therapeutic or diagnostic procedure). These cannulae are typically short, rigid or semirigid, plastic, or less frequently, metallic tubes. Intracranial cannulae are frequently connected directly or via an external tube or catheter to an irrigator and/or aspirator for irrigation, infusion, or withdrawal of substances. Intracranial cannulae may also provide a port through which instruments and/or probes are passed to perform a variety of diagnostic, treatment, or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10580",
      "display": "Cannulae, Intrauterine",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed to be inserted into the uterus. These cannulae are typically short rigid or semirigid, plastic, or less frequently, metallic tubes; they are frequently connected directly or via an external tube or catheter to an irrigator and/or aspirator for irrigation, infusion, or withdrawal of substances. Intrauterine cannulae may also provide a port through which instruments and/or probes are passed to perform a variety of gynecologic/obstetric diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17640",
      "display": "Cannulae, Liposuction",
      "definition": "Cannulae consisting of a rigid tube that is inserted percutaneously to remove fat deposits under the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "16422",
      "display": "Cannulae, Nasal",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed to be inserted into the nostrils, with the distal tip typically intended to sit in the nostrils; however, certain nasal cannulae tips may be intended to be advanced into the nasal sinuses. These cannulae are typically short, rigid or semirigid, plastic or, less frequently, metal tubes; they are frequently connected directly or via an external tube or catheter to an irrigator and/or aspirator for irrigation, infusion, or withdrawal of substances. Nasal cannulae may also provide a port through which instruments and/or probes are passed to perform a variety of diagnostic, treatment, or surgical procedures. Dedicated nasal cannulae are available to supply breathing gases to the patient (e.g., oxygen, continuous positive air pressure) and/or for carbon dioxide sampling, for hemostatic purposes (i.e., plugging the nostrils), and/or to reach the nasal sinuses."
    },
    {
      "code": "12701",
      "display": "Cannulae, Nasal, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure",
      "definition": "Nasal cannulae designed to apply continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) through the nostrils.  These cannulae consist of a plastic tube with two plastic prongs shaped to fit snugly into each nostril; silicone rubber is placed over the nose and nares to achieve an airtight seal. CPAP nasal cannulae are used to decrease the number of apneic episodes in sleep apnea patients. Nasal masks have been used as an alternative to these cannulae."
    },
    {
      "code": "18762",
      "display": "Cannulae, Nasal, Hemostatic",
      "definition": "Nasal cannulae designed for plugging the posterior nares to control nosebleed (epistaxis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12700",
      "display": "Cannulae, Nasal, Oxygen Supply",
      "definition": "Nasal cannulae designed for delivery of oxygen into the nasal cavities. These cannulae typically consist of a plastic tube 6 mm (1/4 inch) in diameter that includes two prongs that project about 1 cm into the nose on both sides. Oxygen-supply nasal cannulae are used for short-term oxygen administration (e.g., in the immediate postoperative period); they are also used for long-term oxygen therapy in patients with chronic oxygen-dependent respiratory failure (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial fibrosis, diffusion defect)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18149",
      "display": "Cannulae, Nasal, Oxygen Supply, Carbon Dioxide Sampling",
      "definition": "Nasal cannulae designed for simultaneous delivery of oxygen and sampling of exhaled gas for end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring. These cannulae are available in one-, two-, or four-prong configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "10578",
      "display": "Cannulae, Nasal, Sinus",
      "definition": "Nasal cannulae designed to be inserted into the nostrils until the distal tip reaches one of the nasal sinuses. These cannulae are typically short, rigid or semirigid, plastic or, less frequently, metal tubes that may include a stylet (i.e., the combination of cannula and stylet is known as a trocar) that is usually removed after insertion; they are frequently connected directly or via an external tube or catheter to an irrigator and/or aspirator for irrigation, infusion, or withdrawal of substances. Nasal sinus cannulae may also provide a port through which instruments and/or probes are passed to perform a variety of diagnostic, treatment, or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16420",
      "display": "Cannulae, Suprapubic",
      "definition": "Cannulae that are inserted percutaneously into the bladder through the suprapubic region for the drainage of urine or for the insertion of a catheter or surgical device."
    },
    {
      "code": "17991",
      "display": "Cannulae, Thoracic",
      "definition": "Cannulae that are inserted percutaneously into the pleural space, usually used for placement of a thoracic drain."
    },
    {
      "code": "14089",
      "display": "Cannulae, Tracheostomy",
      "definition": "Cannulae that are internal independent components of a metallic or plastic tracheostomy tube; they are intended to keep the stoma clear. Inner cannulae are typically small plastic tubes that are inserted into a tracheostomy tube; the cannula usually includes a lock to prevent device expulsion by coughing. Tracheostomy internal cannulae may be intended either for reuse (device must be pulled out and cleaned before reinsertion, typically 3 or 4 times per day) or for single use (i.e., disposable cannulae)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10581",
      "display": "Cannulae, Vena Caval",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed for insertion into the superior or inferior vena cava."
    },
    {
      "code": "18761",
      "display": "Cannulae, Vena Caval, Cardiac Bypass",
      "definition": "Cannulae designed for cardiopulmonary bypass procedures.  These cannulae typically consist of a 20 Fr, 30 cm long tube with an end hole (some include side holes); they are usually inserted via the left femoral vein.  Cardiac bypass vena caval cannulae can divert blood from the vena cava into external tubing and a pump, bypassing the heart and lungs completely; they are mostly used in cardiac surgery and in some cardioplasty procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16783",
      "display": "Cannulae, Ventricular",
      "definition": "Cannulae that are inserted into a ventricle of the heart during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery to decompress or relieve pressure in the left ventricle. These semirigid or rigid cannulae are usually made of plastic (polymers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18345",
      "display": "Capnographs",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders used for collecting and recording data on carbon dioxide content during the inspiratory/expiratory cycle in the form of a graph (a capnogram).  These recorders usually display both the carbon dioxide waveform and some numerical data (e.g., end-tidal carbon dioxide, respiration rate)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20728",
      "display": "Capnometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed for direct evaluation and display of the carbon dioxide content either in a patient's exhaled gas, in body cavities, and/or in body tissues. Capnometers are used to check the correct placement of endotracheal tubes, to assess the pulmonary function or the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and in diagnostics and checking the status of critically ill patients; they can also detect ventilator failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20729",
      "display": "Capnometers, Exhaled Gas",
      "definition": "Capnometers designed for measuring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in an exhaled breath. They usually measure PCO2 either by using a sensor in the patient breathing circuit (mainstream) or by sampling from the patient's airway (sidestream).  The sensor usually consists of an infrared light source, an optical filter, reference and sample chambers, and a detector. Most capnometers display the results as a maximum value of PCO2 (i.e., CO2 concentration measured at the end of exhalation, known as end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration or ETCO2). Capnometers are used to check the correct placement of endotracheal tubes, to assess the pulmonary function or the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and in diagnostics and checking the status of critically ill patients; they can also detect ventilator failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20730",
      "display": "Capnometers, Sublingual Tissue",
      "definition": "Capnometers designed to measure the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the sublingual tissue (PslCO2). These devices typically consist of a measuring unit (i.e., the capnometer) that measures and displays the PslCO2 values; it is connected through a cable to a single-use transducer that is placed in contact with the sublingual tissue (e.g., placed under the tongue). Sublingual tissue capnometers are used mainly in diagnostics and evaluation of critically ill patients; they may be useful for assessing tissue perfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "16081",
      "display": "Caps",
      "definition": "Devices made of soft, flexible materials that fit snugly over and cover an individual's head. Caps are typically used for hygiene purposes (e.g., shampoo caps, surgical head coverings) or to help regulate/alter a patient's body temperature (e.g., chemotherapy cooling caps, infant head caps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16219",
      "display": "Caps, Hypothermia",
      "definition": "Caps that fit snugly over the patient's head to cool the scalp to reduce blood flow, typically for the purpose of reducing hair loss (alopecia) related to chemotherapy. These caps are typically cooled to approximately -20 degrees Fahrenheit using dry ice or a freezer before use. Hypothermia caps may come with ear straps that help to keep the cap securely in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "17142",
      "display": "Caps, Infant",
      "definition": "Caps that are placed over the head of infants to help keep them warm. These caps are typically made of stretchy knit or cotton material and universally sized to fit all infants, although special sizes (e.g., for premature infants) are available. These caps are used in both healthcare and home care settings."
    },
    {
      "code": "22571",
      "display": "Caps, Shampoo",
      "definition": "Caps designed to deliver shampoo to the hair without the need to rinse. These devices usually include a disposable cap that is pre-moistened with rinse-free shampoo and conditioner. Shampoo caps are mainly used when a water source is not convenient (e.g., for a patient who is confined in bed)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16424",
      "display": "Capsules, Dental Amalgam, Reusable",
      "definition": "Reusable small cylindrical containers in which silver alloy is intended to be mixed with mercury to form dental amalgam. This mixing capsule is used to contain the dental amalgam alloy and the dental mercury during the mixing process in an amalgamator."
    },
    {
      "code": "32899",
      "display": "Capsules, Esophageal, pH Recording",
      "definition": "Capsules designed for clamping onto the esophageal wall tissue to obtain data of pH values in the esophagus. These capsules usually consist of a pH sensor (e.g., antimony electrode) and a telemetry (i.e., wireless) transmitter that send the pH data to a receiver worn by the patient. The data are recorded during a period of hours or a few days; the receiver includes dedicated software that permits recording and further viewing and analyzing the data at the end of the test. These capsules are used by ambulatory patients for esophageal pH measurement and recording; they facilitate correlating pH data to patient symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. These capsules are especially suited for patients who cannot tolerate nasal intubation; the capsules spontaneously detach and pass through the digestive system after the test is finished. Esophageal recording pH capsules may be supplied with accessories to facilitate calibration of the capsule (pH values)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41159",
      "display": "Capture Hood Air Balancing Meters",
      "definition": "Devices designed for direct measuring the volume of air coming out heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and that include an enclosure (capture hood) placed over the HVAC grilles or diffusers. This device usually measures the air volume in cubic feet per minute. The sensors used in these instruments are either thermo-anemometer (hot wire) or pressure sensors. The capture hoods can be various sizes and are usually made of fabric and include a hood frame, support rods and a plastic molded base. They can be used to measure either supply or exhaust airflow. Some units can also be used for measurements such as absolute and differential pressures, and air velocity, temperature and humidity. These meters are used as part of optimizing an HVAC system to ensure that air conditioning outputs are consistent."
    },
    {
      "code": "34743",
      "display": "Cardiac Ablation Processors, Contact Force Display",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to process and display information regarding the contact force exerted by  the catheter tip on  tissue during cardiac ablation procedures.  The processor interconnects the catheter to an external radiofrequency generator and also collects the data of the contact force exerted by the catheter tip using appropriate cables. The data is then transmitted to a computer that displays the force magnitude and direction following a dedicated software on a peripheral monitor display."
    },
    {
      "code": "10613",
      "display": "Cardiac Output Units",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the volume and flow rate of blood pumped by the heart.  The measurements are typically displayed on the device in terms of liters and liters per minute respectively. These instruments typically include an electronic computerized unit, generators (e.g., radiofrequency, ultrasound), controls, a display, and appropriate sensors. Cardiac output is a vital indicator of overall cardiac status and the quality of tissue perfusion. There are several methods of measuring cardiac output, including thermal, impedance, radioisotope, dye dilution, and ultrasonic techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "10614",
      "display": "Cardiac Output Units, Direct Fick",
      "definition": "Cardiac output units that measure blood volume and flow rate from the heart based on the Fick's law of diffusion. The direct Fick method is based on an assumed value of body oxygen consumption rather than a real measurement of its value. Fick measurement of cardiac output processes the measurements of oxygen consumption, venous blood oxygen, and arterial blood oxygen; a computer unit (or a standard computer) using an algorithm calculates the approximate value of cardiac output as the quotient of total body oxygen consumption divided by the difference in oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed venous blood. This technique is currently used infrequently to measure cardiac output."
    },
    {
      "code": "16177",
      "display": "Cardiac Output Units, Dye Dilution",
      "definition": "Cardiac output units that measures the blood flow from the heart using the indicator dilution technique in which a dye is injected upstream of the heart by a balloon-tipped (flow directed) catheter and monitored on the downstream side. These devices consist of a dye-dilution catheter used to inject a bolus of dye (e.g., lidocaine); a densitometer to determine the dye concentration, typically from a sample in a peripheral artery; and an electronic unit to process and display the results."
    },
    {
      "code": "17496",
      "display": "Cardiac Output Units, Impedance",
      "definition": "Cardiac output units that determines cardiac output from measurements of the thoracic impedance changes associated with cardiac activity. These devices consist of electrodes appropriate to measure the thoracic impedance and an electronic unit that processes the data and displays the cardiac output values."
    },
    {
      "code": "15795",
      "display": "Cardiac Output Units, Radioisotope",
      "definition": "Cardiac output units that measure the blood flow from the heart using the indicator dilution technique in which a radioisotope is injected upstream of the heart and monitored on the downstream side. These devices include  a radioisotope detector and an electronic unit that  processes the data from the detector and displays the cardiac output values."
    },
    {
      "code": "10615",
      "display": "Cardiac Output Units, Thermodilution",
      "definition": "Cardiac output units that measure blood flow from the heart using the indicator dilution technique in which an indicator (e.g., cold water) is injected upstream of the heart and monitored on the downstream side. These devices include a balloon-tipped (flow directed) catheter with a temperature probe (e.g., a thermistor) that is placed in the right side of the heart to measure the output flow temperature and an electronic unit that processes the signal from the thermistor and displays a thermal dilution curve from which cardiac output and other hemodynamic parameters such as stroke volume can be derived."
    },
    {
      "code": "17190",
      "display": "Cardiac Output Units, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Cardiac output units that determine the blood flow from the heart, measuring the changes in the frequency of sound waves reflected by  red blood cells (Doppler effect) moving in the ascending aorta. These units consist of a probe that includes piezoelectric crystals that transmit the ultrasonic wave and receive the reflected wave (echo) and an electronic unit that processes the data and displays the values of cardiac output and other hemodynamic parameters such as stroke volume."
    },
    {
      "code": "17770",
      "display": "Cardiac Slings",
      "definition": "Flexible soft loop devices designed to hold the heart suspended in an elevated position and improve exposure to the coronary vessels during cardiothoracic surgery procedures. These devices usually consist of a mesh made of fabric, plastic, or other soft material that is suspended from an external frame. Cardiac slings are typically used during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18610",
      "display": "Cardiac Wall Stabilizers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the local immobilization of a portion of the cardiac wall with a minimum compromise of the muscle function during beating-heart surgical procedures.  These stabilizers typically consist of a mechanism designed to restrain the movement of the cardiac wall; some stabilizers include paddles with malleable suction domes that allow precise adjustment to the cardiac surface. Cardiac wall stabilizers are used in open or minimally invasive surgical procedures to perform coronary artery bypass grafting and other delicate procedures on the coronary arteries or on the pericardium without using cardiopulmonary bypass or interrupting the native coronary blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "18328",
      "display": "Cardiographs",
      "definition": "Physiologic recorders designed to measure and record data and graphics of the physical and/or functional characteristics of the heart. Cardiographs are usually intended to record one or several of the following data and graphics: (1) electrical potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle (e.g., electrocardiographs and vectorcardiographs); (2) biomagnetic field caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle detected externally to the body; (3) changes in the thoracic impedance due to heart activity (i.e., impedance cardiographs); (4) movements and forces exerted by the heart (e.g., ballistocardiographs); (5) ultrasonic signals reflected by the heart (i.e. echocardiographs); and (6) sounds produced by the heart movement (i.e., phonocardiographs). Cardiographs are intended for evaluation of recorded information of the heart conditions, they are not intended for real-time assessment of those conditions. Cardiography monitors and image scanning systems (e.g., MRI, PET) are also used to evaluate heart conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "12799",
      "display": "Cardiointegraphs",
      "definition": "Electrocardiographs that subject the successive point values in one or more leads of the standard electrocardiogram under analysis to mathematical integration. The resulting values are plotted on a display matrix, which resembles two tangential circles, one inside the other. The area between the circles represents the \"normal\" range of distribution of data; if the curve derived falls outside the limits, the value is considered abnormal. Cardiointegraphs are intended to be used in the diagnosis of coronary disease in the absence of abnormalities in the standard resting electrocardiogram."
    },
    {
      "code": "16522",
      "display": "Cardiokymographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs designed to be used to record heart-wall motion, (primarily anterior left ventricular motion) in an amplitude-versus-time graph (cardiokymograph). These recorders consist of a transducer (e.g., a flat coil) that is strapped to the chest, which works as a component of a high-frequency, low-power oscillator. Motion within the electromagnetic field changes the electric parameters (e.g., capacitance), producing a change in the frequency of the oscillator. Cardiokymographs are very focal and can only detect motion of vectorial components perpendicular to and directly under their coil. They are intended for noninvasive detection of regional ischemic contractions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34921",
      "display": "Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Compression Feedback Devices",
      "definition": "Devices designed to monitor and provide real-time visual and auditory feedback on the depth and rate of chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. These devices can also measure other parameters such as complete chest wall recoil, ventilation rate, and inactivity time. The device usually uses a sensor placed on the patient's chest to measure the depth and rate of chest compressions. The sensors can measure compressions using acceleration, force, or electromagnetism. CPR compression feedback devices may be stand-alone devices or accessories to defibrillators."
    },
    {
      "code": "25708",
      "display": "Cardiovascular Patch Implants",
      "definition": "Thin pieces of material shaped and designed for implantation as vascular and/or cardiac patches to repair vasculature and/or heart structures. These patches usually consist of thin, sterile materials that are biocompatible and can endure the physical stress suffered by the vascular and cardiac structures; typical patches are made of polymers (e.g., polyester, Teflon) and gel sealants. Cardiovascular patch implants are intended for surgical repair of the vasculature and structures around and/or in the heart, including patching of the carotid arteries after endarterectomy and repair of congenital defects in the vasculature and/or hearts of children."
    },
    {
      "code": "21389",
      "display": "Carriers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to hold, manipulate, deposit, and/or transport materials, substances, or small devices to the site of application during healthcare procedures or for cleaning the internal, hard-to-reach components of specific medical devices such as endoscopes. These carriers are typically a handheld, manual device with a working end to hold the material or device being manipulated and a handle at the proximal end. Dedicated carriers are available to hold and manipulate cleaning pads (e.g., cotton, gauze), filling materials during dental procedures, and sponges and/or swabs during surgical procedures. Powered endodontic carriers and carriers intended for endoscopic use are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21390",
      "display": "Carriers, Cleaning",
      "definition": "Carriers designed to hold and manipulate materials and products for manual cleaning of the internal components (e.g., working channels) of specific medical devices before they undergo processing (e.g., disinfection, sterilization) for reuse. These carriers are typically a slender instrument with a working end appropriate for mechanical and/or chemical cleaning."
    },
    {
      "code": "21391",
      "display": "Carriers, Cleaning, Cotton/Gauze Pad",
      "definition": "Carriers designed to hold a cotton or gauze pad at the distal tip for cleaning the internal components of specific medical devices. These carriers are typically a long, slender instrument with a distal end appropriate to hold the pad and an integral handle for its manipulation. Cotton/gauze cleaning carriers are used for direct mechanical cleaning and/or are intended to be impregnated with cleaning products (e.g., detergent) for chemical cleaning of a medical device before it undergoes disinfection. Dedicated cotton/gauze pad carriers are available to remove debris from endoscopes and internal tubular structures of certain medical devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "21394",
      "display": "Carriers, Cleaning, Cotton/Gauze Pad, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Cotton/gauze pad carriers designed to clean the internal working channels of endoscopes. These carriers are typically a long, slender instrument with a distal end appropriate to hold a pad of cotton or gauze and an integral handle including a spring to facilitate its manipulation. Endoscope cleaning carriers are used to remove debris from the working channels of endoscopes before they undergo disinfection."
    },
    {
      "code": "21395",
      "display": "Carriers, Dental",
      "definition": "Carriers designed to hold, manipulate, and/or transport dental filling materials (e.g., amalgam, cement) to tooth cavities or to a root canal during dental restorations and endodontic procedures. These carriers are available in several shapes and sizes, including dedicated dental carriers for amalgam restorations and cement/paste application to fill tooth cavities and/or root canals (i.e., for endodontic procedures). Dental carriers are available as manual or powered devices; powered carriers are typically used in endodontic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16179",
      "display": "Carriers, Dental, Amalgam",
      "definition": "Dental carriers designed to hold, transport, and deposit freshly prepared amalgam into the prepared tooth cavity. These carriers are typically slender, handheld devices that have hollow working ends (barrels) into which the amalgam is packed. Single- and doubled-ended carriers are available with a variety of barrel sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21396",
      "display": "Carriers, Dental, Cement/Paste, Root Canal",
      "definition": "Carriers designed to hold, transport, and deposit cement and/or paste into the finished root canal before placing a gutta-percha master cone. These carriers are typically small, manual or powered, handheld devices with a long spiral spring at the working end and a latch handle. These carriers are commonly known as lentulo spirals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21400",
      "display": "Carriers, Dental, Cement/Paste, Root Canal, Powered",
      "definition": "Carriers designed to hold, transport, and deposit cement and/or or paste into the finished root canal before placing a gutta-percha master cone. These carriers are typically a small, powered device with a long spiral spring at its working end and a separate powered handpiece. These carriers are commonly known as powered lentulo spirals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21401",
      "display": "Carriers, Surgical",
      "definition": "Carriers designed to hold and transport small pieces of cleaning/absorbing materials and/or suturing filaments during surgical procedures. These carriers are typically slender, manual, handheld instruments with a working end appropriate to carry fabric pads (e.g., cotton, gauze) or suturing ligatures and/or wires. Dedicated surgical carriers are used to absorb body fluids and other liquids during surgical (e.g., endoscopic, microsurgical) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21402",
      "display": "Carriers, Surgical, Cotton/Sponge/Swab",
      "definition": "Carriers designed to carry a sponge or a small pad (e.g., a swab) of cotton or other absorbent material at the working tip to clean and/or absorb body fluids (e.g., blood, mucus) during surgical procedures. These carriers are typically long, slender manual, handheld instruments that include grasping claws at the working end, a long shaft, and a handle at the proximal end to manipulate the grasping end. Sponge/swab surgical carriers are used mainly in surgical sites that are difficult to reach directly (e.g., the nasal cavities, the throat, the ear canal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21406",
      "display": "Carriers, Surgical, Cotton/Sponge/Swab, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Sponge/swab carriers designed to carry a sponge or a small pad (e.g., a swab) of cotton or other absorbent material at the working tip to clean and/or absorb body fluids (e.g., blood, mucus) through the working channel of an endoscope during endoscopic surgical procedures. These carriers are typically long, slender, manual, flexible instruments that include grasping claws at the working end, a long shaft, and a handle at the proximal end to manipulate the grasping end. Dedicated sponge/swab endoscopic surgical carriers are available in sizes (i.e., length and diameter) appropriate for use with specific endoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21408",
      "display": "Carriers, Surgical, Cotton/Sponge/Swab, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Sponge/swab carriers designed to carry a very small sponge or pad (e.g., a swab) of cotton or other absorbent material at the working tip to clean and/or absorb body fluids (e.g., blood, mucus) during microsurgical procedures. These carriers are typically long, slender, manual, handheld instruments that include grasping claws or a small loop at the working end, a long shaft, and a handle at the proximal end to manipulate the sponge/swab. Microsurgery sponge/swab carriers are usually used in laryngeal procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10635",
      "display": "Carts",
      "definition": "Mobile equipment designed for transportation, storage, organization, and distribution (supply) of a variety of products, materials, and devices. Carts typically consist of either an open or closed (cabinet-like) structure that may include shelves, drawers, boxes, and/or compartments. They are mounted on medium or large (usually at least 7.5 cm/3 in) wheel casters to facilitate their mobility through the healthcare facility. The configuration, size, strength, and materials used to manufacture the carts (e.g., solid metal, wire, hard plastic) should be appropriate for the intended use; carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available. Most carts are used in healthcare facilities for the storage and transport of medical devices, drugs, utensils, and food from a central location (e.g., central supply) to the area of use or are used inside a department or area of the facility.  They are also used to facilitate the performance of medical treatments and/or associated procedures (e.g., anesthesia, resuscitation, endoscopy) and for the general transport of chemicals, ancillary devices, and miscellaneous materials.  Some carts may be used for the filing and transport of documents such as medical and/or administrative records and cards. Dedicated carts intended for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments are also available. Mobile cabinets and/or racks with small wheels (typically a diameter of 5 cm/2 in or less) intended to facilitate their location inside a room are not considered carts."
    },
    {
      "code": "34524",
      "display": "Carts, Animal Transport",
      "definition": "Carts designed for the indoor transportation of one or more animals. These carts usually have a closed (cabinet-like) structure with special compartments for holding the animals or a system for restraining the animals. They are mounted on casters and come in various sizes according to the species of animal to be transported. Some carts have special ventilation or air filter systems (e.g., high-efficiency particulate absorption [HEPA] filters) for transporting germ-free or diseased animals as well as gloved-openings for handling of animals without direct contact. Battery-operated wheeled carts are also available for transporting animals over long distances."
    },
    {
      "code": "15886",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply",
      "definition": "Carts designed for delivery of supplies (e.g., surgical instruments, medicines, linen, intravenous solutions, food) from a central location (e.g., central material management, sterilization room, laundry facility, kitchen) to other areas in the healthcare facility, such as nurse stations, operating rooms, and patient rooms. These carts typically consist of an easy to clean heavy duty large metallic or plastic structure, either open or enclosed, mounted on extra-large wheels (e.g., 12.5 cm/5 in or more in diameter) that are usually an integral part of the cart to facilitate its movement throughout the facility (i.e., halls, elevators); the carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available. Central supply carts may be also used to keep a minimum inventory of supplies by performing a periodic replenish (known as PAR carts) or to be exchanged for a new replenished cart (exchange carts); they are frequently also used to return the reusable devices to the central location for reprocessing. Dedicated central supply carts manufactured with materials, configuration, size, or including attachments that make them appropriate to transport a particular type of  products, such as surgical case instruments, medication, laundry, intravenous solutions, or food are also available. The carts are not intended for long-term storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "15887",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Food Service",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for food distribution in healthcare facilities usually from a central distribution center (e.g., kitchen, satellite kitchens). These carts are typically manufactured in an easy to clean, metallic, heavy duty structure with an even surface free of crevices; they are frequently made of stainless steel. Food service carts are available in a variety of sizes and configurations, according to their intended use and/or the number of patients to be served. Carts intended for food distribution in bulk and/or in trays are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33652",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Food Service, Bulk",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for bulk food distribution. These carts typically include several dedicated wells and/or pan shelves for meat, vegetables, soups, or other foods; heating and/or cooling elements with appropriate controls to keep food warm or cold for transport; working areas to prepare/serve foods; and attachments for hanging towels and/or other supplies. Bulk food supply carts are mainly used in large medical facilities to transport food from the kitchen to pantries (satellite kitchens) located on patient floors."
    },
    {
      "code": "33653",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Food Service, Tray",
      "definition": "Food supply carts designed to distribute individual patient servings in pre-prepared trays. These carts usually consist of a metallic structure with appropriate shelves to transport food-trays; some carts also include capabilities for transportation of liquid food and or beverages. Tray food carts appropriate to transport food for short distances (typically inside the patient's floor) and for longer distances, typically directly from the kitchen to the patient are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33656",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Food Service, Tray, Kitchen",
      "definition": "Food tray carts designed for distribution of food in trays directly from the kitchen or other healthcare centralized food distribution areas to the patient floor. These carts typically consist of a large-capacity, heavy-duty enclosed metallic (typically stainless steel) cabinet-like structure with hinged doors and appropriate shelves for food trays (typically 20 or more). They usually have separate compartments for hot and cold food, hot and/or cold liquid dispensers, heating and/or cooling elements with appropriate controls; and attachments for hanging towels and/or other supplies. Kitchen food tray carts are used to transport ready-to-serve food trays."
    },
    {
      "code": "33654",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Food Service, Tray, Patient Floor",
      "definition": "Food tray carts designed for distribution of a relatively small  quantity of food trays (e.g., 15, 25) on a patient floor.  These carts consist either of an open or, less frequently, enclosed structure with shelves for food trays; may also include hot and/or cold liquid dispensers, soup kettle shelves, microwave ovens, and/or compartments for refrigerated food."
    },
    {
      "code": "27863",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Intravenous Solution Bag/Container",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for distribution of intravenous (IV) solution bags and containers (e.g., bottles) from a central pharmacy to nurse stations, operating rooms, and patient rooms. These carts usually consist of a metallic tubing open structure that includes wire shelves and/or baskets to store the bags and/or containers, The structure is mounted on extra-large wheels (e.g., 12.5 cm/5 in or more) that are usually an integral part of the cart to facilitate their movement throughout the facility. Intravenous solution bag/container carts may be used also to transport syringes filled with intravenous solutions and/or to return the reusable containers to the central location for reprocessing. Some carts may also facilitate the preparation of the IV infusion at the point of care."
    },
    {
      "code": "33649",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Latex-Free Product",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for organized storage and transportation of latex-free (i.e., hypoallergenic) materials from a central supply location to any area in a healthcare facility (e.g., a patient's bedside). These carts typically include an enclosed cabinet-like structure with drawers that may include waste receptacles and gown posts. The carts are usually loaded in a central location with the latex-free products, that may include glass or latex-free plastic syringes, neoprene or other latex-free gloves, medicines in latex-free vials, IV tubing without latex injection ports, neoprene anesthesia machine reservoir bags, and resuscitation bags with silicone rather than latex rubber valves. Signals indicating a latex allergy patient should be provided in the cart, including signs for the patient bed and patient room door, and bracelets to be placed around the patient's arm. Latex-free carts are used to meet the needs of patient and/or healthcare workers who have latex allergies."
    },
    {
      "code": "15888",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Linen/Laundry",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for organized storage and distribution of clean laundry from a central location to nurse stations, operating rooms and other locations in a healthcare facility; some carts are also used to deliver dirty laundry to the laundry facilities. Linen/laundry carts usually have a metal open structure that does not include side panels; they may have solid and/or wire shelves or baskets, hangers, and/or individual compartments for folded clothing. Carts for bulk transport of dirty or clean linen/laundry without capabilities for appropriate transport of folded or hung cloth are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33650",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Linen/Laundry, Bulk",
      "definition": "Linen/laundry supply carts designed for distribution in bulk of clean or dirty laundry from a central laundry room to nurse stations and vice-versa. These carts typically consist of an open metallic structure including wire shelves or baskets; other carts consist of big plastic containers mounted on large (typically at least 4 inch/10 cm) wheel casters. Bulk transport linen/laundry carts are mostly intended for transport of dirty laundry, they do not have capabilities for appropriate transport of folded or hung cloth."
    },
    {
      "code": "10644",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Medication",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for distribution of medicines and other supplies, such as cups and syringes, from a central location such as the clinical pharmacy or a nurse station to the patient room. Typically the carts are loaded in the central location with the required medicines and other supplies properly labeled. Medicines carts are available in a wide variety of configurations and sizes. Medication carts are used to improve the accuracy and speed of medicine distribution. Dedicated unit-dose and computerized medication carts are also available"
    },
    {
      "code": "27916",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Medication, Single-Patient Dose",
      "definition": "Medication supply carts designed for direct medication dispensing from the clinical pharmacy in single-patient doses. Typically the pharmacist dispenses the proper medication for a day (or a longer period of time) into separate locked drawers marked with each patient's name and/or room number, using information taken from the patient's card. These carts typically include a removable section of drawers (known as cassettes) that may be intended either one for each patient or subdivided in compartments to hold individual dosages. Other carts include punch cards that hold doses for longer periods (e.g., a week, a month). Some carts include a flat storage area for cups and bottles containing pills or liquids in individual doses and a working area for preparing oral medicines and/or syringes. Unit-dose medication carts reduce waste of drugs and pharmacist time; they also provide better tracking and security for distribution of controlled substances. They are appropriate for daily distribution of medicines in hospitals, and/or for long term distribution of medicines in extended care facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "27915",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for delivery of a variety of supplies from a central location to other areas in the healthcare facility. These carts typically consist of an easy to clean, large, heavy duty metal or plastic structure, with vertical and horizontal (resembling a platform) components. They are mounted on extra-large wheels (e.g., 12.5 cm/5 in or more) that are usually an integral part of the cart to facilitate movement throughout the facility. The carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available. They typically include detachable drawers, shelves, and/or cassettes to permit a modular configuration that makes it versatile enough for use according to the facility needs. Multipurpose central supply carts are intended for distribution of centralized material management, sterilization rooms, kitchen, and clinical laboratory supplies; some may be foldable to facilitate their storage when not in use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27864",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Multipurpose, Foldable",
      "definition": "Multipurpose central supply carts designed for delivery of a variety of supplies from a central location to other areas in the healthcare facility that can be folded for storage. These carts typically consist of an easy to clean, large, heavy duty metal or plastic structure, with vertical and horizontal (resembling a platform) hinged components. They are mounted on extra-large (e.g., 12.5 cm/ 5in or more in diameter) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart to facilitate its movement throughout the facility. The cart typically includes detachable drawers, shelves, and/or cassettes to permit a modular configuration that makes it versatile enough for use according to the facility needs."
    },
    {
      "code": "10646",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for organized storage and transport of instruments, and materials used for orthopedic procedures from a central location to emergency rooms and orthopedic treatment areas. These carts typically consist of a multiple drawer, shelf, or shelf/drawer cart; they usually have sliding doors, swivel casters with a wheel diameter of at least 10 cm (4 inch)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27862",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Sterile Product",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for distribution of sterile supplies from a central pharmacy or sterilization area to nurse stations, operating rooms, and patient rooms. These carts usually consist of a metallic tubing open or enclosed structure that includes appropriate wire shelves, drawers, and/or baskets to store the sterile supplies. The structure is mounted on extra-large wheels (e.g., 12.5 cm/5 in or more in diameter) that are usually an integral part of the cart to facilitate its movement throughout the facility. Sterile product carts are usually manufactured using materials (e.g., stainless steel, chromium plated wire) that permit ease of cleaning and sterilization. Dedicated carts with hanger bars intended to transport sterile wraps are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28143",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Sterile Product, Wrap",
      "definition": "Sterile product central supply carts designed for distribution of sterile wraps from a central supply area to the point of use. These carts usually consist of a metallic tubing open structure without side panels that includes stainless steel or chromed posts, long horizontal hanger bars, and wire shelves to store and/or hang the sterile wraps. The structure is mounted on large wheels (usually 12.5 cm/5 in or more) that are usually an integral part of the cart to facilitate its movement throughout the facility. Sterile wrap carts are usually manufactured using materials (e.g., stainless steel, chromium plated wire) that permit ease of cleaning and sterilization; they are used to transport sterile wraps from the pharmacy or sterilization area to nurse stations, operating rooms, and patient rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "15891",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Surgical Case",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed for organized storage and transport in separate containers of sterile supplies and instruments necessary for single surgical procedures (i.e., a surgical case). Typically the carts are loaded in the sterilization room with the required supplies and instruments for the procedure and then the filled cart is properly labeled. The cart is then moved into the operating room and unloaded. After the procedure, the contaminated supplies are returned to the cart and is taken back to the decontamination area of the hospital. Surgical case carts are available in a wide variety of configurations and sizes. Surgical case carts are used to facilitate surgical procedures, transferring the duties of instrument preparation from the OR to the central supply department. Surgical case carts manufactured with open and closed structures are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33648",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Surgical Case, Enclosed",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed with a totally enclosed cabinet-like structure that usually includes hinged doors that are intended for the organized storage and transport in separate containers of sterile supplies and instruments necessary for single surgical procedures. These carts are typically made of solid metal, usually non-magnetic stainless steel; they may include shelves and/or drawers. Closed carts are used in hospitals that do not have dedicated sterile and soiled holding areas and/or a lift dedicated to the movement of carts."
    },
    {
      "code": "33647",
      "display": "Carts, Central Supply, Surgical Case, Open",
      "definition": "Central supply carts designed with an open structure that does not include side panels that are intended for the organized storage and transport in separate containers of sterile supplies and instruments necessary for single surgical procedures. These carts are typically made of a welded tubular metallic construction; other carts are made of wire shelves and/or baskets. They are usually covered with a plastic or fabric cover during transport and holding to help assure the sterility of the supplies. Open surgical case carts are mainly used in hospitals that have dedicated sterile and soiled holding areas and a lift dedicated to the movement of carts; they are easier to clean, load, and unload than enclosed case carts. Some carts are manufactured in appropriate size and using materials that permit their cleaning using automated washing units."
    },
    {
      "code": "22805",
      "display": "Carts, Computer/Video Monitor",
      "definition": "Carts designed for safe storage, transportation, and use of computers and/or video monitors. These carts usually consist of a heavy-duty metal and/or plastic, tubular angled frame that includes several shelves with a nonslip surface; appropriate compartments to hold the computer and its peripherals, such as the printer and keyboard; and an appropriate surface or attachment to hold and facilitate observation of the monitor screen. Most computer carts include a set of extra-large (e.g., 15 or 20 cm [ 6 or 8 inch]) casters; some casters have mechanisms (e.g., pneumatic) to cushion transportation. They may also include brakes, drawers, and electric power outlets; height-adjustable carts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27856",
      "display": "Carts, Filing",
      "definition": "Carts designed for filing and local transport of documents (e.g., folders, charts, cards, radiographic film).  These carts typically consist of an open or enclosed structure made of metal, glass, plastic, wood, or a combination of these materials and may include drawers, shelves, and doors. The structure is mounted on medium-sized (e.g., 7.5 to 10.0 cm/3 to 4 in in diameter) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Filing carts are available in many different configurations and sizes; many carts are manufactured to store some particular type of document such as standard letter or legal paper, cards (e.g., medical records, library). Filing carts dedicated to storage of a particular medium such as radiographic film, large-sized documents (e.g., blueprints) or hanging folders, audio or video cassettes, and compact discs are also available. They are used in clinical and non-clinical areas of the healthcare facility, including intensive care units, patient rooms, physician's offices, pharmacies, and clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "33657",
      "display": "Carts, Filing, Medical Card/Chart",
      "definition": "Filing carts designed to store and transport medical charts and/or cards. These carts typically consist of a metallic structure that includes vertical card holders, usually capable of filing cards and/or charts up to 9 x 12 inch (22.5 x 30 cm); most carts have mechanisms to lock cardholders in place (e.g., spring loaders). Medical card/chart carts may also include shelves and/or drawers for additional filing or storage; they are typically mounted on 3 inch (7.5 cm) diameter wheels or larger. They are used by healthcare staff when making rounds or in mobile field operations and in other areas of healthcare facilities (e.g., radiographic rooms)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33659",
      "display": "Carts, Filing, Multimedia",
      "definition": "Filing carts designed to store and transport information media in several different formats such as audio and video cassettes (VHS), compact disks (CD), floppy disks, optical disks, digital versatile disks (DVD), and 4 and 8 mm film canisters. Some cabinets can also accommodate laser disks and cards. These carts typically include a metallic (e.g., steel) enclosure with doors to provide electromagnetic shielding and prevent electrostatic charges; they may be either of lateral or vertical filing type. The carts may include several shelves (e.g., fixed, roll-out) and drawers including dividers that may be adjustable to accommodate the different types of media within the same unit. Multimedia filing carts are available in many configurations and sizes, according the capability required and type of media to be stored."
    },
    {
      "code": "27857",
      "display": "Carts, Filing, Radiographic Film/Cassette",
      "definition": "Filing carts designed to store and transport x-ray films and/or x-ray cassettes. These carts typically consist of a metal (e.g., steel, aluminum) structure that may include several shelves with built-in large (e.g., 35 x 43 cm/ 14 x 17 in, 35 x 130 cm/ 14 x 51 in) compartments to keep the cassettes separated. The structure is mounted on medium-sized (e.g., 7.5 to 10.0 cm/3 or 4 in in diameter) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Some carts permit horizontal film filing, facilitating file identification. Radiographic film/cassette carts are used mainly in radiology departments of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33661",
      "display": "Carts, Filing, Slide",
      "definition": "Carts designed to store and transport slides, typically a large number (from a few hundred to several thousand) of slides are individually placed in special mountings or racks. These carts are manufactured in different configurations that permit either horizontal or vertical filing. The slides are usually stored in rows, providing full visibility of each slide and easy searching, mounting, and removing; they are frequently protected using translucent sheets. Slide storage carts are mostly used for microscope glass slides and/or 35 mm projection slides, some are also appropriate to hold histologic cassettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "31180",
      "display": "Carts, Medication, Computerized",
      "definition": "Medication carts designed with computerized capabilities to facilitate the storage and transportation of medication and other supplies to the point of care (e.g., patient bed). These carts usually include shelves and compartments appropriate for organizing the storage and transportation of medication, instruments (e.g., syringes), and other supplies needed for the administration of medications. They frequently include a removable section of drawers (a \"cassette\") that is used as a unit-dose system to dispense individual daily medications from the pharmacy to each patient. A computer with appropriate software is also an integral part of the cart. Computerized medication carts record all access to the system and electronically lock medication drawers to keep medications inaccessible without authentication (e.g., using a magnetic card or bar-code). The carts usually require a scan of the medication and the patient wristband, reducing the risk of wrong medication and/or duplicate dosing. Computerized medication carts may provide data to hospital information systems and/or be used as a component of medication-dispensing automated systems designed to provide safe and orderly control of medicine dispensing throughout a healthcare facility (i.e., decentralized medication management systems); the carts also provide further increase of patient safety and data accessibility while reducing the chance of medication errors."
    },
    {
      "code": "15889",
      "display": "Carts, Service/Utility",
      "definition": "Carts designed for non-specialized temporary storage and local transportation of devices, materials, and/or supplies. These carts typically consist of an open or enclosed structure made of solid metal, hard plastic, wire, or a combination of these materials; the structure is mounted on medium-sized (e.g., 7.5 cm/3 in) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. The carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available. Service/utility carts are mainly used for products that do not require any special transportation conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27868",
      "display": "Carts, Service/Utility, Enclosed",
      "definition": "Service/utility carts designed with an enclosed structure that are intended for temporary storing and local transportation inside a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts consist of structure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials that includes solid metal, or hard plastic enclosures and drawers. The structure is mounted on medium or large (7.5 cm/3 in or more in diameter) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Enclosed service/utility carts are mainly used for products that require local transportation protected from the environmental or other conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "28164",
      "display": "Carts, Service/Utility, Open",
      "definition": "Service/utility carts designed with an open structure that does not include enclosures or drawers that are intended for temporary storage and local transportation inside a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts typically consist of a structure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials. They may include solid metal, wire, or plastic shelves and/or baskets; the structure is mounted on medium or large (e.g., 7.5 cm/3 in or more) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Open service/utility carts are mainly used for products that do not require any special transportation conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27866",
      "display": "Carts, Service/Utility, Open, Solid Metal/Hard Plastic",
      "definition": "Service/utility carts designed with an open structure that may include solid shelves and/or baskets but do not include enclosures or drawers. These carts consist of a tubular structure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials including metal and/or hard plastic shelves and/or baskets. The structure is mounted on medium or large (e.g. 7.5 cm/3 in or more in diameter)  wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Solid metal/hard plastic open service/utility carts are mainly intended for products that do not require any special transportation conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27865",
      "display": "Carts, Service/Utility, Open, Wire",
      "definition": "Service/utility carts designed with an open structure that includes wire shelves and/or baskets but does not include enclosures or drawers. These carts are intended for temporary storing and local transportation, usually confined to a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts consist of a tubular structure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials; the structure is mounted on medium or large (e.g., 7.5 cm/3 in or more in diameter) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Wire open service/utility carts are mainly intended for products large enough to avoid sliding out through the wire structure and that do not require any special transportation conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27891",
      "display": "Carts, Service/Utility, Pallet",
      "definition": "Dedicated platform service/utility carts designed with a fork-like structure appropriate to manipulate detachable platform pallets. These carts are intended for temporary storing and local transportation, usually confined to a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts (also known as pallet jacks) typically consist of a sturdy metal, wooden, or hard plastic pallet that is placed as a horizontal platform mounted in a two-prong frontal fork that is an integral part of a cart. The cart is mounted on large (e.g.,  7.5 cm/3 in in diameter) wheels. Pallet carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available; they are available in a variety of configurations, sizes, and load capabilities. Some carts include attachments to secure the loads while transporting. They are mostly used in central supply areas, warehouses, maintenance departments, and other areas in healthcare facilities where heavy loads are frequently handled."
    },
    {
      "code": "27867",
      "display": "Carts, Service/Utility, Platform",
      "definition": "Service/utility carts designed with a flat platform that are intended for temporary storage and local transportation, usually confined to a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts typically consist of a flat metallic or plastic platform mounted on large (e.g., 7.5 cm/3 in in diameter) wheels or on a dolly. Platform carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are frequently available. they are available in a variety of configurations, sizes, and load capabilities. Some carts include attachments to secure the loads while transporting. They are mostly used in central supply areas, warehouses, maintenance departments, and other areas in the healthcare facilities where heavy loads are frequently handled. Heavy duty platform carts that can manipulate heavy (e.g., 450 kg/1,000 pound) or large-sized loads are available; dedicated platform carts that use detachable pallets as the load transporting platform are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27919",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport",
      "definition": "Carts designed for temporary storage and local transportation of devices, instruments, medicine, and/or supplies.  These carts are usually confined to a particular area of a healthcare facility and carry items that are of frequent use in that area.  Storage/transport carts typically consist of an open or enclosed structure made of metal, glass, plastic, wood, or a combination of these materials.  They may include drawers, shelves, and doors and the structure is mounted on medium-sized wheels (typical diameter of 7.5 cm/3 in). The carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available. Dedicated storage/transport carts are used in clinical and non-clinical areas of the healthcare facility, including intensive care units, patient rooms, doctors' offices, laboratories, pharmacies, libraries, cafeterias, and the kitchen."
    },
    {
      "code": "27869",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Book/Magazine",
      "definition": "Carts designed for the storage and local transportation of books, magazines, and/or other printed publications. These carts are usually confined to a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts typically consist of an open or enclosed structure made of metal, plastic, glass, or a combination of these materials that may include shelves, and doors; the structure is mounted on wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Book/magazine carts are used mainly in libraries and other areas of healthcare facilities intended for staff training."
    },
    {
      "code": "33622",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Cadaver",
      "definition": "Carts designed transport one or several cadavers, either from the patient room to the morgue or for temporary storage and movement of cadavers inside the morgue. These carts usually consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) structure similar to a height adjustable mobile stretcher. Cadaver carts are not appropriate to perform autopsies or other post-mortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17901",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Cadaver, Concealed",
      "definition": "Carts that include special structures designed for concealed transportation of a cadaver; they are also used for temporary storage of cadavers in the morgue. These carts may include special covers and/or a cadaver carrier under the surface of the cart. The cart resembles an empty stretcher while transporting the concealed body. Concealed cadaver carts are used to move deceased patients throughout a healthcare facility without disturbing patients, personnel, or visitors; they are not appropriate to perform autopsies or other post-mortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33605",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Catheter",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, display, and easy access of catheters. These carts are typically manufactured using materials (e.g., stainless steel, polypropylene) that permit ease of cleaning; most carts include catheter hangers and/or pegboard backs permitting catheter storage either loose or in boxes. Some carts also include drawers, shelves for supplies, and locking systems. Catheter carts are mostly used in cardiac catheterization laboratories, invasive radiology suites, and operating rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "33614",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Dressing/Bandage",
      "definition": "Carts designed to store, display, and provide ready access to dressings and bandages. These carts usually include large wheels (e.g., 4 inch/10cm) and a closed stainless steel multiple drawer, shelf, or shelf/drawer cabinet-like structure; they may have hinged or sliding (either glass or metallic) doors. Most carts also include trays, a dressing/sponge bowl, and a pail for trash. Dressing/bandage carts may also include storage for handheld surgical instruments, drugs, and other supplies needed to perform dressing and/or bandaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "33601",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Electromechanical/Electronic Instrument/Equipment",
      "definition": "Carts designed for safe storage, transportation, and easy access of electromechanical, and/or electronic instruments and/or equipment such as recorders (e.g., electrocardiographs) and electrical stimulators. These carts usually consist of a heavy duty metallic and/or plastic open structure with a tubular angled frame that includes several shelves with a non-slip surface. Most carts include a set of extra-large (e.g., 15 or 20 cm/ 6 or 8 inch) casters, some casters have mechanisms (e.g., pneumatic) to provide a cushioned transportation. The carts may also include brakes, drawers, electric power outlets and/or strips; the carts may also be height adjustable."
    },
    {
      "code": "33636",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Exercise Weight",
      "definition": "Carts designed for safe storage, transportation, and easy access of weights used for exercise. These carts usually consist of a heavy-duty metallic and/or plastic open structure with a tubular angled frame. They may include several shelves or vertical columns with a non-slip surface on which weights intended for exercise (e.g., dumbbells, barbells, fitness bars) are hung. Most carts include a set of large (e.g., 10 or 15 cm/4 or 6 inch) casters; some casters have mechanisms (e.g., pneumatic) to provide a cushioned transportation and may also include brakes. Exercise weight storage/transport carts are used in physical therapy and rehabilitation areas of healthcare facilities and in health and fitness centers."
    },
    {
      "code": "33642",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Facsimile/Printer",
      "definition": "Carts designed for safe storage, transportation, and easy access of facsimile (fax) equipment and/or computer printers. These carts usually consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic open or semi-enclosed structure with a frame that includes several shelves and a top with a non-slip surface for the fax machine and/or printers. Most carts include a set of large (e.g., 10 or 15 cm/4 or 6 inch) casters that may include brakes, drawers, electric power connectors, and attachments for cable management; some carts are height adjustable."
    },
    {
      "code": "27870",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Gas Cylinder",
      "definition": "Carts designed for storage and local transportation of one or more compressed medical gas (e.g., oxygen, air) cylinders. These carts usually consist of an open metal structure that can  securely hold the gas cylinders. They are available in different sizes and configurations that can hold the cylinders in horizontal or vertical position. Dedicated gas cylinder carts intended to transport one or two cylinders in vertical position (known as trucks) and carts that may be used to transport four or more cylinders are available. These carts are used to deliver gas cylinders to operating and patient rooms and/or to other areas in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "28121",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Gas Cylinder, Multiple",
      "definition": "Gas cylinder carts designed for simultaneous transportation of several gas cylinders (typically up to 20 cylinders). These carts usually consist of a metallic structure with 4 or (less frequently) 6 wheels. They are available in configurations that can securely hold the cylinders either in horizontal or vertical position during transportation. Multiple gas cylinder carts also include handles and bumpers to facilitate easy maneuvering by only one person; the carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27871",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Gas Cylinder, Single/Double",
      "definition": "Gas cylinder carts designed for transportation of one or two gas cylinders simultaneously. These carts, also known as \"trucks,\" usually consist of a metallic structure with two wheels and two handles intended for easy manipulation by one person. Some models include two rear wheels that fold in place when the cart tips back. Single-double gas cylinder carts may be used to hold the cylinder during use at the point of care; the carts may also include attachments to facilitate their hooking to beds and/or wheelchairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "10642",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Isolation Room Product",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage of germicidal solutions, cloth (e.g., gowns, gloves), and/or other products (e.g., bags) used in areas where patient isolation procedures are performed. They also include containers for contaminated linen and trash. These carts typically consist of closed, cabinet-like structures with drawers that are painted in bright colors (e.g., yellow) to alert patients, visitors, and personnel that isolation procedures are under way. They typically are mounted on large (at least 3 inch/7.5 cm) casters. Isolation procedure carts frequently include trash containers, hampers, and gown poles."
    },
    {
      "code": "15890",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Janitorial/Housekeeping",
      "definition": "Carts designed for transport and easy access of utensils and products for cleaning healthcare facilities. These carts usually consist of a metallic or plastic open structure with appropriate attachments for transporting buckets and mops, brooms, cleaning products, dustpans, dispensers, wringers, warning signals, trash bags, and a trash container. They are mounted on large wheel casters that usually include caster bumpers. Some dedicated carts are manufactured completely with non-magnetic materials for cleaning areas with high magnetic fields (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging rooms)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33633",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, transport, and to provide ready access to small equipment, instruments, labware, and/or chemicals inside laboratories. They may also include a working surface (e.g., the top of the cabinet) intended to perform laboratory procedures. These carts typically include an open shelf or an enclosed cabinet-like structure; enclosed carts may have multiple drawers or shelves and sliding or hinged glass or stainless steel doors. They are usually made of wood, laminates, metals (including stainless steel), or other materials that permit an ease of cleaning and/or sterilization. Some laboratory carts also include security locks and/or special compartments for materials. Laboratory carts are used mainly in clinical laboratories, but they may be used to store and/or manipulate chemical products in doctor's offices, and dental, orthopedic, and ophthalmologic laboratories and/or workshops. Dedicated laboratory carts are available for transportation of hazardous chemicals, drums, and other laboratory supplies."
    },
    {
      "code": "33634",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Laboratory, Acid/Alkali Resistant",
      "definition": "Laboratory carts designed to transport small containers with strong acids and/or alkalis, providing ready access and facilitating their manipulation. They may also include a working surface (e.g., the top of the cabinet) intended to perform laboratory procedures. These carts typically include an open or closed shelf metallic structure with shelves with an acid, alkali, and heat resistant finish (e.g., phenolic boards with melamine laminate cover) which permits an ease of cleaning. Acid/alkali resistant laboratory carts are used mainly in clinical laboratories, but they may be used to store and/or manipulate chemical products in dental and ophthalmologic laboratories and/or in other workshops."
    },
    {
      "code": "33635",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Laboratory, Glassware",
      "definition": "Laboratory carts designed for transportation and temporary storage of glassware, protecting it from accidental breakage. These carts typically consist of an open-shelf metallic structure, frequently including plastic-coated (e.g., vinyl), corrosion resistant, wire baskets that support conventional laboratory glassware. Glassware laboratory carts are used in clinical laboratories to store, manipulate, and move glass containers."
    },
    {
      "code": "16493",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Laboratory, Pathology Specimen",
      "definition": "Laboratory carts designed to transport and/or store tissue specimens for pathologic analysis. These carts typically consist of a set of wire shelves appropriate to accommodate containers with a preservative liquid (e.g., formaldehyde) in which the pathological samples (usually organ tissue) are immersed. The cart trays usually provide spill-proof containment of the preservative liquid and include some means (e.g., pads) to absorb and/or neutralize the spills. Some pathology laboratory carts can be handled inside ventilated cabinets including doors that provide a safe and easy storage of the tissue specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "10650",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Orthopedic Traction Attachments",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, transport, and easy access of mechanical set-ups used in orthopedic traction treatments.  These carts usually consist of sturdy structures to facilitate handling of heavy cast iron weights, long traction bars, and other accessories typically used in combination with traction tables and/or stands. Some carts may also include an enclosure appropriate for devices and other supplies used by orthopedic technicians. Orthopedic traction carts are used in orthopedic departments to transport heavy devices from and to traction tables and/or stands."
    },
    {
      "code": "27872",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Physiologic Monitor",
      "definition": "Carts designed for storage and local transportation of physiologic monitors, accessories, and products needed for patient monitoring inside a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts typically consist of an open or enclosed structure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials and may include drawers and shelves. The structure is mounted on wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. Physiologic monitor carts are used in intensive care units, emergency rooms, patient rooms, and doctors' offices for temporary assessment or to evaluate particular physiologic parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "27921",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Radioactive Material",
      "definition": "Storage/transport carts designed for temporary storage and local transportation of radioactive materials inside a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts usually consist of a sturdy metal structure mounted on medium or large wheels (typical diameter of 7.5 to 12.5 cm/3 to 5 in) that are capable of supporting heavy weights. The carts typically include a detachable container with a single- or double-lined as shielding for the radioactive material. Some carts do not include shielding, making it necessary to use double-shielded radioactive safe containers for transportation. Radioactive material carts are used to transport radioactive materials such as radiopharmaceuticals, PET isotopes, and radium inside nuclear medicine areas and/or from those areas to the patient room."
    },
    {
      "code": "10641",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Surgical Instrument",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, display, and easy access of surgical instruments and supplies; they are typically manufactured using stainless steel to avoid corrosion and permit ease of cleaning and sterilization. These carts consist of either an open shelf or an enclosed cabinet-like structure; enclosed carts may have multiple drawers or shelf and drawers and sliding or hinged glass or stainless steel doors. Some carts also include security locks and/or special compartments for materials. Surgical instrument carts are mostly used in operating and procedure rooms, including dental and ophthalmologist clinics and offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "33611",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Suture",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, display, and easy access and retrieval of sutures and boxes of sutures. These carts are typically manufactured using easily cleaned materials (e.g., chrome or stainless steel) with glass doors to protect the sutures from splashes and/or contamination. They usually include several shelves providing storage for many different types of sutures. Suture carts are used in operating rooms and other health facility areas where suturing procedures are frequently performed."
    },
    {
      "code": "27873",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Tool",
      "definition": "Heavy duty carts designed for organized storage and local transportation of tools inside a particular area of a healthcare facility. These carts typically consist of a wide, multi-drawer cart with wheels of ball-bearing sliders, and locking systems. They typically include 1 m (40 in) or wider drawers that have a weight capacity of 100 kg (220 lb) or more each. Most tool storage carts are made of metals (e.g., steel, aluminum) with a painting or coating (e.g., epoxy) that can resist acids and/or solvents, most cabinets have holders to keep tools in place. Some carts are available with a working surface where tools (e.g., drills) can be mounted, others may include a detachable tool chest on their top to facilitate tool handling. Tool carts are used in healthcare facilities for preventive maintenance and/or fixing of medical devices and other equipment; the carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27920",
      "display": "Carts, Storage/Transport, Washer/Sterilizer",
      "definition": "Storage/transport carts designed for temporary storage and transport before, during, and after washing and/or sterilizing procedures are performed in automated machines. These carts usually consist of a sturdy structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that can resist high temperature and/or gas sterilization, The structure is mounted on large wheels (typical diameter of 7.5 to 12.5 cm/3 to 5 in). The carts typically include fixed and/or detachable shelves and may include other attachments to facilitate loading of products to be sterilized. Washer/sterilizers carts are used during the process of removal of organic debris and/or killing of microorganisms that may be present in the cart; the process is typically performed in dedicated cart washers/decontaminators located in a central station of healthcare facilities; central supply carts such as those used for surgical case transportation may also fulfill the requirements needed for washing and sterilization in automated machines."
    },
    {
      "code": "27858",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment",
      "definition": "Carts designed for storing and local transport of small equipment, instruments, and materials used in medical treatments and/or other medical procedures. These devices are usually confined to a particular area of a healthcare facility , and provide clear display and ready access to all items. These carts typically consist of stand-alone multiple-drawer, -shelf, or -shelf/drawer structure with a working surface (e.g., the top of the cart) appropriate for use while performing the medical treatment or procedure; the structure is mounted on large wheels (e.g., diameter of at least 10 cm/4 in) that are usually an integral part of the cart. Some carts also include built-in grounded outlets and/or security locks. Treatment carts are used for general procedures performed in emergency situations or in the field; dedicated carts specially designed to perform particular procedures such as resuscitation, anesthesia, dental, ophthalmologic, and endoscopic procedures, and orthopedic casting, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10636",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, transport, and to facilitate the use of instruments, anesthetics, and supplies used during anesthesia procedures. These carts are usually constructed using materials that avoid build-up of static electrical charges (typically metals such as stainless steel). They usually include a multiple drawer or shelf/drawer cabinet-like structure, with an appropriate working top for placement of anesthetics, instruments, vials, or other small devices. Some carts include lockers, intravenous poles, oxygen holders, and electrical outlets. Anesthetic carts are used in the operating room during surgical procedures involving anesthesia; they include appropriate swivel casters (e.g., 3 or 4 inches wheels) for easy displacement."
    },
    {
      "code": "27861",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Casting/Splinting",
      "definition": "Treatment carts designed for organized storage and transport of instruments, devices, and materials used during orthopedic casting and/or splinting procedures. These carts typically consist of a multiple-drawer, -shelf, or -shelf/drawer cabinet-like structure with sliding doors that is mounted on swivel casters of at least 10 cm (4 in) diameter wheels. The drawers and shelves are appropriate to facilitate the preparation of splints and casts. Casting/splinting treatment carts frequently include cast cutters (i.e., knives, saws) and attachments for suction, built-in grounded electrical outlets, and a large working surface (e.g., the top of the cart) appropriate to prepare splints and casts; they are used in casting and/or emergency rooms and in doctors' offices for outpatient treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "27918",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Dentistry",
      "definition": "Carts designed for storing and local transport of devices, instruments, and materials used in dental treatments, providing clear display and ready access to all items. These carts typically consist of stand-alone multiple-drawer, -shelf, or -shelf/drawer structure with an adjustable height working surface (e.g., the top of the cart) appropriate for use while performing dental treatments and sometimes other dental procedures; the structure is mounted on medium (e.g., typically 7.5 cm/3 in) wheels that are usually an integral part of the cart. The working top is typically appropriate for placement of drugs, instruments, vials, or other small devices, attachments for handpieces, a high volume evacuator, irrigation, and a saliva ejector; some also include built-in grounded outlets, and security locks."
    },
    {
      "code": "27859",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Treatment carts designed for organized storage and transport of cleaned endoscopes, drugs, endoscopic equipment, and other supplies used during endoscopic procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy, gastroscopy, colonoscopy), facilitating their use while performing the procedure. These carts typically consist of a multiple-drawer, -shelf, or -shelf/drawer cabinet-like structure; they usually have sliding doors, swivel casters of at least 10 cm (4 in) diameter, and a working surface (e.g., the top of the cart). Most carts include holders for the endoscopes; some also include special soft plastic brackets to secure the endoscope heads and or a means to warm endoscopic (e.g., specula) devices used in the procedure. Endoscopy carts are usually manufactured using materials (e.g., stainless steel, polypropylene, acrylic) that permit ease of cleaning; they are used in hospitals and in other healthcare facilities and doctors' offices. Dedicated endoscopy carts may also include equipment and/or attachments appropriate to perform laparoscopic or arthroscopic endoscopy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27860",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Endoscopy, Video System",
      "definition": "Endoscopy treatment carts designed to transport stand-alone endoscopic video systems. These carts typically consist of a shelf, or shelf/drawer cabinet-like structure that is mounted on swivel casters of at least 10 cm (4 in) diameter wheels. The drawers and shelves are appropriate for cleaned or sterile endoscopes, drugs, and other supplies used in endoscopic procedures; the carts may also include sliding doors and/or electrical outlets. Video procedure endoscopic carts are used for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures such as gastrointestinal, urologic, hysteroscopic, and neurologic endoscopy. Some carts include equipment and/or attachments appropriate to perform laparoscopic or arthroscopic video endoscopic procedures; the carts are usually moved manually but electrically (battery) operated carts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16988",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Malignant Hyperthermia",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, transport, and facilitation of devices, supplies, and drugs needed to treat rapid rise in body temperature, usually as a consequence of general anesthesia (i.e., malignant hyperthermia). These carts typically include a working surface at the top of the cart, large wheels (e.g., 4 inch/10cm), and a closed stainless steel multiple drawer shelf or shelf/drawer cabinet-like structure. Hyperthermia carts may also include a small refrigerator, intravenous poles, ice packs, blood gas syringes, cold irrigation and intravenous solutions, and other medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "33644",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Otorhinolaryngology",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, transport, and to facilitate the use of instruments, devices, and materials during ear, nose, and throat (ENT) treatments; some carts may also be used for ENT diagnoses. These carts typically consist of a multiple drawer, shelf, or shelf/drawer cart; they usually have sliding doors, swivel casters of at least 10 cm (4 inch) wheel diameter, and a working surface (e.g., the top of the cart). Otorhinolaryngology treatment carts may include otoscopes and/or otoscope sets, attachments for suction and pressure pumps, electrosurgical units, fiberoptic light sources, built-in grounded electrical outlets, and security locks. They are used in hospitals and ENT physicians' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "10647",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage, transport, and to facilitate the use of instruments, drugs, and supplies during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedures. These carts are usually constructed using hard, durable materials; they typically have swivel casters of at least 12.5 cm (5 inches) wheel diameter and soft perimeter bumpers to absorb the shock of impacts. The carts typically include a multiple drawer cabinet-like structure, with an appropriate working top for placement of drugs, instruments, vials, or other small devices. Resuscitation carts are pre-stocked with the equipment needed for CPR, including a defibrillator/monitor, a pulmonary resuscitator, an oxygen tank, a backboard, intravenous poles, and other supplies and drugs. Resuscitation carts are used by emergency teams performing CPR when a cardiopulmonary arrest occurs."
    },
    {
      "code": "42091",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Resuscitation, Neonatal",
      "definition": "Treatment carts designed for use during stabilization and resuscitation of infants. These carts hold necessary devices for adequate monitoring and treatment of infants that need extra support during transition. They usually include a cradle that has an opening for the umbilical cord and that is mounted on a height adjustable and rotating arm. The carts can have integrated or can accommodate an oxygen tank and/or a hook-up oxygen hose, an aspirator, a resuscitation bag, timers, radiant warmer, and monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "28004",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Sensorial Therapy",
      "definition": "Carts designed for organized storage and transport, and also to provide ready access and facilitate the use of devices and supplies needed to treat sensory processing disorders (also known as sensory integration dysfunction), attributed to dysfunction of the vestibular system. These carts usually include several compartments intended to hold a variety of devices intended for sophisticated stimulation of the senses. These devices may include light sources, projectors, audio players, vibration pillows, mirrors, tactile balls, and aroma diffusers. Sensorial therapy carts are mainly used to treat autistic children by providing stimuli to their senses."
    },
    {
      "code": "41810",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Treatment carts designed for organized storage and transport of ultrasound units, monitors, ultrasound probes, and other supplies used during ultrasonography procedures, facilitating their use while performing the procedure. These carts typically consist of multiple shelves, drawers, and holders; they usually have swivel casters of at least 10 cm (4 in) diameter and a working surface (e.g., the top of the cart). Most carts include specific holders to secure the ultrasound probes. Endoscopy carts are usually manufactured using materials (e.g., stainless steel, polypropylene, acrylic) that permit ease of cleaning. Ultrasound treatment carts can include a power source, such as a portable battery."
    },
    {
      "code": "27917",
      "display": "Carts, Treatment, Wound Care",
      "definition": "Carts designed to store, display, and provide ready access to instruments (e.g., scissors, knives), materials (e.g., dressings, bandages), and drugs (e.g., alcohol, saline) needed for wound care; the top of the cart is typically used as a working surface during the procedure. These carts usually include medium or large wheels (e.g., diameter  of 7.5 to 12.5 cm/3 to 5 in) and a closed stainless steel multiple drawer, shelf, or shelf/drawer cabinet-like structure; they may have hinged or sliding (either glass or metallic) doors. Some carts also include bottle racks, trays, a sponge bowl, and a pail for trash. Wound care carts are used in doctors' offices and emergency rooms in healthcare facilities to treat minor wounds; they are also used for post-surgical treatment of wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "21012",
      "display": "Carvers, Dental",
      "definition": "Dental instruments designed to shape or cut materials used in dental restorations and/or dental prosthesis laboratories. Dental carvers are typically slender, single- or double-ended, handheld, manual instruments that are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. A variety of configurations (e.g., discoid carvers, cleoid carvers, discoid-cleoid carvers, Hollenback/Hollenbach carvers, Roach carvers) are available. Some dental carvers are designed as dedicated instruments intended for carving specific substances (e.g., dental amalgam, dental wax, composite dental fillings), while other carvers are double-ended instruments with different designs at each end, intended to carve more than one substance (e.g., dental amalgam, dental wax, carious dentin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16426",
      "display": "Carvers, Dental, Amalgam",
      "definition": "Dental carvers designed to shape or cut amalgam restorations in tooth to approximate the original tooth structure. These carvers are typically slender single- or doubled-ended, handheld, manual instruments with sharp cutting edges. Dedicated amalgam carvers are available for carving amalgam restorations on specific tooth surfaces (e.g., restorations located in the proximal and occlusal dental surfaces). They are used after the amalgam is condensed into the tooth cavity. Some carvers are double-ended instruments with different designs at each end and can be used to carve other substances (e.g., dental wax, carious dentin) in addition to dental amalgam."
    },
    {
      "code": "21013",
      "display": "Carvers, Dental, Amalgam, Occlusal Surface",
      "definition": "Dental amalgam carvers designed to shape or cut amalgam on the occlusal tooth surface. These carvers are typically slender, double-ended, handheld, manual instruments with sharp cutting edges configured to carve the amalgam on the occlusal tooth surface (e.g., discoid carvers, cleoid carvers [some are also known as acorn carvers]). Dental amalgam carvers are used after the amalgam is condensed into the tooth cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "21014",
      "display": "Carvers, Dental, Amalgam, Proximal Surface",
      "definition": "Dental amalgam carvers designed to shape or cut amalgam on the interproximal tooth surface. These carvers are typically slender, double-ended, handheld, manual instruments with sharp cutting edges and are configured to carve the amalgam on the proximal tooth surface. They are used after the amalgam is condensed into the tooth cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "21015",
      "display": "Carvers, Dental, Composite Filling",
      "definition": "Dental carvers designed to shape or cut composite filling restorations in tooth to approximate the original tooth structure, removing excess filling. These carvers are typically slender, single- or double-ended, handheld, manual instruments with sharp cutting edges. Dedicated carvers are available for carving along specific tooth surfaces (e.g., the interproximal dental surface); some double-ended instruments have one end configured to carve along the right side of the tooth and the other end to carve along the left side. Composite filling carvers are used after the filling material is filled and cured inside the tooth cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16427",
      "display": "Carvers, Dental, Wax",
      "definition": "Dental carvers designed to shape or cut dental wax. These carvers are typically slender, handheld, manual instruments with a distal blunt blade in a variety of sizes and shapes; they are frequently heated to soften the wax while creating the pattern. Dental wax carvers are used in a variety of dental procedures, including formation of bite patterns for casting custom dental prostheses, construction of nonmetallic denture bases, and registration of jaw relations. Some carvers are double-ended instruments with different configurations at each end and can be used to carve other substances (e.g., dental amalgam) in addition to dental wax."
    },
    {
      "code": "15895",
      "display": "Casework",
      "definition": "Furniture consisting of a series of units (e.g., cabinets, shelves, racks) that are assembled or combined to provide the user with an interior storage space. This furniture is usually constructed using thicker panels and specialized surface finishes that may be different from those used in domestic cabinetry; casework is frequently fixed to the walls, floor, or both. Casework is typically installed in such a manner that inside access is easy and the space required for the furniture is minimized while the storage area is maximized; casework may also provide working surfaces. Casework is typically designed to cover the needs of an entire area of a healthcare facility, such as clinical laboratories, nursing stations, pharmacies, and kitchens but can be designed for special functions/spaces as needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "27086",
      "display": "Casework, Dentistry",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in dental offices. This furniture typically includes cabinets and shelves appropriate for storage and easy availability of small devices (e.g., forceps, handpieces), small instruments, utensils, and medicines used in dental procedures; some casework includes sinks and other special cabinets for particular procedures (e.g., desiccating). Dentistry casework is used in dental operation rooms and dentists' and/or orthodontists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "27087",
      "display": "Casework, Examination Room",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in examination rooms. This furniture usually includes sturdy wall cabinets; examination room furniture may also include other stand-alone cabinets with dedicated sinks and faucets. Examination room casework is made of hard plastic and/or metallic materials with an appropriate finish for ease of cleaning and sanitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "27089",
      "display": "Casework, Kitchen",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in healthcare facility kitchens. This casework usually includes cabinets, countertops, and sinks; the components are configured to provide adequate storage capacity and appropriate space for location and operation of appliances such as microwave ovens, refrigerators (either upright or under the counter), and dishwashers. Kitchen casework is used in hospitals, assisted living facilities, nursing homes, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15897",
      "display": "Casework, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in clinical laboratories. This furniture usually includes cabinets and shelves made of materials that protect against corrosion and strong chemicals; they are intended to store laboratory devices, glassware, and laboratory instruments; some casework includes sinks and other special cabinets for particular procedures (e.g., desiccating). Laboratory casework is usually made of steel, plastic laminates, wood, or a combination of these materials; it usually includes sets of stand-alone, wall mounted, and/or wall recessed units. Dedicated modular laboratory casework is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15896",
      "display": "Casework, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Casework designed for general, nonspecialized storage within  healthcare facilities. This casework usually consists of a set of nonspecialized storing units, such as cabinets, drawers, boxes, and shelves usually fixed to the wall, floor, or both. Casework is typically installed in such a manner that inside access is easy and the space required for the furniture is minimized while the storage area is maximized; casework may also provide working surfaces. Multipurpose casework is typically designed to cover the needs of nonspecialized area of a healthcare facility, such as a doctor's office or a reception area."
    },
    {
      "code": "23698",
      "display": "Casework, Multipurpose, Adjustable Height",
      "definition": "Multipurpose casework designed for general, nonspecialized storage within  healthcare facilities whose height can be adjusted according to user needs. This casework usually consists of a set of nonspecialized storing units, such as cabinets, drawers, boxes, and shelves that are usually fixed to the wall using frames and/or rails with slots that permit the fixation of the casework components at different heights. The casework is typically installed in such a manner that inside access is easy and the space required for the furniture is minimized while the storage area is maximized; casework may also provide working surfaces. Adjustable height multipurpose casework is typically designed to cover the needs of nonspecialized areas of a healthcare facility, such as a doctor's office or a reception area."
    },
    {
      "code": "15898",
      "display": "Casework, Multipurpose, Modular",
      "definition": "Multipurpose casework composed of a set of nonspecialized, independent (e.g., cabinets, drawers, boxes, shelves) shelving units (modules) that can be arranged in a variety of ways. Modular multipurpose casework is usually fixed to the wall, floor, or both and installed in such a manner that access is easy and the space for the furniture is minimized while the storage area is maximized; casework may also provide working surfaces. Modular multipurpose casework is intended to cover the needs of nonspecialized areas of a healthcare facility, such as a doctor's office or a reception area; most of this casework can be rearranged to change its configuration and/or to include additional modules as needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "15899",
      "display": "Casework, Nursing Station",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in nursing stations. This furniture typically includes cabinets and shelves appropriate for storage of small devices and instruments (e.g., thermometers, sphygmomanometers), utensils, and medicines; they may also include filing cabinets to keep patient records. Nursing station casework is used in hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "27090",
      "display": "Casework, Operating/Procedure Room",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in surgical and/or special procedures rooms. This casework usually includes a combination of several cabinets, desks, and tables arranged to meet the needs of an operating and/or procedure room; it may include warming units, sinks, and other special furniture. Most casework units are made of stainless steel, frequently with glass doors to facilitate ease of cleaning and/or sterilization. Operating/procedure room casework is used in hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare facilities in dedicated areas or rooms intended for surgical and/or some special procedures (e.g., catheterization)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15900",
      "display": "Casework, Patient Room",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in patient rooms. This furniture usually includes bedside tables, bookcases, mounting for television sets and telephones; patient room furniture may also include other wall and/or stand-alone cabinets. This casework is usually made of hard plastics, metal, or wood with an appropriate finish for ease of cleaning and sanitation. Patient room casework is used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities to provide comfort, facilitate patient activities and communication, and permit storage of patient belongings."
    },
    {
      "code": "15901",
      "display": "Casework, Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Casework designed for use in clinical pharmacies. This furniture usually includes cabinets and shelves that are made of materials that protect against corrosion and strong chemicals; they are intended to store chemicals, medicines, glassware, and small instruments; some include sinks. Pharmacy casework is used in hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20787",
      "display": "Cassettes, Radiography",
      "definition": "Cassettes designed for holding a radiographic image receptor (e.g., an x-ray film, a phosphor image storage plate) during exposure to radiation by an x-ray (radiography) diagnostic unit. The cassettes are usually placed in an x-ray cassette holder in the radiography unit. These devices typically consist of a metal or plastic housing with appropriate inserts to facilitate transportation of the film or image plate and to protect the cassette and its contents from environmental light. Dedicated cassettes are typically available for use with radiography film units/systems or with computed radiography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20765",
      "display": "Cassettes, Radiography, Image Plate",
      "definition": "Radiography cassettes designed for holding a plate storing latent images that are captured when the plate is exposed to radiation from an x-ray (radiography) diagnostic unit. These cassettes are typically placed in an x-ray cassette holder that is a component of the radiography unit. After x-ray exposure, the image plate is transferred to a reading device that produces a digital image from the latent image. Radiography image storage plate cassettes are typically used in computed radiography (digital) systems or as a substitute for conventional screen-film cassettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20788",
      "display": "Cassettes, Radiography, Image Plate, Mammography",
      "definition": "Radiography cassettes designed for holding a plate storing latent images that are captured when the plate is exposed to radiation from a mammography unit; typically, they are designed to be placed in an x-ray cassette holder in the mammography unit. These cassettes are typically available in the size and configuration needed for conventional mammography units. After x-ray exposure, the image plate is transferred to a reading device that produces a digital image from the latent image. Image storage plate cassettes are typically used as a substitute for conventional screen-film cassettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "14474",
      "display": "Cassettes, Radiography, X-Ray Film",
      "definition": "Cassettes designed for holding a sheet of x-ray film during exposure to radiation by an x-ray (radiography) diagnostic unit. typically, a screen that converts x-rays to light is also inserted in the cassette. The cassettes are usually placed in an x-ray cassette holder in the radiography unit. These devices typically consist of a metal or plastic housing with appropriate inserts to facilitate film transport and provide protection from environmental light. After x-ray exposure, the cassette with the film is transferred to a manual or automated processor to develop the radiographic image on the film."
    },
    {
      "code": "10656",
      "display": "Cast Cutter Vacuums",
      "definition": "Vacuum cleaners designed to collect and filter out the dust and debris created by cast cutters (i.e., pneumatic or electric cast saws) during cast removal. These devices typically consist of a dedicated portable vacuum cleaner that includes a vacuum pump, filters, and bags or cartridges for dust collection. Cast cutter vacuum cleaners are available as independent units but are more frequently offered as an accessory or integral part of cast cutters."
    },
    {
      "code": "10665",
      "display": "Cast Material",
      "definition": "Materials (e.g., plastic, fiberglass, plaster) used to construct a stiff, solid dressing (cast) for immobilization of fractures, diseased joints, painful sprains, and other injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "10672",
      "display": "Cast Walking Heels",
      "definition": "Hard rubber devices designed to be incorporated directly into the sole of a cast to aid the patient in walking."
    },
    {
      "code": "17796",
      "display": "Casting Furnaces, Dental",
      "definition": "Devices that are used to burn off wax from an inlay mold and establish the proper condition and temperature of the investment to receive the molten casting alloy."
    },
    {
      "code": "16233",
      "display": "Casting Stands, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Metal structures (frames) designed to hold and support an extremity in the appropriate position during an orthopedic casting procedure. These stands typically consist of an adjustable metallic frame with a set of detachable components, including limb-positioning attachments to maintain optimal joint alignment, supports for resting limbs, and blades for forming the cast. Typically, the extremity is placed on a blade and the cast material is wrapped around it; after the cast is completed, the blade slides providing space for improved circulation and patient comfort. Most orthopedic casting stands can be used for the upper and lower extremities."
    },
    {
      "code": "31259",
      "display": "Casting Stations, Low-Melting Alloy, Radiotherapy Block Shields",
      "definition": "Casting stations designed to manufacture custom-made radiotherapy block shields made with low-melting alloys (i.e., alloys with a melting point usually below 100 degrees Celsius [212 degrees Fahrenheit]). These stations typically consist of a dispensing/melting unit that provides the appropriate alloy for the block, a refrigerated surface to accommodate the blocks, air cleaning systems (e.g., a ventilated hood), and cabinets to store the blocks. Some stations include a vibrator to make more homogeneous blocks. Low-melting alloy casting stations are used in healthcare facilities to manufacture custom-made radiotherapy block shields in dedicated workshops. A dedicated cutter to appropriately shape the molding material (i.e., styrofoam) is usually located close to the casting station."
    },
    {
      "code": "10662",
      "display": "Casting Units, Dental",
      "definition": "Units used for forcing molten dental casting alloys into a refractory mold using centrifugal force, pressure, vacuum, and/or high temperature during casting of dental restorations. The units may be semi-automated, including the ability to melt the alloy and/or cool the restoration after molding."
    },
    {
      "code": "27995",
      "display": "Cataract Extraction Phacoemulsification/Vitrectomy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed with capabilities to perform cataract extraction using phacoemulsification and vitrectomy. These systems include a hollow probe that cuts and emulsifies the lenses using ultrasonic waves (phacoemulsification); a vitreous cutter; irrigation and illumination systems; cautery capabilities; and a channel for aspiration of lens and tissue fragments. The systems also include a vacuum pump and controls for the power level, irrigation rate, and mode of operation. Laser treatment can also be performed using a laser probe to seal blood vessels in the retina (photocoagulation). Cataract phacoemulsification/vitrectomy systems are used for phacoemulsification and cataract removal in the anterior chamber and also for vitreal/retinal surgery in the posterior chamber of the eye."
    },
    {
      "code": "34021",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for use in the introduction of catheters into the body cavities, ducts, or vessels. These introducers may consist of simple devices (e.g., devices that include an introducer needle with a cannula, guiding catheters, sheaths) or complete assemblies. Those complete assemblies may include dedicated devices and/or some or all of the following components: a needle, stylet or trocar, a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath. Dedicated catheter introducers are available for a variety of catheters and procedures, such as catheter insertion into the vasculature (e.g., peripheral veins, central venous), the urinary and biliary tracts, and also for drainage (e.g., pleural catheter introducers). Procedure kits and/or trays including all necessary devices and supplies needed for catheterization are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34022",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular",
      "definition": "Catheter introducers designed for use in the percutaneous introduction of catheters into the vasculature. These introducers consist of an assembly of devices that may include some or all of the following components: a needle or stylet, a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath. Usually all components are taken out after the insertion into the vasculature leaving only the sheath for catheter introduction through it. Some introducers include peel-away sheaths for easy discard after the catheter is in place; other sheaths may stay dwelling in the vessel for a pre-established maximum time. Vascular catheter introducers frequently include a hemostasis valve to prevent entry of air into the circulation as well as blood or fluid loss around the indwelling catheter when it is removed. Dedicated catheter introducers are available for the insertion of peripheral, midline, and/or central venous (including the pulmonary vasculature) catheters; some introducers provide needlestick protection. Dedicated introducers including characteristics such as echogenic needles that permit ultrasound guidance during insertion are also available. Procedure kits and/or trays including all necessary devices and supplies needed for intravenous catheterization are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34027",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular, Central Venous, Directly Inserted",
      "definition": "Vascular catheter introducers designed for use in the direct percutaneous introduction of central venous catheters into the jugular, subclavian, axillary, or femoral vein; the distal tip of the catheter is usually advanced until reaching the vena cava or pulmonary artery. These introducers consist of an assembly of devices that may include some or all of the following components: a stylet or trocar, a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath or a hollow, single-lumen, large-bore catheter (e.g., 3mm/9 French) having a relatively short (10cm/4 inch) length and a tip which lies within the thoracic cavity. Usually all components are taken out after the insertion into the vasculature leaving only the sheath for catheter introduction through it. Some introducer sheaths are peelable for easy discard after the catheter is in place; other sheaths may be dwelling in the vessel for a pre-established maximum time. Central venous catheter introducers may be used for insertion of pacemaker and/or defibrillator leads. Dedicated central venous catheter introducers providing needlestick protection are available; procedure kits and/or trays including all necessary devices and supplies needed for central venous catheterization are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17578",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular, Central Venous, Hemostasis Valve",
      "definition": "Central venous catheter introducers that include an integral or detachable hemostasis valve. These introducers typically consist of a sheath or hollow, single lumen large bore catheter (e.g., 3mm/9 French) and relatively short (10cm/4 inch) length intended for the percutaneous introduction into the subclavian or jugular veins, and that include an integral hemostatic valve attached to the proximal end of the sheath. Catheter introducers which have a detachable hemostasis valve that is screwed to the introducer sheath hub are also available. Some introducers also include a short length of intravenous tubing intended for administration of fluid therapy bonded to the valve. Hemostasis valve central venous introducers are used as a seal to prevent entry of air into the circulation as well as blood or fluid loss around the indwelling catheter when it is removed from the sheath. These catheters are mainly intended to obtain access for instruments during catheterization procedures (e.g., cardiac, angiograms) and for short-term central venous access in critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "34031",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular, Central Venous, Peripherally Inserted",
      "definition": "Vascular catheter introducers designed for use in the percutaneous introduction into the peripheral vasculature (typically the basilic or cephalic veins) of central venous catheters; the distal tip of the catheter is usually advanced until reaching the superior or inferior vena cava or the pulmonary artery. These introducers consist of an assembly of devices that may include some or all of the following components: a stylet or trocar, a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath. All components of the introducers are usually taken out after the catheter insertion into the vasculature leaving only the sheath for catheter introduction through it. Some introducer sheaths are peelable for easy discard after the catheter is in place; other sheaths may be dwelling in the vessel for a pre-established maximum time. Peripherally inserted central venous catheter introducers using conventional techniques (i.e., peel-off cannula and stylet) and the Seldinger technique are available. Also available are dedicated catheter introducers which include particular characteristics such as echogenic needles that permit ultrasound guidance during insertion and/or provide needlestick protection."
    },
    {
      "code": "34032",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular, Central Venous/Midline, Peripherally Inserted, Ultrasound-Guided",
      "definition": "Vascular catheter introducers designed for use in the percutaneous introduction into the peripheral vasculature (typically the basilic or cephalic veins) of midline or central venous catheters using ultrasound guidance. The distal tip of the catheter is usually advanced until reaching the proximal end of the arm not beyond the axillar line (midline catheters) or the vena cava or pulmonary artery (central venous catheters). These introducers consist of an assembly of devices that typically include a needle that reflects sound waves and produces echoes (i.e., echogenic), a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath. Usually all components of the introducers are taken out after the insertion into the vasculature leaving only the sheath for catheter introduction through it. Some introducer sheaths are peelable for easy discard after the catheter is in place; other sheaths may be dwelling in the vessel for a pre-established maximum time. Peripherally inserted midline/central venous catheter introducers using ultrasound guidance are usually inserted following the Seldinger technique; dedicated ultrasound guided catheter introducers are frequently used for powered (e.g., up to 5cc/sec) infusions into the central vasculature."
    },
    {
      "code": "34025",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular, Midline",
      "definition": "Vascular catheter introducers designed for use in the percutaneous introduction into the peripheral vasculature (typically the basilic or cephalic veins) of midline catheters; the distal tip of the catheter is usually advanced until reaching the proximal end of the arm not beyond the axillar line. These introducers consist of an assembly of devices that may include some or all of the following components: a needle or trocar, a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath. Usually all components are taken out after the insertion into the vasculature leaving only the sheath for catheter introduction through it. Some introducer sheaths are peelable for easy discard after the catheter is in place; other sheaths may be dwelling in the vessel for a pre-established maximum time. Midline catheter introducers are available for the insertion of catheters using the Seldinger technique, which includes the use of needles or trocars, a guidewire, and a blunt sheath (i.e., cannulae). Also available are dedicated midline catheter introducers which include particular characteristics such as echogenic needles that permit ultrasound guidance during insertion and/or provide needlestick protection."
    },
    {
      "code": "34023",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Vascular catheter introducers designed for use in the percutaneous introduction of peripheral catheters into the vasculature. These introducers consist of an assembly of devices that may include some or all of the following components: a needle or trocar, a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath. Usually all components are taken out after the insertion into the vasculature leaving only the sheath for catheter introduction through it. Some introducer sheaths are peelable for easy removal after the catheter is in place; other sheaths may be dwelling in the vessel for a pre-established maximum time. Some catheter introducers are intended for the insertion of peripheral catheters using the Seldinger technique, which includes the use of needles or trocars, a guidewire, and a blunt sheath (i.e., cannulae). Dedicated peripheral catheter introducers including particular characteristics such as echogenic needles that permit ultrasound guidance during insertion and/or provide needlestick protection are also available. Procedure kits and/or trays including all necessary devices and supplies needed for intravenous peripheral catheterization are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34024",
      "display": "Catheter Introducers, Vascular, Peripheral, Ultrasound-Guided",
      "definition": "Vascular catheter introducers designed for use in the percutaneous introduction of peripheral catheters into the vasculature using ultrasound guidance. These introducers consist of an assembly of devices that typically include a needle that reflect sound waves and produce echoes (i.e., echogenic), a dilator, a guidewire, and a sheath. Usually all components are taken out after the insertion into the vasculature leaving only the sheath for catheter introduction, typically following the Seldinger technique. Some introducer sheaths are peelable for easy discard after the catheter is in place; other sheaths may be dwelling in the vessel for a pre-established maximum time. Dedicated ultrasound guided catheter introducers are mainly used for infusion of powered (e.g., up to 5cc/sec) infusions using relatively long-term (e.g., up to 30 days) indwelling catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "28345",
      "display": "Catheter Storage Solutions, Disinfection/Anticoagulant",
      "definition": "Solutions formulated to fill catheter lumens when not in active use (i.e., catheter lock). These solutions help maintain patency, remove bacteria, and avoid clot formation. They usually contain a broad-spectrum antimicrobial (e.g., Taurolidine, gentamicin) or an anticoagulant such as citrate or heparin or a combination of both. Catheter-locking solutions are mainly used for central venous (frequently tunneled) catheters, especially for hemodialysis procedures and in some cancer treatments; they are mainly intended to avoid catheter related bacteremia, a serious blood infection. Alcohol solutions (e.g., ethyl or isopropyl alcohol) may be also used in some particular applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "15735",
      "display": "Catheter Tube Holders",
      "definition": "Devices designed to hold an externally inserted catheter tube and securely attach it to the anatomy of a patient, frequently supporting and/or securing the catheter tube during the whole catheterization procedure. Catheter tube holders are usually shaped specifically to the anatomical part where they are attached and/or the catheter tube that they are holding (e.g., endotracheal tube, nasogastric tube, urinary catheter tube, biliary catheter tube). They are usually made of plastic, glass, fabric, wood, metal or a combination of these materials. They also include some type of locking mechanism that attaches to the portion of the catheter tube that is external to the patient, as well as sections (e.g., wings, straps) that are coated with adhesive or other attachment mechanisms (e.g., hook-and-loop closures [Velcro]) that can be used to attach the holder to the patient's anatomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "16489",
      "display": "Catheter Tube Holders, Endotracheal Tube",
      "definition": "Devices designed to hold an endotracheal tube in place where it enters a patient's mouth, frequently supporting and/or securing the tube throughout its use. These holders usually have adjustable straps that can be secured around a patient's head and that attach to a housing holding the portion of the endotracheal tube that comes out of the patient's mouth. They are usually made of plastic, glass, fabric, wood, metal or a combination of these materials; they also include special fasteners or locking mechanisms to secure the tube in place. Endotracheal tube holders come in adult and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17514",
      "display": "Catheter Tube Holders, Nasogastric Tube",
      "definition": "Devices designed to hold inserted nasogastric tubes in place in a patient's nasal passages, frequently supporting and/or securing the tube throughout its use. Nasogastric tube holder designs vary; a typical example includes an adhesive bandage device that has a portion designed to be attached to the end of the patient's nose and a portion designed to be wrapped around the part of the nasogastric tube that is immediately exterior to the nares. Another example includes a device that is comprised of an adhesive strip that attaches to the end of the patient's nose and a connecting ring that snaps around the exterior of the nasogastric tube to lock it in place. Nasogastric tube holders come in adult and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24107",
      "display": "Catheter/Stylet Tip Locators, Central Venous",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be used in combination with a catheter/stylet to enable visualization/detection of the catheter tip location, thereby guiding correct positioning/placement of the catheter. These locators typically work in one of two ways: (1) the locator unit emits a type of energy, such as a low-level, high-frequency magnetic field or near infrared light, which is detected by a sensor embedded in a catheter/stylet tip, and is subsequently interpreted and relayed back to the locator, or (2) the catheter/stylet tip emits a type of energy that is detected by a sensor incorporated in the locator-- each is designed to emit/sense the energy as the stylet/central venous catheter (e.g., peripherally inserted central catheter [PICC]) is advanced through the vasculature. These devices are typically handheld, portable, reusable, and battery-powered. Some locators may consist of several components (e.g., a detector/sensor unit, a visualization module, a stand-alone screen that allows visualization of the catheter tip/stylet, etc.)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10685",
      "display": "Catheters",
      "definition": "Tubes designed for insertion into canals, vessels, passageways, or body cavities to permit injection or withdrawal of fluids or other substances.  Most catheters consist of long, flexible tubes with many different shapes and tip configurations; they can perform or permit a great variety of therapeutic (e.g., hemodialysis, urinary drainage) and diagnostic procedures (e.g., cardiac, biliary)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10695",
      "display": "Catheters, Bartholin's Gland",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to form a passageway from either of the two small reddish glands (Bartholin's glands) on each side of the vaginal orifice to the space where the urethra and the vagina open (vaginal vestibulum). These catheters are short (e.g., 5 cm) plastic tubes; some catheters include a balloon at the tip to ensure retention within the gland. These catheters are used for drainage in the treatment of Bartholin's gland cysts and abscesses."
    },
    {
      "code": "10696",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for insertion into the biliary tree. These catheters have particular characteristics according their clinical use (e.g., drainage, gallstone extraction, cholangiography, stricturoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20941",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Biliary catheters designed for brachytherapy treatment of the biliary duct walls and gallbladder. These catheters are usually of a radiopaque single-lumen design; the catheter is inserted into the biliary ducts until its distal tip is close to the treatment area. The catheter is left in position and connected via an external tube to a remote-afterloading brachytherapy system that delivers the radioisotope through the catheter to the treatment site. The source (e.g., iridium 192) is usually welded to a stainless steel wire that is advanced into the catheter in fixed steps called dwell positions. Brachytherapy esophageal catheters are used for high-dose treatment of malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16429",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Cholangiography",
      "definition": "Biliary catheters designed to inject contrast medium into the biliary (sometimes also into the pancreatic) ducts for radiographic examination purposes (cholangiography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18706",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Cholangiography, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Cholangiography catheters that are introduced through the lumen of a duodenoscope.  These catheters usually have a small lumen (e.g., 5 Fr); they are mostly used in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures to demonstrate all portions of the biliary tree."
    },
    {
      "code": "18700",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Drainage",
      "definition": "Biliary catheters designed to drain bile, usually from obstructed biliary ducts.  These catheters typically consist of a flexible, relatively small internal lumen (e.g., 10 Fr) silicone tube.  Typically, suction is applied through the catheter to promote drainage."
    },
    {
      "code": "18701",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Drainage, Percutaneous",
      "definition": "Drainage biliary catheters that are introduced into the biliary ducts, usually though a curved-tip guide wire previously placed using a needle and/or sheath.  Typically, the needle/sheath is advanced under fluoroscopic guidance though the skin (percutaneously), liver capsule, and parenchyma before entry into the intrahepatic biliary ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "18702",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Drainage, Percutaneous, External",
      "definition": "Percutaneous drainage biliary catheters that are connected to an external drainage bag, permanently or temporarily.  They are frequently used until internal drainage using a stent, endoprosthesis, or surgical procedure is accomplished.  A technique combining these catheters with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy has been used to drain bile into the digestive tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "18703",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Drainage, Percutaneous, Internal",
      "definition": "Percutaneous drainage biliary catheters that include multiple side holes in the catheter proximal and distal to obstruction, allowing internal drainage of bile through the catheter into the duodenum.  Some of these catheters have a pigtail configuration on their distal tip to anchor them to the duodenum and prevent withdrawal.  Typically, after successful percutaneous catheterization, external drainage is established (e.g., for 24 hours).  Internal drainage is later accomplished by closing the stopcock to the outside so that bile can flow through the internal catheter to the duodenum, bypassing the obstruction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18714",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Guiding",
      "definition": "Biliary catheters designed to determine the length of stenting and for stent insertion.  These catheters typically consist of a 6 Fr diameter Teflon tube of more than 200 cm in length that includes radiopaque bands at regular intervals from its distal tip.  Guiding biliary catheters are also used for drainage in benign and malignant strictures of the biliary and/or pancreatic ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "17799",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Manometric",
      "definition": "Biliary catheters used for measuring pressure in the biliary and/or pancreatic ducts, especially in the smooth muscle fibers investing the associated bile and pancreatic passages as they traverse the wall of the duodenum (sphincter of Oddi). These devices usually consist of a triple-lumen 5 Fr catheter including two or three leads, either with micropressure transducers located at their distal tip or with open-end, fluid-filled pressure catheters attached to an external strain-gauge transducer. Most of them include openings for aspiration purposes. Manometric biliary catheters are frequently used for evaluation of postcholecystectomy pain and for assessing sphincter of Oddi dysfunction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18704",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Retrieval",
      "definition": "Biliary catheters designed to retrieve foreign bodies (e.g., catheter tips, guide wire fragments, stents, other debris) and gallstones from the biliary tree or pancreatic ducts.  Several different catheters are used for retrieval, including loop snare, helical basket, hooked, grasping forceps, and balloon tipped.  These catheters are used for recuperation of foreign bodies and gallstones using percutaneous techniques that obviate the need for surgical removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "18705",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Retrieval, Balloon",
      "definition": "Retrieval biliary catheters designed for extraction of calculi from the biliary tree.  These catheters include a rounded distal tip that incorporates a balloon; typically, they are 2 mm in diameter when the balloon in uninflated more than 12 mm in diameter at maximum inflation.  Gallstone extraction catheters are introduced into the common bile duct, the hepatic ducts, and/or the major hepatic biliary radicles (e.g., through a choledochostomy) and advanced past any calculi in the involved duct.  The balloon is then inflated and gently withdrawn, bringing the stones with it.  Gallstone extraction catheters are mostly used for extraction of intrahepatic duct stones; they may also be used for retrieval of foreign bodies in the biliary tree."
    },
    {
      "code": "18707",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Stricturoplasty",
      "definition": "Biliary catheters designed for elimination of areas of narrowing (i.e., strictures) in biliary ducts, thereby increasing the lumen.  Some stricturoplasty catheters consist of multilumen tubes that may allow cannulation, guide wire advancement, injection of contrast, and balloon dilatation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18711",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Stricturoplasty, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Stricturoplasty biliary catheters that are introduced into the biliary ducts through the lumen of a duodenoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "18713",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Stricturoplasty, Endoscopic, Balloon",
      "definition": "Percutaneous stricturoplasty biliary catheters that include a balloon that can be inflated with air, water, or contrast media at or near their distal tip.  The procedure is generally started with a small-caliber balloon (e.g., 4 to 6 mm in diameter) and  progresses up to an 8 to 12 mm ballon, depending on the bile duct diameter.  These catheters are mostly used for dilation of benign strictures of the biliary tree; their use is frequently followed by placing of stents."
    },
    {
      "code": "18712",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Stricturoplasty, Endoscopic, Dilatation",
      "definition": "Percutaneous stricturoplasty biliary catheters that include molded, plastic, tapered tips.  These catheters can only perform small or moderate biliary stricture dilatation; further dilatations require the use of balloon catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "18708",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Stricturoplasty, Percutaneous",
      "definition": "Stricturoplasty biliary catheters that are introduced into the biliary ducts through a curved-tip guide wire previously placed using a needle and/or sheath.  Typically, the needle/sheath is advanced under fluoroscopic guidance through the skin (percutaneously), liver capsule, and parenchyma before entry into the intrahepatic biliary ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "18710",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Stricturoplasty, Percutaneous, Balloon",
      "definition": "Percutaneous stricturoplasty biliary catheters that include a balloon that can be inflated with air, water or contrast media at or near their distal tip.  The procedure is generally started with a small-caliber balloon (e.g., 4 to 6 mm in diameter) and  progresses up to an 8 to 12 mm ballon, depending on the bile duct diameter.  These catheters are mostly used for dilation of benign strictures of the biliary tree; their use is frequently followed by placing of stents."
    },
    {
      "code": "18709",
      "display": "Catheters, Biliary, Stricturoplasty, Percutaneous, Dilatation",
      "definition": "Percutaneous stricturoplasty biliary catheters that include molded, plastic, tapered tips.  These catheters can only perform small or moderate biliary stricture dilatations; further dilatations require the use of balloon catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20935",
      "display": "Catheters, Breast",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction into the breast. These catheters are designed for introduction either into the milk ducts or into a surgical cavity after tumor resection. Dedicated breast catheters are available for cytology and for brachytherapy treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20937",
      "display": "Catheters, Breast, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Breast catheters designed for introduction into and around a surgically created cavity within the breast to provide brachytherapy treatments, usually after tumor resection (lumpectomy). These catheters are typically very thin single-lumen tubes that are introduced through needles that were placed under ultrasound guidance. Frequently, 10 to 20 catheters are inserted into the breast, encompassing the surgical cavity plus a few centimeters in all directions. Each treatment consists of the automated introduction of a radioactive source (seed) from a remote-afterloading brachytherapy system in each catheter for a predetermined time. The treatment is used to facilitate the control or cure of breast cancer, or to relieve symptoms of breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20938",
      "display": "Catheters, Breast, Brachytherapy, Balloon",
      "definition": "Breast catheters with a balloon at the distal tip and a cap that sticks out of the skin on the proximal end; these catheters are intended for brachytherapy treatment. The balloon attached to the catheter is either left in the surgical cavity (e.g., after extraction of a breast lump) or introduced after surgery. Several treatments are performed after surgery by introducing a single high-dose radioactive source (a \"seed\" attached to a wire) into the balloon through the catheter for a predetermined period of time. The radioactive source is delivered by a remote-afterloading brachytherapy system. The treatment is used to facilitate the control or cure of breast cancer or to relieve symptoms of breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20936",
      "display": "Catheters, Breast, Cytology",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to be inserted into the breast ducts to obtain cells for cytologic testing. These catheters usually consist of a flexible, small-diameter tube. Typically, a small amount of anesthetic is infused through the catheter into a milk duct, then fluid is introduced into the duct and aspired to rinse the duct (ductal lavage) using a syringe. The aspirated fluid together with epithelial cells are collected in a vial for laboratory cytologic analysis. The procedure is typically performed in women who are at high risk for developing breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "18727",
      "display": "Catheters, Bronchial",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction through the mouth or nose and that are long enough to make possible the advance of their distal tip into the bronchi through the tracheobronchial tree."
    },
    {
      "code": "17827",
      "display": "Catheters, Bronchial, Balloon",
      "definition": "Bronchial catheters designed with a balloon at or near the distal tip. These catheters are flexible synthetic hollow tubes that may be introduced directly (usually under fluoroscopic guidance) or through a bronchoscope in such a way that its distal tip reaches the bronchi, permitting the inflation of the balloon after introduction. Dedicated balloon bronchial catheters are available to treat benign stenosis and/or to control pulmonary bleeding (i.e., hemoptysis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18729",
      "display": "Catheters, Bronchial, Balloon, Dilatation",
      "definition": "Balloon bronchial catheters designed for airway dilatation.  These catheters consist of a flexible tube long enough to reach the stenosis; the balloon needs to be long enough to protrude from each end of the stenosis (typical ballon diameter is 10 to 15 mm; typical length is 2.5 to 4 cm).  These catheters are introduced directly under fluoroscopic guidance or using a rigid or flexible (fiberoptic) bronchoscope.  Dilatation balloon bronchial catheters are used for treatment of benign tracheobronchial stenosis, which can be of medical, surgical, or congenital origin."
    },
    {
      "code": "18730",
      "display": "Catheters, Bronchial, Balloon, Hemostatic",
      "definition": "Balloon bronchial catheters designed to reduce bronchial tamponade.  These catheters are usually introduced through the working channel of a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope or through a guide wire under bronchoscopic observation.  Hemostatic balloon bronchial catheters are used to control pulmonary bleeding (hemoptysis) as a result of illness, trauma, or pulmonary artery perforation during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20939",
      "display": "Catheters, Bronchial, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Bronchial catheters designed for brachytherapy treatment of major bronchi.  These catheters are usually of a single-lumen radiopaque design and are inserted through the working channel of a flexible bronchoscope into the affected bronchus. The catheter is left in position and (after the extraction of the bronchoscope) connected via an external tube to a remote afterloading brachytherapy system that delivers the high-dose radioactive source through the catheter to an area near the tumor. The source (e.g., iridium 192) is usually welded to a stainless steel wire that is advanced into the catheter in fixed steps called dwell positions. Frequently, several catheters are used simultaneously in each treatment. Brachytherapy bronchial catheters are used to treat malignant tumors in bronchi but not those in the pulmonary tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "18728",
      "display": "Catheters, Bronchial, Diagnostic, Nosocomial Pneumonia",
      "definition": "Bronchial catheters designed to take protected specimens of bacteria (e.g., those causing nosocomial pneumonia) infecting the lungs. These catheters typically consist of a coaxial double-lumen protected catheter; one lumen is used for injection-aspiration and the second lumen includes a balloon with a diaphragm at its tip to prevent contamination. Nosocomial bacteria catheters are intended for introduction into the bronchi through the mouth or nose, usually through an endotracheal tube or a bronchoscope; the catheter is long enough to make possible the advance of its distal tip into the bronchi through the tracheobronchial tree. The catheters are used mainly to diagnose pneumonia in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "10698",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for insertion into the vascular system that are long enough to advance and locate their distal tip in the heart and/or the pulmonary or coronary arteries. These catheters usually include distal tips that may be tapered and curved proximal ends bonded to hubs or connecting devices. The distal tips can be modified by attaching balloons or sensing devices or by placing holes for injection of contrast medium.  Vascular catheters may be stiff or flexible and ideally would be nonthrombogenic, strong, flexible, and biocompatible, and they must retain their preshaped tip configuration (i.e., have memory) while permitting torque control. Most cardiac catheters are made of polymers (e.g., silicone elastomer, polyurethane) and may also include metals (e.g., stainless steel).  Cardiac catheters are used in therapeutic (e.g., ablation, valvuloplasty) and diagnostic (e.g., angiography, cardiac output measurement) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18679",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Angiography",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed to allow contrast material to be flushed, hand injected, or power injected with sufficient flow and volume to opacify cardiac and/or coronary artery structures during fluoroscopy and radiography.  These catheters are available in a multitude of tip configurations, from simple straight tips with a single end hole to complex curves with numerous side holes.  Angiographic cardiac catheters are used in combined hemodynamic and angiographic procedures undertaken for diagnostic purposes (cardiac catheterization), to confirm the presence of a clinically suspected condition, and to define the anatomic and physiological severity of the condition."
    },
    {
      "code": "18680",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Angiography, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Angiographic cardiac catheters available in two basic curve designs (i.e., right and left coronary artery), both in different sizes to accommodate variations in the size of the aorta.  These catheters include specific tip configurations to enter the coronary arteries and usually have an end hole and few side holes.  Typical injection rates are low (e.g., 2 to 5 mL/sec).  Most of these catheters are introduced through either the femoral or the brachial artery.  Coronary artery angiographic catheters are used for coronary angiography and for saphenous vein or internal mammary artery bypass graft angiography.  Coronary angiography is indicated for coronary atherosclerosis assessment, to confirm the presence of congenital abnormalities (e.g., anomalous origin of the coronary arteries), and in patients with chest pain of uncertain cause."
    },
    {
      "code": "18681",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Angiography, High-Flow",
      "definition": "Angiographic cardiac catheters available in several designs (e.g., pigtail, Gensini) that usually include distal tips with multiple side holes for the release of contrast material at high injection rates (e.g., 60 mL/sec).  These catheters are designed for the nonselective opacification of cardiac chambers and large vessels.  High-flow angiographic catheters are also used to perform pulmonary angiography via the  brachial or femoral approach or to opacify the aorta, the aortic valve, and the vessels that arise from the aorta (aortography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17478",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Angiography, Transseptal",
      "definition": "Angiographic cardiac catheters that usually include distal tips formed into a circular curve (typical radius 270 degrees) with an end hole and multiple side holes. These catheters are designed to pass through the interatrial septum from the right atrium to the left atrium with the aid of a special needle or a guide wire.  Transseptal catheters are used for the simultaneous angiography of the left atrium and left ventricle."
    },
    {
      "code": "17613",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Angiography, Ventricular",
      "definition": "Angiographic cardiac catheters that include specific tip configurations to enter the cardiac chambers (e.g., left or right ventricle). Their distal tip may have an end hole and/or several side holes. Typical injection rates are medium or high (e.g., 5 to 65 mL/sec). Most of these catheters are introduced into either the femoral or the brachial artery; the distal tip is placed in the left or right ventricle as necessary. Left ventriculography is needed more frequently and is used to establish the degree of functional impairment of the left ventricle, the presence of ventricular aneurysms or ventricular septal defects, and to assess the mitral valve. Right ventriculography is mostly used for assessing congenital heart disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "18689",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for the removal of tissue from the heart through the vascular system (e.g., endomyocardial biopsy).  These catheters typically consist of a 7 or 8 Fr tube with surgical forceps on the proximal end affixed to a movable wire within the catheter shaft to permit opening and closing of a pair of jaws at the distal tip.  They are typically introduced through the jugular vein (right ventricle biopsy) or the femoral arteries (left ventricular biopsy).  Biopsy cardiac catheters are mostly used for the detection of, and evaluation of response to treatment of, rejection after cardiac transplantation; they are also used in patients with other suspected cardiomyopathies (e.g., suspected myocarditis, primary cardiomyopathy, drug- or chemically induced myocardiopathy).  These catheters are also frequently used for retrieval of foreign objects."
    },
    {
      "code": "15885",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Dye Dilution",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed to rapidly inject a bolus of dye (usually indocyanine green) into the venous circulation near the right atrium. These catheters typically consist of a large-bore, flexible tube with end and side holes at its distal tip for high-flow injection; they are usually inserted peripherally. A sample of the blood is usually withdrawn continuously from a peripheral artery and passed through a densitometer, which determines the dye concentration. These catheters are used to determine the cardiac output during catheterization procedures, mostly when thermodilution methods are not appropriate or possible (e.g., quantification of left-to-right shunts in the heart)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18688",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Electrophysiology",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for intracardial recording of the electrical activity of the heart (i.e., cardiac electrophysiology).  These catheters usually consist of a 7 or 8 Fr flexible plastic tube including a multielectrode distal tip; they may include a variety of curve types, spacings, and numbers of electrodes.  Electrophysiology cardiac catheters are used to evaluate symptoms (e.g., complex arrhythmias), assess risks, and design treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "16655",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Electrophysiology, Ablation",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters that eliminate (ablate) regions of endocardial tissue that give rise to or support cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmogenic myocardium). Many include limited mapping capabilities. These catheters may be used for interruption of atrioventricular (AV) conduction pathways, treatment of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, creation of complete AV block in some cases of atrial arrhythmias, treatment of atrial flutter/fibrillation, and treatment of ectopic atrial tachycardia."
    },
    {
      "code": "27644",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Electrophysiology, Ablation, Cryotherapy",
      "definition": "Cardiac ablation catheters designed to destroy target endocardial tissue using very low temperature cooling (i.e., cryotherapy).  These devices typically consist of a 10.5 Fr (3.5 mm) diameter polymeric catheter with a plastic (e.g., polyurethane) balloon near its distal tip that may be inflated to more than 20 mm in diameter.  The liquid coolant circulates through the catheter and expands (i.e., vaporizes) inside the balloon at the distal end to provide the cryogenic temperature.  The catheter is placed and inflated inside the left atrium of the heart and advanced to the entrance (i.e., atrium) of a pulmonary vein; a circular-pattern cryoablation is performed at the points where the balloon contacts tissue.  Balloon cryotherapy ablation catheters are intended for electrical isolation of pulmonary veins in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; they are used as a component of a cryotherapy ablation system under fluoroscopic guidance.  Also available as part of the cryogenic ablation system are small-diameter cryotherapy ablation catheters with a short distal tip.  These catheters include appropriate electrodes intended for monitoring procedure results and for cryogenic point destruction of focal trigger sites."
    },
    {
      "code": "18678",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Electrophysiology, Ablation, Radiofrequency",
      "definition": "Cardiac ablation catheters that use radiofrequency (e.g., 482 or 500 kHz) energy to destroy target endocardial tissue. These catheters typically consist of a multipolar (e.g., quadripolar) catheter with a distal electrode. A neutral electrode is placed on the body surface. Some of these catheters are operated in power control mode, while other catheters may include a thermocouple in their tip for temperature-controlled mode or an irrigation channel for continuous cooling of the tip."
    },
    {
      "code": "34558",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Electrophysiology, Ablation, Radiofrequency, Contact Force",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency (RF) cardiac ablation catheters that allow the direct measurement of contact force between the catheter tip and the target in real time. These catheters may use various technologies to measure contact force: a spring sensor located at the distal tip, a fiber optic sensor, robotic catheter navigation, and impedance measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "41923",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Electrophysiology, Mapping",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for mapping the three-dimensional anatomy of the heart, acquiring electrophysiologic data at any given mapped point. Mapping cardiac catheters typically consist of catheter with tip and/or ring electrodes; the catheters also include some means (e.g., induction coils activated by external magnetic fields) that permit their external localization and navigation during the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "18609",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Electrophysiology, Mapping/Ablation(Retired)",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for mapping the three-dimensional anatomy of the heart, acquiring electrophysiologic data at any given mapped point; they are also used to perform cardiac ablation procedures. Mapping/ablation cardiac catheters typically consist of a 7 or 8 French catheter with tip and/or ring electrodes; the catheters also include some means (e.g., induction coils activated by external magnetic fields) that permit their external localization and navigation during the procedure. Mapping/ablation cardiac catheters are components of stereotactic systems used for mapping heart structures through accurate localization of critical cardiac structures (e.g., His bundle, atrioventricular node) and subsequent ablation of cardiac tissue by delivering of ablation energy (e.g., radio frequency) through the electrodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "10700",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Flotation Balloon",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters that include a small balloon at their distal tip that is carried by the returning venous blood flow to or through the heart.  These catheters are used to facilitate distal tip passage to the desired location within the heart or the cardiac vasculature (e.g., pulmonary artery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16654",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Flotation Balloon, Pacing Electrode",
      "definition": "Flotation balloon cardiac catheters designed to deliver pacing stimuli to the heart; usually they can also detect bioelectric signals from the heart.  These catheters include electrodes at or near their distal tip; the electrodes are usually applied to the ventricles. The electrodes are connected through the catheter lumen to an external pulse generator (pacemaker) that generates the electrical pacing impulses; they also make possible the display of the electrocardiographic signal. Pacing electrode catheters are mostly used in emergencies during bradycardia or asystole until a pacemaker can be implanted; to control the heart rate during and/or after surgery; and during cardiac catheterization procedures (e.g., electrophysiologic studies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16777",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Flotation Balloon, Pulmonary Artery",
      "definition": "Flotation balloon cardiac catheters designed to be wedged into a pulmonary artery branch.  These catheters usually consist of a multilumen, soft, flexible body and a balloon tip that is inflated when the distal tip is in a thoracic vein, so the blood flow carries it into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle, into the pulmonary artery, and into a pulmonary artery branch; they typically also include a thermistor. Pulmonary artery catheters are used to measure right atrial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, to monitor pulmonary artery temperature, to withdraw blood samples from the atrium and pulmonary artery, to administer drugs, and to infuse thermal indication solutions for cardiac output measurement using the thermodilution method."
    },
    {
      "code": "17902",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Flotation Balloon, Pulmonary Artery, Oximetric",
      "definition": "Pulmonary artery catheters dedicated to measure mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2); they usually also measure pulmonary artery wedge pressure. These catheters include a fiberoptic bundle and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on their distal tips; the light emitted at two or three different wavelengths (e.g., red and near infrared) from the catheter and reflected from the red blood cells varies according to the oxygen saturation level.  The SvO2 is determined in an external optical module (reflectance spectrophotometry).  Oximetry pulmonary artery catheters are used for continuous hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients (e.g., acute respiratory failure and/or shock) and during surgical and other medical procedures. Some of these catheters are used in monitoring jugular venous oxygen saturation in patients with severe head injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "10754",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Flotation Balloon, Pulmonary Artery, Thermal Dilution",
      "definition": "Pulmonary artery catheters designed to deliver an indicator (e.g., saline or dextrose) solution at a temperature lower than the blood into the heart.  These catheters include an exit port for the indicator solution and an electrical component in which resistance varies with the temperature (i.e., a thermistor) at their distal tip. The distal tip is advanced to the pulmonary artery while the exit port remains into the right atrium; when a known volume of solution is rapidly injected, it mixes with venous blood into the heart, which in turn pumps it into the pulmonary artery. The changes in temperature (cooling) measured by the thermistor are graphically displayed versus time as a thermal dilution curve, from which the cardiac output (L/min) and other hemodynamic parameters are automatically derived by an external unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "16086",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Hydrocephalic",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed to drain the cerebrospinal fluid into the atrium of the heart; they are usually placed using subclavian or internal jugular catheterization.  A radiographic controlled method using a guide wire inserted via the femoral vein has been also used.  Hydrocephalic cardiac catheters typically deliver the cerebrospinal fluid from a valve and/or reservoir connected to a proximal catheter, which in turn drains the fluid from a ventricle of the brain; these devices as a whole are known as ventriculoatrial shunts.  Hydrocephalic cardiac catheters are used as distal catheters in the treatment of obstructions of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the skull (hydrocephalus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20382",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Laser Percutaneous Myocardial Revascularization",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for fiberoptic delivery of laser energy to the myocardium using percutaneous procedures, producing temporary myocardial channels. These devices typically consist of single-use, 6 Fr diameter, 125 cm (49 inch) length fiberoptic catheters with a 9 Fr sheath. Laser energy may induce real mechanisms of revascularization (e.g., myocardial angiogenesis), other mechanisms (e.g., myocardial denervation, myocardial fibrosis), and/or placebo effects. Percutaneous revascularization catheters are intended for palliative treatment of stable angina; they may also improve blood perfusion to the myocardium."
    },
    {
      "code": "18682",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Microflow",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for catheterization of small-lumen (typically of less than 1 mm) cardiac vasculature.  These catheters typically consist of 1.5 or 1.8 French tubes that are directed using the cardiac venous system into the cardiac vasculature.  Some of these catheters include hydrophilic coating for easy movement, as well as mini electrodes near their distal tip.  These catheters are used for electrophysiologic studies and in the diagnosis and/or treatment of ventricular tachycardia."
    },
    {
      "code": "10760",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Occluder Delivery",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for insertion of occluders (e.g., umbrella, double umbrella, buttons) to close atrial and ventricular septal defects (ASD and VSD, respectively) as well as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). These catheters usually consist of a plastic tube with a lumen, typically 7 to 23 French in size, according to the type and size of the occluder; they typically include a delivery cable with a mechanism that allows carrying and releasing of the occluder after adequate positioning.  Occluder delivery cardiac catheters are used for treatment of PDA, secundum ASD, and, less frequently, VSD using percutaneous techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "10741",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Pericardium Drainage",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for the drainage of effusion from the pericardial sac (pericardium); they usually consist of a thin-wall, flexible plastic (e.g., polyethylene) tube with a J-shaped distal tip that includes multiple holes in both the convex and concave sides. These catheters are inserted into the pericardium, either over the wire as part of a pericardiocentesis echocardiographic-assisted procedure or after a surgical pericardiotomy (typically a subxiphoid pericardiotomy) is done under local anesthesia. After insertion, they are anchored in place and attached to water-seal drainage and suction. Pericardium drainage catheters are used for temporary drainage (e.g., some days or a few weeks) in the treatment of cardiac tamponade; they are also used for irrigation and instillation of drugs (e.g., antibiotics, cytotoxic agents) into the pericardium."
    },
    {
      "code": "13018",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Phonocardiography",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for sensing and recording heart and great vessel sounds near their origin with little influence from extravascular events. These catheters usually consist of a 4 to 8 Fr single or double lumen plastic tube that includes a sound transducer (e.g., piezoelectric, micromanometric, condenser microphones) attached to its distal tip. Phonocardiographic cardiac catheters are intended to provide information about cardiac contractile state, heart rhythm, and acquired and congenital disorders of the heart and great vessels. Some of these catheters may be also used for recording the renal artery pulse (phonorenogram)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10747",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Septostomy",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed to create septal openings in an infant's heart by passing from the right atrium through the septum to the left atrium. These catheters are used to allow interatrial blood mixing in infants with transposition of the great vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "18683",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Septostomy, Balloon",
      "definition": "Septostomy cardiac catheters that perform the opening by the repeated jerking of a controlled inflated distensible balloon through the interatrial septum.  These catheters usually consist of a single- or double-lumen (for blood samples or injection of contrast medium) tube with a tough balloon affixed in their distal tip."
    },
    {
      "code": "18684",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Septostomy, Blade",
      "definition": "Septostomy cardiac catheters used to enlarge the interatrial defect when the balloon septostomy catheter's opening is not big enough.  These catheters include a retractable surgical blade attached to their distal tip and actuated by a central core wire."
    },
    {
      "code": "17453",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Valvuloplasty",
      "definition": "Cardiac catheters designed for the percutaneous dilatation of a cardiac valve (i.e., atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary trunk valves). Valvuloplasty cardiac catheters are mostly used for nonsurgical dilatation of commissural fusion in stenotic mitral valves and annular, cuspal, and calcific nodular fractures; to improve cuspal mobility in adult calcific aortic stenosis; and for leaflet tearing in pulmonic valve stenosis.  These catheters are also used for percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy in patients with recurrent pericardial effusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "18687",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Valvuloplasty, Bifoil Balloon",
      "definition": "Valvuloplasty cardiac catheters that usually consist of a tube carrying two side-by-side balloons (bifoil catheter), typically 4 cm long, that can be inflated separately or at the same time and include a pigtail tip.  Typically, a guide wire is peripherally inserted and advanced into the heart (e.g., left atrium).  Then, the bifoil-balloon catheter is advanced over the guide wire and directed across the stenotic valve; both balloons are inflated quickly to a predetermined maximal outer diameter, thereby enlarging the valve orifice.  Bifoil-balloon valvuloplasty catheters are mostly used for nonsurgical dilation of stenotic mitral valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "18686",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Valvuloplasty, Double Balloon",
      "definition": "Valvuloplasty cardiac catheters that usually consist of a coaxial double-lumen tube with a manually controlled inflatable elliptic balloon (typically 15 to 25 mm section diameter) on their distal tip.  Typically, two guide wires are introduced into the heart (e.g., left atrium).  Then, one valvuloplasty catheter is advanced over one of the guide wires and positioned across the valve (e.g., mitral valve); a second valvuloplasty catheter is then passed parallel to the first catheter, over the other guide wire.  The two valvuloplasty catheters are then inflated simultaneously, until the indentation of the balloon due to the stenotic valve disappears. Double-balloon valvuloplasty is mostly used for nonsurgical dilation of stenotic mitral valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "18685",
      "display": "Catheters, Cardiac, Valvuloplasty, Single Balloon",
      "definition": "Valvuloplasty cardiac catheters designed for use in procedures such as nonsurgical dilation of stenotic mitral valves. These catheters are typically constructed with a coaxial double-lumen tube with a manually controlled inflatable barrel-like (typically 22 to 26 mm circular section diameter) balloon in their distal tip; the second lumen is usually used for a guide wire and/or for pressure measurement."
    },
    {
      "code": "28350",
      "display": "Catheters, Colon",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to be introduced through the rectum that are long enough to be advanced until the distal tip is located in the middle or distal portion of the colon. These catheters typically consist of single or multilumen tubes made of silicone rubber or plastic (e.g., Teflon). Colon catheters are used for irrigation (i.e., clearing out) of the large bowels, for drainage, and/or for manometric measurements. Dedicated colon catheters intended for delivery of stents and/or management of fecal incontinence (typically indwelling catheters) and to perform other treatments are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28355",
      "display": "Catheters, Colon, Indwelling",
      "definition": "Colon catheters designed to be left in the colon during a long-term (e.g., several days or weeks) procedure. These devices typically consist of a multilumen catheter, usually plastic, whose distal tip includes an inflatable balloon, The catheter may also include radiopaque markers, a stopcock, and a retention cuff. The channels of the catheter are used for irrigation, administration of medications, and for delivery/withdrawal of fluids to or from the distal balloon; some catheters include a channel to allow stool to drain. The catheters are usually attached at the proximal end to irrigation pumps and may be attached to a fecal collection bag.  Colon indwelling catheters are mainly used in the management of fecal incontinence but may be used also for other treatments of the colon and large intestine."
    },
    {
      "code": "18731",
      "display": "Catheters, Esophageal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction into the mouth or nose and through the trachea that are long enough to make possible the advance of their distal tips into the esophagus. These catheters typically consist of a plastic hollow tube with appropriate characteristics according to the procedure to be performed. Dedicated esophageal catheters intended to measure the pressure (i.e., manometric) and/or pH value inside the esophagus are available; catheters used for brachytherapy treatment of the esophageal wall and to dilate esophageal strictures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10716",
      "display": "Catheters, Esophageal, Balloon",
      "definition": "Esophageal catheters that include an inflatable balloon near their distal tips. These catheters typically consist of a 5 to 9 French plastic tube and a balloon that can be inflated at a larger diameter (e.g., 0.25 inch to 0.60 inch/6 mm to 15 mm). The catheter is usually introduced over a guide wire; when the catheter tip reaches an esophageal stricture the balloon at its tip is inflated to a diameter slightly larger than the lumen of the esophagus stricture. Balloon esophageal catheters are mostly used in infants and children to dilate esophageal strictures (e.g., after surgical repair of congenital discontinuity of the esophagus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20943",
      "display": "Catheters, Esophageal, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Esophageal catheters designed for brachytherapy treatment of the esophageal wall. These catheters are usually radiopaque single-lumen (typically about 1 cm diameter) tubes; the catheter is inserted through the mouth and advanced until its distal tip is close to the area to be treated. The catheters are left in position and connected through an external tube to a remote afterloading brachytherapy system that delivers the radioisotope into the catheter. The source (e.g., iridium 192) is usually welded to a stainless steel wire that is advanced into the catheter following fixed steps called dwell positions. Brachytherapy esophageal catheters are intended to be used for high-dose treatment of malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "18732",
      "display": "Catheters, Esophageal, Manometric",
      "definition": "Esophageal catheters designed to measure the pressure in the esophagus.  These catheters usually consist of ruled tubes with several recording ports or pressure transducers; the catheter is introduced, either through the mouth or the nose, and advanced until its distal tip is about five cm from the lower esophageal sphincter.  Some of these catheters include a sensor for recording pH in the lower esophagus.  Manometric esophageal catheters are attached to a recorder that generates a graphic showing the pressures from the upper and lower esophageal sphincters and from several points (e.g. four) along the esophagus."
    },
    {
      "code": "18733",
      "display": "Catheters, Esophageal, Manometric, Hydraulic",
      "definition": "Manometric esophageal catheters that require infusion of water at a constant rate.  These catheters include ports in which flow rate is changed according to the esophageal contractions; these changes are converted into electrical signals by external sensors.  Hydraulic manometric esophageal catheters are used for short-term measurements and recording of the esophageal pressures and muscular events (e.g., peristalsis) with the patient in the supine position."
    },
    {
      "code": "18734",
      "display": "Catheters, Esophageal, Manometric, Pressure Transducer",
      "definition": "Manometric esophageal catheters with built-in pressure transducers.  These catheters include several miniature pressure-to-electrical-signal transducers, avoiding the need of water perfusion.  Pressure-transducer manometric esophageal catheters usually include a pH sensor; they are suitable for continuous recording (e.g., 24 hours) of pressure, motility, and pH.  These catheters are frequently used in ambulatory esophageal monitoring during gastroesophageal reflux disease investigations."
    },
    {
      "code": "18735",
      "display": "Catheters, Esophageal, pH Monitoring",
      "definition": "Esophageal catheters designed to measure pH, typically near (3 to 5 cm) the lower esophageal sphincter.  These catheters usually consist of a thin (5 or 6 Fr) ruled single-lumen plastic (PVC, silicon rubber) tube that includes electrodes appropriate for pH measurements; some multilumen catheters with several sets of intermittent electrodes are designed for pH measurements in different sections along the esophagus and/or the pharynx.  Catheters for pH monitoring are inserted through the nostril or less frequently through the mouth; they are externally connected to a recorder.  Some of these catheters are appropriate for pH measurements in the stomach and/or duodenum.  Catheters for pH monitoring are mostly used to assess gastroesophageal reflux in the pharynx, larynx, and tracheobronchial tree."
    },
    {
      "code": "18695",
      "display": "Catheters, Intracranial",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction into the body case containing the brain (cranium), excluding the introduction through the bones of the face."
    },
    {
      "code": "20933",
      "display": "Catheters, Intracranial, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Intracranial catheters designed for brachytherapy treatment in the brain, usually in the cavity ramaining after tumor resection. Typically, several catheters are used simultaneously; they are frequently introduced using an external template that is fixed to the skull. The external ends of the catheters are connected via external tubes to an automated (remote) afterloading brachytherapy system that delivers the high-dose radioactive source (e.g., seeds) through the catheters to an area close to the tumor site. The catheters are removed after several days of treatment. Brachytherapy intracranial catheters are used in the treatment of brain tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20687",
      "display": "Catheters, Intracranial, Brachytherapy, Liquid Radioisotope",
      "definition": "Intracranial catheters designed for liquid brachytherapy treatment in the brain, usually in the cavity remaining after tumor resection. These catheters typically consist of a single-lumen radiopaque catheter with a double balloon at the distal tip and an infusion port in the proximal end that is fixed on top of the skull. A few days after surgery, the inner balloon is manually filled (typically using a prefilled syringe) with a radioactive liquid that irradiates the tissue surrounding the cavity; access to the outer safety balloon is possible if necessary. Both the catheter and the radioactive source are removed after several days (three to seven is typical) of continuous treatment. Liquid radioisotope brachytherapy intracranial catheters are used to treat brain tumors, especially when these tumors recur."
    },
    {
      "code": "10769",
      "display": "Catheters, Intracranial, Ventricular",
      "definition": "Intracranial catheters designed to be introduced into brain cavities that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These catheters are used for external drainage, pressure measurements, and radiographic procedures (ventriculography); some devices allow drainage of CSF from the ventricle or injection of fluid into the ventricle while simultaneously measuring intracranial pressure. Ventricular intracranial catheters may also be used for treatment of hydrocephalus."
    },
    {
      "code": "16151",
      "display": "Catheters, Intracranial, Ventricular, Hydrocephalic",
      "definition": "Ventricular intracranial catheters designed to be used as proximal catheters in the treatment of obstructions of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull (hydrocephalus); they are usually made of silicone elastomers (silastic).  These catheters are usually placed in the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle through a small burr hole, typically in the right parietooccipital region. Hydrocephalic ventricular catheters are typically connected through a valve and/or a reservoir to another catheter that drains the cerebrospinal fluid in the peritoneum or the left atrium of the heart; these devices as a whole are known as ventriculoperitoneal and ventriculoatrial shunts, respectively.  Hydrocephalic ventricular catheters are used in treating children and adults with hydrocephalus, which may be idiopathic or the result of congenital malformation, neoplasms of the brain, brain cysts, or traumatic injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "16431",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction through the vagina and cervix into the uterus; some of them are long enough to make possible the advance and location of their distal tip in the fallopian tubes.  Intrauterine catheters are usually made of polyurethane or silicon rubber.  These catheters are used in many gynecologic and/or obstetric procedures (e.g., radiography, insemination, ablation, pressure measurement)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18105",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Chorionic Villus Sampling",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed to obtain samples of the threadlike projections growing in the outermost extraembryonic membrane (chorionic villi). These catheters consist of a soft (e.g., polyethylene) tube that usually includes a malleable, preshaped stylet. They are usually introduced under ultrasonographic guidance, and the suction for sampling is provided by an external syringe. Chorionic villus sampling catheters are used to aspirate a tissue sample for genetic testing in the first trimester, typically between the 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18751",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Endometrial Ablation",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed to destroy the inner mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium). These catheters are mostly used for control of excessive uterine bleeding occurring at regular intervals (i.e., hypermenorrhea or menorrhagia) in the absence of malignancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18752",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Endometrial Ablation, Thermal Balloon",
      "definition": "Endometrial-blation intrauterine catheters that include a thermically controlled latex balloon.  These catheters typically consist of a 9 Fr plastic tube with a balloon attached on or near its tip; they usually include two lumens, one for the electrical connections and one as the temperature transducer (e.g., thermistor); the proximal end of the catheter is connected to a pressure, time, and thermal control."
    },
    {
      "code": "18750",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Endometrial Sampling",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed to obtain samples from the inner mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium).  Several different catheters have been used, including single-, double-,and triple-lumen catheters; most of them include a brush for sampling collection.  These catheters are used to determine the bacterial specimens of the uterine cavity, avoiding contamination with the lower genital tract microflora; they are mostly used in women with postpartum endometritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18748",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Fallopian Tube Cannulation",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed to eliminate (i.e., cannulation or recanalization) fallopian tube obstructions.  These catheters usually consist of a 3 Fr Teflon tube; catheters tapered to 3 Fr to 2.2 Fr are sometimes used for obstructions that are more than 2 cm from the tubal ostium or for acute angles in the fallopian tube.  They are introduced using several different methods, including special sets, rigid hysteroscopes, and coaxial passage through double-balloon catheters used for cervical cannulation and radiography.  Fallopian tube cannulation catheters are used for treatment of infertility."
    },
    {
      "code": "18754",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Insemination/Embryo Transfer",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed for the injection of washed sperm and/or fluid containing embryos into the uterine cavity.  These catheters consist of a thin (e.g., 5 Fr), flexible, or semirigid tube (typically 18 to 30 cm long) that fit the curvature of the uterus while minimizing trauma to the cervix, endometrium, and uterine walls.  Some of these catheters come with marls to allow the physician to predetermine the depth of placement of the sperm.  They are used in the treatment of infertility (e.g., male or cervical factor infertility)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18753",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Manometric",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed for direct measurement of the pressure generated by the muscular coat of the uterus (myometrium). These catheters usually include a micropressure transducer located at their distal tip; some open-end, fluid-filled pressure catheters attached to an external strain gauge transducer are still in use.  Manometric intrauterine catheters provide diagnostic information to assess the pressure generated by the myometrium and in following the condition of the fetus during labor and delivery; they permit evaluation of uterine contraction frequency, duration, and amplitude and of the resting uterine tonus."
    },
    {
      "code": "18749",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Ovum Recovery",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed to perform endometrial irrigation (lavage) to recover preimplanted ova.  These catheters typically consist of a dual-lumen 11 Fr Teflon tube with a solid bullet-shaped distal tip; the internal coaxial lumen is for inflow, and the external lumen is for outflow.  The lavage fluid is injected into the endometrial cavity over three to five minutes using a syringe; the outflow is facilitated by a negative pressure pump.  Ovum recuperation catheters are mostly used to recover fertilized ova from fertile women to be nonsurgically transferred to infertile women."
    },
    {
      "code": "18746",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Radiography",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed for injection of opaque material into the uterus.  These catheters usually include a balloon attached on or near their distal tip (some include two balloons) and a central lumen for injection of the opaque medium.  Radiography intrauterine catheters are used for the radiography of the uterus (salpingography) or uterus and uterine tubes simultaneously (hysterosalpingography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18747",
      "display": "Catheters, Intrauterine, Ultrasonography",
      "definition": "Intrauterine catheters designed for infusion of saline into the uterus to enhance the transvaginal ultrasonographic image.  These catheters usually include a balloon (rounded or elliptic) on or near their distal tip to be placed in the cervical canal and a central lumen for injection of the saline solution during the ultrasonic image procedure (hysterosonography). They are thin enough (e.g., 5 to 7 Fr) to allow placement next to ultrasound probes. Some of these catheters may also be used to inject opaque medium for radiographic purposes.  Hysterosonographic procedures are mostly used to assist the clinician in the establishment of a specific diagnosis when endometrial thickness exist (e.g., detection of polyps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37140",
      "display": "Catheters, Lacrimal Canal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to widen the lacrimal canal to restore normal drainage and function. These catheters usually include a balloon to dilate an obstructed nasolacrimal duct. They may also include an irrigation port. Lacrimal canal catheters are typically used to treat nasolacrimal duct obstruction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18715",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to be introduced into the nostrils that are long enough to keep the distal tip inside the nasal cavities, including the nasal sinuses. These devices are typically a soft plastic or rubber tube that may include a balloon attached to its distal tip. Dedicated nasal catheters are available to control nose bleeding, to supply oxygen, and to dilate the nasal sinus passages (usually introduced through nasal endoscopes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33533",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasal, Eustachian Tube Dilatation, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Nasal catheters designed to widen the Eustachian tube passages to restore normal drainage and function. These catheters typically consist of a soft plastic tube that is introduced to reach the pharyngeal ostium of the Eustachian tube through a dedicated nasal endoscope (i.e., a micronasoscope). The catheter includes a balloon at its distal tip intended to enlarge the patient's Eustachian tube, clearing the passageways and restoring normal tube opening, ventilation, and drainage. Eustachian tube dilation catheters are typically used during minimally invasive endoscopic surgery procedures such as those performed to treat otitis media."
    },
    {
      "code": "18716",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasal, Hemostatic",
      "definition": "Nasal catheters designed to control nose bleeding (epistaxis).  These catheters usually consist of a single-lumen catheter with a balloon attached near its distal tip.  Some of these catheters include a sponge and an integral airway that allows patient breath while the catheter is in place.  Some other nasal hemostatic catheters consist of a double-lumen catheter with a balloon attached to each distal end to be used simultaneously in both nasal cavities.  Double-balloon hemostatic nasal catheters have also been used for stabilization of zygomatic arch fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12702",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasal, Oxygen Supply",
      "definition": "Nasal catheters designed for delivery of oxygen into either of the nasal cavities. These catheters typically consist of a soft plastic tube with an internal diameter of 3 to 6 mm (l/8 to 1/4 inch); the distal tip is foam-collared and inserted into a nostril. Oxygen-supply nasal catheters are mostly used for short-term oxygen administration (e.g., in the immediate postoperative period); these catheters can be used in patients with a nasogastric tube in situ in the other nostril."
    },
    {
      "code": "24000",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasal, Sinus Dilatation, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Nasal catheters designed to widen the nasal sinus passages (i.e., sinus ostia) to restore normal drainage and function. These catheters typically consist of a soft plastic tube that is introduced in the sinus passages through a nasal endoscope (i.e., nasoscope); the catheter includes a balloon or some other mechanism at the distal tip intended to enlarge the patient's sinus openings, clearing the passageways and restoring normal sinus ventilation and drainage. Nasal sinus dilation catheters are typically used during minimally invasive functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18718",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasobiliary",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for insertion into the biliary tree while their proximal tip is externally brought out through the nose.  These catheters are usually inserted through the lumen of a duodenoscope over a guide wire and advanced into the bile ducts, where they are held in position usually by means of their pigtail distal tips.  The catheter is then threaded into a feeding tube previously inserted through a nasal passage and brought out through the mouth; the feeding tube is withdrawn, leaving the nasobiliary catheter in position.  Nasobiliary catheters may be used for drainage purposes by attaching their external tip to biliary drainage bag systems, which function by gravity, to inject contrast medium into the biliary ducts (sometimes also into the pancreatic ducts) for radiographic examination purposes (cholangiography), frequently after stricture dilatation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18719",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasogastric",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for insertion through the nose into the upper gastrointestinal tract.  The proximal tip remains out while their distal tip is advanced into the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.  Nasogastric catheters are used for infusion (e.g., drugs, contrast medium), injection, and irrigation; they can also be used for biopsy by passing a biopsy forceps through their lumen."
    },
    {
      "code": "18720",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasogastric, Enteroclysis",
      "definition": "Nasogastric catheters used for the injection of liquids (e.g., drugs) into the small bowel.  These catheters typically consist of a 13 Fr diameter tube with several side holes and a closed, rounded distal end, with or without a balloon; they are long enough to advance and locate their distal tip into the duodenum.  Enteroclysis nasogastric catheters are mostly used to introduce barium directly into the small bowel for radiographic examinations; they may be also used for the introduction of medicines or nutrients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18721",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasogastric, Injection",
      "definition": "Nasogastric catheters designed for injection into bleeding lesions in upper gastrointestinal locations (i.e., esophagus, stomach, duodenum).  These catheters usually include a retractable needle with several-millimeter extrusion capability; they are inserted through a standard diagnostic endoscope.  Injection nasogastric catheters are used for administration of sclerosing solutions (e.g., polidocanol) and vasoconstrictors (e.g., adrenaline) in the treatment of esophageal varices and peptic ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18723",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasogastric, Injection/Irrigation",
      "definition": "Nasogastric catheters designed for both injection of bleeding lesions in and irrigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract.  These catheters consist of a double-lumen tube, typically 160 cm in length and 2.3 to 2.7 mm in diameter. One lumen contains a retractable needle with several-millimeter extrusion capability; irrigation is delivered via a second lumen.  Injection/irrigation nasogastric catheters are used for administration of sclerosing solutions (e.g., polidocanol) and vasoconstrictors (e.g., adrenaline) in the treatment of esophageal varices and peptic ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18722",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasogastric, Irrigation",
      "definition": "Nasogastric catheters designed to introduce nondrug fluids into the esophagus or stomach.  These catheters usually consist of a single-lumen tube with end and/or side holes at their distal port; the proximal port is connected through a Luer lock to a syringe or water pumping system.  Irrigation nasogastric catheters are used for stomach lavage procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18724",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasogastric, Tonometry",
      "definition": "Nasogastric catheters designed for indirect measurement (i.e., tonometry) of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the internal gastric mucosa.  These catheters consist of a gas-impermeable sampling tube (usually with length markers) with a gas-permeable balloon attached at its distal end. The gas-permeable balloon is withdrawn after pressure equilibrium is reached, then its content is externally measured with a blood-gas analyzer. Some catheters designed for continuous PCO2 monitoring allow for periodic extraction of gas samples.  The intramucosal pH may be also calculated by using the measured PCO2 value and the bicarbonate concentration in a contemporary sample of arterial blood.  Tonometry nasogastric catheters are used to facilitate assessment of gastrointestinal perfusion during some surgical procedures and in hemodynamically unstable, critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "16432",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasopharyngeal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction into either of the nostrils and long enough to advance the distal tip to the pharynx. These catheters consist of a 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inch) plastic or rubber tube; they are typically lubricated with a water-soluble gel before insertion."
    },
    {
      "code": "10718",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasopharyngeal, Eustachian Tube",
      "definition": "Nasopharyngeal catheters designed to open the tube that connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx (Eustachian tube).  These catheters usually consist of a curved metal tube. The distal tip of the catheter is passed along the floor of the nose and turned into the Eustachian tube, and air from an air bag is blown through the catheter, forcing air into the middle ear. Eustachian catheters are used for temporary equalization of the pressure on both sides of the eardrum in patients who cannot open the Eustachian tube physiologically."
    },
    {
      "code": "18717",
      "display": "Catheters, Nasopharyngeal, Oxygen Supply",
      "definition": "Nasopharyngeal catheters designed for delivery of oxygen into the pharynx.  These catheters typically consist of a soft plastic or rubber tube with an internal diameter of 2 to 4 mm that usually has end and side holes.  Oxygen-supply nasal catheters are mostly used for short-term oxygen administration (e.g., in the immediate post-operative period or in critically ill patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16433",
      "display": "Catheters, Peritoneal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for insertion into the cavity surrounded by the double-layer sac that lines the abdominal walls and covers most of the viscera contained therein (peritoneum). These catheters have particular characteristics according to their clinical use (e.g., drainage, dialysis) or use as distal catheters in hydrocephalus shunts."
    },
    {
      "code": "10742",
      "display": "Catheters, Peritoneal, Dialysis",
      "definition": "Peritoneal catheters designed to infuse a solution (dialysate) into the peritoneal cavity that allows metabolic wastes and water to diffuse from the blood using the peritoneum as the dialyzing membrane. Most of these catheters are made of silicone and are provided with Dacron cuffs that promote tissue growth inside to seal the catheter, preventing pericatheter fluid leaks and bacterial penetration. Most of these catheters are percutaneously inserted for both permanent use or acute conditions, but some permanent catheters require surgical implantation, and other semirigid catheters may be used only for one-session dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis catheters are used in manual (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) and automated (continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis) therapies. These catheters may also be used for intraperitoneal chemotherapy (e.g., pancreatic or colorectal cancer) and to eliminate fluid overload in congestive heart failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "16051",
      "display": "Catheters, Peritoneal, Hydrocephalic",
      "definition": "Peritoneal catheters designed to drain the cerebrospinal fluid into the peritoneal cavity; they are used as distal catheters in the treatment of obstructions of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the skull (hydrocephalus).  To place the catheters, an incision is made in the abdomen, through the rectus muscle, down to the peritoneum.  A small nick is made in the peritoneum and the catheter is inserted.  With the help of an introducer, the proximal end of the catheter is slipped subcutaneously up to the anterior abdomen and chest to the neck, where it is attached to the valve fluid from a valve and/or a reservoir connected to a proximal catheter, which in turn drains the fluid from a ventricle of the brain; these devices as a whole are known as ventriculoperitoneal shunts.  These catheters are used as part of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in treating children and adults with hydrocephalus, which may be idiopathic or a result congenital malformations, neoplasms of the brain, brain cysts, or traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "18699",
      "display": "Catheters, Peritoneal, Optical",
      "definition": "Peritoneal catheters designed to visualize the peritoneal cavity, especially the pelvic peritoneal cavity.  These catheters typically consist of a 5.5 Fr small rigid tube including a bundle of optic fibers; they are attached at their proximal end to a light source and an eyepiece, which can be connected to a video camera and monitoring system.  Optical peritoneal catheters can be used for outpatient laparoscopic diagnosis in office settings; they are mostly used in women for gynecologic diagnosis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18696",
      "display": "Catheters, Peritoneal, Percutaneous Drainage",
      "definition": "Peritoneal catheters designed for nonsurgical percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses and fluid (both infected and noninfected) collections.  Many different catheter and catheter/trocar drainage assemblies have been designed and are in use; their utility for specific clinical application depends on the size of the collection, the nature of the fluid, and the margin of safety of the access route.  These catheters are mostly used for drainage of liver, subphrenic, subhepatic and pancreatic abscesses and fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "18697",
      "display": "Catheters, Peritoneal, Percutaneous Drainage, Multiple Lumen",
      "definition": "Percutaneous drainage peritoneal catheters which include a second-sump lumen that permits ingress of air to favorably allow the use of positive suction and prevents adherence of the side holes to the wall of the abscess; most of them have additional lumens (e.g., for simultaneous irrigation).  The main lumen usually consists of a large bore tube (12 to 14 Fr) to facilitate complete aspiration of the cavity content and large side-hole apertures that assure ready flow of thick purulent material.  Multiple-lumen peritoneal catheters are mostly used for drainage of clinically evident pus when the estimate volume of the collection is large (e.g., more than 100 ml)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18698",
      "display": "Catheters, Peritoneal, Percutaneous Drainage, Single Lumen",
      "definition": "Percutaneous drainage peritoneal catheters with a relatively small internal lumen (e.g., 10 Fr) and side-hole caliber.  These catheters are very flexible and easy to insert; they are used to drain nonviscous fluids, such as loculated serous fluid (ascites) and encapsulated bile (bilomas), from the abdominal cavity.  Some even smaller caliber (e.g., 9 Fr and less), short-length catheters may be useful for limited drainage using a trocar-puncture technique when collections are likely to contain less than 100 ml, or as secondary catheters placed with a multiple-lumen sump catheter."
    },
    {
      "code": "20549",
      "display": "Catheters, Pleural",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for percutaneous insertion into a potential space (known as the pleural cavity) enclosed by the serous membrane completely investing the lungs and also lining the thoracic cavity (i.e., the pleura). These devices are typically small-caliber catheters (e.g., 8 to 10 Fr) and have particular characteristics according their clinical use. Pleural catheters are available for intrapleural instillation of drugs (e.g., urokinase), to treat simple and/or tension pneumothorax, to drain liquids (e.g., hemathorax), and for permanent indwelling use in the long-term drainage of pleural effusions. Pleural catheters are frequently included in kits such as pneumothorax, thoracocentesis, and drainage kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "20550",
      "display": "Catheters, Pleural, Drainage",
      "definition": "Pleural catheters designed for long-term drainage of abnormal fluid accumulation (e.g., pleural effusions). These devices usually consist of a plastic (e.g., silicone) catheter that is partially implanted (i.e., tunneled) in the chest cavity, with a multihole distal end inserted in the pleural cavity and typically including a cuff near the proximal end. The external portion includes a one-way valve that is kept closed until it is opened by a specially designed drainage line. The catheters are usually attached to a vacuum bottle or other vacuum source during drainage. Drainage pleural catheters are used mainly for outpatient, long-term, intermittent aspiration of recurrent malignant or nonmalignant pleural effusions that do not respond to other treatments. Pleural catheters may be used also for continuous drainage."
    },
    {
      "code": "28233",
      "display": "Catheters, Pleural, Tension Pneumothorax",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for percutaneous insertion through the secondary costal space into the pleural cavity for quick extraction of sudden air accumulation. These devices typically consist of a strong needle catheter of a relatively wide diameter (e.g., 14 gauge) and short length (about 3.25 inch/8 cm) and a mechanism for immediate confirmation of appropriate placement; the catheter may be attached to a vacuum source to facilitate the procedure. The catheter may also include a dedicated easy-open case intended to facilitate its removal and handling. Pleural tension pneumothorax catheters are used mainly in emergency situations to facilitate a quick and accurate management of patients with symptoms of tension pneumothorax frequently due to trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "10746",
      "display": "Catheters, Rectal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to be introduced into the rectum; some of them are long enough to be advanced and have their distal tip located in the proximal portion of the colon. These catheters are usually made of rubber or silicone rubber. Most rectal catheters are used for rectal injections; for the purpose of clearing out the bowel; for administration of drugs, contrast media, or food; or for manometric measurements. Some of these catheters are also used in the management of continent ileostomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "10694",
      "display": "Catheters, Rectal, Barium Enema",
      "definition": "Rectal catheters designed for administering barium, a contrast medium. These catheters consist of a rubber or plastic tube that sometimes also includes a silicone rubber balloon (i.e., retention balloon) tip. Barium enema catheters are used for colonoscopy; catheters including balloons are mostly used in incontinent patients who are extremely difficult to examine without use of a balloon tip."
    },
    {
      "code": "32822",
      "display": "Catheters, Rectal, Indwelling",
      "definition": "Rectal catheters designed to be temporarily placed in the rectum during a relatively long term (e.g., several days or a few weeks). These devices typically consist of a multilumen, usually plastic catheter, whose distal tip may include an inflatable balloon. The catheter usually includes radiopaque markers, a stopcock, a retention cuff, and a connector at the proximal end to make possible the attachment of irrigation pumps and a fecal collection bag. Indwelling rectal catheters include a channel to allow feces drain to the external bag; they are mainly used as a component of a kit intended for the management of fecal incontinence but may be also used for irrigation, administration of medications, and for delivery/withdrawal of fluids to or from the distal balloon."
    },
    {
      "code": "17745",
      "display": "Catheters, Rectal, Manometric",
      "definition": "Rectal catheters designed for measurement of pressure in the rectum and anal sphincter. These catheters may consist of tubes that require infusion of water at a constant rate, with ports through which flow rate is changed according to rectal or sphincter contractions (hydraulic manometry); these changes are converted into electrical signals by external sensors. Other catheters include several miniature built-in pressure transducers, avoiding the need of water perfusion. Manometric rectal catheters can evaluate the rectal musculature and anal sphincter functioning; they are mostly used in the diagnoses of fecal incontinence and constipation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18736",
      "display": "Catheters, Rectal, Tonometry",
      "definition": "Rectal catheters designed for indirect measurement of the partial pressure (i.e., tonometry) of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the internal mucosa of the sigmoid colon.  These catheters typically consist of a 7 Fr gas-impermeable sampling tube, usually with length markers and including a gas-permeable balloon attached at its distal tip.  PCO2 in the saline solution inside the balloon is measured with a blood-gas analyzer after equilibrium.  Then, the intramucosal pH (pHim) is calculated using the measured PCO2 value and the bicarbonate concentration in a contemporary sample of arterial blood.  Tonometry rectal catheters are used in the determination of intramucosal acidosis in the sigmoid colon (e.g., after abdominal aortic surgery)"
    },
    {
      "code": "28357",
      "display": "Catheters, Small Intestine",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to be introduced through the rectum that are long enough to be advanced until the distal tip is located in the small intestine (typically in the ileum or jejunum and less frequently in the duodenum). These catheters typically consist of single or multilumen tubes made of silicone rubber or plastic (e.g., Teflon). Small intestine catheters are used for irrigation (i.e., clearing out), enemas, to inject contrast media, or for manometric measurements in the small intestine. Dedicated small intestine (typically indwelling) catheters intended to keep the intestine in a controlled, stable position during therapeutic procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27655",
      "display": "Catheters, Small Intestine, Indwelling",
      "definition": "Small intestine catheters designed to be left in the intestine during a long-term (e.g., several days or weeks) procedure. These devices typically consist of a multilumen (e.g., three -lumen), usually plastic (e.g., PVC) catheter whose distal tip includes an inflatable balloon; the catheter may also include radiopaque markers, a stopcock, stiffening rods or tubes, and a retention cuff. The channels of the catheter are used for irrigation, administration of medications, and to deliver/withdraw gas to the distal balloon.  Small intestine indwelling catheters are mainly used to keep the intestine in a controlled, stable position during therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18690",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for use within the spinal column (i.e., columna vertebralis), particularly to infuse anesthetic, analgesic, or steroid substances.  These devices are typically large-bore silicone rubber catheters.  Most spinal catheters are used for management of intractable pain or spasticity and in regional anesthesia for labor, delivery, and during some surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10717",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Epidural",
      "definition": "Spinal catheters used in the space (epidural space) outside the outermost membrane (dura mater) covering the spinal cord; the epidural space separates the spinal dura mater from the enclosing vertebrae. These catheters are introduced using special needles, and their distal tip is advanced into the epidural space to the desired spinal segment (e.g., lumbar). Epidural spinal catheters may be tunneled, using either an external injection hub or a subcutaneous port for bolus administration or infusion via an external pump; these systems are used for temporary procedures (e.g., surgery, delivery) or in patients whose life expectancy is very short. Otherwise, the epidural catheters are attached to a subcutaneous implanted infusion pump for continuous infusion in relatively long-term procedures, such as steroid treatment of inflammatory irritation of the nerve roots or opioid (e.g., morphine) administration to cancer patients with long life expectancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "16430",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Epidural, Anesthetic",
      "definition": "Epidural spinal catheters used for continuous or repeated injection of local anesthetic into the epidural space to anesthetize sensory nerves from the lower limbs, pelvis, or abdomen.  These catheters are used in surgical procedures and may also be used for diagnostic or temporary relief of chronic pain of the limbs, pelvis, abdomen, or lumbar spine."
    },
    {
      "code": "20861",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intervertebral Disc, Electrothermal Cautery",
      "definition": "Spinal catheters designed for introduction into an intervertebral disc to perform thermal cauterization; they do not deliver electric current to the tissues. These catheters consist of a flexible wire (typically 30 cm long) with a 5 cm high-resistance heating element at the tip and a thermocouple to monitor the temperature. The catheter is passed through a hollow needle previously inserted percutaneously in the disc, and is then maneuvered around the outer edge of the central nucleus of the disc. Power is supplied to the catheter from an electrical (e.g., radiofrequency) generator in an electrothermal cautery unit specially designed for use with the catheter. Electrothermal cautery intervertebral disc catheters are used in outpatient procedures to treat chronic, long-term discogenic pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "20862",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intervertebral Disc, Radiofrequency Ablation",
      "definition": "Spinal catheters designed for introduction into an intervertebral disk to perform ablation by delivering radiofrequency (RF) current through the tissues. These catheters include a needle electrode at the distal tip to deliver the RF current to a neutral electrode located externally on the patient's skin (i.e., monopolar systems). The catheter is usually introduced through a hollow needle previously inserted percutaneously in the disc and is then maneuvered around the outer edge of the central nucleus of the disc. Power is supplied to the catheter from an RF generator that includes connectors and/or adapters specially designed for use with the catheter. RF ablation intervertebral disc catheters are used in outpatient procedures to treat chronic, long-term discogenic pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "34913",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intervertebral Disc, Radiofrequency Ablation, Cervical",
      "definition": "Spinal catheters designed for introduction between cervical intervertebral disks to perform ablation by delivering radiofrequency (RF) current through the tissues. These catheters include needle electrodes at the distal tip to deliver the RF current through the tissues, either between two electrodes located at the tip (i.e., bipolar system) or to a neutral electrode located externally on the patient's skin (i.e., monopolar systems). The catheter is usually introduced through a hollow needle previously inserted percutaneously in the disc and is then maneuvered (e.g., using a handheld navigating device) around the outer edge of the central nucleus of the disc. Power is supplied to the catheter from a dedicated RF generator that includes connectors and/or adapters specially designed for use with the catheter. RF ablation cervical intervertebral disc catheters are used in outpatient procedures performed on the cervical spine, typically to treat chronic long-term discogenic pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "34914",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intervertebral Disc, Radiofrequency Ablation, Lumbar",
      "definition": "Spinal catheters designed for introduction between lumbar intervertebral disks to perform ablation by delivering radiofrequency (RF) current through the tissues. These catheters include needle electrodes at the distal tip to deliver the RF current through the tissues, either between two electrodes located at the tip (i.e., bipolar system) or to a neutral electrode located externally on the patient's skin (i.e., monopolar systems). The catheter is usually introduced through a hollow needle previously inserted percutaneously in the disc and is then maneuvered (e.g., using a handheld navigating device) around the outer edge of the central nucleus of the disc. Power is supplied to the catheter from a dedicated RF generator that includes connectors and/or adapters specially designed for use with the catheter. RF ablation lumbar intervertebral disc catheters are used in outpatient procedures performed on the lumbar spine, typically to treat chronic long-term discogenic pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "18691",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intrathecal",
      "definition": "Spinal catheters introduced into the subarachnoid space through the membranes (sheath or \"theca\") covering the spinal cord.  These catheters are introduced using special needles, and their distal tip is advanced into the subarachnoid space to the desired spinal segment (e.g., lumbar).  Intrathecal spinal catheters may be tunneled, using either an external injection hub or a subcutaneous port for bolus administration or infusion via an external pump; these systems are used for temporary procedures (e.g., surgery, delivery) or in patients whose life expectancy is very short.  Otherwise, the epidural catheters are attached to subcutaneous implanted infusion pumps for continuous infusion in relatively long-term procedures, such as treatments of spasticity (using antispasmodic drugs such as baclofen) in spinal injured patients, or opioids (e.g., morphine) administration to cancer patients with long life expectancy.  Intrathecal catheters usually employ smaller drug doses than epidural catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "18692",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intrathecal, Anesthetic",
      "definition": "Intrathecal spinal catheters used for continuous or repeated injection of local anesthetics into the subarachnoid space to anesthetize sensory nerves from the lower limbs, pelvis, or abdomen.  These catheters are used in surgical procedures and sometimes may also be used for diagnostic or temporary relief of chronic pain of the limbs, pelvis, abdomen, or lumbar spine."
    },
    {
      "code": "18693",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intrathecal, Lumbar",
      "definition": "Intrathecal spinal catheters designed for introduction into the part of the spine between the thorax and the pelvis (i.e., lumbus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18694",
      "display": "Catheters, Spinal, Intrathecal, Lumbar, Hydrocephalic",
      "definition": "Intrathecal lumbar catheters designed to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lumbar subarachnoid space.  These catheters are usually small-internal-diameter (e.g., 0.7 mm) silicone elastomer tubes; they are available either as \"T\" (intended to reduce the risk of migration) or straight tubes.  Lumbar hydrocephalic catheters are typically connected through a valve and/or a reservoir to another catheter that drains the CSF in the peritoneum; these devices as a whole are known as lumboperitoneal shunts.  These catheters are used as part of a lumboperitoneal shunt in treating children and adults with obstruction of the CSF pathways, accompanied by an accumulation of CSF within the skull (hydrocephalus), as well as for benign intracranial hypertension treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18725",
      "display": "Catheters, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for insertion into the nose or mouth that are advanced thorough the larynx and pharynx to locate their distal tip in the trachea."
    },
    {
      "code": "41995",
      "display": "Catheters, Tracheal, Balloon",
      "definition": "Tracheal catheters that include an inflatable balloon near their distal tips. These catheters typically consist of a plastic tube and a balloon that can be inflated to a larger diameter. The catheter is usually introduced through a tracheal tube. Balloon tracheal catheters can be inflated with saline and used to improve the acoustic window for imaging the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and its branching vessels during transesophageal echocardiography."
    },
    {
      "code": "10749",
      "display": "Catheters, Tracheal, Suction",
      "definition": "Tracheal catheters designed for periodic aspiration of liquids and/or semisolids from a patient's upper airway. These catheters are flexible (e.g., plastic) tubes, usually 40 to 56 cm (16 to 22 inches) in length and small enough in diameter to fit through the endotracheal tube without a large increase in airway resistance. They usually have smooth, rounded, distal-tip configurations and end and side holes. Most include a finger-controlled valve to regulate the suctioning pressure. Tracheal suction catheters are externally attached through a large-diameter extension tube to the vacuum system and a collection jar. These catheters are used to remove excessive internal secretions, such as mucus, from the lungs, bronchi, trachea, and pharynx."
    },
    {
      "code": "17795",
      "display": "Catheters, Tracheal, Suction/Insufflation",
      "definition": "Tracheal catheters designed for periodic tracheal and pharyngeal mucus removal and inflation of the lungs with a flow of gas from their distal tip. These catheters consist of either dual- or single-lumen tubes; dual-lumen catheters allow simultaneous suction and insufflation, and single-lumen catheters allow alternating suction and insufflation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18726",
      "display": "Catheters, Transtracheal",
      "definition": "Catheters that are designed for percutaneous or surgical insertion into the trachea to the lung bronchial tree.  These catheters usually consist of a thin tube (5 Fr mm in diameter) with an end hole; they are introduced into the trachea through a puncture wound between two of its upper rings using a needle and a guide wire.  Transtracheal catheters permit normal speech, cough, and expectoration."
    },
    {
      "code": "17940",
      "display": "Catheters, Transtracheal, Oxygen Supply",
      "definition": "Transtracheal catheters designed for efficient direct delivery of oxygen into the lungs, improving comfort, therapeutic compliance (e.g., relief of apnea), and activity status when compared with nasal cannulas. These catheters consist of either a percutaneously introduced tube that has a long intratracheal portion with multiple fenestrations or a tunneled silicone tube that is surgically inserted under local or general anesthesia and usually includes a shorter intratracheal portion. The oxygen supply is obtained from a stationary compressed-gas cylinder, a cryogenic liquid reservoir, or an ambient air concentrator; portable systems are available for ambulatory patients. Oxygen-supply transtracheal catheters are used for long-term oxygen therapy in patients with chronic oxygen-dependent respiratory failure (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial fibrosis, diffusion defect)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10764",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction into one or more segments of the passage from the kidney to the urinary meatus (i.e., urinary tract), including the ureters, bladder, and urethra."
    },
    {
      "code": "10765",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, External, Drainage",
      "definition": "External urinary catheters designed to drain urine from outside the body instead of within the bladder (i.e., external use) in males.  These catheters consist of a plastic condom ending in an open tube that is attached to a drainage bag through a connecting tube. The diameter of the condom is chosen to match the diameter of the penis; they may be self-adhesive or attached by pressure. External-drainage urinary catheters are mostly used for urinary incontinence management in patients who can void spontaneously but do not retain urine."
    },
    {
      "code": "10735",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Nephrostomy",
      "definition": "Catheters used for insertion through the skin (i.e., percutaneously) into the renal pelvis to gain access to the upper urinary tract. These catheters consist of a large-bore (sizes from 14 to 24 Fr are typical), thin-walled tube, usually with a self-retained tip; some include expanding wings on their tips. Urinary nephrostomy catheters are used to perform drainage for relief of supravesical obstructions and are also used for a variety of procedures involving the upper urinary tract, such as dilation of strictures, removal of calculi, perfusion with chemolytic agents for dissolution of renal stones, and ureteral stenting."
    },
    {
      "code": "18745",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Nephrostomy, Dilatation",
      "definition": "Nephrostomy catheters designed for elimination of areas of narrowing (i.e., strictures) in the ureters, thereby increasing their lumen.  These catheters typically consist of a flexible 7 Fr plastic tube including a hydraulic balloon at their tip that is inflated to 12 to 26 Fr.  These catheters are mostly used for treatment of benign strictures in the upper urinary tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "18739",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Suprapubic",
      "definition": "Urinary catheters designed for introduction directly into the bladder through a percutaneous incision above the pubic bone (i.e., suprapubic).  Several techniques are used to place the catheters, including over the needle and through a cannula previously inserted using a trocar."
    },
    {
      "code": "10751",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Suprapubic, Drainage",
      "definition": "Suprapubic urinary catheters designed to drain urine from the bladder into an external collection device.  These catheters consist of a flexible tube, typically ending in a tightly curled distal tip (i.e., \"pigtail\"); at the proximal end, the drainage lumen is attached to an external collection bag. Suprapubic urinary catheters are mostly used for short- and long-term continuous catheterization in patients with urethral obstruction or erosion (e.g., patients that are critically ill or who have severe disabilities, those requiring postsurgical or traumatic injury treatment)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10761",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Ureteral",
      "definition": "Urinary catheters designed to be introduced into the upper urinary tract through a cystoscope; some catheters may also be introduced using a nephroscope. These catheters typically consist of a flexible 3 to 12 Fr radiopaque tube with several tip configurations that may include inflatable balloons. Ureteral catheters are used mostly for ureter dilation, bypass of partial obstructions, retrograde urography, brush biopsy, and stone retrieval."
    },
    {
      "code": "18742",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Ureteral, Ablation",
      "definition": "Ureteral catheters designed for endoscopic incision (ablation) of strictures in the proximal and distal ureter and at the ureteropelvic junction.  These catheters typically consist of a 10 Fr tube with radioopaque markers that includes a balloon near its distal tip to define the area of stenosis, and a monopolar electrocautery cutting wire with a small active surface (typically 2.8 cm length); the procedure is usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance.  Ablation ureteral catheters are used for the treatment of ureteral obstructions (endoureterotomy) and ureteropelvic junction obstructions (endopyelotomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10737",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Ureteral, Dilatation",
      "definition": "Ureteral catheters designed for elimination of areas of narrowing (i.e., strictures) in the ureters, thereby increasing the lumen. These catheters typically consist of a flexible plastic tube with a special tip (e.g., olive tip); 7 Fr catheters including hydraulic balloons inflated from 12 to 26 Fr are also used."
    },
    {
      "code": "18740",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Ureteral, Drainage",
      "definition": "Ureteral catheters designed to drain urine or other fluids from the upper urinary tract.  These catheters are used for a variety of applications, including the extraction of urine samples from the ureter or renal pelvis and as part of a double catheter system for perfusion chemolysis treatment of stones simultaneously using another catheter for irrigation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18741",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Ureteral, Irrigation",
      "definition": "Ureteral catheters designed for infusion of fluids into the upper urinary tract.  They are used for removal of blood clots after surgical or endoscopic procedures; they are also used as part of a double catheter system for perfusion chemolysis treatment of stones simultaneously using another catheter for drainage."
    },
    {
      "code": "18744",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Ureteral, Retrieval",
      "definition": "Ureteral catheters designed to retrieve stones and foreign bodies (e.g., catheter tips, stents, other debris) from the upper urinary tract.  Several different catheters are used for vascular retrieval, including loop snare and helical baskets; some of them may be used for stone fragmentation before retrieval."
    },
    {
      "code": "18743",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Ureteral, Urography",
      "definition": "Ureteral catheters designed to infuse a contrast medium into a ureter.  These catheters usually consist of a radioopaque flexible tube with graduate markings and one or two openings at its distal tip.  Urography ureteral catheters are used for urograms, showing the intrarenal collecting structures, the pelvis, and ureters."
    },
    {
      "code": "10762",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Urethral",
      "definition": "Urinary catheters designed for introduction into the urinary tract through the urethra and usually advanced until their distal tip is located in the urinary bladder. These catheters are mostly used for urinary drainage, irrigation, urethral dilatation, contrast injection, hemostasis, to collect reliable urine specimens, for urodynamic evaluation, for radiographic studies (e.g., cystograms), to assess residual urine, and for drug administration."
    },
    {
      "code": "10763",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Urethral, Cystography",
      "definition": "Urethral catheters designed to infuse a contrast medium in the bladder. These catheters consist of a flexible or semirigid tube with one or more openings at the distal tip; some designed for female use include a balloon at their distal tip that is placed in the bladder and another balloon that remains outside at the proximal end of the urethra. Cystography urethral catheters are used for cystography and/or radiography of the bladder and urethra during micturition voiding (voiding cystouretography), frequently to delineate abnormalities of structure or function of the bladder and urethra, including the detection of vesicoureteral reflux and stress incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "18738",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Urethral, Dilatation",
      "definition": "Urethral catheters designed for elimination of areas of narrowing (i.e., strictures) in the urethra, thereby increasing its lumen.  These catheters typically consist of a 16 Fr soft (e.g., red rubber) tube; catheters including hydraulic balloon inflated to 26 Fr diameter are also used.  Dilatation urethral catheters are mostly used for clean intermittent self-catheterization at home as an adjuvant in the management of urethral patency."
    },
    {
      "code": "18737",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Urethral, Drainage",
      "definition": "Urethral catheters designed to drain urine from the bladder into an external collection device.  These catheters are used for a variety of applications, including the treatment of permanent or temporary urinary retention, postsurgical control of bladder function, measurement of urinary output, and incontinence management."
    },
    {
      "code": "17683",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Urethral, Drainage, Intermittent",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to be inserted into the bladder via the urethra for the purpose of draining urine from the bladder once or at various intervals as needed on a regular schedule (i.e., intermittent). These catheters are designed to be single use; unlike Foley urinary catheters (retained catheters), intermittent urinary drainage catheters are not intended to remain in the bladder for an extended period and are removed from the bladder immediately after the urine is drained. Catheters used in males are usually curved and 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 inches) in length, while catheters for female patients are straight and smaller."
    },
    {
      "code": "10720",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Urethral, Drainage, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Drainage urethral catheters designed for continuous bladder  catheterization, often over an extended period of time, for the purposes of draining urine from the bladder. These catheters typically consist of a dual-lumen, large-caliber (e.g., 18 Fr) elastomer (e.g., polyurethane, silicone) tube that includes an inflatable balloon close to its distal tip; at the proximal end, the drainage lumen is attached to an external collection bag. The external tubing also contains a port for balloon inflation (i.e., via a syringe). Once in the bladder, the ballon is inflated (e.g., with sterile liquide) to keep the catheter tip inside of the bladder. The catheter, drainage tube and the collection bag are frequently configured as a closed urinary drainage system. Self-retained drainage urinary catheters are used for short- and long-term continuous catheterization after surgical and traumatic injuries and in patients who are critically ill or suffering severe disability; they may also be used for hemostatic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "10767",
      "display": "Catheters, Urinary, Urethral, Drainage/Irrigation",
      "definition": "Urethral urinary catheters designed for simultaneous drainage and irrigation of the bladder. These catheters usually consist of a triple-lumen plastic (e.g., polyurethane, silicone) tube that includes a balloon close to its distal tip; at the proximal end it has a port for balloon inflation and a second port used for irrigation purposes.  Drainage/irrigation urinary catheters are used for the continuous or intermittent irrigation (e.g., after prostatic surgery) and/or drug administration (e.g., antimicrobial, chemotherapy) into the bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "18636",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for insertion within the blood vessels.  These catheters are usually long with distal tips that may be tapered and with curved proximal ends bonded to hubs or connecting devices.  Their distal tips can be modified by attaching balloons or sensing devices or by placement of holes for injection of fluids (e.g., drugs, contrast material). Vascular catheters may be stiff or flexible and ideally would be nonthrombogenic, strong, flexible, and bio-compatible. They must also retain their preshaped tip configuration (i.e., have memory) and permit torque control.  Most vascular catheters are made of polymers (e.g., silicone elastomer, polyurethane) and may also include metals (e.g., stainless steel). Vascular catheters are used in therapeutic (e.g., drug infusion, angioplasty) and diagnostic (e.g., angiography, pH and cardiac output measurement) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10688",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angiography",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to inject contrast media into main and/or branch vessels in the cerebral, visceral, or peripheral vasculature. These catheters are available in a multitude of tip configurations, from the single-end-hole straight tip to the pigtail, including numerous side holes. Most of these catheters include tip configurations intended to facilitate selective catheter entry into the branch vessels (e.g., visceral, peripheral, cerebral). Angiographic vascular catheters are manufactured from a variety of materials (e.g., polyurethane, polyethylene) and usually incorporate radioopaque fillers or markers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18657",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angiography, Cerebral",
      "definition": "Angiographic vascular catheters designed to inject contrast media in the great vessels of the neck and/or the intracranial arteries.  These catheters usually have three separate curves and variations in the distal curve are needed to seek the orifice of the appropriate vessel; their distal tip may include a taper.  Thin, flexible catheters with balloon tips are used for extremely selective angiography; in some cases, microballoons that follow blood flow are used in small intracranial arteries.  Cerebral angiographic vascular catheters are used in the diagnosis of both extracranial and intracranial occlusive vascular diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18659",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angiography, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Angiographic vascular catheters designed to inject a large bolus of contrast media into the aorta, minimizing trauma during injection.  Typically, these catheters include a long, tapered pigtail configuration to reduce the flow of contrast medium from the end hole; they have several side holes near the tip for even dispersion of the contrast medium.  Peripheral angiographic catheters are used to visualize the distal aorta, the iliac and femoral arteries, and other secondary vessels in studies of circulation in the lower limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18658",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angiography, Visceral",
      "definition": "Angiographic vascular catheters designed to inject contrast media in branch vessels originating from the aorta.  Typically, these catheters have three curves: a primary curve convex in one direction, a secondary curve convex in the opposite direction, and a short tip angled in the same direction as the primary curve. This configuration is intended to facilitate positioning the catheter into a branch vessel originating from the aorta (e.g., superior mesenteric artery, renal artery) at different angles.  These catheters must have very good torque control and memory to facilitate their movement in the aorta.  Visceral angiographic vascular catheters are used in diagnosis of the abdominal organs and also in more detailed examinations or treatments (e.g., chemotherapy) by selective introduction into secondary or tertiary branches of the visceral vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "17183",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for elimination of areas of narrowing in blood vessels, thereby increasing the vessel lumen."
    },
    {
      "code": "17519",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Atherectomy",
      "definition": "Angioplasty vascular catheters that permit the percutaneous transluminal removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the walls of arteries by mechanical means (e.g., cutting, drilling, pulverizing, shaving), resulting in a smooth vessel wall and little, if any, residual stenosis. Some of these catheters make possible the extraction of the atheromatous material from the arteries to the exterior."
    },
    {
      "code": "17565",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Atherectomy, Ablation",
      "definition": "Atherectomy angioplasty catheters that pulverize atheroma into fragments small enough to be aspirated or removed through the reticuloendothelial system; they are not used in the removal of plaque. These catheters usually include a flexible atherectomy device with a variable sized (1.25 to 6.0 mm) metal burr on the distal tip; the burrs are studded with multiple diamond chips that function as microblades. The burr rotates at 100,000 to 200,000 rpm and tracks along a central guide wire, which must first traverse the lesion before rotational atherectomy can proceed. Certain catheters have also been used that use atherectomy devices with a distal cam tip attached to a central drive shaft that revolves at high speed (e.g., 100,000 rpm) and seeks the path of least resistance.  Ablative atherectomy catheters are designed to treat hard, calcified atheroma and diffusely stenotic lesions, including total occlusions if the central guide wire can traverse the lesion."
    },
    {
      "code": "18644",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Atherectomy, Extirpative",
      "definition": "Atherectomy angioplasty catheters that cut or shave atheroma and directly remove the excised material from the vessel using a collection chamber or suction port.  These catheters typically consist either of a semiflexible catheter which includes a cup-shaped cutter that slices atheroma at the center of a nonflexible housing, and an opposing dilated balloon that forces the plaque through a window into the metal housing during each cut (directional atherectomy); or of a semiflexible, torque-controlled, hollow catheter that includes an introducer sheath over a central guide wire for proper alignment with the atherosclerotic lesion, a rotating cone-shaped cutter in a housing unit to shave the plaque, and a collecting vacuum bottle situated at the proximal end of the catheter (transluminal extraction catheters).  Extirpative atherectomy catheters are mostly used for treating short, discrete, eccentrically placed atheroma, including calcific eccentric stenoses not normally amenable to balloon dilatation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17184",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon",
      "definition": "Angioplasty vascular catheters that dilate a stenotic artery by controlled inflation of a distensible balloon. These catheters usually consist of a double-lumen tube with a balloon in the distal tip and a side hole that is used for pressure recording and contrast material ejection. Typically, a guiding catheter is peripherally inserted and advanced into the section of the artery requiring dilatation; this catheter guides the dilating catheter into the stenotic arterial branch, where the balloon is inflated across the stenosis to a predetermined maximal outer diameter, thereby enlarging the lumen.  After balloon deflation, the catheter is withdrawn. These catheters are mostly used for the treatment of obstructions in the coronary arteries and aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts, but they are also used in the treatment of other arterial (e.g., renal artery, peripheral arteries) occlusive diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "34313",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary",
      "definition": "Angioplasty vascular catheters designed to dilate a stenotic coronary artery by controlled inflation of a distensible balloon. These catheters usually consist of a double-lumen tube with an inflatable inner balloon in the distal tip and a side hole that is used for pressure recording and contrast material ejection. Typically, a guiding catheter is peripherally inserted and advanced into the section of the coronary artery requiring dilatation; this catheter guides the dilating catheter into the stenotic coronary artery branch, where the balloon is inflated across the stenosis to a predetermined maximal outer diameter, thereby enlarging the lumen. After balloon deflation, the catheter is withdrawn. These catheters are mostly used for the treatment of obstructions in the coronary arteries and aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts. Dedicated coronary artery balloon catheters intended to deliver drugs (e.g., using porous or externally coated balloons) and/or permitting the circulation of blood (perfusion) to the distal vasculature during the procedure are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18645",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary, Drug Delivery",
      "definition": "Balloon angioplasty catheters designed for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty that are capable of local delivery of drugs either before, during, or after dilatation of the lesion. These catheters may deliver the drugs using a variety of techniques, including: (1) porous balloons with laser-drilled holes to deliver the drugs; (2) two-balloon devices that isolate the segment of the lesion permitting its filling with the drug; (3) injection of nanoparticles loaded with the drug; and (4) use of drug-coated balloons (also known as drug-eluting balloons).  Drug delivery coronary balloon catheters are used for local administration of concentrated drugs directly to the site of arterial injury during coronary angioplasty procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17521",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary, Perfusion",
      "definition": "Balloon angioplasty catheters designed to perform percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures while permitting transmission of blood to the distal coronary bed. In some of these catheters, blood enters the central lumen through side holes proximal to the balloon, due to native coronary (aortic) pressure and exits beyond the balloon into the distal coronary artery (passive diffusion).  Other perfusing catheters are large-lumen, over-the-wire-design balloon catheters; blood is pumped under pressure through the lumen to the distal tip (active diffusion). Active diffusion catheters include two tubes; the annular cavity between the tubes is the inflation channel, while the lumen of the inner tube is used for advancing the guide wire, as well as for hemoperfusion.  During the angioplasty procedure, blood is usually pumped from the femoral artery using a piston pump. These catheters may be considered a tool for myocardial protection during angioplasty procedures, for prevention of hemodynamic compromise in selected patients, and for prolonged balloon inflation times."
    },
    {
      "code": "32030",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon, Intracranial Artery",
      "definition": "Angioplasty vascular catheters designed to dilate a stenotic intracranial artery by controlled inflation of a distensible balloon. These catheters usually consist of a double-lumen polymeric, hydrophilic covered tube of more than 100 cm (about 40 in) working length with a balloon (e.g., a polymeric balloon available in several diameters) and radiopaque markers at the distal tip. Typically the catheter is peripherally inserted and advanced into the section of the artery requiring dilatation where the balloon is inflated across the stenosis to a predetermined maximal outer diameter, thereby enlarging the lumen. Intracranial artery balloon catheters may be used for enlargement of the lumen of the arteries previous to the delivery of an intracranial stent; they may also be used for the treatment of obstructions (i.e., angioplasty) in the intracranial arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "34317",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon, Peripheral Artery",
      "definition": "Angioplasty vascular catheters designed to dilate a stenotic artery located in the peripheral vasculature by controlled inflation of a distensible balloon. These catheters usually consist of a coaxial double-lumen tube with radiopaque markers with a proximal hub and an inflatable inner balloon at the distal tip. The central lumen is intended to pass the catheter over a guide-wire while the external lumen is used to inflate the balloon at the tip. Typically, a guide wire is peripherally inserted and advanced into the section of the peripheral artery requiring dilatation. The wire guides the dilating catheter into the stenotic artery, where the balloon is inflated across the stenosis to a predetermined maximal outer diameter, thereby enlarging the lumen. After balloon deflation, the catheter is withdrawn. These catheters are mostly used for the treatment of obstructions in the peripheral arteries and/or bypass vascular grafts. Dedicated catheters intended to perform angioplasty in the femoropopliteal and other large arteries of the peripheral vasculature (e.g., iliac and tibial arteries), for procedures under the knee and under the heel are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18646",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon/Ultrasound Image",
      "definition": "Balloon angioplasty catheters that include an ultrasonic transducer mounted proximal to balloon for imaging purposes;  they combine the capabilities of balloon angioplasty catheters and ultrasonic image vascular catheters.  These catheters are supplied in a standard 5.5 Fr model and also in a lower profile version of 3.5 Fr; both over-the-wire and monorail versions are available.  Combined balloon angioplasty/ultrasound image catheters permit ultrasound guided angioplasty using only one catheter, avoiding repeated exchanges after each successive balloon inflation.  These catheters are mostly used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty to modify the dilatation strategy by obtaining intravascular morphologic and quantitative information (e.g., lesion calcification, eccentricity, accurate lumen dimension) complementary to that obtained from angioplasty; they can also quantify the true degree of residual stenosis and plaque burden after angioplasty, which may have important implications for restenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17185",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Direct Laser Ablation",
      "definition": "Angioplasty catheters designed for direct laser ablation of atheroma without a significant thermal effect. These catheters may include either a single fiber (small and flexible, but that can debulk only very little amount of material) or include densely packed optical fibers (typically of 50 to 61 micrometer in diameter) arranged concentrically around the central guide-wire lumen. These catheters are used for ablation of the atheromatous plaque inside the vessels, usually delivering energy from a pulse laser (e.g., an excimer laser operating in the ultraviolet frequency range) to avoid the thermal damage produced by continuous wave lasers. Laser angioplasty catheters are mostly used before balloon angioplasty for canalization of completely occluded vessels, for aortoostial stenoses, and for saphenous vein graft lesions; they are sometimes used as an adjuvant to balloon angioplasty to improve clinical success."
    },
    {
      "code": "18647",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Thermal",
      "definition": "Angioplasty catheters that use energy (e.g., laser, radiofrequency [RF], microwave) to heat a metal cap enclosing the distal tip of the catheter and/or a metal band around the catheter. They are used for thermal compression and ablation of the atheromatous plaque inside the vessels, except for heavily calcified plaque. Tip temperatures can exceed 400 degrees Celsius, allowing plaque to be vaporized, melted, or otherwise reformed. Thermal angioplasty catheters are used mainly to open total occlusions or high-grade stenoses in peripheral arteries; they may also be used to facilitate balloon angioplasty, based on the assumption that RF ablation improves clinical success and reduces the rate of complications and restenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17566",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Thermal, Electrically-Heated",
      "definition": "Thermal angioplasty catheters that use an electrical (e.g., radiofrequency) energy source to heat a metal cap or band; the cap typically encloses the distal tip of the catheter, while the metal band is placed around the catheter. They are used for thermal compression and ablation of the atheromatous plaque inside the vessels, except for heavily calcified plaque. These units do not deliver electric current to the tissues. Tip temperatures can exceed 400 degrees Celsius, allowing plaque to be vaporized, melted, or otherwise reformed. Electrically heated thermal angioplasty catheters are used mainly to open total occlusions or high-grade stenoses in peripheral arteries; they may also be used to facilitate balloon angioplasty, based on the assumption that thermal ablation improves clinical success and reduces the rate of complications and restenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18648",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Thermal, Laser",
      "definition": "Hot-tip angioplasty catheters that usually include either a metal cap enclosing the distal tip, with provision for a monorail guide wire, or a band around the catheter.  The catheter receives laser energy from a laser generator coupled to a controller attached to the catheter's proximal tip."
    },
    {
      "code": "18649",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Ultrasound Ablation",
      "definition": "Angioplasty catheters that use ultrasonic energy for ablation of atheroma.  These catheters typically consist of a multilumen 7 to 9 Fr tube that includes a 1.5 to 2.6 Fr solid-wire ball-tipped probe with an ultrasonic transducer at its proximal tip and an irrigation channel to cool the ultrasound probe.  Ultrasonic angioplasty catheters may be used to open total occlusions or high-grade stenosis in arteries, including calcified arteries; they may also be used to facilitate balloon angioplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "18661",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for the removal of tissue from the lumen or walls of a vessel through the vascular system.  These catheters typically consist of an 8 or 9 Fr tube with surgical forceps on the proximal end affixed to a movable wire within the catheter shaft to permit opening and closing of a pair of jaws at the distal tip.  They are typically introduced through the jugular vein (e.g., pulmonary artery biopsy) or the femoral arteries (e.g., vena cava, iliac vein biopsy).  Biopsy vascular catheters are mostly used for differential diagnosis of purely intraluminal masses (e.g., to differentiate tumors from thrombus). These catheters are also used frequently for retrieval of foreign objects."
    },
    {
      "code": "18662",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Biopsy, Liver",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for the removal of tissue from the liver through the vascular system.  These catheters typically consist of a 9 Fr plastic tube with a biopsy needle that is advanced through its lumen; the needle frequently includes a hollow stylet within it to prevent aspiration of the sample into the syringe.  They are usually introduced through the jugular vein, advanced to the inferior vena cava, and to the hepatic veins; the needle is plunged into the liver and removed in one continuous motion while suction is maintained with a syringe.  Contrast medium should be injected after each biopsy attempt to check for liver capsule perforation.  Liver biopsy catheters through the vascular system are used as an alternative to percutaneous biopsy in patients with abnormal blood clotting or massive ascites."
    },
    {
      "code": "18669",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Blood Gas/pH Monitoring",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for continuous in vivo measurement of arterial blood gases and pH without removing blood.  These catheters include an optical fiber that conducts light and interacts with the indicator (either is absorbed, reflected, or causes fluorescence); the magnitude of the change in the light characteristics depends on the concentration in the blood of the substance being measured.  Blood-gas/pH-monitoring catheters use a detector that combines an optical fiber with a fluorescent dye; the detector may be used either on the distal tip of the catheter as an intraarterial gas monitor or as an extraarterial system within a sensor cassette that is inserted in series with the arterial catheter tubing, usually near the patient's wrist.  Three detectors are needed for pH, PO2, and PCO2 measurements.  These catheters may be used for continuous arterial monitoring of blood gases and pH to improve management and treatment in critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "10689",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to measure intravascular blood pressure (i.e., invasive blood pressure).  These catheters are usually attached to monitors that display the maximum and minimum blood pressure values (i.e., systolic and diastolic pressures); some of them also display a mean pressure value. Blood pressure vascular catheters are mostly used to monitor the blood pressure in peripheral arteries (e.g., radial artery) in emergencies, surgery, and critically ill patients; they may also be used for blood sampling and/or infusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "18667",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Blood Pressure, Hydraulic",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for invasive measurement of blood pressure (BP) by means of a fluid-filled tube that is connected to an external fluid system, which includes a pressure transducer. The electric signal from the transducer is processed and the values of the maximum and minimum BP (i.e., systolic and diastolic pressures) are displayed; usually the monitor also displays the BP waveform (i.e., variation of pressure with time) and the mean pressure value using an algorithm. Hydraulic BP vascular catheters are used mainly during intensive care and surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18668",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Blood Pressure, Pressure Transducer",
      "definition": "Blood pressure vascular catheters that consist of a tube with a miniature pressure transducer at its distal tip. The transducer sends the electrical signal to a monitor that displays the maximum and minimum blood pressure values (i.e., systolic and diastolic pressures); most also display a mean pressure value calculated from the measured values using an algorithm."
    },
    {
      "code": "20354",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to deliver radiation to a predetermined area inside a vessel and/or into a stent previously inserted into the vessel. These devices typically consist of double-lumen catheters that center the radiation source (e.g., a metallic wire, liquid containers) within a closed lumen, while allowing side and distal perfusion through the other lumen. Vascular catheters for brachytherapy procedures are mostly intended to prevent and/or treat restenosis in arteries after angioplastic procedures, including restenosis in the inner part of stents (i.e., in-stent restenosis); they are used as a component of intravascular brachytherapy systems that also include a unit for delivery and retrieval of the radiation source."
    },
    {
      "code": "18660",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Cholangiography",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to inject contrast medium into the biliary (sometimes also into the pancreatic) ducts for radiographic examination purposes (cholangiography).  These catheters usually consist of a 6 or 7 Fr tube with an injection needle that is advanced through its lumen.  The catheters are usually introduced through the jugular vein, advanced to the inferior vena cava, and into the hepatic veins; the contrast medium is introduced into the bile tree by a puncture across the wall of the hepatic vein. Cholangiography vascular catheters are used as an alternative to percutaneous cholangiography in patients with abnormal blood clotting or massive ascites."
    },
    {
      "code": "22609",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Cooling/Warming",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to cool and/or rewarm a patient by circulating a liquid (e.g., saline) in a closed loop internally through the catheter. These catheters control the patient's core temperature (typically from 32 to 37 degrees Celsius [90 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit]) by heat exchange between the blood and the saline through the wall of a balloon without perfusion of fluids into the body or drawing blood. These catheters are usually inserted percutaneously through the femoral vein up to the inferior vena cava. They usually include a balloon or other flexible heat-exchange element and temperature sensors to provide feedback appropriate to adjust the temperature of the cooling or warming solution that is circulated from an external console. Dedicated catheters are available for short-term (e.g., a few hours) or longer-term (e.g., a week) patient temperature control; some catheters include several lumens and can also be used as standard central venous catheters. Cooling/warming vascular catheters are intended to induce hypothermia, maintain normothermia, and rewarm patients; they are used during surgery and recovery to preserve cerebral function in patients with brain injuries, after cardiac arrest, in the care of patients with septicemia, and in other intensive care procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10714",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for removal of clotted blood and/or other formed elements (e.g., calcium fragments) either causing vascular obstruction at the point of their formation (thrombus) or brought by the blood from another vessel and forced into a smaller one, thus obstructing the circulation (embolus). These catheters are used for removal of embolus and thrombus in native vessels, as well as in artery and hemodialysis access grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "18650",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Balloon",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to perform embolectomy/thrombectomy procedures using an inflatable balloon at their distal tips. They are introduced into a vessel (i.e., artery, vein) and passed as far as possible through the embolus and/or thrombus; the balloon is inflated and then withdrawn, bringing out the clot with it. Balloon embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters typically consist of a 2 to 7 French single-lumen silicone tube with a rounded distal tip that incorporates the balloon; some catheters include a second lumen for drug (e.g., heparin, dye) injection proximal to the balloon."
    },
    {
      "code": "18651",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Balloon, Arterial",
      "definition": "Balloon embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters designed for use in the arteries.  These catheters usually include a short, soft distal tip to facilitate arterial insertion and minimize trauma and arteriopuncture.  They are not designed to pass through the venous valves.  Arterial balloon embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters are used for retrograde extraction of emboli in small and big diameter arteries, including aorta and iliac arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "10756",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Balloon, Venous",
      "definition": "Balloon embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters designed for use in the veins. These catheters usually include a long, soft distal tip that permits passage through the venous valves, minimizing injury. Venous embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters are used for retrograde extraction of emboli in small- and large-diameter veins (typical catheter diameters are 6 and 8 Fr), especially in the lower limbs, by introduction through the femoral vein."
    },
    {
      "code": "18654",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Blending",
      "definition": "Embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters that aspirate and liquefy the thrombus and recirculate the particles, in action similar to that of a blender, progressively reducing the size of the particles (typically to less than 13 um).  These catheters include an impeller at their distal tip, mounted on a drive shaft in a metal housing that has sideports for recirculation.  The impeller is driven by an external motor at high speed (typically 150,000 rpm).  Blending embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters work well in cases of recent thrombosis, particularly in polytetrafluoroethylene grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "18653",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Fragmentation",
      "definition": "Embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters designed to pulverize (i.e., fragment) a clot into particles. These catheters usually include an external handheld motor drive that spins a rotating device (e.g., an expandable open-wire cage, a nylon brush) located at or near the distal tip of the catheter. The resultant slurry may be aspirated through the catheter sheath or dissolved using a thrombolytic agent."
    },
    {
      "code": "24110",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Fragmentation/Thrombolysis",
      "definition": "Embolectomy/thrombectomy catheters designed to deliver thrombolytic agents to intravenous clots and also to pulverize (i.e., fragment) a clot into particles. These devices usually consist of a multilumen catheter including two inflatable balloons (to be located distally and proximally to the clot), drug infusion and aspiration ports, infusion holes, an aspiration port close to the distal balloon, an internal dispersion wire, anand a motor drive that is attached to the proximal end of the catheter to control the movement of the dispersion wire. After the catheter is introduced and the balloons are located the thrombolytic agent is delivered; then the dispersion wire is activated, the clot is fragmented and the remaining debris is aspirated through the catheter."
    },
    {
      "code": "18652",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Hydrodynamic",
      "definition": "Embolectomy/thrombectomy double-lumen catheters that inject a high-velocity liquid (e.g., saline solution) jet near their distal tip, creating a hydrodynamic vortex.  As a consequence of the pressure reduction (Venturi effect), thrombus and/or embolus is sucked, fragmented, and removed, typically into a collection bag.  These catheters are designed to remove thrombus and/or embolus material, thereby reducing the risk of embolization, restoring the flow, and allowing better visualization of the disease area.  There are several versions of the hydrolysis catheters, including 6 Fr for intracoronary use and 7 Fr for use in peripheral arteries, bypass grafts, and dialysis shunts."
    },
    {
      "code": "18670",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Fiberoptic-Thermistor",
      "definition": "Catheters designed to measure the temperature and light reflectance in arterial blood after a cold dye (e.g., ice-cold indocyanine green) is injected into the right atrium using a dye-dilution cardiac catheter.  These catheters typically consist of a 4 Fr tube including a fiberoptic (to detect reflected and scattered light at the catheter tip) and that also has a thermistor near its distal tip; they are usually placed in the aorta via a femoral artery.  Fiberoptic-thermistor catheters are used for bedside determination of intravascular volume (e.g. cardiac output, intrathoracic blood volume) after major surgery and in critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "36747",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Guidewire Support",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to provide structural support to guidewires, facilitating guidewire advancement across difficult-to-cross vascular lesions (e.g., chronic total occlusions) by preventing the guidewire from bending or folding back on itself. These catheters typically have a tapered distal tip intended to allow the catheter to be advanced through the lesion in tandem with the guidewire. Vascular support catheters typically include proximal ports that allow for guidewire introduction or exchange and for saline irrigation or contrast media injection."
    },
    {
      "code": "17846",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Guiding",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to facilitate intravascular access through their lumen to specific vessels (e.g., iliac, carotid, and coronary arteries). These catheters (also known as guiding sheaths) usually consist of a single-lumen tube with an appropriate configuration, stiffness, and tip to access a particular section of the vasculature. Guiding vascular catheters are used to insert other catheters, guide wires, balloons, occlusion devices, and stents, while performing intravascular catheterization procedures (e.g., angioplasty, atherectomy). Dedicated vascular guiding catheters are also used in a variety of intravascular (e.g., peripheral, central venous) introducers and catheterization procedure kits and trays."
    },
    {
      "code": "18674",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Guiding, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Guiding vascular catheters designed to facilitate access to the coronary arteries. These catheters (also known as cardiovascular guiding sheaths) usually consist of a 6 to 9 Fr thin plastic (e.g., polyurethane) tube that typically include nontapered tips with radiopaque extensions. Catheters of 7 to 9 Fr diameter are usually introduced using a transfemoral approach; 6 Fr diameter catheters may be introduced through an upper limb (e.g., transradial or transbrachial) intervention. Coronary artery guiding catheters are used for percutaneous coronary and/or graft angioplasty, to place coronary stents, and to introduce devices for other interventional coronary procedures (e.g., atherectomy). Dedicated coronary artery vascular guiding catheters are also used in a variety of intravascular (e.g., peripheral, central venous) introducers and catheterization procedure kits and trays."
    },
    {
      "code": "27192",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Guiding, Occlusion Crossing, Peripheral Artery(Retired)",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for use in crossing through chronic total occlusions (CTO) in the peripheral arteries using high-frequency mechanical vibrations. These devices are catheters with appropriate dimensions (i.e., diameter and length) for use in the peripheral arteries; they typically include a core wire that transmits the mechanical vibrations to the tip of the catheter and also have irrigation capabilities. Peripheral artery occlusion crossing vascular catheters are mainly intended to facilitate guidewire passage across the CTO, permitting subsequent angioplasty procedures and/or stent placement."
    },
    {
      "code": "15022",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for extracorporeal dialysis of the blood. These catheters are used for withdrawal and infusion of blood to the patient; the blood is circulated via an extracorporeal blood circuit through the dialyzer and returned to the patient following a closed loop."
    },
    {
      "code": "18663",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Hemodialysis, Central Venous",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis catheters designed for direct insertion into a central vein, using surgical procedures.  These catheters usually consist of a silicone rubber (silastic) tube with several lateral holes; they are inserted and advanced to locate the distal tip in a central vein, typically the superior vena cava or the right atrium (through the subclavian or internal jugular vein punctures), or less frequently in the inferior vena cava (through femoral insertion).  Central venous catheters are used temporarily in the case of temporary but reversible access difficulties, acute renal failure, plasmapheresis, ultrafiltration, or dialysis treatment for acute poisoning.  They are also permanently implanted for regular hemodialysis treatment in patients, when the peripheral vasculature may be or become unsuitable, or when the arteriovenous fistula is not indicated (e.g., preexisting cardiovascular diseases)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18664",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Hemodialysis, Central Venous, Double-Lumen",
      "definition": "Central venous hemodialysis catheters that consist of two (usually parallel) lumen tubes.  These catheters are commonly inserted via the subclavian route and advanced to the superior vena cava, but sometimes the jugular vein insertion is used as an alternative."
    },
    {
      "code": "10748",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Hemodialysis, Central Venous, Single-Lumen",
      "definition": "Central venous hemodialysis catheters that consist of a single-lumen silastic tube that may be used only with single-needle hemodialysis systems. These catheters are usually inserted via the external (or, less frequently, the internal) jugular vein or the subclavian vein and advanced to the superior vena cava; insertion through the femoral vein to the inferior vena cava is a less frequently used alternative."
    },
    {
      "code": "18637",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters used to infuse blood, fluids, electrolytes, medications or parenteral nutrition solutions; most of them are also used to monitor arterial blood gases or central venous pressure and to withdraw blood samples.  These catheters may be located for permanent use (i.e., indwelling catheters), during short periods (several days), or specially designed for long-term (weeks, months, or even years) use."
    },
    {
      "code": "10729",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Central Venous",
      "definition": "Infusion catheters that are inserted and advanced to locate the distal tip in a central vein, typically the superior or inferior vena cava. These catheters may be inserted directly into a central vein, using surgical procedures, or percutaneously through the peripheral vasculature. Central venous infusion catheters are used when central venous pressure measurements are required, when larger volumes of solution must be rapidly administered, or to ensure rapid dilution and dispersion when high-viscosity fluids (e.g., packed cells), hyperosmolar fluids (e.g., hyperalimentation solutions), or certain drugs that are damaging to blood vessels (e.g., cytotoxins, highly acidic or alkaline drugs) must be infused."
    },
    {
      "code": "18640",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Central Venous, Percutaneous",
      "definition": "Central venous infusion catheters designed for direct insertion into the selected vein (typically, the subclavian or internal jugular veins are used). The distal tip is usually advanced to the superior vena cava.  The length of these catheters is typically 20 cm (8 inches) for adult use, but may be 15 cm (6 inches) for smaller adults and even smaller for pediatric use.  Some 30 cm (12 inch) versions are used for left subclavian insertions and for larger adults.   The Seldinger over-the-wire technique is the most common insertion method used.  These catheters are used for short-term periods and acute-care needs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18017",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Central Venous, Peripherally-Inserted",
      "definition": "Central venous infusion catheters designed for insertion in the peripheral vasculature (typically in the basilic or cephalic veins) and that are long enough to advance and locate their distal tip in a central vein, usually the superior or inferior vena cava.  The length of these catheters is typically 22 to 60 cm (9 to 24 inches), and they are usually made of silicone elastomers (silastic) or polyurethane.  They may be inserted using a variety of techniques (e.g., using a breakaway needle introducer, though over-the-needle catheters are provided with guide wires using the Seldinger technique); most of these catheters are provided with guide wires to assist their insertion."
    },
    {
      "code": "18639",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Central Venous, Tunneled",
      "definition": "Central venous infusion catheters that are usually inserted into the external jugular or cephalic vein via a surgical cutdown, or more frequently by a percutaneous approach using the Seldinger technique.  The catheter is tunneled toward the vein entry site or tunneled away from the insertion site, depending on the type of catheter used.  The insertion site is surgically closed and the catheter is anchored in a place at the exit site with a suture, so it has a protruding segment from the middle of the chest.  The length of these catheters is typically 55 to 90 cm (22 to 35 inches), and they usually consist of a silicone elastomer (silastic) or polyurethane radiopaque tube of 0.22 to 0.32 mm diameter that includes one or two Dacron cuffs about 30 cm (12 inches) from the hub and a Luer lock at their proximal end.  Tunneled central venous catheters are used for long-term (weeks, months, or even years) hyperalimentation and fluid administration in patients with diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease, intestinal malabsorption syndrome) or any other conditions that prevent them from taking in orally enough nutrients to maintain life.  They are also used for administration of chemotherapy, antibiotics, transfusion, or other fluids in patients who need prolonged intravenous support."
    },
    {
      "code": "17871",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Vascular infusion catheters designed for local delivery of drugs (e.g., heparin) to the coronary vasculature. These catheters typically consist of a double-lumen tube; a drug solution is infused into the arteries through a lumen and bathes the vessel wall, and a second lumen serves as a passage for a guide wire. Coronary artery infusion catheters are typically used for local drug delivery (e.g., heparin) and for the lysis of thrombus in the coronary vasculature."
    },
    {
      "code": "18638",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Midline",
      "definition": "Infusion catheters designed for insertion in the peripheral vasculature (typically in the basilic or cephalic veins) that are long enough to advance and locate their distal tip in the proximal portion of the extremity (e.g., upper arm), so x-ray verification is not needed.  The length of these catheters is typically 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches), and they are usually made of silicone elastomers (silastics) or polyurethane.  These catheters may be inserted using a variety of techniques such as using a breakaway needle introducer, through an over-the-needle catheter, or over a guidewire using the Seldinger technique. Midline infusion catheters are usually used for several-week-long (typically two to four weeks) indwelling periods, but may also be used for short terms.  They are used for peripheral therapies needing greater hemodilution, usually for isoosmotic or near-isoosmotic solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "10727",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Infusion catheters designed for insertion in percutaneously accessible blood vessels of the extremities (i.e., the peripheral vasculature) and are short in length to keep their distal tip near the insertion site.  These catheters typically include a 2 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches) plastic tube with a metal stylet inside its lumen (over-the-needle catheters).  Peripheral infusion catheters are the most commonly used infusion devices for short dwelling time (typically seven days or less) administration of non-irritating fluids, electrolyte, vitamins, medication, and for the injection of certain anesthetics into the peripheral vasculature of patients with good venous access."
    },
    {
      "code": "18331",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion, Peripheral, Protective",
      "definition": "Peripheral infusion vascular catheters that incorporate a plastic shielding mechanism that enables the user to pull or retract the introducer needle into the shield after withdrawing the needle from the vein; the shield locks over the needle. These protective catheters are used for accidental needlestick prevention during peripheral intravenous access using catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "18642",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion/Perfusion",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters that allow both blood perfusion through the central conduit and simultaneous fluid (e.g., drug solutions) infusion through and independent lumen.  These catheters are used for extended local drug delivery into the vasculature of patients while avoiding organ ischemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "18643",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Infusion/Perfusion, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Infusion/perfusion catheters designed for local delivery of drugs (e.g., heparin) to the coronary vasculature while allowing simultaneous distal perfusion.  These catheters typically consist of a triple-lumen shaft, including a nondilatational helical inflation coil at their distal end, wrapped around a short (typically 2 cm) tubular sheath.  One lumen serves as an inflation port for the coils.  When inflated, the coils expand against the vessel wall, opening the inner tubular sheath, and thus creating a passage for blood flow.  The coils form a series of closed compartments that are isolated from the circulation and bordered by the vessel wall, the coils, and the tubular sheath.  A drug solution is infused into these compartments through a second lumen and bathes the vessel wall.  A third lumen serves as a passage for a guide wire.  These catheters are typically used for extended (e.g., 30 minutes)  local drug delivery (e.g., heparin) into the coronary vasculature after balloon angioplasty with potential beneficial impact on both platelet deposition and smooth muscle cell proliferation; they are also used in the lysis of thrombus."
    },
    {
      "code": "10725",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Intra-Aortic Balloon",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to be inserted into the aorta to augment the heart's pumping capability. These flexible, balloon-tipped catheters are available in a variety of volumes; 30.0 to 50.0 cc balloons are common for adult patients, and 2.5 to 20.0 cc are common for pediatric use. These catheters are usually inserted percutaneously into one of the femoral arteries using the Seldinger technique and advanced to the descending thoracic aorta using fluoroscopic imaging guidance. After the balloon has been positioned, an external pump alternately inflates and deflates the balloon in a cycle counter to the cardiac cycle (counterpulsation), facilitating ejection during systole and limiting regurgitation during diastole. Intraaortic balloon catheters are used to provide temporary circulatory support to treat a number of cardiovascular conditions (e.g., as an aid following open-heart surgery, to treat unstable angina, to reduce myocardial problems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10691",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Microflow",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for catheterization of small-lumen (typically less than 1 mm) vasculature. These catheters typically consist of 1.5 or 1.8 Fr, soft, usually elastic tubes that are typically flow-directed into the vasculature; some of these catheters are directed using a very thin (e.g., 0.25 mm diameter) hydrophilic wire that does not extend beyond the tip of the catheter. Microflow vascular catheters are mostly used for endovascular treatment of vascular lesions of the central nervous system, such as aneurysms, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, tumors, and fistulas."
    },
    {
      "code": "10736",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for temporary or permanent interruption (occlusion) of the blood flow in vessels (arteries or veins)."
    },
    {
      "code": "30705",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion Crossing(Retired)",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for use in crossing through chronic total occlusions (CTO) in the vasculature (usually the arteries) using high-frequency mechanical vibrations. These devices consist of a catheter with appropriate dimensions (i.e., diameter and length) according to the artery and/or location of the occlusion. They typically include a core wire that transmits the mechanical vibrations to the tip of the catheter and irrigation capabilities.  The catheters are components of vascular occlusion crossing systems that also include a high frequency generator, transducers, and irrigation injectors. Occlusion crossing vascular catheters are mainly intended to facilitate guidewire passage across the CTO, permitting subsequent angioplasty procedures and/or stent placement. Dedicated catheters are available according to the vessel where they are used such as the coronary and peripheral arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "31124",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion Crossing, Coronary Artery(Retired)",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to obtain intravascular images of the coronary arteries using optical coherence tomography (OCT). These catheters typically consist of a plastic tube with a fiberoptic core and a lumen for saline and/or contrast media injection; the catheter delivers near-infrared light and performs a fast (e.g., 100 MB/sec) data sampling rate to perform measurements in a few seconds. OCT coronary artery imaging catheters are attached to OTC laser scanning system to assess complex lesions inside the arteries, facilitating the evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque components and permitting internal measurements in the coronary arteries such as lesion length and size of appropriate stents in patients that are or will be candidates for coronary artery catheterization procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "42000",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion Crossing, Intraluminal",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for use in crossing a chronic total occlusion (CTO) in the intraluminal space using means such as blunt microdissection or a bevel tip. These catheters create a channel to help penetrate the occlusion with a guidewire. These devices consist of a catheter with appropriate dimensions (i.e., diameter and length) according to the artery and/or location of the occlusion. Occlusions crossing vascular catheters are mainly intended to facilitate placement and positioning of guidewires and catheters beyond stenotic lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "42001",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion Crossing, Intraluminal, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Intraluminal occlusion crossing catheters designed to be used in coronary arteries. These catheters have a smaller diameter to accommodate the coronary arteries and typically have a hydrophilic coating that reduces the trauma on the coronary arterial walls."
    },
    {
      "code": "42002",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion Crossing, Subintimal",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for use in crossing a chronic total occlusion (CTO) within the tissue of the vessel wall (subintimal space) and then in reentering the true lumen. These catheters create a channel between the intima and the media by means of an intentional dissection and enter the subintimal space proximally to the occlusion. They then reenter the true lumen beyond the occlusion. These devices consist of a catheter with appropriate dimensions (i.e., diameter and length) according to the artery and/or location of the occlusion. Occlusions crossing vascular catheters are mainly intended to facilitate placement and positioning of guidewires and catheters beyond stenotic lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "42003",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion Crossing, Subintimal, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Subintimal occlusion crossing catheters designed to be used in coronary arteries. These catheters a smaller diameter to accommodate the coronary arteries and typically have a hydrophilic coating that reduces the trauma on the coronary arterial walls."
    },
    {
      "code": "18656",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion, Permanent",
      "definition": "Occlusion vascular catheters designed to interrupt blood flow in a vessel (i.e., embolization of an artery or vein) permanently.  These catheters occlude the vessels by introduction of occlusion devices, such as detachable balloons, thrombogenic coils, or embolization microspheres.  Permanent occlusion catheters are used in the treatment of spinal, cerebral, abdominal, and peripheral vascular lesions (e.g., inferior vena cava occlusion); they are also used for embolization of the uterine arteries in treatments such as arteriovenous malformations, carcinomas, ectopic pregnancy, and fibroid tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "18655",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Occlusion, Temporary",
      "definition": "Occlusion vascular catheters designed to interrupt the blood flow in an artery during a limited period of time, usually from some minutes to several hours.  These catheters typically consist of a double-lumen tube with a distensible balloon in their distal tip and side holes that are used for pressure recording and drug injection.  Some of these catheters include two balloons (one for guiding and the other for occlusion) and several lumens to increase their capabilities (e.g., measure pressure, inject pharmacologic agents).  Occlusion catheters are mostly used for temporarily fast interruption of the blood flow during emergencies (e.g., aneurysm rupture); in some radiographic, fluoroscopic, or surgical procedures such as hepatic resection; or in carotid occlusion for determination of cerebral blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "29821",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to obtain intravascular images using optical coherence tomography (OCT). These catheters typically consist of a plastic tube with a fiberoptic core; the catheter delivers near-infrared light and performs a fast (e.g., 100 MB/sec) data sampling rate. OCT imaging catheters are attached to an OTC laser scanning system to assess complex lesions inside the vasculature, to facilitate the evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque components and permit internal measurements. These devices assess lesion length and size of appropriate stents in patients that are, or will be, candidates for intravascular procedures. Dedicated catheters intended for OTC in the coronary arteries are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "29964",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to obtain intravascular images of the coronary arteries using optical coherence tomography (OCT). These catheters typically consist of a plastic tube with a fiberoptic core and a lumen for saline and/or contrast media injection; the catheter delivers near-infrared light and performs a fast (e.g., 100 MB/sec) data sampling rate to perform measurements in a few seconds. OCT coronary artery imaging catheters are attached to OTC laser scanning system to assess complex lesions inside the arteries, facilitating the evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque components and permitting internal measurements in the coronary arteries such as lesion length and size of appropriate stents in patients that are or will be candidates for coronary artery catheterization procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10739",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Perfusion",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters mainly designed for the passage of blood through a vascular bed. These catheters are mostly used for organ protection (e.g., cerebrum, abdominal organs) during total or partial circulatory arrest during some surgical or catheterization procedures (e.g., aortic surgery, carotid angioplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18641",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Perfusion, Cerebral",
      "definition": "Perfusion vascular catheters designed for retrograde cerebral perfusion with oxygenated cold blood.  These catheters typically consist of a 9 Fr two-lumen tube with several side holes and a balloon attached at its tip.  The catheter is inserted into the internal jugular vein (IJV) via a puncture in such a way that the holes remain in the IJV so they can be used for jugular-subclavian junction.  The catheter is advanced until the inflation of the balloon at its tip occludes the drainage veins (superior vena cava and azygos vein).  These catheters are used for brain protection during profound hypothermic circulatory arrest during aortic surgery.  Other techniques employing transatrial vena caval cannulae are used for cerebral perfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "10706",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Perfusion, Coronary Artery",
      "definition": "Perfusion vascular catheters designed for transmission of blood to the distal coronary bed. These catheters usually include a central lumen, a balloon near the catheter's tip, and side holes proximal to the balloon. Typically, blood enters the central lumen through the side holes due to native coronary (aortic) pressure and exits beyond the balloon into the distal coronary artery, bypassing the occlusion. These catheters are used for temporary perfusion of the coronary arteries to avoid myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18675",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Retrieval",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to retrieve foreign bodies (e.g., catheter tips, guide-wire fragments, stents, bullets, and other debris) from the central or peripheral vessels or from the heart.  Several different catheters are used for vascular retrieval of foreign objects, including loop snare, helical basket, hooked, pigtail, grasping forceps, and modified myocardial biopsy catheters.  These catheters are used for recuperation of foreign bodies using percutaneous techniques obviating the need for surgical removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "18676",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Retrieval, Basket",
      "definition": "Vascular retrieval catheters that consist of end-hole catheters, which include a core wire.  A set of four wires helically twisted are joined at their distal tip and attached to the core wire, forming a flexible basket-like structure.  These catheters are mostly used in children and in smaller vessels because of their small outside diameter; the embolized fragment must present a free end for effective ensnarement."
    },
    {
      "code": "18677",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Retrieval, Grasping",
      "definition": "Vascular retrieval catheters that include forceps for grasping and removal of foreign objects.  These catheters may include flexible forceps mounted on a small-lumen (e.g., 3 Fr) stainless steel shaft; single-tooth (rat tooth) and multiple-tooth (alligator type) forceps are available.  Grasping retrieval catheters can grab an object any place along its length, including the middle portion, eliminating the need for repositioning of the object as an initial stage to the procedure.  Positioning  the catheter immediately adjacent to the foreign body before exposing the forceps is recommended to minimize the risk of vascular injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "17927",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Retrieval, Snare",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for the minimally invasive retrieval of embolized fragments in a blood vessel. Vascular retrieval catheters typically consist of tubes with end and/or side holes and long, flexible wires looped and inserted in their lumens. Two variations are typical: In one model, the loop emerges from the distal tip of the catheter while both free ends of the wire emerge from the proximal end; in another model, one end of the wire is attached to the distal end of the catheter while the free end is passed through the lumen to emerge at the proximal end. Some catheters configure snare loops at right angles to the catheter to facilitate successful retrieval. The wire is usually made of a strong, stiff alloy (e.g., nickel titanium). Snare catheters are very effective when used to entrap an embolized fragment that presents a free end."
    },
    {
      "code": "26791",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Stent Delivery, Aorta",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for use during the insertion (i.e., delivery and deployment) of stents into the aorta, including the aortic arch. These devices typically consist of low-pressure balloon catheters available with several lumen diameters (e.g., 20 French) and lengths (usually from 40 to 240 mm/1.6 to 9.5 inches) that include a compliant section near the distal end appropriate for stent delivery and deployment.  Dedicated catheters used to deliver stents intended to treat aorta (type A) dissections (typically during open surgery) and for treatment of lower aorta dissections (usually performed percutaneously through the vasculature) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18671",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters that include ultrasound transducers at or near their distal tips.  These catheters are used for obtaining intravascular images of the vasculature or to determine the flow velocity according to the Doppler frequency shift principle; some of them have been used in angioplasty procedures.  Catheters that combine ultrasound capabilities with other techniques (balloon angioplasty, atherectomy) are also used, most of them in coronary catheterization procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18673",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Ultrasound, Doppler",
      "definition": "Ultrasound vascular catheters designed to determine blood-flow velocity by measuring the ultrasound frequency shift between the transmitted and reflected signals (i.e., Doppler principle).  These catheters typically consist of a 3 to 8 Fr tube with a ceramic crystal that is capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasound signals (20 MHz frequency is typical) and is attached at or near the distal tip.  Two wires attached to the crystal are connected at the proximal end to a Doppler blood flowmeter.  These catheters usually include an infusion lumen and/or an additional lumen for a guide wire.  Doppler ultrasound catheters are used mainly to measure coronary hemodynamics (e.g., blood mean and peak velocity) during coronary catheterization."
    },
    {
      "code": "18672",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Ultrasound, Image",
      "definition": "Ultrasound vascular catheters designed for intravascular imaging of blood vessels (e.g., coronary arteries, peripheral arteries).  These devices usually include an ultrasonic phased-array transducer, typically operating at a frequency from 20 to 30 MHz, mounted on or near the distal tip of a thin-lumen catheter (e.g., 5 Fr).  More rigid catheters in the 3.5 to 9 Fr range employing a mechanical transducer rotation of the ultrasound beam are also used.  Ultrasound image vascular catheters are used for in vivo qualitative and quantitative assessment and measuring luminal dimensions of vessels; they can also be used to characterize the thickness of plaque and, to some extent, the plaque composition (i.e., atheroma, calcification, muscular media) in atherosclerotic vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "28465",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Ultrasound/Near-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed to combine ultrasound and near infrared (NIR) laser light capabilities. The catheters typically consist of a low-profile shaft with a distal tip that delivers and detects both ultrasound waves and NIR light. The catheter is connected at the proximal end to a rotating hub that includes appropriate connections to the ultrasonic and fiber optic systems located in the central unit of a dedicated scanning system. Ultrasound/near-infrared light vascular catheters are intended for intravascular imaging of the structure of the blood vessels; the images also show the chemical composition of the tissues and fatty deposits."
    },
    {
      "code": "10759",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Umbilical",
      "definition": "Vascular catheters designed for umbilical vessel access in neonates during its first two weeks. These catheters are mostly used in arterial catheterization procedures, but venous catheterization is used sometimes as an alternative. Umbilical vascular catheters provide convenient and reliable access to newborn vasculature. They are mostly used in neonatal intensive care units for infusion, blood gas analysis, and pressure monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "18666",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Umbilical, Arterial",
      "definition": "Umbilical vascular catheters designed for insertion in the umbilical artery and are advanced to locate their distal tip in the thoracic aorta or, less frequently, in the abdominal aorta (usually in a high-level location T5 to T12 or a low level-location L2 to L5).  These catheters typically consist of a single-lumen tube or 5 Fr for large infants and 3.5 Fr for smaller ones.  Umbilical arterial catheters are used for blood gas monitoring (e.g., blood oxygen), infusion of liquids (e.g., glucose) and medication, and blood sampling; they are sometimes also used for blood transfusion, parenteral nutrition, and hyperalimentation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18665",
      "display": "Catheters, Vascular, Umbilical, Central Venous",
      "definition": "Umbilical vascular catheters designed for insertion in an umbilical vein and are long enough to advance and locate their distal tip in a central vein, usually the inferior vena cava or the inferior vena cava right-atrial junction.  These catheters typically consist of a silicone elastomer (silastic) or polyurethane single- or double-lumen tube about 30 cm (12 inches) in length and 5 Fr in diameter.  Central venous umbilical catheters are used for quick central venous access in critically ill neonates for emergency infusions, exchange transfusions, or central venous pressure monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "18755",
      "display": "Catheters, Wound",
      "definition": "Catheters designed for introduction into an otherwise closed wound. These catheters typically consist of a single-lumen flexible plastic tube with end and/or side perforations at or near the distal end. Dedicated wound catheters intended for drainage of blood and/or other fluids are available; wound catheters used for irrigation from external pumps are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18756",
      "display": "Catheters, Wound, Drainage",
      "definition": "Wound catheters designed to drain liquids and/or semisolids from a wound.  These catheters consist of a flexible (e.g., plastic) perforated tube.  Sometimes a larger superficial drain catheter is used in addition to a deep drain catheter. These catheters are mostly used to remove blood and other fluids from surgical wounds during a few postoperative days with the intent of preventing formation of a hematoma and promoting wound healing."
    },
    {
      "code": "18757",
      "display": "Catheters, Wound, Drainage, Suction",
      "definition": "Wound drainage catheters designed for aspiration of drain liquids and/or semisolids from an otherwise closed wound.  These catheters typically consist of a multiperforated rigid plastic tube externally attached through a large-diameter extension tube to a strong negative-pressure collection jar.  These catheters are used for wound drainage after surgical procedures, such as mediastinal infections after cardiac operations, neck wounds after cancer surgery, and wounds after orthopedic (e.g., knee, hip) surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18758",
      "display": "Catheters, Wound, Irrigation",
      "definition": "Wound catheters designed for infusion of fluids (e.g., povidone-iodine solution) into an otherwise closed wound.  These catheters usually consist of a single-lumen tube with end and/or side holes at their distal port.  The proximal port is connected through a Luer lock to a string or water pumping system, which infuses the solution at a preestablished rate (e.g., 100 ml/hour).  Wound irrigation catheters are used for continuous irrigation of infected wounds (e.g., mediastinal wounds)."
    },
    {
      "code": "42105",
      "display": "Cell Culture Respirometers",
      "definition": "Units for measuring cellular oxygen consumption in a closed-chamber system in biological samples (intact and permeabilized cells, tissues or isolated mitochondria). These units include a sealable metabolic chamber; an oxygen sensor; devices for data recording, stirring, and thermoregulation; and ports for introducing chemicals into the chamber. They usually are benchtop units, have two chambers, and use polarographic oxygen sensors to measure oxygen concentration and calculate oxygen consumption within each chamber. Some respirometers include fluorometric sensors to measure H2O2 flux, mitochondrial-membrane potential, Ca2+, and ADP-ATP phosphorylation. The unit uses software to calculate oxygen consumption rates and other parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "42041",
      "display": "Cellular Therapy Manufacturing Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that are designed to automate the multistep process of producing cell-based therapeutic products. These systems can perform cell activation, washing, transduction, amplification, harvesting, and other procedures necessary for manufacturing cell therapies. These systems include an environmental component that monitors and controls parameters such as temperature and gases, pH levels, and magnetic cell selection. Bioreactors are used for housing reagent and other consumables and for executing the steps to convert biochemicals into products. These bioreactors can be single-use cassettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "27902",
      "display": "Cement, Otologic",
      "definition": "Cement that is a glass-ionomeric, hydrophilic, osteoconductive, and biocompatible material used in otology. It comprises cement powder and liquid ingredients (such as autologous blood and antibiotics). It is intended for otologic procedures such as middle-ear reconstruction; to cement bone grafts, stapes prostheses, or cochlear implant electrodes; or to attach implantable hearing aid devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "23082",
      "display": "Centrifugal Blood Cell Processors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to separate blood into plasma and cell components by centrifugation. These devices typically consist of a dedicated portable centrifuge with electronic controls, a display, a separation chamber, and appropriate tubing. Donor blood is mixed with an anticoagulant and centrifuged to separate plasma from other blood components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Centrifugal blood cell processors are used in blood banks and clinical laboratories to obtain isolated blood components."
    },
    {
      "code": "21995",
      "display": "Centrifugal Blood Cell Processors, Autologous Platelet Separation",
      "definition": "Centrifugal blood cell processors designed for the automatic production of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and/or platelet-poor plasma from a small quantity of autologous blood. These devices typically consist of a dedicated portable centrifuge with electronic controls, a display, and a kit of disposable items including a separation chamber, syringes, needles, and tubing. Autologous platelet separation systems are designed for use at the point of care as well as in the clinical laboratory. These devices may typically be used during surgery to obtain PRP to mix with autograft and/or allograft bone for orthopedic applications; the plasma and PRP obtained may also be used for diagnostic tests in the clinical laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "23087",
      "display": "Centrifugal Blood Cell Processors, Glycerolization/Deglycerolization",
      "definition": "Centrifugal blood cell processors designed for the automatic addition of glycerol to red blood cells (RBCs) before freezing to prevent the disruption of the RBC membranes (i.e., hemolysis) and/or to wash the RBCs (reducing the glycerol to a minimum) after blood thawing for posterior reinfusion. These devices typically consist of a dedicated portable centrifuge with electronic controls, a display, and a glycerization and deglycerization (usually disposable) set; they may also include recording devices and/or printers. Frozen blood cell processors provide a closed system that permits freezing and thawing of RBCs; the processors are intended to extend postthaw storage (up to several days) longer than manual deglycerolization; the devices may be used to facilitate the frozen storage of rare blood types, to ease emergency blood shortages, and to manage autologous blood for autotransfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "23463",
      "display": "Centrifuge Rotors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to operate as the rotary component of a centrifuge. Rotors typically consist of solid, usually metal (e.g., titanium), devices containing two, four, or more wells within which containers (typically centrifuge tubes) may be placed. A variety of centrifuge rotors are available according to the size and type of centrifuge in which they are used. The most common types of centrifuge rotors are (1) swinging bucket rotors, in which the sample tubes are located in individual buckets that hang vertically while the rotor is at rest; the buckets swing out to a horizontal position during rotation and are used mainly to separate samples according to their density gradient; (2) fixed-angle rotors, in which the sample tubes are fixed at the angle of the rotor cavity, used mainly to separate samples according to their size (e.g., bacteria, yeast, cells) and/or density (e.g., DNA, RNA); and (3) vertical rotors, in which on the sample tubes are fixed in a vertical position during rotation, used mainly for DNA, RNA, and lipoprotein isolation. Most centrifuge rotors are intended for use with a specific model and type of centrifuge."
    },
    {
      "code": "10778",
      "display": "Centrifuges",
      "definition": "Laboratory devices that apply centrifugal force to a specimen (e.g., suspended cells in a liquid), causing its separation according to component density.  Centrifuge basic components are an electric motor, a shaft, and a rotor on which the centrifuge head turns.  The two most common designs of rotors are fixed angle and horizontal or swinging bucket.  Most centrifuges can operate with several interchangeable heads.  Centrifugation of body fluids, commercial reagents, or mixtures of both with other additives is one of several sample preparation steps commonly required in the clinical laboratory before measuring analytes in a patient sample.  The use of basket-style heads and draining-chamber inserts in some centrifuge models allows the continuous introduction of materials to be separated into the centrifuge until the basket is full (i.e., intermittent-flow mode); this mode is used to separate suspensions and emulsions."
    },
    {
      "code": "15116",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Floor",
      "definition": "Free-standing centrifuges designed to process a large volume of specimens, possibly contained in a large number of test tubes. These centrifuges are typically large stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a shaft, a tachometer, and speed and time controls; they also include a rotor on which one of several interchangeable heads is mounted. The rotor head includes slots into which tubes, cups, flasks, microplates, test tubes, and/or other sample holders can be fitted. The two most common rotor designs are fixed angle and swinging bucket (also known as horizontal). Floor-mounted centrifuges working at low speed (usually up to 10,000 rpm) and high speed (typically from 12,000 to 25,000 rpm) and ultracentrifuges with a speed usually between 30,000 and 120,000 rpm are available; some models have refrigerating capabilities to keep the rotor chamber cool and/or facilitate performance of temperature-sensitive assays. Floor centrifuges are used mainly in the clinical laboratory for a variety of procedures such as centrifugation of body fluids, reagents, and/or mixtures of both in preparation for analysis using other equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18263",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Floor, High-Speed",
      "definition": "Floor centrifuges which usually operate at maximum speeds of 10,000 to 25,000 rpm and are refrigerated to cool the rotor chamber.  These centrifuges are mostly used to collect microorganisms, cells, cellular debris, and precipitates, and can also effectively sediment viruses and cellular organelles."
    },
    {
      "code": "18262",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Floor, Low-Speed",
      "definition": "Floor centrifuges in which maximum speed is usually about 6,000 rpm (sometimes up to 10,000 rpm).  These centrifuges are primarily used to centrifuge blood or precipitates; they cannot reach sufficient speed to adequately separate ultrasmall particles (e.g., viruses) or macromolecules or to perform density gradient centrifugation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17177",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Floor, Low-Speed, Nonrefrigerated",
      "definition": "Low-speed (typically up to 10,000 rpm) free-standing centrifuges designed to work at ambient temperature. These centrifuges are typically large stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a shaft, a tachometer, and speed and time controls; they also include a rotor on which one of several interchangeable heads is mounted. Nonrefrigerated low-speed floor centrifuges are intended mainly for a variety of non-temperature-sensitive procedures such as centrifugation of body fluids, reagents, and/or mixtures of both in preparation for analysis using other equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "15115",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Floor, Low-Speed, Nonrefrigerated, Blood Bank",
      "definition": "Nonrefrigerated low-speed floor centrifuges used to centrifuge solutions of suspended red blood cells, enhancing agglutination and promoting the formation of packed cells at the bottom of the container (e.g., tubes, bags).  Most blood bank centrifuges have a timer connected to the motor that allows timed use, and mechanical or electric brakes; refrigeration is an available option in some models."
    },
    {
      "code": "15117",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Floor, Low-Speed, Refrigerated",
      "definition": "Low-speed (typically up to 10,000 rpm) free-standing centrifuges designed with a mechanism to keep the rotor chamber cool. These centrifuges are typically large stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a shaft, a tachometer, and speed and time controls; they also include a rotor on which one of several interchangeable heads is mounted and a compressor and other associated devices needed to keep the rotor chamber cool. The refrigeration components of low-speed refrigerated centrifuges are used mainly to keep the rotor chamber from overheating and to control the temperature to facilitate performance of temperature-sensitive laboratory assays such as enzyme and complement tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "15193",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Floor, Ultrahigh-Speed",
      "definition": "Floor centrifuges which operate usually at speeds of 30,000 to 120,000 rpm and relative centrifugal forces of 50,000 to over 800,000 gravities. Ultracentrifuges must be refrigerated because air friction created at ultrahigh speed generates heat that could decompose the components being centrifuged.  These devices are used for lipoprotein separation, isolation of viruses, enzymes, and blood fractions for analysis and also make possible the fractionation of DNA and RNA and other studies of structures and functions within the cell."
    },
    {
      "code": "10780",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop",
      "definition": "Centrifuges designed to be mounted on a tabletop or bench and to process a small volume of specimens, possibly contained in a small number of test tubes. These centrifuges are typically compact, stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a shaft, and speed and time controls; they also include a rotor on which one of several interchangeable heads is mounted. The rotor head includes slots into which tubes, cups, flasks, microplates, test tubes, and/or other sample holders can be fitted. The two most common rotor designs are fixed angle and swinging bucket (also known as horizontal). Tabletop-mounted centrifuges working at low speed (usually up to 10,000 rpm) and high speed (typically from 12,000 to 25,000 rpm) and ultracentrifuges with a speed usually between 30,000 and 120,000 rpm are available; some models have refrigerating capabilities to keep the rotor chamber cool. Tabletop centrifuges are used mainly in the clinical laboratory for a variety of procedures such as centrifugation of body fluids, reagents, or mixtures of both in preparation for analysis using other equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18270",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, High-Speed",
      "definition": "Tabletop centrifuges which usually operate at maximum speeds of 10,000 to 25,000 rpm. These centrifuges are mostly used to collect microorganisms, cells, cellular debris, and precipitates and can also effectively sediment viruses and cellular organelles."
    },
    {
      "code": "10779",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, High-Speed, Microhematocrit",
      "definition": "Non-refrigerated, high-speed tabletop centrifuges dedicated for use in determining the ratio of the red cell volume to the whole blood volume of samples contained in microhematocrit capillary tubes. These centrifuges usually operate in the range of 10,000 to 25,000 rpm and typically generate a relative centrifugal force of at least 10,000 gravities to efficiently pack cells in a short time (3 to 5 minutes). Microhematocrit centrifuges require a smaller sample size than the sample used in low-speed conventional centrifuges (macrohematocrit method)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41587",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, High-Speed, Nonrefrigerated",
      "definition": "High-speed (typically operating at maximum speeds of 10,000 to 25,000 rpm) tabletop centrifuges designed to work at ambient temperature. These centrifuges are typically compact, stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a drive shaft, and speed and time controls; they also include fixed or interchangeable rotors that are mounted on the drive shaft and hold the sample containers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41588",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, High-Speed, Nonrefrigerated, Microsample",
      "definition": "Non-refrigerated, high-speed tabletop centrifuges designed to centrifuge samples contained in small-volume (e.g., 0.25 to 2.2 mL) tubes. These centrifuges are typically compact, stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a drive shaft, and speed and time controls; they also include a fixed or one of several interchangeable rotors that are mounted on the drive shaft and hold the sample containers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41589",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, High-Speed, Refrigerated",
      "definition": "High-speed (typically between 10,000 and 25,000 rpm) tabletop centrifuges that are refrigerated to cool the rotor chamber. These centrifuges are typically compact, stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a drive shaft, and speed and time controls; they also include fixed or interchangeable rotors that are mounted on the drive shaft and hold the sample containers. Refrigerated centrifuges also include a compressor and other associated devices that facilitate performance of temperature-sensitive procedures. These centrifuges are mostly used to collect microorganisms, cells, cellular debris, and precipitates and can also effectively sediment viruses and cellular organelles."
    },
    {
      "code": "17452",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, High-Speed, Refrigerated, Microsample",
      "definition": "High-speed (usually up to 28,000 rpm) tabletop centrifuges designed to separate small sample volumes, typically from 0.25 to 2.2 mL. These centrifuges are typically compact, stationary structures and consist of an electric motor, a shaft, and speed and time controls; they also include a rotor on which one fixed head is mounted. Most high-speed models have refrigerating capabilities; they include a compressor and other associated devices needed to keep the rotor chamber cool and/or to facilitate performance of temperature-sensitive procedures. Microsample high-speed tabletop centrifuges are used to collect microorganisms, cells, and precipitates from small samples (e.g., pediatric patient samples); they can also sediment viruses and cellular organelles."
    },
    {
      "code": "18264",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Low-Speed",
      "definition": "Tabletop centrifuges in which maximum velocity is usually about 6,000 rpm (sometimes up to 10,000 rpm).  These centrifuges are used primarily to compact or collect small amounts of substances that sediment rapidly (e.g., red blood cells); they cannot reach sufficient speed to adequately separate ultrasmall particles (e.g., viruses) or macromolecules or to perform density gradient centrifugation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18267",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Low-Speed, Nonrefrigerated, Blood Bank",
      "definition": "Nonrefrigerated low-speed tabletop centrifuges used to centrifuge solutions of suspended red blood cells, enhancing agglutination and promoting the formation of packed cells at the bottom of the tube that remains during the decantation step of manual cell washing.  Most blood bank centrifuges have a timer connected to the motor that allows timed use, and mechanical or electric brakes; refrigeration is an available option in some models."
    },
    {
      "code": "16815",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Low-Speed, Nonrefrigerated, Cell Washing",
      "definition": "Nonrefrigerated low-speed tabletop centrifuges designed to automatically wash, decant, mix, and rewash red blood cells from a blood sample with little or no sample preparation. These centrifuges are used before an antiglobulin (Coombs) test, a standardized blood bank assay for detecting most antibodies that are implicated in transfusion problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "16765",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Low-Speed, Nonrefrigerated, Cytologic",
      "definition": "Nonrefrigerated low-speed tabletop centrifuges used to concentrate cells and other components of biological fluids from a fluid matrix onto a glass microscope slide.  They are particularly useful for slide preparations from specimens that have high fluid-to-cell ratios.  These centrifuges use dedicated rotors and trunnion carriers, and they usually allow the operator to select the acceleration rate (low, medium, or high) according to the specimen characteristics."
    },
    {
      "code": "18269",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Low-Speed, Nonrefrigerated, Hand-Driven",
      "definition": "Nonrefrigerated low-speed tabletop centrifuges designed with a crank and gears to produce the required speed with little manual effort.  These centrifuges are designed for field use or use in facilities where the electric supply is not reliable.  Hand-driven centrifuges are used for basic laboratory tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "18268",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Low-Speed, Nonrefrigerated, Microsample",
      "definition": "Nonrefrigerated low-speed tabletop centrifuges used to separate small sample volumes, usually from 0.25 to 2.2 mL, such as samples from pediatric patients.  These centrifuges can operate at up to 13,000 rpm and are used primarily to centrifuge blood or precipitates."
    },
    {
      "code": "18265",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Low-Speed, Refrigerated",
      "definition": "Low-speed tabletop centrifuges which are refrigerated to cool the rotor chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "18271",
      "display": "Centrifuges, Tabletop, Ultrahigh-Speed, Refrigerated",
      "definition": "Tabletop centrifuges which usually operate at speeds of 30,000 to 120,000 rpm and relative centrifugal forces of 50,000 to over 800,000 gravities.  Ultracentrifuges must be refrigerated because air friction created at ultrahigh-speed generates heat that could decompose the components being centrifuged.  These devices are used for lipoprotein separation, isolation of viruses, enzymes, and blood fractions for analysis and make possible the fractionation of DNA and RNA and other studies of structures and functions within the cell."
    },
    {
      "code": "10787",
      "display": "Chairs",
      "definition": "Furniture consisting of a single seat with a back and with or without arms, specially designed for patient use (e.g., during examination, treatment, rehabilitation).  Chairs are usually movable.  Note:  In definitions commonly found in dictionaries, a chair is a seat with a back that may include arms or not, and a stool is a seat without a back or arms; but it is a common practice in medical furniture literature to use \"chair\" when the furniture is designed for patient use and \"stool\" for the furniture typically used by the health personnel (physicians, nurses, dentists, etc.), regardless of whether it has a back rest or arms.  This convention is used in the stool and chair terms."
    },
    {
      "code": "10788",
      "display": "Chairs, Bath",
      "definition": "Chairs with back and side rests that provide support to impaired persons or patients with balance problems while taking a bath.  Bath chairs must permit easy drainage and full accessibility to all body surfaces.  These chairs are usually made of rustproof metals and/or plastic materials. Most of these chairs include nonslip legs that level on the surface of a bathtub and some that are attached to a manual or powered lift to move the chair into a tub of water and back out again."
    },
    {
      "code": "15024",
      "display": "Chairs, Birthing",
      "definition": "Chairs designed to allow the woman to give birth in sitting position instead of lithotomy position.  These chairs permit access to the perineum and are usually adjustable in height and also between horizontal and vertical positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "10789",
      "display": "Chairs, Blood Drawing",
      "definition": "Chairs made of easy cleaning materials, with an adjustable arm board (usually, lateral and height adjustments are possible), so the patient arm can be positioned in a location that is easily accessible for blood drawing and ensures minimal bending for venipuncture.  These chairs may include a tray and/or a storage shelf or drawer."
    },
    {
      "code": "16436",
      "display": "Chairs, Dialysis(Retired)",
      "definition": "Chairs made of easily washable materials, with appropriate accessories (e.g., arm rests, foot rests, reclining features, etc) intended to be used to position the patient who is connected to a hemodialysis unit and undergoing treatment. These chairs are designed to provide a variety of positions aimed at patient comfort, as well as the ability to be placed in positions such as Trendelenburg/reverse Trendelenburg for patient safety."
    },
    {
      "code": "18406",
      "display": "Chairs, Disabled Patient",
      "definition": "Chairs designed to assist permanently disabled persons in performing long-term activities that the person otherwise finds difficult or impossible to do.  Chairs for disabled patients are adjustable in height and may be operated either manually or powered (e.g., electrically).  Most of these chairs also include other accessories or restraints according to patient's particular disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10796",
      "display": "Chairs, Disabled Patient, Geriatric",
      "definition": "Chairs for disabled elderly patients, made of easily washable materials and designed with a high back that can be adjusted from upright to several tilted positions, according to patient's needs and comfort. These chairs usually include footrests, a table (e.g., wraparound, cut-out) for patient use (e.g., dining, writing), a safety belt, and casters for easy transportation. Most chairs also include other accessories or restraints according to the patient's disabilities. Some geriatric chairs provide rocking-motion capability."
    },
    {
      "code": "10797",
      "display": "Chairs, Disabled Patient, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Chairs for disabled children, made of easily washable materials and designed with a back that can be adjusted from upright to several tilted positions according to children's needs and comfort.  These chairs usually include footrests, a table (e.g. wraparound, cut-out) for children use (e.g. dining, school work).  Some chairs also include other accessories or restraints according to children's disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17975",
      "display": "Chairs, Disabled Patient, Seat-Lifting",
      "definition": "Chairs for disabled patients, with an elevated seat used to raise a person from a sitting position to a standing position.  These chairs may be operated either manually or powered (e.g., electrically).  Most of these chairs include several accessories for patient safety and comfort (e.g., movable arms)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36487",
      "display": "Chairs, Disabled Person, Sexual Relations",
      "definition": "Chairs that allow individuals with physical disabilities greater stability and mobility while being supported in a seated position during sexual activity. These chairs are typically low to the ground for ease of transfer from a wheelchair; come with soft, removable covers; and rock, bounce, or swing so that limited exertion and/or hip movement is required by the user. They are typically lightweight and collapsible for easy set-up and storage, and may be used with related accessories or attachments such as positioning support straps, cushions, stools, and/or wedges as desired."
    },
    {
      "code": "10795",
      "display": "Chairs, Flotation Therapy",
      "definition": "Chairs in which the patient rests on cushions containing air, water, gel, or an other appropriate material.  Most are permeable to air and water vapor but not to liquids.  These chairs are designed to treat patients who are at moderate to high risk of developing decubitus ulcers and whose clinical status requires high head elevation, frequent transfer, and/or ambulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18402",
      "display": "Chairs, Mammography",
      "definition": "Chairs, usually mobile, with lifting and rotating capabilities to facilitate x-ray and biopsy procedures in the female breasts.  These chairs provide an interface with mammography units and access for biopsy from all positions (e.g., superior, lateral)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18404",
      "display": "Chairs, Patient Recovery(Retired)",
      "definition": "Chairs designed to keep patients in an orthopedically correct position and comfortable during prolonged sitting.  Most of these chairs are reclinable and include footrests and casters.  These chairs are used for patient recovery after surgery and/or other medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16639",
      "display": "Chairs, Patient Transfer",
      "definition": "Chairs made of lightweight materials, usually including swivel casters, used for safe and easy patient transfer.  These chairs are designed for transferring patients across any type of floor and through narrow halls and doorways.  Some patient transfer chairs include a pair of carrying handles and fixed or detachable footrests and arms."
    },
    {
      "code": "16906",
      "display": "Chairs, Patient Transfer, Stair",
      "definition": "Patient transfer chairs designed for use in narrow stairs, hallways, and similar locations.  These chairs usually include restraints and two pairs of carrying handles and can be folded for storage in small compartments."
    },
    {
      "code": "16437",
      "display": "Chairs, Procedure",
      "definition": "Chairs used to provide access to the patient and procedure site. These chairs maintain a working position whether the healthcare provider is seated or standing. Procedures chairs can be configured with various headrests, arm boards, footrests, side rails and other accessories to accommodate different procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10792",
      "display": "Chairs, Procedure, Dentistry",
      "definition": "Procedure chairs designed to facilitate dental examination, treatment, and/or minor surgical procedures. These chairs are typically adjustable up to a height that allows the healthcare staff to perform procedures while standing; the chairs usually include head- and armrests, a back that may be tilted from a vertical to near-horizontal position, and rotating capabilities to facilitate examination and/or treatment. The chairs may be mechanically operated or hydraulic or electrically powered; some chairs can be programmed for several standard positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "28489",
      "display": "Chairs, Procedure, Obstetrics/Gynecology",
      "definition": "Procedure chairs designed to facilitate obstetric and/or gynecologic examination, treatment, artificial fertilization, and/or minor surgical procedures. These chairs are typically adjustable to a height that allows the healthcare staff to perform procedures while standing. The chair usually includes head- and armrests, a back that may be tilted from a vertical to a near-horizontal position, and rotating capabilities (frequently up to 360 degrees) that facilitate examination and/or treatment. The chairs may be mechanically operated or hydraulic or electrically powered; some chairs can be programmed to several standard positions and/or have slow-motion capabilities to facilitate artificial fertilization procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15723",
      "display": "Chairs, Procedure, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Procedure chairs with lifting and rotating capabilities and headrests that facilitate the eye examination and other ophthalmological procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10794",
      "display": "Chairs, Procedure, Otorhinolaryngology",
      "definition": "Procedure chairs designed to facilitate otorhinolaryngology examination, treatment, and/or minor surgical procedures. These chairs are typically adjustable to a height that allows the healthcare staff to perform procedures while standing; the chair usually includes head- and armrests, a back that may be tilted from a vertical to a near-horizontal position, and rotating capabilities (frequently up to 360 degrees) that facilitate examination and/or treatment. The chairs may be mechanically operated or hydraulic or electrically powered; some chairs can be programmed to several standard positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16169",
      "display": "Chairs, Procedure, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Procedure chairs designed to fit pediatric patients during examination, treatment, and/or minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10799",
      "display": "Chairs, Procedure, Podiatry",
      "definition": "Procedure chairs designed to facilitate podiatric examination, treatment, and/or minor surgical procedures. These chairs are typically adjustable in height and include armrests, a back that may be tilted from a vertical to a horizontal or near-horizontal position, and individual leg sections and footrests with lifting and rotating capabilities to facilitate examination and treatment. The chairs may be mechanically operated or hydraulic or electrically powered; some chairs can be programmed to several standard positions. Foot examination and/or treatment devices may be partially or completely attached as integral components of the chair (and may be operated using the chair controls) or, more frequently, stand separately as self-supported or wall-mounted units."
    },
    {
      "code": "16673",
      "display": "Chairs, Radiography/Fluoroscopy",
      "definition": "Chairs that have lifting and rotating capabilities and usually include sections made of radiolucent materials; they can be locked in any desired position to enable radiographic or fluoroscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18400",
      "display": "Chairs, Radiography/Fluoroscopy, Head",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic chairs with radiolucent headrests that make dental, maxillofacial, and cranial x-ray procedures (e.g., pneumoencephalography) easier."
    },
    {
      "code": "18401",
      "display": "Chairs, Radiography/Fluoroscopy, Head/Torso",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic chairs with radiolucent head- and backrest sections and positioning capabilities that enable the head and trunk x-ray procedures in patients with difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), head and trunk injuries,  or any other condition which requires these procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "42009",
      "display": "Chairs, Reclining",
      "definition": "Chairs that can be adjusted so that the occupant assumes a reclining position. These chairs usually have a wide footrest that simultaneously extends from the front. They are used to keep patients and visitors comfortable while in a healthcare facility. They are built to be durable, functional and low maintenance. Reclining chairs also include an array of features such as swing-away arms, height-adjustable seating and Trendelenburg positioning to ensure that patients are safe while seated."
    },
    {
      "code": "10801",
      "display": "Chairs, Rehabilitation",
      "definition": "Chairs designed to help patients assume a posture that assists in their rehabilitation and mobilization. These chairs typically have special characteristics (e.g., headrest, height adjustment, back and arm positioning, footrests, safety belts) that facilitate rapid patient positioning in the appropriate posture; the chairs may be mechanically or electrically adjustable. Some chairs also permit limited indoor transportation. Rehabilitation chairs are widely used in acute care settings as well as for short-term and long-term rehabilitation; they are intended for patients with a variety of chronic diseases. Dedicated chairs for cardiac and/or pulmonary rehabilitation are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10790",
      "display": "Chairs, Rehabilitation, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Rehabilitation chairs designed to help cardiac patients assume a posture that assists in their rehabilitation and mobilization. These chairs typically have special characteristics (e.g., headrest, height adjustment, back and arm positioning, safety belts) that facilitate rapid patient positioning in the appropriate posture; they may also be designed to facilitate easy patient monitoring. The chairs may be mechanically or electrically adjustable. Some chairs also permit limited indoor transportation and/or include a table for patient use (e.g., dining, writing). Cardiac rehabilitation chairs are widely used in acute care settings as well as for short-term and long-term rehabilitation; they are intended for patients with chronic cardiac diseases who may benefit from being out of bed, such as those suffering from congestive heart failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "18405",
      "display": "Chairs, Rehabilitation, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Rehabilitation chairs with an adjustable chest rest that permits the pulmonary (e.g., edema, emphysema) patient to be seated in a position of maximum comfort and relief."
    },
    {
      "code": "17217",
      "display": "Chairs, Rotating Vestibulo-Ocular Function",
      "definition": "Chairs designed to assess the vestibulo-ocular reflex during head movements, by evaluating the rhythmic movement (nystagmus) and/or deviation of the eyes in response to the stimulation of the vestibular system by angular acceleration or deceleration.  These chairs are usually attached to a motor which provides precisely controlled rotation (i.e., controlled direction, velocity and acceleration of rotation) of the chair.  Vestibulo-ocular rotating chairs are components of a system that includes other devices such as projectors and video cameras and computing capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10802",
      "display": "Chairs, Shower",
      "definition": "Chairs with back- and siderests that provide support to balance impaired patients while taking a shower.  Shower chairs must permit easy drainage and full accessibility to all body surfaces. These chairs are usually made of rustproof metals and/or plastics.  Most of these chairs include swivel casters that permit the transport of the patient from the bed to the shower."
    },
    {
      "code": "13607",
      "display": "Chairs, Sitz Bath",
      "definition": "Chairs designed for comfortable and convenient application of aqueous solutions to perineal, genital, and rectal areas.  Some of these chairs have removable water pans and electric heaters."
    },
    {
      "code": "15566",
      "display": "Chambers",
      "definition": "Completely enclosed rooms, spaces, or cavities that are kept at a quickly established, controlled, and maintained environment to protect the materials, patients, animals, plants, or substances contained within them from outside contaminants, interference, or conditions.  They typically consist of main chambers, transfer chambers, microprocessors, a series of audible and visual alarms to alert operators to altered conditions, compressors, air filters, vacuum pumps, valves, quick response systems, view ports for observation, monitors/controls, and air-lock systems.  They also consist of series of compressors, pumps, and controls to create and maintain a specific environment regulated by a programmed microprocessor.  Depending on the type of chamber, they are used in pharmaceuticals, laboratories, aeromedical training, emergency medicince, clinical use, experimental science, infection control, hematology, and pathology."
    },
    {
      "code": "16335",
      "display": "Chambers, Anaerobic",
      "definition": "Large laboratory airtight chambers filled with a mixture of oxygen-free gases (i.e., an anaerobic environment) to allow laboratory personnel to culture specimens, observe growth, perform subsequent testing, and/or incubate cultures under these conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "17129",
      "display": "Chambers, Analytic Balance",
      "definition": "Laboratory chambers designed to accommodate an analytical balance, isolated from the general laboratory environment and minimizing air drafts.  These devices typically consist of a transparent plastic or glass chamber that facilitate the operation of an analytical balance by protecting it from the air flow and dust; preserving its accuracy even for very light weight measurements. Analytical balance chambers are frequently available as an integral part of the balance."
    },
    {
      "code": "37549",
      "display": "Chambers, Animal Euthanasia",
      "definition": "Sealed chambers that hold one or more animal enclosures and are designed to be used to euthanatize animals using gas anesthetics, such as isoflurane and sevoflurane, or carbon dioxide. These devices can have programmable cycles that included charging, dwell time and exhaust stages. They may also have automatic locking lids or doors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20589",
      "display": "Chambers, Decontamination",
      "definition": "Chambers designed to decontaminate equipment from chemical agents including mustard (H agent), nerve agents such as VX and the G series (e.g., tabun [GA], and sarin [GB]), and toxic industrial materials; biological agents; and/or nuclear material contaminants. These chambers usually include appropriate devices (e.g., pumps, applicators, heaters, sprays) to perform mechanical or, less frequently, chemical decontamination.  Decontamination is typically performed by applying a high-pressure water spray or steam over contaminated equipment placed inside the chamber. Some chambers include systems for delivery of decontamination chemical solutions. Decontamination chambers are used mainly for decontamination of the surface of equipment (e.g., hand tools) that is not sensitive to heat and water."
    },
    {
      "code": "20590",
      "display": "Chambers, Decontamination, High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide/Particulate",
      "definition": "Decontamination chambers that employ high-pressure gas (typically carbon dioxide) for physical removal of chemical agents including mustard (H agent), nerve agents such as VX and the G series (e.g., tabun [GA], sarin [GB]), from the surface of equipment. These chambers typically include a handgun-like device that delivers frozen carbon dioxide particles (i.e., dry-ice pellets) at supersonic speeds to clean the interior of sensitive equipment and a mobile stand (e.g., a table) that rotates the equipment around the dry-ice-particulate delivering device for full decontamination of all equipment surfaces. These chambers are used for decontamination of very sensitive devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18548",
      "display": "Chambers, Electrophoresis",
      "definition": "Chambers designed to perform the migration and separation of mixtures of ionic solutes by applying an electric field (electrophoresis). These chambers typically consist of a nonconducting material (e.g., glass, acrylic) that includes two separate buffer tanks; a supporting medium for electrophoresis (e.g., agarose gel, cellulose acetate) placed across the two tanks, so that one end of the membrane contacts the buffer on each side of the chamber; and an electrode (e.g., platinum, graphite) in each tank connected to a power supply.  A sample is applied to the support, and electrophoresis is conducted for a determined length of time, typically using constant voltage, current, or power. Some electrophoresis chambers include a power supply as an integral part. Systems including electrophoresis chambers and power supplies and those that may also include other devices such as densitometers, temperature controllers, and/or computerized data processors are frequently used for the separation of many solutes of interest in clinical chemistry, including proteins in serum, plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18549",
      "display": "Chambers, Electrophoresis, Horizontal",
      "definition": "Electrophoresis chambers with the supporting media set in a horizontal position. These chambers include flat sheets or slabs of supporting media usually supported on the bottom; the upper surface may be exposed to the air, in which case evaporation may be a problem.  Some chambers include covers to saturate the air and reduce evaporation; in other chambers, the support is submerged in the buffer (submarine electrophoresis), cooling the support and eliminating evaporation but drawing more current from the source."
    },
    {
      "code": "18550",
      "display": "Chambers, Electrophoresis, Vertical",
      "definition": "Electrophoresis chambers with the supporting media set in a vertical position. These chambers include sheets or slabs of supporting media that are held between sheets of glass or acrylic unless they are strong enough to be hung from rods; some chambers can perform electrophoresis using vertical cylinders (columns)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16327",
      "display": "Chambers, Environmental",
      "definition": "Laboratory  chambers where climate conditions can be adjusted to simulate a specific environment in order to observe and register their effects upon sample materials. Light, temperature, relative humidity,  and other parameters can be controlled. Most environmental chambers have an observation window and may be mobile."
    },
    {
      "code": "12076",
      "display": "Chambers, Hypobaric",
      "definition": "Chambers that are used to simulate a pressure less than 1 ATM. They are used to simulate hypoxia, decompression, explosive decompression with very low temperatures, loss of oxygen, and loss of cabin pressure.  They consist of two main compartments: (1) the high altitude chamber and (2) the decompression chamber.  They also contain a two-way communication system, a video system, oxygen and pressurized air supplies, physiological monitoring systems, and a microprocessor.  They are capable of \"low\" decompression (15 seconds to decompress to 18,000 feet) and \"rapid\" decompression (1 second to decompress to 10,000 feet).  They are large, roomlike enclosures that can seat around 12 to 16 people."
    },
    {
      "code": "28488",
      "display": "Chambers, Laboratory, In Vitro Fertilization",
      "definition": "Chambers designed to provide appropriate conditions to perform in-vitro fertilization procedures. These chambers typically consist of a vibration resistant enclosure with a controlled atmosphere that provides uniform temperature and humidity and usually a controlled carbon dioxide environment; the air supply includes both high-efficiency particulate air and carbon filters. Access to the chamber is possible though hinged doors and/or bare-hand-entrances (i.e., iris ports). The chamber is large enough to hold microscopes, lasers, video cameras, and micromanipulation devices used in the procedures. In-vitro fertilization chambers are used to facilitate successful in-vitro procedures by providing an environment that is almost free of microbial and volatile organic compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "20807",
      "display": "Chambers, Laboratory, Microarray Hybridization",
      "definition": "Chambers designed to hold and encase microarray slides, providing a constant humidity environment during hybridization procedures performed in either hybridization incubators or less frequently in water baths. These devices typically consist of a reusable metallic (e.g., stainless steel) or plastic chamber with capacity for one or more slides (e.g., 10); they typically include a chamber top and a chamber bottom; the chamber also may include single-use consumables such as backings, septa, and gaskets (e.g., O-rings). Microarray hybridization chambers are available for use in hybridization incubators (airtight) or in water baths (water-tight)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23489",
      "display": "Chambers, Laboratory, Thermostatic Controlled, Chromatography Column",
      "definition": "Thermostatically controlled chambers designed to maintain the temperature of one or more chromatographic columns constant.  These chambers consist of high-precision (variations of temperature are typically less than 0.2 degrees C [0.35 degrees F]) thermostats (e.g., bimetallic) that regulate temperatures up to 100 degrees C (212 degrees F); temperature-exchanging switches to activate heating and/or cooling elements; and special switching valves. Thermostatic controlled chromatography column chambers can accommodate one or more columns; they are intended for liquid or gas chromatography procedures (e.g., proteomics) that require minimal temperature variations."
    },
    {
      "code": "12200",
      "display": "Chambers, Patient Isolation",
      "definition": "Chambers designed to keep a patient isolated in order to protect other hospital patients and personnel from exposure to airborne infections (e.g., tuberculosis) or aerosol medications while the patient is being treated. The air in this chamber is filtered before it is returned to the normal atmosphere outside the enclosure."
    },
    {
      "code": "25703",
      "display": "Chambers, Patient Isolation, Transport",
      "definition": "Patient isolation chambers that can be used when transporting a patient within or between healthcare facilities. These chambers allow the patient to be fully enclosed in a sealed negative-pressure environment thus protecting clinical and transporting staff. Transportation patient isolation chambers have features such as an air filter blower unit, access ports, glove ports with arm sleeves, and an integrated medical bulkhead. These chambers can be mounted on a frame that is secured to a bed or stretcher, or they can have an integrated bed with a base that has wheels."
    },
    {
      "code": "36618",
      "display": "Chambers, Radiation Containment",
      "definition": "Chambers designed to allow the safe manipulation and/or dispensing of highly radioactive substances. These chambers (also known as hot cells) are highly shielded with thick walls constructed of various materials (e.g., concrete, lead, steel, depleted uranium) intended to limit radiation exposure outside the chamber. The hot cell walls typically incorporate highly shielded viewing windows, providing a sight line to the chamber's interior, and access doors, allowing equipment to be placed in the chamber and/or allowing for cleaning. Some hot cells include mechanical tongs or telemanipulation systems that allow users to manipulate equipment inside the chamber. Additionally, hot cells incorporate an exhaust system intended to keep the interior of the chamber at a negative pressure relative to the exterior environment to limit the potential for radioactive material to escape the chamber. Hot cells are  typically used in nuclear medicine departments during the production of various radiopharmaceuticals."
    },
    {
      "code": "17564",
      "display": "Chambers, Reverse Isolation",
      "definition": "Patient treatment chambers  designed to prevent the  entry of harmful airborne material.  They protect a patient who is undergoing treatment for burns or is lacking a normal immunosuppressive defense due to therapy or other congenital or acquired condition. Reverse isolation chambers include fans and air filters which maintain an atmosphere of clean air at a pressure greater than the air pressure outside the enclosure."
    },
    {
      "code": "12061",
      "display": "Chambers, Treatment, Hyperbaric",
      "definition": "Chambers designed for patient treatment in which the air pressure is raised more than two times above the atmospheric pressure while the patient breathes near 100% medical grade oxygen. The elevated ambient pressure of the hyperbaric chamber reduces the size of gas bubbles trapped in vascular beds and accelerates their dissipation. Circulation is thereby restored to tissue in which the blood supply has been blocked or compromised. Typically, pure oxygen is delivered for patient breathing, either by a mask or hood or by oxygen pressurization of monoplace chambers. Hyperbaric chambers are used to treat any condition in which gas bubbles form in the blood, including pulmonary and cerebral air embolism, altitude and decompression sickness, and less frequently iatrogenic gas embolism that may occur during hospital procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "36532",
      "display": "Chambers, Treatment, Hyperbaric, Monoplace",
      "definition": "Chambers designed for single patient (i.e., monoplace) treatment in which the air pressure is raised more than two times above the atmospheric pressure while the patient breathes near 100% medical grade oxygen. The elevated ambient pressure of the hyperbaric chamber reduces the size of gas bubbles trapped in vascular beds and accelerates their dissipation. Circulation is thereby restored to tissue in which the blood supply has been blocked or compromised. Typically, pure oxygen is delivered for patient breathing, either by a mask or hood or by oxygen pressurization of the chamber. These chambers typically consist of a metal or plastic horizontal cylinder with a metal hatch at one end. The patient sits on a chair or lies on a stretcher within the chamber. Throughhull access ports provide for patient support, such as electrical connections for patient monitoring and delivery of IV fluids. Viewports in the metal chamber allow observation. Monoplace hyperbaric chambers are used to treat any condition in which gas bubbles form in the blood, including pulmonary and cerebral air embolism, altitude and decompression sickness, and less frequently iatrogenic gas embolism that may occur during hospital procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "36535",
      "display": "Chambers, Treatment, Hyperbaric, Multiplace",
      "definition": "Chambers designed for more than one patient treatment at the same time (i.e., multiplace) in which the air pressure is raised two to three times above the atmospheric pressure while the patient breathes near 100% medical grade oxygen. The elevated ambient pressure of the hyperbaric chamber reduces the size of gas bubbles trapped in vascular beds and accelerates their dissipation. Circulation is thereby restored to tissue in which the blood supply has been blocked or compromised. Typically the chamber is  pressurized using air, and pure oxygen is delivered for patient breathing using a mask or hood. These chambers typically consist of a metal or plastic horizontal cylinder or cubical structure with doors that allow medical staff and equipment, including chamber controls, to remain inside the chamber  during treatment. The patient sits on a chair or lies on a stretcher within the chamber.  Viewports in the  chamber allow external observation. Multiplace hyperbaric chambers are used to treat any condition in which gas bubbles form in the blood, including pulmonary and cerebral air embolism, altitude and decompression sickness, and less frequently iatrogenic gas embolism that may occur during hospital procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27740",
      "display": "Chambers, Treatment, Whole Body, Cryotherapy",
      "definition": "Treatment chambers designed to perform whole-body cryogenic treatments (i.e., cryotherapy). These chambers typically consist of an enclosed compartment maintained at very low cryogenic temperature; a refrigerating system which is typically based on liquid nitrogen; monitors; and controls. The cryogenic compartment is kept at very low temperatures, typically below -150 degrees Celsius/-238 degrees Fahrenheit.  Patients, wearing only a bathing suit and some protective garment (e.g., a mask, gloves, socks), are placed into the chamber for a few minutes (typically less than ten minutes).  Whole-body cryotherapy treatment chambers are intended, in the short term, to alleviate pain. In the long term, they may help in the treatment of stress, muscle pain, itching, and insomnia; they may also be used in athlete recovery treatments after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "37297",
      "display": "Charbroilers",
      "definition": "Cooking units consisting of grates that are heated using gas burners or electric elements. Most commonly, charbroilers are a series of long evenly-spaced metal ribs over a large combustion chamber filled with an array of burners that may have a deflector, briquettes, or a radiant element between the burner and the cooking surface. The burners provide an indirect heat source, and then this heat is diffused towards the grates and food by a radiant component made of metal or by ceramic \"lava\" rock or briquettes. Usually, charbroilers operate at high temperatures--generally 550 degrees Fahrenheit and up. These units can be freestanding, modular, or countertop."
    },
    {
      "code": "15567",
      "display": "Charts",
      "definition": "A sheet of information in the form of a table, graph, diagram, or image used for the purpose of evaluating, teaching, and/or testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "15695",
      "display": "Charts, Acupuncture",
      "definition": "Anatomical charts showing acupuncture point targets and their related effects intended to be used for educational purposes. Charts range in size from small (e.g., wallet-sized) to large (e.g., wall poster) and may include information on meridian pathways, elemental points, and treatments for the entire body or parts of the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "36775",
      "display": "Charts, Dental, Tooth Color",
      "definition": "Charts showing tooth enamel shades usually labeled with corresponding naming codes."
    },
    {
      "code": "11652",
      "display": "Charts, Eye",
      "definition": "Charts designed to present a set of symbols/characters intended to be used in assessing visual function. These devices usually consist of graphical charts with symbols (e.g. shapes, dots) arranged in particular patterns, either using a solid substrate (e.g., paper, plastic), an electronic screen, or overhead projector images. Eye charts are used mainly in healthcare facilities, ophthalmologist offices, and in the field to assess visual abnormities; dedicated charts intended for testing particular characteristics (e.g., visual acuity, color vision, contrast sensitivity) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16801",
      "display": "Charts, Eye, Color Discrimination",
      "definition": "Eye charts designed to be used in the detection of color blindness by means of a special chart on which symbols with colored dot patterns are depicted. The devices usually consist of a plate containing several symbols made of colored dot patterns (e.g., numbers, letters, geometric shapes ) on a background of dots in randomly mixed colors (e.g., Ishihara Test plates). The patterns are visible to those with normal vision and are invisible to those with color vision deficiency (e.g., protanopia, tritanopia, deuteranopia). Color discrimination eye charts are used mainly for vision screening in healthcare facilities, at ophthalmologist offices, and in the field."
    },
    {
      "code": "16800",
      "display": "Charts, Eye, Visual Acuity",
      "definition": "Eye charts designed to be used in measuring visual acuity using a sheet of paper on which rows of standard symbols of different sizes are printed. The symbols can be shaped letters (e.g. block letters, letter E), numbers, or outlines of objects. Visual acuity is measured by the smallest row of symbols a person standing at a certain distance can identify (each row is marked with a distance value).  Projectors or monitor screens indicating the ophthalmic symbols are also used for this purpose. Visual acuity eye charts are used mainly for vision screening in healthcare facilities, at ophthalmologist offices, and in the field."
    },
    {
      "code": "13090",
      "display": "Charts, Posture",
      "definition": "Full-length charts containing large grids used to analyze posture of an individual for the purpose of identifying asymmetry, documenting range of motion, and/or comparing posture before and after treatment. Charts are generally mounted on the walls or doors of clinician offices and used as a backdrop against which patients stand for posture assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "27813",
      "display": "Cheiroscopes",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide an image to one eye that must be drawn in a space only visible by the other eye. These devices typically include a septum that separates the two fields of views and a small mirror used to reflect the line drawing. Cheiroscopes are intended for assessing patient's binocular stability, eye alignment, and the presence and extension of suppression, a neurological condition in which the patient's brain shuts off an eye by blocking its visual input to avoid double vision. Training using cheiroscopes may contribute to improvement of binocular control and the elimination of suppression. Stereoscopes and other ophthalmic equipment may be modified to work as cheiroscopes (e.g., by using a cheiroscopic viewer attachment)."
    },
    {
      "code": "42018",
      "display": "Chemonucleolysis Gel",
      "definition": "Gel that is intradiscally injected to dissolve the spinal disk material that has been displaced because of injury. This gel can be composed of cellulose derivative product dissolved in ethyl alcohol to form a gel that evaporates the water within the nucleus pulposus. The gel may also have an added contrast agent for improved imaging during injection. The gel is usually provided in prefilled syringes. The gel may be used for decompression of a herniated disc."
    },
    {
      "code": "34598",
      "display": "Chin Rest Paper Sheets",
      "definition": "Paper sheets designed for placement on the surface of an examination device, providing a clean contact resting surface for a patient's chin. These products usually consists of a sheet of  lightweight tissue or crepe absorbent  paper shaped to match the characteristics of the device surface (e.g., hole locations). Chin rest paper sheets are usually supplied in boxes containing many individual single-use (i.e., disposable) sheets; the paper sheets are mainly used in devices intended for ophthalmic diagnostic (e.g., slit lamps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "40958",
      "display": "Chin Straps",
      "definition": "Band or bands of material designed to hold closed a patient's mouth. Chin straps typically consist of fabric straps with strips of hood-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro). They may be used in combination with nasal air-oxygen masks (e.g., CPAP masks) to limit mouth breathing."
    },
    {
      "code": "35401",
      "display": "Chip Loaders, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction",
      "definition": "Devices designed to add prepared reaction mixture to the wells of a digital polymerase chain reaction plate chip. Typically, the reaction mixture is loaded into the sample loading blade. The loader moves the flat edge of the blade across the chip to load and distribute the mixture in the wells of the chip. The loader may also have a heating element and a mechanism for placing and sealing a lid on the chip."
    },
    {
      "code": "10824",
      "display": "Chisels",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to cut and shape solid materials and hard tissues such as tooth and bone with a beveled cutting edge on one side. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a flat blade with the cutting edge at the working end; chisels may be conformed with or attached to a handle. Chisels are used mainly in clinical settings to cut and contour bones in surgical (e.g., middle ear, orthopedic), dental, and postmortem (e.g., autopsy) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21016",
      "display": "Chisels, Dental",
      "definition": "Chisels designed to shape teeth, remove bone, and/or to split teeth during dental procedures. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual instrument including a flat blade with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral handle. Small dental chisels are available to split tooth enamel, to smooth tooth-cavity walls, and to sharpen cavity preparations in operative dentistry; surgical chisels are also available to remove bone and/or split teeth in dental/oral surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21019",
      "display": "Chisels, Dental, Operative",
      "definition": "Dental chisels designed to shape teeth during the restorative treatment of defects in tooth enamel and dentin (i.e., dental operative procedures). These chisels are typically a handheld, manual instrument with a very small flat blade including a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral handle. Dental operative chisels are used mainly to split tooth enamel, to smooth cavity walls, and to sharpen cavity preparations. Dedicated operative dental chisels are available for the anterior teeth (straight or monoangle chisels) and for difficult-to-access tooth structures (bi-angle or contra-angle chisels)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21020",
      "display": "Chisels, Dental/Oral Surgery",
      "definition": "Dental chisels designed to cut bone and teeth during surgical procedures in the oral cavity. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual instrument with a flat blade including a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral handle with a proximal end appropriate for mallet impact; dental/oral surgery chisels are larger than operative chisels used in restorative dentistry. They are used mainly to split teeth and/or to reduce alveolar bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "21023",
      "display": "Chisels, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Chisels designed to cut and shape bone during procedures (e.g., autopsy, dissection) performed on the body following death (i.e., postmortem procedures). These chisels are typically a sturdy handheld, manual flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral straight or, less frequently, cross handle. Postmortem chisels are used mainly during autopsy and cadaver dissection. Dedicated postmortem chisels are available to break and/or open cadaver skulls."
    },
    {
      "code": "21024",
      "display": "Chisels, Postmortem, Skull",
      "definition": "Postmortem chisels designed to crack or otherwise open the skull bones (e.g., separate the cranium from the skull through the cranial lines or previous cuts made with a saw) during postmortem procedures. These chisels typically consist of a sturdy, handheld, manual flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and cross handle. Skull chisels are used mainly during autopsy and cadaver dissection, including the separation of the cranium from the lower skull."
    },
    {
      "code": "21026",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical",
      "definition": "Chisels designed to cut and shape hard tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage) during surgical procedures. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and a handle. Dedicated surgical chisels are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the procedure to be performed; they are used in orthopedic, plastic, middle-ear, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21027",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical chisels designed to cut and shape bone during surgical procedures. These chisels typically consist of a sturdy, handheld, manual flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and a handle. Dedicated surgical chisels are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the procedure to be performed; they are used in orthopedic and plastic surgery, neurosurgery, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10829",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Bone, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Bone surgical chisels designed to excise bone during orthopedic surgical procedures. These chisels typically consist of a sturdy handheld, manual instrument including a wide (more than one inch is typical) straight or slightly curved flat blade with a beveled cutting edge and a handle. Orthopedic surgical chisels are used in many orthopedic procedures (e.g., open fracture treatment); dedicated orthopedic chisels intended to create bone cavities for prosthesis implantation are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21032",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Bone, Orthopedic, Mortising",
      "definition": "Orthopedic surgical chisels designed to create a cavity or slot (usually rectangular) into which prostheses are fitted. These chisels are typically a sturdy handheld, manual instrument including a straight or slightly curved flat blade with a cutting edge that is beveled on one or, more frequently, two sides and a handle. Mortising bone chisels are used in orthopedic procedures intended to attach a prosthesis to a bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "21030",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Bone, Outgrowth",
      "definition": "Bone surgical chisels designed to excise bone outgrowths (i.e., osteophytes).  These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual instrument including a straight or slightly curved flat blade with a very sharp cutting edge that is beveled on one side. Dedicated bone-outgrowth surgical chisels are used mainly in delicate neurosurgical procedures, including cranial opening and spinal discectomy; other dedicated chisels are available for use in microsurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21031",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Bone, Outgrowth, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Bone surgical chisels designed to excise bone outgrowths (i.e., osteophytes) during microsurgical procedures. These chisels are typically a small handheld, manual instrument including a straight or slightly curved flat blade with a one-sided beveled cutting edge and a knurled handle. Bone outgrowth microsurgical chisels are mainly used in delicate neurosurgical procedures of the spine, including lumbar discectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "21028",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Bone, Sternum",
      "definition": "Surgical chisels designed to cut the elongated, flattened bone forming the middle part of the thorax (i.e., the sternum). These chisels typically consist of a sturdy handheld, manual instrument including a flat blade with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side (either rectangular or rounded) that is conformed at a right angle with the shaft of the instrument and an integral straight or cross handle. Sternum chisels are used mainly during thoracic (e.g., pulmonary) surgery to open the thoracic cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16400",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical chisels designed to cut and shape bone, cartilage, and associated tissue of the middle ear. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral handle. A great variety of middle-ear chisels of different sizes and shapes are available, including sturdy chisels with a proximal end appropriate to withstand mallet impacts intended for mastoid process fenestration, chisels intended for stapes surgery, and very small chisels, usually with a knurled handle, intended for otologic microsurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21034",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Middle Ear, Foot Plate",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical chisels designed to fenestrate and/or cut pieces from the flat oval plate of bone on the stapes (base of stapes or foot plate) that fits into the oval window of the middle ear. These chisels typically consist of a very small, slender, handheld, manual instrument including a narrow flat blade with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end, a straight or angled semirigid shaft, and an integral handle. Foot-plate surgical chisels are used during endaural surgical procedures; very small foot-plate chisels are available for microsurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10827",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Middle Ear, Mastoid",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical chisels designed to fenestrate the protruding part of the bone located in the skull behind the ear (i.e., mastoid process) and/or the mastoid cells. These chisels typically consist of a sturdy handheld, manual instrument including a flat blade with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and a proximal end appropriate to withstand mallet impacts. Mastoid chisels are used frequently in procedures intended to drain infection products from the mastoid cavity (i.e., mastoid antrum)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21035",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Middle Ear, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical chisels designed for cutting and shaping bone, cartilage, and associated tissue of the middle ear during procedures performed under a microscope (i.e., microsurgery). These chisels are typically a very small handheld, manual, flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral (usually knurled) handle. Microsurgical middle-ear chisels with a great variety of shapes are available; they are usually supplied in sets intended for particular procedures such as stapes surgery (stapedectomy) and otologic microsurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "10828",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Surgical chisels designed to cut and shape cartilage of the nose. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral handle. A variety of chisels of different sizes and shapes are available, including chisels with concave rounded operative ends; chisels that are straight or curved to the right or left; or chisels with a side probe guard. Dedicated chisels intended to perform plastic surgery of the nose (i.e., rhinoplasty) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21036",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Nasal, Rhinoplasty",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical chisels designed to cut and shape cartilage of the nose during plastic surgery procedures (i.e., rhinoplasty). These chisels are typically a handheld, manual, flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is ribbed, guarded, and beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral cross (T-shaped) handle. The flat part of the instrument between the distal and proximal end is frequently serrated to provide good finger grip. A variety of rhinoplasty chisels of different sizes and shapes are available, including chisels to remove the bony dorsal hump."
    },
    {
      "code": "21037",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Nasal, Septum",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical chisels designed to cut (resect) the nasal septum during surgical procedures. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual instrument with a wide, flat blade and a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral straight handle. Nasal septum surgical chisels are used in procedures intended for resection (e.g., submucous resection) of the nasal septum."
    },
    {
      "code": "21033",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Pituitary Gland",
      "definition": "Surgical chisels designed to open the sellar (i.e., sella turcica) floor to access the pituitary gland. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual instrument including a flat blade with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side with depth markings at the distal end and an integral handle. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) chisels are used mainly in surgical procedures intended to excise pituitary tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "21038",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Spine",
      "definition": "Surgical chisels designed to cut and shape bone, cartilage, and associated tissue of the spinal cord. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual flat-blade instrument with a cutting edge that is beveled on one side at the distal end and an integral handle. Middle spine surgery chisels of many different sizes and shapes are available, including dedicated chisels for lumbosacral spinal fusion, sturdy chisels for laminectomy, and shouldered chisels for cervical discectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "21039",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Spine, Cervical Discectomy",
      "definition": "Spine surgical chisels designed to perform anterior cervical discectomy. These chisels typically consist of a handheld, manual instrument with a beveled cutting end that is shouldered in a wider blade that prevents chisel slipping during cutting of the rounded surface of the vertebrae. Cervical discectomy chisels are available in several sizes for use according to the patient's anatomic characteristics"
    },
    {
      "code": "21040",
      "display": "Chisels, Surgical, Spine, Laminectomy",
      "definition": "Spine surgical chisels designed for excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra (i.e., laminectomy). These chisels typically consist of a sturdy handheld, manual instrument with a wide blade including a beveled cutting edge and an integral hollow handle. Laminectomy chisels are available in several sizes for use according to patient's anatomic characteristics."
    },
    {
      "code": "40835",
      "display": "Chlorine Test Kits",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices, instruments, and supplies used to measure chlorine levels in water. Chlorine test kits typically use a color change method, such as color discs or drop titration, to determine the concentration of free, total, and/or combined chlorine in a water sample. The kits usually include items such as a colorimetric reagent (e.g., DPD, sodium thiosulfate, orthotolidine), test tubes, visual standard for color comparison, and flasks. Chlorine test kits may also be specific to low or high range of chlorine levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "10831",
      "display": "Choledochoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for insertion into the biliary tract for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the pancreaticobiliary tree, especially of the common bile duct. Choledochoscopes usually include a lighting system and a working channel for catheters and operative devices. These endoscopes are typically flexible, and they may be inserted percutaneously, during laparoscopic procedures, or through the duodenum (transduodenal). Therapeutic choledochoscopes (with operating channels) may be used to perform biopsies, electrosurgery, and other procedures, such as fragmenting and removing stones."
    },
    {
      "code": "20481",
      "display": "Choledochoscopes, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Choledochoscopes designed for percutaneous insertion in the biliary tract during laparoscopic procedures (especially cholecystectomy) for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions in the interior of the tract, especially the common bile duct."
    },
    {
      "code": "20480",
      "display": "Choledochoscopes, Percutaneous",
      "definition": "Choledochoscopes designed for percutaneous insertion in the biliary tract for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions in the interior of the tract, especially the common bile duct."
    },
    {
      "code": "20482",
      "display": "Choledochoscopes, Transduodenal",
      "definition": "Choledochoscopes designed for insertion through the duodenum, typically using the working channel of a duodenoscope. These choledochoscopes are used for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions in the interior of the tract, especially the common bile duct."
    },
    {
      "code": "15119",
      "display": "Chromatography Columns",
      "definition": "Tubes that contain the stationary phase and through which the mobile phase flows.  These columns are the most important part of the separation process in a chromatography system.  Chromatography columns are usually made of stainless steel, glass, or plastic and which may vary from 10 to 200 cm in length and 1 to 50 mm in internal diameter.  Some columns can withstand high pressures (typically up to 10,000 psi).  In column chromatography, migration of the mobile phase through the stationary phase results in sample components within the mobile phase eluting at different rates, permitting collection of the fractions at different times."
    },
    {
      "code": "18279",
      "display": "Chromatography Columns, Capillary",
      "definition": "Chromatography columns fabricated by coating their inner walls with a thin film of liquid as the stationary phase.  Most capillary columns use fused-silica, stainless steel, or glass tubes of 0.2 to 0.6 mm in inner diameter and 10 to 150 m in length.  Capillary columns are very efficient but have a relatively low sample capacity.  These columns are used in systems that use gas as the mobile phase (gas chromatography systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18280",
      "display": "Chromatography Columns, Packed",
      "definition": "Chromatography columns filled with uncoated particles or particles (e.g., silica, alumina) that have been coated with the stationary phase.  Most packed columns use stainless steel or glass tubes of 10 to 40 mm in inner diameter and 1 to 4 m in length.  These columns are used in both gas and liquid chromatography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18281",
      "display": "Chromatography Columns, Packed, Bonded Phase",
      "definition": "Packed chromatography columns in which the stationary phase is chemically bonded to the surface of the silica particles using a silica ester or a silicone polymeric linkage.  Depending upon the relative polarities of the stationary and mobile phases, these columns are classified as normal bonded-phase chromatography columns and reverse bonded-phase chromatography columns.  Most bonded-phase columns use stainless steel or glass-lined stainless steel tubes of 1 to 6 mm in inner diameter and 5 to 150 cm in length.  These columns are used in high-pressure liquid chromatography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18282",
      "display": "Chromatography Columns, Packed, Ion-Exchange",
      "definition": "Packed chromatography columns in which the stationary phase is made of a porous solid material, usually a resin, to which either cationic or anionic groups are attached.  Most ion-exchange columns are made of stainless steel or glass tubes.  These columns are used in high-pressure liquid chromatography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "15568",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems",
      "definition": "Systems used to separate mixtures of chemical compounds into individual components depending on the different rates at which various substances moving in a stream (mobile phase) are retarded by a stationary material (stationary phase) as they pass over it.  These devices include as principal components the adsorbing material support system (e.g., column, thin layer), a developing or eluting solvent mixture, and a detector to identify the separated components (e.g., a densitometer).  This technology can be used to measure trace quantities of chemicals in body fluids as well as to purify materials, identify compounds, and quantify levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "15120",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Gas",
      "definition": "Chromatography systems in which the separation process is accomplished by forcing a gaseous mixture of analytes as the mobile phase (e.g., an inert gas, such as nitrogen or helium) through a column of the stationary phase. Separation of solutes in the mixture is based on the relative differences in their vapor pressures and their interaction with the stationary phase.  A basic gas chromatograph consists of a gas reservoir and flow control device, an injector, the separation column, an oven, an online detector (sometimes a mass spectrometer), and, usually, a computer."
    },
    {
      "code": "18272",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Gas, Capillary Column",
      "definition": "Gas chromatography systems in which a nonvolatile liquid coating on the wall of the chromatographic column (i.e., a capillary column) is used as the stationary phase."
    },
    {
      "code": "18273",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Gas, Packed Column",
      "definition": "Gas chromatography systems in which a solid packed in a glass, plastic, or metal tube (i.e., a packed column) is used as the stationary phase."
    },
    {
      "code": "34045",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Hypercritical Fluid",
      "definition": "Chromatography systems in which the separation process is accomplished by pumping a hypercritical fluid as the solvent in the mobile phase through a column of the stationary phase. The substance in the mobile phase (e.g., carbon dioxide) is above its critical temperature and pressure so that it has the properties of both a gas and a liquid. A hypercritical fluid chromatography system consists of a mobile phase container, reciprocating hypercritical fluid pump, an injector, a column in an oven, detector, and a restrictor. The restrictor is needed to maintain the pressure above the critical point."
    },
    {
      "code": "18274",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Liquid",
      "definition": "Chromatography systems in which the separation process of the mixture of compounds is accomplished by pumping a liquid, usually water or an organic solvent (i.e., the mobile phase) through a column of stationary phase.  Separation is based on the relative solubility of the solutes in the two phases and their interaction with the stationary phase.  A mass spectrometer can be connected to these devices instead of a detector."
    },
    {
      "code": "18276",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Liquid, Packed Column",
      "definition": "Liquid chromatography systems in which a solid packed in a glass, plastic, or metallic tube (i.e., a packed column) is used as the stationary phase."
    },
    {
      "code": "15121",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Liquid, Packed Column, High-Pressure",
      "definition": "Packed-column liquid chromatography systems that use a relatively high pressure to pump the liquid through the column and in which the stationary phase works with high efficiency (i.e., a high-performance packed column). These systems are usually classified according to the principle used in separating components; the most used techniques are adsorption chromatography, bonded-phase (or partition) chromatography (there are two types of bonded-phase technologies--normal phase and the more commonly used reverse phase), ion-exchange chromatography, and steric-exclusion (or gel permeation) chromatography."
    },
    {
      "code": "18278",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Liquid, Packed Column, High-Pressure, Bonded-Phase",
      "definition": "High-pressure packed-column liquid chromatography systems in which the packing of the column is made of microparticulate silica gel.  The functional groups of the stationary phase may be polar relative to those of the mobile phase (i.e., normal bonded-phase chromatography) or, more usually, nonpolar (i.e., reverse bonded-phase chromatography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18277",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Liquid, Packed Column, High-Pressure, Ion-Exchange",
      "definition": "High-pressure packed-column liquid chromatography systems in which the packing of the column is made of porous solid material, usually a resin. In these systems, the interactive solid has permanently bonded ionic sites and separation is due to electrostatic interaction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18275",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Liquid, Planar",
      "definition": "Liquid chromatography systems in which the stationary phase is a gel coated on a thin substrate (e.g., paper, glass).  These systems include the plate or sheet holding the stationary phase, a closed container used to enclose the media used and the mobile phase, a syringe or micropipette (i.e., spotting device) used to deliver a sample as a spot or streak to the media, a visualization chamber, and a detector (usually a densitometer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15122",
      "display": "Chromatography Systems, Liquid, Planar, Paper",
      "definition": "Planar liquid chromatography systems in which the stationary phase substrate is a specially prepared sheet of filter paper."
    },
    {
      "code": "10832",
      "display": "Chromoradiometers",
      "definition": "An apparatus once used for estimating radiation exposure by means of the color changes produced in slides placed next to the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "10833",
      "display": "Chronaximeters",
      "definition": "Instruments for measuring the minimal duration current flow necessary to stimulate a threshold muscle contraction (i.e., chronaxy). The measurements are typically made at double the voltage necessary to produce a twitch in the muscle (i.e., rheobase). Chronaximeters are used mainly to establish the state of innervation of a muscle, especially when nerve lesions are suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "10839",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to either partially or completely support the patient's blood circulation. These units may be designed either for direct cardiac assistance or to assist the peripheral circulation; cardiac assist units usually consist of a combination of a main external (e.g., pumps) unit and internal  (e.g., cannulae, balloons) devices, while peripheral assist units usually consist of completely external compression devices. Most circulatory assist units are intended for temporary use only."
    },
    {
      "code": "10840",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Circulatory assist units designed to facilitate cardiac blood pumping, either by reducing the load to the heart or by assisting the heart in its pumping function. There are several types of cardiac circulatory assist units, including external pumps and intracardiac balloons. Most circulatory cardiac assist units are used to maintain the body's heart function temporarily in patients who suffer cardiomyopathy or after open-heart surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "10846",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Cardiac, Intra-Aortic Balloon",
      "definition": "Circulatory assist units that produce mechanical counterpulsation to reduce the afterload to the heart and increase coronary and cerebral blood flow. These devices consist of an inflatable balloon catheter, which is placed in the aorta attached to an external unit that includes a pneumatic system, regulating the automated inflation and deflation of the balloon in synchronism with the cardiac cycle; they include monitors of the physiologic parameters of the patient (e.g., heart rate, arterial pressure) and also of balloon pressure and volume. The inflated intra-aortic balloon forces the blood toward the heart during each diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. Intra-aortic balloon circulatory assist units are used to improve cardiovascular functioning during cardiac failures that constitute life-threatening emergencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "10847",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Cardiac, Ventricular",
      "definition": "Circulatory assist units designed to assist one of the ventricles (most frequently, the left ventricle) of a damaged or weakened heart in pumping blood. These units typically consist of a mechanism that includes a pump, cannulae to draw venous blood to the pump and deliver it back to the aorta or pulmonary artery (according to left or right ventricle assistance, respectively), valves, and a unit that controls pump operation. Ventricular assist units are used to improve blood circulation in patients with a debilitated heart; the main components of these devices work external to the body, but some components, such as cannulae and/or balloons, are inserted in the circulatory system. Ventricular assist units are intended for temporary use either while the heart is healing or as a bridge to a heart transplant."
    },
    {
      "code": "10849",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Peripheral Compression",
      "definition": "Circulatory assist units designed to apply and release pressure on a patient's arms or legs, facilitating the return of blood through the veins.  They can be used to minimize venous stasis during and immediately following surgery, as well as during long periods of immobility, reducing the risk of deep venous thrombosis, which can produce pulmonary embolism. These units typically consist of an electric air-compression pump, a pressure-control mechanism, a timing mechanism, tubing connectors, and tubing that conducts the air from the pump to cuffs or pneumatic stockings.  Peripheral circulatory assist units are used in clinical facilities or at home; some units are designed to treat chronic edema, including lymphedema."
    },
    {
      "code": "10969",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Peripheral Compression, Intermittent",
      "definition": "Peripheral circulatory assist units designed for intermittent compression. These units include pneumatic cuffs and/or single-chamber stockings that are inflated and deflated periodically, applying and releasing pressure in  the lower limbs. Intermittent peripheral circulatory assist units are used to improve venous blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "16837",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Peripheral Compression, Sequential",
      "definition": "Peripheral circulatory assist units designed for sequential compression. These units include a set of pneumatic cuffs and/or stockings with several chambers. The cuffs or chambers inflate and deflate sequentially in a pattern that begins with a chamber enclosing the foot or ankle and continuing to chambers around the calf and thigh.  In some units, each chamber reaches the same pressure but at different times; other units apply greater pressure in the more distal chamber and gradually lower pressures in each of the chambers higher on the leg. Sequential peripheral compression is intended to provide better circulatory assistance than conventional peripheral assist units."
    },
    {
      "code": "18085",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Peripheral Compression, Sequential, End-Diastolic",
      "definition": "Sequential peripheral circulatory assist units that synchronize the sequence of compression with the cardiac rhythm. These systems typically include a set of cuffs or boots that are wrapped around the patient calves, lower and upper thighs, and groins. The cuffs/boots are inflated in sequence from the calves to the buttocks during diastole, increasing the volume of blood returned to the heart through the veins. Synchronization of the sequence of compression with the cardiac rhythm is intended to provide a better peripheral circulatory assistance."
    },
    {
      "code": "25709",
      "display": "Circulatory Assist Units, Peripheral Compression, Warming/Cooling",
      "definition": "Circulatory assist units designed to apply and release pressure on a patient's arms or legs, facilitating the return of blood through the veins to the heart while also producing hot or cold air to warm and/or cool the patient. They can be used to minimize venous stasis during and immediately following surgery, as well as during long periods of immobility, reducing the risk of deep venous thrombosis, which can produce pulmonary embolism. These units typically consist of an electric air-compression pump, a pressure-control mechanism, a timing mechanism, tubing connectors, and tubing that conducts the air from the pump to cuffs or pneumatic stockings, and an electrically controlled solid state heating and cooling device to warm and/or cool the patient. Peripheral circulatory assist units are used in clinical facilities or at home; some units are designed to treat chronic edema, including lymphedema."
    },
    {
      "code": "10861",
      "display": "Clamps",
      "definition": "Devices designed to compress a structure and/or to bring together several isolated objects and/or anatomic structures by pressing, fastening, or binding them firmly. Clamps are usually handheld, manual instruments with a working end that permits a large jaw opening and a handle and without a preferred resting state; dedicated clamps are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the procedure to be performed or the object to be held. Clamps are clinically used as dental, surgical, and postmortem instruments and/or to hold ancillary devices during those procedures; other clamps are intended to hold objects (e.g., test tubes, small instruments)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21252",
      "display": "Clamps, Beaker/Flask, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to hold beakers and/or flasks during clinical laboratory procedures. These clamps are available in a variety of materials, shapes, and sizes according to the beaker/flask size and/or the procedure to be performed. Dedicated laboratory beaker/flask clamps are available that resist heat (e.g., up to more than 220 degrees Celsius [430 degrees Fahrenheit]) and/or chemicals (e.g., salts, solvents, acids)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16449",
      "display": "Clamps, Cannula",
      "definition": "Clamps designed for grasping and/or compressing a cannula without damaging it. These clamps are available in several sizes and configurations according to the cannula to be clamped and the procedure to be performed; they are frequently a flexible plastic mechanism that may be operated by a spring and attached to the cannula. Some cannula clamps are available as an integral part of a specialized device (e.g., a cannula attached to a hemodialysis fistula needle). Cannula clamps are used mainly in procedures (e.g., cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, hemodialysis procedures, oral surgery) that require a temporary closing of the cannula (i.e., the cannula is no longer patent)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21193",
      "display": "Clamps, Dental",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to compress anatomic structures and/or to bring together several isolated objects by pressing, fastening, or binding them firmly during dental procedures. They are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center, finished in blunt (i.e., atraumatic) distal ends. Dedicated dental clamps are used to hold rubber dams and gingival tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "15712",
      "display": "Clamps, Dental Dam",
      "definition": "Dental clamps designed to be placed around the tooth, fitting a dental dam over the designated tooth. These clamps are typically steel, handheld, manual instruments with a spring; some include buccal and/or dental wings on the outer portion opposite the holes punched into the dental dam. Dental dam clamps are available in several sizes; they are usually placed using dental dam clamp forceps that spread the gripping edges of the clamp around the tooth."
    },
    {
      "code": "21194",
      "display": "Clamps, Dental, Gingiva",
      "definition": "Dental clamps designed for retracting gingival tissue during operative procedures. These clamps are typically steel, handheld, manual instruments with an unbalanced spring; they provide a good working field without interference for operative procedures, reducing blood and/or tissue contamination while inserting restorative materials into a prepared tooth cavity after removal of dental caries. Gingiva dental clamps are used in procedures in which access is difficult and/or operative procedures prolonged; they were originally intended for gold foil insertion in restorative dentistry, a procedure no longer frequently performed in dental practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "21258",
      "display": "Clamps, Examination/Operating Table",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to fix attachments to examination and/or operating tables. These clamps typically are large strong devices that include a mechanism for fixing to the table (e.g., on the rails) and that can hold small instruments and/or accessories; some table clamps include locking capabilities. Examination/operating table clamps are used to add capabilities to these tables by incorporating accessories such as foot supports, intravenous tube poles, and instrument holders."
    },
    {
      "code": "21247",
      "display": "Clamps, External Occlusion",
      "definition": "Clamps designed for external (i.e., noninvasive) atraumatic compression of anatomic structures to provide temporary occlusion of a natural duct. These clamps are handheld, manual, instruments including two parts pivoted at the center or with spring-operated mechanisms, usually with padded distal ends. Dedicated external occlusion clamps are available to suppress urine circulation through the penis or to interrupt breathing through the nose."
    },
    {
      "code": "12109",
      "display": "Clamps, External Occlusion, Penis/Incontinence",
      "definition": "External occlusion clamps designed to prevent urine flow through the penis by atraumatic compression (i.e., temporary external occlusion) of the meatus through external pressure to the penis, either to prevent urine leakage (i.e., incontinence) or to facilitate a clinical procedure. Penis occlusion clamps are typically handheld, manual, spring-like wire instruments with soft pads at the working ends. These clamps are used for treatment of incontinence in male patients; they are also used to temporarily hold anesthetics or radiography contrast media in the urethra."
    },
    {
      "code": "10876",
      "display": "Clamps, External Occlusion, Umbilical Cord",
      "definition": "Clamps designed for external atraumatic compression and temporary occlusion of the umbilical cord after birth but before cutting the cord. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with distal serrated blades or devices including a mechanism that is operated from the handle. Dedicated single-use devices including two clamps (one for the mother site and other for the child site) and a cutter are frequently used for permanent occlusion and cutting of the umbilical cord."
    },
    {
      "code": "21243",
      "display": "Clamps, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to compress anatomic structures and/or to bring together several isolated objects and/or tissue by pressing, fastening, or binding them firmly during postmortem procedures (e.g., autopsy, dissection). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with blunt distal ends; they are usually stronger than surgical clamps and may cause some degree of trauma to tissues. Dedicated postmortem clamps are used as anatomic instruments or to hold ancillary devices in autopsies and dissection procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21195",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to compress anatomic structures and/or to bring together several isolated objects and/or tissue by pressing, fastening, or binding them firmly during surgical procedures. Surgical clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with blunt (i.e., atraumatic) distal ends. Dedicated surgical clamps are used for directly performing operative procedures directly or for holding ancillary devices in orthopedic, gastrointestinal, vascular, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10866",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to hold, grasp, and/or manipulate bones. These clamps typically are handheld, manual instruments with two strong blunt curved distal jaws that may be either fixed or adjustable in size; some devices resemble heavy forceps. Bone clamps are mainly used in orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21196",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Bone, Fracture Reduction",
      "definition": "Bone surgical clamps designed to grasp and manipulate bones for open reduction of fractures. These clamps are handheld, manual instruments typically with one or two flexible, blunt, curved distal jaws, fixed or adjustable in size; some fracture reduction devices combine two flexible clamps attached to a mechanism (known as extension clamps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21197",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Bone, Fracture Reduction, Reposition",
      "definition": "Bone surgical clamps designed to hold small bones or bone fragments, usually during delicate procedures involving the repositioning of fractured or dislocated bones. These clamps are typically handheld, small manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center; each part has a blunt curved (rounded) distal end and a proximal end conformed as a handle; most devices include ratchet mechanisms. They are also used to hold small bones (e.g., fingers, toes) during excision with other instruments (e.g., cutting forceps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21198",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Bone, Meniscus",
      "definition": "Bone surgical clamps designed to provide a firm grip on the crescent-shape disks of fibrocartilage (i.e., meniscus) attached to the bones (e.g., tibia).  These clamps are typically handheld, small manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with a curved shank and a set of sharp pins in one jaw and matching holes in the other jaw that make the instrument especially appropriate to grip the meniscus. Meniscus clamps are used for meniscus dissection and removal procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21199",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Bone, Plate Holding",
      "definition": "Bone surgical clamps designed to grasp, stabilize, and center bone plates firmly in position. These clamps are handheld, manual instruments typically with two straight or angled blunt curved distal jaws; one jaw end is curved to grasp the bone and the other is especially conformed to hold the plate. Some clamps include a drill guide to maintain the plate over the fracture site and drill a screw hole simultaneously. Bone plate holding clamps are used to apply bone plates to long bone fracture fragments."
    },
    {
      "code": "10867",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Bronchus",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to provide a firm grip on the bronchi. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center; they usually have atraumatic curved, right-angled, or obtuse-angled distal ends with longitudinal serrations. Bronchus clamps are mainly used during thoracic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21200",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Cartilage",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to hold, grasp, and/or manipulate fibrous connective tissue (i.e., cartilage). These clamps typically are handheld, manual instruments with two straight or curved distal jaws.  Cartilage clamps are mainly used in orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16450",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to temporarily and atraumatically grasp, join, or compress eye tissue and/or a surrounding structure. These clamps are typically small, handheld, manual instruments; dedicated eye clamps are available for eyelid surgery (e.g., cyst treatment) and to grasp the orbital muscle and conjunctiva in procedures involving eyelid margin correction and plastic surgery of the eyelids."
    },
    {
      "code": "21201",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Eye, Eyelid",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgical clamps designed to temporarily and atraumatically grasp the eyelid edge and to assist in hemostasis. These devices are typically small, handheld, manual instruments resembling small tweezers with two circular distal ends; one of the ends is solid and the other resembles a ring that can be locked using a threaded mechanism. Eyelid surgical clamps are used in procedures intended to treat eyelid cysts and other abnormalities (e.g., hordeolum, chalazion)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21202",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Eye, Orbital Muscle",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgical clamps designed to temporarily and atraumatically grasp the orbital muscle (Mueller's muscle) and the inner lining of the upper eyelid during ophthalmic surgery. These clamps are typically handheld, manual, T-shaped instruments with two long distal ends that can be locked together and a handle; they frequently include a threaded mechanism that is turned until the tissues are firmly secured. The tissues within the clamp are then excised with an appropriate blade. Muscle eye clamps are used to correct abnormal upper eyelid margin (ptosis) and in plastic surgery of the upper eyelid (i.e., blepharoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21203",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Fallopian Tube",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to temporarily and atraumatically grasp the fallopian tubes during gynecologic procedures. These clamps are typically small snap-on instruments that are applied using special forceps. Fallopian tube clamps are used for gynecological microsurgical procedures, including midtubal and uterotubal anastomosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21241",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Heart Auricle",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of one of the appendages (i.e., auricles) of the heart atrium (either right or left) during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause total or partial temporary occlusion. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with serrated curved distal blades and a ratchet locking mechanism. Dedicated auricle clamps are available in several sizes and curvatures according to the patient's anatomy and the intended surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "10871",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Intestinal",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of a portion of the intestines during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with straight or curved distal serrated blades and appropriate handles. Dedicated intestinal clamps are available according to the characteristics of the intestinal areas for which they are intended (e.g., colon, small bowel) and/or the procedure (e.g., resection, anastomosis) to be performed; some intestinal clamps include a mechanism to lock the blades together."
    },
    {
      "code": "21204",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Intestinal, Colon",
      "definition": "Intestinal surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of a portion of the colon during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with a size appropriate for the manipulation of the colon in the deep abdomen or pelvis; the instruments include smooth or serrated, straight, angled, or curved distal blades and appropriate handles. Dedicated intestinal clamps are available for resection and/or anastomosis (end-to-end and lateral) of the colon, frequently including a locking mechanism; other dedicated clamps are intended for colostomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "21205",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Intestinal, Colon, Locking",
      "definition": "Intestinal surgical clamps designed with the appropriate size for the atraumatic grasping or compression of a portion of the colon. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with two rectangular blades hinged at one end and a built-in locking mechanism at the other end. Locking colon clamps are used to facilitate end-to-end, lateral, and end-to-side anastomosis, preventing bleeding; they are also used in the excision of colon diverticula."
    },
    {
      "code": "15671",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Intestinal, Rectum",
      "definition": "Intestinal surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of the rectum and/or anal canal during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with a size appropriate for the manipulation of the rectum; the instruments usually include long, serrated, straight, right-angled, or curved distal blades and appropriate handles. Dedicated rectum clamps are available for resection and/or anastomosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21206",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Intestinal, Small Intestine",
      "definition": "Intestinal surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of a portion of the small intestine during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with a size appropriate for the manipulation of the small intestine in the deep abdomen; the instruments typically include smooth or serrated, straight, angled, or curved distal blades and appropriate handles. Dedicated small intestine clamps are available for resection and/or anastomosis (end-to-end and lateral) of specific segments of the small intestine (i.e., duodenum, jejunum, ileum), frequently including a locking mechanism; other dedicated devices are intended for ostomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21207",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Intestinal, Small Intestine, Locking",
      "definition": "Intestinal surgical clamps designed with the appropriate size for the atraumatic grasping or compression of a portion of the small intestine, providing a locking mechanism. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with two hinged parts that have rectangular distal blades and a built-in locking mechanism at the other end. Dedicated locking small intestine (i.e., duodenum, jejunum, ileum) clamps are used to facilitate end-to-end, lateral, and end-to-side anastomosis, preventing bleeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "21208",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Kidney",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping and manipulation of the kidney during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with curved articulated spring blades at the working end and appropriate ratchet handles. Kidney clamps can be used in the transverse, longitudinal, and oblique axis of the kidney, permitting a dry field during resection while preserving perfusion of the remaining parts of the organ."
    },
    {
      "code": "21209",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Kidney Pedicle",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping and/or compression of the kidney pedicle during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with curved or right-angled distal blades and appropriate ratchet handles; some clamps include interlocking longitudinal ridges to prevent slipping. Kidney pedicle clamps are used mainly to control the blood supply to the kidney during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21210",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Liver",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to atraumatically grasp the liver during open-surgery procedures. These clamps typically are handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with very long and slightly curved distal blades and handles that include a ratchet mechanism. Some clamps have a locking device at the distal end. Dedicated liver clamps are available for liver transplant and/or for resection of portions of the liver."
    },
    {
      "code": "21213",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Lung",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of a portion of the lungs during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with curved, serrated, distal blades and appropriate handles. Dedicated pulmonary clamps are available for wedge resections of portions of a lung; some lung clamps can be also used as bronchus clamps and/or to occlude the pulmonary artery and veins."
    },
    {
      "code": "16451",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to atraumatically grasp middle-ear structures. These clamps are typically handheld, very small manual instruments with delicate jaws appropriate to hold tiny anatomic structures. Dedicated middle-ear clamps are available for holding the ossicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "21214",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Middle Ear, Ossicle Holding",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical clamps designed for holding the ossicles. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with two strips of metal joined at one end (i.e., resembling thumb forceps) with a threaded mechanism to provide a fixed temporary grasp of the ossicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "16452",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Penis",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of the penis during surgical procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the procedure to be performed. Dedicated penis clamps may include two hinged parts with rectangular distal blades covered with rubber foam and a built-in adjustable locking mechanism at the other end and spring-actuated wire clamps with soft covered blades; dedicated clamps intended for circumcision of males are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10869",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Penis, Circumcision",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to to crush the inner and outer skin of the foreskin together to cause hemostasis during circumcision. These clamps are typically manual  instruments that provide protection for the glans; usually, the foreskin is excised with a knife or scissors. Circumcision clamps are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, including reusable and single-use devices and adult and infant sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21219",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Penis, Circumcision, Disposable",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to compress the foreskin of the penis during circumcision of a male infant. These clamps are usually handheld, manual, single-use (i.e., disposable) plastic devices that are placed over the penis, offering different degrees of protection (or none at all) to the glans according to the design. Typically, the whole clamp or several of its components are left on the penis for several days until they drop off or are detached."
    },
    {
      "code": "21220",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Penis, Circumcision, Reusable",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to compress the foreskin of the penis during circumcision of a male infant. These clamps are typically handheld, reusable, manual, metallic instruments that include a post, a bell, and a plate; the post and bell are placed over the glans (for its protection); the foreskin is pulled over the outside of the bell, clamped between the bell and the plate, and excised with a surgical knife that is run around the bell. A variety of different devices are available, offering different degrees of protection (or none at all) to the glans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21211",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Stomach",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of a portion of the stomach during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with flat, long-nosed parallel jaws that are articulated (e.g., threaded) to a U-shape handle. Dedicated gastric clamps are available according to the characteristics of the stomach areas that they are intended to compress or separate (e.g., proximal and/or distal region, pylorus) and/or the procedure to be performed (e.g., resection); some gastric clamps include a twin clamping mechanism or a mechanism to lock the blades together."
    },
    {
      "code": "21212",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Stomach, Pylorus",
      "definition": "Stomach (gastric) surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping or compression of the canal between the stomach and the duodenum (i.e., pylorus) during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with flat, long-nosed parallel jaws that are articulated (e.g., threaded) to a U-shape handle. Pylorus clamps are used in gastrointestinal procedures involving the pyloric sphincter."
    },
    {
      "code": "21221",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Strap Muscle",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to grasp and/or compress the muscles of the neck, particularly those of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with a distal blade that includes teeth, another blade with a coupling longitudinal serration, and a handle with a ratchet mechanism. Strap muscle clamps are used in conjunction with a thyroid dissector for division of the thyroid muscles during thyroidectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "21222",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Thyroid Gland",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping of the isthmus of the thyroid gland during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with straight or angled serrated distal blades and appropriate handles with ratchet mechanisms.  Thyroid surgical clamps are used in procedures intended to resect the thyroid gland and/or associated malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "21226",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Ureter",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping, compression, and/or manipulation of the ureter during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with two working ends having opposite rows of noncrushing teeth to facilitate the lateral strip of the ureter and to correct the size of the lower ureter in congenital dilatation ureters (megaloureter). Several clamps are usually needed in open-surgery procedures intended to repair and/or modify the ureter."
    },
    {
      "code": "21223",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Urethral Meatus/Caruncle",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping and/or compression of the meatus and polypoid growths (i.e., caruncles) in the urinary membrane of the meatus in women. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with two straight, tapering, distal jaws and a ratchet handle. Urethral meatus/caruncle surgical clamps are used in meatotomy and in the excision of caruncles."
    },
    {
      "code": "16453",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Uterus",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping, compression, and/or manipulation of the uterus and/or surrounding tissue during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with straight or curved distal blades that may be smooth or serrated, and a handle with a ratchet mechanism with variable settings. Dedicated uterine clamps are available for use on the uterine cervix, uterine parametrium, and/or to perform specific procedures (e.g., myomectomy, repair of bleeding uterine wall)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21227",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Uterus, Cervical",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping of the cervix (e.g., the anterior lip), to facilitate holding and/or manipulation of the uterus. These clamps are typically handheld, very thin manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center each with specially shaped, blunt distal blades. Cervical uterine clamps are used in a variety of procedures, such as rotation of the uterus into its normal position, vagina mobilization from the rectum and the peritoneum, removal of foreign bodies (e.g., intrauterine device fragments), and to facilitate catheter insertion."
    },
    {
      "code": "21228",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Uterus, Myomectomy",
      "definition": "Uterine surgical clamps designed to atraumatically cut off the uterine blood supply while excising fibroids in the uterus (i.e., myomectomy). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center each with a specially shaped, wide, blunt distal blade; they may include a four-hole handle for easy manipulation. Myomectomy clamps are used to control blood flow to and from the uterus, providing a bloodless operative field."
    },
    {
      "code": "21229",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Uterus, Parametrium",
      "definition": "Uterine surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic grasping of the parametrium tissue with minimal risk of tissue slipping. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center each with a distal blade that may be smooth or serrated; several jaw designs (e.g., S-shaped) are available to minimize the profile while firmly holding the tissue; these clamps usually include a handle with a ratchet mechanism with variable settings. Parametrium clamps are used during vaginal or abdominal excision of the uterus (i.e., hysterectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15882",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of veins or arteries during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause total or partial occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with straight or curved, serrated distal blades. The serrated region frequently has a central, nonserrated trough running its length, to prevent trauma to the enclosed vessel. Vascular surgical clamps are used in a variety of surgical procedures (e.g., resection, anastomosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10865",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of an artery during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause total or partial temporary occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with serrated, straight, or curved distal blades, and a ratchet-locking mechanism. The serrated region frequently has a central, nonserrated trough running its length to prevent trauma to the enclosed artery. Dedicated artery clamps are available for specific arteries (e.g., aorta, carotid, pulmonary) and/or procedures (e.g., anastomosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10864",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Aorta",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of the aorta during open-surgery procedures (e.g., resection, graft placement, coronary artery bypass, cardiac valve replacement/repair), usually to cause total or partial temporary occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with serrated, straight, or curved distal blades and a ratchet-locking mechanism. The serrated region frequently has a central, nonserrated trough running its length to prevent trauma to the aorta."
    },
    {
      "code": "21231",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Aorta, Anastomosis",
      "definition": "Aorta vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of the aorta during vascular anastomosis procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with slender, long distal blades that are usually serrated and curved in a semicircular shape; other aorta anastomosis clamps include a mechanism that operates two semicylindrical distal ends that hold and compress the artery. Anastomosis aorta surgical clamps are used in procedures such as anastomosis of the aorta to the pulmonary artery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21232",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Aorta, Aneurysm",
      "definition": "Aorta vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of the neck of aortic aneurysms during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause complete temporary occlusion of the aneurysm. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with serrated, slightly curved, distal blades and a ratchet-locking mechanism."
    },
    {
      "code": "15878",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Carotid",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the grdual atraumatic compression of the carotid artery during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause total or partial temporary occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with a clamping, usually threaded mechanism at the distal tip that is operated by rotation of the handle. Dedicated carotid artery clamps are available for controlled gradual occlusion and/or for hemostasis of the artery; they are mainly used during surgery of the intracranial vasculature."
    },
    {
      "code": "10873",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of one of the major peripheral arteries during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause total or partial temporary occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with serrated distal blades that are angled (e.g., right angled) or slightly curved. Dedicated peripheral artery clamps are available for occlusion of femoral, poplitean, iliac, and other peripheral arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "21233",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the gradual atraumatic compression of the pulmonary artery during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause total or partial temporary occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with two movable prongs at the distal end that are operated by rotation of the handle using a threaded mechanism. Dedicated pulmonary artery clamps are available for controlled gradual occlusion and/or for hemostasis of the artery."
    },
    {
      "code": "10868",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Spring/Cross Action",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of an artery to arrest or prevent hemorrhage using a spring or cross-action mechanism (known as bulldog clamps). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic parts that are conformed at the distal end as strong, straight or curved blades (frequently covered with rubber or plastic) and at the proximal end as flat handles (for easy manipulation with the thumb and fingers), connected by a locking spring; the two parts are joined by a swivel pin at the center. Some spring clamps include scissors-like rings to facilitate holding and operation; other clamps have a cross-action mechanism instead of a spring and a swivel pin. Dedicated spring artery clamps are available in a variety of shapes and sizes appropriate for specific arteries and/or procedures; smaller versions of the clamps are available for use in vascular microsurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21234",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Spring/Cross Action, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical (i.e., bulldog) clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of an artery to arrest or prevent hemorrhage during microsurgical procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic parts that are conformed at the distal end as tiny, straight or curved blades and at the proximal end as flat handles (for easy manipulation with the thumb and fingers), connected by a locking spring; the two parts are joined by a swivel pin at the center. Some microsurgical spring clamps have a cross-action mechanism instead of a spring and a swivel pin. Dedicated microsurgery spring artery clamps are available in a variety of shapes and sizes appropriate for specific blood vessels (e.g., carotid, coronary artery, intracranial)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10872",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Ductus Arteriosus",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression, after birth, of an abnormal persistent fetal vessel lumen connecting the left pulmonary artery to the descending aorta (i.e., patent ductus arteriosus), during open-surgery procedures, usually to cause temporary occlusion. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with serrated distal blades that are straight or curved; some devices are calibrated (e.g., mm, inch) on the outside edges of the tips. Ductus arteriosus vascular clamps are available mainly in infant and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "10870",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Hemorrhoid",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of varicose dilatations (i.e., hemorrhoids) of a vein in the rectum, usually to cause temporary occlusion during surgical procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with straight or curved distal blades that frequently terminate in triangular, serrated jaws. Hemorrhoid surgical clamps are used in procedures intended to excise hemorrhoids."
    },
    {
      "code": "21237",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of veins or arteries during microsurgical procedures, usually to cause total or partial occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically small, handheld, manual, spring-actuated, centrally pivoted, snap-on instruments with straight or curved distal blades; they are usually used in procedures such as testicular implantation. Microsurgery vascular clamps are also used in the restoration of the vas deferens after vasectomy (i.e., vasovasostomy). Some clamps are used in pairs attached to a vice."
    },
    {
      "code": "21238",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Microsurgery, Infant",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the atraumatic compression of veins or arteries during microsurgical vascular procedures in infants/neonates, usually to cause total or partial occlusion (i.e., coarctation). These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center; dedicated microclamps of appropriate sizes and configurations are available for performing specific surgical procedures on infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "21239",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Vena Cava",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for the total or partial occlusion (i.e., coarctation) of the vena cava during open-surgery procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with straight or curved distal blades and ring handles. The serrated region has a central, nonserrated trough running its length to prevent trauma to the enclosed vessel. Vena cava clamps are mainly used during open thoracic surgery; dedicated clamps that include an indwelling cannula are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21240",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vascular, Vena Cava, Indwelling Cannula",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clamps designed for occlusion of the vena cava during surgical procedures, permitting blood flow through an indwelling cannula (or catheter).  These clamps are typically manual, ring-handled instruments including two parts pivoted at the center with straight or curved serrated distal blades. The serrated region has a central rounded section that permits flow through the cannula while occluding the vein. Vena cava indwelling cannula clamps are mainly used during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21242",
      "display": "Clamps, Surgical, Vasectomy",
      "definition": "Surgical clamps designed to atraumatically grasp the ductus (vas) deferens during vasectomy procedures. These clamps are typically handheld, manual instruments including two parts pivoted at the center; dedicated vasectomy clamps are available with small teeth that are relatively atraumatic to the scrotum and permit ductus exposure and with blunt rounded distal ends to transfix the vas for injecting anesthesia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21257",
      "display": "Clamps, Test Tube, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to hold one or more test tubes during clinical laboratory procedures. These clamps are available in a variety of materials, shapes, and sizes according to the test tube diameter and/or the procedure to be performed; they are frequently corrosion-protected spring wires and/or threaded metallic devices. Dedicated laboratory test tube clamps are available that resist heat (e.g., up to more than 220 degrees Celsius [430 degrees Fahrenheit]) and/or chemicals (e.g., salts, solvents, acids)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21248",
      "display": "Clamps, Towel",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to hold and manipulate towels without damaging them.  These clamps are available in several sizes and configurations; they are frequently a manual instrument with two blades that are either crossed at their midportion permitting manipulation in a cross-action or joined at their midportion resembling forceps or scissors. Towel clamps usually have blunt ends; they are designed to temporarily attach or hold towels during surgical and/or other medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10875",
      "display": "Clamps, Tubing",
      "definition": "Clamps designed to grasp and compress tubing (e.g., infusion line, hemodialysis) without damaging it. These clamps are available in a variety of sizes and configurations according to the tubing to be clamped and the procedure to be performed; they frequently include a mechanism (e.g., a roller) to partially or completely obstruct the line. Dedicated surgical tubing clamps are available for use in infusion and suction/wound drain lines, hemodialysis, and other procedures; in addition, general purpose tubing clamps are used with a range of tubing/tubing sets found in various patient care areas (e.g., enteral feeding), and the clinical laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "16136",
      "display": "Clamps, Tubing, Hemodialysis Unit Blood Line",
      "definition": "Tubing clamps designed to manually grasp and compress the arterial and/or venous blood line of a hemodialysis machine without damaging it. These clamps are usually available in several sizes and configurations as integral components or according to the hemodialysis line to be clamped and the hemodialysis machine characteristics; some clamps include identification (e.g., color coding) to differentiate between venous and arterial clamps. Hemodialysis line clamps are used to close the blood flow from and/or to the patient at the beginning or end of the hemodialysis procedure or when it is necessary to stop the procedure; the hemodialysis unit also includes as an integral part an additional venous line clamp that is used for automated closing of blood infusion to the patient when a problem in the hemodialysis procedure (e.g., air bubbles, blood leaks) is detected."
    },
    {
      "code": "21249",
      "display": "Clamps, Tubing, Intravenous Infusion",
      "definition": "Tubing clamps designed to grasp and compress an infusion line (e.g., peripheral, central venous, hemodialysis) without damaging it. These clamps are available in several sizes and configurations according to the infusion line to be clamped and the procedure performed; they frequently include a mechanism (e.g., a roller) that partially or completely obstructs the line. Infusion line clamps are used to close the line to any substance that is or may be infused and/or drawn from the vascular system."
    },
    {
      "code": "21251",
      "display": "Clamps, Tubing, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Tubing clamps designed to hold rigid or flexible tubing during clinical laboratory procedures. These clamps are available in a variety of materials, shapes, and sizes according to the tubing diameter and thickness and/or the procedure to be performed; some clamps can be adjusted (e.g., threaded) to regulate flow through flexible tubes. Dedicated laboratory tubing clamps are available that resist heat (e.g., up to more than 220 degrees Celsius/430 degrees Fahrenheit) and/or chemicals (e.g., salts, solvents, acids)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21250",
      "display": "Clamps, Tubing, Suction",
      "definition": "Tubing clamps designed to grasp and compress a suction line without damaging it. These clamps are typically instruments including two parts pivoted at the center, with distal blades that are serrated and straight or curved. Suction tube clamps are used for partially or completely obstructing a suction line."
    },
    {
      "code": "34398",
      "display": "Clamps, Tubing, Vascular Perfusion, Artery Line, Remote-controlled",
      "definition": "Tubing clamps designed for the automated compression of the arterial line during cardiovascular perfusion  procedures. These clamps usually consist of a mechanism that atraumatically compress the aortic line when level, bubble, or retrograde conditions are detected; the mechanism may be also operated manually from a remote panel.  Remote-controlled vascular perfusion clamps are typically associated to an external perfusion pump; they are used during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures to improve the safety of the perfusion procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12268",
      "display": "Clean Room/Laminar Air Flow Equipment",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to provide a clean environment in an enclosure. These rooms are characterized by the maximum number of particles per unit volume allowed inside an enclosure (i.e., cleanliness classes, typically expressed in particles per cubic foot from 1 to 100,000). This equipment may be configured to create air flow with uniform velocity and parallel direction (i.e., laminar air flow), or to produce a partially laminar or turbulent pattern, according to the design and the intended use of the clean room. The equipment usually consist of air gross pre-filters to eliminate big airborne particles; high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filters (which typically remove 99.97% of particles of 0.3 micron or bigger);  ultra-low penetration air (ULPA, typically removes 99.99% of particles of 0.12 micron or bigger) filters to provide a filtered air flow inside the enclosure free from fine air particles and liquid droplets; and blowers, ducts, controls, and other devices to regulate the air velocity, temperature, and humidity of the environment.  Typically, air is drawn from the environment into the enclosure by the negative pressure created by a blower; the particulates are removed using the filters, and then the filtered air is circulated into the enclosure (e.g., a chamber, a room) and exhausted into the environment (or filtered again and recirculated into the enclosure) using a system of blowers and air pathways. This equipment is used to create clean environments in  operating rooms, clinical laboratories and pharmacies, to isolate patients to avoid their contamination (isolation chambers) and/or the contamination of other patients and healthcare personnel  from the patient (reverse isolation chambers).  Clean room/laminar air flow equipment may be supplied for installation in existing rooms or as an integral part of a standard or custom-designed clean rooms, chambers, or hoods."
    },
    {
      "code": "17709",
      "display": "Clean Room/Laminar Air Flow Equipment, Surgical Site",
      "definition": "Laminar air flow equipment designed to provide a clean environment at the surgical site in the operating room. The laminar flow may be either vertical (e.g., from the ceiling down to and around the patient) or, less frequently, horizontal at the surgical area; the laminar flow is distorted only by objects (e.g., surgical lamps) and staff in the flow pathway. The staff has to use appropriate clothing and follow a set of rules to work without affecting the air flow pattern. These laminar air flow units are intended to provide a very low particle content environment and reduce airborne bacteria at the surgical site in hospital operating rooms; they are frequently used for orthopedic surgery (e.g., hip transplant) and organ transplants where airborne particles are known to be associated with surgical site infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "32784",
      "display": "Clean Rooms",
      "definition": "Enclosures that are completely sealed off from the rest of a facility's environment and in which the concentration of airborne particles is controlled to specific limits but the room is not considered sterile. Clean rooms typically consist of a plastic or metallic room-like structure that includes pre-filters to eliminate gross contamination. They also contain either high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters or ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filters to provide a filtered air flow inside the enclosure and controls for the humidity, temperature, and air velocity. Clean rooms typically include interlock pass-throughs (frequently with air showers) in the walls that permit the passage of materials, objects, and/or personnel. Some clean rooms are mobile for field or emergency applications Clean rooms are usually classified according to the cleanliness that they provide inside the room (i.e., cleanliness classes); typically the classification is established according to the number of particles bigger than a given size (e.g., 0.5 micron) per cubic foot in classes 1, 10, and up 100,000/ISO classes from 3 to 8). The air flow inside a clean room may be laminar, partially laminar, or turbulent according to the design and the intended use of the clean room. Clean rooms are used in healthcare facilities (e.g., clinical pharmacies, surgery rooms, patient isolation rooms) and in field applications; dedicated clean rooms providing laminar air flow are also available for use in clinical laboratories, biotechnology work, and operating rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "15279",
      "display": "Clean Rooms, Laminar Air Flow",
      "definition": "Clean rooms designed to provide a flow of air within the enclosure with uniform velocity and parallel direction (i.e., laminar air flow), distorted only by objects in the flow pathway.  These rooms include blowers appropriate for laminar air movement (either vertical or horizontal), high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filters, and humidity and temperature controls. Fixed laminar air flow clean rooms are used to provide the cleanest air possible; they are intended mainly to be used in health care facilities for clinical laboratory, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15280",
      "display": "Clean Rooms, Laminar Air Flow, Mobile",
      "definition": "Laminar air flow clean rooms mounted on casters or other means for ease of movement. These clean rooms typically provide a very low particle content environment; class 100 or better (ISO 5 or less) are typical, which reduces airborne bacteria in the room environment. The laminar flow may be either vertical (e.g., from the ceiling down) or, less frequently, horizontal, distorted only by objects (e.g., surgical lamps) and staff in the flow pathway. Mobile laminar air flow clean rooms usually consist of a metallic or plastic structure typically including rigid plastic coverings, high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters, lighting fixtures, and/or working surfaces. Mobile clean rooms are used to provide a contamination-free environment in field applications (e.g., surgery) and/or for emergency situations in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17710",
      "display": "Clean Rooms, Laminar Air Flow, Pharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Laminar air flow clean rooms designed for use in clinical pharmacies. These clean rooms typically provide a very low particle content environment; class 100 or better (ISO 5 or less) are typical, which reduces airborne bacteria in the pharmacy clean room. The laminar flow may be either vertical (e.g., from the ceiling down to and around the site of preparation of medications) or, less frequently, horizontal at the preparation area, distorted only by objects (e.g., surgical lamps) and staff in the flow pathway. The staff has to use appropriate clothing and follow a set of rules in order to work without affecting the air flow pattern. Medications are usually separated in different colored bins; wash stations and machinery housed in these rooms are used in the manufacturing of particular drugs. Pharmaceutical laminar air flow rooms are mainly intended to provide a low-pollutant level environment for storage, handling, and manufacturing of particular medications, toxic agents, total parenteral nutrition, and intravenous solutions including antibiotics and/or analgesics. They are also used for mixing antineoplastic or chemotherapeutic drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "16788",
      "display": "Cleaners, Denture",
      "definition": "Devices that consist of a container for mechanically agitating a denture cleansing solution.  These devices are intended for use to clean dental prosthetic appliances such as dentures or bridges."
    },
    {
      "code": "17430",
      "display": "Cleaning Solutions, Contact Lens",
      "definition": "Cleaning solutions formulated for loosing debris from contact lenses; most solutions require a gentle rubbing of the lenses. Specialized solutions are available according to the material of the contact lenses (e.g., soft, gas permeable, rigid). Some solutions include chemical components to remove protein (enzymes) build-up and/or disinfection agents (i.e., germicides). Cleaning contact lenses typically require rinsing with water or a cleansing agent (e.g., saline solution) after using the cleaning solution. Contact lens cleaning solutions are used for manual daily cleaning of the lens."
    },
    {
      "code": "28100",
      "display": "Cleaning Solutions, Laboratory Analyzer",
      "definition": "Solutions formulated for cleaning the surfaces of the internal operating components of clinical laboratory in vitro diagnostic analyzers. These solutions are usually aqueous solutions that may include anionic surfactants, organic acids (e.g., formic acid), and sodium ions. Alkaline detergents are frequently used for the equipment sample lines, cuvettes, and reagent probes (needles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26659",
      "display": "Cleaning/Lubricating Units, Dental Handpiece",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for automated cleaning, lubricating, and purging of dental handpieces, including the air and water channels. These units consist of electromechanical equipment with openings to place one or more dental handpieces; appropriate adapters for a variety of different dental handpieces; a keyboard to control time and characteristics of the cleaning/purging/lubricating cycle following pre-established programs; and an internal mechanism that applies the appropriate products (e.g., cleaning solutions, lubricants) during each phase of the cycle. Dental handpiece cleaning/lubricating units are used to facilitate the periodic (e.g., daily) maintenance of dental handpieces, and also to shorten the period needed for reprocessing of the handpieces. Some units may be used also to process dental air motors and/or air driven dental scalers."
    },
    {
      "code": "16715",
      "display": "Cleansers, Denture",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to safely remove stains, deposits, and debris from the surfaces of dentures. These dental materials consist of a variety of products that by means of immersion and/or brushing of the dentures reduce plaque buildup and remove food particles that can cause gum irritation. Denture cleansers are supplied in paste, powder, or dissolvable tablet form; they keep dentures clean and fresh. They are mainly used by denture wearers for personal hygiene at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "21056",
      "display": "Cleansers, Scar/Keloid Inhibition, Silicone Sheet",
      "definition": "Cleansers designed to clean silicone sheets used on wounds to prevent hypertrophic scars and keloids. These cleansers typically consist of a mild, low-foaming, odorless soap. The cleanser is intended for patient self-care of the wounds covered with silicone sheets."
    },
    {
      "code": "10894",
      "display": "Clip Appliers",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed for the atraumatic (i.e., without intentional piercing) delivery of clips to tissue, either for temporary or permanent occlusion of anatomic tubular structures. Clip appliers may consist of a metallic forceps-like instrument with special jaws to hold and deliver the clips or instruments including a mechanism for single or multiple insertions of clips. Dedicated clip appliers are available for specific procedures, including fallopian tubal occlusion and hemostasis (both direct blood vessel occlusion and gastrointestinal lining closure); some clip appliers are intended for use through the working channel of endoscopes or through laparoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21263",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Fallopian Tube",
      "definition": "Clip appliers designed to deliver small implantable clips for external occlusion of the fallopian tubes without piercing the tube. These appliers may include a mechanism for single or multiple insertions of clips. Dedicated fallopian tube clip appliers are available for open and/or laparoscopic surgical procedures; they are mainly intended for applying clips for permanent occlusion of the tubes, usually for sterilization purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21267",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Fallopian Tube, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Clip appliers designed to deliver small atraumatic implantable clips for external occlusion of the fallopian tubes during laparoscopic procedures. These appliers may include a mechanism for single or multiple insertions of clips. Laparoscopic fallopian tube clip appliers are used for applying clips for permanent occlusion of the tubes, usually for sterilization purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21268",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Gastrointestinal, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Clip appliers designed to deliver small atraumatic implantable clips in the upper and/or the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract walls through the working channel of an endoscope. These appliers typically include a fixing device with a rotational mechanism for direct orientation of the clips. Clips are loaded into the applier and drawn into a sheath; the clip is advanced out of the sheath at the lesion site, oriented with a rotational handle, and then deployed. Multiple-use and preloaded single-use devices are available. GI tract clip appliers are used for treatment of bleeding in diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastric angiectasis, and gastric tumors; they are frequently used following sphincterotomy and biopsy in the upper GI tract. Some appliers can also be used for surgical procedures in the lower GI tract, such as diverticula and rectal ulcers, and following polypectomy and biopsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "39657",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Laparoscopic, Disposable",
      "definition": "Single-use clip appliers designed to deliver small atraumatic implantable clips for the external occlusion/ligation of blood vessels or other tubular structures during laparoscopic procedures. These clip appliers typically consist of a proximal handle with a mechanism for activating clip deployment; a tubular insertion sheath appropriate for passage through a laparoscopic access port or trocar sleeve; and a distal tip incorporating a mechanism for single or multiple insertions of clips."
    },
    {
      "code": "21269",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Skin Suture",
      "definition": "Clip appliers designed for the application of small clips with sharp points that can grasp the edges of a skin wound with minimum trauma. Manually operated, forceps-like devices are available with appropriate jaws and mechanisms for multiple insertions of suture clips in the skin edges as fast as the edges can be approximated. These instruments are mainly used to close wounds; the applied clips are made of nondegradable materials requiring removal after healing or of biodegradable (absorbable) materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "17685",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Vascular",
      "definition": "Clip appliers designed to deliver atraumatic clips intended for temporary or permanent occlusion of blood arteries and/or veins, frequently to stop and/or prevent bleeding (i.e., hemostasis). These appliers are typically a metal, forceps-like instrument with flat curved ends appropriate to hold and deliver the clips; some appliers may be used to deliver small (e.g., bulldog-type) clamps. Vascular clip appliers are used mainly to deliver clips for temporary vessel occlusion and/or bleeding arrest (i.e., hemostasis) during open surgical procedures; some clips may be used as permanent implants. They are available as reusable devices or as disposable instruments intended for a single procedure (e.g., artery hemostasis, scalp vessel occlusion)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17684",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Vascular, Disposable",
      "definition": "Vascular clip appliers designed to deliver small atraumatic vascular clips for blood vessel ligature during a single surgical procedure (i.e., disposable clip appliers) to stop and/or prevent bleeding (i.e., hemostasis). These appliers may include a mechanism for single or multiple insertions of clips. Dedicated disposable hemostatic clip appliers are available for use in open surgery in specific anatomic sites (e.g., arteries, scalp vessels, aneurysms); they deliver disposable vascular clips that are usually intended for temporary use during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21270",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Vascular, Disposable, Scalp",
      "definition": "Disposable vascular clip appliers designed for application of atraumatic vascular microclips intended for temporary ligature of blood veins or arteries in the scalp during a single surgical procedure to stop and/or prevent bleeding (i.e., hemostasis). These appliers are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; some appliers include a mechanism for multiple insertions of clips. Disposable (single use) scalp clip appliers are typically made of plastic; they are mainly used in neurosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16445",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Vascular, Reusable",
      "definition": "Vascular clip appliers designed for application of small atraumatic clips for blood vessel ligature to stop and/or prevent bleeding (i.e., hemostasis). These appliers may include a mechanism for single or multiple insertions of clips; they can be reloaded with new clips to perform more than one surgical procedure. Dedicated reusable clip appliers are used in open surgery on particular anatomic sites (e.g., arteries, scalp vessels); the applied clips may be intended for temporary use during the surgical procedure or as permanent implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "16443",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Vascular, Reusable, Aneurysm",
      "definition": "Reusable vascular clip appliers designed for application of atraumatic microclips for the total or partial ligature of aneurysms, separating the aneurysm from the vasculature, and/or to prevent bleeding (i.e., hemostasis) in ruptured aneurysms. These appliers are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they frequently include a mechanism for multiple insertions of aneurysm clips. The aneurysm clips are usually applied to the neck of the aneurysm; the applied clips may be intended for temporary use during the surgical procedure or as permanent implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "21273",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Vascular, Reusable, Aneurysm, Intracranial",
      "definition": "Reusable vascular aneurysm clip appliers designed for application of atraumatic microclips for total or partial extravascular ligature of intracranial aneurysms to stop and/or prevent bleeding (i.e., hemostasis). These appliers are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they frequently include a mechanism for multiple insertions of intracranial clips. Intracranial aneurysm clip appliers are used to apply clips to the neck of an aneurysm; the applied clips may be intended for temporary use during neurosurgical procedures or as permanent implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "21272",
      "display": "Clip Appliers, Vascular, Reusable, Scalp",
      "definition": "Reusable vascular clip appliers designed for application of atraumatic microvascular clips usually intended for ligature of blood veins or arteries in the scalp, to stop and/or prevent bleeding (i.e., hemostasis). These appliers are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; some appliers include a mechanism for multiple insertions of clips. Reusable scalp clip appliers are typically metal; they are mainly used in neurosurgical procedures. The applied clips are usually intended for temporary use during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "15569",
      "display": "Clippers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for cutting using a mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action to cut an object or tissue (e.g., hair, nails) placed between the blades. Clippers are typically handheld instruments, either manually or electrically powered, used for personal hygiene or grooming; they are available in a variety of shapes. Standard and/or dedicated clippers are used in healthcare applications mainly for cutting nails or hair (on the head and/or body) during preoperative procedures; some clippers are designed specially for disabled individuals. Other instruments, such as scissors, razors, and nippers, are also used to cut hair and/or nails."
    },
    {
      "code": "11939",
      "display": "Clippers, Hair",
      "definition": "Clippers designed to cut the hair above the skin surface using a mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action. Hair clippers are typically handheld instruments, either manually or electrically powered, and are used mainly for personal hygiene and grooming. Dedicated hair clippers intended for hair removal before surgical or other related clinical procedures (e.g., cathetrization, labor) are also available. Hair clippers are usually manipulated by an operator or healthcare worker to remove a patient's hair. Other instruments such as scissors and razors are also used to cut hair."
    },
    {
      "code": "21935",
      "display": "Clippers, Hair, Electric",
      "definition": "Hair clippers designed to cut the hair above the skin surface using a handheld electrically powered mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action to cut the hair above the skin surface. Electric hair clippers are used mainly for personal hygiene and grooming. Dedicated hair clippers intended for hair removal before surgical or other related clinical procedures (e.g., catheterization, labor) are also available. Electric hair clippers are usually manipulated by an operator or healthcare worker to remove a patient's hair."
    },
    {
      "code": "21936",
      "display": "Clippers, Hair, Electric, Preoperative",
      "definition": "Electric hair clippers designed to remove hair from the head or body before surgical or other clinical procedures. These devices typically consist of a handheld, electrically (battery and/or line) powered mechanism with a narrow blade that performs a clipping action to cut the hair above but close to the skin surface. Preoperative electric hair clippers are intended to remove hair, with minimum skin damage, before surgical or other related clinical procedures (e.g., catheterization, labor). Preoperative electric hair clippers are usually manipulated by a healthcare worker to remove a patient's hair."
    },
    {
      "code": "21934",
      "display": "Clippers, Hair, Manual",
      "definition": "Hair clippers designed to cut the hair above the skin surface using a handheld, manually operated mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action to cut the hair above the skin surface. These hair clippers are used mainly for personal hygiene and grooming. Dedicated hair clippers intended for hair removal before surgical or other related clinical procedures (e.g., catheterization, labor) are also available. Manual hair clippers are usually manipulated by an operator or healthcare worker to remove a patient's hair. Other manual instruments, such as scissors and razors, are also used to cut hair."
    },
    {
      "code": "12695",
      "display": "Clippers, Nail",
      "definition": "Clippers designed for trimming the fingernails or toenails using a mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action. These clippers are typically, small, manually operated, handheld or tabletop instruments with two articulated metal pieces, used for personal hygiene and grooming. Nail clippers are usually manipulated by an individual to trim his or her own nails. Dedicated clippers designed especially to cut toenails and/or for use by disabled individuals (e.g., tabletop-mounted clippers for fingernails, pistol-grip clippers for toenails) are also available. Other manual instruments that perform a shearing action, such as scissors and nippers, are also used to cut nails."
    },
    {
      "code": "21939",
      "display": "Clippers, Nail, Finger",
      "definition": "Clippers designed for cutting the fingernails using a mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action. These clippers are typically, small, manual, handheld instruments with two articulated metal pieces, used for personal hygiene and grooming. Nail clippers are usually manipulated by a person to trim his or her own nails. Dedicated clippers designed especially for disabled individuals (e.g., tabletop-mounted clippers) are also available. Other manual instruments that perform a shearing action, such as scissors and nippers, are also used to cut fingernails."
    },
    {
      "code": "21941",
      "display": "Clippers, Nail, Finger, Disabled Person",
      "definition": "Clippers designed for use by individuals with physical limitations (i.e., disabilities) for cutting their own fingernails; these devices use a mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action. These clippers are typically small, manually operated, tabletop-mounted instruments with two articulated metal pieces, used for personal hygiene and grooming."
    },
    {
      "code": "21942",
      "display": "Clippers, Nail, Toe",
      "definition": "Clippers designed for cutting the toenails using a mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action straight across the nail to prevent ingrowth. These clippers are typically strong manual, handheld instruments with two small articulated metal pieces with straight cutting edges, used for personal hygiene and grooming. Toenail clippers are usually manipulated by a person to trim his or her own nails. Dedicated clippers designed especially for disabled individuals (e.g., pistol-grip clippers) are also available. Other manual instruments that perform a shearing action, such as scissors and nippers, are also used to cut toenails for both  grooming and podiatric procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21944",
      "display": "Clippers, Nail, Toe, Disabled Person",
      "definition": "Clippers designed for use by individuals with physical limitations (i.e., disabilities) for cutting their own toenails; these devices use a mechanism that performs a two-blade clipping action to cut straight across the nail, preventing ingrowth. These clippers are typically strong, manual instruments with a far-reaching mechanism (e.g., pistol-grip action) and two small articulated metal pieces with straight cutting edges, used for personal hygiene and grooming."
    },
    {
      "code": "10898",
      "display": "Clips",
      "definition": "Devices designed for attachment or occlusion of anatomic structures (e.g., blood vessels, fallopian tubes) and small objects and accessories (e.g., towels, drapes, bandages) used in surgical procedures without intentionally piercing them (i.e., atraumatic); some clips are intended for use as permanent implants or for temporary occlusion of external (e.g., nose, umbilical cord) anatomic structures. Surgical temporary clips usually permit only a small jaw opening, have a normally closed resting state, and are frequently applied manually; dedicated implantable clips include a variety of atraumatic small metallic or plastic devices in different shapes and sizes that are typically delivered using clip appliers."
    },
    {
      "code": "21275",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable",
      "definition": "Small metallic clips designed to be implanted for blood vessel and/or other anatomic tubular structure occlusion, for permanent suture of internal wounds, or to fix tissues together. Implantable clips are frequently applied using dedicated instruments (e.g., clip appliers). They are implanted during vascular, ophthalmologic, contraceptive, gastrointestinal, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21282",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Cystic Duct",
      "definition": "Implantable clips designed for occlusion of the cystic duct, either in open surgery or during laparoscopic procedures. These clips are typically small metal devices. One clip is applied to the cystic duct near its junction with the gallbladder, and two additional clips are placed near the point where the cystic duct joins the common bile duct. Implantable cystic duct clips are intended to close the duct in surgical procedures to excise the gall bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "21276",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Eye",
      "definition": "Implantable clips designed to bring together tissues or to occlude small blood vessels in the eye. These clips are usually small, metal (typically tantalum) devices that are implanted using dedicated appliers. Implantable ophthalmic clips are intended to approximate the edges of a wound and/or for hemostasis of small blood vessels in the eye."
    },
    {
      "code": "21280",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Eye, Iris",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) implantable clips designed to secure the overlapped ends of an implantable ophthalmic circling band. These clips are typically very tiny, U-shaped, metal (e.g., tantalum) devices with ends that close around the circling band. Iris-implantable clips are used in the scleral buckling technique, a surgical procedure intended for retinal reattachment."
    },
    {
      "code": "21279",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Eye, Wound",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) implantable clips designed to approximate the edges of an eye wound. These clips are typically very tiny, U-shaped, metal (e.g., tantalum) devices with ends that close around the wound edges. Wound ophthalmic clips are used to facilitate wound healing and/or to prevent bleeding from small blood vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "14174",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Fallopian Tube",
      "definition": "Implantable clips designed for occlusion of the fallopian tubes in open surgery or laparoscopic procedures. These clips are typically small metal devices that are externally applied to the tubes using dedicated appliers. Implantable fallopian tube clips are intended for contraceptive (i.e., sterilization) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21283",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Implantable clips designed for attaching to the lining of the stomach or intestinal tract, typically using endoscopic procedures. These clips are typically small metallic (e.g., titanium) devices that are applied using dedicated appliers. Implantable gastrointestinal clips are mainly used for hemostasis (e.g., in mucosal defects, bleeding ulcers, polyps), anchoring of jejunal feeding tubes, endoscopic marking, and closing of perforations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16028",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Vascular",
      "definition": "Implantable clips designed for extravascular occlusion of blood vessels (either veins or arteries) in open-surgery or laparoscopic procedures. These clips are typically small metal devices that are externally applied to the tubes using dedicated appliers. Implantable vascular clips are mainly used to prevent and/or control bleeding (i.e., hemostasis); dedicated clips are available to occlude aneurysms."
    },
    {
      "code": "10905",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Vascular, Extracranial, Aneurysm",
      "definition": "Implantable vascular clips designed for extravascular occlusion of aneurysms in the vasculature outside the cranium. These clips are typically small metal devices that are externally applied to the aneurysm using dedicated appliers. Aneurysm extracranial implantable blood vessel clips are used mainly for hemostasis, to facilitate surgical procedures, and/or interrupt blood circulation into a vessel aneurysm."
    },
    {
      "code": "21289",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Vascular, Intracranial",
      "definition": "Implantable vascular clips designed for extravascular occlusion of intracranial vessels. These clips are typically small metallic devices that are externally applied to the vessels using dedicated appliers. Implantable intracranial clips are intended mainly to prevent and/or control bleeding (i.e., hemostasis); dedicated devices are available for occlusion of intracranial aneurysms."
    },
    {
      "code": "21290",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Vascular, Intracranial, Aneurysm",
      "definition": "Intracranial implantable vascular clips designed for extravascular occlusion of aneurysms in the vasculature inside the cranium. These clips are typically small metal devices that are externally applied to the aneurysm using dedicated appliers. Aneurysm implantable intracranial blood vessel clips are used mainly to prevent and/or control bleeding (i.e., hemostasis) during and after neurosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21292",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Vascular, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Implantable vascular clips designed for extravascular occlusion of small peripheral veins or arteries. These clips are typically small metallic devices that are externally applied to the vessels using dedicated appliers. Implantable peripheral blood vessel clips are intended mainly for surgical hemostasis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21291",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Vascular, Scalp",
      "definition": "Implantable vascular clips designed for extravascular occlusion of the scalp vasculature. These clips are typically small metallic devices that are externally applied to the vessels using dedicated appliers. Implantable scalp blood vessel clips are intended mainly for hemostasis during neurosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10915",
      "display": "Clips, Implantable, Vascular, Vena Cava",
      "definition": "Implantable vascular clips designed for partial extravascular occlusion of the vena cava. These clips are typically metal devices that are externally applied to the vena cava to prevent the passage of thromboemboli without stopping blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "10907",
      "display": "Clips, Nose",
      "definition": "Clips designed to be applied to the external portions of the nose; depending on the location of application, these clips can provide a method for occluding the external orifices of the nose (i.e., nares), blocking the nasal passage and thereby preventing air movement through the nose. Alternatively, if these clips are applied to the nasal septum (i.e., the part that separates the two nostrils), they can be used to apply pressure on the trigeminal nerve in the septum, causing a dilation of the nasal passage and thereby serving as a breathing aid. These clips are typically small instruments with two blades joined at the midportion or made from a single alpha-shaped part; they are made out of metal or plastic with rubber or foam tips."
    },
    {
      "code": "10910",
      "display": "Clips, Skin Suture",
      "definition": "Clips designed to close skin wounds by permanently (i.e., after the suturing procedure is finished) holding together the edges of the skin tissue. These clips are typically small, usually metal, devices with sharp points properly angled to grasp skin efficiently and hold with minimal trauma; they are frequently applied using dedicated instruments (e.g., clip appliers). Typically, a set of implantable clips is applied in each procedure. Skin suture clips are single-use devices; they are available in nondegradable materials requiring removal after healing or as biodegradable (absorbable) devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "21299",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical",
      "definition": "Clips designed for temporary atraumatic (i.e., without intentionally piercing) attachment or occlusion of anatomic structures (e.g., blood vessels, fallopian tubes) and/or small ancillary devices (e.g., towels, drapes, bandages) during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small (usually metal) instruments with two blades joined at the midportion or made from a single alpha-shaped part and permit only a small jaw opening, have a normally closed resting state, and do not include a handle or other proximal attachment. They can be delivered manually or with an instrument such as dedicated forceps. Surgical clips are used for skin and internal suturing, vascular hemostasis, and temporary occlusion of other anatomic ducts and can hold surgical instruments and/or other small ancillary devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "10901",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Bandage",
      "definition": "Surgical clips designed to hold and/or manipulate bandages and/or dressings during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small metal instruments with two blades crossed at the midportion, permitting manipulation in a cross-action, or joined at the midportion, resembling forceps or scissors. Bandage clips have blunt ends that do not perforate, tear, or damage objects. The instrument is designed to temporarily attach or hold a bandage or dressing during surgery; it may also be used in other medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10902",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Drape",
      "definition": "Surgical clips designed to hold drapes used to isolate and/or protect a surgical site. These clips are typically small metal instruments with two blades crossed at the midportion, permitting manipulation in a cross-action, or joined at the midportion, resembling forceps or scissors. Drape clips have blunt ends that do not perforate, tear, or damage objects.  The instrument is designed to temporarily attach or hold a drape during surgical procedures; it may also be used in other medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10904",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Instrument",
      "definition": "Surgical clips designed to hold small surgical instruments (e.g., needle holders, cannulae) during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small metal instruments with two blades crossed at the midportion, permitting manipulation in a cross-action, or joined at the midportion, resembling forceps or scissors. Instrument clips have blunt ends that do not perforate, tear, or damage instruments. Surgical instrument clips are designed for temporarily holding or attaching instruments during surgery; they may also be used in other medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10914",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Towel",
      "definition": "Surgical clips designed to hold and/or manipulate towels during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small metal instruments with two blades crossed at the midportion, permitting manipulation in a cross-action, or joined at the midportion resembling forceps or scissors. Towel clips have either sharp or blunt ends; they are designed for temporarily attaching or holding towels during surgical procedures; they may also be used in other medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21300",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Vascular",
      "definition": "Surgical clips designed for the temporary atraumatic occlusion of blood vessels during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small, usually metal instruments with two blades joined at the midportion or made from a single alpha-shaped part. Vascular clips are usually applied manually; they do not include a handle or other proximal attachment for manipulation. They are used mainly for hemostasis and/or to facilitate surgical procedures by temporarily interrupting blood circulation in a particular site of the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "21303",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Vascular, Aneurysm",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clips designed for the temporary atraumatic occlusion of blood vessel aneurysms during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small, usually metal (e.g., cobalt, titanium alloy) instruments with two blades joined at the midportion or made from a single alpha-shaped part. Aneurysm surgical clips are usually applied manually; they do not include a handle or other proximal attachment for manipulation. Aneurysm clips are used mainly for hemostasis and/or to facilitate surgical procedures by temporarily interrupting of blood circulation into a vessel aneurysm."
    },
    {
      "code": "21304",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Vascular, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clips designed for the atraumatic compression of veins or arteries during microsurgical procedures, usually to cause total or partial temporary occlusion. These clips are typically small cross-action snap-on instruments. Microsurgical vascular clips are typically used in vascular procedures such as testicular implantation; they are also used in the restoration of the vas deferens after vasectomy (i.e., vasovasostomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10908",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Vascular, Penis",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clips designed for the temporary atraumatic occlusion of blood vessels irrigating the penis during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small, reusable metal instruments with two blades joined at the midportion or made from a single alpha-shaped part. Penis vascular clips are typically applied manually; they are mainly used for hemostasis."
    },
    {
      "code": "10909",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Vascular, Scalp",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical clips designed for the temporary atraumatic occlusion of blood vessels irrigating the scalp during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small, usually metal instruments with a cylindrical or triangular cross-section; they are typically delivered using a forceps-like applier. Scalp clips usually do not include a handle or other proximal attachment for manipulation; they are used mainly for hemostasis."
    },
    {
      "code": "10916",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Wound Closure",
      "definition": "Surgical clips designed for temporary atraumatic approximation of the edges of wounds during surgical procedures. These clips are typically small, usually metal instruments with two blades joined at the midportion or made out of a single alpha-shaped part. They are typically applied manually. Surgical wound clips are mainly used for hemostasis; dedicated devices are available to facilitate placing of suture placement to close wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "10911",
      "display": "Clips, Surgical, Wound Closure, Skin/Tissue Suturing",
      "definition": "Surgical wound clips designed for the temporary atraumatic approximation of the edges of wounds (e.g., skin, internal tissue) to facilitate suturing procedures. These clips are typically small, usually metallic instruments with two blades properly angled to grasp skin and/or other tissue efficiently and to hold it with minimum trauma; the blades are joined at the midportion or made from a single alpha-shaped part. Surgical suturing clips are used mainly during manual suturing and/or to facilitate the application of suture clips."
    },
    {
      "code": "21298",
      "display": "Clips, Umbilical Cord Occlusion",
      "definition": "Clips designed for external occlusion of the umbilical cord of a newborn. These clips are typically small (usually metallic) instruments with two blades that are closed to compress the vasculature of the umbilical cord. Umbilical cord clips are disposable (i.e., single-use) devices; they may be manually delivered and discarded or self-discarded after healing."
    },
    {
      "code": "34526",
      "display": "Clocks",
      "definition": "Instruments used to measure and display the passage of time, typically in units of hours, minutes, and seconds. Clocks can be either mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic (e.g., quartz oscillator) time measuring instruments. The time displayed by clocks can be noted by the positon of indicators pointing to numerals ranging from 1 to 12 (for 12-hour display) or from 1 to 24 (for 24-hour display). Alternatively, clocks can show the time with a display of digital numbers. Often, clocks can include a display of the current date in month, day, and/or year format. Clocks can be freestanding or attached to a wall. Clocks used to show elapsed time are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10918",
      "display": "Clocks, Elapsed-Time",
      "definition": "Clocks that are used to indicate the amount of time that has passed since a specified start time. Elapsed time clocks can also be used as countdown timers by indicating the seconds, minutes, hours, and days remaining to reach a future specified date or time. These clocks also can include a standard time display. Elapsed time clocks are typically used in operative, emergency services, intensive care, and procedure rooms and can be freestanding or attached to a wall."
    },
    {
      "code": "41042",
      "display": "Closed-System Transfer Devices",
      "definition": "Devices designed to allow the preparation, compounding, and/or administration of potentially hazardous drugs (e.g., antineoplastic drugs, antiviral drugs, bioengineered drugs) while prohibiting (1) the escape of the hazardous drug or hazardous drug-derived vapors into the environment and (2) the transfer of environmental contaminants into the closed system. Closed system transfer devices of two basic designs exist: (1) devices that prevent air exchange between the environment and the closed-system by equalizing the pressure between the medication-containing vial and the medication receiving/diluent delivering vessel (e.g., syringe) and (2) devices that use a mechanical filtration system to cleanse any air exchanged between the closed system and the environment. Closed system transfer devices are intended to minimize the exposure of individuals, healthcare workers, and the environment to hazardous drugs while preventing drug contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "39505",
      "display": "Coffee Makers",
      "definition": "Electrical appliances in which coffee is made by filtering or forcing at high pressure heated water through coffee grounds and into a container. Coffee makers have may different configurations. The ground coffee is usually placed in a basket with perforations. The brewed coffee dispenses into a decanter that sits on a heating element or a thermal serving vessel. Coffee urns brew and dispense coffee in a single container. Coffee makers can have water tanks that must be filled by users or be connected to a water line. Most coffee makers make many cups of coffee at one time, but some coffee makers brew a single cup at a time. Some coffee makers include a coffee grinder. Coffee makers that are more complex can make coffee-based drinks such as cappuccino and espresso."
    },
    {
      "code": "16845",
      "display": "Coils/Pouches, Blood Warming",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of coiled tubing inside a pouch or cartridge, a segmented pouch, or other configuration used for in-line warming of banked blood, blood products, or intravenous (IV) solutions to a temperature appropriate for infusion. The coils/pouches are used with in-line blood/IV solution warming units. This device may include components such as a heat exchanger, bubble trap, various types of ports, patient lines, tubing extensions, and pressure-regulating valves. These coils/pouches are prepackaged sterile single-use devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17457",
      "display": "Cold Compress/Pack Chilling Units",
      "definition": "Dedicated small refrigeration units designed to hold and quickly chill cold packs or compresses used on patients. These units consist of a box-like insulated structure (e.g., 27 inches L x 16 inches W x 33 inches H [69 cm x 41 cm x 84 cm] in size) with an outside door and interior shelves (some shelves may have cup-holders), an electrically-powered compressor, cooling coils to hold and quickly chill the packs or compresses, and a drain valve for defrosting. Most cold pack chilling units come with castors or wheels so they can be easily transported from room to room."
    },
    {
      "code": "23721",
      "display": "Cold Plates",
      "definition": "Tabletop devices designed to cool substances (e.g., solids, liquids) when placed on their surfaces. These devices typically consist of a small unit with an internal refrigeration system, a flat surface intended for cooling objects, and controls to keep the temperature at a fixed temperature (e.g., from -5 degrees to -15 degrees C/5 degrees to 23 degrees F); some include a cover over the plate to keep ice from forming. Cold plates are intended mainly to perform several laboratory procedures such as cooling embedded tissue blocks and/or molds."
    },
    {
      "code": "16207",
      "display": "Cold/Hot Pack Holders",
      "definition": "Devices designed to hold one or more cold or hot packs externally to the body of a patient, frequently supporting and/or securing the use of the pack during a therapeutic procedure. These holders are usually shaped specifically to the anatomical part where they are attached and/or the pack that they are holding. Cold/hot pack holders are typically made of a soft material (e.g., fabric, foam) with a pouch or pocket to hold a hot or cold pack and keep it close to, but not in direct contact with, the skin; they usually include some type of fasteners (e.g., cord ties, hook-and-loop closures [Velcro]) that fit around the body part (e.g., arm, leg, wrist) to hold the hot/cold pack in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "17853",
      "display": "Collagen, Injectable",
      "definition": "Protein purified from skin, tendon, bone, cartilage and other connective tissue that is injected into patients for cosmetic or reconstructive purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "36834",
      "display": "Collection Canisters, Amalgam Separator",
      "definition": "Disposable containers designed to accumulate amalgam removed from dental practice wastewater by amalgam separators. These collection canisters are designed to be connected directly to the amalgam separator and are intended to work with one or a few models of amalgam separator, usually supplied by same manufacturer. Depending on the amalgam separator they are intended to work with, these collection canisters may incorporate a filter and/or ion exchange resins intended to facilitate capture of dental amalgam. These canisters are single-use devices that must be replaced periodically (typically every 3 to 12 months depending on model and practice volume)."
    },
    {
      "code": "42101",
      "display": "Collection Canisters, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy",
      "definition": "Containers designed for the collection of excess interstitial fluid, exudate, and infectious materials from a dedicated dressing that has been applied for a negative pressure wound therapy procedure. These collection canisters are connected to a vacuum pump. They are typically made of transparent plastic materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "10211",
      "display": "Collection Containers, Aspirator/Suction Unit",
      "definition": "Containers designed to collect tissue, secretions, mucus, blood, irrigation fluids, and other debris from sources such as surgical sites, oral cavities, etc. These devices are typically able to be detached from the aspirator and may be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "10941",
      "display": "Collectors",
      "definition": "Devices into which samples are placed for testing or temporary storage. Collectors are typically made of plastic, metal, or glass."
    },
    {
      "code": "32766",
      "display": "Collectors, Dust/Debris",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to collect (i.e., remove) dust and other debris from the environment created while performing procedures that produce a high concentration of air particles. These collectors typically consist of a stand-alone unit that includes filters that entrap particles one micron or less in diameter. A low-noise motor then provides suction of the polluted air or a connection to a vacuum source, a collection canister, and appropriate controls. Dedicated dust/debris collectors are available for particular procedures, including bone and related products cutting (e.g., orthopedic surgery, cast cutting, autopsies) and also for dental laboratories. Some dust collectors are integral part of medical equipment (e.g., grinders, saws, dental trimmers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17131",
      "display": "Collectors, Dust/Debris, Bone Surgery/Postmortem",
      "definition": "Collectors designed to remove dust and other debris from the environment during surgical, postmortem, and/or other procedures involving bone cutting, sawing, and/or drilling. These collectors typically consist of a stand-alone or tabletop unit that includes filters that entrap bone particles and other debris having a diameter in the order of one micron or even less; a low-noise motor that provides suction of the polluted air or a connection to a vacuum source; a collection canister; and appropriate controls. Bone dust/debris collectors are used in orthopedic, plastic, and other surgeries involving bone procedures; they are also used during postmortem (e.g., autopsy) procedures. Surgical collectors connected to vacuum systems may be supplied as sterile disposable units; some dust collectors are an integral part of medical devices such as saws and drilling machines."
    },
    {
      "code": "27897",
      "display": "Collectors, Dust/Debris, Dental Laboratory",
      "definition": "Collectors designed to remove dust and other debris from the environment during dental laboratory procedures that involve cutting, sawing, and/or drilling of dental prostheses and implants. These collectors typically consist of a stand-alone or tabletop unit that includes filters that entrap fine particle debris having a diameter of one micron or less; a low-noise motor that provides suction of the polluted air or a connection to a vacuum source; a collection canister; and appropriate controls. Dental laboratory dust/debris collectors are used in manufacturing and trimming procedures performed in dental laboratories; some collectors are conformed as small semi-enclosed chambers that allow grinding and/or polishing procedures inside the chamber. Dust collectors may be an integral part of dental devices such as polishers and trimmers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15142",
      "display": "Collectors, Fraction",
      "definition": "Instruments that can collect liquid samples during experimental procedures (e.g., collecting eluates from large volume columns during the process of chromatography). Fraction collectors may collect by time or by drop."
    },
    {
      "code": "18132",
      "display": "Collectors, Menstrual Fluid",
      "definition": "Cup-like receptacles designed to be placed in the vagina in order to collect menstrual fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "10943",
      "display": "Collectors, Sputum",
      "definition": "Containers used to retrieve sputum samples from patients for diagnostic testing (e.g., sputum culture, Gram stain, acid-fast bacilli identification). They are typically constructed of plastic and are packaged as single-use sterile items. Some sputum collectors are designed to capture a sputum specimen directly from a patient with a productive cough; others are designed to be attached to a suction catheter for collecting sputum via an endotracheal tube."
    },
    {
      "code": "16291",
      "display": "Collectors, Sweat",
      "definition": "Devices designed to collect sweat produced by a person, for the purposes of diagnostic or other types of testing (e.g., drug testing). Typical sweat collectors include patches/pads that are attached to patients' skin that are also connected to a sweat stimulation device (e.g., electrode) and/or analyzer (e.g., an iontophoresis system) or absorbent, single-use patches/pads that are applied to patients' skin for an extended period of time and then removed."
    },
    {
      "code": "10944",
      "display": "Collectors, Urine",
      "definition": "Collectors designed to temporarily hold urine. These collectors are typically placed inside toilet bowls during use."
    },
    {
      "code": "17801",
      "display": "Collimators, Gamma Camera",
      "definition": "Collimators designed for selective absorption of unwanted gamma rays, permitting the passage of radiation only in the desired path. These collimators are made of heavy metals (e.g., lead); the basic types used in gamma cameras are pinhole, parallel hole, diverging, and converging collimators, each with specific uses. Gamma camera collimators are an essential component of gamma cameras and single photon emission tomography scanning systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "16389",
      "display": "Collimators, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Collimators designed to define the dimensions and direction of a beam of x-ray radiation, usually by eliminating the peripheral, more divergent part of the x-ray beam. These collimators typically consist of tubes, cones, and diaphragms or systems of diaphragms made of radiation-absorbing materials and interposed in the pass of the beam. Radiographic collimators are widely used in radiographic and fluoroscopic units and systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "10950",
      "display": "Colonoscopes",
      "definition": "Flexible endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the rectum in the lower gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the colon; some of these devices can be used for the entire large intestine. Colonoscopes usually consist of a flexible outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17665",
      "display": "Colonoscopes, Video",
      "definition": "Colonoscopes that feature a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "22621",
      "display": "Colonoscopes, Video, Confocal Laser Microscopy",
      "definition": "Video colonoscopes designed with integrated optical scanning laser microscopy capabilities. These colonoscopes include all the components of a standard video colonoscope (i.e., external sheath, fiberoptic cable, image detector such as a charge-coupled device [CCD]) and an integrated confocal microscopy system that consists of a miniature microscope (usually with a diameter of a few millimeters) located at the tip of the endoscope, a fiberoptic light cable to transmit and receive light from tissue, an external confocal image data processor with appropriate software, and a confocal monitor to display the microscopic image. Confocal microscopy video colonoscopes are intended for high-resolution (typically 1 micron) in vivo histology assessments of both the surface mucosa and horizontal slices below the surface of the colon and other lower gastrointestinal tract sections; they can also perform all the other diagnostic and therapeutic functions of video colonoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "10960",
      "display": "Colposcopes",
      "definition": "Specula designed for the examination of the vagina that permit a direct view of the tissues of the vagina and cervix. Colposcopes usually include an illumination system and magnifying lenses, which allow better examination of the vagina than a common vaginal specula."
    },
    {
      "code": "10961",
      "display": "Commode Seats",
      "definition": "Seats designed for use on a commode. They are typically rectangular, horseshoe-shaped, or ring-shaped, and attach to the commode via hinges that allow the seat to be lifted up. They are typically made of plastic and may come with a lid attached."
    },
    {
      "code": "16401",
      "display": "Commode/Wheelchairs (Retired)",
      "definition": "Furniture that combines de capabilities of a wheelchair and a commode. This furniture may consist of a wheelchair with an open seat that can be used over a stationary flushing commode or include a collecting box as an integral part (i.e., a self-contained wheelchair/ commode). Commode/wheelchairs usually include an additional detachable or folding seat that permits the use of the units as standard wheelchairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "10962",
      "display": "Commodes, Fixed",
      "definition": "Permanent fixtures into which human waste is excreted and then removed via sewer and/or water lines. These fixtures typically consist of a base, seat, lid, handle that triggers a flush response, and small water tank, and are typically made of ceramic or metal."
    },
    {
      "code": "18403",
      "display": "Commodes, Portable",
      "definition": "Portable fixtures into which human waste is excreted and then disposed of via a removable commode receptacle. Portable commodes typically consist of a framework (usually metal) that holds a commode pan and may come with or have the capability to add/attach armrests, backrests, and/or a commode seat. Some portable commodes include swivel casters or wheels and/or may be intended for use over fixed commodes. Portable commodes of an appropriate size and strength to support the weight of bariatric patients are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "42037",
      "display": "Commodes, Portable, Defecogram",
      "definition": "Portable commodes that are designed for use during defecography procedures. These commodes are made of materials, such as polyvinyl chloride, that are compatible with the imaging modality used for the study. These commodes are sized to position patients correctly in regard to the imaging equipment; for example, these chairs can fit between an image intensifier and table in a fluoroscopy system. They may include a removable privacy skirt."
    },
    {
      "code": "33344",
      "display": "Commodes, Portable, Shower",
      "definition": "Portable commodes on casters or wheels that allow users to both relieve themselves and shower without having to move from the commode. These devices are typically made of lightweight, rust-proof materials (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel), hold a commode pan or fit over a fixed commode, and may come with or have the capability to attach armrests, backrests, and/or a removable seat. Portable shower commodes made in an appropriate size for pediatric use or designed to support the weight of bariatric patients are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17187",
      "display": "Communication Aids, Voice Synthesizer",
      "definition": "Speech assistive devices designed to deliver voice output, based either on the reproduction of previously recorded natural speech or on a synthesized voice following a pre-established set of pronunciation rules, or a combination of both. These devices typically consist of electronic units with keyboards and screens; the keyboards may include letters, symbols, or a combination of both; some devices include dynamic screens to permit the user send complete messages using one touch. Voice synthesizer aids frequently are customized to the user's needs; they are used by patients with disabilities that partially or totally impair voice capabilities, including users with chronic progressive diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "15904",
      "display": "Compactors",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to reduce the volume of solid waste material by mechanical compression. This equipment usually consists of a container with mechanisms that compress the waste material (e.g., metals, plastic), reducing the volume several times; compactors are available in a variety of sizes and configurations, from big stand-alone units intended for very large quantities of waste to small, portable units. Waste compactors are used in healthcare facilities to facilitate the manipulation and transportation of waste material to the final disposal locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "15905",
      "display": "Compactors, Fixed",
      "definition": "Large, stand-alone waste compactors designed to reduce the volume of solid waste material by mechanical compression. These units usually consist of a large container with mechanisms that compress the waste material (e.g., metals, plastic), reducing its volume several times; the compactors are available in a variety of sizes and configurations. Stand-alone waste compactors are used in healthcare facilities for facilitating the manipulation of large quantities of waste material, resulting inless storage room being required before waste material is sent to the final disposal locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "26624",
      "display": "Compressed Gas Proportioners",
      "definition": "Devices designed to permit the mixing (i.e., blending) of compressed medical gases achieving blend concentrations (i.e., proportions) appropriate for a particular application. Typically the proportioners receive pure gases from the hospital gas pipeline or from other compressed gas sources (e.g., cylinders). These proportioners are usually equipped with a pressure-regulating mechanism and connectors for the primary gas sources and also for delivering of the blended gas. Compressed gas proportioners are used in healthcare facilities, doctors' offices, and at home. Dedicated devices are available for obtaining specific combinations of gases, such as oxygen-air, nitrous oxide-oxygen, and heliox-oxygen."
    },
    {
      "code": "12876",
      "display": "Compressed Gas Proportioners, Oxygen-Air",
      "definition": "Compressed gas proportioners designed to mix compressed air and oxygen to achieve oxygen concentrations of 21 percent to 100 percent at either high- or low-output flows. Typically, the device receives air and oxygen from the hospital gas pipeline or from other compressed gas sources. Oxygen-air proportioners are usually equipped with a pressure-regulating mechanism and connectors for the primary gas sources and the delivery of the blended gas. The mixed gas output can be passed through a humidifier or nebulizer and delivered to patients at flows ranging from 1 L/min to more than 100 L/min using ventilators, tracheostomy tubes, endotracheal tubes, oxygen tents, oxygen hoods, or masks. They are used in healthcare facilities, medical offices, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "32940",
      "display": "Compressed Gas Proportioners, Oxygen-Heliox",
      "definition": "Compressed gas proportioners designed to mix oxygen (O2) with compressed heliox, a mixture of helium (He) and oxygen (O2), in helium/oxygen proportions of 80/20, 70/30, or less frequently, 60/40. These proportioners consist of a blending unit, with inputs from a cylinder of compressed heliox gas and oxygen that may be provided by a compressed oxygen cylinder or the hospital gas pipeline. The proportioner's output may achieve concentrations, volume, and flow values according to the patients' needs. The proportioners also include pressure controls, flowmeters, and an alarm if the oxygen content of the delivered gas is below 20 percent. The output of the proportioners (i.e., the blend of oxygen and heliox) may be delivered either at high (typically in a range from15 to 120 L/min) or at low (typically in a range from 2 to 30 L/min) flows.  Heliox mixtures facilitate spontaneous breathing in patients with reduced respiratory capabilities due to the low density of helium."
    },
    {
      "code": "32957",
      "display": "Compressed Gas Proportioners, Oxygen-Nitric Oxide",
      "definition": "Compressed gas proportioners designed to mix compressed nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen (O2) to achieve adjustable nitric oxide concentrations usually from 100 to 800 ppm; the device receives nitric oxide and oxygen from compressed gas sources. These proportioners are usually equipped with a pressure-regulating mechanism, connectors for the primary gas sources and also for delivering of the blended gas, and an alarm that signals if the nitrous oxide (N2O) that result from the combination of NO with oxygen content is above safe values (e.g., 1 ppm).  Nitric oxide is intended for inhalation as a pulmonary vasodilator; it is used for pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma) and especially in newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure. Some proportioners are dedicated proportioners intended to provide nitric oxide by mixing oxygen (O2) with a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen (N2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32946",
      "display": "Compressed Gas Proportioners, Oxygen-Nitrogen, Central Supply",
      "definition": "Compressed gas proportioners designed to mix compressed nitrogen and oxygen to achieve oxygen concentrations in a composition close to the atmospheric values (i.e., about 21 percent of oxygen and 79 percent nitrogen) and deliver large volumes of the blend through a central supply system. The proportioners typically receive nitrogen and oxygen from large liquefied gas containers after evaporation of the gases. The mixed gas (known as synthetic air) may be passed through a humidifier and delivered through the central gas pipeline at high flows (e.g., up to 250 cubic meter/hour or more). Nitrogen-oxygen proportioners are equipped with flowmeters, a pressure-regulating mechanism, gas analyzers, and connectors to the primary gas sources and also for the delivery of the blended gas."
    },
    {
      "code": "32935",
      "display": "Compressed Gas Proportioners, Oxygen-Nitrous Oxide",
      "definition": "Compressed gas proportioners designed to mix compressed nitrous oxide (N2O) and oxygen (O2) to achieve nitrous oxide concentrations adjustable up to 70 percent at either high- or low-output flows. Typically, the device receives nitrous oxide and oxygen from the hospital gas pipeline or from compressed gas sources. These proportioners are usually equipped with a pressure-regulating mechanism; connectors for the primary gas sources and the delivery of the blended gas; and an alarm that signals if the oxygen content is below 25 percent. The mixed gas output can be delivered to patients at low flows ranging from 3 L/min to more than 30 L/min. N2O/O2 proportioners are frequently used in combination with flowmeters, tubing, and masks for administration of analgesia in oral surgery, dentistry, obstetrics, and other clinical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10965",
      "display": "Compresses",
      "definition": "Thick layers of materials designed to apply pressure, heat or cold, or medication to a specific body surface. Compresses generally consist of soft pads made of several layers of cotton cloth, linen cloth or gauze. Compresses are mainly used to reduce pain, joint stiffness and muscle spasms, reduce skin inflammation, or stop bleeding in a wound. Dedicated compresses designed to apply cold, moist heat or medications are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10966",
      "display": "Compresses, Gauze",
      "definition": "Compresses made of a piece of gauze folded into several layers. Gauze compresses are intended mainly to apply pressure to a specific area or body surface; they are used mainly to stop bleeding in a wound or are used in any injuries as a first aid."
    },
    {
      "code": "25797",
      "display": "Compresses, Medicated",
      "definition": "Compresses that contain medication and/or herbs. The devices may consist of soft bags containing the medication or herbs or be ready to soak in medicated solutions. They may be applied with some pressure on the specific area of the body. Medicated compresses are intended to provide therapies to a specific body surface; they are used to reduce inflammation, reduce pain, strains and fatigue, and/or promote wound healing."
    },
    {
      "code": "15026",
      "display": "Compresses/Packs, Cold",
      "definition": "Compresses or packs designed to apply cold therapy to a specific body surface. These devices consist typically of soft pads made of several layers of cotton, gauze, or linen (i.e., compresses), or compact plastic or fabric bags (i.e., packs) that may contain temperature-retaining substances such as gels that are capable of conforming to the contour of the body. Cold compresses or packs are cooled in cold water, a refrigerator, or a freezer; some compresses become cold due to a chemical reaction. Cold compresses or packs are used mainly to reduce pain, swelling, bruising, and/or bleeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "25798",
      "display": "Compresses/Packs, Cold, Chemical",
      "definition": "Cold compresses or packs that become cold due to an internal chemical reaction. These devices typically consist of an outer pouch that contains some chemicals (e.g., ammonium nitrate) and an inner pouch that contains water; the inner pouch is squeezed and a chemical reaction is generated so as to cool the fluid. Chemical cold compresses/packs are mainly intended to apply cold therapy to a specific body surface; they are used to reduce pain, swelling, bruising, and bleeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "25799",
      "display": "Compresses/Packs, Cold, Gel",
      "definition": "Cold compresses or packs containing gels that retain cold temperature for a long period of time. These devices typically consist of compact plastic or fabric bags or pads containing pliable silica gels that can retain cold for a long time and are capable of conforming to the contour of the body; they are typically cooled by placing in cold water, a refrigerator, or a freezer. Gel cold compresses/packs are intended to apply cold therapy to a specific body surface; they are used mainly to reduce pain, swelling, bruising, and bleeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "25806",
      "display": "Compresses/Packs, Cold/Hot",
      "definition": "Compresses or packs designed to apply either cold or heat. These devices typically consist of compact plastic or fabric bags made of several layers of cotton, gauze, or linen (i.e., compresses), or compact plastic or fabric bags (i.e., packs); they may contain temperature-retaining substances such as pliable silica gels; the devices are usually capable of conforming to the contour of the body. Cold/hot compresses and packs may be cooled by immersion in cold water, a refrigerator, or a freezer and warmed using a microwave oven. Cold/hot compresses are intended to apply a thermal therapy to a specific body surface; they are mainly used in the treatment of pain, muscle spasms, strains and sprains and joint stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "10967",
      "display": "Compresses/Packs, Hot",
      "definition": "Compresses or packs designed to apply moist heat therapy to a specific body surface. These devices typically consist of soft pads made of several layers of cotton, gauze, or linen (i.e., compresses), or compact plastic or fabric bags (i.e., packs) that may contain heat-retaining substances such as gels, or rice, corn, or micro beads that are capable of conforming to the contour of the body. Hot compresses can be warmed by immersion in hot water or by using a microwave oven; some compresses become hot due to a chemical reaction. They draw moisture from the humidity in the air or by immersion in hot water (e.g., moist heat therapy pack conditioner). Hot compresses and/or packs are used mainly to improve blood circulation and reduce pain, muscle spasms, and joint stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "25800",
      "display": "Compresses/Packs, Hot, Chemical",
      "definition": "Hot compresses or packs that become hot due to an internal chemical reaction. These devices typically consist of an outer pouch that contains some chemicals (e.g., calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate) and an inner pouch that contains water; the inner pouch is squeezed and a chemical reaction is generated so as to warm the fluid. Chemical hot compresses/packs are mainly intended to apply heat therapy to a specific body surface; they are used mainly to improve blood circulation and reduce pain, muscle spasms and joint stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "25805",
      "display": "Compresses/Packs, Hot, Gel",
      "definition": "Hot compresses or packs containing gels that retain hot temperature for a long period of time. These devices typically consist of compact plastic or fabric bags containing pliable silica gels that can retain heat for a long time and are capable of conforming to the contour of the body; they are typically warmed by placing in hot water or microwave oven. Gel hot compresses/packs are intended to apply heat therapy to a specific body surface; they are mainly used to improve blood circulation and reduce pain, muscle spasms and joint stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "16559",
      "display": "Compression Devices, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Accessories or parts of  diagnostic and/or therapeutic radiographic units or systems used to flatten (by compression) and stabilize a specific part of the body (e.g., breast) to be examined or treated. Compression devices used in radiography may be mechanically, electronically, or software controlled  by the x-ray system."
    },
    {
      "code": "10971",
      "display": "Compressors",
      "definition": "Instruments or accessories designed for pressing a body part, closing a gap, and/or diminishing its volume and augmenting its density. Some compressors are used  to flatten body parts in order to improve the resolution of radiographic procedures; other are instruments used to compress organs or other anatomic structures (e.g., veins)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17718",
      "display": "Compressors, External Vascular",
      "definition": "Thin, gently curved sheets of radiolucent plastic used for external compression of the internal spermatic vein to prevent distal flow of a sclerosing agent.  These devices are also used in compression of veins, bypass grafts, and fistulas during angiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10972",
      "display": "Compressors, Medical-Air",
      "definition": "Compressed air system components that are used to mechanically compress atmospheric air."
    },
    {
      "code": "36552",
      "display": "Computed Tomography Scanners, Point-of-Care",
      "definition": "Scanners that use a radiographic technique and computerized processing to generate thin cross-sectional (tomographic) images, or \"slices\" of a transverse plane of the body designed to be used at the point of patient care.  For point-of-care computed tomography scanners, the gantry goes over the patient rather than the patient�s bed being moved through the gantry. The telescopic gantry houses the moving scanner components, with the tube and detector moving away from the patient or the front gantry. These scanners typically have a motorized trolley with a drive handle to allow transportation and maneuvering to the patients� bedside. They can be battery powered with an internal drive system."
    },
    {
      "code": "40959",
      "display": "Computed Tomography-Angiography Systems",
      "definition": "Radiology/imaging systems designed to combine computed tomography (CT) and interventional angiography. These systems may consist of either CT scanners and angiography systems mounted in a common mechanical support within a single gantry or CT scanners and angiography systems that are stand-alone systems. They can include common tables, workstations, monitors, and appropriate software to allow fusion (i.e., integration) the CT and fluoroscopic images. The systems may be used when needed for separate CT studies and angiography procedures without loss of technical performance. The system provides fusion of anatomic images provided by CT slices and the images from the fluoroscopic angiography system taken in the same session with the patient in treatment position."
    },
    {
      "code": "35398",
      "display": "Computer Bags/Cases",
      "definition": "Fabric, metal or plastic cases or bags for transporting and protecting portable personal computers (i.e., laptops, tablets)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41733",
      "display": "Computer Input Devices, Hands-Free",
      "definition": "Computer input devices that allow full or partial control of computer mouse, pointer, keyboard, and other computer button functions without use of the hands. A variety of activation modes for the computer input devices are available, including lip movements, voice, head motion, blowing straw-like sensors (i.e., mouth activated), and eye movement tracking or a combination of several methods."
    },
    {
      "code": "36158",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Systems",
      "definition": "Computerized systems used for designing and manufacturing products (CAD/CAM systems). These systems typically consist of a data acquisition unit (e.g., laser scanning system, mechanical contact scanning machines) that obtains and digitize data, a manufacturing device (e.g., a milling/drilling and/or additive manufacturing machines), and a workstation intended to control the complete design and manufacturing process following one or more dedicated software packages. CAD/CAM systems are used to design and machining prototypes and finished products; the process is also known as computerized numerical control manufacturing. Some of the main applications in  healthcare are in the design and manufacturing of dental prostheses, orthopedic orthoses and prostheses, and ophthalmic prostheses (e.g., eyeglass and contact lenses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36163",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Systems, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Systems designed for manufacturing and/or repair of ophthalmic prostheses using computer-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. These systems typically consist of a scanning unit that combines light sources and a video camera for in-vivo scanning the eyes and surrounding anatomy, a workstation with appropriate software to process the data from the digital topographical image taken by the scanner and provide output for a computerized manufacturing unit (e.g. milling/drilling or additive manufacturing machine), and an automated computer milling/drilling machine that manufacture the prosthesis (e.g., eyeglass, contact, and intraocular lenses). CAD/CAM ophthalmic systems are intended for automated manufacturing of prostheses from composite plastics, and/or other materials. All units of the systems may be located in eye doctor offices or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate ophthalmic laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "36160",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Systems, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Systems designed for manufacturing and/or repair of orthopedic orthoses and prostheses using computer-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. These systems typically consist of a scanning unit that combines light sources and a video camera for in-vivo scanning of the body (e.g., foot, spine), a workstation with appropriate software to process the data from the digital topographical image taken by the scanner and provide output for a computerized manufacturing unit (e.g. milling/drilling or additive manufacturing machine), and an automated computer milling/drilling machine that manufacture the orthosis and/or prosthesis. Some systems may also acquire digitized data from mechanical contact mapping units (e.g., foot plantar digitizer) or from body pressure measuring units. CAD/CAM orthopedic systems are intended for automated manufacturing of orthoses and prostheses from ceramic, composite plastics, and/or metal blocks. All units of the systems may be located in orthopedic offices or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate orthopedic laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "36161",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Systems, Orthopedic, Foot Orthosis/Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Systems designed for manufacturing and/or repair of foot orthopedic orthoses and prostheses using computer-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. These systems typically consist of a scanning unit that combines light sources and a video camera for in-vivo scanning of the foot, a workstation with appropriate software to process the data from the digital topographical image taken by the scanner and provide output for a computerized manufacturing unit (e.g. milling/drilling or additive manufacturing machine), and an automated computer milling/drilling machine that manufacture the orthosis and/or prosthesis. Some systems may also take digitized data from mechanical contact mapping units (e.g., foot plantar shape and/or pressure digitizer). CAD/CAM foot orthopedic systems are intended for automated manufacturing of orthoses and prostheses from ceramic, composite plastics, and/or metal blocks. All units of the systems may be located in orthopedic offices or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate orthopedic laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "36162",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Systems, Orthopedic, Spinal Orthosis/Prosthesis/Seat Cushion",
      "definition": "Systems designed for manufacturing and/or repair of spinal orthopedic orthoses and prostheses using computer-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques; most systems can be also used for design and manufacturing of seat cushions intended to accommodate the spine while seating . These systems typically consist of a scanning unit that combines light sources and a video camera for in-vivo scanning of the spine, a workstation with appropriate software to process the data from the digital topographical image taken by the scanner and provide output for a computerized manufacturing unit (e.g. milling/drilling or additive manufacturing machine), and an automated computer milling/drilling machine that manufacture the orthosis,  prosthesis, or seat cushion. Some systems may also take digitized data from mechanical contact mapping units (e.g., pressure digitizer). CAD/CAM spinal orthopedic systems are intended for automated manufacturing of orthoses and prostheses from ceramic, composite plastics, and/or metal blocks. All units of the systems may be located in orthopedic offices or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate orthopedic laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "20355",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems",
      "definition": "Computerized systems that analyze digital information (typically images) to detect abnormalities; they may either digitize the original information or use information provided by digital systems. These systems typically consist of a digitizer or a means to import digital information, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms, and a display and/or printer to show the detected abnormalities for further analysis. Some systems may include capabilities of archiving and/or communication of view and annotated digital images of pathology scanned slides. Dedicated systems for detection and analysis both of in-vivo images (e.g., breast, pulmonary) and from tissue (pathology) slides (e.g., Pap smear, prostatic) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28312",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems that analyze digital information and in-vivo images to detect tissue abnormalities; they may either digitize the original information or use information provided by digital imaging systems (e.g., MRI, CT, ultrasonic). These systems typically consist of an image digitizer or a means to import digital information, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms to process the information, and a display and/or printer to show the detected abnormalities. Some systems may include archiving and/or communication capabilities. Dedicated systems for detection and analysis of in-vivo images of particular tissues such as breast and lung tissues are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24061",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Breast, Magnetic Resonance",
      "definition": "Computer aided detection systems designed to detect and classify areas in MRI breast images with abnormalities that may be indicative of breast cancer, such as micro calcifications, spiculated lesions, and other abnormal masses. These systems may include an image digitizer or a means to import digital information, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms to process the information, and a display/and or printer that provides an image that shows the detected abnormalities in the MRI images."
    },
    {
      "code": "19697",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Breast, Mammography",
      "definition": "Computer aided detection systems designed to detect and classify areas in mammograms with abnormalities that may be indicative of breast cancer, such as micro calcifications, spiculated lesions, and other abnormal masses. They may either digitize film mammograms or use digital images from fully digital mammographic systems. These systems typically consist of a film digitizer or a means to import digital information, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms, and a display/and or printer that provides an image that shows the detected abnormalities in the mammogram."
    },
    {
      "code": "41935",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Colonoscopy",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems designed to detect and classify areas during colonoscopy with abnormalities (e.g., polyps, lesions) that may be indicative of colon cancer. These systems typically consist of an image digitizer, a computer with software capable of using appropriate algorithms to map the colon centerline and find suspected elevated tissue regions (i.e., polyps), and a display that provides images showing regions of interest (ROI) in the colon and rectum that may require further review. Virtual colonoscopy systems may also display maximum, minimum, and volume measurements of the polyps for segmented tissue regions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20356",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Lung Nodule",
      "definition": "Computer aided detection systems designed to detect and classify areas in thoracic radiographies with abnormalities (e.g., nodules) that may be indicative of lung cancer. These systems typically consist of a film digitizer, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms for nodule detection and evaluation, and a display/and or printer that provides an image, showing regions of interest (ROI) in the chest radiography, including lung and mediastinum."
    },
    {
      "code": "32883",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Melanoma",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems designed to detect and classify areas of skin images with atypical appearance (e.g., color, morphology) that may be indicative of melanoma. These systems consist of: (1) conventional imaging devices including a handheld detector, light sources, a computerized unit with algorithms to assess the image of the lesion, and a display; or (2) systems that use several visible and near-infrared light sources which allow the capture of images of the lesion using multiple wavelengths of light (i.e., working as a dermoscope). Then the software computational algorithm generates a binary outcome indicating whether or not the assayed lesion image is probably a melanoma. Melanoma computer-aided detection systems are mainly used as an additional source to corroborate the need of a biopsy to confirm a diagnosis of melanoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "29576",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Spine, Skin Surface",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems that analyze digital information and in-vivo images of the spine using devices that assess the spine structure from the skin surface without using ionizing radiation. Some of these systems use an electromechanical sensor that is displaced along the spine from previously identified marks and send the information to a computer for real-time assessment, display, and/or printing images of the spine. These systems use a dedicated software containing algorithms that assess the spine configuration and its abnormalities. Systems using other techniques, such as those based on electromagnetic signals with fixed sensors located on several points of the skin along the spine are also available. Skin surface spine computer-aided systems are intended for assessment of spinal deformity in the sagittal and frontal planes (e.g., segmental angles, perpendicular inclination) and the segmental motion of the spine; they are mainly used to determine the status and progress of spinal disorders, including kyphosis or lordosis of particular spinal areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "25111",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Virtual Colonoscopy",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems designed to detect and classify areas in virtual colonoscopy (i.e., CT or MRI colonography) images with abnormalities (e.g., polyps, lesions) that may be indicative of colon cancer. These systems typically consist of an image digitizer, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms to map the colon centerline and find suspected elevated tissue regions (i.e., polyps), and a display that provides images showing regions of interest (ROI) in the colon and rectum that may require further review. Virtual colonoscopy systems may also display maximum, minimum, and volume measurements of the polyps for segmented tissue regions."
    },
    {
      "code": "33558",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Wound",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems designed to obtain and record data from images of wounds and other soft tissue lesions. These systems typically consist of an image capture device, light sources, and software for processing the images. The software is intended to facilitate monitoring and management of wound healing using the digital images of the wound. This system typically measures wound area and wound depth and records patient and treatment information."
    },
    {
      "code": "27080",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Pathology Slide",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems designed to analyze digital information (typically images) from pathology slides to detect cell and tissue abnormalities; they may either digitize the original information or use information provided by digital systems. These systems typically consist of a digitizer or a means to import digital information, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms, and a display and/or printer to show the detected abnormalities. Pathology slide computer-aided detection systems are intended to facilitate the detection and classification of tissues during in vitro diagnostic. Some systems may include capabilities of archiving and/or communication of view and annotated digital images of pathology scanned slides. Dedicated systems for detection and analysis of tissue (pathology) slides (e.g., Pap smear, prostatic) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24248",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Pathology Slide, Blood Cell Classification",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems designed for automated in-vitro detection, identification, and pre-classification of blood cells in peripheral blood and/or other body fluid samples placed on slides (i.e., smears). The system may either digitize the original information from the slide or use information provided by other digital systems. These systems provide automated location and identification of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) and they pre-classify RBCs according to their morphology and WBCs according to their different types. They also provide an overview image of the platelets and identify areas of interest in the slides for pathology review. These systems usually include an optical scanning system (i.e., a slide feeder, microscope, and camera), a computerized unit with appropriate software, a display, and recorders for archiving of digital images; they may include communication capabilities. Blood cell classification systems are intended to facilitate uniform processing of hematology smears and/or blood cells in other body fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid) by laboratory technicians."
    },
    {
      "code": "28505",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Pathology Slide, Karyotyping",
      "definition": "Computer aided detection systems designed for automated detection and classification of the size, shape, and number of chromosomes (i.e., karyotyping) on a slide containing a suspension of cell samples. These systems include an electronic unit that typically detects the second step of cell division (i.e., metaphase) in a specific area of the slide using either standard or fluorescence stains and then performs automated karyotyping on the associated images. The process includes dedicated software for automated detection of chromosomes, classification according the karyotype, data processing, as well as delivery of report templates in electronic and printed format. Computer-aided karyotyping detection systems are intended to detect extra, missing, or abnormal chromosomes for genetic diagnostic (cytogenetics) and/or research purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18250",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Pathology Slide, Papanicolaou Smear, Female Genital Tract",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems that analyze digital information (typically images) from Papanicolaou smear pathology slides taken from samples of cells of the female genital tract to detect abnormalities. They may either digitize the original information or use information provided by digital systems. These systems typically consist of a digitizer or a means to import digital information, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms, and a display and/or printer to show the detected abnormalities in the genital tract cells. Some systems may include capabilities of archiving and/or communication of view and annotated digital images of pathology scanned slides. Female genital tract Papanicolaou smear slide computer-aid detection systems are used mainly in cytological screening or re-screening of a malignant and premalignant condition of the female genital tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "24237",
      "display": "Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Pathology Slide, Prostate Tissue",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection systems that analyze digital information (typically digital images) from prostate tissue histologic slides to detect abnormalities. They may either digitize the original information or use information provided by digital systems. These systems typically consist of a digitizer or a means to import digital information, a computer capable of using appropriate algorithms, and a display and/or printer to show the detected abnormalities in prostate tissue. Some systems may include capabilities of archiving and/or communication of view and annotated digital images of pathology scanned slides. Prostate tissue computer-aided detection systems are used for prostate cancer screening and in combination with molecular markers and clinical patient data to aid in the prediction of prostate cancer recurrence."
    },
    {
      "code": "28007",
      "display": "Computer/Computerized System Joysticks",
      "definition": "Computer input devices that are designed for the entry of data in a computer, workstation, or other computerized equipment or systems through manipulation of a handheld lever. This lever can be moved in several directions to control the movement of an image on a computer display screen. A variety of joysticks are available according to the intended use; applications of specific joysticks include data input for computers, workstations, and computerized systems, often as an integral component of computers (e.g., laptop computers) and other computerized systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "23171",
      "display": "Computer/Computerized System Keypads",
      "definition": "Computer peripheral devices that are designed for the entry of data in a computer, workstation, or other computerized equipment or systems through manipulation of the keys on a keypad. Keypads typically consist of a mechanical and/or electromechanical grid of keys arranged for efficient data entry that may include alphabetic, numeric, alphanumeric, symbol, and/or function keys. A variety of keypads are available according to the intended use; applications of specific keypads include data input for computers, workstations, and computerized systems, often as an integral component of computers (e.g., laptop computers) and other computerized systems. Dedicated computer keypads are available for remote-control applications. Computer keypads that are washable, fully sealed, waterproof, and/or flexible and that can be easily cleaned and disinfected are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25452",
      "display": "Computer/Computerized System Mice",
      "definition": "Computer peripheral devices that are hand-operated electronic devices used to control the coordinates of a cursor on the screens of computers, workstations, or other computerized equipment or systems. These computer input mice typically consist of handheld or hand-guided pointing devices used on a mouse pad or on a desktop to move a cursor on a computer screen to point to and click on various data elements within a computer program. They typically include a right and left button and a scroll wheel, and are used to navigate around a computer program or web page. A variety of computer input mice are available according to the intended use, such as mechanical (using an internal ball on two rollers) and optical (which tracks mouse movement through sensing the small, red light-emitting diode light reflecting off a surface onto a complimentary sensor). Applications of specific computer mouse devices include data input for computers, workstations, and computerized systems, often as an integral component of computers (e.g., laptop computers) and other computerized systems. Computer input mice can be either plugged into the computer system or can be operated wirelessly. There are computer input mice that are washable, fully sealed, waterproof, and/or flexible and that can be easily cleaned and disinfected."
    },
    {
      "code": "28013",
      "display": "Computer/Computerized System Touchscreens",
      "definition": "Computer peripheral devices that consist of a touch-sensitive display screen that responds when the computer user presses a finger or stylus to the screen to move a cursor on a computer screen, or manipulate images, icons, or items on the screen. Computer input touchscreens are used to navigate around a computer program or web page. Applications of specific computer touchscreens include data input for computers, workstations, and computerized systems, often as an integral component of computers (e.g., laptop computers) and other computerized systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "28014",
      "display": "Computer/Computerized System Trackballs",
      "definition": "Computer peripheral devices that consist of a small, rotatable ball (i.e., trackball) set inside a stationary mounting piece. The trackball is rotated to enter motion data into computers in order to direct the cursor on a computer screen. The trackball mountings also include left-click and right-click buttons that are used to select desktop objects or position the cursor for text entry on a computer screen, and to manipulate images, icons, or items on the screen. Computer input trackballs are used to navigate around a computer program or web page.  Applications of specific computer input trackballs include data input for computers, workstations, and computerized systems, often as an integral component of computers (e.g., laptop computers) and other computerized systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "32840",
      "display": "Computer/Peripheral Device Switches",
      "definition": "Devices designed to establish dedicated paths from a computer to other computers and/or peripheral devices such as keyboards, video displays, and mice. Also known as KVM switches, these devices provide communication channels between them and may consist of simple mechanical, multi-pole switches that use rotatory knobs to perform switching or they may have electronic, computerized switches which use dedicated software. The characteristics of the switches should be compatible with the operative systems of the computers/peripherals under control, including appropriate signal (e.g., audio and video bandwidth) and mechanical (e.g., type of connectors and pin disposition) characteristics.  There are a variety of switches, according to the characteristics of the devices to be connected (e.g., cable, wireless) and/or the systems where they work (e.g., home, small facilities, big companies, or governmental use). Some switches are dedicated to permitting switching of several heads per computer which are intended for high-definition video broadcasting and medical imaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "10977",
      "display": "Computers",
      "definition": "Electronic devices (hardware) designed to store, retrieve, and process data, typically in digital form, following the instructions of one or more programs stored internally, either temporarily or permanently (i.e., software and firmware, respectively). Computers typically perform their work in three well-defined steps: accepting input data, processing the input data according to predefined rules (programs), and producing output data as results. Computers typically consist of a central processing unit (CPU) with components (e.g., processors, memories) that perform simple, well-defined functions; they also include electronic displays and input and output ports for connection to peripheral devices for data input (e.g., keyboards), output (e.g., printers, plotters), and/or storage (e.g., optical discs). Computers are available in a variety of data processing capacities and configurations, including large-capacity, powerful computers installed in racks or shelves (i.e., minicomputers and mainframes) that can simultaneously support hundreds or even thousands of users and small, single user-devices known as personal computers. Standard or dedicated computers with appropriate configuration and capacity, with a high-definition display and using specialized programs intended to perform a particular function (e.g., data and imaging processing from ultrasound, cardiology, and radiotherapy procedures), can interface with workstations and/or information systems in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "21950",
      "display": "Computers, Handheld",
      "definition": "Computers designed as a single handheld unit (i.e., palmtop) that integrates the components needed for operation by an individual, including storage, retrieval, and the capacity to process digital data, following the instructions of one or more programs stored internally, typically in a read-only memory (ROM) chip or added later in the device's random access memory (RAM). These computers typically consist of a small unit including a relatively simple microprocessor, ROM and RAM memories, an LCD display, operating buttons, input-output ports, and a battery; some devices include a small keyboard and/or a touchscreen. Basic handheld computers act as an electronic organizer known as a PDA (personal digital assistant), capable of sharing and synchronizing information with a personal computer. Dedicated handheld computers can be connected to the Internet, run multimedia software, and act as global positioning systems; handheld computers are frequently combined with cell phones, multimedia players, and other communication devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "21947",
      "display": "Computers, Personal",
      "definition": "Computers designed for use by an individual to store, retrieve, and process data, typically in digital form, following the instructions of one or more programs stored internally, either temporarily or permanently (i.e., software and firmware, respectively). These computers typically consist of a microprocessor-based CPU (central processing unit) that performs simple well-defined functions; with input and output ports for connection to other devices including keyboards pointing devices such as a mouse, joystick, and trackball; data storage devices; and an electronic monitor for image display. Additional peripheral devices, such as printers, plotters, and high-capacity data recorders, are frequently attached to the computer to increase its capabilities. Personal computers are available in several configurations (e.g., desktop, laptop); they are used in healthcare facilities, at physician offices for clinical and administrative data processing, and as a component of data processing; workstations (e.g., radiology, ultrasound, MRI), or information/automation systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "21948",
      "display": "Computers, Personal, Desktop",
      "definition": "Personal computers designed to be used on a desk. These computers typically consist of a microprocessor-based CPU (central processing unit) that performs simple, well-defined functions; input and output ports for connection to other devices, including keyboards and pointing devices such as a mouse, joystick, and trackball; and data storage devices and an electronic monitor for image display. Additional peripheral devices, such as printers, plotters, and data recorders, are frequently attached to the computer to increase its capabilities. Desktop personal computers can store, retrieve, and process data, typically in digital form, following the instructions of one or more programs stored internally, either temporarily or permanently (i.e., software and firmware, respectively). They are used in healthcare facilities, physician offices, at home for clinical and administrative data processing, as a component of data processing workstations (e.g., radiology, ultrasound, MRI), or information/automation systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "21949",
      "display": "Computers, Personal, Laptop",
      "definition": "Computers designed as a single portable unit that integrates all the components needed for proper operation by an individual, including storage, retrieval, and the processing of digital data following the instructions of one or more programs stored internally, either temporarily or permanently (i.e., software and firmware, respectively). These computers typically consist of a foldable device that includes a microprocessor-based CPU (central processing unit), a keyboard, data storage devices, and an electronic display (screen); they also include a battery to permit operation in any location for a limited time. Additional peripheral devices, such as printers and plotters, are frequently connected to a laptop computer to increase its capabilities. Laptop computers are used in healthcare facilities, physician offices, and at home for clinical and administrative data processing; they may be used as a component of data processing workstations (e.g., radiology, ultrasound, MRI) or information/automation systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41998",
      "display": "Computers, Personal, Panel",
      "definition": "Personal computers built into a flat-screen display that are hard-wired for power. They are all-in-one computers integrated with an LCD display and computing system. They have a touchscreen display is operated by gestures executed by finger or digital pen (stylus). Tablet computers can have additional features such as inputs for accessories, a speaker, and a camera."
    },
    {
      "code": "41683",
      "display": "Computers, Personal, Stick",
      "definition": "Single-board, small rectangular personal computers that use a connector to join to a separate screen, such as monitor or television. Computer sticks usually contain mobile processors, graphics processors, flash memory storage (between 512MB and 64GB), RAM (between 1GB and 4GB), Bluetooth, wireless network interface, operating systems, and an HDMI connector. Some computer sticks also offer microSD card slots, micro USB, and/or USB 2.0/3.0 ports for storage and device expansion. In addition to being connected to a screen, the computer stick can be paired with a keyboard and/or mouse."
    },
    {
      "code": "33556",
      "display": "Computers, Personal, Tablet",
      "definition": "Personal computers that have a mobile operating system built into a small flat display and that have a rechargeable battery. They have wireless connectivity and a touchscreen display operated by gestures executed by finger or digital pen (stylus). Tablet computers can have additional features such as GPS receiver, Bluetooth chip, and a camera."
    },
    {
      "code": "41954",
      "display": "Computers, Thin Client",
      "definition": "Computers that operate on the resources stored on a central server. Thin client computers connect to a server-based environment that hosts the majority of applications, memory, and data the user needs. These computers typically consist of a monitor, a keyboard, and a mouse, with no hard disk and a minimal amount of memory. They transmit keyboard and mouse input to the server and display the resulting output on the local screen."
    },
    {
      "code": "21094",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental",
      "definition": "Dental instruments designed to pack and condense restorative material inside a tooth cavity. These instruments are typically slender, handheld, usually curved devices with a smooth or serrated hammer-like working end; dental condensers are frequently double-ended instruments. Dedicated condensers are available for a variety of restorative materials, such as amalgam, packable resin composites, gold, and endodontic (root canal) fillings."
    },
    {
      "code": "16460",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Amalgam",
      "definition": "Condensers designed to pack amalgam filling material into a tooth-cavity preparation. These condensers are handheld, manual instruments with smooth or serrated hammer-like working ends or powered devices with vibratory (i.e., impact) action; dental amalgam condensers may also be used for condensable (i.e., packable) resin composites."
    },
    {
      "code": "21095",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Amalgam, Manual",
      "definition": "Dental amalgam condensers designed to pack amalgam into the tooth cavity by manual operation. These condensers are handheld manual instruments with a handle and smooth or serrated hammer-like working ends large enough to compress the soft amalgam without sinking into it; manual dental amalgam condensers may also be used for condensable (i.e., packable) resin composites."
    },
    {
      "code": "21096",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Amalgam, Powered",
      "definition": "Dental amalgam condensers designed to pack amalgam into the tooth cavity by repeated impact, using electromechanical vibration or ultrasonic energy. The amalgam is usually packed from the center toward the walls of the cavity by the impact of the fine-point working end of a bit attached to the power unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "17890",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Endodontic Filling Material",
      "definition": "Dental condensers designed to pack filling materials into prepared root canals. Dental endodontic condensers are available to condense root-canal fillings vertically into prepared root canals (i.e., vertical condensers or pluggers) or to condense root-canal fillings horizontally against the wall of prepared root canals."
    },
    {
      "code": "34342",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Endodontic Filling Material, Powered, Heated",
      "definition": "Powered dental condensers designed to pack filling materials into root canals at a pre-determined high temperature. These condensers typically consist of a powered unit that can heat and control the temperature of detachable applicators (i.e., obturators) after the applicators are placed inside a prepared root canal. Heated powered dental condensers  can be used for vertical or horizontal (lateral) condensation of root canal (endodontic) fillings such as gutta-percha."
    },
    {
      "code": "34599",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Endodontic Filling Material, Powered, Mechanically Driven",
      "definition": "Powered dental condensers designed to pack filling materials into root canals using a mechanically driven rotatory condenser. These condensers typically consist of a instrument resembling a helical drill that is driven by a rotatory machine that provides torque to the drilling applicator (i.e., the obturator). Mechanically driven condensers are used to pack filling materials inside irregular root canals; they are  frequently supplied as a kit that includes the obturators, an oven to heat the obturators, and matching gutta-percha points."
    },
    {
      "code": "21098",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Endodontic Filling Material, Spreading",
      "definition": "Dental condensers designed to pack filling materials horizontally (i.e., spread) against the wall of prepared root canals. These condensers are typically single-ended manual instruments with a handle and contra-angled working end that tapers to a point. Dental condensers that apply filling materials horizontally are also known as dental spreaders."
    },
    {
      "code": "21097",
      "display": "Condensers, Dental, Endodontic Filling Material, Vertical",
      "definition": "Dental condensers designed to pack filling materials vertically into prepared root canals. These condensers are typically single-ended manual instruments with a handle and a cylinder-shaped, contra-angled working end with a flat tip; some condensers include serrations at intervals (e.g., 5 mm) to evaluate the penetration depth. Vertical dental condensers are also known as dental pluggers."
    },
    {
      "code": "10985",
      "display": "Condoms",
      "definition": "Contraceptive devices intended to be worn before engaging in coitus to prevent sperm from gaining access to the female reproductive tract by providing a physical barrier between the penis and the vagina in order to prevent conception. They can also be used to provide protection against sexually transmitted infections by preventing microorganisms from being transmitted from one partner to another. Condoms are sheaths with one closed end and one open end that are made of seamless polyurethane, nitrile, latex, molded silicone, or lamb intestine; they are soft, thin, and transparent, and some come pre-lubricated."
    },
    {
      "code": "18080",
      "display": "Condoms, External",
      "definition": "Condoms intended to be worn on a person's penis during coitus to provide a physical barrier to conception and/or transmission of sexually transmitted infections. External condoms are designed to prevent semen from gaining access to the female reproductive tract by providing a physical barrier between the penis and the vagina in order to prevent conception. They can also be used to provide protection against sexually transmitted infections by preventing microorganisms from being transmitted from one partner to another during intercourse. External condoms are sheaths with one closed end and one open end; they usually are sized approximately 2 inches in width and 7 inches in length. They are made of seamless latex, polyurethane, polyisoprene, or lamb intestine; they are soft, thin, and transparent, and some come pre-lubricated."
    },
    {
      "code": "18079",
      "display": "Condoms, Internal, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Condoms intended to be inserted in a person's vagina before engaging in coitus to provide a physical barrier to conception and/or transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Vaginal internal condoms are designed to prevent sperm from gaining access to the female reproductive tract by providing a physical barrier between the penis and the vagina in order to prevent conception. They can also be used to provide protection against sexually transmitted infections by preventing microorganisms from being transmitted from one partner to another during intercourse. Vaginal internal condoms are sheaths with one closed end (placed against the cervix) and one open end that stays outside of the vagina; each end has an encased flexible polyurethane ring that help keeps the condom in place. They are usually approximately 15 centimeters in length and 7 centimeters in width. Vaginal internal condoms are made of seamless polyurethane, nitrile, latex, or molded silicone; they are soft, thin, and transparent, and some come pre-lubricated or lubrication can be added, as needed; vaginal internal condoms can also be used with spermicides. Some condoms include a medical-grade sponge at the closed end that can help with insertion and to help hold the condom in place during use."
    },
    {
      "code": "26332",
      "display": "Consistometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine consistency (i.e., degree of firmness), viscosity, and/or flow rate of constituent molecules of high-viscosity (viscous) fluids. These instruments typically consist of a mechanism by which the fluid flows under its own weight on a graduated scale, a spring-loaded gate to prevent premature flow of the sample, and a stop watch to determine the distance that the substance flows in a given time (i.e., flow rate). The values obtained are compared with appropriate standards that permit the determination of the fluid characteristics. Dedicated consistometers using several different mechanisms (e.g., Bostwick consistometers) are also available, including consistometers where the flow of substances is performed on a scale at a specific angle (i.e., with a predetermined slope)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28349",
      "display": "Consoles, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic/Tomographic Systems",
      "definition": "Consoles designed to control the operation of radiographic, fluoroscopic, and/or tomographic systems. These consoles may control a variety of parameters, such as radiographic x-ray exposure and cassette positioning, exposure initiation, tube selection and x-ray exposure indicators, cassette transfer and reload; skip exposure options; cone transfer; Bucky grid transfer; shutter-mode switches; image intensifier mode selection; and photo selection to prepare for filming. Most system consoles are computerized; they may also include automatic brightness control, fluoroscopic mA selectors, table tilt, and a tabletop drive. Routinely performed sequences can be preset and/or included in pre-established programs. The consoles typically consist of a stand-alone table or stand that includes a panel with multiple switches (e.g., push-buttons) that are usually operated sequentially; each switch includes an indicator (e.g., a light, meter) that shows the condition of the controlled parameter. Radiographic/fluoroscopic/tomographic system consoles may be computerized, especially when intended for digital systems. Stand-alone consoles work as components of the systems; they are frequently located in areas remote to the procedure room. Systems that place the controls on the spot-film device or on a side of the imaging table do not include separate consoles."
    },
    {
      "code": "41920",
      "display": "Consoles, Telemanipulation Systems",
      "definition": "Consoles designed to provide video images of the surgical area and the ability to control surgical instruments and camera during telemanipulation surgery. These consoles are positioned a few feet away for the operating table. They have master hand controllers, which may include tremor filtration, and foot pedals that are used by the surgeon to reposition instruments and to control and refocus the camera. These units also have control panels to provide user interface functions for system configuration."
    },
    {
      "code": "16581",
      "display": "Contact Lens Cases",
      "definition": "Containers (typically made of plastic material) for the storage of contact lenses."
    },
    {
      "code": "15040",
      "display": "Contact Lens Inserters",
      "definition": "Handheld devices designed to be used to place a contact lens over the lens of the eye. Contact lens inserters can be used to insert contact lenses and avoid contaminating the lens with dirt, oil, etc., that may be on a person's fingertips."
    },
    {
      "code": "15623",
      "display": "Contact Lens Removers",
      "definition": "Handheld devices designed to be used to remove a contact lens from the eye. These devices are often a suction cup or a gripper pad with a handle. Contact lens removers can sometimes be used to insert contact lenses."
    },
    {
      "code": "10996",
      "display": "Contact Lenses",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic lens made of glass or plastics, designed to be worn on the front surface of the eye, used for the correction of refractive errors, therapeutic, diagnostic, or cosmetic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41650",
      "display": "Contact Lenses, Cosmetic",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic lenses made of glass or plastics, designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyes, used for cosmetic purposes, such as changing the appearance of the color of the iris."
    },
    {
      "code": "28000",
      "display": "Contact Lenses, Diagnostic, Intraocular Pressure",
      "definition": "Contact lenses designed to diagnose changes in intraocular pressure. These lenses typically consist of a disposable contact lens with an embedded sensor (e.g., a strain gauge) that detects changes in the curvature of the cornea as well as a wireless transmitter with an antenna. The transmitter sends signals with the detected variations to a wearable electronic recorder, usually during a 24-hour time period, including sleep time. The data stored in the recorder is then downloaded to a computer (e.g., personal computer) using a dedicated software that permits the analysis of the recorded data by an ophthalmologist. IOP contact lenses and recorders are mainly used to facilitate the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17524",
      "display": "Contact Lenses, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Contact lens applied on the front surface of the eye for the purpose of protection, sealing of the anterior chamber, drug delivery, changing the corneal curvature or delivering specific treatment to the retina."
    },
    {
      "code": "42040",
      "display": "Continuous Flow Chemical Synthesis Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed so that reactants continuously travel through a reactor vessel in order to form products such as organic intermediates and pharmaceutical ingredients. The system pumps two or more streams of different reactants at specific flow rates into a single chamber, tube, or microreactor where a reaction takes place. The stream containing the resultant compound is collected at the outlet. The solution may also be directed to subsequent flow reactor loops to generate the final product. Continuous flow chemistry equipment generally consists of pumps that transport reactants, reagents, and solvent into reaction loops that introduce small volumes of reagents.  These feed into a mixing junction where reagent streams are combined and passed into a coil reactor to provide reaction residence time. The reaction mixture may be fed into a column reactor that contains solid reagents, catalysts, or scavengers. Some systems include in-line back pressure regulator to control the system. They may also include in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy  to provide real-time feedback on the reactions."
    },
    {
      "code": "11003",
      "display": "Contourographs",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders in which continuous, time-varying signals are segmented and stacked sequentially atop each other, either manually or using a computer. These recorders may be used in measurements of blood pressure, ECG or any other quasi-periodic wave. Contourographs can be used for assessing the time variation of physiological parameters over periods.  much longer than the inherent cycle length of the variable being recorded."
    },
    {
      "code": "13005",
      "display": "Contraceptive Diaphragms",
      "definition": "Reusable contraceptive devices that are inserted intra-vaginally against a woman's cervix to provide a physical barrier. This barrier is designed to prevent sperm from gaining access to the female reproductive tract. The contraceptive diaphragm is made of soft latex or silicone and is shaped as a shallow dome or a cup with a flexible spring molded into the rim, which seals the diaphragm against the cervix or the vaginal walls. Diaphragms are made in various circumferences, usually ranging from 60 mm to 90 mm."
    },
    {
      "code": "16915",
      "display": "Contraceptive Sponges",
      "definition": "Contraceptive devices intended to be inserted intra-vaginally against a woman's cervix. These sponges aredesigned to prevent sperm from gaining access to the female reproductive tract by providing a physical barrier. Contraceptive sponges are soft, disk-shaped devices made of polyurethane foam that are approximately 2 inches in diameter and three-quarters of an inch thick. They are coated with spermicide that blocks or kills sperm. Contraceptive sponges are available over-the-counter and they do not come in multiple sizes; it is intended that one size fits all women and so do not need to be fitted by a healthcare provider. A contraceptive sponge is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus through the cervix and to release spermicide into the vagina. It has a small pull-strap to assist with removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "16573",
      "display": "Contrast Media",
      "definition": "A chemical substance or formulation delivered into the body of a patient undergoing a diagnostic imaging procedure for the purpose of enhancing the differences in signal intensity detected between various body structures, tissues and/or fluids during the imaging procedure. Contrast media may be administered by various routes, including intravenous injection, oral ingestion, inhalation, or rectal enema."
    },
    {
      "code": "18156",
      "display": "Contrast Media Conservation Sets",
      "definition": "Systems designed to control the amount of contrast media that is actually supplied to the administration system (e.g., injector) in order to conserve the amount of contrast media used during a single procedure and prevent waste."
    },
    {
      "code": "29384",
      "display": "Contrast Media Injector Kit Assemblies",
      "definition": "Combination of assembled devices designed as components of angiographic kits intended for use with contrast media injectors. These assamblies may include as main components controls, syringes, manifolds, or other devices; the assembly typically includes other ancillary components. Contrast media injector kit assemblies may be reusable or disposable (i.e., single-use). The assemblies facilitate the contrast media injection procedures and may also reduce the waste of contrast media and/or accelerate the procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23123",
      "display": "Contrast Media Injector Kit Assemblies, Angiography, Controller, Disposable",
      "definition": "Control assemblies designed as disposable components for manual control of the angiography kits used with contrast media injection systems. These assemblies typically consist of a disposable hand operated mechanical control and one or more high-pressure stopcocks; extension tubing for administration of the contrast media may be also attached as a component of the control kit. Contrast media injection control assemblies are used for precise flow and volume administration of contrast media during angiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23116",
      "display": "Contrast Media Injector Kit Assemblies, Angiography, Manifold, Disposable",
      "definition": "Manifold assemblies designed as a disposable (i.e., single use) component of angiographic kits used with contrast media injectors. These assemblies typically include a manifold and low-pressure tubing required for dispensing saline; the assembly may also include a disposable pressure transducer.  Disposable manifold assemblies and reusable syringe subassemblies reduce the contrast media discarded during injection and time between procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23117",
      "display": "Contrast Media Injector Kit Assemblies, Angiography, Syringe/Manifold",
      "definition": "Syringe/manifold assemblies consist of a combine reusable syringe and a disposable manifold assembly, both of which are used as components of angiographic kits used in conjunction with contrast media injectors.  The assemblies consist of a reusable syringe assembly which includes a contrast media bottle; a handpiece to facilitate operator control of the volume and flow of the injection; and a manifold assembly that includes low-pressure tubing to dispense saline. Reusable syringe/disposable manifold assemblies are intended to reduce the amount of contrast media discarded during an injection and to reduce the time between procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23115",
      "display": "Contrast Media Injector Kit Assemblies, Syringe, Reusable",
      "definition": "Syringe assemblies designed as reusable components of angiographic kits used with contrast media injectors. These assemblies typically include a syringe and a contrast medium bottle, permitting the performance of several procedures while maintaining sterility. The assembly may also include a handpiece that facilitates the operator's control of the volume and flow of the injection. Reusable syringe assembly angiographic kits are intended to reduce the contrast media discarded during injection and to reduce time between procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33059",
      "display": "Contrast Media Removal Systems, Coronary Sinus",
      "definition": "Contrast media removal systems that consist of a coronary sinus aspiration catheter and a vacuum suction device that is introduced through a vein sheath that is already in place to support the primary procedure on the heart. This system is designed to directly aspirate and remove through vacuum suction a significant quantity of iodine-based contrast media as it leaves the coronary sinus before it reaches the systemic circulation and kidneys. The catheter through which the contrast agents are removed stays in place for the duration of the procedure and the system can be activated multiple times throughout the heart procedure. A coronary sinus vacuum/aspiration contrast media removal system is used during heart procedures such as angioplasty and stenting. Removal of the iodine-based contrast media is intended to reduce the patient's risk for developing contrast-induced nephropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17657",
      "display": "Contrast Media, Magnetic Resonance",
      "definition": "Contrast media used to enhance the differences in signal intensity emitted from tissues during magnetic resonance-based imaging procedures. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents typically consist of paramagnetic (e.g., gadolinium-based, manganese-based) or superparamagnetic (e.g., iron oxide-based, iron platinum-based) particles that influence the magnetic resonance signals generated by surrounding tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents may be administered intravenously, orally, or injected intra-articularly and may be designed to distribute non-specifically within the extracellular space of the body or specifically within certain target tissues (e.g., liver) or the intravascular space (i.e., blood pool)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15821",
      "display": "Contrast Media, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Contrast media used to enhance the differences in signal intensity emitted from tissues during x-ray-based imaging procedures (e.g., computed tomography, fluoroscopy). Radiographic contrast media typically consist of chemicals incorporating elements with high molecular weights that attenuate x-rays much more than soft tissue or body fluids (e.g., barium, iodine). Radiographic contrast media may be administered by various routes including intravenous injection or direct administration into body cavities (e.g., genitourinary tract injection, oral ingestion, rectal enema)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41077",
      "display": "Contrast Media, Radiographic, Barium",
      "definition": "Radiographic contrast media consisting of insoluble barium sulfate particles typically supplied in the form of a liquid suspension. Barium contrast media are typically used to image a patient's gastrointestinal tract and are typically administered orally or by rectal enema."
    },
    {
      "code": "41076",
      "display": "Contrast Media, Radiographic, Iodinated",
      "definition": "Radiographic contrast media containing iodine. Iodinated radiographic contrast media may be ionic or non-ionic depending on whether the contrast agent dissociates into ionic particles in solution or exists as a stable polar molecule in solution, respectively. Most iodinated radiographic contrast media is based on molecules containing benzene rings to which three iodine atoms have been attached (i.e., a tri-iodinated benzene ring). Tri-iodinated benzene ring-containing contrast media may be referred to as a monomer or a dimer depending on whether it incorporates one or two benzene rings in its structure. Iodinated radiographic contrast media are typically used intravenously/intra-arterially; however, they may also be administered orally/rectally, by inhalation, or injected into the genitourinary tract or intrathecally."
    },
    {
      "code": "17903",
      "display": "Contrast Media, Ultrasonographic",
      "definition": "Contrast media used to enhance the differences in signal intensity emitted from tissues during ultrasonic imaging procedures. Ultrasound contrast agents typically consist of consist of microbubbles of gas (e.g., air, nitrogen, perfluorocarbon) encapsulated by a shell that increase the reflectivity of fluids (e.g., blood) or tissues, enhancing the ultrasound image. Ultrasound contrast microbubble shells are composed of various materials, including albumin, galactose, or lipids. The composition of the shell and the type of gas within the microbubble determine its degree of elasticity, which affects how the microbubble responds to the acoustic energy in the ultrasound beam. Ultrasound contrast media typically require product-specific preparation prior to administration. Some agents are delivered in powder form that is reconstituted with sterile saline, while other agents are in liquid form and require either hand agitation or mechanical agitation using a specialized machine."
    },
    {
      "code": "16894",
      "display": "Controller/Timers, Automated Radiographic Exposure",
      "definition": "Devices designed to terminate x-ray exposures when sufficient intensity of x-ray radiation has reached the x-ray detector to provide acceptable film darkness. These devices are commonly known as automatic exposure control (AEC) devices; they are usually included as an integral component of the Bucky system of a radiographic system table or placed after the image intensifier in a fluoroscopic system. The controllers signal the control system to stop the radiation from the generator when the radiation intensity is appropriate, usually displaying the exposure time in milliseconds. Stand-alone AEC devices are available to upgrade x-ray units and systems that do not have those capabilities; dedicated controllers designed for mobile radiographic units and mammographic equipment are also available. Stand-alone units are also used for inspection, calibration, and/or quality control of radiographic and/or fluoroscopic units and systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "11009",
      "display": "Controllers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to regulate the operation of a device, equipment, or system. These devices may consist of a variety of mechanical, electrical, electromechanical, or electronic components or component sets according to the intended function; they may also consist of modules that, when used with a parent device (e.g., a specialty bed/mattress system), provide additional ability to control such functions. Controllers frequently are used in healthcare facilities to control environmental conditions, equipment operation variables (i.e., temperature and fluid pressure or level), and/or the functioning of more complex devices such as electrosurgical units and radiographic systems. Controllers can be an integral part of equipment and systems or available as stand-alone devices that are used in conjunction with the devices/systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20662",
      "display": "Controllers, Air/Nitrogen Pressure",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate high-pressure (e.g., up to several hundred psi/several thousand kPa) output of air and/or nitrogen gas lines from a single point. These controllers typically include one or more pressure gauges, a pressure regulator, valves, and a diameter indexed safety system (DISS) outlet, all enclosed in a cabinet-like container. An external panel with control knobs for the valves and pressure is attached to the container. The whole controller is either recessed in or mounted on a wall. Air/nitrogen pressure controllers are used for remote control of turbine-driven surgical tools and/or ceiling-mounted equipment (e.g., gas tracks, columns) in surgical rooms. They permit the user to make and break equipment connections at zero level pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "40397",
      "display": "Controllers, Camera",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate the operation of a camera. These controllers may consist of a variety of mechanical, electrical, electromechanical, or electronic components or component sets; they may also consist of modules that, when used with a parent device (e.g., microscope, endoscope, surgical light etc.), provide additional ability to control camera/video functions. Camera controllers can be an integral part of equipment and systems or available as stand-alone devices that are used in conjunction with the devices/systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "31193",
      "display": "Controllers, Cardioplegia Perfusion Pump",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate the performance of perfusion pumps that deliver solutions to induce cardioplegia during cardiopulmonary bypass surgical procedures. These controllers typically consist of an electronic unit that includes a block attached to pressure transducers and a bubble sensor. The controller may also include a display showing the values of parameters (e.g., the total volume of solution delivered, ischemia time) and alarms. The controller is connected to the perfusion pump (typically a double roller pump); it may work in manual mode, allowing the operator to start and stop the pump delivery or in automated mode controlling the pump delivery up to a pre-established dose of cardioplegia solution. Cardioplegia perfusion pump controllers are mainly used as components (modules) of heart-lung bypass units during open heart surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23490",
      "display": "Controllers, Chromatography System",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate the performance of a chromatography system from a single point. These controllers may control each of the modules (e.g., columns, detectors) of a chromatography system from a centralized control point; controllers typically can identify each component, control the transfer of samples between modules, and display the status of the system using dedicated software. Chromatography system controllers are intended to facilitate performance of automated chromatography tests with fewer errors in the procedure; they can interact with a laboratory information system by receiving and/or sending information."
    },
    {
      "code": "24873",
      "display": "Controllers, Disabled-Patient-Assistance",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to assist disabled individuals remotely control a variety of equipment, usually in an individual's immediate environment. These controllers typically consist of electronic units that interact (e.g., using radiofrequency or infrared energy) with receiving devices interfaced with appliances such as light switches, appliances (e.g., television sets, VCRs, CD players, thermostats), and bed and door controls; the controller typically includes a built-in telephone set. Disabled-patient-assistance controllers are intended to help people with different degrees of disability perform daily activities with a high degree of independence. A variety of activation modes for the controllers are available; including switch, voice, head motion, blowing straw-like sensors (i.e., mouth activated), and eye movement tracking or a combination of several."
    },
    {
      "code": "24029",
      "display": "Controllers, Disabled-Patient-Assistance, Voice-Activated",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to allow diabled patients to remotely control a variety of equipment usually in the individual's  immediate environment, which are activated using voice commands. These controllers are typically electronic units that may be customized to the particular user's pronunciation; the control unit interacts (e.g., using radiofrequency or infrared energy) with receiving devices interfaced with appliances such as light switches, appliances (e.g., television sets, VCRs, CD players), and bed and door controls; the controller typically includes a built-in telephone set. Voice-activated disabled-patient-assistance controllers are intended to help people with different degrees of disability perform daily activities with a high degree of independence."
    },
    {
      "code": "39388",
      "display": "Controllers, Endoscope Magnification",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate the operation of the zoom function (i.e., magnification) of certain video endoscopes. These controllers work in combination with video endoscopes (e.g., video colonoscopes, video gastroscopes) that contain a motorized actuator that controls the position of optical lenses in the distal tip of the endoscope and, thereby, the focal length/zoom setting of the endoscope camera. Endoscope magnification controllers allow the user to specify whether the zoom function of the video endoscope operates in a continuous or step-wise fashion in which the motorized actuator moves smoothly at a selected speed or jumps to one of several preset zoom settings. Activation of actuator movement may be performed using hand controls on the video endoscope or using a foot pedal connected to the endoscope magnification controller."
    },
    {
      "code": "25747",
      "display": "Controllers, Hearing Aid, Remote",
      "definition": "Controllers of externally worn or in-canal hearing aids that use wireless technology designed to turn hearing aids on or off and mute or adjust the volume. Hearing aid remote controllers are usually palm-sized or pocket-sized and may have clips to attach to clothing or belts; some are designed to look like inconspicuous objects (e.g., wristwatches, pens, key chains). Some hearing aid remote controllers collect and store data from the hearing aids and remember settings and preferences of the user. Some are capable of connecting directly to other devices (e.g., telephones, mobile phones, portable electronic music players, televisions) for hearing aid signal inputs using FM bandwidths or Bluetooth technology. Hearing aid remote controllers are usually specific to the hearing aid models that they operate. Larger hearing aid remote controllers with larger buttons or symbols are also available for hearing aid users with dexterity and/or vision problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26655",
      "display": "Controllers, Infusion Pump Systems, Programmable",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate the performance of infusion pump systems that may follow a program. These controllers consist of a centralized electronic unit that controls each of several interconnected infusion pumps and related components (including some monitors) of the infusion system; the controllers permit the introduction of pre-established or customized programs related to the infusion process and/or monitoring and alarms. Programmable infusion system controllers usually include dedicated software that can be configured to the special needs of the healthcare facility, specific area of use, and/or patient characteristics; the software may be also capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems). Programmable infusion system controllers are used in areas of healthcare facilities where the simultaneous use of several infusion pumps is frequent."
    },
    {
      "code": "31196",
      "display": "Controllers, Infusion Pump, Remote",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate the performance of one or more infusion pumps from a remote location. These controllers typically consist of a centralized electronic wireless unit that shows in a display and allows the control of several infusion pump parameters, such as infusion rate and bolus administration. The controllers may interact with pump related components such as blood oxygenation (SpO2) monitors and also allow to provide immediate remote response to infusion pump alarms. Remote infusion pump controllers are used to control infusion pumps from a centralized station, including the control of infusion pumps located in areas of healthcare facilities with limited or difficult access (e.g., used in patients under MRI procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16542",
      "display": "Controllers, Liquid Level, Cryogenic",
      "definition": "Liquid-level controllers designed to keep the level of cryogenic liquids in a container (i.e., liquids below -130 degrees Celsius [-202 degrees Fahrenheit]) between preestablished limits. These controllers usually consist of a level sensor (e.g., cylindrical capacitor, solenoid-based devices), an electronic unit that may include microprocessors, a display, and connecting cables; the devices may also include alarms. Some liquid-level controllers can actuate automatic mechanisms to replenish the cryogenic liquid when it reaches a minimum level. Cryogenic liquid-level controllers are designed to manage the level of cryogenic liquids (e.g., argon, nitrogen, oxygen) inside a tank (e.g., a Dewar flask) and in other cryogenic devices (e.g., cryosurgical units, freezers, containers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33477",
      "display": "Controllers, Pressure, Catheter/Endoscopic Tube, Balloon Inflation",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to keep the pressure of balloons located at the tip of a catheter or endoscopic tube in a pre-determined range during a catheterization or endoscopic procedure. These controllers usually consist of an electromechanical unit including an automatic ajustable mechanism that keeps the balloon pressure between the preset values. Some units may also display the value of the pressure inside the balloon. Catheter/endoscopic balloon pressure controllers are used as components of systems intended for endoscopic procedures using balloons, such as those performed in the gastrointestinal tract and during angioplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "37621",
      "display": "Controllers, Pressure, Tracheal Tube Cuff",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to maintain automatically the pressure of endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube cuffs at a pre-determined level during mechanically assisted ventilation. These controllers usually consist of a handheld control unit and a cuff inflation tube. The control unit includes an electronic display and control buttons for setting, adjusting, and releasing cuff pressure. The control unit may be able to connect to compatible mechanical ventilators via a universal serial bus (USB) interface and, when connected in this manner, pressure controller function may be regulated via settings on the ventilator. The cuff inflation tubes are typically plastic, pre-sterilized, disposable tubes that incorporate an inline filter and a luer connection at their distal end appropriate for connection to cuff inflation lines (i.e., pilot lines) on endotracheal or tracheotomy tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24485",
      "display": "Controllers, Specialty Bed/Mattress System",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to regulate the operation of a specialty bed/mattress system in order to provide a specific function/therapy. Bed/mattress system controllers can be an integral part of the specialty bed/mattress system, available as stand-alone devices that are used in conjunction with the specialty bed/mattress systems, or as modules designed to be inserted into a dedicated location within the specialty bed frame, and then used to expand the existing functions of the specialty bed/mattress system and regulate that functions' operation. Specialty bed/mattress system controllers when used in conjunction with a specialty bed and/or correlating mattress system allow users to configure and deliver specific types of therapy via the bed and/or mattress surface, such as continual lateral rotation therapy or percussion/vibration therapy, or provide a low air-loss surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "24491",
      "display": "Controllers, Specialty Bed/Mattress System, Lateral Rotation Therapy",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to facilitate turning a patient laterally, either intermittently or continuously in specialty beds and/or associated mattress systems to prevent and/or treat respiratory difficulties, skin complications, and related problems in critically ill, immobile (e.g., ventilated, sedated) patients. These controllers, when used in conjunction with a specialty bed and mattress surface, allow the specialty bed to be converted into a lateral rotation therapy bed."
    },
    {
      "code": "24490",
      "display": "Controllers, Specialty Bed/Mattress System, Low-Air-Loss Therapy",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to be programmed to inflate and deflate interconnected synthetic fabric pillows at preset intervals to provide specialty beds and associated mattress systems with a low-air-loss surface. Typically, inflation intervals are set to alternate with deflation intervals at a controlled rate. These controllers, when used in conjunction with the specialty bed and mattress surface, allow a specialty bed to convert into a low-air-loss therapy bed. Low-air-loss therapy beds are typically used in the care and management of patients who require a mattress surface specifically for facilitating wound healing (e.g., pressure ulcers, burns)"
    },
    {
      "code": "24487",
      "display": "Controllers, Specialty Bed/Mattress System, Percussion/Vibration Therapy",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to facilitate the delivery of percussion/vibration therapy in specialty beds and associated mattress systems to mobilize respiratory secretions in the patient's lungs so that they can be cleared more easily. Vibration/percussion controllers for specialty beds/mattress systems allow users to configure and deliver specific modes of percussion and/or vibration therapy for predetermined/preset periods of time and at predetermined levels of intensity."
    },
    {
      "code": "41621",
      "display": "Controllers, Spiral Enteroscope Overtubes",
      "definition": "Controllers used to operate the rotational direction and speed of the spiral segment of a spiral enteroscope overtube. These units provide a visual indication, such as a force gauge, of the rotational direction and the motor current in real-time throughout the examination. The controllers may also include an automatic limit function to stop the overtube when certain parameters are reached."
    },
    {
      "code": "16538",
      "display": "Controllers, Temperature, Cryogenic",
      "definition": "Temperature controllers designed to keep temperatures in a container between preestablished limits well below the freezing point of water (i.e., cryogenic temperatures, below -130 degrees Celsius [-202 degrees Fahrenheit]); typically from -150 to -200 degrees Celsius (-238 to -328 degrees Fahrenheit). These controllers usually include temperature sensors, thermometers, an electronic unit that may include microprocessors, a display, and connecting cables; the devices may also include alarms. Cryogenic temperature controllers are used mainly in healthcare facilities for containers used for preservation of biological tissues (e.g., embryos, bone), in cryosurgical units, and in blood bank cryogenic freezers (e.g., to store red blood cells)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21068",
      "display": "Conveyors",
      "definition": "Electromechanical moving belts designed for automated movement of objects (and/or people), usually horizontally or on an inclined plane. These conveyors typically consist of a moving belt, a powered mechanism, and controls to regulate the movement and/or speed of the belt. Conveyors are used in healthcare facilities to move objects such as documents, equipment, devices, and supplies; dedicated conveyors are used to move food trays and laundry."
    },
    {
      "code": "15940",
      "display": "Conveyors, Document/Equipment/Supply",
      "definition": "Conveyors designed for automated movement of equipment and/or containers filled with documents and supplies within a healthcare facility. These conveyors typically consist of a moving belt with appropriate attachments for the containers (e.g., cleats, scoops, or buckets), a powered mechanism, and controls to regulate the movement and/or speed of the belt. Document/materiel conveyors are used to move documents and/or materiel (i.e., equipment, devices, supplies); they are also used to move laboratory samples and/or drugs while preserving their integrity and preventing any opportunities for tampering."
    },
    {
      "code": "15943",
      "display": "Conveyors, Food Tray",
      "definition": "Conveyors designed for automated movement within a healthcare facility of trays filled with food and/or trays that are dirty after food consumption. These conveyors typically consist of a moving belt with appropriate attachments for the trays, a powered mechanism, and controls to regulate the movement and/or speed of the belt. Food tray conveyors frequently include some kind of heating system to keep the food warm during transport. They are used to move food trays from the kitchen to a food distribution center and/or back to the kitchen tray washers."
    },
    {
      "code": "21069",
      "display": "Conveyors, Laundry",
      "definition": "Conveyors designed for automated transport of laundry, either in bulk or in bags. These conveyors typically consist of a moving belt with stationary siderails, a powered mechanism, and controls to regulate the movement and/or speed of the belt. Laundry conveyors can accommodate and transport laundry towards washers, dryers, pressers, or folding machines; they are available in many sizes, and in horizontal or inclined configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "39502",
      "display": "Cook Chill Food Pump Stations",
      "definition": "Stations that include a pump that draws cooked food from a steam kettle. The pump draws product either from the top of the kettle or from a draw off valve on the kettle. The pump measures a pre-set volume of food and fills a flexible plastic casing or plastic tray. Some stations have an air compressor to pump the product; other stations have a foot pedal to pump the product manually. These stations may have a holder for the plastic casings and a clipper to seal the containers as well as other accessories. These pumps are used in a cook chill process, which involves the full cooking of a large volume of food followed by rapid chilling and storage at controlled temperatures."
    },
    {
      "code": "39503",
      "display": "Cook Chill Tanks",
      "definition": "Tanks that utilize a water bath to slow-cook food that is sealed inside plastic casings or trays and then, once the food is cooked, to chill the food for storage. A pump continuously circulates hot water through a conduit from a heat exchanger to the tank to cook the food and returns the water back to the heat exchanger. After the food has been cooked and pasteurized, cold water is supplied rapidly to the tank to quickly cool the cooked products. These units include racks and/or trays to hold the packaged food. The tanks have controls to set cooking temperature and time. These tanks are used in a cook chill process, which involves the full cooking of a large volume of food followed by rapid chilling and storage at controlled temperatures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27979",
      "display": "Cooling Garments",
      "definition": "Special garments (e.g., neck bands, neck wraps, hats, vests, ponchos) worn to lower the body temperature of the wearer. The cooling garments may achieve cooling by various methods including air cooling, water cooling, evaporation techniques, or phase-change of water or hydrocarbon gel present within the garments. Some cooling garments may be battery operated or connected to a main power supply to offer refrigeration-type cooling. Other cooling garments may contain pockets for ice packs or the garments may be tethered by hoses to cooling units that circulate forced cool air or cold water through the hoses to the cooling garments. Cooling garments have many applications in outdoor activities, sports, medicine, emergency preparedness, the military, and home care. Dedicated cooling garments are used by operating room personnel while working in operating rooms and other environments with higher room temperatures."
    },
    {
      "code": "25212",
      "display": "Cooling Garments, Operating Room Personnel",
      "definition": "Special garments (e.g., neck bands, neck wraps, vests, ponchos) worn by persons working in the operating room to lower the body temperature of the wearer. Some cooling garments connect to cooling units via hoses through which cooled water is circulated, while other cooling garments use cold packs (ice packs) that are placed into pockets inside the cooling garments to keep the wearer cool while allowing them to move about freely without being tethered to a cooling unit. Cooling garments serve to cool the operating room personnel and allow them to remain comfortable while working in operating rooms and other environments with higher room temperatures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18849",
      "display": "Cooling Units",
      "definition": "Devices that use a refrigerating or other cooling mechanism (e.g., ice, solid state thermoelectric systems, heat exchangers) to remove heat from a substance, material, fluid, or another device that dissipates heat. Cooling units contain a cooling device, pumps to circulate air or other fluids, and programmable controls and displays for temperature, pressure, or flow rate; some feature alarms to sounds alerts when system functions do not meet set parameters. Some cooling units are portable, and some may be specifically configured to cool certain pieces of equipment (e.g., laser coolers). Also available are cooling units that help lower a patient's body temperature or cool operating room personnel by coupling them with cooling blankets or garments."
    },
    {
      "code": "36488",
      "display": "Cooling Units, Animal Urine",
      "definition": "Cooling units that use refrigeration or other cooling mechanism (e.g., ice, solid state thermoelectric systems, heat exchangers) to cool animal urine (usually at or below 7 degrees C or 45 degrees F) collected in the basin of a metabolic cage specially designed for small laboratory research animals (e.g., mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits). The dedicated collection basin under the metabolic cage can usually collect 2 to 5 mL in a 24 hour period and plugs into the cooling unit to keep the urine cool. Animal urine cooling units contain a cooling device, pumps to circulate air or other fluids, and programmable controls and displays for temperature, pressure, or flow rate; some feature alarms to sound alerts when system functions do not meet set parameters. The animal urine cooling unit may have hoses or coils to chill one or more urine collection basins attached to a metabolic cage and may come in table top models or larger units that supply cooling to a rack system containing several metabolic cages."
    },
    {
      "code": "40798",
      "display": "Cooling Units, Deceased Infant",
      "definition": "Cooling units designed to cool the body of a deceased neonatal in situ before the body is moved to the morgue. These cooling units usually consists of a cooling pad that in placed in a bassinet, cradle, crib or other receptacle and a cooling mechanism. These units can also have a dedicated bassinet or cradle. The cooling units allow families to provide after-death care."
    },
    {
      "code": "25211",
      "display": "Cooling Units, Operating Room Personnel",
      "definition": "Cooling systems designed to keep water at a cold temperature and pump it though hoses to cooling garments (e.g., vests, ponchos) worn by surgeons and other operating room personnel while they are working in the operating room. These units are usually made of an insulated plastic box or cylinder with a tight-fitting lid that holds ice and water.  The water is then pumped via an electrical pump in the cooling system through long hoses.  These hoses are connected to the outside of the cooling system on one end and to the cooling clothing on the other end. The operating room personnel remain tethered to the cooling system by the long hoses while they are wearing the cooling clothing. Some cooling systems are portable; they use pumps that are operated by batteries. Some operating room personnel cooling systems have more than one outer hose connection port to connect to different pieces of cooling garments so that the unit can cool more than one person at the same time."
    },
    {
      "code": "12078",
      "display": "Cooling Units, Patient",
      "definition": "Cooling units designed to regulate a patient's temperature by removing heat.  These units usually include a central device with a refrigerating system, control, and alarms and some means (e.g., blankets) to deliver the thermal changes to the patient.  Patient-cooling units are used to treat patients who are hyperthermic or feverish; they are also used to induce hypothermia, thus lowering metabolism (e.g., during cardiac surgery or neurosurgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25208",
      "display": "Cooling Units, Patient, Circulating-Liquid",
      "definition": "Cooling units designed to lower a patient's body temperature by circulating liquid through hoses in close contact with the outside of the patient's body. These units consist of a central refrigerator system which pumps cooled liquid through hoses to other hoses contained inside a device in contact with the patient's body (e.g., a pad, mattress, or blanket, or a head wrap or vest worn by a patient); most also feature temperature controls and alarms. Patient temperature is typically monitored with a thermometer. Circulating-liquid patient cooling units are used for cooling patients with fever or to induce hypothermia in the operating room. They may also be used to induce temporary hypothermia, in order to limit tissue damage in patients who have suffered a stroke or other cardiovascular or neurological event."
    },
    {
      "code": "34382",
      "display": "Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking Solutions",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic solutions (typically riboflavin) designed for placing on the surface of the cornea to obtain a corneal collagen cross-linking when  activated with ultraviolet A (UVA) light. The effect of the UVA on the solution placed on the cornea after activation is the formation of cellular bonds on the stromal layer with a corresponding strengthening of the cornea. These collagen cross-linking solutions are used in ophthalmic therapeutic procedures, such as keratoconus and ectasia (i.e., thinning) of the cornea following laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) procedures ing laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18038",
      "display": "Corneal Topography Systems",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic systems designed to objectively determine the configuration of the anterior corneal surface (i.e., its topography) and the refractive power by projecting concentric circular rings on the cornea. The systems typically consist of a videokeratoscope that projects the illuminated rings onto the cornea and captures the reflected image through a video camera and the image-processing software system that analyzes the cornea topography data (e.g., curvature, slope), calculates the refraction power, and displays the data graphically. The devices are used mainly for planning refractive corneal surgery, fitting contact lenses, or diagnosing some corneal disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "11024",
      "display": "Corsets (Retired)",
      "definition": "Orthopedic devices that encircle and support a part, as worn in certain spinal injuries or deformities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11028",
      "display": "Cotton Balls",
      "definition": "Spherical masses of absorbent cotton fiber used as a swab. Cotton balls can be used to clean skin, apply medication, and remove fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "13414",
      "display": "Cotton Rolls",
      "definition": "Cylindrical masses of cotton used as an absorbent or padding. In dentistry, cotton rolls can be used to absorb moisture from the oral cavity during dental procedures and can be used as a packing between the lip/cheek and the gum."
    },
    {
      "code": "15125",
      "display": "Counters, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Devices that provide a lighted surface on which bacteria colonies can be counted accurately. The surface divides the agar plate into grids so that the operator can count the colonies in each grid and keep track of which CFUs have already been counted."
    },
    {
      "code": "15126",
      "display": "Counters, Colony",
      "definition": "Devices used to determine the number of bacterial colonies present on a bacteriological culture medium."
    },
    {
      "code": "16381",
      "display": "Counters, Gamma",
      "definition": "Instruments based on the principle of photoluminescence that are used to measure trace quantities of many diagnostically significant substances that occur in patient samples of serum, urine, or other body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "27282",
      "display": "Counters, Gamma, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Gamma counters designed to detect and measure localized gamma radiation from human body tissues during surgical procedures (i.e., intraoperative) after the ingestion or injection of a radiopharmaceutical tracer (i.e., radioactive drug). These counters usually consist of a central, usually portable, unit that includes controls to adjust unit settings, a display that shows the number of gamma photons detected (i.e., the events) in a short period of time simultaneously with audible signals, an indicator that shows the selected isotope, and a battery. The instrument also includes dedicated detachable gamma radiation detection probes intended for particular areas of the body (e.g., neck, head, thorax). Probes (with angled or straight tips) that are intended to perform lymphatic mapping are also available. Intraoperative gamma counters are mainly used to measure the quantity of radionuclides absorbed for particular tissues and organs during open surgery and, less frequently, during laparoscopic procedures; the instruments may be used also in intra-surgical sentinel-node mapping procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23457",
      "display": "Counters, Particle, Environmental",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to count solid particles in the environment. These counters are typically electronic instruments with appropriate sensors that can measure several sizes (e.g., 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 microns) of particles simultaneously and display the results typically in number of particles per unit of volume (e.g., particles/cubic foot, particles/liter). Environmental particle counters may be used for particulate monitoring in clean rooms, research laboratories, and clinical pharmacies, but they have their primary use in pharmaceutical, medical device, and semiconductor industries."
    },
    {
      "code": "15184",
      "display": "Counters, Scintillation",
      "definition": "Radiation counters used to measure gamma radiation in nonimaging nuclear medicine procedures, such as the venous thrombosis scan or the renogram."
    },
    {
      "code": "15687",
      "display": "Cover Glass, Microscope Slide",
      "definition": "Small flat pieces of transparent glass that are placed over objects for viewing with a microscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "15749",
      "display": "Cover Implants, Bur Hole",
      "definition": "Cover implants designed to fit into and over bur holes or bone gaps made by a cranial perforator during surgery. Bur hole cover implants are usually  button- or flat-shaped and made of metal (e.g., titanium alloy) or biodegradable polymer or polyester. Bur hole cover implants can also be used to reattach cranial bone removed during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "41746",
      "display": "Coveralls, Splash Protection",
      "definition": "One-piece protective garment that covers both the upper and lower parts of the body designed for protection against fine particulates and biological and chemical liquid splashes. These coveralls are typically made of a breathable multilayer nonwoven plastic material (e.g., polyethylene); they may have a hood and/or shoe covers. Most of these coveralls include a snap or zipper front closure, knit wrists and ankle openings."
    },
    {
      "code": "15571",
      "display": "Covers",
      "definition": "A physical barrier used to protect clothing, devices, instruments, or furniture from pathogens, heat, cold, light, chemicals, allergens, or other environmental exposures. Covers can also provide protection and a comfortable surface for patients. The barrier can be flexible or inflexible and can be made of a number of different materials, such as plastic or cloth (woven or non-woven), and can be absorbent or non-absorbent, depending on the intended uses. The cover can also protect the contents of hampers or laundry carts."
    },
    {
      "code": "10183",
      "display": "Covers, Arm Board",
      "definition": "Covers designed to wrap around arm boards while in use in order to protect a patient's arms. Arm board covers usually consist of sleeves made from either absorbent or non-absorbent, non-woven material to minimize cross-infection between patients who use the arm boards. Arm board covers are made in different sizes to match the sizes of the arm boards in use, whether for adult, child, or infant patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17978",
      "display": "Covers, Armrest",
      "definition": "Covers designed to wrap around the armrests of a chair, wheelchair, or a powered scooter in order to provide comfort, moisture reduction, and relief from pain and irritation for a patient's arms. Armrest covers are usually made of fleece (sheepskin or polyester), foam rubber, or neoprene and are attached to the armrests by either ties or hook-and-loop fasteners."
    },
    {
      "code": "10335",
      "display": "Covers, Bedpan",
      "definition": "Covers designed to fit over or within bedpans to provide a protective barrier between the bedpan and a patient's skin. Bedpan covers are made of plastic for disposal after use, or of a biodegradable and flushable material. Some bedpan covers include an anti-odor absorbent pad or waste treatment powder that absorbs liquid waste and turns it into an odorless, spill-proof gel."
    },
    {
      "code": "16492",
      "display": "Covers, Bedrail",
      "definition": "Covers designed to be placed over, and to cover the gaps between, the rails on the sides, head and/or foot ends of a patient's bed. Bedrail covers can be made of waterproof fabrics and may be padded. This provides protection to patients with fragile skin or sensitive limbs. They can be attached to the bed rails by ties, elastic bands, or hook-and-loop fasteners."
    },
    {
      "code": "15765",
      "display": "Covers, Camera",
      "definition": "Covers intended to encase cameras to protect them from contamination and fluids. They are usually made of clear, flexible polyethylene in different sizes to fit different camera models and can be used with either photographic or video types of cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "15992",
      "display": "Covers, Cart, Linen/Laundry",
      "definition": "Covers intended to be placed around a linen/laundry cart in order to protect the clean linen or laundry stored or transported in the carts. The cart covers are reusable and are usually made of nylon, vinyl, polyester, or cotton fabric and they come in a wide variety of sizes. Linen/laundry cart covers are fastened to the carts with elastic, zippers, hook-and-loop-fasteners, or with ties used to secure the cover to cart posts."
    },
    {
      "code": "15778",
      "display": "Covers, Clamp",
      "definition": "Covers into which the arms of clamps are inserted. Clamp covers are intended to increase clamp grip and to make clamp-facilitated occlusion less traumatic. Clamp covers can be made of silicone rubber or non-fibrous fabrics. They can be contoured and sized to fit a variety of instruments with color-coding by size; they can also be trimmed to size."
    },
    {
      "code": "37243",
      "display": "Covers, Commode Seat, Disposable",
      "definition": "Disposable covers designed to lay over the top of a commode or toilet seat to provide a barrier between the seat and a user's skin. Commode seat covers are typically made of a biodegradable and flushable material."
    },
    {
      "code": "41939",
      "display": "Covers, Ear Muffs/Earphones",
      "definition": "Covers designed to wrap around ear muffs or earphones while in use in order to protect a patient�s ears and to protect the device. These covers usually are made from either absorbent or non-absorbent, rip-resistant material and have an elasticized opening to minimize cross-infection between patients who use the ear muffs and/or earphones. Ear muff/earphone covers are made in different sizes to match the sizes of the device in use."
    },
    {
      "code": "15764",
      "display": "Covers, Footswitch",
      "definition": "Covers intended to encase footswitches to reduce wear and to keep them clean. Footswitch covers are non-sterile and are usually made of clear polyethylene in different sizes to fit different footswitches models. They are closed with elastic cord, cloth ties, or with cinch locks."
    },
    {
      "code": "15836",
      "display": "Covers, Hamper",
      "definition": "Covers designed to overlie the top openings and/or to fit around hamper stands to protect laundry from dirt, dust, moisture, and other contaminants. Hamper covers are made in many shapes and sizes to fit different hamper sizes and can be made of polyethylene, steel, polyvinyl chloride, or cloth. Hamper covers help with odor prevention and cross-contamination between users and soiled linen."
    },
    {
      "code": "17977",
      "display": "Covers, Handgrip",
      "definition": "Covers designed to wrap around the handgrips of walkers, canes, or crutches in order to provide comfort and relief from pain and irritation for a patient's hands, and to provide a better gripping surface. Handgrip covers are usually made of fleece (wool, sheepskin or polyester) or cloth-wrapped foam rubber and are attached to the handgrips by hook-and-loop fasteners."
    },
    {
      "code": "15699",
      "display": "Covers, Heel Stirrup",
      "definition": "Covers designed to be placed over the stirrups attached to examination tables in order to provide a soft, warm, nonslip surface for the patient's heels when they place their feet in the stirrups during examination and/or treatment. Heel stirrup covers can help prevent cross-contamination between users. Heel stirrup covers are usually latex free, disposable, and made of cloth, neoprene, polyurethane, or foam and are held in place on the stirrups with elastic or ties in the open edge."
    },
    {
      "code": "37550",
      "display": "Covers, Light Handle",
      "definition": "Covers designed to sheathe or encase the handles of examination or surgical lights, providing a sanitary protective barrier to prevent cross-contamination between the light handle and the hands of healthcare workers. Light handle covers are typically made of a thin, flexible plastic material that shaped to fit over the light handle cylinder and flange. They are typically disposable devices supplied in sterile form."
    },
    {
      "code": "12467",
      "display": "Covers, Mattress",
      "definition": "Covers designed to protect mattresses from stains, odors, dust, and body fluids such as urine, vomit, blood, or wound drainage. They can also reduce friction, helping to reduce injury to a patient's skin. Mattress covers can be made to cover the top and sides of the mattress with sidewalls and elastic straps or to completely encase the mattress and be closed with zippers. Mattress covers are usually made of non-allergenic waterproof vinyl, nylon, stretchable knit, cotton, or polyester fabric. They can be made anti-microbial and / or hypoallergenic, and can be either disposable or reusable. Mattress covers can be used for either foam or spring bed mattresses and for air-fluidized or low-air-loss mattresses."
    },
    {
      "code": "12468",
      "display": "Covers, Mattress, Conductive",
      "definition": "Mattress covers made of conductive fabrics designed to provide electromagnetic field shielding, help control electrostatic discharge and the accumulation of static charges, and to help eliminate electrical interference. Conductive mattress covers are usually made from thermoplastic films and synthetic fibers, or metalized fabrics woven or plated with copper or nickel. Conductive mattress covers are usually fluid-proof and antimicrobial and provide comfort to the patients using the beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "36549",
      "display": "Covers, Mattress, Moisture/Temperature Control",
      "definition": "Mattress covers intended to reduce the amount of friction and/or moisture against a patient's skin, and prevent and/or treat pressure ulcers. These covers typically include a water-resistant, water vapor permeable top layer. Some cover only the top of the mattress while others completely encase the mattress. Some moisture/temperature control covers have increased technical specifications (e.g., greater width and higher weight limit) to meet the needs of bariatric patients. Powered versions also may include a mesh-like spacer layer; an air pump continually passes air through the mesh layer, which draws moisture and heat away from the top layer helping to control the patient's temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "12469",
      "display": "Covers, Mattress, Waterproof",
      "definition": "Mattress covers designed to be used on mattresses used for incontinent patients. Waterproof mattress covers can be made of vinyl, or cotton, rayon, or polyester (or a combination) with a vinyl backing. They can be made to cover the top and sides of the mattress with sidewalls and elastic straps or to completely encase the mattress and be closed with zippers. Mattress covers are usually made of non-allergenic waterproof vinyl, nylon, stretchable knit, cotton, or polyester fabric. They can be made anti-microbial and/or hypoallergenic, and can be either disposable or reusable. Waterproof mattress covers can be used for either foam or spring bed mattresses and for air-fluidized or low-air-loss mattresses."
    },
    {
      "code": "12535",
      "display": "Covers, Microscope",
      "definition": "Covers designed to be placed over microscopes to protect them from dust and spills when they are not in use.  Microscope covers are usually made of cloth or of transparent vinyl and in various sizes to fit over differently sized microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18047",
      "display": "Covers, Pillow, Protective",
      "definition": "Impermeable covers that fit beneath standard pillow cases. These devices are typically used to reduce allergen levels or for infection control."
    },
    {
      "code": "13574",
      "display": "Covers, Shoe",
      "definition": "Covers designed to encase the footwear of healthcare personnel to protect shoes against dirt, grime, and other contaminants; to help maintain surgically-sterile operating rooms; and to help with infection control. Shoe covers are disposable and can be ankle- or knee-high and with an elastic opening at the top. They can be made of low-density polyethylene film making them waterproof and lint-free, or of a breathable non-woven polypropylene fabric. Some models of shoe covers are made skid-free or non-slip with treads added on the bottom to provide traction. Non-woven conductive carbon strips can be added to the bottom of shoe covers to protect static sensitive devices in the work area and protect wearers from injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "20346",
      "display": "Covers, Shoe, Chemical Resistant",
      "definition": "Shoe covers designed for foot protection against chemicals or chemically contaminated objects. These covers are typically made of thick plastics (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene) or butyl rubber; they are waterproof, resistant to a wide range of chemicals, and intended for long wear. Most shoe covers include a skidproof covering for better traction. Chemically resistant shoe coverings are for healthcare personnel to use over their shoes or boots for protection during handling and transport of chemicals or for cleaning, decontamination, and transportation of patients and objects contaminated with chemicals or other biohazardous substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "13116",
      "display": "Covers, Temperature Probe",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be placed over a temperature probe. These covers are meant to protect the temperature probe and/or hold the probe in place. They can also provide a sanitary protective barrier to prevent cross-contamination during temperature taking."
    },
    {
      "code": "42038",
      "display": "Covers, Temperature Probe, Skin, Neonatal",
      "definition": "Covers that attach to a neonate�s skin to hold a temperature probe in place during temperature monitoring. These covers usually have hydrogel or acrylic adhesive that securely anchors the temperature probe to the infant's skin and is non-irritating when removed or repositioned. The covers can also incorporate insulating and/or reflective materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "16576",
      "display": "Covers, Thermometer",
      "definition": "Covers designed to sheathe or encase clinical thermometers, providing a sanitary protective barrier to prevent cross-contamination during temperature taking. Thermometer covers are disposable and are made of thin, flexible, transparent plastic film. Different sizes of thermometer covers are available for either digital or mercury thermometers that are used for oral, rectal, or axillary temperature taking, and for thermometers sized for adult or pediatric use."
    },
    {
      "code": "37296",
      "display": "Covers, Ultrasonic Scanning System Probe",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic Probe Covers are designed to be a physical-barrier to prevent cross contamination and healthcare-associated infections during an ultrasound exam. Usually made up of latex, polyethylene, and polyurethane. The probe cover is made to protect the linear and curved transducers during Ultrasonic Scanning."
    },
    {
      "code": "14290",
      "display": "Covers, Urinal",
      "definition": "Covers designed to fit over or within portable, handheld urinals to provide a protective barrier between the urinal and a patient's skin. Urinal covers are made of plastic for disposal after use, or of a biodegradable and flushable material. Some urinal covers include an anti-odor absorbent pad or waste treatment powder that absorbs liquid waste and turns it into an odorless, spill-proof gel."
    },
    {
      "code": "36551",
      "display": "Crematories",
      "definition": "Machines in which internal furnaces are heated to between approximately 1100 and 1800 degrees Fahrenheit for the purpose of reducing human remains to bone fragments. These machines typically consist of a primary cremation chamber (also called a retort); a secondary chamber that controls pollution; a burner that is powered by natural gas or oil; a refractory brick lining to contain the heat; and a control system that monitors air supply and temperature. Some cremation chambers have a window for viewing and/or monitoring the process. Cremation systems vary in size and capacity: smaller units have an approximately 90-minute cremation cycle and operate for only 8-10 hours a day, while others have an approximately 65-minute cremation cycle and can operate continuously."
    },
    {
      "code": "11049",
      "display": "Crib Tops",
      "definition": "Structures designed to cover pediatric beds (i.e., cribs) to increase children's safety. These coverings are usually a metal and/or plastic structure that is permanently attached to the top of the crib; typically a rigid structure is used with flexible transparent plastic (e.g., vinyl) foil enclosing the entire crib. Crib tops are intended to protect children from accidental injuries; dedicated crib tops for use in hospitals, homes, and/ or day cares (e.g., canopylike) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36587",
      "display": "Crosslinkers, Ultraviolet Light",
      "definition": "Devices designed to expose materials to electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum (i.e., light with a wavelength between 10 and 400 nm) with the intention of generating chemical cross-links. These devices typically consist of a benchtop device with a hinged door allowing access to an exposure chamber into which materials to be irradiated are placed. These devices typically include UV bulbs that emit light at one or more specific wavelengths (254, 312, and 366 nm are typical). These devices also typically include a control panel that allows the user to select the duration or intensity of of UV exposure. Many crosslinkers also include an integrated photodetector that automatically adjusts the exposure to account for the variability in light generated by the UV bulbs as they age. These devices are typically used in procedures in the laboratory setting, including the crosslinking of nucleic acids to nylon or nitrocellulose membranes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16357",
      "display": "Crown/Inlay Removers",
      "definition": "Devices intended for use to remove cemented castings from the teeth. Typically, these devices consist of a hooked bar that is applied to the cervical margin of the casting retainer; the weight against the handle provides the lever action which dislodges the crown."
    },
    {
      "code": "17105",
      "display": "Crutch Handgrips",
      "definition": "Detachable handle coverings (i.e., handgrips) usually connected at both ends to the middle section of a crutch shaft allowing for grip on the crutch and keeping both the wrists and hands in natural position. These handgrips typically consist of hollow cylinders; some are split to slide over the crosspiece attached to the shaft. They are usually made of sturdy materials such as wood (e.g., walnut), plastic (e.g., rubber), or light metals (e.g., aluminum) or a combination of these; the handgrips are frequently padded externally for comfort. Crutch handgrips are used in axillary, forearm and platform crutches; they are intended to support the body weight and provide comfort to the user. They can easily be replaced when worn out or damaged."
    },
    {
      "code": "15702",
      "display": "Crutch Tips, Rubber",
      "definition": "Detachable rubber tips applied to the distal end of crutches (i.e., crutch tips) designed to provide skid-resistant traction. These tips, typically hollow cylinders made of rubber, are open only at the top; the tips slide high enough (i.e., two to three inches) up the shaft  of the crutches to secure them onto the crutches. Treads on the bottom surface of the tips enhance frictional engagement to the floor. Rubber crutch tips help the crutch user gain traction on the ground, ease shock to the shoulder, and prevent other injuries from accidental falls. They can easily be replaced when worn out or damaged."
    },
    {
      "code": "11063",
      "display": "Crutches",
      "definition": "Assistive devices consisting of a shaft that bifurcates at some point from the distal tip. They are designed to provide additional support to the user while walking. These devices usually consist of a shaft that bifurcates partway up from the distal tip (i.e., base); a handle at the proximal end finished in a soft pad; and a rubber tip at the distal end(s). Some crutches have several (e.g., three to four) distal tips to improve floor contact. Crutches are typically made of sturdy materials such as wood (e.g., walnut), light metals (e.g., aluminum, titanium), fiberglass, or a combination of these. Most common types of crutches include axillary (i.e., underarm) and forearm designs. Other dedicated (e.g.; platform and tripod) crutches are also available. Crutches are adjustable for the user's height and arm length and are commonly used in pairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17625",
      "display": "Crutches, Axillary",
      "definition": "Crutches supported under the arms  that are designed to provide the user with additional support while walking. These crutches consist of a shaft that bifurcates partway up from the distal tip and is connected at the top and middle by a crossbar; it also has a rubber tip at the distal end. The top cross bar is slightly concave in shape to fit below the axilla (i.e., underarm) and is covered with a soft rubber pad used to brace the crutches against the body, the middle crossbar is round and covered with a rubber grip that adjusts to hand level for gripping the crutches with the hands. The distal end is covered by a rubber tip that contacts the floor. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as wood (e.g., walnut), light metals (e.g., aluminum, titanium). Axillary crutches are commonly used in pairs to assist in weight bearing and balance; some (i.e., metal) have spring-loaded detents that facilitate adjustment of hand grip height and overall length."
    },
    {
      "code": "17626",
      "display": "Crutches, Forearm",
      "definition": "Crutches supported by the forearms that are designed to provide the user with additional support while walking. These crutches consists of two pieces of light metal tubing that are telescoped one within the other to adjust to the correct height of the user, swivel-action arm cuffs that fit partially around the forearm; handgrips covered with a rubber grip; and a rubber tip at the distal end that meets the floor. Forearm crutches are designed to allow the user to slip his arm into the cuff and thus hold the grip tightly. The cuff can be semi-circular or circular in shape, with a V-shaped opening on the front from where the arm can be slid into the crutch. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as light metals (e.g., aluminum, titanium), plastic (e.g., rubber), or a combination of these. Collapsible (i.e., folded/adjustable) forearm crutches are also available.  Forearm crutches are intended to be used by individuals suffering from some sort of permanent physical disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "32024",
      "display": "Crutches, Forearm Platform",
      "definition": "Crutches supported by forearm platforms that are designed to provide additional support to users with gripping limitations. These crutches usually consist of a shaft that bifurcates partway up from the distal tip and a platform for transmission of the load to the shoulder girdle. They also include padded troughs upon which the forearms rest; vertical handgrips to hold on to; straps to be applied around the forearm to keep it in place; and a rubber tip(s) at the distal end that meets the floor. They are typically made of sturdy materials such as light metals (e.g., aluminum, titanium), plastic (e.g., rubber), or a combination of these. Platform forearm crutches are intended to be used by individuals with gripping limitations or problems bearing weight in the hand, wrist, or forearm thus providing a larger area of contact and more stability than the standard forearm crutch."
    },
    {
      "code": "32025",
      "display": "Crutches, Triceps",
      "definition": "Crutches mimicking the action of the triceps muscles designed to provide the user with additional support while walking. These crutches resemble the axillary crutch, but ends proximally at the midarm level. They usually consist of a shaft that bifurcates partway up from the distal tip; they also include additional bands (i.e., for the arm to ensure that the elbow remains extended despite upper extremity involvement); an upper cuff to contact the upper third of the arm below the fold of the underarm; a lower cuff placed below the elbow to avoid making contact with it; and a rubber tip(s) at the distal end that meets the floor. Triceps crutches (also known as Warm Springs crutches) were originally designed for polio patients; currently they are mainly intended for use by patients with upper-extremity deficits."
    },
    {
      "code": "16534",
      "display": "Cryogenic Storage Containers",
      "definition": "Containers designed to store cells, tissue, organs, and/or biological samples (e.g., red blood cells, bones, embryos) at very low temperatures, usually -180 degrees Celsius (-292 degrees Fahrenheit) or lower. These devices typically consist of an inner vessel for containing a cryogenic fluid, and an outer vessel for insulating the cryogenic liquid from the environment that keeps the cryogenic liquid at low temperatures. The containers are equipped with a pressure-relief device and a pressure-controlling valve. Cryobiological storage containers are partially filled with liquid nitrogen or, less frequently, with another appropriate liquefied gas (e.g., helium, argon); the biological products are usually immersed into the liquid cryogen. Some devices keep the products above the liquid nitrogen (i.e., in cold nitrogen vapor), avoiding cross-contamination but providing a higher and less stable temperature (about -140 degrees Celsius [-220 degrees Fahrenheit]) than liquid nitrogen immersion."
    },
    {
      "code": "40108",
      "display": "Cryolipolysis Units",
      "definition": "Units that apply cold temperatures to subcutaneous tissue through the skin for the purpose of triggering apoptosis of the adipocytes. These units typically consist of a central unit, an applicator that transfers the cold to the patient's skin, and sensors that monitor the heat flux out of the tissue. The applicators can sometimes also apply vacuum or massage."
    },
    {
      "code": "36825",
      "display": "Cryoprotective Solutions",
      "definition": "Solutions intended to protect cells from damage during cooling, freezing, and/or cold storage. These solutions typically consist of aqueous mixtures containing one or more cryoprotective molecules. Cryoprotective molecules may be membrane permeating (typically small non-ionic compounds such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide) or non-membrane permeating (typically long-chain polymers such as dextrose, polyethylene glycol, and hyaluronic acid). These molecules are thought to regulate the dynamics of water during the cooling process (e.g., preventing intracellular ice formation, balancing osmotic pressure)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18051",
      "display": "Cryosurgical Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to regulate the flow and  application of a gaseous or liquid coolant (cryogen) to destroy or remove tissue by freezing (i.e, perform cryosurgery or cryoablation). Cryosurgical units induce freezing in target tissue either through direct application of liquid cryogen or indirectly through contact with a cryogen-cooled probe. Some units use liquid nitrogen, while others use nitric oxide (NO2 ) or carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as a refrigerating medium."
    },
    {
      "code": "11067",
      "display": "Cryosurgical Units, General-Purpose",
      "definition": "Cryosurgical units designed for use in general surgical procedures, such as in dermatology, oral surgery, gynecology, urology, otolaryngology, and proctology."
    },
    {
      "code": "11068",
      "display": "Cryosurgical Units, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Cryosurgical units designed for applying extreme cold to eye tissues to destroy abnormal cells.  These units usually consist of a hollow probe (cryoprobe) that circulates a cryogenic substance (e.g. liquid nitrogen) to form an ice crystal ball around the cells, which freezes the cells of the tissues with which it comes into contact. Ophthalmic cryosurgical units are used mainly to treat eye tumors (e.g., retinoblastoma), to relieve ingrown eyelashes (trachiasis), for cryoextraction of intracapsular cataracts, and/or to repair retinal detachment."
    },
    {
      "code": "28190",
      "display": "Cryotherapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for minimally invasive treatment of diseases by applying cold at temperatures below the freezing point of water (i.e., less than zero degrees Celsius/32 degrees Fahrenheit). These systems typically consist of a unit that provides the cryogenic substance (e.g., carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, argon, helium) and a delivery system that may include applicators, needles, cannulae, or catheters; the type of cryogen used and the configuration of the delivery system depend on the intended use."
    },
    {
      "code": "28191",
      "display": "Cryotherapy Systems, Tissue Ablation",
      "definition": "Cryotherapy systems designed to produce tissue necrosis at temperatures well below the freezing point of water (typically less than -20 degrees Celsius/-4 degrees Fahrenheit) using minimally invasive procedures.  These systems typically consist of a central unit that provides the cryogen and includes electronic and mechanical components to perform and control the ablation; tubing to deliver the cryogen; and a probe (e.g., an applicator, needle, cannula, or catheter) to apply the cryogen directly or indirectly to the tissue.  Ablation occurs when the cryogenic substance or cryogenic probe contacts the tissue.  As the cells freeze, ice crystals form inside the cell and the subsequent cycle of freezing and thawing that follows actually destroys the tissue cells.  Cryotherapy systems intended to ablate particular tissues using catheterization procedures (e.g., cardiac, prostatic) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27643",
      "display": "Cryotherapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation cryotherapy systems designed to ablate (i.e., produce a therapeutic lesion) regions of endocardial tissue that give rise to or support cardiac arrhythmia. These systems typically consist of a central computerized unit (i.e., a console) that provides the coolant (usually liquid nitrous oxide) from an integral tank; the console also includes electronic and mechanical components to perform and control the ablation during the catheterization procedure using dedicated software. Several detachable guiding and cryoablation catheters that may include balloon and single-point cryoablation catheters are also components of the system.  Cardiac tissue ablation cryotherapy systems can be used under fluoroscopic guidance; they are mainly intended for patients suffering from drug refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17226",
      "display": "Cryotherapy/Compression Units",
      "definition": "Devices that combine a compression cuff wrapped around an articulation (e.g., knee, shoulder, ankle), with a source of cold fluid, either gas or liquid. The combination of cold with local compression is used in the treatment of pain, hematomas, and sprains and in rehabilitation of the articulations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41901",
      "display": "Crystallography Humidity-control Units",
      "definition": "Units designed to deliver precise relative humidity that can be used to alter the amount of water in macromolecular crystals. Components of these units can include water tank, control unit, sample handling enclosure, and/or a controlled-humidity air stream nozzle. Crystallography humidity-control units can be used to prevent crystal drop dehydration or for controlled dehydration to improve diffraction."
    },
    {
      "code": "11072",
      "display": "Cuffs",
      "definition": "Bandlike devices encircling a body part or another device.  Cuffs used in medical procedures or monitoring are typically filled with air or fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "11073",
      "display": "Cuffs, Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Devices that have an inflatable bladder in an inelastic sleeve (cuff) with a mechanism for inflating and deflating the bladder.  These devices are used in conjunction with another device to determine a patient's blood pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "39262",
      "display": "Cuffs, Blood Pressure, Disposable",
      "definition": "Blood pressure cuffs designed for single-use. These devices typically consist of an inflatable bladder in an inelastic sleeve (i.e., cuff) with a mechanism for inflating and deflating the bladder. Single-use blood pressure cuffs are used in conjunction with another device to determine a patient's blood pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "39263",
      "display": "Cuffs, Blood Pressure, Reusable",
      "definition": "Blood pressure cuffs designed to be used multiple times. These devices typically consist of an inflatable bladder in an inelastic sleeve (i.e., cuff) with a mechanism for inflating and deflating the bladder. Single-use blood pressure cuffs are used in conjunction with another device to determine a patient's blood pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "33913",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Inflatable cuffs designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas. These devices typically include a bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in a tourniquet, circulatory assist unit, automated sphygmomanometer or other device. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips or hook-and-loop fasteners) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Pneumatic cuffs designed for use with a variety of devices, including tourniquets, automated sphygmomanometers, and peripheral compression units, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17231",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet",
      "definition": "Inflatable cuffs designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas. These devices typically include a bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Pneumatic tourniquet cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Dedicated cuffs with single- and double-bladder designs with different shapes and sizes that may be intended for use on specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31168",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Double Bladder",
      "definition": "Cuffs with two inflatable bladders designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices typically include two small bladders within the cuff that are inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Each bladder may be inflated and deflated separately, improving safety and patient comfort. Double-bladder pneumatic tourniquet cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using intravenous regional anesthesia. This enables surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Both standard double-bladder cylindrical cuffs and double-bladder cuffs with other shapes (e.g., rectangular, conical) as well as dedicated cuffs with a smaller diameter distally than proximal when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs) are available in a variety of sizes. Both reusable and disposable cuffs intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31172",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Double Bladder, Contoured",
      "definition": "Cuffs including two inflatable bladders and a tapered (i.e., non-standard) shape cuff that has a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs). The cuffs are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include two bladders within the cuff that are inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladders' connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Contoured cuffs have an arced design to give them the smaller distal diameter when wrapped; some cuffs include pivoting fastening straps to allow adjustment of both distal and proximal diameters to suit the limb which also provides more comfort to patients. Double-bladder contoured cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities for patients who are bariatric or extremely muscular which enables surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Contoured double bladder cuffs (both reusable and disposable) for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31174",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Double Bladder, Contoured, Disposable",
      "definition": "Double-bladder cuffs intended for a single-use (i.e., disposable) including two inflatable bladders and a contoured cuff that has a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped; the cuffs are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include two bladders within the cuff that are inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladders' connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Contoured cuffs have an arced design to give them the smaller distal diameter when wrapped; some cuffs include pivoting fastening straps to allow adjustment of both distal and proximal diameters to suit the limb which also provides more comfort to patients. The cuffs are usually supplied sterile in individual pouches for only one use and are not intended for sterilization processes at the healthcare facility; they are usually made as an  integral unit in which components (e.g., bladder) cannot be replaced. Disposable double-bladder contoured cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities for patients that are bariatric or extremely muscular enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Disposable contoured double-bladder cuffs intended for use on specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31175",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Double Bladder, Contoured, Reusable",
      "definition": "Double-bladder cuffs intended for reuse including two inflatable bladders and a contoured cuff that has a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped; the cuffs are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include two bladders within the cuff that are inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Contoured cuffs have an arced design to give them the smaller distal diameter when wrapped; some cuffs include pivoting fastening straps to allow adjustment of both distal and proximal diameters to suit the limb providing also more comfort to patients. They are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using general anesthesia. Reusable contoured double-bladder cuffs are intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31169",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Double Bladder, Standard",
      "definition": "Cuffs with a regular (typically cylindrical or rectangular), non-tapered (i.e., standard) shape. The cuffs are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include two small bladders within the cuff that are inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladders' connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Each bladder may be inflated and deflated separately, improving safety and patient comfort. Double-bladder standard cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using intravenous regional anesthesia enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Standard double-bladder cuffs (both reusable and disposable) intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are usually cylindrical in shape; standard cuffs with other shapes such as rectangular and conical are also available. Dedicated non-standard cuffs with a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31170",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Double Bladder, Standard, Disposable",
      "definition": "Double-bladder cuffs intended for a single-use (i.e., disposable), including two inflatable bladders and a standard (typically cylindrical) shape that are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include two small bladders within the cuff that are inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Disposable double-bladder standard cuffs are usually supplied sterile in individual pouches for only one use and are not intended for sterilization processes at the healthcare facility. They are usually made of one integral unit in which components (e.g., bladders) cannot be replaced. Disposable standard double-bladder cuffs intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are available. Dedicated disposable non-standard cuffs with a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31171",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Double Bladder, Standard, Reusable",
      "definition": "Double-bladder cuffs intended for reuse including two inflatable bladders and a standard (typically cylindrical) shape that are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include two small bladders within the cuff that are inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladders' connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Reusable double-bladder standard cuffs may be washed and/or sterilized after each use; some of the components of the cuff (e.g., bladder, sleeve) may be replaced. They are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using general anesthesia.  Reusable standard double-bladder cuffs are intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are available. Dedicated reusable non-standard cuffs with a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31141",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Single Bladder",
      "definition": "Inflatable cuffs with a single inflatable bladder designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas. These devices typically include a bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Single-bladder pneumatic tourniquet cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using general anesthesia which enables surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Dedicated single-bladder cuffs with different shapes including rectangular, cylindrical, conical, and contoured (i.e., with a smaller diameter distally than proximal when wrapped) are available in a variety of sizes. Both reusable and disposable cuffs intended for use on specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31162",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Single Bladder, Contoured",
      "definition": "Cuffs consisting of an inflatable bladder and a tapered (i.e., non-standard) shape cuff that has a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs). The cuffs are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include one bladder within a wide cuff that is inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Contoured cuffs have an arced design to give them the smaller distal diameter when wrapped; some cuffs include pivoting fastening straps to allow adjustment of both distal and proximal diameters to suit the limb which also provides more comfort to patients. Single-bladder contoured cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities for patients who are bariatric or extremely muscular, thus enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Contoured single bladder cuffs (both reusable and disposable) intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh) are available"
    },
    {
      "code": "31166",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Single Bladder, Contoured, Disposable",
      "definition": "Single-bladder cuffs intended for a single-use (i.e., disposable) including an inflatable bladder and a contoured cuff that has a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped. The cuffs are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include one bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Contoured cuffs have an arced design to give them the smaller distal diameter when wrapped; some cuffs include pivoting fastening straps to allow adjustment of both distal and proximal diameters to suit the limb providing also more comfort to patients. Disposable single-bladder contoured cuffs are usually supplied sterile in individual pouches for only one use and are not intended for sterilization processes at the healthcare facility; they are usually made as an integral unit with components (e.g., bladder) that cannot be replaced. Single-bladder contoured cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities for patients who are bariatric or extremely muscular thus enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Contoured single-bladder cuffs (both reusable and disposable) intended for use on specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31167",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Single Bladder, Contoured, Reusable",
      "definition": "Single-bladder cuffs intended for reuse including an inflatable bladder and a contoured cuff that has a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped. The cuffs are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include one bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Contoured cuffs have an arced design to give them the smaller distal diameter when wrapped; some cuffs include pivoting fastening straps to allow adjustment of both distal and proximal diameters to suit the limb which also provides more comfort to patients. Reusable single-bladder contoured cuffs may be washed and/or sterilized after each use; some of the components of the cuff (e.g., bladder, sleeve) may be replaced. They are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using general anesthesia.  Reusable contoured single-bladder cuffs intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31153",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Single Bladder, Standard",
      "definition": "Cuffs including an inflatable bladder and a regular (typically cylindrical or rectangular), non-tapered (i.e., standard) shape, that are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include one small bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Single-bladder standard cuffs (both reusable and disposable) are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using general anesthesia which enable surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields. Standard single-bladder cuffs (both reusable and disposable) intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are available. Dedicated non-standard cuffs with a smaller diameter distally than proximal when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31158",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Single Bladder, Standard, Disposable",
      "definition": "Single-bladder cuffs intended for a single-use (i.e., disposable) including an inflatable bladder and a standard (typically cylindrical or rectangular) shape that are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include one bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Disposable single-bladder standard cuffs are usually supplied sterile in individual pouches for only one use and are not intended for sterilization processes at the healthcare facility; they are usually made of one integral unit with components (e.g., bladder) that cannot be replaced. The cuffs are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using general anesthesia that need a completely sterile operating field. Disposable standard single-bladder cuffs are intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are available. Dedicated disposable non-standard cuffs with a smaller diameter distally than proximal when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31160",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic Tourniquet, Single Bladder, Standard, Reusable",
      "definition": "Single-bladder cuffs intended for reuse including an inflatable bladder and a standard (typically cylindrical or rectangular) shape that are designed to exert a pressure on the circumference of an extremity by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices usually include one bladder within the cuff that is inflated through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The cuff is fastened to the extremity using contact mechanisms (e.g., clips) and frequently secured with an external ribbon. Reusable single-bladder standard cuffs may be washed and/or sterilized after each use; some of the components of the cuff (e.g., bladder, sleeve) may be replaced. They are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities using general anesthesia. Reusable standard single-bladder cuffs are intended for use in specific extremity areas (e.g., arm, thigh, wrist, ankle) are available. Dedicated reusable non-standard cuffs with a smaller diameter distally than proximally when wrapped (i.e., contoured cuffs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13793",
      "display": "Cuffs, Pneumatic, Peripheral Compression",
      "definition": "Pneumatic cuffs that are double-walled pressure garments usually made of polyurethane-coated nylon or vinyl and worn on the patient's legs or arms and are connected to intermittent peripheral compression circulatory assist units. Intermittent compression pneumatic cuffs are used for prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis and to reduce edema or lymphedema. The pneumatic compression cuff air chambers are inflated and deflated by the circulatory assist unit pumps according to predetermined waveform and operating pressure parameters. When inflated, the pneumatic compression cuffs force blood and lymph out of the pressurized area; when deflated, blood flow to the leg or arm is increased. Pneumatic pressure cuffs can be made in ankle-high, full-leg or half-leg length or arm length; they can be sized for adult or pediatric use."
    },
    {
      "code": "31176",
      "display": "Cuffs, Roll-On, Exsanguination",
      "definition": "Cuffs designed for exsanguination of an extremity by rolling it from the distal to the proximal end of the extremity. These devices typically consist of inflatable (e.g., rubber, plastic) cuffs in a variety of diameters; the cuffs are typically filled with a manual pump (e.g., bulb) while regulating the pressure with a manometer. Exsanguination roll-on cuffs are used mainly to obtain and keep a bloodless operating field during surgical procedures in the extremities (e.g., hands or feet)."
    },
    {
      "code": "14082",
      "display": "Cuffs, Tracheal Tube",
      "definition": "Balloonlike devices surrounding tracheal tubes.  They are typically filled with air via a pilot line to provide a seal for mechanical ventilation and are positioned below the vocal chords."
    },
    {
      "code": "27024",
      "display": "Cuffs, Vascular Closure, External Compression",
      "definition": "Cuffs designed to apply localized external pressure (i.e., compression) on a limb artery (e.g., femoral, radial) to promote hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a soft fabric and/or plastic disposable cuff with an inner attachment (e.g., disc, button) that is applied on the skin over the artery; the cuffs may include a manual mechanism for pressure control. External compression vascular closure cuffs are intended to promote hemostasis faster and/or easier than is possible with the application only of manual pressure; they are used mainly after catheterization procedures performed through the femoral or radial vasculature."
    },
    {
      "code": "11079",
      "display": "Culdoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the fundus of vagina (i.e., posterior vaginal fornix) into the peritoneal cavity for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the cavity and organs located in it, especially those in the rectovaginal pouch and the pelvic viscera.  Culdoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; these endoscopes may be rigid or flexible."
    },
    {
      "code": "18128",
      "display": "Culture Bottles",
      "definition": "Bottles that hold culture media for growing microbiological specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "37106",
      "display": "Cupping Sets",
      "definition": "Collections of devices designed to apply suction to the surface of the skin. These devices typically consist of cup-shaped devices, typically constructed of glass or silicone, which are placed with the mouth of the cup on the skin surface. A vacuum is created in the cup by heating the air within the cup before placement, frequently by igniting a flammable substance within the cup (e.g., alcohol, paper). As the air cools it creates negative pressure within the cup. Alternatively, some cups have a second opening opposite the mouth of the cup appropriate for attachment of a rubber bulb or hand pump that can be used to create suction. Cupping sets typically consist of multiple cups and accessories (e.g., rubber bulbs, hand pumps) and are intended to be used in cupping therapy, a complementary and alternative medicine massage technique."
    },
    {
      "code": "15572",
      "display": "Cups",
      "definition": "Handheld devices used as receptacles to hold beverages for consumption, medication in solid or liquid form, or other objects. Cups are typically taller than they are wide, made of glass, plastic, metal, or paper, and may be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "11169",
      "display": "Cups, Denture",
      "definition": "Thin rubber disks, usually with a hole in their center to fit over a button that is larger than the hole; when applied on the tissue surface of a denture, the cup adheres to the mucous membrane through suction."
    },
    {
      "code": "11868",
      "display": "Cups, Feeding, Assistive Device",
      "definition": "Cups designed to be used by individuals who have difficulty using ordinary drinking cups. These cups may have lids that are designed to control the flow of liquids or allow for drinking without lifting the head, or have features such as easy to grip handles or contoured shapes that can assist individuals with limited dexterity or mobility."
    },
    {
      "code": "12505",
      "display": "Cups, Oral Medicine",
      "definition": "Small cups intended to be used for administrating medicine that is swallowed. They may be used to hold pills, liquids, or both. These cups are typically made of plastic, stainless steel, or paper, and may vary in size. They may be sterile or non-sterile, and some are graduated to allow for dose measurement."
    },
    {
      "code": "11084",
      "display": "Curettes",
      "definition": "Instruments designed with a spoon-like working end intended for mechanical scraping and/or removal of tissue or materials from the wall of some anatomic cavity or surface. These devices typically consist of a manual, either handheld or endoscopic instrument with a solid or fenestrated (e.g., as a ring, loop) working end that resembles a spoon with blunt or sharp edges, a shaft, and a handle at the other end; some curettes work through the working channel of an endoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "21307",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Curettes designed to remove a sample of tissue intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy) from an anatomic structure of the body. These curettes are typically manual, handheld, or endoscopic instruments with a solid or fenestrated (e.g., a ring, loop) working end that resembles a spoon with sharp or blunt edges and a handle at the other end. Biopsy curettes are used to collect tissue specimens from the uterus (endometrium), bronchium, and other body parts; some devices are especially designed for endoscopic use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21308",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy, Bronchus, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Biopsy curettes designed to remove superficial tissue from the internal wall of the bronchial tree through an endoscope (i.e., bronchoscope), usually under imaging (e.g., fluoroscopic, helical computed tomography) guidance. These curettes are typically manual instruments with a long shaft and a distal working end that resembles a solid or ring-like spoon of a size appropriate for introduction through the working channel of the bronchoscope and a proximal end with a mechanism that permits manipulation (e.g., flexion, rotation) of the working end. Bronchoscopic biopsy curettes are available for use with flexible (e.g., double-hinged curettes) or rigid endoscopes; they are typically used to obtain samples of bronchial tissue and/or tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "21310",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy, Bronchus, Endoscopic, Flexible",
      "definition": "Endoscopic biopsy curettes designed to remove superficial tissue from the internal wall of the bronchial tree through a flexible endoscope (i.e., bronchoscope), usually under imaging (e.g., fluoroscopic, helical computed tomography) guidance. These curettes are typically disposable manual instruments with a long flexible (e.g., double-hinged) shaft; a distal working end that resembles a very narrow solid spoon with sharp edges and a size appropriate (typically less than 2 mm diameter) for introduction through the working channel of a flexible bronchoscope; and a proximal end with a mechanism that permits manipulation (e.g., flexion, rotation) of the working end. Flexible bronchoscopic biopsy curettes are typically used to obtain samples of large- or fine-diameter bronchial tissue and/or tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "21311",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy, Bronchus, Endoscopic, Rigid",
      "definition": "Endoscopic biopsy curettes designed to remove superficial tissue from the internal wall of the bronchial tree through a rigid endoscope (i.e., bronchoscope), usually under imaging (e.g., fluoroscopic, helical computed tomography) guidance. These curettes are typically manual instruments with a long stiff shaft; a distal working end that resembles a very narrow solid spoon with sharp edges and a size (typically less than 2 mm diameter) appropriate for introduction through the working channel of a rigid bronchoscope; and a proximal end with a mechanism that permits manipulation (e.g., flexion, rotation) of the working end. Rigid bronchoscopic biopsy curettes are typically used to obtain samples of large-diameter bronchi tissue and/or tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "21312",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy, Nasal",
      "definition": "Biopsy curettes designed to remove nasal mucosal cells for laboratory examination and/or test, usually by gently scraping the surface of the inferior turbinate. These curettes are typically single-use, plastic, handheld, manual instruments with a spoonlike working end of about 1.5 mm diameter and 0.5 mm depth and a flexible handle. Nasal biopsy curettes are used to collect samples for testing to determine the respiratory epithelial response to air pollutants and for assessing drug effects (e.g., in cystic fibrosis patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21314",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy, Uterine, Endometrium",
      "definition": "Biopsy curettes designed to remove superficial tissue from the uterine endometrium (either from the body of the uterus or from the cervical canal) for laboratory examination and/or test. These curettes are typically handheld, manual instruments with a rounded, ring-like, working end that may be also serrated; a shaft that is frequently malleable; and a handle. Sterile, single-use devices that include a semi-rigid tapered cannula with sharp slots for better sampling from all areas of the endometrial cavity are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21317",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy, Uterine, Endometrium, Cervical Canal",
      "definition": "Uterine endometrium biopsy curettes designed to remove tissue from the internal lining of the cervical canal. These curettes are typically single-use synthetic (e.g., nylon), handheld, manual instruments that can remove superficial cells with minimal damage to the tissue. Uterine cervix biopsy curettes are used to obtain histologic tissue samples from the endocervical canal for early detection of endocervical carcinoma (e.g., cervical cancer screening tests)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21318",
      "display": "Curettes, Biopsy/Surgical, Uterine, Suction",
      "definition": "Uterine curettes designed for scraping and suctioning the uterine lining (i.e., endometrium) and/or the contents of the uterus. These curettes are usually metal, straight or angled, handheld manual instruments, with blunt edges at the working end and one or more openings to allow the passage of aspirate. The curette is attached to a uterine suction unit; it is used to evacuate fluids, tissue from the uterine lining, and/or contents of the uterus. Biopsy/surgical suction uterine curettes are used to obtain tissue samples (some devices attach a single-use strainer to collect the sample); they are also used to remove the contents of the uterus after incomplete miscarriages or in abortion procedures (e.g., uterine curettage procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21321",
      "display": "Curettes, Dental",
      "definition": "Curettes designed to remove tissue and/or materials from the teeth and/or adjacent tissue during dental procedures. Dental curettes are typically handheld, manual instruments with a working end that resembles a solid or ring-like spoon, with either sharp or blunt edges and with a handle or a second working end at the other end."
    },
    {
      "code": "21322",
      "display": "Curettes, Dental, Periodontal",
      "definition": "Dental curettes designed for scraping and/or excising tissue surrounding the teeth. These curettes typically consist of hand-held, manual instruments with a working end that resembles a solid or ring-like spoon with sharp edges and a handle at the other end."
    },
    {
      "code": "21323",
      "display": "Curettes, Dental, Periodontal, Operative",
      "definition": "Periodontal curettes designed for scraping and/or excising tissue surrounding the teeth during operative (treatment) procedures. These curettes typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a working end that resembles a solid or ring-like spoon with sharp edges and a handle at the other end; these devices are usually larger and heavier than those curettes used for routine scaling. Periodontal operative curettes are mainly used to remove granulation, fibrous tissue, and hard-to-remove subgingival calculus deposits."
    },
    {
      "code": "21324",
      "display": "Curettes, Dental, Periodontal, Scaling",
      "definition": "Periodontal curettes with a rounded back and a rounded tip having a semicircular cross section and designed for subgingival calculus removal (i.e., scaling). These curettes typically are handheld, manual instruments with a working end that resembles a solid or ring-like spoon with sharp edges and a handle at the other end. They may also be double-ended instruments. They can be various shapes and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21325",
      "display": "Curettes, Dental, Periodontal, Scaling, Parallel Cutting Edges",
      "definition": "Periodontal curettes designed to adapt to most areas of the dentition for subgingival calculus removal (i.e., scaling) using two cutting edges. These curettes typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a working end that resembles a solid spoon with sharp edges and a handle at the other end; two cutting edges are formed, one on either side of the face. Two-cutting-edge periodontal curettes (commonly known as universal curettes) can adapt to most areas of the dentition by modifying the hand position and the fingers rest."
    },
    {
      "code": "21326",
      "display": "Curettes, Dental, Periodontal, Scaling, Single Cutting Edge",
      "definition": "Periodontal curettes designed to adapt to a particular area of the dentition for subgingival calculus removal (i.e., scaling) using a single cutting edge. These curettes typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a working end that is angled for a specific area of the dentition and that resembles a solid spoon with sharp edges and a handle at the other end; they include only one cutting edge. Single-cutting edge periodontal curettes (commonly known as area specific curettes) can be a variety of sizes, angulations, and contra-angulations of the shank. They are used for root planing and to remove soft tissue from periodontal pockets."
    },
    {
      "code": "21327",
      "display": "Curettes, Dental/Oral Surgery",
      "definition": "Curettes designed for excising tissue usually to clean out and/or remove debris from infected cavities in bone and/or tooth sockets during surgical procedures in the oral cavity. These curettes typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a working end that resembles a solid spoon with sharp edges and a handle at the other end. Oral surgery/dental curettes can be various sizes either with straight or angled shapes according to the nature and location of the bone cavity or tooth socket."
    },
    {
      "code": "21319",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical",
      "definition": "Curettes designed to scrape and/or remove superficial tissue from an anatomic cavity, surface, or structure during surgical procedures. These curettes typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a working end that resembles a solid or ring-like spoon with sharp or blunt edges and a handle at the other end; some surgical curettes have working ends at both extremes. Dedicated surgical curettes are available for use in a variety of tissue (e.g., bone, skin, ear, eye), and a variety of procedures (i.e., gynecologic, orthopedic, otolaryngology, ophthalmic, spinal surgery). Some surgical curettes are especially designed for endoscopic use."
    },
    {
      "code": "21330",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed for scraping and/or excising tissue from bones. These curettes are typically slender, metal, handheld, manual instruments with a sharp, oval or round cup at the distal end and a straight, curved, or angled shaft that is attached to or finished in a sturdy handle as an integral part of the instrument. Bone curettes are mainly used to prepare bones in orthopedic procedures (e.g., prostheses implantation); dedicated bone curettes are also available for other orthopedic surgical procedures including spinal surgery and/or microsurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21331",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Bone, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Bone surgical curettes designed for microsurgical removal of bony, calcified, or other hard tissue. These curettes are typically very slender, handheld, manual instruments with a bayonet shape and a straight or angled (e.g., 45, 80 degrees) shaft. Microsurgical bone curettes are mainly used to thin bone before removal, frequently combined with a high-speed drill."
    },
    {
      "code": "21332",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Bone, Spinal",
      "definition": "Bone surgical curettes designed for scraping and/or excising bone tissue from the spine. These curettes are typically slender, metallic, handheld, manual instruments with a sharp, round cup-like working end and a long straight shaft that is attached to or finished in a sturdy handle as an integral part of the instrument. Spinal bone curettes are used in orthopedic surgical procedures performed in the spine, such as lumbosacral fusion; dedicated curettes are available for surgical procedures performed in the spinal discs (e.g., discectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21333",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Bone, Spinal, Disc",
      "definition": "Spinal surgical curettes designed for scraping and/or excising bone tissue from the spinal discs. These curettes are typically handheld, manual instruments including a shaft with a straight, backward-, or forward-angled spoon-like working end that is attached to a sturdy handle. Spinal disc curettes are available in several sizes and shapes appropriate to perform lumbar and/or cervical discectomy; some curettes may be used under a microscope to perform microdiscectomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21335",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed to remove tissue by scraping within the external ear and/or ear canal. These curettes are typically slender, metal, handheld, manual instruments with a serrated or blunt loop at the distal (straight, slightly curved, or angled) end. These devices are used mainly to remove tissue from the ear canal; some dedicated instruments with dull edges are used to extract difficult-to-remove ear wax from the ear canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "21338",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed to remove tissue by scraping or excising the eye and/or eyelid surface. These curettes are typically slender, metallic, handheld, manual instruments with a serrated, round, or oval cup at the distal (straight or slightly curved) end. Dedicated surgical ophthalmic curettes are available for corneal scraping, capsule polishing, and or in the treatment of eyelid inflammation masses (i.e., chalazion)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21339",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Eye, Chalazion",
      "definition": "Eye surgical curettes designed for excising eyelid inflammation masses (i.e., chalazion). These curettes are typically metal, handheld, manual instruments with a serrated, round cup at the distal (straight or angled) end with an appropriate size (e.g., 1 to 3 mm diameter). Chalazion curettes are used in surgical procedures of the eyelids."
    },
    {
      "code": "21340",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Eye, Corneal",
      "definition": "Eye surgical curettes designed for scraping the cornea. These curettes are typically metal, handheld, manual instruments with a serrated, round or oval cup at the distal (straight or angled) end with an appropriate size (e.g., 1 mm diameter). Corneal curettes are used in ophthalmic surgical procedures; they are frequently used to remove foreign objects from the cornea surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "21341",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Joint",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed for debridement of tissue during open joint surgery and/or arthroscopic procedures. These curettes are typically slender, metallic, manual, handheld or endoscopic instruments with solid spoon-like or ring-like sharp-edge working ends, a straight shaft, and a fine handle (a triangular shape is typical). Dedicated joint curettes are used for debridement of cartilage in open orthopedic surgical procedures, such as the insertion of a patch in patients with condylar defects; joint curettes intended to perform orthopedic procedures through endoscopes (i.e., arthroscopes) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21342",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Joint, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed for shaping bone and/or cartilage during endoscopic procedures in the joints (i.e., arthroscopy). These curettes are typically slender, manual, metal instruments with a cup-like or ring-like sharp-edged working end (frequently faceted to facilitate insertion), a straight flexible shaft, and a fine handle appropriate to manipulate the working end. Endoscopic joint surgical curettes are used in a variety of arthroscopic procedures, including hip arthroscopy and the repair of indentation and depressions in bones (also known as notchplasties)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21343",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed to remove tissue from middle-ear structures (including the ossicles) by scraping or excising. These curettes are typically slender, metallic, handheld, manual instruments with a serrated, round, oval, or ring-like cup at the distal end; a straight or slightly curved shaft, and a fine handle. Dedicated middle-ear (i.e., endaural) surgical curettes are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the procedure to be performed; dedicated curettes for specific procedures include curettes to remove the superior bony rim in stapedectomy, to remove the mastoid cortex in mastoidectomy, to scrape sinus tissue, and to remove necrotic mucosa from the antrum."
    },
    {
      "code": "21348",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Middle Ear, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Middle-ear curettes used in surgical procedures performed under the microscope. These curettes are typically very slender, handheld, manual instruments with sharp 1 to 2 mm diameter edges at the working end, straight or curved shafts, and a fine handle. Dedicated microsurgical middle-ear curettes are available in single- and double-ended configurations for use in stapedectomy, tympanoplasty, and myringoplasty microsurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21352",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed to remove tissue by excising and or scraping within the nose or related tissue. These curettes are typically slender, metal, handheld, manual instruments with the distal end finished in an appropriate shape (e.g., cup-, ring-, spoon-like) according to the procedure to be performed. Nasal curettes are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; specialized instruments are available for the adenoids, ethmoid bone, and paranasal sinuses."
    },
    {
      "code": "21353",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Nasal, Adenoid",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed to remove tissue by excising the adenoid glands (i.e., adenoidectomy). These curettes are typically slender, metal, handheld, manual instruments with a wide handle and a distal concave inner blade that fits over the convexity of the posterior pharyngeal wall to facilitate the removal of lymphoid tissue, avoiding injury to the surrounding muscles. Adenoid curettes are the instruments most commonly used to excise the adenoids; adenoids are less frequently excised using more elaborate instruments known as adenotomes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21354",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Nasal, Ethmoid",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed to remove tissue by excising the ethmoid cells or a portion of the ethmoid bone (i.e., ethmoidectomy). These curettes are typically slender, metallic, handheld, manual instruments with one or both ring-shaped ends that are usually sharp on both sides."
    },
    {
      "code": "21355",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Nasal, Sinus",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed for scraping and/or excising tissue from one of the paranasal sinuses. These curettes are typically slender, metal, handheld, manual instruments with the distal end finished in an appropriate shape (e.g., cup-, ring-, spoonlike) according to the procedure to be performed. Paranasal sinus curettes are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; dedicated instruments are available with appropriate characteristics (e.g., sharp, blunt, single- or double-ended) for each of the paranasal sinuses (i.e., frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21360",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Pituitary Gland",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed for scraping and/or excising tissue from the pituitary gland. These curettes are typically slender, metallic, handheld, manual instruments with a sharp cup end, angled or bayonet-like shaft, and a fine handle. Pituitary gland surgical curettes are used in partial or total excision of the gland (i.e., hypophysectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21334",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Skin",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed to remove tissue by scraping the skin. These curettes are typically slender, metal, handheld, manual instruments with an oval or round blade at the distal (straight, curved, or angled) end that is attached to a handle. Skin curettes are used mainly to remove growths (such as warts or basal cell carcinomas) after a biopsy and diagnosis by another means; these devices are less commonly used for diagnosis (i.e., biopsy) because they may produce an inadequate sample (i.e., they break the specimen into pieces), which sometimes precludes microscopic evaluation of structural features that are helpful in diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21361",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Uterine",
      "definition": "Surgical curettes designed for scraping and/or excising tissue from the uterine lining or the uterus content. These curettes are usually plastic or metallic, straight or curved, handheld, manual instruments with sharp edges; some curettes may have one or more openings to allow the passage of aspirate by suctioning. Dedicated uterine surgical curettes are available to excise tissue from the uterine cervix, the uterus, and/or the placenta and ovum in pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "21363",
      "display": "Curettes, Surgical, Uterine, Placenta/Ovum",
      "definition": "Uterine surgical curettes designed for scraping the uterine lining to remove tissue and the uterus content in pregnant women (i.e., placenta and fetus). These curettes are typically metal, handheld, manual instruments with a wide sharp or blunt loop at the distal end, a straight or curved shaft, and a sturdy handle. These curettes are available in rigid and malleable versions. Uterine placenta and ovum curettes are used mainly after incomplete miscarriages or in abortion procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16162",
      "display": "Curtains",
      "definition": "Devices designed to block out light and/or provide privacy by keeping people outside the curtain from being able to see inside. These devices usually consist of a piece of fabric hung from a wall-mounted rod or a ceiling track. Curtains may be operated with cords, by hand, by press-button pads or by remote-controlled computers. They come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials (e.g., cotton, polyester, nylon). Curtains are widely used at home and healthcare facilities (e.g., nursing homes, hospitals, doctors' offices). Disposable and reusable curtains are available. Dedicated shower curtains and cubicle curtains (curtains used to form a partition ) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16215",
      "display": "Curtains, Cubicle",
      "definition": "Cubicle curtains are intended to partition off an area (i.e., form a cubicle). They are used in many areas of healthcare facilities such as holding areas, preparation areas, procedure areas, overflow areas, examination rooms, patient rooms, and inventory areas. They are designed to block out light and/or provide privacy by keeping people outside the curtain from being able to see inside. These curtains usually consist of a piece of fabric hung from a ceiling track. Cubicle curtains are manually or power operated; they can come in a variety of shapes, sizes and materials (e.g., cotton, polyester, nylon, vinyl). Fire-retardant, tear and mildew-resistant, and liquid-repellant cubicle curtains are available. Disposable and reusable cubicle curtains are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16216",
      "display": "Curtains, Cubicle, Disposable",
      "definition": "Disposable cubicle curtains are intended to partition off an area (i.e., form a cubicle). They are used in many areas of healthcare facilities such as holding areas, preparation areas, procedure areas, overflow areas, examination rooms, patient rooms, and inventory areas. They are designed to block out light and/or provide privacy by keeping people outside the curtain from being able to see inside. These curtains usually consist of a piece of fabric hung from a ceiling track. Cubicle curtains are manually or power operated; they can come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials (e.g., cotton, polyester, nylon, vinyl). Fire-retardant, tear and mildew-resistant, and liquid-repellant cubicle curtains are available. Disposable cubicle curtains are used once and then discarded, eliminating maintenance."
    },
    {
      "code": "11090",
      "display": "Curtains, Cubicle, Reusable",
      "definition": "Reusable cubicle curtains are intended to partition off an area (i.e., form a cubicle). They are used in many areas of healthcare facilities such as holding areas, preparation areas, procedure areas, overflow areas, examination rooms, patient rooms, and inventory areas. They are designed to block out light and/or provide privacy by keeping people outside the curtain from being able to see inside. These curtains usually consist of a piece of fabric hung from a ceiling track. Cubicle curtains are manually or power operated; they can come in a variety of shapes, sizes and materials (e.g. cotton, polyester, nylon, vinyl). Fire-retardant, tear and mildew-resistant, and liquid-repellant cubicle curtains are available. Reusable cubicle curtains are able to withstand institutional laundering."
    },
    {
      "code": "27817",
      "display": "Curtains, Cubicle, Reusable, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Reusable antimicrobial cubicle curtains inhibit the growth of a large variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses and are intended to partition off an area (i.e., form a cubicle). These reusable cubicle curtains usually consist of a piece of fabric with an antimicrobial agent integrated into it, hung from a wall-mounted rod or a ceiling track. They are designed to block out light and/or provide privacy by keeping people outside the curtain from being able to see inside. They are used in many areas of healthcare facilities such as holding areas, preparation areas, procedure areas, overflow areas, examination rooms, patient rooms, and inventory areas. These curtains are manually or power operated and come in a variety of shapes, sizes and materials (e.g., cotton, polyester, nylon, vinyl). Fire-retardant, tear-resistant and liquid-repellant cubicle curtains are also available. Reusable antimicrobial cubicle curtains are able to withstand institutional laundering and maintain the antimicrobial effect."
    },
    {
      "code": "15908",
      "display": "Curtains, Shower",
      "definition": "Curtains designed to block water from splashing out of the shower area while providing privacy to the person having the shower. These curtains usually consist of a piece of fabric hung from a wall-mounted rod or a ceiling track. Shower curtains are often manually operated. They come in a variety of materials (e.g., cotton, polyester, nylon). Fire retardant and mildew, stain, and odor resistant shower curtains are available. Shower curtains are widely used at homes, and healthcare facilities (e.g., nursing homes, hospitals, doctors' offices)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15910",
      "display": "Curtains, Shower, Disposable",
      "definition": "Shower curtains designed to be used for a short period of time and then discarded, eliminating maintenance. These disposable curtains usually consist of a piece of lightweight plastic hung from a wall-mounted rod or a ceiling track; they are often manually operated. Some of these shower curtains are fire retardant and mildew, stain, and odor resistant. They are widely used at homes and healthcare facilities (e.g., nursing homes, hospitals, doctors' offices)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15911",
      "display": "Curtains, Shower, Reusable",
      "definition": "Shower curtains designed to be used many times and withstand institutional laundering. These reusable shower curtains usually consist of a piece of plastic or cloth fabric hung from a wall-mounted rod or a ceiling track and are often manually operated. Most of these shower curtains are fire retardant and mildew, stain, and odor resistant. They are widely used at homes and healthcare facilities (e.g., nursing homes, hospitals, doctors' offices)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15909",
      "display": "Curtains, Shower, Reusable, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Reusable antimicrobial shower curtains inhibit the growth of a large variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These reusable shower curtains usually consist of a piece of plastic or cloth fabric with an antimicrobial agent integrated into it. Antimicrobial reusable shower curtains are able to withstand institutional laundering and maintain the antimicrobial effect. They are hung from a wall-mounted rod or a ceiling track and are often manually operated. These shower curtains are fire retardant and mildew, stain, and odor resistant. They are widely used at homes, hotels and healthcare facilities (e.g., nursing homes, hospitals, doctors' offices)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11093",
      "display": "Cushions",
      "definition": "Devices resembling soft pillows or pads designed to provide comfort, alleviation of pain, and/or to facilitate positioning of a person. These devices typically consist of a soft material (e.g., foam) frequently inserted in a waterproof fabric or plastic case; some cushions are manufactured as inflatable (e.g., vinyl, rubber) devices. Cushions with a hole in the center (i.e., ring cushions) are also available to accommodate a person during specific activities (e.g., commode seats), to alleviate pain from hemorrhoids, or after surgical or other procedures (e.g., labor)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11062",
      "display": "Cushions, Axillary Crutch",
      "definition": "Cushions designed to be attached to the upper end of axillary crutches. These cushions are crescent shaped and usually made of padded washable soft fabric or plastic materials; they are usually attached to the crutch using hook and loop straps or slipped onto the tops of the crutches. Crutch cushions are intended to alleviate the pressure and prevent friction under the armpit, reducing the possibility of skin breakdown."
    },
    {
      "code": "17188",
      "display": "Cushions, Bedrail",
      "definition": "Cushions designed for strapping onto a bedrail. These cushions are usually made of padded soft plastic materials  and are usually attached using ties or hook-and-loop straps that fit around the lateral bedrails. Bedrail cushions are intended to prevent injuries to patients due to accidental bumping or slipping through the rail. They are mainly used by disabled or geriatric people and/or for patients undergoing rehabilitation or to facilitate injury prevention during transportation of bedridden patients inside a healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "11100",
      "display": "Cushions, Chair/Wheelchair Seat",
      "definition": "Cushions designed for use on a chair or wheelchair seat to provide comfort, alleviation of pain, and/or to facilitate positioning of a person. These devices are usually inflatable cushions or devices made of soft cushioning materials (e.g., high-density foam); some cushions include a hole in the center (i.e., a ring cushion). The cushion is usually attached to the chair or wheelchair using, ties, or elastic skirts that fit around the sides and under the seat to hold it in place. Chair/wheelchair cushions are intended to provide comfort and protection of the coccyx (i.e., tailbone) and/or perineal area; they are used mainly by patients undergoing rehabilitation or by geriatric patients. The cushions are frequently designed to reduce pressure points, helping in the prevention of tissue damage; dedicated cushions intended for rehabilitation after hemorrhoid surgery are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16005",
      "display": "Cushions, Commode Seat",
      "definition": "Cushions designed for use on a commode seat to provide comfort, alleviation of pain, and/or to facilitate positioning of a person. These cushions may consist of an inflatable device or a device made of soft cushioning materials (e.g., high-density foam); commode seat cushions usually have a hole in the center (i.e., ring cushions) and a waterproof outer covering. They are usually snapped or strapped onto the commode or toilet seat, and there are some that are made to wrap around the seat like a steering-wheel cover. Sacroiliac accommodative cushions provide comfort and protection of the coccyx (i.e., tailbone) and/or perineal area; they are mainly used by patients undergoing rehabilitation or by geriatric people."
    },
    {
      "code": "15700",
      "display": "Cushions, Heel Stirrup",
      "definition": "Cushions designed to be attached to heel stirrups that are usually attached to healthcare tables. These cushions typically consist of soft material (e.g., fabrics, plastics) with appropriate shape and size for location on the heel stirrup; they are usually supplied in pairs. Some heel stirrup cushions are shaped as boots, allowing a better accommodation of the feet during the therapeutic or surgical procedure. Heel stirrup cushions are mainly used for patients lying in lithotomy positions during obstetric, urologic, colonic, or rectal procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11097",
      "display": "Cushions, Ring, Foam Rubber (Retired)",
      "definition": "Round or oval-shaped cushions with a hole in the center used to alleviate pressure on the tailbone. These cushions are made of foam rubber and are used to relieve pain from hemorrhoids, after surgery, after pregnancy, or during recovery from an injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "11098",
      "display": "Cushions, Ring, Inflatable (Retired)",
      "definition": "Round or oval-shaped cushions with a hole in the center used to alleviate pressure on the tailbone.  These cushions are made of inflatable vinyl and are used to relieve pain from hemorrhoids, after surgery, after pregnancy, or during recovery from an injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "11099",
      "display": "Cushions, Stool Seat",
      "definition": "Cushions designed for use on a stool seat to provide comfort, alleviation of pain, and/or to facilitate positioning of a person. These cushions are usually devices made of soft cushioning materials (e.g., high-density foam) or, less frequently, inflatable. The cushions are usually attached to the stool using permanent hardware (e.g., bolts, rivets); sometimes additional cushioning is provided by cushions that include ties or elastic skirts that fit around the sides and under the seat to hold it in place. Stool cushions provide comfort and protection of the coccyx (i.e., tailbone) and/or perineal area; they are used mainly by healthcare staff but may be used also by patients undergoing rehabilitation or by geriatric patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "34011",
      "display": "Cushions, Table",
      "definition": "Cushions designed for use on a healthcare table to provide comfort, alleviate pain, and/or to facilitate positioning of a person. These devices typically consist of a soft material (e.g., foam) frequently inserted in a waterproof fabric or plastic case; some cushions are manufactured as inflatable (e.g., vinyl, rubber) devices. Healthcare table cushions are mainly intended for use during examination, treatment, or surgical procedures performed on tables."
    },
    {
      "code": "11101",
      "display": "Cuspidors",
      "definition": "Vessels (e.g., round bowls) into which the patient may expectorate during and after dental procedures. These vessels are a component of the dental procedures unit and have a water valve to allow flushing of the cuspidor to wash away the expectorate (e.g., blood, debris, etc.)"
    },
    {
      "code": "16464",
      "display": "Cusps, Dental",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide an artificial cusp (a projection on the chewing surface of the tooth) to achieve occlusal harmony (a proper bite)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17749",
      "display": "Cuvettes",
      "definition": "Small tube-like containers having straight sides, one or more transparent sides, and a sealed end. Cuvettes are designed to hold a sample and/or other material during optical analysis. These devices are made of quartz, glass, or plastic, depending on the specific optical properties needed for testing. Cuvettes can be individual tubes or segments with several connected tubes (i.e. racked). Some cuvettes have a glass or plastic cap. They can be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "17750",
      "display": "Cuvettes, Clinical Chemistry Analyzer",
      "definition": "Cuvettes having a shape and size and made of a material compatible with clinical chemistry analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15683",
      "display": "Cuvettes, Spectrophotometer",
      "definition": "Cuvettes having a shape and size and made of a material to be compatible with spectrophotometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15818",
      "display": "Cyclotrons",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to accelerate particles (typically protons or deuterons) to high energies by combining a strong magnetic field and an oscillating electric field. The path formed is a spiral or a circle. The accelerated particles at the output may be used as a radiotherapy treatment beam on  the patient, either directly or after passing a suitable target, but cyclotrons are used more frequently for in situ production of short-term positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals (radionuclides) used in positron-emission tomography (PET) systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "11111",
      "display": "Cystometers",
      "definition": "Instruments for studying the neuromuscular mechanism of the bladder by means of measurements of pressure and capacity."
    },
    {
      "code": "11112",
      "display": "Cystoscopes",
      "definition": "Urinary tract endoscopes designed for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the urethra and urinary bladder.  They usually consist of an outer sheath, an optical system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17144",
      "display": "Cystoscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Cystoscopes with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure, capable of being manipulated and pointed in different directions through the lumen of the curved path of the lower urinary tract. Flexible cystoscopes usually include a fiberoptic illumination and imaging system that facilitates the examination and performance of therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23491",
      "display": "Cystoscopes, Flexible, Video",
      "definition": "Flexible cystoscopes equipped with a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). These endoscopes may be manipulated and aimed in different directions through the lower urinary tract; the image is electronically transmitted from the camera through wires inside the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording."
    },
    {
      "code": "17145",
      "display": "Cystoscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Cystoscopes with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path through the urinary tract. They include illumination and imaging systems, which enable the examination and treatment of the urethra and the urinary bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "11114",
      "display": "Cystourethroscopes",
      "definition": "Urinary tract endoscopes for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the urinary bladder and posterior urethra. They usually consist of an outer sheath, an optical system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18631",
      "display": "Cytometers",
      "definition": "Laboratory chemical analyzers that measure and characterize cells and cellular constituents."
    },
    {
      "code": "16582",
      "display": "Cytometers, Automated",
      "definition": "Cytometers that require minimal technician involvement, completely automating all processes (e.g., sample dilution, counting, differentiation, sorting). Automated cytometers measure thousands of cells per minute, yielding precise quantitative information about the cell population and enabling the detection of rare cells. Automated cytometers provide a standardized method of obtaining accurate and reproducible results, reduce throughput time, and make assays easy to perform."
    },
    {
      "code": "18632",
      "display": "Cytometers, Automated, Electrical Impedance",
      "definition": "Automated cytometers that measure the change in electrical impedance introduced by a suspension of cells in a conductive liquid when passing through an orifice.  These cytometers include one electrode submerged in the cell suspension and one submerged in the aperture tube.  The change in the impedance of the electrical path as the cells pass generates electrical pulses, which can be electronically counted and sized according to the number and volume of the cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "16867",
      "display": "Cytometers, Automated, Flow",
      "definition": "Automated cytometers in which cells are dispersed in fluid suspension and flow one at a time through a narrow beam of light, typically from a laser. Each cell generates optical signals that are measured and analyzed. These cytometers include a cell transportation system, a laser for cell illumination, photodetectors for signal detection, and a computer-based management system."
    },
    {
      "code": "16503",
      "display": "Cytometers, Automated, Flow, Sorting",
      "definition": "Automated flow cytometers that are capable of separating (\"sorting\") subpopulations of cells.  Cells can be separated by single or multiple characteristics and remain unaltered through the process.  Most devices can accomplish the sorting procedure under sterile conditions, enabling the resulting cells to be cultured."
    },
    {
      "code": "35326",
      "display": "Cytometers, Automated, Mass Cytometry",
      "definition": "Automated cytometers in which cells flowing in a sheath fluid are ionized one at a time and then analyzed by the detection of cell labels that incorporate stable (i.e. nonradioactive) heavy metal isotopes.  Cell stains or labels generally consist of antibodies conjugated to rare earth metals (typically metals from the lanthanide series) or nucleic acid intercalators conjugated to rhodium or iridium. Mass cytometers typically consist of a nebulizer (i.e. spray chamber) that generates droplets   of single cells flowing in a sheath fluid; a high-temperature (approximately 7,000 Kelvin) plasma torch that ionizes all cellular content; and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer that analyzes the ions of individual cells and quantifies the relative mass of each ion."
    },
    {
      "code": "30171",
      "display": "Cytometers, Automated, Scanning Laser Microscopy",
      "definition": "Automated cytometers that use scanning laser microscopy for cell illumination and measurement, enabling analysis of cell viability, proliferation and function; live cell assays; immunophenotyping; and automated tissue analysis, such as cellular DNA content. Laser microscopy cytometers can be used to analyze cells in fluids and solid-phase samples, including adherent cultured cells and tissue sections. These cytometers include microscope slides and microtiter plates, photomultiplier tubes, and a scatter detector to measure properties of cells resulting from multicolor fluorescence detection. Scanning laser microscopy automated cytometers include software that is intended to be used to integrate data and to develop further applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "15112",
      "display": "Cytometers, Manual",
      "definition": "Cytometers that require technician involvement in all the steps of each analysis, including dilution, counting, and/or differentiation of cells. These cytometers usually include a counting chamber and a microscope. Manual counting is frequently used for measuring cells in body fluids such as cerebral, spinal, and pleural fluids and is also often performed for patients with thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, or leukopenia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34073",
      "display": "Darkfield Illuminators, Microscope Pathology Slide",
      "definition": "Illuminators designed to provide darkfield illumination (i.e., illumination from oblique angles) for the examination of microscope pathology slides that are mainly intended for use in computer-aided pathology slide systems. These illuminators provide automated capabilities to provide darkfield images to the systems by attaching the device to the stage of the microscope. The illuminator typically includes a LED array which light enters through the side of the slide glass, creating a total internal reflection in the glass in such a way that the camera only receives the scattered light from the specimen. Darkfield images allow the observation of the morphological characteristics of unstained, fluorescent, or Diaminobenzidine- (DAB) stained specimens, especially from brain tissue samples. Darkfield slide illuminators are used to add capabilities to the microscope, in conjunction with brightfield or fluorescence images (e.g., for samples of neurologic tissue), especially when used with digital imaging systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "34072",
      "display": "Darkfield Illuminators, Photographic Station",
      "definition": "Illuminators designed to provide darkfield illumination (i.e., illumination from oblique angles) for specimens located in the working board of a photographic station. These illuminators consist of an attachment to the station usually including high-frequency fluorescent light fixtures that can be moved up or down to obtain the optimum height for the exposition of the specimen, providing automated capabilities to obtain darkfield images. Darkfield images allow the observation of otherwise difficult to obtain images, including footprints on transparent adhesive sheet films and/or plaster during forensic investigations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16568",
      "display": "Darkroom Entrances, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Entrances (e.g., doors) designed to allow personnel to access x-ray processing dark rooms without permitting light into room or disturbing the film processing in other ways. These entrances may consist of a two-door system with a space in between, revolving doors, or plastic doors that allow one to see into the dark room while still protecting the film from the light.  Radiographic dark room entrances are typically used in high-volume x-ray film processing departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "16571",
      "display": "Darkroom Interlocking Systems, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Interlock systems designed to prevent accidental exposure of x-ray films being processed in a dark room.  These systems typically include an electronic control unit; film bin, processor,  and door locks (e.g., solenoids) ; and white light controls.  Radiographic film interlocking dark room systems ensure that the doors are locked and white lights are off either when film bin is open or until an exposed film is fully entered into processor, they also ensure that the film bins are locked when a door is open and/or a white light is turned on."
    },
    {
      "code": "32657",
      "display": "Data Interface Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to allow most or all of the independent computerized networks, information systems, and/or medical devices of a healthcare facility to communicate with each other (i.e., interfacing) by controlling a continuous smooth transmission of data and/or other information between the computerized medical devices and information systems. Data interface systems typically include electronic workstations to process and control the information flow, wireless and/or cable connections to devices, equipment, and local or whole hospital information systems. These systems frequently include and/or are associated with a dedicated connection server. The system also includes appropriate software that contains the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other, as well as the hardware, and/or the information systems. Data interface systems that interact with medical devices are considered medical devices and must follow the regulations (e.g., FDA, EC) concerning these types of medical devices. Dedicated data interface systems may be intended to provide a link between medical devices and information systems and/or between two or more information systems. Data interface systems may be intended for a particular set of devices and information systems or flexible enough to permit the modification and/or integration of new devices and systems from different manufacturers and technologies."
    },
    {
      "code": "32660",
      "display": "Data Interface Systems, Information/Information System",
      "definition": "Data interface systems designed to allow information systems of a healthcare facility to communicate with each other (i.e., interfacing) by controlling a continuous smooth transmission of data and/or other information between the information systems. These interface systems do not interact with medical devices directly. These systems typically include electronic workstations to process and control the information flow; and wireless and/or cable connections among two or more information systems (e.g., hospital data management, emergency and/or intensive care, financial, risk management). The systems frequently include and/or are associated with a dedicated and flexible connection server. Data interface systems that link information systems also include appropriate software that contains the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware. The software may include several different algorithms that work according to the characteristics of the interfaced information systems and/or to particular areas of the healthcare facility. Interface systems may be intended for a particular set of information systems or flexible enough to permit the modification and/or integration of new information systems from different manufacturers and technologies."
    },
    {
      "code": "32658",
      "display": "Data Interface Systems, Medical Device/Information System",
      "definition": "Data interface systems designed to allow medical devices of a healthcare facility to communicate with each other and with the information systems (i.e., interfacing) by controlling a continuous smooth transmission of data and/or other information between the computerized devices and the information systems. These data interface systems typically include electronic workstations at the point of care to process and control the information flow; and wireless and/or cable connections to the devices (e.g., physiologic monitors, ventilators) and the information systems (e.g., hospital data management, emergency and/or intensive care). The systems frequently include and/or are associated with a dedicated connection server. The systems are considered medical devices and must follow the regulations (e.g., FDA, EC) concerning these types of medical devices. Data interface systems that link medical devices with information systems also include appropriate software that contains the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware. The software may include several different algorithms that work according to the characteristics of particular areas of the healthcare facility (e.g., intensive and/or emergency care, surgical areas, patient rooms). Data interface systems may be intended for a particular set of devices and information systems or flexible enough to permit the modification and/or integration of new devices and systems from different manufacturers and technologies."
    },
    {
      "code": "23163",
      "display": "Data Interface Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to allow two independent computer networks and/or systems to communicate with each other, transmitting data and/or other information between the devices. Data interface units typically include an electronic processing unit and wireless or cable connections to both interfaced devices; they may also include appropriate software that contains the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware. Healthcare applications of data interface units include interfacing of bedside devices (e.g., physiologic monitors) and point-of-care and laboratory analyzers and equipment to computers, workstations, and/or hospital information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "28500",
      "display": "Data Interface Units, Computer/Hearing Aid, Programming",
      "definition": "Data interface units designed to allow a computer with an appropriate programming software to communicate with a programmable hearing aid. The interface units transmit re-formatted data between the computer and the hearing aid. These devices consist of an electronic unit with dedicated software that connects to the computer on one side and to the hearing aids (left and right) through other two external ports. The software on the interface unit allows it to work as a programmer (when connected also to the computer) for almost all types of programmable hearing aids. Programming data interface units are used for initial and/or periodic programming and fitting the hearing aids according to the needs of individual users."
    },
    {
      "code": "22854",
      "display": "Data Interface Units, Physiologic Monitor/Computer",
      "definition": "Data interface units designed to allow communication between a physiologic monitor and a computer and/or computer peripherals, providing data download capabilities to the monitor and permitting real-time numerical and/or graphical data processing in the computer. These devices typically include an electronic processing unit and wireless or cable connections between the output of a monitor and the input of a computer or computerized network; they may also include appropriate software. Monitor/computer data interface units make possible the analysis of digital data from physiologic monitors (e.g., pulse oximeter, blood pressure, heart rate, weight) and, less frequently, from other bedside devices (e.g., measuring instruments, recorders) that do not allow direct downloading of data to a computer. The interface may reduce the size and weight of small personal or bedside monitors by limiting their activity to data collection and transferring the task of data and graphical processing to a personal computer."
    },
    {
      "code": "22853",
      "display": "Data Interface Units, Physiologic Monitor/Computer, Temporary Storage",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitor/computer data interface units designed to allow communication between a monitor and a computer and/or computer peripherals, providing data download capabilities and temporary storage of data from the monitors for later (i.e., not in real time) numerical and/or graphical data processing in a computer. These devices typically include an electronic processing unit including memory circuits, appropriate software, and wireless or cable connections between the output of a monitor and the input of a computer. Temporary storage monitor/computer data interface units are intended for the analysis of digital data from bedside or personal monitors (e.g., pulse oximetry, blood pressure, heart rate, weight) that do not allow direct downloading of data to a computer; use of the interface may reduce the size and weight of small (personal or bedside) monitors by limiting their activity to data collection and transferring the task of data and graphical processing to a personal computer or workstation."
    },
    {
      "code": "22859",
      "display": "Data Interface Units, Physiologic Monitor/Information System",
      "definition": "Monitor/information system data interface units designed to allow communication between a physiologic monitor and an information system, matching monitor output data and the information system, and permitting real-time numerical and/or graphical data processing and information transmission through the system. These devices include an electronic processing unit and wireless or cable connections between the output of a bedside monitor or, less frequently, other bedside devices (e.g., measuring instruments, recorders) and the input of an information system (e.g., cardiology). Physiologic monitor/information system data interface units are intended for the appropriate transmission of digital data from physiologic monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "24519",
      "display": "Data Processors",
      "definition": "Electronic equipment designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from a separate source (e.g., recorder, scanning system). This equipment consists of a computerized reader, electronic circuits, a display, controls for changing and modifying analysis parameters, and dedicated software according to the nature and/or the source of data. Data processors may analyze digital data from images but are not intended to process images from an external source. Due to the large amount of data recorded, scanning techniques are frequently used to decrease review time. Dedicated data processors are available for analysis of previously recorded data taken from devices such as recorders (e.g., tape, digital) and scanning (e.g., ultrasonic) systems; the processors are frequently a component of and/or are interconnected to dedicated workstations and/or information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "24524",
      "display": "Data Processors, Electronic Recording",
      "definition": "Data processors designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from signals (e.g., electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic) previously recorded electronically. Data is transferred from the recorder (usually an ambulatory recorder) to the processor (also known as a scanner) for quantification, processing, display, and storage using dedicated software; the processor may also generate reports. Electronic data recording processors are used to analyze continuous and event tape recorder data; they are intended mainly for detection of temporary abnormalities and to check the progress of therapy over a relatively long period of time (e.g., 48 or 72 hours). Dedicated electronic recording data processors (e.g., electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic, activity) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24525",
      "display": "Data Processors, Electronic Recording, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Data processors designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from electrocardiographic signals that were previously electronically recorded (e.g., using a flash card). Data is transferred from the ambulatory (i.e., Holter) electrocardiography recorder to the processor (also known as a electrocardiogram scanner) for quantification, processing, display, and storage using dedicated software; the processor may also generate reports. Electrocardiography processors are used to analyze continuous and event data; they are intended mainly for the detection of cardiac problems, such as temporary abnormalities, and/or to check the progress of therapy (e.g., antiarrhythmic drugs) over a relatively long period of time (e.g., 48 hours)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24526",
      "display": "Data Processors, Electronic Recording, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Data processors designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from electroencephalographic signals that were previously electronically recorded (e.g., using a flash card). Data is transferred from the electroencephalographic recorder to the processor (also known as a electroencephalogram scanner) for quantification, processing, display, and storage using dedicated software; the processor may also generate reports. Due to the large amount of data recorded, scanning techniques are used to decrease review time. Electroencephalography processors are used with electronic continuous and event recorders; they are intended mainly for the detection of cerebral problems, such as temporary abnormalities (e.g., seizures), and sleep disorders) and to check the progress of therapy (e.g., antiepileptic drugs) over a relatively long period of time (e.g., 24 to 72 hours)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24520",
      "display": "Data Processors, Tape Recording",
      "definition": "Data processors designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from signals (e.g., electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic) previously recorded on tape. Data is transferred from the recorder (usually an ambulatory recorder) to the processor (also known as a scanner) for quantification, processing, display, and storage using dedicated software; the processor may also generate reports. Tape recording processors are used to analyze taped continuous and event data; they are intended mainly for the detection of temporary abnormalities and to check the progress of therapy over a relatively long period of time (e.g., 48 or 72 hours). Tape recording processors dedicated for electrocardiographic or electroencephalographic tapes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24522",
      "display": "Data Processors, Tape Recording, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Data processors designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from electrocardiographic signals previously recorded on tape. Data is transferred from the ambulatory (i.e., Holter) electrocardiography recorder to the processor (also known as a electrocardiogram scanner) for quantification, processing, display, and storage using dedicated software; the processor may also generate reports. Due to the large amount of data recorded, scanning techniques are used to decrease review time. Electrocardiography processors are used to analyze taped continuous and event data; they are intended mainly for the detection of cardiac problems, such as temporary abnormalities, and/or to check progress of therapy (e.g., antiarrhythmic drugs) over a relatively long period of time (e.g., 48 hours)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24523",
      "display": "Data Processors, Tape Recording, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Data processors designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from electroencephalographic signals previously recorded on tape. Data is transferred from the electroencephalographic recorder to the processor (also known as a electroencephalogram scanner) for quantification, processing, display, and storage using dedicated software; the processor may also generate reports. Due to the large amount of data recorded, scanning techniques are used to decrease review time. Electroencephalography processors data are used with taped continuous and event data; they are intended mainly for the detection of cerebral problems, such as temporary abnormalities (e.g., seizures), and sleep disorders and to check the progress of therapy (e.g., antiepileptic drugs) over a relatively long period of time (e.g., 24 to 72 hours)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17203",
      "display": "Data Processors, Ultrasonic Scanning",
      "definition": "Data processors designed to acquire and process digital data obtained from ultrasonic scanning systems. These processors typically consist of a computerized electronic unit that converts the ultrasonic echo signals in different shades of gray according to their level (i.e., amplitude) and displays them as an image on a high-resolution monitor; controls that permit the operator to optimize and/or magnify (i.e., zoom) the image and perform frame-by-frame examination; electronic and/or magneto-optical disks for information storage; and software appropriate for the intended application (e.g., cardiology, obstetrics). Ultrasonic scanning data processors are usually a component of an ultrasonic scanning system; most processors are capable of transmitting the processed data to a workstation or an information system (e.g., a picture archiving and communication system [PACS]), frequently using American College of Radiology/National Electrical Manufacturers Association Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) or other appropriate standards."
    },
    {
      "code": "33482",
      "display": "Deblisters, Pill/Capsule, Automated",
      "definition": "Machines designed for automated removal of pill and capsule medicines from blister packaging.  These machines include an electromechanical unit that separates the pills and/or capsules from the package without any manual touching of the medicines. They also include containers for both the pills and capsules and the disposable packaging material. These machines are mainly used in pharmacies and other high-volume medicine-managing departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "34475",
      "display": "Deblisters, Pill/Capsule, Manual",
      "definition": "Machines designed for manual removal of pill and capsule medicines from blister packaging.  These machines include a mechanical, usually portable unit which uses a manually operated mechanism to separate the pills and/or capsules from the package. They also include containers for the pills and capsules. These machines are mainly used in small pharmacies and also for disposal of pills and capsules that are no longer appropiate for clinical use. These machines are mainly used in small pharmacies and other low-volume medicine-managing departements."
    },
    {
      "code": "33847",
      "display": "Decade Boxes",
      "definition": "Test instruments designed to simulate very specific electrical values and consist of switches and a series of resistors, capacitors, or inductors of different values arranged to form factors of ten and stepped such that any value 0 through 9 can be selected. Decade boxes are substituted into a circuit and replace any standard value component and are used for finding the optimum electrical value for circuit operation, troubleshooting circuits, and verifying the accuracy of test equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41973",
      "display": "Decade Boxes, Capacitance",
      "definition": "Decade boxes consisting of capacitors and switches which permits adjustment of the capacitance existing at the terminals in nominally uniform steps, from a minimum value near zero to the maximum which exists when all the capacitors are connected in parallel. These devices are used to simulate capacitance for testing the accuracy of multimeters and other instruments that measure capacitance. Capacitance decade boxes are also commonly used for product design as they can be inserted into a circuit and function as a capacitor of any value (within its range) to assist in identifying the optimal size for the circuit."
    },
    {
      "code": "33848",
      "display": "Decade Boxes, Inductance",
      "definition": "Decade boxes containing inductors of many values with one or more mechanical switches, which allow any one of various inductance values offered by the box to be selected.  Inductors are made of a conductor, often a wire, wound into a coil, and when current passes through the inductor, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic field in the coil. These devices can simulate inductance for testing the accuracy of multimeters and other instruments that directly measure inductance. Inductance decade boxes are also commonly be used for product design as they can be inserted into a circuit and function as an inductor of any value (within its range) to assist in identifying the optimal inductor size for the circuit."
    },
    {
      "code": "33846",
      "display": "Decade Boxes, Resistance",
      "definition": "Decade boxes containing resistors of many values with one or more mechanical switches, which allow any one of various discrete resistances offered by the box to be selected. These devices can simulate resistance for testing the accuracy of thermostats, temperature controllers, multimeters, and others equipment. They can also assist in identifying the optimal resistor size for a circuit."
    },
    {
      "code": "20552",
      "display": "Decontaminants",
      "definition": "Substances  (i.e., decontamination agents) intended to destroy, physically remove, or reduce to acceptable levels contaminants such as chemical agents, radioactive materials, and toxic industrial material. Some decontaminants are also effective against biological agents (i.e., agents with germicidal capabilities). Decontaminants typically work by either removing (i.e., physical decontaminants) or neutralizing (i.e., chemical decontaminants) the contamination agent. These products can be used to decontaminate individuals (especially the skin), equipment, and/or installations (I.e., infrastructure)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20555",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization",
      "definition": "Decontaminants intended for chemical neutralization of chemical and/or, less frequently, biological agents. These decontaminants typically consist of reactives that readily react with the chemical contaminant without stirring, heating, or shaking (i.e., reactive chemicals). Chemical-neutralization decontaminants include oxidizing agents (e.g., sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]), strong bases (e.g., potassium hydroxide [KOH]), aqueous foams, catalytic enzymes, and organic compounds with low solubility in water (microemulsions)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20564",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Catalytic Enzyme",
      "definition": "Chemical-neutralization decontamination products consisting of a mixture of catalytic enzymes such as organophosphorous hydrolase or organophosphorous acid anhydrolase and other natural products. The catalytic property of the enzymes allow them to decontaminate many times their own weight of agent in a short time (either seconds or a few minutes). Enzymes with different properties and specificities can be mixed together in a single formulation, making them very effective against a variety of chemical agents (e.g., G-type and/or VX nerve agents, sulfur mustard) and also against biological agents (e.g., bacterial cells, anthrax spores)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20562",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Microemulsion",
      "definition": "Chemical-neutralization decontamination products consisting of thermodynamically stable mixtures of water, oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants that appear macroscopically as homogenous phase (i.e., microemulsions). These decontaminants are specially designed to combine several products with different decontamination properties in a variety of proportions. Microemulsification decontaminants are intended to provide faster decontamination by increasing the solubility of most chemical contamination agents (e.g., nerve gases) that have a limited solubility in water."
    },
    {
      "code": "20563",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Microemulsion, C8",
      "definition": "Microemulsion chemical-neutralization decontaminants (known as C8 decontaminants) that consist of a combination, by weight, of 15% tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl2), 76% water, 1% surfactant, and 8% calcium hypochlorite (Ca[Ocl]2).  This emulsion in particularly effective in the decontamination of nerve agents of the G series and VX, as well as mustard (HD). C8 can also dissolve chemical agents embedded inside painted surfaces without paint damage; C8 can be easily rinsed off with water after decontamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20556",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Oxidizing",
      "definition": "Chemical-neutralization decontaminants consisting of powerful oxidizing agents. These decontaminants consist of common oxidizing agents or products especially designed for decontamination.  Common oxidizing agents used for decontamination include calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (i.e., laundry bleach), potassium permanganate, and aqueous solutions of chloramine-B. Some oxidants especially formulated for decontamination are available, including hyperchlorinated bleaches such as a mixture of Ca(OCl)2 and calcium oxide ([CaO], known as supertropical bleach [STB]) and Oxone (a mixture of several potassium salts). Oxidizing decontaminants are used mainly for decontamination of nerve agents of VX and the G series (e.g., tabun [GA], sarin [GB]) and/or chemical agents such as mustard (H/HD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20557",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Oxidizing, Foam",
      "definition": "Oxidizing decontaminants consisting of a biodegradable aqueous foam. Typically one or more liquid reactives are combined with water at the site of application to produce a water-based foam that readily neutralizes chemical and, frequently, biological contaminants. Foam-oxidizing decontaminants are intended for decontamination from nerve agents of the G series and VX, mustard (HD), biological agents, and/or radioactive material contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20558",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Oxidizing, Foam, Binary",
      "definition": "Foam-oxidizing decontaminants consisting of a binary mixture of surfactants and mild oxidizers intended to transform the chemical agents into nontoxic substances; they may also be effective in killing bacteria, spores, and viruses. Binary spray foam decontaminants are usually supplied as a twin liquid sprayer device. The simultaneous delivery of both sprays combine to form a foam that expands to many (e.g., 100) times its liquid volume; the foam collapses back as a nondangerous toxic liquid form in a few hours. They are intended for decontamination from nerve agents of the G series and VX, mustard (HD), and biological agents such as anthrax."
    },
    {
      "code": "20559",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Oxidizing, Gel",
      "definition": "Oxidizing decontaminants typically consisting of an aqueous solution of an oxidant (e.g., Oxone, peroxymonosulfate) with a gelling agent such as alumina or amorphous (fumed) silica. The gel can be liquified by stirring and then applied using conventional sprayers (e.g., painting sprayers); it will solidify again after application and adhere to surfaces (e.g., walls, ceilings). Gel oxidizing decontaminants transform the chemical agents into nontoxic substances; the oxidizing reaction is also effective in killing bacteria, including spores. They are intended for decontamination from nerve agents of the G series and VX, mustard (HD), and biological agents. These decontaminants usually are nontoxic and noncorrosive and do not damage painted surfaces; they are used mainly for equipment and facility decontamination in civilian settings."
    },
    {
      "code": "20560",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Strong Base",
      "definition": "Chemical neutralization decontamination products including strong bases as active components. These decontaminants may be either common bases or products specially designed for decontamination. Common strong bases used for decontamination include calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2), potassium hydroxide ([KOH], caustic soda), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Strong base decontaminants are effective for decontamination from nerve agents of the G series and VX, and/or mustard (HD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20561",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Chemical Neutralization, Strong Base, Solution Number 2",
      "definition": "Strong base chemical neutralization decontaminants (known as decontamination solution number 2 [DS2]) consisting of a combination of a strong base dissolved into an organic solvent. Their composition typically consists of 2% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolved into 70% diethylenetriamine (DETA) and 28% 2-methoxyethanol (also known as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether [EGME]). Propylene glycol monomethyl ether is sometimes used as a substitute for EGME in the mixture, this composition is known as DS2P.  DS2 reacts instantly with nerve agents of the G series and VX, as well as with mustard (HD) at ambient temperatures; it is generally noncorrosive and has long-term storage stability but can damage paints, plastics, and rubber materials. DS2 is very effective for neutralization of chemical agents and many biological agents; it should be rinsed off with water after 30 minutes to minimize the damage on paints, plastics, and rubber."
    },
    {
      "code": "20553",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Physical Removal",
      "definition": "Decontaminants intended for physical removal of contaminants from the surface of individuals (i.e., skin), personal gear, garments, and/or equipment (including vehicles and/or installations). Physical-removal decontaminants may consist of common products (e.g., water, air, soap, flour) either at room temperature or hot; fluids (e.g., gases, water) are usually delivered at high pressure. Some decontaminants consist of products specifically designed for that purpose (e.g., polymeric absorbent resins, viscous solutions). Physical decontaminants generally do not neutralize chemical or biological agents, making it necessary to use additional chemical decontamination to achieve complete decontamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20554",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Physical Removal, Nonplastic Kaolin",
      "definition": "Physical-removal decontaminants consisting of a nonplastic form of kaolin (clay) containing an aluminum-magnesium silicate. The fine-crushed product is best suited for skin and/or personal-gear decontamination. Nonplastic kaolin products are used for gross decontamination or when a more specific product for decontamination is not available. This product does not neutralize chemical or biological agents, making it necessary to subsequently neutralize skin or gear. This decontaminant (also known as Fuller's earth) is easily available due to its use as kitty litter, a spill absorbent, and a filtering medium."
    },
    {
      "code": "20565",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Physical Removal/Chemical Neutralization, Resin",
      "definition": "Physical-removal and chemical-neutralization decontamination products consisting of a reactive and absorbent resin. The resin is typically a mixture of a carbonaceous adsorbent, a polystyrene polymeric compound, and an ion-exchange resin. The mixture is usually impregnated on pads or mitts and packaged in kits containing a set of pads and other devices and products to facilitate its application. These resins are used for skin and/or personal-gear decontamination from chemical and/or biological agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20566",
      "display": "Decontaminants, Physical Removal/Chemical Neutralization, Viscous Solution",
      "definition": "Physical-removal and chemical-neutralization decontamination products consisting of a reactive viscous solution (lotion). The lotion is supplied either impregnated on sealed pads for individual use or as a liquid that can be poured directly on the affected site. Viscous lotion decontaminants are used to decontaminate the skin and personal gear from chemical and/or biological agents by wiping the affected area."
    },
    {
      "code": "20585",
      "display": "Decontamination Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for decontamination of chemical agents, including mustard (H agent), nerve agents such as VX and the G series (e.g., tabun [GA], sarin [GB]), and toxic industrial materials; biological agents; and/or nuclear material contaminants. These systems usually consist of several separate but interacting units (e.g., pumps, applicators, heaters, sprayers) that can deliver appropriate products (e.g., water, gases, decontaminants, steam). They perform decontamination by physical removal and/or chemical neutralization of contaminants from the surface of equipment. Decontamination systems are mainly used for decontamination of large outdoor equipment and vehicles; specialized systems that decontaminate multiple garments and personal gear or the effects of dispersive (blast) contaminant artifacts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20588",
      "display": "Decontamination Systems, Antidispersive/Blast Foam",
      "definition": "Decontamination systems designed to lessen the escape of chemical and/or biological agents associated with low-power explosive devices (e.g., withless than 1 kg of explosive) and/or dispersive devices. These systems typically consist of a multilayer, explosion-resistant, flexible enclosure to place the suspected device inside; a mechanism to pump the decontaminant antidispersive product (usually foam) inside the enclosure and surround the hazardous device; and pumps, hoses, and containers to store and deliver the decontaminant. Antidispersive/blast-foam decontamination systems can mitigate the effects of small explosive devices (e.g., briefcase-size bombs) by performing a controlled explosion and/or preventing the escape of warfare agents from dispersive devices. They are inside buildings or outdoors used by civil defense or military personnel to protect people and/or equipment and facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20587",
      "display": "Decontamination Systems, Multiple Garment/Personal Gear",
      "definition": "Decontamination systems designed to remove and/or neutralize chemical agents, toxic industrial materials, and/or biological agents from contaminated garments and/or personal gear. These systems usually include units that perform physical decontamination (e.g., using high-pressure water, or hot gas) and chemical decontamination and/or disinfection units (e.g., chemical spray, hot water, steam); some systems also include laundry equipment and ironing capabilities. Multiple-garment/personal-gear decontamination systems can perform simultaneous decontamination and/or disinfection of protective garments and gear for multiple people, such as a rescue team or military platoon."
    },
    {
      "code": "20586",
      "display": "Decontamination Systems, Outdoor Equipment/Vehicle/Facility",
      "definition": "Decontamination systems designed to remove and/or neutralize chemical agents, toxic industrial materials, and/or biological agents from the surface of outdoor equipment, vehicles, and/or facilities. These systems usually include several units (i.e., modules) to provide high-pressure water, hot-water, steam, and chemical-decontaminant delivery.  Decontamination is usually performed in several steps. First, preliminary removal of the contaminant is performed using a powerful physical agent (e.g., hot gas, high-pressure water, steam). Then, chemical neutralization (e.g., using decontaminant solutions and/or microemulsions) occurs. The last step consists of residue removal and drying. In addition, steam may be used for biological decontamination. Some systems are also intended for terrain and/or personal-gear decontamination. Mobile systems are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20576",
      "display": "Decontamination Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed for decontamination by physical removal, chemical decontamination, or both. These devices are usually intended for decontamination of chemical-warfare agents, toxic industrial materials, radiation-contaminated materials, and/or biological agents. The units typically include decontaminant-agent delivery system, decontaminant containers, and controls (e.g., temperature, pressure); they may also include mixers, hoses, and other auxiliary devices appropriate for the type of decontamination performed. Decontamination units are mainly intended to decontaminate equipment, but some units can be used for personnel decontamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20580",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Chemical Neutralization",
      "definition": "Decontamination units designed for chemical neutralization of chemical and/or, less frequently, biological contaminants from equipment. These units typically include a delivery system (e.g., a spray system) that applies a chemical-decontaminant agent that readily reacts with the chemical contaminant (e.g., sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], decontaminant solution number 2, microemulsion C8). Chemical-decontamination units are intended mainly for external decontamination of outdoor equipment and vehicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "20581",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Chemical Neutralization, Microemulsion",
      "definition": "Decontamination units that generate and deliver calcium hypochlorite (e.g., C8 decontaminant) and/or toluene-based emulsions for neutralization of chemical agents, including mustard (H/HD agent), and nerve agents such as VX and the G series (e.g., tabun [GA], sarin [GB]), and/or biological agents on the surface of vehicles and outdoor equipment. These units are typically powered devices that include a mixer/applicator, which produces a continuous online emulsion; hoses; and other accessories. Emulsion-application decontamination units are used to provide noncorrosive decontamination of ambulances and other vehicles and outdoor equipment. They are also used to decontaminate the exterior of ships and aircraft."
    },
    {
      "code": "20582",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Chemical Neutralization, Spray",
      "definition": "Decontamination units that generate and deliver a controlled spray of a decontamination product (typically a strong base decontaminant) for neutralization and physical removal of chemical and biological agents. These devices usually consist of a portable unit that includes a pressurized tank of the decontaminating solution, a mounting bracket, a pressure gauge, and a safety valve; they also include spare parts and tools to facilitate operation and maintenance by the operator. Spray decontamination units may be used with different decontamination solutions; they are frequently intended to deliver a solution of 2% sodium hydroxide dissolved into 70% diethylenetriamine and 28% 2-methoxyethanol (also known as ethylene glycol monomethylether [EGME]), a product known as decontamination solution number 2, DS2. The spray is capable of neutralizing mustard (HD agent), nerve agents such as VX and the G series (e.g., tabun, sarin), and biological agents on surfaces of vehicles and outdoor equipment). The units should be filled and operated by users wearing appropriate protective clothing."
    },
    {
      "code": "20577",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Physical Removal",
      "definition": "Decontamination units designed to physically (e.g., through mechanical means) remove contaminants such as chemical and biological agents and toxic industrial materials from the equipment surface. Some units are also used for skin and/or personal-gear decontamination. Physical-removal decontamination units that employ high-pressure water, steam, high-pressure gases, particulates, and ultrasound are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20579",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Physical Removal, High-Pressure Gas/Particulate",
      "definition": "Decontamination units that employ high-pressure gas (typically carbon dioxide) for physical  removal of chemical agents, toxic industrial materials, and, less frequently, biological agents from the surface of equipment. These units typically consist of a portable high-pressure-gas delivery device and one or more hoses, nozzles, pressure gauges, and filters; they frequently include a handgun-like device to deliver frozen carbon dioxide particles (i.e., dry ice) at supersonic speeds to clean the interior of sensitive equipment. Some units also use plastic and/or glass beads for more aggressive surface decontamination. High-pressure-gas decontamination units can remove micrometric particles and hydrocarbon contaminants without destruction and/or abrasion of the equipment surface. Some devices may be used for skin decontamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20578",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Physical Removal, High-Pressure Water",
      "definition": "Decontamination units that employ hot or cold high-pressure water for physical removal of chemical agents, toxic industrial materials, and, less frequently, biological agents from the surface of equipment. These units typically consist of a high-pressure-water delivery device and one or more hoses, nozzles, pressure gauges, and filters. High-pressure-water decontamination units are used for surface decontamination of outdoor equipment and vehicles. A second decontamination cycle using chemical-neutralization agents is usually necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "20583",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Physical Removal/Chemical Neutralization",
      "definition": "Decontamination units designed for both physical (i.e., mechanical) removal and chemical neutralization of chemical and/or, less frequently, biological contaminants on equipment. These units may use one of several technologies for physical removal (e.g., hot soapy water solution, ultrasound, hot air) and a chemical substance (e.g., decontaminant solutions, emulsions) for neutralization of the contaminants. These units are used mainly for decontamination of sensitive (e.g., electronic, avionic) equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20584",
      "display": "Decontamination Units, Physical Removal/Chemical Neutralization, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Decontamination units designed for both physical (i.e., mechanical) removal and chemical neutralization of chemical and/or, less frequently, biological contaminants on contaminated equipment. These units include several tanks (typically three to five) that provide a cycle of washing, rinsing, chemical decontamination, and drying; several steps are performed using ultrasound energy and/or other heat sources. Ultrasonic decontamination units are used for cleaning and decontamination of sensitive equipment, including precision cleaning at the microscopic level."
    },
    {
      "code": "18504",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Cardioverter/Pacemakers, Implantable",
      "definition": "Implantable defibrillator-cardioverters that can also analyze the cardiac rhythm and provide multitiered therapy, including antitachycardia and/or bradycardia pacing, low-energy synchronized cardioversion, and unsynchronized defibrillation.  Most of these stimulators have memory modules for storage and retrieval of the cardiac electrical activity and programmable capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20376",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Cardioverter/Pacemakers, Implantable, Resynchronization",
      "definition": "Defibrillator/cardioverter/pacemakers that can also deliver simultaneous biventricular stimulations to synchronize ventricular contractions. Typically, the device (a dedicated pulse generator) is combined with a set of leads that includes two standard leads placed in both the right atrium and right ventricle and a third unipolar-electrode lead that is usually placed in a coronary vein (i.e., transvenously) that overlies the left ventricle. These devices add the capability of coordination (i.e., synchronization) of the left and right ventricles to obtain better pumping action. They are used for resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced heart failures (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy) and/or serious heart-rhythm problems (e.g., ventricular dysynchrony)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18502",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Cardioverters",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrical stimulators that apply brief high-voltage electroshocks to the heart that are intended to:(1) restore normal rhythm and contractile function in patients who are experiencing ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia that is not accompanied by a palpable pulse (i.e., defibrillation) or (2) correct noncritical dysrhythmias (e.g., to supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular reentrant tachycardia, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation) by applying relatively low-level stimuli shocks synchronized to the patient's ECG (i.e., cardioversion)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18503",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Cardioverters, Implantable",
      "definition": "Defibrillators/cardioverters that are permanently inserted (implanted) abdominally, pectorally, or subcutaneously. Pectoral and abdominally implanted devices are connected to the patient's heart through a set of epicardial or transvenous leads. These defibrillators/cardioverters consist of a hermetically sealed container, including a lightweight battery, electronic circuitry to sense cardiac activity and produce the electrical pulses (shocks), and electrode leads that conduct the myocardial signals to the defibrillator and the electrical defibrillating pulses to the patient when needed. Implantable defibrillators/cardioverters are intended to:(1) restore normal rhythm and contractile function in patients who are experiencing ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia that is not accompanied by a palpable pulse (i.e., defibrillation) or (2) correct noncritical dysrhythmias (e.g., to supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular reentrant tachycardia, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation) by applying relatively low-level stimuli shocks  synchronized to the patient's ECG (i.e., cardioversion). Subcutaneous implanted defibrillator/cardioverters that are connected to leads and electrodes anchored under the skin above but not touching the heart are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "35391",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Cardioverters, Implantable, Subcutaneous",
      "definition": "Defibrillators/cardioverters that are permanently inserted (implanted) subcutaneously and connected to leads and electrodes anchored under the skin above but not touching the heart. These defibrillators consist of a hermetically sealed container, including a lightweight battery, electronic circuitry to sense cardiac activity and produce the electrical pulses (shocks), and electrode leads that conduct the myocardial signals to the defibrillator and the electrical defibrillating pulses to the patient, when needed; they usually provide high energy stimuli to compensate for the large path from the electrodes to the heart. Subcutaneous implantable defibrillators/cardioverters are intended to:(1) restore normal rhythm and contractile function in patients who are experiencing ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia that is not accompanied by a palpable pulse (i.e., defibrillation) or (2) correct noncritical dysrhythmias (e.g., to supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular reentrant tachycardia, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation) by applying relatively low-level stimuli shocks  synchronized to the patient's ECG (i.e., cardioversion)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33053",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Pacemaker/Physiologic Monitors",
      "definition": "Devices that combine in a single unit the capabilities of external defibrillators and cardiac pacemakers and can also monitor several physiologic parameters. The devices usually can operate in automated, semiautomated, or manual defibrillation modes (manual mode can be used only by  healthcare staff with advanced life support training).  These devices typically include a main unit with appropriate generators to provide output for external cardiac defibrillation and pacing; a display that shows physiologic data and waveforms as well as directions for use when in automated defibrillation mode; attached cables for external application of transcutaneous electrical impulses to the heart; and ports for detachable monitoring and bioelectrical cardiac signal sensors. The equipment can also operate as an external cardiac pacemaker sending periodic electrical pulses (i.e., pacing). The equipment is also capable of measuring and displaying in real time (i.e., monitoring) several physiologic parameters such as non-invasive blood pressure, methemoglobin, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) as well as bioelectrical signals from the heart (ECG waveforms). The combined devices are used mainly for patients suffering cardiac arrests; some rugged versions are intended for emergency situations in the field."
    },
    {
      "code": "17882",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Pacemakers, External",
      "definition": "Defibrillator-pacemakers that generate electric impulses outside the body and deliver them to the heart through the chest wall using paddles (or electrodes).  These devices typically include an electrocardiographic monitor and two large-surface, conductive, disposable adhesive electrodes that conduct the electrical stimuli through the skin and skeletal muscle to the heart. External defibrillator-pacemakers allow defibrillators to be used in the emergency temporary treatment of asystole, severe bradycardia, implantable pacemaker failure, certain types of tachycardia, and sick sinus syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "17989",
      "display": "Defibrillator/Pacemakers, Implantable",
      "definition": "Defibrillators-pacemakers that are permanently inserted (implanted) either abdominally or pectorally and are connected to the patient's heart through a set of epicardial and/or endocardial leads. These stimulators combine the energy shock capabilities of implantable defibrillators and the pacing mode capabilities of implantable pacemakers to address slowed heart rhythms (bradycardia) or certain classes of cardiac arrhythmias."
    },
    {
      "code": "11132",
      "display": "Defibrillators",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrical stimulators that apply brief high-voltage electroshocks to the heart.  These stimulators are used to restore normal rhythm and contractile function in patients who are experiencing ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia that is not accompanied by a palpable pulse.  Some defibrillators may also be used to correct certain noncritical dysrhythmias (called synchronized defibrillation or cardioversion), using relatively low-level discharges synchronized to the patient's ECG waveform."
    },
    {
      "code": "18499",
      "display": "Defibrillators, External",
      "definition": "Defibrillators that generate electric impulses outside the body and deliver them to the heart through paddles (or electrodes), either directly during open heart surgery or externally through the chest wall.  Most defibrillators include several sets of paddles (e.g., chest paddles, smaller concave paddles for the exposed heart) or, alternatively, disposable defibrillation electrodes. The maximum output energy is limited to prevent injury to the heart muscle (i.e., 50 and 360 J are typical for direct and external defibrillation, respectively)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17116",
      "display": "Defibrillators, External, Automated",
      "definition": "External defibrillators that only require the user to apply the electrodes to the patient and follow the voice prompts and/or on-screen messages to operate the device; some require the user to activate the analysis function. Automated defibrillators analyze the ECG rhythm to determine if a defibrillation shock is needed; if it is, the defibrillator warns the operator and automatically charges and discharges. Most of these defibrillators use a single pair of disposable electrodes to monitor the ECG and deliver the defibrillator discharge, but some also incorporate ECG displays. The simple design and ease of use of automated defibrillators requires very little training and operational skill."
    },
    {
      "code": "29579",
      "display": "Defibrillators, External, Automated/Manual",
      "definition": "External defibrillators that combine in one unit the capabilities of automated and manual defibrillators. Automated mode operation of these defibrillators only requires the user to apply the electrodes to the patient's thorax and follow the voice prompts and/or on-screen messages. Then the defibrillators analyze the ECG rhythm to determine if a defibrillation shock is needed; if it is, the defibrillator warns the operator and automatically charges and discharges. When operated in manual mode the defibrillators require the operator to observe the ECG waveform, confirm ventricular fibrillation, and perform the necessary operations to apply the selected level of stored energy through the paddles to the thorax of the patient; the device may also provide cardioversion in manual mode. Combined automated/manual defibrillators usually include an electrocardiographic monitor as an integral part. The devices are typically battery-operated and easy to operate to facilitate the use in automated mode by people with very little training in the field, during transportation, and in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "11134",
      "display": "Defibrillators, External, Manual",
      "definition": "External defibrillators that require the operator to observe the ECG waveform, confirm ventricular fibrillation, and perform the necessary operations to charge the capacitors to the appropriate voltage and discharge the stored energy through the paddles into the patient. Manual external defibrillators are typically battery operated, but most devices may also be operated from line power.  Most of these defibrillators include an electrocardiographic monitor as an integral part; those defibrillators that do not include a monitor should be used with an ECG monitor or electrocardiograph to assess whether the abnormal cardiac rhythm may be corrected with an electric shock (i.e., to identify a \"shockable\" rhythm)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11137",
      "display": "Defibrillators, External, Manual, Line-Powered-Only",
      "definition": "Manual external defibrillators that only operate from line power. Most of these devices are movable, usually on a cart, but their use is limited by the availability of line power, so they cannot be used during patient transport in the hospital or in emergency vehicles. Line-powered defibrillators are typically used in locations where nonambulatory patients are being continuously monitored (e.g., intensive care, emergency rooms)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18500",
      "display": "Defibrillators, External, Semiautomated",
      "definition": "External defibrillators that require the user to apply the electrodes to the patient and activate the unit; the defibrillator then analyzes the ECG rhythm to determine if a defibrillation shock is needed, activating on-screen messages and/or voice prompts to operate the device and to deliver the shock if needed.  The simple design and ease of use of semiautomated defibrillators requires little training and operational skill compared to conventional manual defibrillators."
    },
    {
      "code": "17579",
      "display": "Defibrillators, External, Telephonic",
      "definition": "Manual defibrillators that include an electrocardiograph, a microphone, a battery, a cellular telephone, and a base station consisting of a control panel, an ECG, and a display with recording facilities. These devices allow remote electrocardiographic diagnosis and defibrillation control of patients by physicians by means of a telephone connection."
    },
    {
      "code": "16652",
      "display": "Defibrillators, Implantable",
      "definition": "Defibrillators that are permanently inserted (implanted) abdominally, pectorally, or subcutaneously. Pectoral and abdominally implanted defibrillators are connected to the patient's heart through a set of epicardial or transvenous leads. These defibrillators consist of a hermetically sealed container, including a lightweight battery, electronic circuitry to sense cardiac activity and produce the electrical pulses (shocks), and electrode leads that conduct the myocardial signals to the defibrillator and the electrical defibrillating pulses to the patient, when needed. Implantable defibrillators are used to sense ventricular fibrillation and initiate defibrillation by applying an electric shock to the heart to depolarize the myocardium. Some of these stimulators have memory modules for storage and retrieval of the cardiac electrical activity, and some have programmable capabilities. Subcutaneous implanted defibrillators that are connected to leads and electrodes anchored under the skin above but not touching the heart are also available. Implantable defibrillators are used as life saving devices mainly for tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest."
    },
    {
      "code": "34406",
      "display": "Defibrillators, Implantable, Subcutaneous",
      "definition": "Defibrillators that are permanently inserted (implanted) subcutaneously and connected to leads and electrodes anchored under the skin above but not touching the heart. These defibrillators consist of a hermetically sealed container, including a lightweight battery, electronic circuitry to sense cardiac activity and produce the electrical pulses (shocks), and electrode leads that conduct the myocardial signals to the defibrillator and the electrical defibrillating pulses to the patient when needed. Subcutaneous implantable defibrillators are used to sense ventricular fibrillation and initiate defibrillation by applying an electric shock to the heart to depolarize the myocardium; they usually provide high energy stimuli to compensate for the large path from the electrodes to the heart. Some subcutaneous defibrillators have memory modules for storage and retrieval of the cardiac electrical activity and/or programmable capabilities. The defibrillators are used as life saving devices mainly for tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest."
    },
    {
      "code": "23473",
      "display": "Defibrillators, Wearable, Automated",
      "definition": "Automated defibrillators designed to be worn externally by the patient to continuously detect, classify, record and treat potentially life-threatening arrhythmias (e.g., ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia). Typical designs include a vest-like garment containing the defibrillation electrodes; the electrodes are connected to a battery-powered monitor that is either worn on a shoulder strap or on a belt around the user's waist. These devices are primarily designed for patients at high risk for life-threatening arrhythmias who are either not yet candidates for an implantable defibrillator (e.g., patients who have recently undergone coronary revascularization procedures such as coronary bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention), who are unable to tolerate the requirements of an implantable device, and/or who refuse such therapy. They can be used in the home or institutional setting."
    },
    {
      "code": "36560",
      "display": "Dehumidifiers, Room Environment",
      "definition": "Dehumidifiers designed to decrease the amount of humidity inside a closed room environment. These dehumidifiers typically consist of equipment that may use technologies such as refrigeration coils and desiccant materials (e.g., silica gels). Most dehumidifiers include sensors and controls that regulate the humidity in the environment, and some may also include external pump kits, full-bucket sensors, and built-in timers. Room dehumidifiers are usually available in tabletop, mobile console, or in-duct installation configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33251",
      "display": "Demagnetizers, Surgical Instrument",
      "definition": "Demagnetizers designed to remove magnetism from surgical instrument. Surgical instruments become magnetized when an external magnetic field aligns the internal magnetic fields of the instrument in such a way that the instrument magnetic field is strong enough to pick up small objects. Surgical instrument demagnetizers consist of electric equipment that generates an irregular magnetic field that is applied to the magnetized instrument causing a random orientation  of the internal magnetic field components in the instrument,  with the result of  a non-significant net magnetic field (i.e., demagnetizing the instrument). Tabletop and handheld surgical instrument demagnetizers are available, some demagnetizers are capable of demagnetizing several instruments simultaneously including entire instrument trays without removing the instruments from their packages."
    },
    {
      "code": "15129",
      "display": "Densitometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments used to determine the amount of mass per unit of volume.  By extension, the term is also applied to the measurement of any unit per unit of volume, area, or length.  Some densitometers can also determine the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance (usually water) at a specific temperature, measuring the specific gravity."
    },
    {
      "code": "17152",
      "display": "Densitometers, Bone",
      "definition": "Densitometers intended to assess bone mineral content in the skeleton.  The primary purpose of these noninvasive measurements is to detect quantitative decreases in bone mass related to metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis and to help predict the risk of fracture."
    },
    {
      "code": "18846",
      "display": "Densitometers, Bone, Isotope",
      "definition": "Bone densitometers in which one or more beams of gamma rays (x-ray photons) emitted in the decay of isotopes are scanned across the body part to be measured.  The measures are based on the bone absorption of the x-ray photons."
    },
    {
      "code": "17150",
      "display": "Densitometers, Bone, Isotope, Dual-Photon Absorptiometry",
      "definition": "Isotope bone densitometers that use two sources to yield a dual-energy (two discrete line spectra) beam of gamma rays (x-ray photons). In addition to the dual photon sources, these densitometers typically include a scanner, a dual-channel analyzer, and a computer with appropriate software. Dual-photon densitometers are used to assess bone mineral content in the axial skeleton, usually by measuring the lumbar spine and the hip region, including the proximal femur."
    },
    {
      "code": "17151",
      "display": "Densitometers, Bone, Isotope, Single-Photon Absorptiometry",
      "definition": "Isotope bone densitometers that use a single source to yield an essentially monoenergetic (one discrete line spectrum) beam of gamma rays (x-ray photons). In addition to the single photon source, these densitometers typically include a scanner, a single-channel analyzer, and a computer with appropriate software. Single-photon densitometers are used to assess bone mineral content in the appendicular skeleton, usually by measuring the forearm (radius) or the heel."
    },
    {
      "code": "17540",
      "display": "Densitometers, Bone, X-Ray",
      "definition": "Bone densitometers that include an x-ray tube to produce the radiation that scans the body part to be measured.  Measurements are based on the bone absorption of the x-rays and made by scintillation detectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "17747",
      "display": "Densitometers, Bone, X-Ray, Dual-Energy Absorptiometry",
      "definition": "X-ray bone densitometers that use a dual energy spectrum from an x-ray source, typically by applying alternating pulses of low and high kilovoltage to an x-ray tube or by applying a fixed voltage and separating the energy spectrum into two narrow energy bands using a filter.  Dual-energy densitometers are used to assess bone mineral content in the axial skeleton, usually by measuring the lumbar spine and the hip region, including the proximal femur."
    },
    {
      "code": "17748",
      "display": "Densitometers, Bone, X-Ray, Single-Energy Absorptiometry",
      "definition": "X-ray bone densitometers that use a single energy spectrum from an x-ray tube.  Single-energy densitometers are used to assess bone mineral content in the appendicular skeleton, usually by measuring the forearm (radius) or the heel."
    },
    {
      "code": "18844",
      "display": "Densitometers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Densitometers used in the clinical laboratory.  Laboratory densitometers are usually dedicated instruments, used to measure density and/or specific gravity of liquids, gases, and semisolids.  Other laboratory densitometers are used to determine the optical density of films and slides."
    },
    {
      "code": "18845",
      "display": "Densitometers, Laboratory, Liquid",
      "definition": "Laboratory densitometers used to determine the density of liquids.  These densitometers are mostly used to measure the density of body fluids (e.g., blood, urine) and for other clinical laboratory determinations (e.g., protein content of serum); they may include digital displays and programming capabilities.  Some laboratory liquid densitometers can also measure specific gravity and/or gas density."
    },
    {
      "code": "15310",
      "display": "Densitometers, Laboratory, Liquid, Urine",
      "definition": "Dedicated laboratory liquid densitometers used for determining the specific gravity of urine samples.  Most of these instruments consist of a hydrometer--a long, slender glass float with a small metallic weight at the lower end--and a fluted glass or plastic cylinder for the urine sample.  The hydrometer, graduated in specific gravity units, is placed in cylinder containing the sample; the depth to which the float sinks indicates the urine's specific gravity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16905",
      "display": "Densitometers, Laboratory, Scanning Light",
      "definition": "Laboratory densitometers designed to determine the optical density of patterns found on the media (e.g., cellulose membranes) commonly used in biotechnology tests. These densitometers typically include a light source, a monochromator, devices to provide sample motion or analysis over a given area, optical systems to direct and regulate light waves, and a photodetector; some scanning densitometers include computer capabilities for the analysis of densitometric patterns. Scanning light laboratory densitometers are used to assess the developed pattern or protein fractions on cellulose-acetate membranes after electrophoresis (electrophoretogram) as well as the results of thin-layer chromatography tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "16548",
      "display": "Densitometers, X-Ray Film",
      "definition": "Densitometers used to determine the degree of darkening (optical density) of developed radiographic or photographic films, usually by means of a light source and a photocell that measures light transmission through a given area of film.  These densitometers are used to determine the radiation recorded on the film and are frequently included as part of a quality control process."
    },
    {
      "code": "18597",
      "display": "Dental Air Abrasion Units",
      "definition": "Dental units designed to cut tooth structure or remove deposits from teeth by applying abrasive microparticles (e.g., aluminum oxide) by air blast, acting like a sandblaster. These instruments consist of a built-in air compressor, pressure controllers, and handpieces that typically use interchangeable nozzles; several nozzle angles (e.g., 45, 90) are typically available. Most units also include filtering modules for particle and gas evacuation (e.g., aluminum oxide particles, waste odors). Some dental procedures can be performed with less noise, heat, and vibration than when using drills, causing less trauma and often eliminating the need for anesthetics. Dental air abrasion units are used for cavity preparation; to remove amalgam and composite materials; for tooth surface (enamel) treatment either, for removal of residue or for preparing the surface for bonding of orthodontic appliances; in cosmetic dentistry; and in other dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "36761",
      "display": "Dental Appliance Cases",
      "definition": "Lidded containers used for storing or soaking dental appliances (e.g., retainers, dentures, mouth guards) when not in use. These cases are typically watertight and made of a hard plastic that protects the appliance."
    },
    {
      "code": "21158",
      "display": "Dental Applicators, Endodontic (Retired)",
      "definition": "Dental applicators designed to hold cotton or other absorbent material fibers for the application of liquids into root canals. These applicators are typically slender flexible instruments with a rough, round cross section tapered at the working end that can hold the cotton fibers without slipping. Endodontic dental applicators are used mainly to clean, apply medications, and/or sterilize the empty root canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "21155",
      "display": "Dental Applicators, Resin/Cement (Retired)",
      "definition": "Dental applicators designed to transport and place resins and cements. These instruments are typically manual, slender, metallic or plastic, double-ended devices; they are available with a variety of working ends from small cylinders to angled, padded-like shapes. Resin/cement dental applicators can also be used to apply temporary, insulating, and pulp-capping materials; dedicated dental brushes are also used for resin application, especially in etching and bonding procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17844",
      "display": "Dental Articulation Liquid",
      "definition": "Liquid solutions designed to characterize the contact relationship of the occlusal surfaces between the maxillary and mandibular teeth. These solutions are typically a binary liquid system that includes a primary liquid compound that is partially absorbed by the teeth and a second liquid compound that may be either applied to the teeth to show contact surfaces on the tooth itself or on a substrate that shows visible marks when the patient bites. Articulation dental liquids are used in a variety of dental tests, such as the determination of size, shape, and proper placement of partial dental prostheses and to program and/or assess the progress of orthodontic treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23876",
      "display": "Dental Attachments",
      "definition": "Devices designed to attach the plate (i.e., base) of a removable partial denture (including overlay dentures) to a fixed support (abutment) such as a natural tooth, tooth-root, dental implant, abutment crown, or tooth root stud. Dental attachments may consist of either a single, integral component: a preformed or custom-made metal casting or wire that fits around neighboring natural teeth to support a denture (i.e., clasps); or two components: one component is attached to the prosthesis and a second receptacle is attached to or anchored within a remaining tooth or other type of abutment (i.e., precision or semiprecision attachments, respectively).  Both precision and semiprecision attachments may be resilient or rigid (i.e., nonresilient); dedicated attachments intended for partial dentures and overlay partial dentures (i.e., overdentures) are available. Dental attachments intended for fixed partial dental prostheses (i.e., bridges) are usually cemented in place to natural teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "23878",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Clasp",
      "definition": "Dental attachments designed to be adapted around and/or rest on and surround natural tooth abutments, which are usually an integral component of a partial denture (including overlay dentures). These clasps typically have three components: an occlusal rest, a bracing, and a supporting arm; dental clasps are typically metal, flexible castings or wires. Custom-made and preformed dental clasps made of synthetic (e.g., polymer) materials are also available but less frequently used."
    },
    {
      "code": "23882",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Clasp, Overlay Partial Denture",
      "definition": "Clasp dental attachments designed to be adapted around and/or rest on and surround natural tooth abutments, which are usually an integral component of an overlay partial denture (i.e., overdenture). These clasps typically have three components: an occlusal rest, a bracing, and a supporting arm; dental clasps are typically metal flexible castings or wires. Custom-made and preformed overdenture clasps made of synthetic thermoplastic (e.g., polymer) materials are also available but less frequently used."
    },
    {
      "code": "23881",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Clasp, Partial Denture",
      "definition": "Clasp dental attachments designed to be adapted around and/or rest on and surround natural tooth abutments, which are usually an integral component of a partial denture. These clasps typically have three components: an occlusal rest, a bracing, and a supporting arm; dental clasps are typically metal, flexible castings or wires. Custom-made and preformed partial denture clasps made of synthetic thermoplastic (e.g., polymer) materials are also available but less frequently used."
    },
    {
      "code": "17113",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Precision",
      "definition": "Dental attachments fabricated using special metal alloys under precise tolerances (i.e., high-precision attachments), which are designed to attach partial dentures (including overlay partial dentures) to receptacles that are connected to or within an abutment (e.g., tooth, dental implant, abutment crown). These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a high degree of precision; one component is fixed to an abutment or may be supported by tissue and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base. Precision dental attachments may be rigid or have several degrees of resilience according to the torque transmitted to the abutment; they are available as intra- and extracoronal devices according to the fixation site. Precision dental attachments usually distribute chewing forces better and provide better cosmetic results than conventional clasp attachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23890",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Precision, Overlay Partial Denture",
      "definition": "Precision dental attachments designed to attach an overlay partial denture (i.e., overdenture) to receptacles that are connected to or within an abutment such as a natural tooth, abutment crown, dental implant, or tooth-root (radicular or intraradicular) stud. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a high degree of precision: one component is fixed to an abutment or may be supported by tissue and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base. Overdenture precision rigid attachments are available as intra- and extracoronal devices according to the fixation site, while resilient (i.e., nonrigid) precision attachments are usually extracoronal devices. Magnetic-coupled attachments are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23886",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Precision, Partial Denture",
      "definition": "Precision dental attachments designed to attach partial denture prostheses to receptacles that are connected to or anchored within an abutment such as a natural tooth, abutment crown, tooth-root stud, or dental implant. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a high degree of precision: one component is fixed to the abutment or may be supported by tissue and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base. Partial denture precision attachments are available as intra- and extracoronal devices according to the fixation site; attachments to dental implants and magnetic-coupled attachments are also available.  Both rigid and resilient partial denture attachments are available; resilient (i.e., nonrigid) attachments are usually extracoronal devices, but some intracoronal attachments may provide some degree of resilience. Partial denture precision attachments usually distribute the chewing forces better and provide better cosmetic results than conventional clasp attachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23888",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Precision, Partial Denture, Extracoronal",
      "definition": "Precision partial denture attachments designed to attach the partial denture to receptacles that are externally connected to the crown contour. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a high degree of precision: one component is externally fixed to the abutment teeth and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base (frequently made of a high-density plastic). Rigid and resilient attachments are available that permit a slight vertical, hinging, and/or rotational movement as the patient bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "23889",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Precision, Partial Denture, Implant",
      "definition": "Precision partial denture attachments designed to attach the partial denture to receptacles that are connected to dental implants and/or tooth-root (radicular or intraradicular) studs. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a high degree of precision: one component is fixed to the abutment (usually a dental implant) and a second component is an integral part of a partial denture.  Rigid and resilient attachments are available that permit a slight vertical, hinging, and/or rotational movement as the patient bites. Magnetic-coupled fixed implant attachments are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23887",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Precision, Partial Denture, Intracoronal",
      "definition": "Precision partial denture attachments designed to attach the partial denture to receptacles at a point inside the abutment crown contour. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a high degree of precision: one component is fixed within the abutment crown and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base; they are usually of a dovetailed or a slotted design. Rigid and, less frequently, resilient attachments are available that permit a slight vertical movement, hinging action, or rotational movement as the patient bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "23892",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Semiprecision",
      "definition": "Dental attachments fabricated using direct casting (e.g., injection molding) of materials such as plastics or wax, allowing small tolerances (i.e., semiprecision attachments), which are designed to attach partial dentures (including overlay partial dentures also known as overdentures) to receptacles that are connected to an abutment such as a tooth, abutment crown, dental implant, or tooth-root stud. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a lesser degree of precision than precision attachments: one component is fixed to an abutment or is supported by tissue and the second component is attached to the partial denture base. Semiprecision dental attachments may be rigid or have several degrees of resilience according to the torque transmitted to the abutment; they are available as intra- and extracoronal devices according to the fixation site. Semiprecision dental attachments usually distribute the chewing forces better and provide better cosmetic results than conventional clasp attachments. Magnetic-coupled attachments are also available; they are usually simpler and less expensive than precision attachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23899",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Semiprecision, Overlay Partial Denture",
      "definition": "Semiprecision dental attachments designed to attach an overlay partial denture (i.e., overdenture) to receptacles that are connected to or anchored within an abutment such as a natural tooth, abutment crown, dental implant, or tooth-root (radicular or intraradicular) stud. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a lesser degree of precision than a precision attachment: one component is fixed to the abutment or supported by tissue (usually resilient attachments) and a second component is integral part of the partial denture base. Overdenture semiprecision attachments are usually available as intra- and extracoronal devices according to the fixation site; magnetic-coupled attachments are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23895",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Semiprecision, Partial Denture",
      "definition": "Semiprecision attachments designed to attach partial denture prostheses to receptacles that are connected to or anchored within an abutment such as a natural tooth, abutment crowns, dental implant, or tooth-root (radicular or intraradicular) stud. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a lesser degree of precision than precision attachments: one component is fixed to the abutment or supported by tissue and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base. The attachments are usually available as intra- and extracoronal devices according to the fixation site. Rigid and resilient partial denture attachments are available; resilient (i.e., nonrigid) attachments are usually extracoronal devices. Magnetic-coupled attachments are also available. Semiprecision partial denture attachments are usually simpler and less expensive than precision attachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23897",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Semiprecision, Partial Denture, Extracoronal",
      "definition": "Semiprecision partial denture attachments designed to attach the partial denture to receptacles that are externally connected to the crown contour.  These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a lesser degree of precision than precision attachments: one component is fixed externally to the abutment tooth and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base. Rigid and resilient attachments are available that permit a slight vertical, hinging, and/or rotational movement as the patient bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "23898",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Semiprecision, Partial Denture, Implant",
      "definition": "Semiprecision partial denture attachments designed to attach the partial denture to receptacles that are connected to dental implants and/or tooth-root (radicular or intraradicular) studs. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a lesser degree of precision than precision attachments: one component is fixed to the abutment (usually a dental implant) and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base. Rigid and resilient attachments are available that permit a slight vertical, hinging, and/or rotational movement as the patient bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "23896",
      "display": "Dental Attachments, Semiprecision, Partial Denture, Intracoronal",
      "definition": "Rigid semiprecision partial denture attachments designed to attach a partial denture to receptacles at a point inside the abutment crown contour. These attachments are typically two-component devices that attach to each other with a lesser degree of precision than precision attachments: one component is fixed within the abutment crown and a second component is an integral part of the partial denture base. Rigid and resilient attachments are available that permit a slight vertical, hinging, or rotational movement as the patient bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "16412",
      "display": "Dental Burnishers",
      "definition": "Dental instruments designed to smooth and finish dental restorations after carving and/or to remove scratches on the amalgam surface by rubbing. Burnishers typically consist of a handheld, manual instrument with beveled grinding ends in a variety of shapes; they are available in single- and double-ended types. Dental burnishers are also used for minor trimming and polishing of dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16846",
      "display": "Dental Casting Investments",
      "definition": "Combinations of refractory material, such as silica, and binder material, such as gypsum, used to enclose wax patterns during the dental casting process. These materials are usually a powder that is mixed with water and may contain modifiers, including coloring agents. After dental casting investments are poured around the wax patterns, they solidify and can withstand the heat of the casting furnace to hold the precise shape left behind when the wax is burned out to form a mold for dental restorations."
    },
    {
      "code": "13403",
      "display": "Dental Casting Rings",
      "definition": "Cylinders used to contain dental investments during the dental casting process. These rings hold the investment in place around the wax pattern during setting while preparing the investment for casting. Dental casting rings are available in various circumferences and lengths to accommodate a variety of dental restorations. The rings can be made of metal, plastic, or paper."
    },
    {
      "code": "16186",
      "display": "Dental Color Coding Rings",
      "definition": "Silicone rubber rings in various colors that fit around the handle of dental hand instruments. Dental color coding rings are used for identifying and organizing dental instruments. The rings can be smooth or textured."
    },
    {
      "code": "11155",
      "display": "Dental Dams",
      "definition": "Dental dams are thin square or rectangular sheets used by dentists to isolate a tooth or teeth during dental or endodontic procedures. They usually range in size between 4 in. to 6 in. (10 cm to 15 cm), come in various colors, and are made of natural rubber latex or of elastic plastomers (polymer material which combines qualities of elastomers and plastics) for use with patients and staff who are sensitive to latex. To place the dental dam, a hole is punched in the dental dam to allow placement around the tooth or teeth undergoing treatment, and the dam is placed in a frame and clamped to the tooth or teeth, which holds the dam in place within the patient's mouth during the procedure. Some dental dams are manufactured with built-in flexible frames. They are used in dentists' offices to minimize the risk of contamination by bacteria from the fluids of the mouth, to provide a clean operating field, and to prevent aspiration by the patient of dental materials, irrigants, or instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "11165",
      "display": "Dental Delivery Units",
      "definition": "Equipment combined in a single unit designed to deliver dental care. These units typically combine all the fundamental devices needed to provide dental services, such as handpieces, lights, and cuspidors; they also include the supplies needed for their operation, such as compressed air, suction, electricity, and water. Dental delivery units are frequently available as stand-alone units, but some units are attached to a dental chair. Dental delivery units are the main component of dental systems that may also include x-ray devices, cabinets, stools, sterilization units, and other ancillary equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "16470",
      "display": "Dental Disks, Abrasive",
      "definition": "Circular plates that have abrasive materials bonded to the surface and/or edge, either the inside (safe outside) or the outside (safe inside). Abrasive disks are used with straight or contra-angled handpieces for low revolutions in polishing and finishing a cavity preparation and for cutting or polishing dental restorations."
    },
    {
      "code": "11156",
      "display": "Dental Engines",
      "definition": "Machines designed to provide power for operation of rotary dental instruments. These machines include electrical motors and hydraulic or compressed air (i.e., pneumatic) systems with appropriate attachments for connection to the dental instruments (e.g., adapters to handpieces)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11158",
      "display": "Dental Floss",
      "definition": "Soft dental materials consisting of a thread or thin tape designed to clean the interdental spaces (i.e., dental floss) by dislodging debris.  Dental floss is usually available in small plastic containers (dispensers) that contain from 10 to 50 meters (30 to 150 feet) of floss. Typically the user pulls out the desired amount of floss and then cuts it using a protected blade included on the container. Dental floss may be waxed or not, some dental floss may be also flavored. Dental floss is used at home and in healthcare facilities for personal hygiene of the mouth."
    },
    {
      "code": "16614",
      "display": "Dental Floss Holders",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold taut a small length of dental floss between two prongs to make it easier to floss in between the teeth to dislodge debris. The dental floss holders usually are made of hard plastic and are shaped with a small handle with two prongs coming off the distal end with a notched end on each prong to hold the dental floss in position between the two prongs. Some dental floss holders (usually disposable after one use) come equipped with dental floss preloaded into the holder."
    },
    {
      "code": "16662",
      "display": "Dental Hand Instruments, Endodontic",
      "definition": "Hand-held instruments used for dental cleanings and endodontic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16664",
      "display": "Dental Hand Instruments, Orthodontic",
      "definition": "Handheld dental instruments designed for placing othodontic bands on patient's teeth. Orthodontic instruments  are usually made of metal with a dull curved tip and have a handle at their distal end to be held by the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "16665",
      "display": "Dental Hand Instruments, Periodontal",
      "definition": "Handheld dental instruments designed for use in dental cleanings and procedures. Peridontal instruments  are usually made of metal and are autoclavable.  They may include scalers, currettes, chisels and probes."
    },
    {
      "code": "28481",
      "display": "Dental Implant Pillars",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide a mechanical link between a dental implant and an external prosthesis. Pillars typically consist of a metal piece (a connector) which links externally (frequently threaded) to the dental implant at one end and fitted to the prosthesis (e.g., pontic, bridge or crown) at the other end. The pillar end intended for attaching to the prosthesis may be straight, angled, or round; standard and custom shaped types of attachments are available. Pillars that can be threaded to the dental implant to facilitate mounting and/or removal are also frequently available. Dental implant pillars are components of fixed partial or total dental prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "16744",
      "display": "Dental Implants",
      "definition": "Prosthetic devices designed for total or partial implantation into oral tissues to provide retention and support for fixed or removable dental prostheses (i.e., dentures), working as an artificial tooth root. Dental implants are usually devices resembling a screw and made of alloplastics (e.g., metal) materials; titanium (and/or titanium alloy) is the most frequently used metal due to its ability to become incorporated in the bone structure (i.e., fused to the bone, known as osseointegration). Dental implants are usually surgically embedded in the bone and work as a dental anchor that supports fixed or removable dental prostheses (i.e., dentures); when used to support a single tooth, the post to which the artificial tooth attaches is fixed to the implant. Dedicated dental implants may be intended for placing in the bone (i.e., endosteal), passing through the bone (i.e., transosteal), or resting on top of the bone (i.e., subperiosteal); dental implants that are totally or partially supported by gingival tissue are also available. Dental implants are available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including implants appropriate for individual teeth, several teeth (i.e., fixed partial prostheses, also known as bridges), and denture support."
    },
    {
      "code": "23653",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Endosteal",
      "definition": "Dental devices designed for total or partial implantation in the maxillary or mandibular bone (i.e., endosteal or endosseous). These implants typically consist of devices resembling a screw and are made of alloplastics (e.g., metal) materials; titanium (and/or titanium alloy) is the most frequently used metal due to its ability to become incorporated in the bone structure (i.e., fused to the bone, known as osseointegration). Standard endosteal dental implants are available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including implants appropriate for individual teeth (i.e., root-form implants), several teeth (i.e., fixed bridges), and complete denture support. Dedicated long flat implants (i.e., plate-form implants) are available that can fit into the jawbone when the bone is too narrow for a root-form implant and the area is not suitable for a bone graft."
    },
    {
      "code": "23658",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Endosteal, Partial Removable Denture",
      "definition": "Endosteal dental implants designed to attach (i.e., anchor) removable partial dentures to the maxilla or mandibular bone. These implants are typically sharp, pointed metal (e.g., titanium, stainless steel) devices (e.g., a very thin screw) with a tip that is introduced into the bone. Two main techniques are used to attach partial dentures to anchoring implants: the permanent attachment of the partial denture to the anchoring implant with screws that only the dentist can remove and the use of dental anchoring implants, including ball heads and sockets inserted into the base of the denture, permitting the denture to snap onto the head of the socket and be held in place; users can remove the denture by applying pressure in a lifting motion with their thumbs. Partial denture anchor implants are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the type of denture that they are intended to fix to the bones."
    },
    {
      "code": "16203",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Endosteal, Plate Form",
      "definition": "Endosteal dental implants designed for total or partial implantation into the lower mandibular bone and intended for denture anchoring and/or stabilization. These implantable dental plates typically consist of a multipin metallic staple (usually 5 or 7 pins) that is inserted through drilled holes in the mandible and fixed using either nuts or compression screws, allowing the use of an appropriate fitted dental prosthesis (e.g., denture). Mandibular implantable bone plates are used for anchoring implants for patients who are edentulous and who have deformed mandibles, contributing to the reconstruction of the severely atrophic mandibles."
    },
    {
      "code": "23565",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Endosteal, Root Form",
      "definition": "Endosteal dental implants designed for total or partial implantation into the bone and intended to replace a single tooth root (known as root-form implants) in either the maxillary or mandibular bone. These implants typically consist of devices resembling a screw and made of alloplastics (e.g., metal) materials that closely follow the shape and size of a natural tooth. Titanium (and/or titanium alloy) is the most frequently used metal due to its ability to become incorporated in the bone structure (i.e., fused to the bone, known as osseointegration); some implants add a hydroxyapatite external coat. Root-form implants are used to replace one or more isolated teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "28480",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Endosteal, Root Form, Roller",
      "definition": "Root form dental implants designed with the shape of a screw with an extended head configured as a cylinder (i.e., a roller). These implants are typically made of metal (e.g., titanium) materials conformed to follow the shape and size of a natural tooth root; they are intended for total or almost total implantation into the bone to replace a single tooth root in either the maxillary or mandibular bone.  Roller implants are intended for attachment to dedicated pillars which in turn support at the other end dental prostheses such as dental pontics, crowns, and bridges."
    },
    {
      "code": "28479",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Endosteal, Root Form, Screw",
      "definition": "Root form dental implants designed with the shape of a common screw. These implants are typically made of metal (e.g., titanium) materials conformed to follow the shape and size of a natural tooth root; they are intended for total or almost total implantation into the bone to replace a single tooth root in either the maxillary or mandibular bone.  Screw implants are intended for attachment to pillars which in turn support at the other end dental prostheses such as dental pontics, crowns, and bridges."
    },
    {
      "code": "23656",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Endosteal, Zygomatic",
      "definition": "Endosteal dental implants designed for implantation through the posterior alveolar crest and maxillary sinus into the body of the cheekbone (zygomatic implants). These implants typically consist of devices resembling one, two, or three long metallic screws; usually one or two conventional endosteal dental implants are also needed in the frontal area of the maxilla to stabilize fixed dental prostheses. Zygomatic dental implants are intended for use as an alternative to bone augmentation in patients with severely atrophic maxilla."
    },
    {
      "code": "23660",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Subperiosteal",
      "definition": "Dental devices designed for implantation on the surface of either the maxilla or mandible beneath the periosteum using a metal framework that fits over the bone. These implants are typically custom made based on an impression of the bone made either during a surgical procedure or on a model of the bone made from computed tomography imaging of the jawbone. A dental laboratory creates the custom implant to fit the jaw, then the implant is inserted. Subperiosteal implants are intended for use when bone width or height is insufficient for a root-form or plate-form implant due to very advanced jawbone resorption."
    },
    {
      "code": "23659",
      "display": "Dental Implants, Transosteal",
      "definition": "Dental devices designed for implantation through the mandibular bone (i.e., transosteal or transosseous). These implants typically consist of screws that are inserted through the bone, penetrating the entire jaw and emerging at the bottom of the chin where they are secured with a nut and a pressure plate. Transosteal implants are usually made of alloplastics (e.g., metal) materials; titanium (and/or titanium alloy) is the most frequently used metal due to its ability to become incorporated in the bone structure (i.e., fused to the bone, known as osseointegration). Standard transosteal dental implants are available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including implants appropriate for individual teeth, several teeth (i.e., bridges), and complete denture support; this type of implant is no longer frequently used in current dental practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "26863",
      "display": "Dental Inserters, Small Prosthesis, Pressure-Sensitive",
      "definition": "Dental inserters designed for holding and placement of small dental prostheses (i.e., dental restorations) using a pressure-sensitive adhesive at the tip. These devices typically consist of a disposable inserter resembling a swab whose tip at the proximal end (i.e., making contact with the teeth) carries a pressure-dependent adhesive which permits the dentist to apply appropriate pressure between the inserter and the prosthesis according to the size and weight of the prosthesis to be inserted.  After the correct position of the restoration is verified, the inserter is taken away leaving the prosthesis in place. Small restoration dental inserters are used mainly to insert dental (mainly cosmetic) fixed prostheses such as veneers, brackets, crowns, inlays, and onlays."
    },
    {
      "code": "23661",
      "display": "Dental Inserts, Intramucosal",
      "definition": "Dental devices designed for attachment to the lateral sides (i.e., inserts) of a denture to improve denture retention. These inserts typically consist of small metal buttons (typically resembling a mushroom) that face toward the tissue and can engage the surgically created indentations at diverse angles in the patient's soft tissues bearing the denture.  Intramucosal inserts are intended to provide stability and holding power to movable dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "40833",
      "display": "Dental Laboratory Vibrators",
      "definition": "Mechanical devices with a vibrating top designed to remove air from dental casting materials that are contained in denture flasks or mixing bowls. Dental vibrators usually have various frequencies and speeds to accommodate different dental casting compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "41867",
      "display": "Dental Material Dispensing Guns",
      "definition": "Handheld devices designed for administering dental materials to the oral cavity, impression trays, or other dental supplies and that have a trigger control mechanism. The trigger controls the plungers which pushes the impression material through the dispensing tip to deliver the dental material in the appropriate amount. These tools attach to a cartridge or unit-dose compule containing dental material. The devices can be battery- or line-powered. Some dental material dispensing guns include a heating element."
    },
    {
      "code": "16388",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Adhesive, Denture/Oral Tissue",
      "definition": "Compounds (typically in powder or paste form) used to stabilize dentures in the mouth."
    },
    {
      "code": "16658",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Adhesive, Impression Material/Tray",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to increase the adhesion of a completed dental impression to the tray upon removal from the mouth. These dental materials usually consist of silicone-based adhesives and colorants that when applied to intraoral impression trays enhance the adhesion of dental impression materials. Dental impression material/tray adhesives are supplied in liquid form packaged in bottles. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16181",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Articulation Paper",
      "definition": "Dental materials which consist of papers designed to identify contact points between the maxillary and the mandibular teeth (i.e., articulation) during natural tooth occlusal adjustments.  These articulation materials are soft and fine papers treated with brightly colored materials (e.g., dye or wax) that mark the points of contact made by the teeth when a patient bites or grinds on it. Dental articulating papers should produce a sharp and clean field of markings on surfaces (e.g., natural teeth, porcelain, synthetic resins and dental metals) in a wet or dry field; they also may show different intensity of colors corresponding to occlusal pressure. Articulation papers are usually supplied as pre-cut strips or sheets and are used in dentists' offices to locate uneven occlusal areas in the bite."
    },
    {
      "code": "20759",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Caries Detection, Dye",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to aid in the identification of bacterially infected dentin (i.e., caries), so that it can be more effectively removed. These dental materials consist of staining solutions (i.e., dyes such as propylene glycol) which stain the organic matrix of less mineralized dentin to produce visible contrast that will assist the dentist in the removal of less obvious caries; they do not stain the bacteria. Caries detection dyes are available in a variety of colors; they are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16185",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Casting",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to make a positive copy of a given area of the oral cavity using a mold previously taken at the dentist's office. These dental materials include casting alloys, porcelains, and dental stones. The materials are usually poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of an appropriate shape to fit teeth and/or oral tissue which is allowed to solidify and then ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting alloys and porcelains should be compatible with oral tissues; they are used mainly in dental laboratories to make fixed prostheses (e.g., bridges, crowns, implants) and full or partial dentures; dental stone is typically used to make special castings (e.g., for gold prostheses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16661",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Casting, Alloys",
      "definition": "Dental casting materials, whose components are metal alloys, designed to make a positive copy of a given area of the oral cavity using a mold previously taken at the dentist's office. These casting materials may be made of nonprecious or precious alloys. The materials are poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of an appropriate shape to fit teeth and/or oral tissue, allowed to solidify and then ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Dental alloy casting materials are typically resistant to corrosion and tarnish; they also should be compatible with oral tissues. Dental alloy casting materials are used in dental laboratories for inlays, frameworks for fixed prostheses and partial dentures, for restoration posts, dental cores, and splints."
    },
    {
      "code": "16659",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Casting, Alloys, Nonprecious",
      "definition": "Dental casting materials, whose components are nonprecious metal alloys, designed to make a positive copy of a given area of the oral cavity using a mold previously taken at the dentist's office. These dental materials consist of alloys made of nonprecious metals (e.g., copper, zinc, tin, nickel). The materials are usually poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of an appropriate shape to fit teeth and/or oral tissue, allowed to solidify and then ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. They are typically resistant to corrosion and tarnish and should be compatible with oral tissues. Nonprecious casting materials are used in dental laboratories for inlays, frameworks for fixed prostheses and partial dentures, for restoration posts, dental cores, and splints."
    },
    {
      "code": "16660",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Casting, Alloys, Precious",
      "definition": "Dental casting materials, whose components are precious metal alloys, designed to make a positive copy of a given area of the oral cavity using a mold previously taken at the dentist's office. These dental materials consist of alloys made of precious metals (e.g., gold, silver, palladium, platinum). The materials are usually poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of an appropriate shape to fit teeth and/or oral tissue, allowed to solidify and then ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Precious casting materials are highly resistant to corrosion and tarnish and should be compatible with oral tissues. They are used in dental laboratories to make inlays, frameworks for fixed prostheses and partial dentures, for restoration posts, dental cores and splints."
    },
    {
      "code": "16839",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Casting, Dental Stone",
      "definition": "Dental casting materials whose main component is alpha gypsum (i.e., alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate) and designed to make a positive copy of a given area of the oral cavity, using a previously prepared mold. These dental casting materials consist of a powder that is mixed with water and then poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of an appropriate shape to fit teeth and/or oral tissue, allowed to solidify and then ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Dental stones have considerable strength and may originally be white but are generally colored for identification purposes; they also include various modifiers to regulate setting time and setting expansion. Dental stones are classified according to the physical characteristics (e.g., strength) in Class I, II, III, and IV respectively. They are used in dental laboratories to make casts and dies which in turn are used to make prostheses (e.g., gold crowns) and/or orthodontic appliances."
    },
    {
      "code": "39551",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Casting, Plaster",
      "definition": "Dental casting materials, whose main component is beta gypsum (i.e., beta-calcium sulfate hemihydrate), designed to make a positive copy of a given area of the oral cavity using a mold previously taken at the dentist's office. These dental casting materials consist of a powder that is mixed with water and then poured into a mold containing a hollow cavity of an appropriate shape to fit teeth and/or oral tissue, allowed to solidify, and then ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Dental plasters are used in dental laboratories for models, denture flasking, and articulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16187",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Casting, Porcelain",
      "definition": "Dental casting materials, whose main component is porcelain, designed to make a positive copy of a given area of the oral cavity using a mold previously taken at the dentist's office. These dental porcelains consist of biologically inert and esthetically pleasing materials that have considerable strength, whiteness, and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock. The materials are usually poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of an appropriate shape to fit teeth and/or oral tissue, allowed to solidify and then ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Porcelain casting materials are used mainly in dental laboratories to make bridges, crowns, and veneers."
    },
    {
      "code": "16182",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cavity Liner",
      "definition": "Cavity lining dental materials designed for use as a coating inside of the wall surfaces of a dental cavity during cavity preparation to facilitate the placement of other materials (i.e., cavity primers), and to enhance bonding of other (e.g., restorative) materials to the tooth surfaces. There are a variety of dental primers which composition is appropriate for the restorative materials to be used (e.g., composites, amalgam). Primer cavity lining materials are used in dentists' offices during operative dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16183",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cavity Varnish",
      "definition": "Cavity lining dental solutions designed for use as a very thin protective coating over the surfaces of a dental cavity before placement of restorative materials.  These dental materials consist of clear solutions of a resinous material or natural gum in a suitable organic solvent (e.g., ether or chloroform), that quickly evaporate and leave the resin as a very thin film over the preparation. Cavity varnish is not intended for use with composite resins since the varnish retards their set and interferes with their bonding. They are used in dentists' offices during operative dental procedures primarily to seal the dentinal tubules and to help prevent seepage of fluids, microorganisms, and/or debris between a restoration and the cavity walls (i.e., microleakage)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11150",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These dental materials typically consist of two bonding substances (a basic powder and an acidic liquid) that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Dental cement materials provide sealing to prevent marginal leakage and have good esthetics and proper thermal and chemical resistance in the oral environment and should be non-irritating to pulp and gingiva. These dental materials include glass ionomer, polycarboxilate and zinc oxide eugenol cements. They are used in dentists' offices as luting (cementing) agents, as protective, insulating, or sedative bases, and as temporary restorative materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "16703",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Ethoxy Benzoic Acid",
      "definition": "Cement dental materials, whose main component is ethoxy benzoic acid, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These cements usually consist of a basic powder (zinc oxide, aluminum oxide) and an acidic liquid (ethoxy benzoic acid) that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Ethoxy benzoic acid cements have proper thermal and chemical resistance in the oral environment. They should be resistant to dissolution in oral fluids, and non-irritating to pulp and gingiva. These cements are used in dentists' offices as sedative bases and for temporary restoration."
    },
    {
      "code": "16704",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Glass Ionomer",
      "definition": "Cement dental materials, whose main components are an aqueous polyalkenoic acid and a glass component, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These cements usually consist of a powder (an acid-soluble calcium fluoro-aluminosilicate glass) and an acid liquid  (e.g., tartaric, itaconic, maleic) that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. These cements should be resistant to dissolution in oral fluids, and non-irritating  to pulp and gingiva. Glass ionomer cements have anticariogenic properties due to the release of fluoride; they have proper thermal and chemical resistance in the oral environment. Metal-reinforced and resin modified glass ionomer cements are also available. Glass ionomer cements are used in dentists' offices as luting (cementing) agents, as intermediate bases under restorations and for restoring pits and fissures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16705",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Polycarboxylate",
      "definition": "Cement dental materials, whose main components are zinc oxide and polycarboxylic acid, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These cements consist of a basic powder (zinc, magnesium, aluminum) oxides and an acidic liquid (polyacrylic, itaconic) that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Polycarboxylate cements have proper thermal and chemical resistance in the oral environment; they should be resistant to dissolution in oral fluids, and non-irritating  to pulp and gingiva. They are used in dentists' offices as a cementing medium of cast alloys, porcelain restorations and orthodontic appliances, as a cavity liner, as an intermediate base under restorations, or as temporary restorative materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "16707",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Resin Composite",
      "definition": "Cement dental materials, whose main components are polymeric resins, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These cements consist of polymethyl methacrylate, silica powder and plasticizers that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Resin composite cements have good esthetics, proper thermal and chemical resistance in the oral environment, mechanical strength, workability and storage stability; they also should be resistant to dissolution in oral fluids, and non-irritating to pulp and gingiva. They are used in dentists' offices to attach ceramic or resin inlays and onlays, veneers, or metal restorations to teeth, and also can be used as cementing medium of orthodontic appliances (e.g., bands, brackets)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16708",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Silicophosphate",
      "definition": "Cement dental materials, whose main components are silicate and zinc phosphate, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These cements consist of calcium silicate, wollastonite,  phosphoric acid, and dissolved metallic ions (e.g., zinc, aluminum) that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Silicophosphate composite cements have good esthetics, proper thermal and chemical resistance in the oral environment, mechanical strength, workability, and storage stability. They are used in dentists' offices as temporary restorative materials and as cementing medium of orthodontic appliances (e.g., bands, brackets), for indirect restorations and also for porcelain crowns."
    },
    {
      "code": "16709",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Zinc Oxide Eugenol",
      "definition": "Cement dental materials, whose main components are zinc oxide and eugenol, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These cements consist of a powder (zinc oxide), a liquid (eugenol), and a plasticizer (vegetable or mineral oil) that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Zinc oxide eugenol cements have antibacterial properties, low thermal conductivity and are non-irritating to pulp and gingiva. They are used in dentists' offices for minor restorations (e.g., fractured teeth, lost restorations, advanced caries, pulpitis), as temporary cementing medium, and for pulp capping."
    },
    {
      "code": "16706",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Zinc Oxide Eugenol, Reinforced",
      "definition": "Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cements dental material, with hydrogenated resins added, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. ZOE cements consist of a powder (zinc oxide), a liquid (eugenol), a plasticizer (vegetable or mineral oil) and resins (polymethyl methacrylate) that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Reinforced ZOE cements have significantly higher strength than standard ZOE cements; they also have anesthetic and antibacterial properties, low thermal conductivity, and are non-irritating  to pulp and gingiva. They are used in dentists' offices for minor restoration (e.g., fractured teeth, lost restorations, advanced caries, pulpitis) and as temporary cementing medium and pulp capping."
    },
    {
      "code": "16710",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Cement, Zinc Phosphate",
      "definition": "Cement dental materials, whose main components are phosphoric acid and zinc oxide, designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening inside the mouth. These cements consist of a basic powder (zinc oxide), an acidic liquid (phosphoric acid), and water that are mixed together in a viscous paste immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. Zinc phosphate cements have proper thermal and chemical resistance in the oral environment; they also should be resistant to dissolution in oral fluids. Zinc phosphate cements must be placed on a dental cavity liner or sealer to avoid pulp irritation. They are used in dentists' offices as cementing medium of inlays, crowns, bridges and orthodontic appliances (e.g., bands, brackets), as intermediate bases, or as temporary restorative materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "11184",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Desensitizer",
      "definition": "Dental materials consisting of gels, solutions, or creams that are used to prevent tooth sensitivity that arises from exposed dentin due to gingiva recession, enamel loss, dry mouth (xerostomia), or dental procedures or injuries. Desensitizers can be applied to all dentin surfaces, including cavity, crown, and cervical areas. They can also be placed under dental elements such as amalgam restorations, adhesive-composite restorations, or dental prostheses. They can be applied before or after tooth bleaching, scaling or root planning, or other dental procedures that may expose dentin. Desensitizers can be made of hydroxyethyl methacrylate or hydroxyapatite, and can include glutaraldehyde and/or fluoride. Desensitizers form plugs or crystals that seal dentinal tubules and cracks in the enamel when applied to the dentin and/or enamel surface, thereby blocking the exposed dentin and relieving pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "27788",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Disinfection, Endodontic",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed for oral cavity disinfection during endodontic (i.e., root canal) procedures. These dental materials typically consist of appropriate formulations of one or more of the following products: formocresol, sodium hypochlorite (e.g., 3%), and camphor mono-clorophenol. Endodontic disinfection materials are applied topically and are usually available as diluted solutions. They are used in dentists' offices for disinfection of the root-canal, frequently after extirpation of the dental pulp (i.e., pulpectomy) and/or pulp dressing."
    },
    {
      "code": "15806",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Dressing, Periodontal",
      "definition": "Dental materials used as dressings in the form of paste or liquid designed to cover and protect a wound and reduce infection around the teeth and adjacent tissue. They are usually zinc oxide and/or eugenol and other ingredients such as alcohol and oil. Periodontal dressings are used mainly to cover a surgical wound after gingival surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17737",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Etching Liquid/Gel",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to roughen the surface of the tooth enamel (i.e., etching) to increase the adhesion of dental restorative materials. These dental materials consist of liquid acid solutions (30 to 50 percent of phosphoric acid) or gels that increase the viscosity of fillings; the etching material is usually placed in the tooth prior to using dental composites, fissures, and cavity sealants. Dental etching materials are typically supplied packed in syringe-like devices; they are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16674",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental materials usually are inserted into the mouth while they are soft by means of a customized tray known as a stock tray. The materials then become solid in a few minutes and when removed from the mouth retain the shape of hard (e.g., teeth) and/or soft (e.g., tongue, cheeks, gums) tissues. Dental impression materials unite into a solid mass without adhering to the oral tissues and most of them have dimensional stability. They flow at temperatures which do not injure the oral tissue. Dental impression materials include alginate, polyether and vinyl polysiloxane. They are used in dental offices and provide models for study and for production of restorative prosthetic dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16675",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Agar",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with elastic and thermoplastic properties, whose main component is reversible agar hydrocolloid, designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials consist of agar, water, chemicals (e.g., borax, potassium sulfate) and fillers that increase their strength and stiffness. Agar dental impression materials are usually supplied in plastic tubes or in plastic or glass cartridges that fit a syringe. These dental impression materials are not frequently used in modern dental practices, although are still used for complex impressions in advanced restorative work. They are often used in dental laboratories to duplicate models because they can be reused many times."
    },
    {
      "code": "16676",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Alginate",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with elastic properties, whose main component is irreversible alginate hydrocolloid, designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials consist of soluble alginate, reactors (e.g., calcium sulfate) which cause the alginate to gel, and retarders (e.g., sodium, potassium sulfate) which prevent gelation from occurring too rapidly. Alginate dental impression materials with fast setting time are available; dust free and/or antimicrobial alginate products are also available. These dental impression materials are supplied in powder form, either in bulk or in measured portions packed in foil envelopes, pouches, or bags. They are used in dental offices for border molding, final impressions, partial and complete denture cases, and orthodontics."
    },
    {
      "code": "27377",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Compound",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with thermoplastic properties (known as compounds) designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials may consist of dedicated synthetic resin or a wax-like mixture of stearic acid, resins, and oils  mixed with an inner filler (e.g., talc) and a pigment. Compound dental impression materials are supplied as cakes, wafers, or sticks and in various colors to aid in distinguishing between products of different softening temperature ranges. These dental impression materials allow easy corrections and additions; their viscosity is controlled with temperature. They are used in dental offices for preliminary full denture and edentulous impressions, for support of edentulous areas or saddle areas, and to facilitate either preliminary or final impressions for partial dentures or better study models. Dedicated compound materials based on wax or synthetic resins are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27379",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Compound, Synthetic Resin",
      "definition": "Compound dental impression materials, whose main component is synthetic resin. They are designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These compound dental impression materials have some of the physical properties of natural resins but are different chemically; they consist of a synthetic polymer and a filler. Compound synthetic resin dental impression materials are supplied in fine powder (polymer) and in liquid (monomer); they are mixed to form a gel or dough and processed into a rigid solid. They are used in dental offices for rebasing and for impressions of missing portions of dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27378",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Compound, Wax",
      "definition": "Compound dental impression materials with thermoplastic properties, whose main component is wax. They are designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These compound dental impression materials consist of a base wax (e.g., hydrocarbon or ester types), additional waxes acting as modifiers, colorants, and excipients. Compound wax dental impression materials are supplied in sheets, wafers, and/or sticks. These compound dental impression materials should not shrink or distort as they cool. They are used in dental offices for checking and maintaining accurate occlusal records, for construction of nonmetallic denture bases and for laboratory work."
    },
    {
      "code": "16677",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Polyether",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with elastomeric properties whose main component is polyether which is designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials consist of a base (polyether), a cross-linking agent (e.g., sulfate), a catalyst (e.g., glycol-based plasticizer) and a filler (e.g., silica). Polyether dental impression materials with fast setting time are available. They are less rigid for easier removal. These dental impression materials are supplied in bulk, cartridges, packages, and tubes; automix and autodispensing systems are also available. They are used in dental offices for crowns and bridges, inlays and onlays, functional impressions, and implant abutments."
    },
    {
      "code": "27371",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Rubber-Based",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with elastomeric properties whose main component is rubber based. They are designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials consist of a base, a catalyst (also known as accelerator) and inner substances or plasticizers to make a paste of a consistency that will remain in an impression tray until polymerization has taken place. Rubber-based dental impression materials with fast setting time are available. They are not adhesive; therefore, a tray adhesive is needed to prevent the impression from pulling away from the tray. These dental impression materials are supplied in bulk, packages, and tubes. They are used in dental offices for making impressions of areas containing undercuts, especially for crowns, inlays, and removable and fixed partial dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16678",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Rubber-Based, Polysulfide",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with elastomeric properties whose main component is polysulfide. They are designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials consist of a base (mercaptan polysulfide), a cross-linking agent (e.g., sulfur and/or lead peroxide) and catalysts (e.g., copper hydroxides, zinc peroxide, organic hydroperoxide). Polysulfide rubber-based dental impression materials with a fast setting time are available. These dental impression materials are supplied in paste form and are packed in tubes. They are used in dental offices for crowns, bridges, inlays, and temporary denture relines."
    },
    {
      "code": "27372",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Vinyl Polysiloxane",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with elastomeric properties whose main component is vinyl polysiloxane. They are designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials consist of a base (silicone polymer), a catalyst (e.g., chloroplatinic acid) and a filler (silica). Vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) dental impression materials usually have excellent elastic recovery, minimal permanent deformation, and adequate tear strength to maintain impression integrity and precision upon removal. These dental impression materials are available with a fast setting time and/or several degrees of viscosity. They are usually supplied in cartridges with or without mixing tips. VPS dental impression materials are used in dental offices for immediate denture and reline impression procedures and for making precise crown, bridge, and denture impressions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27374",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Vinyl Polysiloxane-Polyether",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with elastomeric properties whose main components are vinyl polysiloxane and polyether. They are designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials bring together the benefits of polyether and vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) in one material. VPS-polyether dental impression materials are available with a fast setting time and/or several degrees of viscosity. They are usually supplied in cartridges with or without mixing tips. These dental impression materials are used in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "27375",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Impression, Zinc Oxide-Eugenol",
      "definition": "Dental impression materials with rigid and inelastic properties, whose main components are zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE). They are designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of a given area of the oral cavity. These dental impression materials consist of zinc oxide, eugenol, rosin, and a vegetable or mineral oil that acts as a plasticizer and helps to offset the action of the eugenol as an irritant. ZOE dental impression materials are supplied in paste form and are packed in tubes. They are used in dental offices for preliminary compound impressions, mucostatic impressions, corrective washes, rebasing dentures, and denture relines."
    },
    {
      "code": "27773",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Manufacture/Repair",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed for use in the manufacture and/or repair of bridges, crowns, dentures, denture bases, and denture reliners. These materials include acrylic resins, ceramic blocks, silicone-based products, and composite resins; many of the materials resemble natural tissue coloration and are available in different esthetic shades. The materials have resistance to flexure fatigue and fluids present in the oral environment. Manufacture/repair dental materials are used in dental laboratories to repair or create bridges, crowns or dentures from a mold or from a computer scan of the patient's mouth using computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques and software."
    },
    {
      "code": "16728",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Manufacture/Repair, Denture Base Resin",
      "definition": "Dental materials whose main component is an acrylic resin designed for use in manufacturing and/or repair of denture bases (i.e., denture rebase). These dental materials usually consist of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate (e.g., urethane dimethacrylate) composite resins, usually obtained by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. Denture base resins usually resemble natural tissue coloration and have resistance to flexure fatigue and fluids present in the oral environment; they are available in different esthetic shades. Denture-base resins are supplied in bulk packages or single-unit packets. They are used in dental laboratories usually to perform a major repair of a denture base (i.e., replace all the denture plastic material but the teeth)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16840",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Manufacture/Repair, Denture Reliner",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed for placement in the space between the denture base and the natural gums to improve denture fit. These dental materials consist of acrylic resins or silicone-based products that are added to the base or tissue-contacting surface of a denture as a permanent coating or lining. Denture reliners usually restore a proper fit to a new or worn denture eliminating or lessening rubbing and sore spots; soft and hard denture reliners are available. They are used in dentists' offices, dental laboratories, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "17609",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Manufacture/Repair, Denture Reliners, Hard",
      "definition": "Denture reliner materials with a hard consistency designed for placement in the space between the denture base and the natural gums to improve denture fit. These reliners are made of acrylic resins or silicone-based products that become a solid, hard product when added to the base or tissue-contacting surface of a denture conforming to the contours of the tissues. Typically, the denture together with an accurate impression of the shape of the gums is sent to the laboratory by the dentist for replacement of the impression material with a hard (e.g., acrylic) denture reliner. Hard denture reliners are used in dental laboratories to restore dentures, usually after removing some of the existing plastic from the inner portion of the denture base. Due to wear on dentures and/or changes in the users' gums, the process should be repeated periodically (e.g., every other year)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17610",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Manufacture/Repair, Denture Reliners, Soft",
      "definition": "Denture reliner materials with a soft consistency designed for placement in the space between the denture base and the natural gums to improve denture fit. These reliners are made of silicone-based products that become a soft (i.e., with a consistency from waxy to hard rubber) material when added to the base or tissue-contacting surface of a denture conforming to the contours of the tissues. Soft denture reliners are used at dentists' offices and/or by denture users at home to facilitate a temporary (e.g., from one to two years) accommodation of the denture to the gums."
    },
    {
      "code": "42097",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Manufacture/Repair, Polish",
      "definition": "Dental materials used for removing finishing and shaping scratches from dental appliances such as dentures, partial dentures, acrylic crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances after manufacturing. These polishing materials contain submicron particles of materials such as cerium oxide, colloidal silica, aluminum oxide, and diamonds."
    },
    {
      "code": "27653",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Manufacture/Repair, Zirconia",
      "definition": "Dental restorative materials in which the main component is  zirconia oxide. The composition is usually yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) material where Yttria (Y20 a) is an oxide of the metallic element yttrium. Both fully sintered (using hot or cold isostatic pressing) and partially sintered zirconia products (typically blocks and discs) are available as dental materials. Zirconia is used to manufacture crowns, bridges, onlays, inlays, and other dental restorations; the restorations are usually shaped using computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16363",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Plaque Disclosing",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to highlight the presence of dental plaque on tooth surfaces by means of harmless dyes. These dental materials consist of a dye (i.e., coloring) agent such as iodine and excipients. Plaque disclosing materials do not have prophylactic or therapeutic action, but by staining the region indicating the presence of plaque show the patient and/or dental healthcare providers the areas where more brushing and flossing are needed.  They are available in tablet or solution form and are used at home and in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "27769",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Primer",
      "definition": "Cavity lining dental materials designed for use as a coating inside of the wall surfaces of a dental cavity during cavity preparation to facilitate the placement of other materials (i.e., cavity primers), and to enhance bonding of other (e.g., restorative) materials to the tooth surfaces. There are a variety of dental primers which composition is appropriate for the restorative materials to be used (e.g., composites, amalgam). Primer cavity lining materials are used in dentists' offices during operative dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16699",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Prophylaxis, Paste",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to clean and polish teeth by the dental care staff. These dental materials usually consist of a semisolid mixture (i.e., a paste or cream) comprising several abrasive compounds; some dental pastes include fluoride in their preparation. Prophylaxis pastes usually start out coarse and gradually break down into smaller particles as you clean, resulting in less abrasion to the dentin and enamel; they provide a high-luster enamel polish. Prophylaxis pastes are available in different levels of coarse formulation (e.g. extra, medium, and fine); they are usually supplied in cups packaged in boxes. They are used in dentists' offices for prophylactic treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "16188",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative",
      "definition": "Dental materials such as gold foil, mercury, metal alloys, and other materials designed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These dental materials usually consist of specially combined substances whose occurring chemical reactions can be predictable and/or controllable. Restorative dental materials are fillings easy to manipulate and shape; they include amalgams, composite resins and unfilled resins. Restorative dental materials are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "10077",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Alloy",
      "definition": "Restorative dental materials consisting of metal alloys designed to be combined with mercury (i.e., to obtain dental amalgam) for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These alloys are the product of the fusion of several metals (e.g., silver, tin, zinc, and copper) to form an alloy that is appropriate for mixing with mercury; dental alloys are used in dentists' offices when dental amalgam is not available or in-situ mixing is desirable for other reasons."
    },
    {
      "code": "16367",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Amalgam",
      "definition": "Restorative dental materials designed to be used as metallic fillings for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These restorative dental materials consist of a mixture of liquid mercury and alloys made mostly of silver, tin, zinc, and copper. Amalgam restorative dental materials do not adhere to tooth structure without the aid of cements or techniques which lock in the filling; they are strong, resistant to wear, malleable, durable, and are available in capsule, powder, and tablet forms. Amalgam restorative dental materials are usually placed on the rear molars since their metallic color is not an aesthetic match with natural tooth enamel. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16712",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Amalgam, Capsule",
      "definition": "Amalgam restorative dental materials in capsule form designed to be used as metallic fillings for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These amalgam restorative dental materials consist of a mixture of liquid mercury and high compressive strength alloys whose main constituents are silver, tin, and copper. The metal powder and mercury are contained in appropriate portions but separated in the capsule. The user activates the capsule thereby mixing the contents."
    },
    {
      "code": "16714",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Amalgam, Powder",
      "definition": "Amalgam restorative dental materials in powder form designed to be mixed with  liquid mercury and used as metallic fillings for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These amalgam restorative dental materials consist of high strength powder alloys with irregular particle shape whose main constituents are silver, tin, and copper; they do not contain zinc which therefore minimizes the risk of fracturing the restoration. Amalgam restorative dental materials supplied as powder ensure a long lasting restoration and do not adhere to tooth structure without the aid of cements or techniques which lock in the filling. These amalgam restorative dental materials are strong, resistant to wear, malleable, durable, and can be used in dispensing amalgamators without clogging and agglomeration. Amalgam restorative dental materials are usually placed on the rear molars since their metallic color is not an aesthetic match with natural tooth enamel. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16713",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Amalgam, Tablet",
      "definition": "Amalgam restorative dental materials in tablet form designed to be mixed with  liquid mercury and used as metallic fillings for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These amalgam restorative dental materials consist of a mixture of liquid mercury and high strength alloys whose main constituents are silver, tin, and copper; they do not contain zinc and therefore minimizes the risk of fracturing the restoration. Amalgam restorative dental materials supplied as tablets ensure a long lasting restoration and do not adhere to tooth structure without the aid of cements or techniques which lock in the filling. These amalgam restorative dental materials are strong, resistant to wear, malleable, durable, and can be triturated by hand or used by amalgamators; the amalgam is usually placed on the rear molars since its metallic color is not an aesthetic match with natural tooth enamel. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16724",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Composite Resin",
      "definition": "Restorative dental materials designed to be used as plastic fillings for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These restorative dental materials consist of a synthetic organic resin matrix in which a blend of particles (e.g., glass, quartz, silica) acting as fillers are dispersed. Composite resin restorative dental materials are supplied in a single-paste or in a two-paste system. They are usually strong, durable, easy to manipulate and shape. Composite resin restorative dental materials are placed in highly visible areas (e.g., the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling) or in areas where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority. Heat-cured, self-cured, and light-cured composite resin restorative dental materials are available. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16726",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Composite Resin, Heat-Cured",
      "definition": "Composite resin restorative dental materials designed to be used as plastic fillings for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth and require heat to activate polymerization. These composite restorative dental materials consist of a synthetic organic heat-polymerizable resin matrix in which a blend of particles (e.g., glass, quartz, silica) acting as fillers are dispersed. Heat-cured composite resin restorative dental materials are supplied in a single-paste system that is polymerized in situ by the application of heat. They are usually strong, durable, easy to manipulate and shape, and are placed in highly visible areas (e.g., the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling) or in areas where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority. Heat-cured composite resin restorative dental materials are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "27759",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Composite Resin, Light-Cured",
      "definition": "Composite resin restorative dental materials designed to be used as plastic fillings,  for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth and require an activator and a catalyst to activate polymerization. These composite restorative dental materials consist of a synthetic organic photo-polymerizable resin matrix in which a blend of particles (e.g., glass, quartz, silica) acting as fillers are dispersed. Light-cured composite resin restorative dental materials are supplied in a single-paste system that is polymerized in situ by the application of ultraviolet or visible light. They are usually strong, durable, easy to manipulate and shape. These composite resin restorative dental materials provide dense restorations because no mixing is required that might introduce air bubbles (i.e., porosity). Light-cured composite restorative dental materials are placed in highly visible areas (e.g., the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling) or in areas where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16725",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Composite Resin, Self-Cured",
      "definition": "Composite resin restorative dental materials designed to be used as plastic fillings, for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth and require an activator and a catalyst to activate polymerization. These composite restorative dental materials consist of a synthetic organic self-polymerizable resin matrix in which a blend of particles (e.g., glass, quartz, silica) acting as fillers are dispersed. Self-cured composite resin restorative dental materials are supplied in a two-paste system (activator and catalyst); both pastes are mixed in appropriate proportion polymerizing in a solid resin without the use of external heat. They are usually strong, durable, easy to manipulate and shape. They are placed in highly visible areas (e.g., the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling), in areas of the mouth where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority or in areas inaccessible to light. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "34223",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Endodontic Gutta Percha Point",
      "definition": "Restorative dental materials consisting of sterile pieces made of gutta percha designed for use as a restorative material during endodontic treatments. These devices typically consist of small pieces of refined and coagulated exudates from certain trees (i.e., gutta percha) that soften when heated and are easily molded. Gutta percha has properties that make the material appropriate for root canal restorations, including high thermal expansion, not shrinking when cold, radiopaque, and resistant to moisture. Gutta percha points are used during root canal therapy as a temporary or permanent filling material."
    },
    {
      "code": "11159",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Gold Foil",
      "definition": "Restorative dental materials, whose main component is gold, designed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These restorative dental materials consist of pure gold rolled into extremely thin sheets. Restorative gold foils have non-toxic properties and provide patients long-lasting restorations. They are used in dentists' offices for crown repairs and as small fillings in areas where mastication forces are weak."
    },
    {
      "code": "16368",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Mercury",
      "definition": "Restorative dental materials consisting of mercury designed to be combined with appropriate dental alloys (i.e., to obtain dental amalgam) for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure, and/or function of a patient's teeth. Mercury intended for use as a restorative dental material usually consists of liquid mercury appropriate to mix with dental alloys; dental mercury is used in dentists' offices when dental amalgam is not available or in-situ mixing is desirable for other reasons."
    },
    {
      "code": "16727",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Restorative, Unfilled Resin",
      "definition": "Restorative dental materials designed to be used as resin-based sealants for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth. These restorative dental materials typically consist of resins that do not contain any additional modifiers such as fillers, colorants, dispersants, plasticizers, wetting agents, levelers, or defoamers. Unfilled resin restorative dental materials can be light-cured supplied in a single-paste system that is polymerized in situ by the application of ultraviolet or visible light; they can also be self-cured supplied in a two-paste system polymerizing in a solid resin without the use of external heat. Unfilled resins are easy to manipulate and shape, and are usually placed in the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth to seal their irregularities (i.e., pits and fissures) preventing the carious process. They are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "27789",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Sealing, Endodontic, Calcium Hydroxide",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed for sealing during endodontic (i.e., root canal) procedures consisting of calcium hydroxide (CaOH) as the main component. These dental materials are supplied usually in different forms; as a liquid containing CaOH suspended in a solvent, as a paste in which CaOH is suspended in methylcellulose, and as a two-paste system in tubes marked \"catalyst\" and \"base,\"  respectively. Calcium hydroxide dental materials usually provide protection to the pulp and promote the formation of secondary dentin. They have easy handling properties and are used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16697",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Splinting",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to be placed on the teeth to provide stabilization and immobilization (i.e., splinting). This helps to protect teeth from grinding or moving out of place. These dental materials usually consist of stainless steel, light-cure or self-cure composites, or modeling compound that are bonded to teeth in clinical applications. This helps keep in  position teeth that may have been replanted or have fractured roots. Dental splinting materials should have physical properties that allow the dentist to curve and manipulate them into the desired shape; they should not have memory as regards to its form. Splinting materials are used in dentists' offices where tooth stabilization is required."
    },
    {
      "code": "37141",
      "display": "Dental Materials, Whitener",
      "definition": "Dental materials intended to whiten teeth that have become discolored by stains, trauma, or endodontic treatment. These materials contain a bleaching agent, typically hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide; however, other whiteners containing alternative bleaching agents are available. Whiteners are available in multiple compositions including gels, rinses, chewing gums, toothpastes, paint-on films, and strips. Additionally, whiteners may be applied extracoronally to the tooth surface or endodontically (typically in patients who have undergone root canal procedures). They may be used in dentist's offices (i.e., professionally applied) or used at home (i.e., dentist-prescribed home-use or over-the-counter)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16370",
      "display": "Dental Matrix Band Wedges",
      "definition": "Dental devices designed to slightly separate teeth, securing dental matrix bands in place during insertion of dental restorative materials. These wedges are typically made of absorbable materials (e.g., linden wood) that use moisture to expand, facilitating a tight contact between the matrix band and the tooth surface; they are placed in the interproximal area of teeth. Matrix band wedges are frequently supplied with matrix bands."
    },
    {
      "code": "16195",
      "display": "Dental Matrix Bands",
      "definition": "Stainless steel bands designed to externally contour and confine dental restorative materials (e.g., resins) during their insertion in teeth. These bands typically consist of 0.015- to 0.05-inch - (0.0381 to 1.27 mm) thick stainless steel ribbons. The bands may be held in place by a mechanical retainer capable of drawing the band snugly around the tooth; the bands may be preformed (e.g., welded) in a loop that seals tightly around the tooth when used with a moisture absorbing wedge without using a retainer (i.e., retainerless matrix). Dedicated matrix bands are available for specific teeth (e.g., primary tooth, premolar, molar); matrix bands are also available in rolls intended for contouring segments to the appropriate length and shape for the characteristics of the tooth being restored as well as the position of the adjacent teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "27898",
      "display": "Dental Model Trimmers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to trim the edges of a full-scale reproduction (i.e., a model) of dental prostheses (e.g., artificial teeth, crowns), orthodontic devices, and/or nearby tissues. These trimmers typically consists of a bench-top electric powered equipment with a frontal working swinging door, coarse and fine abrasive wheels, and a built-in water irrigation system. The trimmers may also include a trimming tray, angulation tools, and a drain hose. Dental model trimmers are used in dental laboratories and in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15845",
      "display": "Dental Pantographs",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders for the angle between the upper and lower jaw.  A marking pen is attached to the lower jaw component of the device and makes recording on paper as the patient's mouth opens. These recorders are used to aid in construction of restorative and prosthetic dental devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18787",
      "display": "Dental Perimeters",
      "definition": "Devices designed to measure the dental arch perimeter, the distance from the mesial surface of the first permanent molar around the dental arch to the same point in the opposite side. Dental perimeters are usually used with a model made from a dental impression. Typically, the device consists of chain suspended between two stops or clips. The stops are connected to a horizontal cross bar marked with a measurement scale. One of the stops is fixed the bar and the other is movable. Separation of the stops when they are place on the molars of the model changes the form of the hanging chain. Then the dental arch perimeter can be expressed by the corresponding number from the cross bar."
    },
    {
      "code": "16202",
      "display": "Dental Posts, Endodontic",
      "definition": "Long, slender, dental devices, either custom-made or preformed, designed for insertion in the root canal (i.e., endodontic) to retain and strengthen restorative materials. These posts are typically solid, cylindrical, metal (e.g., stainless steel, titanium) pieces that are fixed, usually cemented, into a previously treated root canal; dedicated posts intended to support crown prostheses on top are also available. Smaller devices intended for insertion in the healthy dentine are called dental retention pins."
    },
    {
      "code": "17696",
      "display": "Dental Posts, Endodontic, Crown Support",
      "definition": "Endodontic posts, either custom-made or preformed, designed for insertion into the root canal to retain and strengthen crown prostheses. These posts are typically a solid, cylindrical, metal (e.g., stainless steel, gold alloy) piece with a proximal end appropriate to support the crown on top. The supporting post and crown are frequently available as combined fixed-crown prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "23648",
      "display": "Dental Prosthesis Connectors",
      "definition": "Connectors designed to lock artificial teeth to dental retainers used in fixed dental prostheses. These devices are an integral part of the dental prostheses; they may be rigid (e.g., cast, soldered) or semirigid (i.e., resilient) typically using a male-female locking connection. Dedicated dental prosthesis connectors are also available as a component of a two-component denture attachment."
    },
    {
      "code": "25104",
      "display": "Dental Prosthesis Design/Manufacturing Systems, Computer-Aided",
      "definition": "Systems designed for manufacturing and/or repair of dental prostheses using computer-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. These systems typically consist of a scanning unit that combines light sources and a video camera that may be mounted on a wand for in-vivo scanning of teeth, a central computer with appropriate software to process the data from the digital topographical image taken by the scanner and provide output for a computerized milling unit, and an automated computer milling/drilling machine that manufacture the prosthesis. Some systems may also take images from dental impressions or stone models. CAD/CAM dental prosthesis systems are intended for automated manufacturing of prostheses and restorations from ceramic, composite plastics, and/or metal blocks. All units of the systems may be located in dentists' offices or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate dental laboratory. Systems designed for manufacturing and/or repair of dental prostheses using computer-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. These systems typically consist of a scanning unit that combines light sources and a video camera that may be mounted on a wand for in-vivo scanning of teeth, a central computer with appropriate software to process the data from the digital topographical image taken by the scanner and provide output for a computerized milling unit, and an automated computer milling/drilling machine that manufacture the prosthesis. Some systems may also take images from dental impressions or stone models. CAD/CAM dental prosthesis systems are intended for automated manufacturing of prostheses and restorations from ceramic, composite plastics, and/or metal blocks. All units of the systems may be located in dentists' offices or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate dental laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "23647",
      "display": "Dental Prosthesis Pontics",
      "definition": "Artificial teeth designed for attachment (i.e., suspended) to the retainers of a fixed dental prosthesis. These devices are typically made of ceramic (e.g., porcelain) or synthetic resins; they are an integral part of fixed dental prostheses. Pontics are intended to occupy the space formerly filled by a natural tooth."
    },
    {
      "code": "16700",
      "display": "Dental Retention Pins",
      "definition": "Dental pins designed for insertion in the healthy dentine of a tooth to provide retention and/or stabilization (i.e., scaffolding) for dental restorations. These pins are typically small-diameter metal (e.g., stainless steel, titanium) cylinders, usually in a range of 1.0 to 3.2 mm (0.04 to 0.125 inch) that are inserted in a previously drilled hole in the tooth and fixed by either cement and/or threading or friction. A cylindrical hole with a beveled top is predrilled in the tooth to receive the threaded end of the pin; pins with a diameter larger than the accommodating hole may be fixed by friction alone. The upper part of the pin provides a surface for securely attaching the restoration (e.g., a reconstructed coronal portion) to the tooth. Larger devices intended for insertion into the root canal are called dental posts."
    },
    {
      "code": "23901",
      "display": "Dental Root Studs",
      "definition": "Dental devices designed for use as the fixed component of a two-component dental attachment; the other component is an integral part of a partial denture or overlay partial dentures (i.e., overdentures). Root studs are metal devices that may be either soldered or cast to a root coping or directly cemented to the tooth root (i.e., radicular studs) or fit within the tooth root (intraradicular studs). Some titanium studs can screw directly into tissues or implants. Dental root studs are intended to provide partial denture prostheses with a better distribution of the chewing forces along the axis of the abutment tooth root and to facilitate oral hygiene."
    },
    {
      "code": "23904",
      "display": "Dental Root Studs, Intraradicular",
      "definition": "Dental root studs designed to be fixed within a tooth root or directly screwed into the root (i.e., intraradicular studs). These studs are used as a component of a two-component dental attachment; the other component is fixed to a partial denture or overlay partial denture (i.e., overdenture) prosthesis base. Intraradicular dental root studs are intended to provide partial denture prostheses with a better distribution of the chewing forces along the axis of the abutment tooth root and to facilitate oral hygiene."
    },
    {
      "code": "23903",
      "display": "Dental Root Studs, Radicular",
      "definition": "Dental root studs designed to be fixed to a tooth root by either soldering or casting to a root-cap coping or cementing directly to the tooth root (i.e., radicular). These studs are used as a component of a two-component dental attachment; the other component is fixed to a partial denture or overlay partial denture (i.e., overdenture) prosthesis base. Radicular dental root studs are intended to provide partial denture prostheses with a better distribution of the chewing forces along the axis of the abutment tooth root and to facilitate oral hygiene."
    },
    {
      "code": "16189",
      "display": "Dental Wax",
      "definition": "Mixtures of natural and synthetic waxes, resins, coloring agents, and other additives, used to produce bite patterns for casting custom dental prostheses, such as crowns and bridges. These mixtures are also used in the construction of non-metallic denture bases, to register jaw relations, and as an aid in dental laboratory work."
    },
    {
      "code": "11167",
      "display": "Dentaphones",
      "definition": "Instruments used to enable deaf persons to hear sounds propagated through their teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "11168",
      "display": "Dentifrice",
      "definition": "Dental materials designed to clean and polish the teeth that are used in conjunction with a toothbrush. These dental materials usually contain a mild abrasive, a detergent, a flavoring agent, and a binder. Dentifrices are mainly supplied in paste form (i.e., toothpaste) filling a plastic tube; dentifrices in liquid and powder forms are also available. Some dentifrices may contain therapeutic agents (e.g., fluoride) to inhibit dental caries and/or to prevent gingivitis; dentifrices containing substances appropriate for people having sensitive gums are also available. They are widely used several times a day to help maintain acceptable oral hygiene."
    },
    {
      "code": "16396",
      "display": "Denture Anchors",
      "definition": "Dental devices designed to support (i.e., anchor) a removable denture in the oral cavity. These anchors are usually fixed to a natural support such as a tooth (e.g., extracoronal anchor) or the gingiva acting as a retaining component; the anchors may be also fixed to dental implants (e.g., ball-and-bar anchors). Denture anchors usually include locking capabilities (e.g., nuts, soldering caps, castable threads); they are intended to support a variety of (either rigid or resilient) dentures and overdentures with different characteristics, provided that the denture-locking component matches the anchor design. Dedicated denture anchors may be used as the fixed component of a two-component dental attachment for dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23906",
      "display": "Denture Anchors, Ball",
      "definition": "Denture anchors designed with a spherical locking element for connection to a removable denture. These anchors are typically a metal or plastic ball (some anchors may have rectangular rather than round cross-sections) that is fixed to a natural tooth (extracoronal fixing) or an implant; both vertical and horizontal ball anchoring devices are available for either rigid or resilient attachment to removable dentures and/or overdentures. Ball anchors used as extracoronal or implant-retaining elements have a wide range of applications; dedicated ball anchors may be used as the fixed component of a two-component dental attachment for dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23907",
      "display": "Denture Anchors, Bar",
      "definition": "Denture anchors designed with a locking bar element for connection to a removable denture. These anchors are typically a metal or hard plastic bar that is secured to extracoronal, gingival tissue and/or dental implants for either rigid or resilient attachment to partial dentures and/or overdentures. Bar anchors used as extracoronal or implant-retaining elements have a wide range of applications; dedicated bar anchors may be used as the fixed component of a two-component dental attachment for dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16729",
      "display": "Denture Base Resins, Heat-Cured",
      "definition": "Denture base resins that need heat during the polymerization process. These resins usually consist of an acrylic monometer of methyl methacrylate (typically supplied as a powder) that becomes a polymer (polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA) when mixed with a catalyst such as benzoyl peroxide (typically supplied as a liquid); reinforcing fillers may be included in the resin to increase its strength and/or durability. Heat-cured resins used for denture bases should be biocompatible and resistant to oral cavity fluids, provide good mechanical and esthetic properties, and should be also easy to repair. They are used in dental laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16730",
      "display": "Denture Base Resins, Self-Cured",
      "definition": "Denture base resins that polymerize after the addition of the catalyst without the addition of heat (i.e., self-cured, also called cold-cured). These resins usually consist of an acrylic monometer of methyl methacrylate (typically supplied as a powder) that becomes a polymer (polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA) when mixed with a catalyst such as benzoyl peroxide (typically supplied as a liquid); reinforcing fillers may be included in the resin to increase its strength and/or durability. Self-cured resins used for denture bases should be biocompatible and resistant to oral cavity fluids, provide good mechanical and esthetic properties, and should be also easy to repair. They are used in dental laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "11170",
      "display": "Denture Cushions",
      "definition": "Prefabricated or non-custom-made, disposable devices used to improve the fit of a loose or uncomfortable denture."
    },
    {
      "code": "41772",
      "display": "Denture Flask Ejectors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to remove denture molds or models from denture flasks. These devices usually use levers to dislodge the metal case from the mold or model or a plate to push the mold or model from the flask. Ejectors can be stand-alone devices or used with a dental press."
    },
    {
      "code": "40831",
      "display": "Denture Flask Presses",
      "definition": "Devices for applying pressure to a dental flask in order to compress the casting material when creating a mold for a denture and to compress the resin inside the mold when making dentures. The denture flask is placed between two plates of the press. The top plate is driven up and down by a screw shaft using a handle. Denture flask presses can be manually-, pneumatically-, or hydraulically-powered."
    },
    {
      "code": "40832",
      "display": "Denture Flasks",
      "definition": "Metal cases used in investing procedures for making dentures, including making the mold using trial dentures and using the mold to form the dentures. Denture flasks have three parts: the cap (top), the cope (middle), and the drag (bottom). Trial dentures are placed in the flask and invested with plaster casting material. Once the casting material is set and the mold complete, the mold is placed back in the flask and packed with resin to produce dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23649",
      "display": "Denture Plates",
      "definition": "Removable prosthetic plates (i.e., bases) designed to support partial or complete artificial dentures. These plates are typically made of plastics (e.g., acrylic resin), natural resin (e.g., shellac), or metal and are configured to fit the shape of the mouth cavity; the plates are usually an integral part of movable dentures. Dental plates are configured to permit easy extraction and repositioning of a removable denture by the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "23625",
      "display": "Dentures",
      "definition": "Removable dental prostheses designed for replacement of some or all the teeth in either the upper (i.e., maxilla) or lower (i.e., mandible) jaw. These devices typically consist of a custom-made or preformed prosthesis that includes artificial porcelain or resin teeth (also known as pontics) attached to a metallic (e.g., titanium) or polymeric (e.g., acrylic) base that fits on the alveolar ridge. Dedicated dentures intended to replace all the natural teeth in one arch (i.e., complete dentures) or to replace only one or more but not all teeth (i.e., partial dentures) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23626",
      "display": "Dentures, Complete",
      "definition": "Dentures designed for replacement of all teeth in the upper (i.e., maxilla) or lower (i.e., mandible) jaw. These dentures are typically a removable custom-made or preformed prosthesis that includes artificial porcelain or resin teeth attached to a movable metallic (e.g., titanium) or polymeric (e.g., acrylic) base that fits on the alveolar ridge. Complete dentures are available to replace all natural teeth in the upper (maxillary) or lower (i.e., mandibular) jaw. Dedicated complete dentures intended for insertion over one or more remaining teeth, roots, or implants (i.e., overlay dentures) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23636",
      "display": "Dentures, Complete, Immediate",
      "definition": "Complete dentures designed for insertion immediately following the removal of natural teeth. These dentures are custom made before the natural teeth are extracted using the patient's mouth as a mold for the denture base where a set of artificial teeth will be attached. Immediate complete dentures are inserted directly over the bleeding sockets when the bone and gingival tissue, which supported the natural teeth, are still intact; they will usually require temporary relining at the dentist office and permanent relining (replacement by a permanent denture) at the dental laboratory after the soft tissues have healed and shrinkage of the underlying bone has occurred."
    },
    {
      "code": "23635",
      "display": "Dentures, Complete, Overlay",
      "definition": "Dentures designed for insertion over one or more remaining teeth, roots, or implants for replacement of all the teeth in the upper (i.e., maxilla) or lower (i.e., mandible) jaw. These dentures are typically consist of a movable, custom-made prosthesis that includes artificial porcelain or resin teeth attached to movable metallic (e.g., titanium) or polymeric (e.g., acrylic) base and attachments that fit on the remaining dental parts, dental implants, and/or the alveolar ridge. Complete overlay dentures are available to replace all natural teeth in the upper or lower jaw."
    },
    {
      "code": "11172",
      "display": "Dentures, Complete, Preformed",
      "definition": "Complete dentures designed using a set of preformed teeth that are bonded to a custom-made denture base obtained using the patient's mouth as a mold; the denture is intended for replacement of all the teeth in the upper (i.e., maxilla) or lower (i.e., mandible) jaw. These dentures are typically assembled in a dental laboratory or, less frequently, at a dentist's office; they usually consist of a dental plate that comes in standard sizes that can be contoured to custom fit the patient's mouth and a set of artificial teeth that cover a full arch (either the upper or lower).  Preformed complete dentures are intended for use on edentulous alveolar ridges after tooth removal; they are no longer frequently used in current dental practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "17845",
      "display": "Dentures, Partial",
      "definition": "Dentures designed for replacement of one or more but not all the natural teeth in the upper (i.e., maxilla) or lower (i.e., mandible) jaw. These devices are typically a removable, custom-made prosthesis with a cast metal framework that fits on the alveolar ridge with porcelain or resin teeth attached. Partial dentures may be also intended to replace gingival tissue (e.g., using an acrylic overlay) and adjacent parts of the maxilla or mandible."
    },
    {
      "code": "23638",
      "display": "Dentures, Partial, Immediate",
      "definition": "Partial dentures designed for insertion immediately following the removal of natural teeth. These dentures are custom made before the natural teeth are extracted, using the patient's mouth as a mold for the denture base where a set of artificial teeth will be attached. Immediate partial dentures are inserted directly over the bleeding sockets when the bone and gingival tissue, which supported the natural teeth, are still intact; they will usually require temporary relining at the dentist office and a permanent relining (or replacement by a permanent denture) at the dental laboratory after the soft tissues have healed and shrinkage of the underlying bone has occurred"
    },
    {
      "code": "23637",
      "display": "Dentures, Partial, Overlay",
      "definition": "Dentures designed for insertion over one or more remaining teeth, roots, or implants for replacement of one or more, but not all, teeth in the upper (i.e., maxilla) or lower (i.e., mandible) jaw. These dentures are typically a removable, custom-made prosthesis that includes porcelain or resin teeth attached to a movable metal (e.g., titanium) or polymer (e.g., acrylic) base with attachments that fit on the remaining dental parts and the alveolar ridge."
    },
    {
      "code": "16486",
      "display": "Depressors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to displace tissue or organs by compression, facilitating the examination of body sites and/or providing access to them during surgical procedures. Depressors are typically handheld, manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes; depressors used for oral examination (tongue depressors) are usually disposable or reusable and used for a very short time. Surgical depressors usually consist of reusable metal devices that may be held or fixed to the organ or tissue (e.g., uterus, brain, sclera) for a longer period; some depressors are used to facilitate evaluation of organs before a surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "22000",
      "display": "Depressors, Surgical",
      "definition": "Depressors designed to displace by compression tissue or organs, facilitating the performance of surgical procedures. These depressors are typically handheld, manual reusable instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes that may be held or fixed to the organ or tissue for a long period of time during the surgical procedure. Surgical depressors are used in oral, intracranial, ophthalmic, orthopedic, and other procedures; some depressors may be used also to facilitate the evaluation of organs before surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "22005",
      "display": "Depressors, Surgical, Brain",
      "definition": "Surgical depressors designed for atraumatic compression of neurological brain tissue. These depressors are typically handheld, manual, metal, slender, flat instruments that may be concave at one or both working ends. Brain surgical depressors are used for gentle compression and slight movement of brain tissue during neurosurgery, to avoid high local pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "22008",
      "display": "Depressors, Surgical, Humeral Head",
      "definition": "Surgical depressors designed to displace by compression the humeral head; they are usually hooked around the posterior lip of the glenoid rim to expose the glenoid fossa. These depressors are typically a handheld, manual, slender, metallic instrument with one slightly curved open circular end, a flat shaft, and a smaller open opposite end forming a right angle with the shaft. Humeral head depressors are used to facilitate total shoulder reconstruction and reconstructive stabilization procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22001",
      "display": "Depressors, Surgical, Sclera",
      "definition": "Surgical depressors designed to displace by compression (e.g., roll) the white outer coat of the eyeball (i.e., the sclera), facilitating the examination of the surrounding tissue in the eye. These instruments a handheld, manual, slender instrument with a loop or other appropriate tip at the working end and a handle or a thimble-like (either closed or open) attachment at the proximal end. Scleral examination depressors permit surgeons to view the peripheral fundus while looking tangential to the retinal surface and to see the peripheral retina using an ophthalmoscope; they are used to visualize retinal tears, breaks, and/or elevations before or during surgery. Dedicated pediatric scleral depressors permit the examination of newborn eyes for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22007",
      "display": "Depressors, Surgical, Tongue",
      "definition": "Surgical depressors designed to displace the tongue by compression for a prolonged period of time, facilitating the excision of surrounding tissue in the oral cavity. Surgical tongue depressors are typically metal instruments with slightly curved and often serrated blades and a handle that is frequently at a right angle to the blade. Tongue surgical depressors are usually intended for repeated use; they are used for oral and/or dental surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "22006",
      "display": "Depressors, Surgical, Uterus",
      "definition": "Surgical depressors designed to displace the uterus by compression, facilitating the excision of surrounding tissue. These depressors are typically handheld, slender, metal instruments with single or double working ends conformed as a solid loop. Uterine surgical depressors are used to facilitate tumor excision and for other surgical procedures in the area of the uterus."
    },
    {
      "code": "21996",
      "display": "Depressors, Tongue, Blade/Stick",
      "definition": "Depressors designed to displace the tongue by compression, facilitating the examination of the surrounding tissue in the oral cavity during examination. These instruments are typically handheld, slender and straight sticks or blades inserted in the mouth. Tongue examination depressors are usually disposable (i.e., single use) wooden or plastic sticks; less frequently, metal devices (blades) are available for repeated use after sterilization. Disposable sticks may also be used with specially designed stick holders that facilitate their manipulation without directly touching the stick; those holders may include an ejecting mechanism."
    },
    {
      "code": "11177",
      "display": "Dermabrasion Units",
      "definition": "Mechanical devices such as wire brushes or emery paper cylinders that are used to plane the skin (surgical removal of the epidermis and as much of the dermis as necessary) to remove scars, tattoos, pigmented nevi, fine wrinkles, or other irregularities of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "40106",
      "display": "Dermatome Carriers",
      "definition": "Thin plates typically constructed of plastic and designed to support skin grafts during cutting procedures using carrier-based skin graft meshers (i.e., expanded mesh dermatomes). Dermatome carriers are typically designed to be used with a specific model of skin graft mesher and may incorporate mesher-specific grooves and/or channels on their surface. Some dermatome carriers may be designed to achieve a specific graft expansion ratio (e.g., 1.5:1, 3:1, 9:1). Dermatome carriers are typically supplied as sterile, single-use devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "11179",
      "display": "Dermatomes",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to rapidly excise (harvest) and/or process large, uniform-thickness skin slices. These instruments may be a manually operated device (e.g., a handheld mechanical frame and cutting blade) or, more frequently, a powered (e.g., electrical, pneumatic) device with a cutting blade. Powered (e.g., Castroviejo, Reese, Padgett-Hood, Brown, Davol-Simon, Zimmer) dermatomes typically use a rapidly oscillating blade that is manually advanced over the skin. Dermatomes are used mainly to obtain skin grafts from donor sites, but they are sometimes used in other procedures (e.g., to remove tattoos). Dedicated instruments are available to expand the skin graft (i.e., expanded mesh dermatomes), increasing the area of damaged skin that can be covered with a given graft."
    },
    {
      "code": "22123",
      "display": "Dermatomes, Electric",
      "definition": "Dermatomes designed to harvest large, uniform-thickness skin grafts using electric power. These dermatomes are typically handheld instruments that include an electric powered rapidly oscillating cutting blade that is manually advanced over the skin. Several dedicated electric dermatomes using this operating principle are available (e.g., Castroviejo, Reese, Padgett-Hood, Brown, Davol-Simon, Zimmer). Electric dermatomes are mainly used to obtain skin grafts from donor sites, but are sometimes used in other procedures (e.g., to remove tattoos)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22122",
      "display": "Dermatomes, Manual",
      "definition": "Dermatomes designed to harvest large, uniform-thickness skin grafts using manual (mechanical) procedures. These dermatomes are manually operated, handheld frames with an attached cutting blade or, more frequently, a drum with an oscillating blade that is manually operated as the drum rolls over the skin. Several models of manual dermatomes are available, including Reese and Padgett-Hood drum dermatomes. Manual dermatomes are used mainly to obtain skin grafts from donor sites, but they are sometimes used in other procedures (e.g., to remove tattoos)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13614",
      "display": "Dermatomes, Manual, Expanded Mesh",
      "definition": "Manual dermatomes designed to expand large, uniform-thickness skin slices, increasing the area of damaged skin that can be covered with a given graft. These dermatomes are typically manually operated, benchtop instruments that include a drum, a handle, a graft fixation piece, and a set of cutting blades. The blades are used to perform parallel superficial cuttings on a previously excised graft (i.e., to expand the graft as a mesh), improving graft stretching capabilities and making the graft permeable to subcutaneous secretions. Expanded mesh dermatomes facilitate skin graft conformance to the contour of damaged (e.g., burnt) skin areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "22129",
      "display": "Dermatomes, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Dermatomes designed to harvest large, uniform-thickness skin grafts using pneumatic power. These dermatomes are typically manual instruments that include a pneumatic-powered, rapidly oscillating cutting blade that is manually advanced over the skin. Several dedicated electric dermatomes using this operating principle are available (e.g., Castroviejo, Reese, Padgett-Hood, Brown, Davol-Simon, Zimmer). Pneumatic dermatomes are mainly used to obtain skin grafts from donor sites but are sometimes used in other procedures (e.g., to remove tattoos)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18021",
      "display": "Dermatoscopes",
      "definition": "Device designed to show details in the outer layer of skin, hair, scalp, nails for visual examination and treatment, especially to aid in the diagnosis of skin conditions. Dermatoscopes may include lightning and magnification system for devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18193",
      "display": "Dermoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion under the dermis for visual examination and treatment, especially to perform plastic surgery.  Dermoscopes may include a lighting system and a working channel for operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18194",
      "display": "Dermoscopes, Facial",
      "definition": "Dermoscopes designed for surgery beneath the facial skin (e.g., facial plastics, such as wrinkling of the forehead or overhanging brow). These endoscopes are intended for decreasing the length of incisions and thus the trauma and scarring of standard surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15130",
      "display": "Desiccators",
      "definition": "Small transparent enclosures designed to keep objects in storage free from moisture. Most desiccators consist of a two-piece glass enclosure, the lower portion of which includes a rim to hold a ceramic sample plate that has several holes over a desiccant agent (e.g., silica gel) and that is placed on the bottom; the cover is adjusted to ensure an airtight seal commonly using grease or silicone O-rings on the contact flanges. Some desiccators include an opening in the cover for a rubber stopper with a hole to apply a vacuum pump for fast moisture removal. Desiccators are mostly used to store anhydrous and hygroscopic chemicals and/or biological compounds in clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16284",
      "display": "Desiccators, Thin-Layer Chromatography Plate",
      "definition": "Desiccators designed to accommodate thin-layer chromatography plates, having racks or shelves sized to hold the plates. These desiccators can have a removable platform or rack on which the plates are placed."
    },
    {
      "code": "20514",
      "display": "Detection Kits",
      "definition": "Kits designed primarily for discovery and/or ascertainment (i.e., detection) of some physical, chemical, physiologic, or technical condition. These kits are not usually intended for accurate measurement and/or to display the numerical values of the conditions that are detected, although they can identify and provide rough estimates of the values and/or indicate when predetermined values have been reached or exceeded. Detection kits are used in healthcare applications and in emergency situations to indicate the presence of toxic materials, industrial contaminants, chemical or biological agents, and/or radiation-contaminated objects."
    },
    {
      "code": "20519",
      "display": "Detection Kits, Biological Agent",
      "definition": "Detection kits designed to detect and identify biological agents, such as bacteria and virus pathogens and/or toxins. These kits are based on technologies similar to those of clinical laboratory analyzers (e.g., immunoassays performed using test strips with antibodies to specific agents).  Typically, a sample is obtained with a swab and mixed with a buffer and then dropped in the test device that displays the results (either positive or negative) within a few minutes.Test strips for most common biothreats are available, including anthrax, ricin, plague (Yersinia pestis), botulinum toxin, tularemia (Francisella tularensis), and brucella. Biological agent detection kits permit in situ screening for unknown biological agents; however, the results should be verified with further laboratory tests. They are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel for rapid detection in contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "34346",
      "display": "Detection Kits, Biological Agent, Surface Contamination, Ultraviolet Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Detection kits designed to detect biological agents such as bacteria and virus pathogens and/or toxins on the surface of devices, furniture, or other accessible objects. These devices typically consist of a portable instrument which includes one or more ultraviolet lights sources (e.g., laser, LEDs), filters, and a fluorescence detector of the reflected light. The biologic contaminants fluoresce due to the presence of organic compounds but the kits cannot identify the particular contaminant that is present on the surface. Additional laboratory tests are needed to determine the organic contaminant. UV fluorescence surface contamination kits are used to determine the hygienic status by detecting organic residues on a surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "20515",
      "display": "Detection Kits, Chemical Agent",
      "definition": "Detection kits designed to detect and identify chemical agents, mainly nervous and/or blister liquids and/or aerosols. The method used is typically an enzymatic substrate-based reaction; the presence of agents is indicated by a specific color change. Chemical agent detection kits are very sensitive tools to detect nerve agents (e.g., VX and G series such as tabun and sarin) and blister agents including mustard and lewisite. Some kits can also detect blood agents, including cyanide products such as hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride. These kits are very useful in determining areas of contamination. Most kits are based either on chemical agent strip detection reagents or colorimetric tubes; kits specially designed for detection and identification of chemical agents in treated and/or untreated water samples are also available. Chemical agent detection kits are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel for rapid detection in contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20517",
      "display": "Detection Kits, Chemical Agent, Colorimetric Tube",
      "definition": "Chemical agent detection kits that use enzymatic techniques and colorimetric tubes to identify chemical agents. These kits usually include a hand pump that draws a sample into a specific tube to determine the presence of the chemical agent, signified by a change in color. They are very sensitive tools to detect nerve agents (e.g., VX and G series such as tabun and sarin) and blister agents such as mustard and lewisite. Some kits can also detect blood agents, including cyanide products such as hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride. More than 100 substance-specific reagent tubes are available. Some kits include an optical device to facilitate identification. The method typically used is an enzymatic substrate-based reaction; the presence of agents is indicated by a specific color change. The kits are an inexpensive, fast, and simple method of detecting chemical agents, but some knowledge is required of the agent that is likely to be present in the environment. Chemical agent detection kits are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and other personnel for rapid detection in contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20516",
      "display": "Detection Kits, Chemical Agent, Strip-Reagent",
      "definition": "Chemical agent detection kits based on strip detection reagents that change color in the presence of a chemical agent, permitting agent identification. These kits typically include a disposable plastic vapor sampler, one booklet of chemical agent detection strips (typically M8 paper), and instruction cards with laboratory filter paper test spots for the various agents. The method typically used is an enzymatic substrate-based reaction; the presence of agents is indicated by a specific color change. Chemical agent detection kits are very sensitive tools to detect nerve agents (e.g., VX and G series such as tabun and sarin), blister agents such as mustard and lewisite, and blood agents, including cyanide products such as hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride. These kits are very useful in determining areas of contamination but cannot detect chemical agents in water. They are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel for rapid detection in contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20518",
      "display": "Detection Kits, Chemical Agent, Water Testing",
      "definition": "Chemical agent detection kits designed to test natural and/or processed water. These kits usually include detector tubes, reagents, an instruction booklet or cards, tube holders, and a plastic container. They are used to detect nerve (e.g., G series or VX) agents and/or blister agents, including mustard and lewisite. Some can also detect blood agents, including cyanide products such as hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride. Typically, patches are wetted with water samples for nerve-agent determination and test containers are filled with water samples for blister and/or cyanide agent determination. Detection of agents is usually performed using colorimetric techniques. Chemical agent detection kits are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, and other personnel to determine whether a water supply is potable (i.e., drinkable)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20520",
      "display": "Detection Kits, Explosive Trace",
      "definition": "Detection kits designed to detect and identify traces of explosives (e.g., group A explosives such as TNT and TNB; group B explosives such as RDX, H, and C4; compounds containing nitrates that may be used in explosives). These kits typically consist of a set of reagents (e.g., sprays), detecting papers and/or pads, verification pads, and other manual tools that may be needed for proper explosive identification. Explosive trace detection kits permit in situ screening for concealed explosives; they are also useful as a pre- and/or postblast analytical tool. They are used by emergency teams and also by investigative, forensic, and law-enforcement personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20493",
      "display": "Detectors",
      "definition": "Devices designed primarily for automated discovery and/or ascertainment of the presence or existence (i.e., detection) of some physical, chemical, physiologic, or technical condition. Detectors are not intended for accurate measurement or display of the numerical values of the conditions that are detected, although they can provide rough estimates of those conditions and/or indicate when predetermined values have been reached or exceeded. These devices may include recorders and/or alarms. Most detectors are used in healthcare applications to indicate life-threatening conditions that may occur in medical device operation (e.g., bubble detection during intravenous infusion), to localize metals in the human body (especially in the eyes), or to determine the presence of certain physiologic vital signs (e.g., respiration, pulse). Other detectors can indicate the presence of hazardous environmental conditions (e.g., toxic agents, ionizing radiation, chemical or biological agents)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10510",
      "display": "Detectors, Air Bubble/Foam",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to discover air bubbles (e.g., gas embolus, typically of 0.5 ml or larger), micro bubbles (e.g., fractions of microliter), and/or foam in extracorporeal perfusion lines and/or devices intended to deliver blood and intravenous solutions into the vascular system.  These devices usually detect the gas embolus using photoelectric or ultrasonic techniques; they frequently trigger alarms and activate automated mechanisms to stop the infusion. Air bubble/foam detectors are used mainly in equipment designed to provide temporary total or partial external circulation for therapeutic or other purposes (e.g., heart-lung bypass, hemodialysis and apheresis units)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20748",
      "display": "Detectors, Air Bubble/Foam, Apheresis Unit",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to discover air bubbles and/or foam in the blood that is returned to the body through a venipuncture by the extracorporeal blood circuit of an apheresis unit. These devices detect the air bubbles and foam typically using ultrasonic sensors that detect changes in acoustic density. Apheresis unit air bubble/foam detectors usually trigger alarms and activate automated mechanisms to stop the infusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "15010",
      "display": "Detectors, Air Bubble/Foam, Heart-Lung Bypass Unit",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to discover air foam and/or bubbles in the blood that is returned to the body (usually through the aorta) from a heart-lung bypass unit. These devices may detect the air bubbles (an also foam) using either ultrasonic sensors that detect changes in acoustic density or less frequently photoelectric sensors that detect  infrared light by a photocell when a bubble is passing, otherwise the light is interrupted by the blood flow. The detectors usually consist of a control unit and a sensor; they usually trigger alarms and activate automated mechanisms to turn off the blood flow when a bubble occurs. One-way valves and filters are also included in heart-lung bypass units to prevent infusion of large amounts of air."
    },
    {
      "code": "11219",
      "display": "Detectors, Air Bubble/Foam, Hemodialysis Unit",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to discover air bubbles and/or foam in the blood that is returned to the body (usually through an arterio-venous fistula) by the extracorporeal blood circuit of a hemodialysis machine. These devices may detect the air bubbles (and also foam) using either ultrasonic sensors that detect changes in acoustic density or less frequently photoelectric sensors that detect infrared light by a photocell when a bubble is passing, otherwise the light is interrupted by the blood flow. Hemodialysis unit air bubble/foam detectors usually trigger alarms and activate automated mechanisms to stop the infusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "20751",
      "display": "Detectors, Air Bubble/Foam/Fluid Level",
      "definition": "Detectors that combine the capabilities of bubble, foam, and level detectors; they typically consist of electronic units using non-contact ultrasonic sensors. These detectors are intended to detect when blood has abnormally low or high level and/or there are air bubbles or foam in the blood that is returned to the body through a venipuncture. Air bubble/foam/fluid level detectors are used mainly in extracorporeal circulation devices such as heart-lung bypass, hemodialysis, and apheresis units. They usually trigger alarms and activate automated mechanisms to turn off the blood flow when an abnormal fluid level occurs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17764",
      "display": "Detectors, Airway Flow",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to magnify the sound of patient respiration by generating a whistle sound. These detectors fit over the proximal end of the tracheal or nasotracheal tube and accentuate the sound of air movement, enabling the operator to easily localize the point of maximal air movement just above the cords. After intubation, the detector helps confirm proper positioning as the whistle is auscultated during both inspiration and expiration. Respiratory rate, depth and inspiratory-expiratory forces can be ascertained by noting the intensity, duration, and pitch of the whistle sound."
    },
    {
      "code": "41685",
      "display": "Detectors, Alpha/Beta/Gamma Radiation",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to identify contamination of surfaces by alpha, beta, and/or gamma radiation. They can be used to identify radiation contamination of the hands and feet of personnel, building floors, countertops, clothing, etc. These detectors are usually portable, mobile, or handheld. Some detectors are computerized and detect, identify, and warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of radiation are reached or exceeded."
    },
    {
      "code": "17994",
      "display": "Detectors, Aseptic Barrier Penetration",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to elicit a visual or audible signal when penetration (strike-through) of a potential contaminant (e.g., body fluids, microorganisms) through an aseptic barrier, such as protective attire, is detected. Penetration detection is possible in several ways. Some detectors operate based on the simultaneous use of two gloves on each hand separated by a layer of gel that changes color with fluid contact, indicating outer glove protection failure. Other detectors emit an audible and/or visual alarm when the glove fails (e.g., by tear, cut, perforation, or fluid saturation); they typically operate by detecting the flow of a very low electrical current when a closed electrical circuit is established due to fluid contact between the patient and the healthcare professional (e.g., a surgeon). Aseptic barrier penetration detectors are used during surgical and other procedures that have high a risk of cross-contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "11825",
      "display": "Detectors, Beta/Gamma Radiation",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to locate and record beta and/or gamma radiation emissions primarily from the human body after the injection or ingestion of a radiopharmaceutical (i.e., radioactive drug). These detectors may use analog or digital techniques; imaging or digital (nonimaging) display devices are available. Nonimaging detectors are available as fixed or handheld units while imaging detectors are typically fixed units; both types are usually part of a system capable of detecting and quantifying targeted radiation emissions from specific locations or the whole body using a multichannel analyzer. The collected emission information may then be displayed as numerical data, graphs, count-rate maps, or static or real-time 2- or 3-dimensional images. Beta/gamma radiation detectors are also used to detect radiation from a localized radiation-emitting device or from radioactive material."
    },
    {
      "code": "20754",
      "display": "Detectors, Blood Flow",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to evaluate blood flow using transcutaneous, noninvasive methods. These detectors may use one of several techniques, including ultrasound and electromagnetic waves. Blood flow detectors can sense blood flow in all vessels outside the skull and thorax (i.e., not blocked by bone or air), determining the extent of peripheral vascular blood flow restrictions (e.g., clots, stenosis), but they do not measure any characteristic of the flow. They are used in the assessment of atherosclerosis, varicose veins, and venous thrombosis and in the diagnosis of the vascular state of the extremities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10429",
      "display": "Detectors, Blood Flow, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Blood-flow detectors that use ultrasonic techniques (e.g., Doppler effect) to determine the extent of peripheral vascular blood flow restrictions (e.g., clots, stenosis). These devices typically consist of a radio-frequency unit with and ultrasonic transducer probe; and an audio or visual indicator. Ultrasonic blood flow detectors can sense transcutaneously blood flow in all vessels outside the skull and thorax (i.e., vessels not blocked by bone or air); they are used in the assessment of atherosclerosis, varicose veins, and venous thrombosis; and also in the diagnosis of the vascular state of the extremities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20752",
      "display": "Detectors, Blood Leakage, Hemodialysis Unit",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to sense blood leaks in the dialyzer of hemodialysis machines. These detectors typically use optical devices that sense the presence of hemoglobin in the spent dialysate, usually indicating a leak in the dialyzer. Detection of leaks in the dialyzer not only prevent from blood losses but also the pass of toxins from the dialysate into the blood. Blood leakage detectors are used mainly in the dialysate path or dialyzer of hemodialysis units; they usually trigger alarms, stop blood pumps, shut arterial and venous clamps, and set ultrafiltration rate to a minimum."
    },
    {
      "code": "25051",
      "display": "Detectors, Blood Leakage, Hemodialysis, Extracorporeal Circuit/Needle Site",
      "definition": "Devices designed to detect blood leaking from the extracorporeal connection of a hemodialysis circuit or hemodialysis needle site, and to notify the user/attending staff of the situation by means of visible and audible alarms. Typically, these devices detect blood leakages by sensing colormetric, moisture, chemical, or light modulation changes created when the sensor component of the device is exposed to the leaking blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "33809",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from a chromatography column usually by detecting changes in the properties of the mobile phase and/or the sample constituents. There is a great variety of chromatography detectors either designed and manufactured to detect eluates for liquid and high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) columns or from gas chromatograph columns. The optimum type of detector  frequently depends on the characteristics of the eluate (e.g., electrolytes, proteins, lipids). Chromatography detectors are mainly used in clinical laboratories as a component of chromatography systems intended to assess components in body fluids or other compounds; the detectors are also used in healthcare research."
    },
    {
      "code": "33814",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography, Gas",
      "definition": "Chromatography detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from the chromatography column of a gas chromatography (GC) system.  These devices detect and measure the mobile phase (a gas) and/or the characteristics of the sample constituents, the type of GC detector used is highly dependent on the application of the GC system. The detector types commonly found in the clinical laboratory are: (1) Thermal conductivity detectors (TCD) which determine the change in thermal conductivity of the carrier gas caused by the sample components; (2) flame ionization detectors, which employ a flame to ionize the sample gas which is attracted to electrodes to produce a change in electrical current that is amplified and used to assess the quantity of each sample component. Additionally, liquid chromatography systems are often combined with and work together with mass spectrometers as detectors. There is a great variety of other detectors that are used with GC systems, including electron capture detectors (ECDs), nitrogen-phosphorus detectors (NPDs), and photoionization detectors (PIDs), The GC system can be configured to use one detector or to pass the sample through a series of detectors, provided that if one of the detectors is destructive to the sample it will be set up as the last in the series. Gas chromatography detectors are mainly used in clinical laboratories as a component of chromatography systems intended to assess ionized organic samples such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and steroids; halogenated gases such as chlorine and fluorine, and many other organic samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "33816",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography, Gas, Flame-Ionization",
      "definition": "Chromatography detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from the chromatography column of a gas chromatography (GC) system by using a combined hydrogen/air flame that breaks down the molecules and produces ions (i.e., a flame ionization detector [FID]). FIDs consist of a chamber including the ionizing flame, a collector assembly plate with electrodes that collect the ions and provide an output electrical signal that is sent to a computerized system. The system, including appropriate software, can display a chromatogram showing the constituents of the sample with an amplitude proportional to the quantity in the sample. FIDs work only for organic/hydrocarbon containing compounds due to the ability of the carbons to form cations and electrons upon pyrolysis which generates a current between the electrodes; these detectors destroy the sample while measuring, they should be used as the last component when using a series of GC detectors. The devices may be also used as organic environmental gas detectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "33817",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography, Gas, Thermal Conductivity",
      "definition": "Chromatography detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from the chromatography column of a gas chromatography (GC) system by assessing the reduction in the thermal conductivity of carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen, helium) caused by the sample components (i.e., a thermally controlled detector [TCD]). TCDs have two channels lined with heated tungsten wire in a temperature-controlled cell, one channel for the effluent to pass through and the other for the carrier gas. The difference in resistance between the reference side (carrier gas) and the effluent side, that are components of a modified Wheatstone bridge, produces a current flow that is amplified by an electrometer which output is sent to a computerized system. The system, including an appropriate software, can display a chromatogram showing the constituents of the sample with an amplitude proportional to the quantity in the sample. TCDs are essentially universal and can be used to detect any components which thermal conductivities are different from that of the carrier gas."
    },
    {
      "code": "33810",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography, Liquid",
      "definition": "Chromatography detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from the chromatography column of a liquid and/or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. These devices detect and measure the properties of the mobile phase (e.g., refractive index) and/or the characteristics of the sample constituents, such as fluorescence, ultraviolet absorption, or electrochemical changes. The detector types commonly found in the clinical laboratory are (1) photometers or spectrophotometers, which isolate a fixed wavelength (other wavelengths are made available by choice of filters) or use monochromators (e.g., diffraction gratings) of varying wavelengths; (2) fluorescence detectors (i.e., fluorometers), which are based on the ability of a molecule to emit light after it has been excited by light radiation and are more sensitive than photometers or spectrophotometers; (3) electrochemical detectors, which measure compounds that undergo either oxidation or reduction at an electrode surface; and (4) detectors based only on the charge of the component independently of the chemical structure (known as charged aerosol detectors). Additionally, liquid chromatography systems are often combined with and work together with mass spectrometers as detectors. Liquid chromatography detectors are mainly used in clinical laboratories as a component of chromatography systems intended to assess components in body fluids (including toxicology and endocrinology applications) or to assess other compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "28499",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography, Liquid, Charged Aerosol",
      "definition": "Liquid chromatography detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from the chromatography column of a liquid and/or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system based in measuring the charge that is in proportion to the amount of analyte. These detectors consist of a unit that includes: (1) a nebulizer that converts (i.e., nebulizes) the eluant in droplets; large droplets are removed and the solvent is evaporated from the smaller drops leaving dry charged particles whose size is in proportion to the analyte concentration; (2) an ionization chamber where the dry particles collide with a stream of positive charged gas ions that transfer a charge to the particles that is proportional to each particle size; (3) a particle trap intended to remove excess gas ions; (4) a particle collector to measure the particle charge using an electrometer; and (5) a computerized system with appropriate software that displays a chromatogram showing the constituents of the sample with an amplitude proportional to the quantity in the sample according to the data obtained from the electrometer output. Aerosol-charged liquid chromatography detectors are used as a detection technique that is independent of the chemical structure of the sample; it is intended for use in biochemical analysis performed in pharmaceutical drug and biologic research."
    },
    {
      "code": "33813",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography, Liquid, Electrochemical",
      "definition": "Liquid chromatography detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from the chromatography column of a liquid and/or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system based either on oxidation or reduction at an electrode surface (electrochemical detection [ECD]). These detectors consist of an ECD cell with electrodes (both working and reference electrodes) where the electrochemically active substances that elute from the column undergo an electrochemical reaction; electrons are transferred resulting in an electrical current (amperometric) or charge measuring (coulometric) method. The electrodes are connected to electronic circuitry with a powerful low-noise amplifier. The output data is used in a computerized system with appropriate software to display a chromatogram that shows the current peaks versus time which allows the identification of the components of the sample. Electrochemical liquid chromatography detectors are used as a very selective and sensitive detection technique that is applied in a number of analyses (e.g., identification of lipid hydroperoxides and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and noradrenalin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41039",
      "display": "Detectors, Chromatography, Liquid, Radio",
      "definition": "Liquid chromatography detectors designed to assess the individual molecules that come out (i.e., elute) from the chromatography column of a liquid or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system based on  measuring the levels of radioactivity. These detectors consist of a unit that may include a measuring cell, photomultipliers, scintillation counter, coincidence circuit, and a microprocessor. The microprocessor can control the energy channel settings, data reduction of radioactivity signals, and elimination of noise and luminescence events."
    },
    {
      "code": "20756",
      "display": "Detectors, Dental Caries",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to identify carious tissue in a tooth. These detectors are based on one of several technologies, such as induced light fluorescence (either using a conventional lamp or a laser), electrical resistance, digital radiography, and reflection of acoustic or laser waves. Dental caries detectors are intended for early identification of caries (e.g., occlusal caries) and/or to differentiate between carious tissue and tissue that is stained but appropriate to left in situ."
    },
    {
      "code": "20758",
      "display": "Detectors, Dental Caries, Electrical Impedance",
      "definition": "Dental caries detectors designed to determine the changes in electrical impedance as the result of microscopic pores developed in teeth. These devices typically consist of a sensor with an electric conductive strip that is applied to a tooth to circulate a small electrical current through it; and a unit which measures the changes in impedance and displays its value as an indicator of tooth decay. Electrical resistance dental caries detectors are intended mainly for diagnosis of early stage caries."
    },
    {
      "code": "20757",
      "display": "Detectors, Dental Caries, Induced Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Dental caries detectors designed to determine the changes in the fluorescence of teeth enamel and dentine due to mineral loss. These devices consist of a light source (typically a laser) that elicits fluorescence in teeth and a unit that quantifies the altered fluorescence of the infected tooth tissue (i.e., caries). Induced fluorescence dental caries detectors are intended for diagnosis of early stage caries and to monitor the progress of tooth caries."
    },
    {
      "code": "33056",
      "display": "Detectors, Electrosurgical Unit Activity, Noise Suppression",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to prevent noise introduction from an active radiofrequency electrosurgical unit (ESU) during recording of electromyographic (EMG) and/or evoke potential (EP) signals. Noise suppression devices detect the activity of the ESU, mutes the input of the EMG and Evoked potential units, prevents the recording of the EMG and EP signals, and pauses the corresponding EMG and EP stimulators if they are working. These detectors are electronic devices with a clip that is attached to the lead wire of the ESU handpiece."
    },
    {
      "code": "20494",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental",
      "definition": "Detectors designed for automated discovery and/or ascertainment of the presence of some physical, chemical, or other conditions and elements in the environment to which individuals may be exposed. These detectors may be computerized and have capabilities to process information. Environmental detectors are used  mainly to determine the presence of abnormal concentrations of gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide), hazardous substances (e.g., toxic gases, chemical and biological agents), and/or other physical conditions in the environment (e.g., high or low temperatures, ionizing radiation, high particle concentration). Many environmental detectors warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined substance concentrations have been reached or exceeded."
    },
    {
      "code": "20502",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Biological Agent",
      "definition": "Environmental detectors designed for automated detection of bacteria and virus pathogens and/or toxins that may kill or seriously injure human beings (i.e., biological agents). The sample is usually taken from the atmosphere, but liquid and/or particle samples are sometimes used. These detectors may use one or several different technologies similar to those used in clinical laboratory analyzers (e.g., immunoassay, molecular assay). Some of these detectors are computerized and identify and warn of a hazardous condition when a biological agent has been detected. Biological agent environmental detectors are available mainly as portable or handheld units and less frequently as stand-alone or mobile devices. They are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in accidentally and/or intentionally contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20503",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Biological Agent, Remote Sensing",
      "definition": "Biological agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and discrimination between biological aerosols that may include hazardous agents (e.g., bacterial and/or virus pathogens) and nonbiological aerosols. These detectors use a sensor with long-range capabilities; the sensors typically consist of passive automated-scanning infrared and/or ultraviolet devices that can recognize distant (typically at ranges of one mile or more) agent clouds. The system works by comparing the background spectrum obtained by the detector with the information stored in a computer. Remote-sensing biological agent detectors are used in civil defense and military applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20504",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Biological Agent, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and/or identification of biological agents (e.g., generic and/or specific types of bacteria, viruses, spores, and/or toxins) using a sensor that is connected via a hardwired, radio, or satellite link to one or more remote stations. They usually warn when predetermined concentrations of biological agents have been reached or exceeded. These detectors may use one or several different technologies, including chemical and/or optical detection. Telemetric biological agent environmental monitors can be placed in hospital wards or at victim collection sites to detect contamination and to prevent personnel from entering a contaminated area."
    },
    {
      "code": "20505",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Biological Agent, Telemetric, Air-Drop Sonde",
      "definition": "Telemetric biological agent detectors designed for automated detection and/or identification of hazardous biological agents (e.g., generic and/or specific types of bacteria, viruses, spores, and/or toxins) using a sensor that is attached to a sonde that can be dropped from an aircraft. These detectors may use one or several different technologies, including dry and wet chemistry and fluorescence detection; they usually transmit information through a VHF or UHF link.  Biological agent detection air-drop sondes are used to provide a characterization and/or advanced warning of the risk of biological contamination of the environment in an operational area before healthcare rescue, or military personnel are deployed. Most detectors can provide additional information about the meteorological conditions in the atmosphere."
    },
    {
      "code": "20495",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Chemical Agent",
      "definition": "Environmental detectors designed for automated detection of chemicals that may kill or seriously injure human beings (i.e., chemical agents), such as industrial toxic chemicals (e.g., ammonia, nitric acid, phosgene, formaldehyde), nerve agents (e.g., tabun, sarin, VX), and blister (vesicant) agents (e.g., mustard, lewisite). Some can also detect nonlethal, irritant (e.g., lacrimator) agents. The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere, but sometimes liquid and/or particle samples are used. Some of these detectors are computerized and detect, identify, and warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of the chemical agent have been reached or exceeded. Chemical agent environmental detectors are available mainly as portable or handheld units and less frequently as stand-alone or mobile devices; they are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in accidentally and/or intentionally contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20497",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Blister",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and identification of compounds that exert their biological effects by producing blisters (i.e., vesicants) such as impure or distilled mustard (H and HD, respectively), phosgene oxime (CX), and lewisite (L). The effects of these agents may be produced while in vapor (if inhaled) or in liquid state ( if absorbed transcutaneously). These detectors may use one or several different technologies, including surface acoustic waves, induced fluorescence, chromatography, and spectroscopy. The sample can be taken from the atmosphere, but water and/or particle samples are sometimes used. Most detectors warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of the blister agent have been reached or exceeded. Blister agent environmental detectors are available as portable, handheld, or stand-alone units and less frequently as mobile devices. They are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in accidentally and/or intentionally contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20496",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Nerve",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and identification of compounds that exert their biological effects by inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (nerve agents), such as tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and VX. The effects of these agents may be produced while in vapor (if inhaled) or in liquid state (if absorbed transcutaneously). Some devices can also detect agents that act when absorbed into the blood (i.e., blood agents), such as cyanide salts (either solid or liquid), cyanogen chloride (CK), and hydrogen cyanide (AC). These detectors may use one or several different technologies, including surface acoustic waves, induced fluorescence, and spectroscopy (e.g., ion-mobility spectroscopy). The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere, but water and/or particle samples are sometimes used. Most detectors warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of the nerve agent have been reached or exceeded. Nerve agent environmental detectors are available mainly as portable or handheld units and less frequently as stand-alone or mobile devices. They are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in accidentally and/or intentionally contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20499",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Remote Sensing",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and identification of hazardous chemical agents (e.g., nerve and/or blister agents) using a sensor with long-range capabilities. These detectors typically consist of a passive, automated-scanning infrared sensor that can recognize agent clouds up to a line-of-sight range of 5 km (3 miles). Most systems work by comparing the background spectrum obtained by the detector with the information stored in a computer. Remote-sensing hazardous chemical detectors have a sensitivity in the order of 100 mg/cubic meter for nerve agents and 500 mg/cubic meter for blister agents; they are used in civil defense and military applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20500",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and/or identification of hazardous chemical agents (e.g., nerve and/or blister agents) using a sensor that is connected via a hardwired, radio, or satellite link to one or more remote stations. They usually warn when predetermined values of the chemical agent have been reached or exceeded. These detectors may use one or several different technologies, including surface acoustic waves and spectroscopy. Telemetric chemical agent environmental monitors can be placed in hospital wards or at victim collection sites to detect contamination and prevent personnel from entering a contaminated area."
    },
    {
      "code": "20501",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Telemetric, Air-Drop Sonde",
      "definition": "Telemetric chemical agent detectors designed for automated detection and/or identification of hazardous chemical agents (e.g., nerve and/or blister agents, toxic industrial agents) using a sensor that is attached to a sonde that can be dropped from an aircraft. These detectors may use one or more technologies, including surface acoustic waves; they usually transmit the information through a VHF or UHF link.   Chemical agent detection air-drop sondes are used to provide a characterization and/or advanced warning of the risk of chemical contamination of the environment in an operational area before healthcare rescue, or military personnel are deployed. Most detectors can provide additional information about the meteorological atmospheric conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20498",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Toxic Industrial Material",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and identification of industrial chemicals (known as toxic industrial materials, or TIM) that produce highly toxic effects, such as nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The effects of these agents may be produced while in vapor (if inhaled) or in liquid state (if absorbed transcutaneously). Some devices can also detect agents that produce choking effects when inhaled, such as phosgene and chlorine. These detectors may use one or several different technologies, including electrochemistry and spectroscopy. The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere (gases and aerosols), but liquid and/or particle samples are sometimes used. Most detectors warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of the chemical agent have been reached or exceeded. These detectors are available mainly as portable or handheld units and less frequently as stand-alone or mobile devices. They are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in accidentally and/or intentionally contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20509",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Explosive Trace",
      "definition": "Environmental detectors designed for automated discovery and/or ascertainment (i.e., detection) of traces of explosives (e.g., group A explosives such as TNT and TNB; group B explosives such as RDX, H, and C4; compounds containing nitrates that may be used in explosives).  The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere (by using an air current to dislodge particles and vapors from an individual's clothing, luggage, and packages), but samples may also be obtained by wiping the suspected items.  Some detectors are computerized and detect, identify, and warn when traces of explosives or narcotics are found.  These detectors are usually available as stand-alone or mobile devices and less frequently as portable units. Explosive trace environmental detectors permit localization of concealed explosives and/or evidence of their manipulation; they are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in public-access buildings such as airports and healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20511",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Explosive/Narcotic Trace",
      "definition": "Environmental detectors designed for automated discovery and/or ascertainment (i.e., detection) of traces of explosives (e.g., TNT, RDXX, Semtex, nitrates, HMX) and/or narcotics (e.g., drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin, and ecstasy). The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere (by using an air current to dislodge particles and vapors from an individual's clothing, luggage, and packages), but samples may be obtained by wiping the suspected items.  Some detectors are computerized and detect, identify, and warn when traces of explosives or narcotics are found.  These detectors are usually available as stand-alone or mobile devices and less frequently as portable units. Explosive/narcotic trace environmental detectors permit the localization of concealed explosives and narcotics and/or evidence of their manipulation; they are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in public-access buildings such as airports and healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20506",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Ionizing Radiation",
      "definition": "Environmental detectors designed for automated discovery and/or ascertainment (i.e., detection) of ionizing radiation, usually in the form of gamma rays and/or alpha or beta particles. The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere, but water and/or particle samples are sometimes used. Ionizing radiation environmental detectors are available mainly as portable, handheld, or individually worn units; some detectors are computerized and detect, identify, and warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of radiation are reached or exceeded. These devices are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, and firefighters in radioactive or potentially radioactive contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20508",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Ionizing Radiation, High-Level",
      "definition": "Ionizing radiation detectors designed for automated detection of high levels (typically up to 100 roentgen/hour or more) of ionizing radiation that are an immediate hazard to humans. These detectors may use one or several different technologies (e.g., scintillation). The detectors typically include visual and/or sound indicators that show when dangerous radiation levels are present; some permit a rough estimate of the radiation levels. These detectors do not include displays showing the radiation rate. High-level ionizing radiation detectors are used mainly by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in highly contaminated or potentially highly contaminated radioactive areas, as a result of atomic power plant leakage, nuclear explosion, or any other event involving high-energy ionizing radiation sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "20507",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Ionizing Radiation, Low-Level",
      "definition": "Ionizing radiation detectors designed for automated discovery and/or ascertainment of the presence of very low (typically up to  500 or 1,000 milliroentgen/hour) ionizing radiation levels that are not a short-term hazard to humans. These detectors may use one or several different sensing devices, including Geiger tubes and/or other ionizing chambers. They usually include visual and/or sound indicators to show that ionizing radiation is present (e.g., flashing lights and/or beeper sounds for each radiation event) but do not include displays showing the radiation level. Low-level detectors of ionizing radiation are used mainly in areas where a radiation leakage has or may have occurred, to check low-level contamination in food and/or water, and to evaluate the results of decontamination procedures. Many low-level detectors become saturated when exposed to high radiation levels (e.g., more than one roentgen/hour), making them useless to detect dangerous (or even lethal) ionizing radiation levels that are present in some nuclear emergencies. Low-level ionizing radiation environmental detectors are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, and firefighters in radioactive or potentially radioactive contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20510",
      "display": "Detectors, Environmental, Narcotic Trace",
      "definition": "Environmental detectors designed for automated discovery and/or ascertainment (i.e., detection) of traces of narcotics (e.g., drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin, and ecstasy). The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere (by using an air current to dislodge particles and vapors from an individual's clothing, luggage, and packages), but samples may also be obtained by wiping the suspected items.  Some detectors are computerized and detect, identify, and warn when traces of narcotics are found.  These detectors are usually available as stand-alone or mobile devices and less frequently as portable units. Narcotic-trace environmental detectors permit the localization of concealed narcotics and/or evidence of their manipulation; they are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in public-access buildings such as airports and healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18099",
      "display": "Detectors, Esophageal Intubation",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to determine when a tracheal tube has been incorrectly placed in the esophagus (i.e., esophageal intubation) during tracheal intubation. These detectors typically consist of devices that either detect exhaled carbon dioxide or apply a vacuum through a small-caliber tracheal tube inserted into the main tracheal tube used for intubation. Esophageal intubation detectors are used in healthcare facilities and in the field to detect esophageal intubation, which prevents patient ventilation and may be fatal if not discovered in time."
    },
    {
      "code": "17614",
      "display": "Detectors, Esophageal Intubation, Exhaled Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Esophageal intubation detectors designed to determine the presence of exhaled carbon dioxide (i.e., end-tidal carbon dioxide) in intubated patients. Most detectors consist of a pH-sensitive device that changes color when it comes in contact with carbon dioxide. These detectors are used in healthcare facilities and in the field to detect esophageal intubation, which prevents patient ventilation and may be fatal if not discovered in time."
    },
    {
      "code": "20755",
      "display": "Detectors, Esophageal Intubation, Suction",
      "definition": "Esophageal intubation detectors designed to apply vacuum (using either a plunger syringe or a self-inflating bulb) through a piece of small caliber tubing introduced into a tracheal tube that has been inserted into the patient's airway. Many detectors are disposable; pediatric models with smaller size are also available. These devices utilize the anatomic difference between the trachea and the esophagus; when the detector bulb or syringe is depressed (i.e., vacuum is applied) it refills with air if the intubation is tracheal, and fails to fill if the intubation is esophageal (the esophagus collapses around the tube)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25581",
      "display": "Detectors, Extravasation, Intravenous Fluid",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to determine accidental leakages of intravenously (IV) infused medications into the extravascular space and/or tissue around infusion sites from mis-positioned venous access devices. These detectors are usually based on radiofrequency techniques using sensors that can detect when fluid is under the patient's skin, usually in quantities of less than 20 ml. Other techniques may be used for detection of the extravasated fluid (e.g., tissue impedance, infrared light). The detectors may be coupled to manual or automated injectors (typically contrast media injectors) to stop the infusion when extravasation is detected.  Extravasation IV fluid detectors are used to limit the quantity of accidental fluid leakage (especially of vesicant or irritant medications); consequences of extravasation may include from mild temporal damage (e.g., erythema, tenderness) to serious effects such as tissue necrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "11692",
      "display": "Detectors, Fetal Heart",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to provide audible and/or or visual information about the fetal heart status by indirect measurements from the surface of the maternal abdomen. These devices can detect fetal heartbeats early in pregnancy. Fetal heart detectors may use ultrasonic, electrocardiographic, or phonocardiographic techniques; some detectors are capable of measuring the fetal heart rate."
    },
    {
      "code": "11695",
      "display": "Detectors, Fetal Heart, Phono",
      "definition": "Fetal heart detectors that can detect and measure the fetal heartbeat using acoustic methods similar to phonocardiographs. A sensitive microphone is placed on the maternal abdomen, and the signal picked up by the microphone is filtered to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and amplified to make it audible. The filtered signal is delivered to an audio system (e.g., speaker, headphone) and/or to a cardiotachometer (that may be either external or an integral part of the detector) to measure the instantaneous fetal heart rate."
    },
    {
      "code": "11696",
      "display": "Detectors, Fetal Heart, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Fetal heart detectors that use ultrasonic waves to provide audible and/or visual information. They consist of an ultrasound-frequency electrical generator and appropriate ultrasound transducers housed in a probe that is placed on the maternal abdomen. Ultrasonic heartbeat detectors amplify the audible frequency shift (i.e., Doppler effect) signal of the returned ultrasonic waves and deliver it to speakers or headphones; the heart rate is determined either by measuring the timing of the peaks in the Doppler signal or, more accurately, by using automated autocorrelation procedures. These devices can detect fetal heart activity as soon as 10 weeks after conception."
    },
    {
      "code": "35307",
      "display": "Detectors, Head Impact, Wearable",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to sense a blow to the head that may cause a traumatic brain injury altering the way that the brain functions (i.e., a concussion). These detectors typically consist of a wearable device that is directly attached to the head or used in a helmet. The detector typically includes an impact sensor (e.g., accelerometer), a battery, and electronic circuits that process the intensity of the impact and assess the possibility of an associate concussion, delivering an alarm signal that is showed either directly on the device (e.g., LED light) or using a wireless link in a remote station. The detectors may also record the total number of impacts suffered by the user. Head concussion and brain injury detectors are mainly used for people practicing contact sports or other activities that increase the risk of head impacts."
    },
    {
      "code": "12009",
      "display": "Detectors, His Bundle",
      "definition": "Detectors designed for detection of the normal electrical transmission (or failure) of electrical impulses from the atrium to the ventricles through a group of highly specialized natural fibers (i.e., the His bundle) in the heart. These devices typically consist of a specialized electrocardiographic unit that includes a pacemaker and a cardiac catheter with electrodes. The catheter is advanced up the inferior vena cava, across the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle; then the catheter is withdrawn across the tricuspid valve, and into the right ventricle until a combination of atrial and ventricular activity is recorded (i.e., atrial and ventricular electrograms). His bundle detectors are used in operating and catheterization procedure rooms to determine the electrical activity of each part of the atrioventricular conduction system (i.e., to perform electrograms of the His bundle); they are used in electrophysiology conduction studies, to determine the limits of infarcted myocardium, in arrhythmia studies, and in other applications related to the bioelectrical characteristics of the heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "20749",
      "display": "Detectors, Liquid Level",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to discover abnormally low or high levels of liquid in medical device reservoirs.  These detectors usually detect liquid  level using float switches, or photoelectric, capacitive, or ultrasonic (either contact or non-contact) sensors. Liquid level detectors are mainly used in extracorporeal perfusion machines used to deliver blood and/or intravenous solutions into the vascular system (e.g., infusion pumps) and/or to provide temporary either total or partial external circulation for therapeutic or other purposes, such as heart-lung bypass, hemodialysis, and apheresis units. They may be used also to detect liquid levels in other medical devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15011",
      "display": "Detectors, Liquid Level, Heart-Lung Bypass Unit",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to discover when blood falls below acceptable levels either in the oxygenator, cardiotomy reservoir, or other component of the heart-lung bypass unit.  These devices typically consist of optical detection or ultrasonic devices; they usually trigger alarms and activate automated mechanisms to turn off the blood flow when an abnormally low liquid  level occurs."
    },
    {
      "code": "15574",
      "display": "Detectors, Metal, Handheld",
      "definition": "Handheld electronic devices that signals when it detects the presence of metal. The detectors are passed manually over a person or object to detect metal. The units usually can be programmed for metal detection sensitivity. These detectors can have audible and/or visual alarms. They can be line or battery powered."
    },
    {
      "code": "12516",
      "display": "Detectors, Metal, Handheld, Ferromagnetic",
      "definition": "Handheld metal detectors that detect metals and alloys with high susceptibility to magnetization when exposed to a sufficiently strong magnetic field. Ferromagnetic materials include nickel, cobalt, iron and steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "39564",
      "display": "Detectors, Metal, Stationary",
      "definition": "Upright vertical electronic structures that signal when the presence of metal is detected. These devices can be freestanding or wall-mounted pillars, or sensor arrays attached to a doorway. The units usually can be programmed for metal detection sensitivity. These detectors can have audible and/or visual alarms. They can be line or battery powered. Some units have casters so that they can be moved to different locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "36157",
      "display": "Detectors, Metal, Stationary, Ferromagnetic",
      "definition": "Stationary metal detectors that detect metals and alloys with high susceptibility to magnetization when exposed to a sufficiently strong magnetic field. Ferromagnetic materials include nickel, cobalt, iron and steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "12540",
      "display": "Detectors, Microwave Radiation Leakage",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to provide a relative indication of the power of microwave radiation leakage. These detectors consist of a handheld battery-powered device that includes a sensitive probe that may use either thermal (e.g., a thermistor or thermocouple sensor) or electrical conversion (e.g., a semiconductor diode sensor) technologies to determine the radiated (i.e., leaked) microwave power, and a qualitative display. Microwave leakage detectors are used mainly to determine leakage from microwave ovens and other high-powered microwave equipment (e.g., heaters, dryers), typically near their doors, fittings, and hinges."
    },
    {
      "code": "24112",
      "display": "Detectors, Periodontal/Oral Tissue Abnormality, Induced Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to facilitate the visualization and identification of abnormalities in the periodontal and oral cavity tissues using fluorescent light. These devices are typically a light source (usually blue) that causes tissue fluorescence; healthy tissue observed through the handpiece has a bright green color, while abnormal and/or suspicious tissue appears darker due to a loss of fluorescence. Induced fluorescence periodontal/oral cavity tissue abnormality examination detectors are used by dental and other healthcare providers to identify abnormal tissue (e.g., oral cancer, dysplasia) that is not apparent in visible light; the devices are also used by surgeons to help distinguish diseased tissue that should be resected."
    },
    {
      "code": "25100",
      "display": "Detectors, Photon Radiation, Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Photon radiation detectors designed for sensing the position of photon beams used in radiotherapy treatments. These detectors typically consist of a stand-alone or handheld instrument, controls, and a display that shows an image with the position of the photon radiation beam. Some detectors are based on a technology that includes a gaseous detector with metal converters and gas electron multipliers (GEMs); detectors based on amorphous silicon technology (i.e., electronic portal imaging devices/EPIDs) are also available. Radiotherapy photon radiation detectors are intended for use in complex radiotherapy treatments (e.g., cone beam computed tomography radiotherapy) to improve the positioning and accurate delivery of photon radiation; they may be also used in conventional x-ray treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "40838",
      "display": "Detectors, Refrigerant Leak",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to provide an indication of a leakage of liquids or gases from a refrigeration system. These detectors consist of a hand-held battery-powered device that includes a probe or other sensor that may use either heated diode, infrared, negative corona discharge, or ultrasonic technology to determine whether a refrigerant leak exists. Refrigerant leak detectors may have visual and/or audible indicator alarms."
    },
    {
      "code": "41538",
      "display": "Detectors, Shunt Patency, Thermodilution",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to evaluate the presence of cerebrospinal fluid flow through a hydrocephalic shunt using the indicator dilution technique, which detects a transcutaneous change in temperature as cooled cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subcutaneous portion of a shunt. These detectors typically consist of a cutaneous temperature sensor, a data acquisition unit, and software to analyze the thermal data. The patient's skin is cooled along the shunt upstream from the sensor, and then the temperature sensor detects any thermal change downstream from where the shunt was cooled."
    },
    {
      "code": "13805",
      "display": "Detectors, Strain",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to sense the deformation produced in an object by an applied force (i.e., strain). These detectors determine the presence of strain and also if it is beyond some pre-established limit, but usually do not measure accurately the intensity of the strain. Strain detectors are based in the change of some characteristic of a physical property of a sensor due to the strain, such as variations in electric resistivity, conduction of ultrasonic waves, or polarization of light in translucent objects."
    },
    {
      "code": "20753",
      "display": "Detectors, Strain, Eyeglass Lens",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to sense strain in lenses mounted on eyeglasses. These detectors typically include a polarized light source and two polarized lenses; the amount of light visible in the lens and the pattern of the light show the degree and type of strain in the lenses. Eyeglass lens strain detectors can determine both excessive strain on the lenses and if adequate stress has been placed on the lens to keep it from wobbling or being accidentally dislodged from the frame; the detectors can be used also to verify that the lenses have been appropriately heat-treated for impact resistance."
    },
    {
      "code": "20791",
      "display": "Detectors, X-Ray, Digital Radiography",
      "definition": "X-ray detectors designed to sense the absorption pattern of x-ray radiation from a diagnostic radiographic unit and then send this information to a computerized workstation. These detectors typically consist of a device including an x-ray-sensitive sensor, along with an analog-to-digital signal converter and means for connection to a radiography workstation. Digital radiography detectors can be used as a substitute for conventional films used in radiography; the systems including the detector and the computerized workstation are designed to process the information as digital data."
    },
    {
      "code": "20767",
      "display": "Detectors, X-Ray, Digital Radiography, Intraoral",
      "definition": "X-ray detectors designed to be placed temporarily in the mouth (i.e., intraoral) to sense the absorption pattern of x-ray radiation from a dental radiographic unit. The detector acquires the data and then transmits it to a computerized workstation. These detectors typically consist of a small device including an x-ray-sensitive sensor, along with an analog-to-digital converter and means for connection to the workstation. Intraoral x-ray detectors are typically used as a substitute for conventional intraoral films used in dental radiography; the systems including the intraoral detector and the computerized workstation process the information as digital data."
    },
    {
      "code": "20792",
      "display": "Detectors, X-Ray, Digital Radiography, Mammography",
      "definition": "X-Ray detectors designed to sense the absorption pattern of x-ray radiation from a diagnostic mammography unit and then transmit these data to a computerized workstation. These detectors typically consist of a device including an x-ray sensitive sensor (e.g., a charge coupled device or CCD, amorphous silicon), an analog-to-digital signal converter, and a connection to a mammography workstation. Digital mammography detectors designed for full-field mammography can be used for patient screening as a substitute to conventional film based systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41805",
      "display": "Detergents, Manual Cleaning, Medical Device",
      "definition": "Cleaning agents that contain ingredients formulated to remove contaminants from medical devices during manual cleaning process. These detergents can contain wetting agents, chelating agents, emulsifiers, and/or other components, such as enzymes. These detergents may need to be diluted before use. Some manual cleaning detergents can be used for soaking devices before cleaning."
    },
    {
      "code": "14262",
      "display": "Detergents, Ultrasonic Cleaning System",
      "definition": "Cleaning agents that contain ingredients formulated to be added to the water in the tanks of ultrasonic washers. These detergents can contain wetting agents, chelating agents, emulsifiers, and/or other components."
    },
    {
      "code": "23710",
      "display": "Diagnostic/Therapeutic Kits, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collection of devices and supplies needed for performing diagnosis and basic therapy of patients with visual problems, as well as providing training in performing those procedures. These kits usually include most or all the instruments and supplies needed to perform the procedure, such as lenses, prisms, filters, occluders, vector graphs, tranaglyphs (i.e., red/green targets used with red/green glasses to develop eye teaming skills), slides, and/or goggles. Ophthalmic diagnostic/therapy kits may be used, in addition to the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, to improve the capabilities of eye care providers. The kits may be used in patients who have visual problems, such as strabismus, binocular vision, decreased accommodation (i.e., presbyopia), or other eye problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "16642",
      "display": "Dialysate",
      "definition": "Solutions of purified water (i.e., excluding inorganic contaminants and microorganisms) with an electrolyte composition similar to blood, that are mainly intended for use in the dialyzer of hemodialysis machines. The dialysate interacts with the patient blood in the dialyzer (usually through membranes) to remove metabolic waste and also as an ion source to maintain the appropriate concentrations of electrolytes and pH level in blood before returning it to the patient; acetate, or more, frequently bicarbonate is included in the dialysate as a buffering agent. Dedicated dialysate solutions intended for other dialysis procedures, such as peritoneal dialysate (a solution that is hyperosmolar relative to plasma and uses lactate as buffer) and hepatic dialysate, are also available.  Dialysate is usually discarded after use in a dialysis procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "16641",
      "display": "Dialysate, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Solutions prepared for use in hemodialysis for exchange of solutes below a certain molecular size (determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material) across a semipermeable membrane."
    },
    {
      "code": "16792",
      "display": "Dialysate, Peritoneal",
      "definition": "Solutions prepared for peritoneal dialysis for exchange of solutes below a certain molecular size (determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material) across a semipermeable membrane (i.e., the peritoneum). The threshold of the peritoneum differs from patient to patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "16018",
      "display": "Dialyzer Reprocessing Units",
      "definition": "Automated equipment designed for rinsing, cleaning, and resterilizing (i.e., reprocessing) hemodialysis dialyzers before reuse. Following dialysis, this equipment performs a cycle that includes water rinsing; removing blood, fibrin, and/or other blood components deposited on the dialyzer membrane with a cleaning agent (e.g., hydrogen peroxide); and finally resterilizing, typically with a solution of formaldehyde."
    },
    {
      "code": "11230",
      "display": "Dialyzers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to perform dialysis, a procedure that combines the separation of molecules with different characteristics through a semipermeable membrane (diffusion) and the simultaneous movement of fluid through the membrane under imposed pressure gradients (ultrafiltration). These devices typically consist of three basic elements: a compartment containing the solution to be dialyzed (e.g., blood), a second compartment containing the solution that performs the dialysis (i.e., dialysate), and a semi-permeable membrane separating them. Dialyzers are used frequently as components of a hemodialysis unit or system; dedicated laboratory dialyzers used in clinical laboratories for sample preparation and/or concentration are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11232",
      "display": "Dialyzers, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Devices designed to perform in-vivo blood dialysis, a procedure that combines the separation of molecules with different characteristics through a semipermeable membrane (diffusion) and the simultaneous movement of fluid through the membrane under imposed pressure gradients (ultrafiltration).  These devices typically consist of three basic elements: a compartment containing the blood to be dialyzed, a compartment containing the solution that performs the dialysis (i.e., dialysate), and a semi-permeable membrane separating them. Dialyzers may be reusable for a single patient or a single-use (i.e., only one time) components of a hemodialysis system. Hollow fiber (also known as capillarity) design is the most common design in dialyzers; parallel plate dialyzers are less frequently used. Coil dialyzers are rarely used, if ever, at the present time. Hemodialysis dialyzers (also known as artificial kidneys) are used to cleanse a patient's blood from impurities caused by acute failure or more frequently chronic malfunction of the kidneys."
    },
    {
      "code": "11233",
      "display": "Dialyzers, Hemodialysis, Coil",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis dialyzers consisting of  dialysis membrane tubing wound in a circular manner around a central axle, with a supporting mesh separating the coils. The blood flows inside the tubing, and the dialysate flows through the space created by the supporting plastic mesh."
    },
    {
      "code": "16485",
      "display": "Dialyzers, Hemodialysis, Hollow Fiber, High-Permeability",
      "definition": "Hollow-fiber hemodialysis dialyzers whose design includes hollow fiber membranes with relatively large pore size and increased surface areas resulting in a higher permeability membrane than standard dialyzers. High permeability dialyzers permit higher removal rates [(defined as having an in vitro ultrafiltration coefficient ([Kuf)] greater than 8 milliliters per hour per conventional millimeter of mercury)] than those possible with standard hollow-fiber membrane dialyzers. These dialyzers typically consist of cylindrical containers with a few thousand longitudinally arranged hollow-fiber capillary tubes; the tube walls work as a semi -permeable membrane.  Blood enters and exits through the ends of the hollow fibers and travels through their lumens, while the dialysate flows through the container outside of the fibers.  High-permeability hollow-fiber hemodialysis dialyzers are typically used for fast cleansing of a patient's blood from impurities caused by acute failure of the kidneys due to drug overdose or poisoning; their use has increased in new hemodialysis machines used in conventional treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "11234",
      "display": "Dialyzers, Hemodialysis, Hollow-Fiber",
      "definition": "Dialyzers designed to perform blood dialysis, a procedure that combines the separation of molecules with different characteristics through a semi -permeable membrane (diffusion) and the simultaneous movement of fluid through the membrane under imposed pressure gradients (ultrafiltration), with the membrane in the form of hollow fibers. These dialyzers typically consist of cylindrical containers with several hundreds or thousands of longitudinally arranged hollow-fiber capillary tubes; the tube walls work as a semi-permeable membrane.  Blood enters and exits through the ends of the hollow fibers and travels through their lumens, while the dialysate flows through the container outside of the fibers. Hollow fiber hemodialysis dialyzers are used to cleanse a patient's blood from impurities caused by acute failure or more frequently chronic malfunction of the kidneys; they are the most common type of dialyzer in current hemodialysis machines. Dedicated high-permeability (also known as high-flow) hollow fiber dialyzers using large-pore membranes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11235",
      "display": "Dialyzers, Hemodialysis, Parallel-Plate",
      "definition": "Dialyzers designed to perform blood dialysis, a procedure that combines the separation of molecules with different characteristics through a semi -permeable membrane (diffusion) and the simultaneous movement of fluid through the membrane under imposed pressure gradients (ultrafiltration), with the membrane in the form of parallel-plate sheets.  These dialyzers typically consist of sheets of semi permeable membrane that are placed between support plates to form parallel layers; the blood and dialysate circulate in separate alternating compartments.  Parallel-plate hemodialysis dialyzers are used to cleanse a patient's blood from impurities caused by acute failure or more frequently chronic malfunction of the kidneys. Some dialyzers may include sheets of semi -permeable membranes used as disposable (single-use) inserts between permanent (reusable) support plates. Dedicated high-permeability parallel-plate dialyzers using large-pore membranes are also available but not frequently used."
    },
    {
      "code": "15131",
      "display": "Dialyzers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Dialyzers designed to perform in-vitro separation of molecules in a laboratory sample solution according to the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane. These dialyzers typically consist of three basic components: A container for the solution to be dialyzed (e.g., a multi-well cell), a container for the solution that performs the dialysis (i.e., dialysate);, and a semi-permeable membrane separating them. Laboratory dialyzers are used in clinical laboratories for several procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography sample preparation, especially when concentration of the samples (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, serum, urine) are required; for salt and/or detergent removal; and in buffer exchange."
    },
    {
      "code": "11238",
      "display": "Diapers",
      "definition": "Absorbent pads designed to be worn as underpants or pants liners for the purposes of absorbing urine/feces and wicking moisture away from the skin that comes in contact with the diaper."
    },
    {
      "code": "11239",
      "display": "Diapers, Adult",
      "definition": "Absorbent pads designed to be worn as underpants or pants liners for the purposes of absorbing and containing urine/feces and wicking moisture away from the skin that comes in contact with the diaper. Adult diapers are specifically designed to be worn by persons other than infants and children."
    },
    {
      "code": "11240",
      "display": "Diapers, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Absorbent pads designed to be worn as underpants or pants liners for the purposes of absorbing and containing urine/feces and wicking moisture away from the skin that comes in contact with the diaper. Pediatric diapers are specifically designed to be worn by infants and children (e.g., who are not toilet-trained)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17900",
      "display": "Dictation Systems, Digital",
      "definition": "Recording systems designed for storage of speech (e.g., dictation), usually as digital signals, providing the capability for transcription and revision of the recorded information. These systems typically consist of a specialized personal computer, including a CPU (central processing unit), an operating system, controllers, dictation and transcription workstations, and interfaces with the hospital information system. Digital dictation systems are typically used by physicians and other healthcare staff to dictate medical reports and/or other patient information; most systems permit remote access of patient records (e.g., using a touchtone telephone) before, during, and/or after transcription, while some systems provide voice-mail capabilities. Digital dictation systems equipped with the appropriate software, particularly those with speech recognition capabilities, may be used to assist speech diagnosis and/or therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20763",
      "display": "Dictation Systems, Digital, Speech Recognition/Transcription",
      "definition": "Dictation systems designed for automated digital recording of speech input (e.g., dictation) and translation of the information into text output. These systems typically consist of a personal computer (PC), a microphone that is compatible with the speech recognition system and the PC sound board, a speaker and/or headphone, a printer, and the appropriate software (e.g., general and medical terminology dictionaries and a word processing program). Typical applications for speech recognition systems include dictation and editing of clinical findings and related reports, frequently without the assistance of a transcriptionist or need for hard copy. Speech recognition systems equipped with the appropriate software can also be used as a component of speech therapy/diagnosis interventions."
    },
    {
      "code": "33387",
      "display": "Digital Data Copiers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for accurate copying (i.e., duplication) of digital data store in appropriate media. These copiers typically consist of an automated electromechanical unit that includes electronic circuits, mechanisms, controls, and appropriate holders for the type of media to be copied; they usually follow a duplication procedure using dedicated software. These copiers can be dedicated to duplication of data storage media such as compact and/or digital versatile disks (CD/DVD respectively), hard-drives, and security digital memory cards."
    },
    {
      "code": "27853",
      "display": "Digital Data Copiers, Compact/Digital Versatile Disk",
      "definition": "Digital data copiers designed to make copies of a compact disk (CD) and/or a digital versatile disk (DVD, also known as digital video disk). These copiers usually consist of a high-speed automated handheld or portable electromechanical unit that can make one or more copies from a master disk to several single disks; the copiers usually include electronic circuits, mechanisms, controls, and appropriate holders for the CDs and/or DVDs to be copied. The copiers may work simultaneously with drives that have different interfaces, such as universal serial bus (USB), or parallel and serial attachments (i.e., PATA and SATA respectively); most copiers can support a variety of DVD and CD formats, including DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-Video, DVD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+RW, CD-DA, and CD-ROM. CD/DVD disk copiers are mainly used to duplicate media containing data, video, and/or music."
    },
    {
      "code": "28175",
      "display": "Digital Data Copiers, Forensic",
      "definition": "Digital data copiers designed to make exact duplicate copies of encrypted digital data collected from a computer hard drive or other devices capable of storing digital data (e.g., smartphones, digital camera memories) involved in legal investigations. These copiers usually consist of a high-speed automated portable electromechanical unit that can obtain partial (i.e., sector by sector) or total copies of data from a computer hard drive or from other digital data storing devices and make accurate and secure copies onto another digital computer through a universal serial bus (USB) or serial attachment (i.e., SATA) cable following a dedicated software. The copier verifies that no data is lost in the process; the copier has also other capabilities such as test reading of the disk sectors and a security erasing procedure that guarantees that no unwanted data is left. These devices make certain that the copied data cannot be changed or manipulated once it is copied. Computer forensic copiers are used mainly to preserve and document computer data forensic evidence in legal, governmental, or military procedures. Some units are dedicated computer forensic copiers intended only to copy computer hard drives."
    },
    {
      "code": "33400",
      "display": "Digital Data Copiers, Hard Drive",
      "definition": "Digital data copiers designed to make copies of a computer hard drive. These copiers usually consist of a high-speed automated portable electromechanical unit that can make one or more partial (i.e., sector by sector) or total copies from a computer hard drive to other hard drives; the copiers usually include electronic circuits, mechanisms, controls, and appropriate holders for the hard drives to be copied. The copiers may work simultaneously with drives that have different interfaces, such as universal serial bus (USB), or serial attachments (i.e., SATA); most copiers work using a proprietary firmware. Hard drive copiers may provide also test reading of the disk sectors; they may also include a security erasing procedure that guarantees that no unwanted information is left on the hard disk."
    },
    {
      "code": "33406",
      "display": "Digital Data Copiers, Security Digital Card",
      "definition": "Digital data copiers designed to make copies of digital memory cards used in portable devices. These copiers can usually make copies of standard, high-capacity, and extended high-capacity cards in standard, mini, or micro size. These copiers usually consist of a high-speed automated portable electromechanical unit including electronic circuits, mechanisms, controls, batteries, and appropriate media holding slots; they can make one or more copies from a master card to several single cards. The copiers may work simultaneously with drives that have different interfaces, such as universal serial bus (USB) and parallel and serial attachments (i.e., PATA and SATA respectively) that permit the attachment of the copier to host personal computers to increase the copier capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33309",
      "display": "Digital Versatile Disk Players",
      "definition": "Video and audio players designed to reproduce (playback) video and sound information stored in a special type of optical disk known as digital versatile disk (DVD). These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes an optical reader with a red light laser (typically 650 nm wavelength), data processors, controls, and a slot to place a DVD. The players may also include a digital/analog converter and other accessories such as a display and loudspeakers to playback both video and audio signals (typical in portable players) or provide output to video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets).  Most DVD players have capabilities to play audio and video optical compact discs (CDs); some can also provide output for high-definition television sets (i.e., up-conversion to 720 or 1080 lines). DVD players are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions; most DVD recorders include also play-back capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41928",
      "display": "Digital Whiteboards",
      "definition": "Devices designed for collaborative work on a large computer monitor that is interactive and can be written on, edited, and have files added and shared by multiple users in the same or multiple physical locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20465",
      "display": "Digitizer/Recorders, Video",
      "definition": "Devices that combine the capabilities of video digitizers and high-capacity (e.g., magnetic disk) recorders. These devices typically obtain (capture) and digitize images from an external video source, such as a charge-coupled device camera or a video-cassette recorder and then store them on a high-capacity internal hard disk drive. They may include a built-in rewritable compact-disc driver (burner). Video digitizer/recorders permit the storage of several thousands of still images and/or several hours of motion video.  The stored information may be transferred, processed, and manipulated through hospital information systems; printed using laser printers; and transmitted to remote places using a standard Internet browser."
    },
    {
      "code": "20462",
      "display": "Digitizers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to convert information (e.g., data, images) to digital format. These devices may take the information from a document, film, or other external sources that provide information in analog format. The most characteristic component of a digitizer is an analog-to-digital converter. Digitizers are mostly used in the clinical field to digitize radiographic films, medical reports, and/or analog signals from imaging systems (e.g., ultrasound and video systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20463",
      "display": "Digitizers, Document",
      "definition": "Digitizers designed to convert information in paper form (print documents, color and monochromatic photos, fingerprints, signatures) into digital format using either an optical scanner or a camera that captures the specified information. These devices typically include light sources, a mechanical document-transporting system, an analog-to-digital converter, an electronic processor, and a computer interface. Document digitizers are used to create backup and patient identification files; some are capable of capturing bar codes and/or high-resolution photos."
    },
    {
      "code": "16910",
      "display": "Digitizers, Film",
      "definition": "Digitizers designed to convert transparent x-ray film images into a digital format according to the optical density of the film image, mapping them into a two-dimensional digital matrix. These devices typically consist of a light source, a light-transmission system, and a light sensor; a mechanical film-transporting system; an analog-to-digital converter; an electronic processor; and a computer interface. Some systems use a laser light source. Film digitizers facilitate radiographic image transfer and manipulation through hospital information systems, printing of images using laser printers, and permanent archiving in magnetic and/or optical disks."
    },
    {
      "code": "25188",
      "display": "Digitizers, Laboratory Slide",
      "definition": "Devices designed to convert information from laboratory slides (i.e., data, images) to digital format typically using an optical scanner that captures the specified information. These devices usually include light sources, a mechanical slide-transporting system, an optical scanner, an analog-to-digital converter, an electronic processor, and a computer interface. Laboratory slide digitizers are mainly intended to provide digital data and images that may be stored and/or displayed; they are used in pathology laboratories to document diagnostic findings and/or to facilitate analysis by a pathologist usually using computer-aided detection systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20464",
      "display": "Digitizers, Video",
      "definition": "Digitizers designed to convert analog video signals from external devices (e.g., video cameras) into digital format in such a way that the images can be displayed using computers and processed through digital information systems.  Video digitizers usually digitize one frame at a time (frame grabbers). These devices typically consist of video-input modules for video signals (e.g., composite video, S-video format), an analog-to-digital converter, electronic processors, a computer interface, and appropriate software. Some of these devices are bidirectional, also allowing conversion from digital to analog format. Video digitizers permit video-image transfer and manipulation through hospital information systems, printing of images using laser printers, and permanent archiving in magnetic and/or optical disks."
    },
    {
      "code": "11254",
      "display": "Dilators",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for mechanically enlarging, frequently augmenting the diameter (caliber) of external orifices and/or other anatomic structures (ducts) of the body. These instruments may consist of a variety of common devices (e.g., bougies, specula, balloon catheters, stents), according to the procedure to be performed and the part of the body to be enlarged. Dedicated dilators are available for examination or treatment of body cavities (e.g., nostrils, vagina, rectum), or for use during surgical procedures on internal ducts (e.g., bile duct, heart valves)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28490",
      "display": "Dilators, Catheterization, Fascial",
      "definition": "Dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter (caliber) of the internal layer of fibrous tissue (i.e., the fascia) of anatomic tubular structures facilitating the introduction of dedicated catheters. These dilators typically consist of a radiopaque plastic shaft with a long distal tapered end that is located over the guidewire, facilitating an effective dilation prior to catheter introduction. Dedicated fascial tissue dilators intended for catheterization procedures performed in places such as the vasculature (e.g., iliac arteries) and the ureters (e.g., ureteroscopy, stone removal) are available; they are usually supplied for single use in sterile packages."
    },
    {
      "code": "28491",
      "display": "Dilators, Catheterization, Fascial, Endovascular",
      "definition": "Dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter (caliber) of the internal layer of fibrous tissue (i.e., the fascia) of the vasculature facilitating the introduction of dedicated catheters. These dilators typically consist of a radiopaque plastic shaft with a long distal tapered end that is located over the guidewire, facilitating an effective dilation prior to catheter introduction. Dedicated endovascular fascial tissue dilators are intended for catheterization procedures performed in the vasculature (e.g., iliac arteries); they are usually supplied for single use in sterile packages."
    },
    {
      "code": "34300",
      "display": "Dilators, Catheterization, Fascial, Urologic",
      "definition": "Catheterization dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter (caliber) of the internal layer of fibrous tissue (i.e., the fascia) of the urinary tract (e.g., the ureters) facilitating the introduction of catheters. These dilators typically consist of a radiopaque plastic shaft with a long distal tapered end that is located over a guidewire, facilitating dilation prior to catheter introduction. Urologic fascial dilators are intended for catheterization procedures performed in the urinary tract such as ureteroscopy and stone removal; they are usually supplied for single use in sterile packages."
    },
    {
      "code": "16469",
      "display": "Dilators, Cervical Canal",
      "definition": "Dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of the uterine cervical canal. The dilators are introduced in the uterine cervical canal to slowly dilate the canal which facilitates the access to the uterus; they can be used for a variety of purposes (e.g., cervical stenosis, placement and removal of intrauterine devices, drainage of the uterine cavity, endometrial biopsy, uterine curettage, suction cannula aspiration, or labor induction). Cervical canal dilators usually consist of expandable conic instruments with a flexible and smooth surface and long tapered tips."
    },
    {
      "code": "12524",
      "display": "Dilators, Cervical Canal, Balloon",
      "definition": "Cervical canal dilators consisting of catheters tipped with one or two inflatable silicone balloons that are used for mechanically augmenting the caliber of the uterine cervical canal before obstetric labor induction. The balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into the uterine cervical opening. Saline is injected through the catheter to expand the balloon or balloons, which then apply pressure to the cervix causing the cervix to slowly open or dilate. The single balloon dilator places the balloon to the uterine side of the cervix and the double balloon dilator places a balloon on the uterine side and a balloon on the vaginal side of the cervix; the catheter is placed through both balloons. The catheter is left in place until the cervix has dilated enough (to about 3 cm) for the balloon or balloons to be removed."
    },
    {
      "code": "34298",
      "display": "Dilators, Cervical Canal, Hygroscopic",
      "definition": "Cervical canal dilators designed for augmenting the diameter (caliber) of the cervical canal by absorbing fluids. These cervical canal dilators usually consist of expandable conic devices that absorb endocervical and local tissue fluids causing the device to expand within the endocervix; a speculum is needed for insertion of the dilator. Hygroscopic dilators provide controlled mechanical pressure directly on the cervix as the dilator is filled. Hygroscopic dilators are used to treat a variety of conditions during gynecologic procedures; natural (e.g., Laminaria tents) and synthetic osmotic dilators are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12270",
      "display": "Dilators, Cervical Canal, Hygroscopic, Laminaria Tent",
      "definition": "Cervical canal (i.e., uterine cervix) dilators consisting of an expansible plug (i.e., a tent) of dried Laminaria (a genus of seaweeds); they are usually available as sterilized devices that have a strong thread attached for anchoring and easy removal. These tents gradually swell to several times their original diameter by the absorption of moisture from the cervix in a period of several hours (typically 12 to 14), producing a gradual cervical dilatation. Laminaria tent cervical dilators are used to perform intrauterine obstetric maneuvers, especially to perform midterm abortions."
    },
    {
      "code": "37594",
      "display": "Dilators, Nasal, External, Adhesive Strip",
      "definition": "Dilators designed to be placed on the external surface of the nose in order to mechanically augment the caliber of the nasal passage. These dilators typically consist of a short (usually approximately 3 inch/8 cm) in length and narrow (approximately 0.5 inch/1.5 cm) in width flexible material covered on one surface with an adhesive. These nasal strips typically incorporate a spring-like band between the upper and lower surfaces of the strip. Adhesion of the strip to the external skin surface of the nose causes the nasal passages to be pulled open as the spring-like band attempts to straighten. These nasal dilators are used to improve breathing by decreasing airway resistance and increasing nasal airflow."
    },
    {
      "code": "11260",
      "display": "Dilators, Nasal, Internal",
      "definition": "Dilators designed to be inserted into the nasal passages in order to mechanically augment the caliber of the nasal passage. These dilators usually include non-toxic, non-abrasive, flexible materials which are inserted into the nostril and kept in place by pressure between the nasal walls and the dilator. Nasal dilators are breathing devices placed and retained within the nostril in order to dilate the nasal passage. They are used to improve breathing and may be used for treatment of nasal obstruction due to a deviated septum or inflammation of the nasal membranes."
    },
    {
      "code": "11262",
      "display": "Dilators, Rectal",
      "definition": "Dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter of the rectum. These dilators usually consist of a hard plastic tube-shaped instrument with a small hole on the tip to prevent pressure build up. Rectal dilators are available in a variety of lengths and diameters. They are typically used to dilate the anal sphincter and canal when the size of the anal opening may interfere with its function or the passage of an examining instrument, as well as to prevent the canal from narrowing after surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "34281",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical",
      "definition": "Dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter of external/internal orifices and/or other anatomic structures (ducts) of the body during surgery. These dilators typically consist of an instrument with an oblique distal end to facilitate placement and to displace tissue near angled surfaces. Surgical dilators vary according to the surgical procedure to be performed and the part of the body to be enlarged; dedicated surgical dilators are available for procedures performed in specific anatomic parts (e.g. bile duct, heart valves). Surgical dilators are usually used to create access to surgical sites having tortuous geometries and/or requiring relatively long and narrow access to the surgical site."
    },
    {
      "code": "11256",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Biliary/Common Duct",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter (caliber) of the biliary ducts, including the cystic (i.e., gallbladder) and biliary common ducts during surgery. These surgical dilators typically consist of an elliptical head instrument attached to a thin shaft facilitating placement and in some occasions, displacement of tissue near angled surfaces; dilators with several different diameters of dilator heads are available. Biliary/common duct dilators are usually used in exploring the common duct and gall bladder ducts; flexible dilators placed over guiding catheters are sometimes used during laparoscopic procedures. Some dedicated dilators are used in percutaneous procedures intended for reopening obstructed biliary ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "11261",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Bronchus, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of the anatomic structures of the lower airway tree (i.e., bronchi) during endoscopic surgery. These surgical dilators typically consist of an instrument with an oblique distal end and a balloon to facilitate placement and to displace tissue near angled surfaces. Bronchus dilators in a variety of lengths and balloon diameters are available; some dilators have radiopaque markers located under the balloon to provide visual reference points under fluoroscopy. Bronchium dilators are usually used for endoscopic dilatation of strictures of the bronchi."
    },
    {
      "code": "11255",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically enlarging, frequently by augmenting the diameter (caliber) of heart passages, heart valves, coronary arteries, and/or heart-associated vascular structures during surgery. These surgical dilators consist of a variety of different instruments, typically including malleable shafts and oblique distal ends with specially designed opening blades to incise the heart or vessel at the selected site without damaging the opposite wall. Surgical cardiac dilators may also keep the edges of the incision apart without forceps or traction sutures as well as to expand the edges of an arterial incision. Surgical cardiac dilators are usually used during cardiac surgery (e.g., aortocoronary, peripheral vascular surgery, sequential anastomosis in coronary artery bypass). Some dedicated cardiac dilators are intended to dilate stenosed heart valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "34285",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Cardiac, Mitral Valve",
      "definition": "Surgical cardiac dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter of the mitral valve during cardiac surgery. These surgical cardiac dilators typically consist of a malleable shaft and an oblique distal-end instrument with specially designed opening blades (two or three) guided into and opened in the stenosed mitral valve, exerting a disruptive force causing separation of the fused commissures of the valve leaflets. The shape of mitral valve dilators varies according to the surgical procedure to be performed as well as the size of blade opening and shafts. They are mainly used in surgical procedures performed to treat mitral valve stenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "34286",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Colon, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter (caliber) of the colon during surgery. These surgical dilators typically consist of an instrument with an oblique distal end that may include a balloon to facilitate placement and to displace tissue near angled surfaces; the balloons are expanded via pressure injection of liquid (e.g., saline, water, radiopaque contrast). Balloons may expand to a fixed size or to one of several size diameters. Colon endoscopic dilators are available as wire-guided or non-wire guided (fixed wire); they usually offer direct endoscopic visualization and provide radial force directly to the stricture site. The dilators are mainly used during gastrointestinal dilation procedures to open narrowed areas or structures in the lower digestive tract (e.g., sigmoid colon)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11263",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Endotracheal",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of tracheal strictures/passages by passing them through the mouth and vocal apparatus into the trachea during surgery. These surgical dilators typically consist of an elongated instrument having a distal blunt end and a proximal open end comprising a hollow mouth with sidewalls for receiving and holding the distal end of an endotracheal tube. Endotracheal dilators may have a solid or hollow proximal end that can hold a distal end of a nasal endotracheal tube in place. Endotracheal dilators are used to maintain an open airway, to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs, and sometimes for passing tracheal tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "11257",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Esophageal, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter of the esophagus during endoscopic surgery. These surgical dilators typically consist of a slender hollow or solid-body instrument made of metal, plastic or other suitable material in a cylindrical form to facilitate placement; some instruments include balloons that are expanded via pressure injection of liquid (e.g., saline, water, radiopaque contrast). Some balloons are designed to expand to a single diameter while others are designed to inflate to multiple diameters. The dilators are designed to be used through the accessory channel of esophagoscopes and can be wire-guided or non-wire guided (fixed wire). Esophageal endoscopic dilators offer direct endoscopic visualization and provide radial force directly to the stricture site. They are used during gastrointestinal dilation procedures to open narrowed areas or strictures in the esophagus due to several causes (e.g., peptic strictures, Schatzki's Rings, achalasia). Dilation of the esophagus can also be performed with bougies (a non-surgical procedure)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11259",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Eye, Lacrimal Canal",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter of the lacrimal canal during ophthalmic surgery. These surgical dilators typically consist of a handheld instrument with a very fine, blunt, tapered distal end to facilitate placement; some are double-ended instruments. Lacrimal canal dilators vary according to the surgical procedure to be performed; some smooth tapered end lacrimal canal dilators typically made of stainless steel are used for dilation of the lacrimal canal punctum, frequently followed by irrigation of the nasolacrimal system. Lacrimal canal dilators are used during ophthalmic procedures (e.g., to release mucous plugs or concretions, to produce temporary relief in a case of stenosis of the punctum and/or prior to inserting punctum plugs and syringes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11264",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Fallopian Tube, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter of the internal lumen of the fallopian tubes during surgery. Fallopian tube dilators vary according to the surgical procedure to be performed; they are usually solid, handheld dilators with a very thin tapered blunt distal tip, either straight or angled that is attached to a solid handle with a larger diameter to facilitate placement. They are used in a variety of gynecologic and obstetric procedures, including occlusion of the Fallopian tubes and in-vitro fertilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "16550",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Salivary Duct",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter (caliber) of the salivary duct during surgical procedures. These dilators typically consist of an instrument with an oblique distal end attached to a rigid rod of predetermined diameter to facilitate placement. They can also provide endoscopic access for stone removal; salivary duct dilators can be used for working under radiological guidance. Salivary duct dilators are mainly used during the treatment of salivary gland diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "34287",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Tracheostomy",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of surgical openings in the tracheal structures/passages (i.e., tracheostomy) by passing them through the incision facilitating the opening of a direct airway. These surgical dilators typically consist of an elongated instrument having a distal end and comprising a tip that is bent at almost right angle to the rest of the instrument to help reach the tracheal opening located at depth in the neck. Some tracheostomy dilators have smooth and rounded tips. They are commonly used during tracheotomy procedures, primarily in situations where a prolonged need for airway support is anticipated and also in emergency situations when conventional endotracheal intubation is not possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "34290",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Umbilical",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of the umbilicus to provide access to the abdominal cavity and intestines during surgical procedures. These surgical dilators typically consist of an instrument with an oblique distal end to facilitate placement and to displace tissue near angled surfaces. Umbilical surgical dilators are usually made of stainless steel or plastic latex -free material; they are available in a variety of sizes according to the surgical procedure to be performed. The dilators can be supplied as sterile and non-sterile instruments; some dedicated umbilical dilators are intended to provide arterial or vein access in neonates."
    },
    {
      "code": "16468",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Ureteral",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of the internal lumen of the ureters. These surgical dilators are usually, hollow, cylindrical, handheld instruments with a thin, tapered oblique distal end to facilitate placement; they are usually coated with hydrophilic materials to facilitate introduction and use. Ureteral dilators are used to dilate the ureter during surgical urological procedures of the upper urinary tract; they are available in a variety of sizes according to the surgical procedure to be performed."
    },
    {
      "code": "11268",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Vascular",
      "definition": "Surgical dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of the vasculature (usually arteries) during surgery. These surgical dilators typically consist of an instrument with an oblique distal end that expands arteries with vasoconstriction. This prevents damage to adjacent tissue and other areas of the body due to a decrease or loss in the amount of blood flow. Vascular dilators are usually inserted into vessels with very little pressure to minimize the risk of injuries.  These dilators can be dedicated for use during surgical procedures involving the dilation of the coronary, pulmonary, and other main arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "34297",
      "display": "Dilators, Surgical, Vascular, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Vascular dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the caliber of vessels during microsurgery. These vascular dilators typically consist of an instrument with a special ball point distal end which ensures that the dilating pressure is evenly distributed over the entire area of the vessel. Microsurgery vascular dilators are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the surgical procedure to be performed. Most vascular dilators include parallel tips designed for controlled, interluminal vessel pressure; this form allows the dilators to open the vessel over the entire spasm-affected area in a parallel fashion, thus the entire dilated area is opened to the same diameter, and the pressure is distributed evenly."
    },
    {
      "code": "26652",
      "display": "Dilators, Ureteral, Access Sheath",
      "definition": "Ureteral dilators designed to provide access through a passage (i.e., sheath) into the upper urinary tract. These dilators typically consist of a flexible plastic sheath that may have one or more channels that permit the introduction of endoscopes and working instruments (e.g., stone baskets, laser fibers) into the ureters; the dilators may be used also for irrigation and/or introduction of contrast media. Access sheath ureteral dilators are intended for use during urologic endoscopic procedures of the ureters and/or other parts of the upper urinary tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "11265",
      "display": "Dilators, Urethral",
      "definition": "Dilators designed for mechanically augmenting the diameter (caliber) of urethra. These dilators usually consist of a long thin metal rod with either a round or flat distal end. Urethral dilators with a more pronounced curve at the end as well as very pronounced tips are available; longer double-ended urethral dilators with rounded and slightly bent ends are also available. There is a great variety of dilators according to the procedure to be performed and the sex of the patient. Urethral dilators are mainly used by urologists to be inserted into the male or female urethra, for the purpose of stretching or unblocking a stricture."
    },
    {
      "code": "15133",
      "display": "Diluters",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for use in laboratories to make repeatable, accurate dilutions of sample and reagent (or diluent) solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16404",
      "display": "Diluters, Blood Cell",
      "definition": "Fully automated or semi-automated devices used to make appropriate dilutions of a blood sample for further testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41957",
      "display": "Dimensioning Units",
      "definition": "Units that measure volume and dimensions of three-dimensional objects such as packages, parcels, pallets, cartons and boxes, including irregular-shape items. Dimensioning units use technology such as ultrasound, infrared, lasers, and three-dimensional cameras. These units can be static or dynamic. Static dimensioners require that objects are stationary during the measurement. Dynamic units are automated with conveyors and sorting systems to distribute high volumes of objects to a variety of locations based on their weight and dimensions. Dimensioners usually include scales in order to measure the weights of freights. Some units include bar-code scanning technology."
    },
    {
      "code": "37422",
      "display": "Dishwashers",
      "definition": "Mechanical devices used for automatically cleaning dishware, pots, pans, cutlery, and other utensils and items used in a food service area. Dishwashers have a stainless steel washing compartment and clean food service items by spraying hot water. Some dishwashers have additional compartments for prewashing, rinsing, and drying. They require the addition of detergent and rinsing chemicals to complete the cleaning process. They may include conveyors, racks, and baskets. Dishwasher usually come with microprocessors and controls to set washing conditions. They can be high temperature or low temperature units. High-temperature units sanitize food service items through the heat of the water; low temperature commercial dishwashers must use chemical sanitizing agents with the water to sanitize. Dishwashers can be for general use and wash many different types of food service items, or they can be for specialized use, such as pot and pan washers or glassware washing machines."
    },
    {
      "code": "11278",
      "display": "Disinfectors",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to kill or inactivate many microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria) from instruments, containers, and other clinical devices and utensils, automatically or semiautomatically. These disinfectors typically kill many microorganisms including mycobacterium, all fungi, and small nonlipid viruses (providing low-level and medium-level disinfection); some disinfectors can also kill spore-forming bacteria (except when there is a large number) but not the spores, providing a high-disinfection level (near-sterile disinfection). This equipment typically uses temperature cycles of less than 100 degrees C or immersion in sterilants for periods of time not sufficient to completely sterilize the devices. Disinfectors are used to inactivate microorganisms in medical devices when complete sterilization is not needed or justified. Dedicated disinfectors using vaporized germicidal (i.e., formalin, oxygen peroxide) solutions to disinfect closed containers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11279",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Liquid Germicide, Flexible Endoscope",
      "definition": "Liquid germicide disinfectors designed to kill or inactivate many microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria) from flexible endoscopes. These disinfectors typically kill microorganisms including mycobacteria, all fungi, and small nonlipid viruses (medium-level disinfection). Some of these disinfectors can also kill spore-forming bacteria (except when there is a large number) providing high-level disinfection (near-sterile disinfection). Flexible endoscope disinfectors typically apply a chemical germicide (e.g., 2% glutaraldehyde) to the endoscope, using mechanisms (e.g., channel tubing) that facilitate the circulation of the germicide through all working channels of the endoscope, usually for a period shorter than that required for sterilization. These disinfectors are used after manual cleaning of the endoscopes (i.e., removal of biological debris) even though some devices include several washing steps in their disinfection cycle."
    },
    {
      "code": "26654",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Liquid Germicide, Transesophageal Echocardiography Probe",
      "definition": "Liquid germicide disinfectors designed to kill or inactivate many microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria) found on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probes following a diagnostic TEE procedure. These disinfectors typically kill microorganisms including mycobacteria, all fungi, and small nonlipid viruses (medium-level disinfection). Some of these disinfectors can also kill spore-forming bacteria (except when there is a large number) which provides a high-level of disinfection (near-sterile disinfection). TEE ultrasonic probe disinfectors typically apply a chemical germicide (e.g., glutaraldehyde-based) to the probe, using mechanisms that facilitate the circulation of the germicide through the probe, usually taking a period of time shorter than that required for sterilization or when using manual procedures. The disinfectors provide fast automated disinfection and rinsing cycles; some equipment provides neutralization and/or absorption of the germicide. The results of each cycle may be printed to confirm the validity of the procedure. TEE probe disinfectors are used in healthcare facilities areas where a high turn-around of TEE probes is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "41872",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Ozone",
      "definition": "Disinfectors designed to use ozone to kill or inactivate most microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria). These disinfectors typically kill microorganisms including mycobacteria, all fungi, providing a high-level of disinfection. The disinfector usually consists of a disinfection chamber in which to place items for disinfection. This unit may include racks and carts to hold items during disinfection. The equipment typically provides ozone and disinfection monitoring and validation using internal and external sensors."
    },
    {
      "code": "11280",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Pasteurization",
      "definition": "Disinfectors designed to kill or inactivate many microorganisms from instruments, containers, and other clinical utensils by immersion in hot water, automatically or semiautomatically. These disinfectors are typically devices with a tank resembling a hot water bath that reaches temperatures of less than 100 degrees Celsius (C) (212 degrees Fahrenheit [F]); they frequently apply temperatures in the range of 70 to 75 degrees C (158 to 167 degrees F) for 20 minutes. Temperature and time controls are usually included. Pasteurization disinfectors are used to disinfect devices when complete sterilization is not needed or justified."
    },
    {
      "code": "39461",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Ultraviolet Light, Endorectal/Endovaginal/External Ultrasound Probe",
      "definition": "Disinfectors designed to use ultraviolet light in the C spectrum (UV-C) to kill or inactivate most of the microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria) found on endorectal and endovaginal ultrasound and external ultrasound probes following ultrasonic procedures on patients. These disinfectors typically kill microorganisms including mycobacteria and fungi providing a high-level of disinfection . The disinfector usually consists of a disinfection chamber to place the probes and low-pressure UV-C tubes which emit high-intensity radiation in the invisible wavelength. The equipment typically provides disinfection monitoring and validation by an automated system with optical sensors."
    },
    {
      "code": "39462",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Ultraviolet Light, Transesophageal Echocardiography Probe",
      "definition": "Disinfectors designed to use ultraviolet light in the C spectrum (UV-C) to kill or inactivate most of the microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria) found on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probes following a diagnostic TEE procedure. These disinfectors typically kill microorganisms including mycobacteria, all fungi, providing a high-level of disinfection. The disinfector usually consists of a disinfection chamber to place the probes and low-pressure UV-C tubes which emit high-intensity radiation in the invisible wavelength. The equipment typically provides disinfection monitoring and validation by an automated system with optical sensors."
    },
    {
      "code": "23496",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Vapor Germicide, Formaldehyde/Ammonia, Enclosure",
      "definition": "Disinfectors designed to kill or inactivate most of the microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria) inside a relatively small volume (typically less than several cubic meters) container using an automated disinfection cycle based on the vaporization of formalin (i.e., a formaldehyde solution) and subsequent neutralization with ammonia, followed by evaporation of any residual formaldehyde at a temperature about 200 degrees C (close to 400 degrees F). These disinfectors consist of a preprogrammed stand-alone disinfecting unit that is placed inside the container to be disinfected and includes controls and a display that shows the progress of the disinfection procedure. Enclosure disinfectors are intended mainly for decontaminating laboratory microbiological safety cabinets and other microorganism devices intended for isolation (e.g., glove boxes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "31266",
      "display": "Disinfectors, Vapor Germicide, Ultrasonic Transducer Probe",
      "definition": "Disinfectors designed to kill or inactivate most of the microorganisms (e.g., fungi, viruses, bacteria) found on ultrasound transducer probes following ultrasonic procedures on patients. These disinfectors typically kill microorganisms including mycobacteria, all fungi, and spore-forming bacteria (except when there is a large number) providing a high-level of disinfection (near-sterile disinfection). The equipment provides an automated disinfection cycle based on the vaporization of a liquid germicide (typically hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) leaving only residues of non-toxic products to the environment. The disinfector usually consists of a disinfection chamber to place the probes, a container with the liquid germicide, and a nebulizer that converts the liquid germicide into a high-concentration vapor that is evenly introduced into the chamber. The equipment may also include chemical indicators to show successful disinfection results and an internal system that converts the residual germicide into non-toxic products (e.g., water vapor and oxygen)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33777",
      "display": "Dispenser/Melters, Dental Hydrocolloid Duplication (Retired)",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for melting, conditioning, and dispensing of hydrocolloid material (commonly known as duplicating gel) at optimal temperature for immediate use. This equipment typically consists of: (1) a melter consisting of a metal (e.g., stainless steel) unit with double walls that includes heaters to melt the hydrocolloid (e.g., agar), an agitator, accurate temperature and time programmable controls, and a display; and (2) a dispenser including a faucet with a dedicated valve that prevents solidification of the material (e.g., by pressing the still hot duplicating material back into the container).  Some equipment is programmable using dedicated software permitting the performance of temperature cycles. Dental hydrocolloid duplicating dispensers/melters (also known as dental hydrocolloid duplicators) are used in dental laboratories to obtain duplicates of the primary molds."
    },
    {
      "code": "36645",
      "display": "Dispenser/Melters, Hydrocolloid Duplication",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for melting, conditioning, and dispensing of hydrocolloid material (commonly known as duplicating gel) at optimal temperature for immediate use. This equipment typically consists of: (1) a melter consisting of a metal (e.g., stainless steel) unit with double walls that includes heaters to melt the hydrocolloid (e.g., agar), an agitator, accurate temperature and time programmable controls, and a display; and (2) a dispenser including a faucet with a dedicated valve that prevents solidification of the material (e.g., by pressing the still hot duplicating material back into the container). Some equipment is programmable using dedicated software permitting the performance of temperature cycles."
    },
    {
      "code": "27648",
      "display": "Dispenser/Melters, Low-Melting Alloy",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for melting and dispensing low-melting alloys (the melting point is usually below 100 degrees Celsius [212 degrees Fahrenheit]). This equipment typically consists of (1) a melter made of a metal (e.g., stainless steel) unit with double walls and a ceramic heater to melt the alloy, an accurate temperature control, and a display; and (2) a dispenser with a dedicated faucet with a no-drip ball valve. Low-melting alloy dispensers/melters are used mainly in healthcare facilities to manufacture custom-made radiotherapy block shields in dedicated workshops. This equipment may also be used with medium-melt alloys (i.e., alloys with melting temperatures up to 150 degrees Celsius [302 degrees Fahrenheit])."
    },
    {
      "code": "15134",
      "display": "Dispenser/Melters, Paraffin",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver an even flow of molten wax (i.e., paraffin). These dispensers are intended to be thermostatically controlled in a temperature range of 20 to 75 degrees Celsius (68 to 167 degrees Fahrenheit). Paraffin dispensers usually have a stainless steel outer casing; a clear plastic (e.g., Lexan) lid which permits easy monitoring of paraffin levels without contamination; and a reservoir filter screen which prevents foreign matter and/or clogs from blocking the delivery tap. They may also include heating elements for accurate regulation of the delivered paraffin. Also available are dedicated sterile paraffin dispensers used for tissue embedding in clinical laboratories; and dispensers intended for delivery of therapeutic paraffin (used by physical therapy and rehabilitation specialists and/or massage therapists)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28044",
      "display": "Dispenser/Placement Instruments, Laboratory, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Strip/Disc",
      "definition": "Laboratory instruments designed for dispensing and placement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) strips or discs on inoculated agar plates. These instruments consist of benchtop units that apply the strips by means of electromechanical automated or manual procedures, frequently using a handheld vacuum probe attached to the unit. MIC dispensing/placement instruments are used to facilitate laboratory manual tests intended to determine the susceptibility to antibiotic treatments of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi; the instruments may be intended for dispensing and placement of strips or discs manufactured only by a particular manufacturer or model."
    },
    {
      "code": "11283",
      "display": "Dispensers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to deliver small controlled quantities of substances or other supplies. Dispensers usually consist of an enclosure made of metal, plastic or a combination of these with an opening to obtain the required substance or supply. Dispensers may be battery powered or hand operated; they are intended to deliver accurate quantities of the supply and/or to avoid the user's contact with the remaining supplies. These devices may be mounted on the wall, on a tabletop or installed as self-standing dispensers."
    },
    {
      "code": "37245",
      "display": "Dispensers, Commode Seat Cover",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver disposable commode seat covers. These dispensers consist of a container with an opening designed to supply one seat cover at a time. Commode seat cover dispensers are made of plastic and/or metal and are typically designed to be mounted vertically on a wall or bathroom stall partition."
    },
    {
      "code": "27443",
      "display": "Dispensers, Cytology Brush",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver one or different kinds of cytology brushes. These dispensers usually consist of a container made of plastic (e.g., acrylic) or metal (e.g., stainless steel) that supply individually wrapped brushes. They are commonly used by nurses and doctors during biopsy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27448",
      "display": "Dispensers, Dental",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver supplies used in dental procedures. These dispensers may consist of a container made of plastic and/or metal. They are usually mounted on walls or counters; self-standing units are also available. Dedicated dental dispensers intended for impression materials, adhesives and silicones, dental alloy/amalgam and mercury, sterilized cotton rolls, and dental floss are available. They are used extensively in dental clinics."
    },
    {
      "code": "16196",
      "display": "Dispensers, Dental, Alloy/Amalgam",
      "definition": "Dental dispensers designed to measure and deliver dental alloys and amalgams. These dispensers typically consist of a container that pours a pre-determined amount of dental mercury (in droplet form) and a pre-measured amount of alloy pellets (a combination of silver, tin, copper, and zinc) into a mixing capsule. Some dispensers deliver only the dental alloy to be mixed with the mercury externally. These dental alloy/amalgam dispensers are mainly used in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16473",
      "display": "Dispensers, Dental, Mercury",
      "definition": "Dental dispensers designed to store and deliver measured amounts of liquid mercury. These dispensers consist of a container usually made of metal or plastic and they frequently include a funnel for accurate control and delivery of mercury. Dental mercury dispensers can be manually operated. Dental mercury dispensers are not frequently used alone in current dentistry; they are usually combined with dental alloy dispensers to deliver dental amalgam."
    },
    {
      "code": "41556",
      "display": "Dispensers, Dental, Silicone",
      "definition": "Dental dispensers designed to store and deliver measured amounts of duplication silicone. These dispensers consist of a container usually made of metal or plastic, and they usually include mechanisms for mixing the base and the catalyst materials and the dose delivery of silicone."
    },
    {
      "code": "39726",
      "display": "Dispensers, Detergent",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver cleaning agents used for washing instruments, utensils, labware, devices, laundry, and/or other objects. Detergent dispensers may be intended to dispense precise amounts of solutions. Some dispensers use an electronically controlled peristaltic pump and flow meters to dispense the detergent solution. The units can include a main control/pump unit, water temperature monitor, chemical supply line with weight and filter, chemical discharge line with check valve, and attaching hardware."
    },
    {
      "code": "27462",
      "display": "Dispensers, Disinfecting Spray",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and discharge a fine jet of disinfecting solution. These dispensers are basically a single-pressurized plastic container with a nozzle to deliver the solution spray manually. Disinfecting spray dispensers are widely used in hospitals and other installations; dedicated powered dispensers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23494",
      "display": "Dispensers, Disinfecting Spray, Powered",
      "definition": "Powered dispensers designed to deliver a spray of disinfecting solution. These devices are typically a line- or battery-powered unit that includes a tank for the liquid disinfecting solution (e.g., alcohol-based disinfectants, detergents, or enzymes), nozzles to deliver the solution spray, and a switch to activate the dispenser. Disinfecting spray dispensers are used in healthcare facilities for disinfection of hands or devices such as surgical instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "37235",
      "display": "Dispensers, Food Service Dish",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver food service dishes, such as plate and bowls. These dispensers usually consist of an enclosure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these, with an opening to deliver the dishes. Some food service plate dispensers also have the ability to warm the dishes. Some food service dish dispensers are adjustable to accommodate different sizes of plates, bowls, and other dishes. These units can be stand alone and mobile or stationary. They may also be drop-in units that are placed in a food service cabinet or table."
    },
    {
      "code": "37236",
      "display": "Dispensers, Food Service Tray",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver empty food service trays. These dispensers usually consist of an enclosure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these, with an opening to deliver trays. The trays sit in a spring-loaded carriage or on a shelf. Tray dispensers may have a self-leveling mechanism and eating utensil holders. Some food service tray dispensers are adjustable to accommodate different sizes of trays. These dispensers can be mobile or stationary stand-alone units or drop-in units that are placed in a food service cabinet or table."
    },
    {
      "code": "39510",
      "display": "Dispensers, Food Service, Dry Product",
      "definition": "Dispensers that release a pre-measured amount or single serving of dry food product in the dining or food preparation area. The dispensers can be single or multiple hoppers, bins with lids or drawers, or upright chambers. They can store and dispense a variety of dried food products, such as nuts, candies, cereal, bread, and pastries. The dispensers can be wall mounted or countertop configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "15912",
      "display": "Dispensers, Ice",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver ice. The ice is kept in a storage chamber to be power- or manually delivered when needed. Some dispensers can also include a freezing mechanism to transform water from the liquid to the solid state in different shapes (e.g., cubes, flakes, crushed). Healthcare facility ice makers/dispensers are intended to produce and deliver uncontaminated ice for use in baths; for temporary preservation of blood, organs, and tissues; and for other additional tasks such as cold therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "27464",
      "display": "Dispensers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver measured amounts of material. These dispensers consist of a container that pours out the material into trays, vessels, microplates, or centrifuges, without human contact with the sample. Laboratory dispensers may be operated manually, automatically timed or computer controlled for more complicated projects.  These dispensers are used instead of simply pouring out materials because they are more accurate, help to cut down on waste and lessen the risk of sample contamination. Dedicated dispensers for laboratory liquids, laboratory slides, and antibiotic sensitivity disks are available. They are commonly used in clinical and pharmaceutical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16273",
      "display": "Dispensers, Laboratory, Antibiotic Sensitivity Disk",
      "definition": "Laboratory dispensers designed to store and deliver disks intended for antibiotic sensitivity tests. These dispensers are composed of two parts, a specially constructed stand and dispensing equipment. They release antibiotic sensitivity disks from cartridge rolls in the container to a receptacle provided with wells for receiving the disks. Antibiotic sensitivity disk dispensers have the advantage of spacing the disks regularly on the inoculated plates with minimal opportunity for contamination. Some of them are made of a combination of tempered aluminum and stainless steel, enabling rough handling, refrigeration, and autoclaving. These dispensers can simplify antibiotic test procedures and also save time. They are commonly used in clinical and pharmaceutical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16274",
      "display": "Dispensers, Laboratory, Liquid",
      "definition": "Laboratory dispensers designed to deliver and measure laboratory liquids (acids, reagents, alkaline solutions). These dispensers consist of a container that pours out the material without human contact with the sample. Liquid laboratory dispensers are equipped with self-closing faucets for convenient, controlled dispensing of hazardous liquids (e.g., bottle top and mechanical pipette-like dispensers). These dispensers are mainly placed on shelves or in tilt stands and can be either manually or power operated. They are commonly used in clinical and pharmaceutical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "15135",
      "display": "Dispensers, Laboratory, Slide",
      "definition": "Laboratory dispensers designed to store and deliver microscope slides. These dispensers accommodate laboratory slides of different thickness in a container and release them one at a time clean and dust free. Laboratory slide dispensers are made of plastic and/or metal. Some of these dispensers come with a clear molded plastic cover to allow for visual checking of unused slides and a knob on either side to dispense them. They are commonly used in clinical and pharmaceutical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27427",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver medications. These dispensers usually consist of a container that may include several trays for storing the medications; they can be manually or power (e.g., electrically) operated. Medication dispensers can be self-standing and wall or tabletop mounted; liquid and/or pill dispensers are available. They are commonly used at home and in healthcare facilities; dedicated unit-dose drug dispensers, both for liquid and pills are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27437",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication, Liquid",
      "definition": "Medication dispensers designed to store and deliver medications in liquid state. These dispensers deliver doses of a liquid drug from a medication container (e.g., nasal spray, eye-drop bottle, cough syrup bottle). Medication liquid dispensers can be manually or power operated. They are usually made of plastic, metal or a combination of these. They are commonly used at home and healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16325",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication, Liquid, Unit-Dose",
      "definition": "Unit dose liquid medication dispensers designed to store and deliver the correct single liquid dose needed for an individual patient. These dispensers deliver unit-doses of a liquid medication from a medication container; they may supply a variety of liquid products (e.g. vaccines, biopharmaceuticals). Liquid medication unit-dose dispensers can be manually or power operated. These dispensers are usually made of plastic, metal or a combination of these. They are commonly used at home and at healthcare facilities. Medication dispensers are not usually devices intended for direct administration of medication to patients, they supply the medications and/or medication devices used for administration of medicines."
    },
    {
      "code": "27428",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication, Pill",
      "definition": "Medication dispensers designed to store and deliver pills and/or other medications (e.g., tablets, capsules, powder) in solid state. These dispensers help to ensure that medications are taken properly and on time. Pill dispensers usually consist of a container made of plastic, metal or a combination of these. Some dispensers feature a locking mechanism and a loud alarm to help prevent medication errors.  Medication dispensers are autonomous units that are not part or interact with any medication dispensing system. Portable, wall mounted and over-the-counter dispensers are also available And are commonly used at home and in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17753",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication, Pill, Unit-Dose",
      "definition": "Medication pill dispensers designed to store and deliver pills and/or other solid medications in the correct single dose needed for an individual patient. These dispensers usually consist of a container for unit-dose packaged pills or multiple doses that are manually or automatically delivered in a single dose each time. They are commonly used at home and in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17755",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication, Pill, Unit-Dose, Manual",
      "definition": "Unit dose medication pill dispensers designed to store and deliver pills and/or other solid (e.g., oral) medications manually in the correct single dose needed for an individual patient. These dispensers consist of small containers with medication compartments containing a single dose each, allowing the patient to manually open the covers of the compartments to dispense the dose. The containers are often labeled with the days of the week and the time of day that the medication should be dispensed. They are commonly used at home and healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11287",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication, Pill, Unit-Dose, Narcotic Control",
      "definition": "Unit dose medication pill dispensers designed to store and deliver controlled narcotics in the correct single dose needed for an individual patient. These dispensers usually consist of a container with medication compartments to store each unit-dose of pills. Narcotic control unit-dose dispensers may be manually operated including a tamper-proof security slide or power operated managing access, control and tracking of unit-dose controlled substances. They are commonly used in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17754",
      "display": "Dispensers, Medication, Pill, Unit-Dose, Programmable",
      "definition": "Unit dose medication pill dispensers designed to store and deliver pills automatically in the correct single dose needed for an individual patient. These dispensers usually consist of a container with medication compartments to store each unit-dose of pills. They include a pre-established program with a reminder alarm to deliver the correct dosage of prescribed medicine; the trays open and offer the unit-dose at the exact times and frequency set by the user. They are commonly used at home and at healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "36762",
      "display": "Dispensers, Occlusion Plug, Ear",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver ear plugs for personal protection. These dispensers usually consist of a hard plastic refillable container that holds the ear plugs and a twist knob that releases one ear plug at a time. Ear plug dispensers are typically available as tabletop or wall-mounted units, but may also be portable."
    },
    {
      "code": "16472",
      "display": "Dispensers, Orthopedic Cement",
      "definition": "Dispensers intended to store and inject orthopedic fluid cement into bone cavities. These dispensers are usually manually operated syringe-like devices. Orthopedic cement dispensers regularly include a transfer channel with one opening for dispensing the fluid cement and another opening through which this fluid cement exits through an applicator into a bone cavity. These dispensers may be made of plastic (e.g., acrylic), metal (e.g., stainless steel), or a combination of these. They are commonly used in orthopedic surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32923",
      "display": "Dispensers, Orthopedic Cement, Spinal Surgery",
      "definition": "Orthopedic cement dispensers designed for controlled delivery of cement into the spinal vertebrae during percutaneous surgical procedures. These dispensers typically consist of a hollow tube, cannula, or needle that includes some mechanism (e.g., a valve) incorporated in the proximal knob intended to control the flow of orthopedic cement in the target area of the vertebra. Spinal surgery orthopedic cement dispensers are used in minimally invasive surgical procedures such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "27440",
      "display": "Dispensers, Otoscope Specula",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver specula intended to be attached to otoscopes. These dispensers usually consist of a container made of plastic, metal or a combination of these. Otoscope specula dispensers come in all sizes within a series (e.g., pediatric and adult size) and can be wall mounted. They are commonly used at home and in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "27461",
      "display": "Dispensers, Paper Towel",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver paper towels. These dispensers consist of a container with a formed opening at the bottom to dispense paper towels without tearing. Paper towel dispensers can either be manually or power (e.g., electrically) operated. These dispensers are made of plastic and/or metal. The most common types are counter-top, surface-mounted, and lever-roll towel dispensers. Some of them may incorporate a key lock for safety. They are used extensively in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "27456",
      "display": "Dispensers, Paper/Plastic Cup",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver disposable paper or plastic cups. These dispensers usually consist of an enclosure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these, with an opening to deliver the cups. Paper/plastic cup dispensers can be mounted on walls, installed as adjustable in-counter units or can stand upright on any flat surface. Some of these dispensers may include a mechanism with a calibrated compression spring which ensures one-at-a-time cup dispensing in all its mounting positions. They are used extensively in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24213",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver one or more small protective garments (e.g., gloves, masks, booties, hairnets). These devices typically consist of several enclosed compartments that permit the delivery of one or more garments of the same and/or different type (e.g., gloves, masks). Protection garment dispensers are used mainly in hospital areas (e.g., examination, treatment, and operating rooms; clinical laboratories) and in other healthcare facilities such as doctors' offices and nursing homes. They are intended mainly to provide garments for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection. The dispensers are usually available for mounting on a table or on the wall. Dedicated dispensers intended for a particular type of garment (e.g., gloves) are also available; some dispensers permit delivery of garments while isolating the remaining garments."
    },
    {
      "code": "24216",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment, Glove",
      "definition": "Protection garment dispensers designed to hold open containers of gloves, facilitating quick and easy access. These devices typically consist of one or more compartments (e.g., wire and/or plastic holders) that permit the delivery of one or more gloves of the same and/or different type (e.g., examination, surgical, hypoallergenic). Glove dispensers are used mainly in hospital areas (e.g., examination, treatment, and operating rooms; clinical laboratories) and/or are located throughout the facility; they are also used in other healthcare facilities such as doctors' offices and nursing homes. The dispensers are intended mainly to provide gloves for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection. They are usually available for mounting on a table or on the wall; portable units are also available. Some dispensers permit the controlled delivery of gloves while isolating the remaining gloves."
    },
    {
      "code": "24217",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment, Glove, Controlled Delivery",
      "definition": "Garment dispensers designed to store and deliver a controlled number of gloves, isolating the remaining gloves. These devices typically consist of one or more enclosed compartments (e.g., plastic holders) that permit the delivery of one or more gloves of the same and/or different type (e.g., standard, hypoallergenic, nitrile), using an external mechanism that does not permit the user to touch the remaining gloves. Controlled delivery glove dispensers are used mainly in hospital areas (e.g., examination, treatment, and operating rooms; clinical laboratories) and/or are located throughout the facility; they are also used in other healthcare facilities such as doctors' offices and nursing homes. They are intended mainly to provide gloves for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection, keeping the remaining gloves in clean and/or sterile condition. The dispensers are usually available for mounting on a table or on the wall; portable units are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27444",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment, Gown",
      "definition": "Protection garment dispensers designed to store and deliver gowns. These dispensers typically consist of several enclosed compartments with a hinged lid and an opening at the bottom to provide easy access to gowns. Gown dispensers are usually available for mounting on a table or on the wall. Some of these dispensers permit delivery of gowns while isolating the remaining ones. They are mainly intended to provide gowns for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection. Gown dispensers are used in hospitals, clinics, doctor's and dentist's offices (e.g., examination, treatment, and operating rooms) and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "27446",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment, Mask",
      "definition": "Protection garment dispensers designed to store and deliver face masks. These dispensers usually consist of a container with an opening at the bottom to provide easy access to masks. The dispensers keep face masks organized and provide accessibility to personal protection apparel. Face mask dispensers are usually available as tabletop or wall-mounted units. Some of these dispensers are available with adjustable dividers and hinge lids and can store a bulk of face masks. They are used mainly in hospital areas (e.g., examination, treatment, operating rooms, clinical laboratories) and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24214",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment, Multiple",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to hold open containers of garments of several types (e.g., gloves, masks, booties, hairnets), facilitating quick and easy access. These devices typically consist of several compartments (e.g., plastic holders) that permit the delivery of one or more garments of the same and/or different type. Protection garment dispensers are used mainly in hospital areas (e.g., examination, treatment, and operating rooms; clinical laboratories) and in other healthcare facilities such as doctors' offices and nursing homes. Multiple protection garment dispensers are intended mainly to provide garments for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection. The dispensers are usually available for mounting on a table or on the wall. Dedicated dispensers intended for a particular type of garment (e.g., gloves) are also available; some dispensers permit delivery of garments while isolating the remaining garments."
    },
    {
      "code": "24215",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment, Multiple, Controlled Delivery",
      "definition": "Multiple garment dispensers designed to store and deliver a controlled number of small protective garments (e.g., gloves, masks, booties, hairnets), isolating the remaining garments. These devices typically consist of several enclosed compartments that permit the delivery of one or more garments of the same and/or different type (e.g., glove, masks), using an external mechanism that does not permit the user to touch the remaining garments. Isolated multiple protection garment dispensers are used mainly in hospital areas (e.g., examination, treatment, and operating rooms; clinical laboratories) and in other healthcare facilities such as doctors' offices and nursing homes; they are intended mainly to provide garments for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection, keeping the remaining garments in clean and/or sterile condition. Controlled delivery multiple garment dispensers are usually available for mounting on a table or on the wall; dedicated controlled delivery dispensers intended for a particular type of garment (e.g., gloves) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34701",
      "display": "Dispensers, Protection Garment, Shoe Cover, Automated Donning",
      "definition": "Protection garment dispensers designed for automated putting-on (i.e., donning) disposable shoe covers (also known as booties). These devices typically consist of a container with one or more compartments that permit the automated delivery of shoe covers usually of the same type. Shoe cover automated dispensers are used mainly in hospital or other health care facility areas (e.g., treatment, clean and operating rooms; clinical laboratories)  where a high volume of covers should be quickly and easily dispensed. The dispensers are intended to provide shoe covers for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection. They are usually available as stand-alone units or units to be placed attached to a wall."
    },
    {
      "code": "27442",
      "display": "Dispensers, Scrub Brush",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver scrub brushes. These dispensers usually consist of a container made of plastic (e.g., acrylic) or metal (e.g., stainless steel). Some may include bracket holes for wall mounting or they can be clipped to the front of a scrub station. Scrub dispensers that can be autoclave-sterilized are also available. They are commonly used by nurses and surgeons on preoperative procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15827",
      "display": "Dispensers, Soap/Hand Sanitizer",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver controlled amounts of soap or hand sanitizer in liquid or foam form. These dispensers typically consist of a refillable metal and/or plastic container that may stand alone or be mounted on a wall or counter. Soap/hand sanitizer dispensers may be manually or power operated, and are available in different styles and sizes. They can also be used to dispense lotions, shampoo, and similar viscous substances. Soap/hand sanitizer dispensers are widely used in hospitals, stores, and homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "27460",
      "display": "Dispensers, Toilet Paper",
      "definition": "Dispensers designed to store and deliver toilet paper. These dispensers consist of a container with an opening to supply one at time pieces of toilet paper. Toilet paper dispensers are made of plastic and/or metal; they can be surface mounted horizontally or vertically. Some of these dispensers may include a mechanism which makes an extra roll automatically drop in place when bottom roll is depleted. They are used extensively in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18131",
      "display": "Distention Systems, Mechanical, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Systems designed to create space in the abdominal cavity for laparoscopic procedures by mechanically lifting the abdominal wall. These devices require minimal or no gas insufflation. These devices lift the abdominal wall by inserting a refractor, sling, or subcutaneous wires and then provide lift with an external lifting system such as manual traction, a support arm clamped to the operating table, or a  winch and framework."
    },
    {
      "code": "39411",
      "display": "Distometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to measure the distance between the outer surface of a patient's cornea and the inner surface of a corrective lens (i.e., the vertex distance). Clinicians may use vertex distance in calculations to determine appropriate power of corrective lenses."
    },
    {
      "code": "11291",
      "display": "Distractors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to separate the surfaces of a joint without displacement and/or rupture of the ligaments (i.e., distraction). These distractors are typically a mechanism that may include clamps, screws, and levers. Distractors are intended mainly for use during surgical procedures in the joints, but some dedicated distractors are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation, frequently after joint surgery and/or to provide stable traction for reduction and fixation of joint and other small fractures. Dedicated distractors intended for use in the hand, wrist, shoulder, knee, spine, and hip articulations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25731",
      "display": "Distractors, Surgical",
      "definition": "Distractors designed to separate the surfaces of a joint without displacement and/or rupture of the ligaments (i.e., distraction) during surgical procedures. These devices are typically a mechanism that may include clamps, screws, levers, and a platform; the mechanism is frequently attached to the operating table. Surgical distractors are intended mainly to permit manipulation and locking of an articulation in several positions while maintaining distraction, improving visualization of articulated spaces, and providing greater distance between distracted surfaces, facilitating operative procedures in the joints; they may also provide stable traction for reduction and fixation of joint and other small fractures. Dedicated surgical distractors intended for use in the hand, wrist, shoulder, knee, spine, and hip articulations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23722",
      "display": "Distractors, Surgical, Ankle",
      "definition": "Surgical distractors designed to provide a force that produces noninvasive separation of the ankle joint (i.e., distraction) while allowing access to the joint space. These distractors typically consist of an adjustable force mechanism that may include clamps, screws, levers, and a strap attached to the foot; the mechanism may be attached to the operating table (e.g., on a leg holder) or other type of support. Gross adjustment rotating the bar, constant distraction, and fine adjustment are possible using this mechanism; some distractors include a device (dynamometer) to measure the retraction force applied to the joint. Ankle distractors are intended for use during ankle and/or foot surgical procedures, including ankle and foot arthroscopy, ligament repair, and ankle arthrodesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "25732",
      "display": "Distractors, Surgical, Hip",
      "definition": "Surgical distractors designed to apply traction force to a lower limb (leg) allowing access to the hip joint space. The distractor applies traction, allowing the surgeon to adjust the angle of abduction/adduction of the upper femur head in the pelvis acetabulum. These distractors typically consist of an adjustable mechanism that may include clamps, screws, levers, and a strap and/or other accessory attached to the leg; the mechanism is attached at the other end to the operating table (e.g., on a side rail) or other type of support. The mechanism is usually adjustable to different sizes of patients' legs. Hip distractors are intended for use during hip joint surgical procedures, such as arthroscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "25733",
      "display": "Distractors, Surgical, Knee",
      "definition": "Surgical distractors designed to apply traction force to a lower limb (leg) allowing access to the knee joint space. The distractors allow the surgeon to adjust the angle of abduction/adduction, allowing control of flexion, extension, tilt, and rotation. These distractors typically consist of an adjustable force mechanism that may include clamps, screws, levers, and a strap attached and/or other accessory attached to the leg; the mechanism is attached at the other end to the operating table (e.g., on a side rail) or other type of support. Knee distractors are intended for use during surgical procedures performed in the knee, such as arthroplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "23751",
      "display": "Distractors, Surgical, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Surgical distractors designed to apply traction force to the arm allowing access to the shoulder joint space. The distractors allow the surgeon to adjust the angle of abduction and the forward flexion angle. These distractors typically consist of an adjustable force mechanism that may include clamps, screws, levers, and a strap attached to the arm; the mechanism may be attached to the operating table (e.g., on a side rail) or other type of support. Shoulder distractors are intended for use during shoulder (and/or elbow) surgical procedures, such as arthroscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28047",
      "display": "Dock/Battery Chargers",
      "definition": "Supporting structures (i.e., docks) designed to facilitate connectivity to otherwise handheld (or portable) devices and/or for automated charging of their internal rechargeable batteries. These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is usually mounted on the wall or placed on a tabletop. The docks hold and provide appropriate connectors to plug-in or cradle the handheld device, facilitating their connectivity and/or providing means to recharge their internal batteries. The docks may also include wire or wireless connection to other devices and /or information systems, a power converter (e.g., 120 VAC to 12 VDC), and a line cord for connection to the mains."
    },
    {
      "code": "29712",
      "display": "Dock/Battery Chargers, Handheld Telephones",
      "definition": "Supporting structures (i.e., docks) designed mainly for automated charging of the internal rechargeable batteries of handheld, cellular, and mobile telephones. These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is mounted on the wall or placed on a tabletop. The docks hold and provide appropriate connectors to plug-in or cradle the handheld telephone, providing means to recharge their internal batteries; some docks may also facilitate the connectivity of the telephone. The docks may also include wired or wireless connection to other devices and /or information systems, a power converter (e.g., 120 VAC to 12 VDC), and a line cord for connection to the mains."
    },
    {
      "code": "30549",
      "display": "Dock/Battery Chargers, Hearing Aid",
      "definition": "Supporting structures designed to hold and charge the internal rechargeable batteries of hearing aid devices over a period of time (usually about 5 hours for a full charge). These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is usually placed on a tabletop. The docks hold and provide appropriate connectors to plug-in or cradle the hearing aids for one or both ears, providing means to recharge their internal batteries. Some feature LED lights that indicate how far along the recharging cycle is. The docking stations have line cords for connection to the mains or they can use special adaptors that plug into car power outlets. Some hearing aid docks/battery chargers have lids and dehumidifiers to remove moisture from the hearing aid devices while their batteries are recharging. Hearing aid docks/battery chargers are usually specific to the brand or model of hearing aid that they can recharge. They are used in the homes or sometimes in the automobiles of the hearing aid wearers."
    },
    {
      "code": "29711",
      "display": "Dock/Battery Chargers, Laptop Computer",
      "definition": "Supporting structures (i.e., docks) designed to provide connectivity to laptop portable computers and/or for automated charging of their internal rechargeable batteries. These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is usually placed on a tabletop. The docks hold and provide appropriate connectors to plug in the laptop computer, facilitating their connectivity and/or providing means to recharge their internal batteries. The docks may also include wired or wireless connection to other devices such as peripheral equipment (e.g., monitors, printers) and information systems facilitating the download of data, a power converter (e.g., 120 VAC to 12 VDC), and a line cord for connection to the mains."
    },
    {
      "code": "26826",
      "display": "Dock/Battery Chargers, Physiologic Monitoring/Recording Module",
      "definition": "Supporting structures (i.e., docks) designed to facilitate connectivity to physiologic monitoring and recording modules and/or for automated charging of their internal rechargeable batteries. These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is mounted on the wall or placed on a tabletop. The docks hold and provide appropriate connectors to plug-in or cradle the handheld or portable module, facilitating their connectivity and/or providing means to recharge their internal batteries. The docks may also include wired or wireless connection to other devices such as configured monitors and/or infusion pump, communication, or information systems facilitating the download of data; a power converter (e.g., 120 VAC to 12 VDC); and a line cord for connection to the mains."
    },
    {
      "code": "29715",
      "display": "Dock/Battery Chargers, Powered Cart",
      "definition": "Supporting structures (i.e., docks) designed to facilitate connectivity and automated charging of the internal rechargeable batteries of powered carts used in healthcare facilities. These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is usually plugged to an electric outlet (e.g., on a wall) and can be connected cordlessly on the opposite side to carts that include appropriate connectors.  The docks facilitate the connectivity and/or provide means to recharge the internal batteries of carts while docked. Powered cart docks/battery chargers are used for a variety of healthcare carts, including ultrasonic procedure and crash carts."
    },
    {
      "code": "22206",
      "display": "Docking/Charging Stations, Handheld Computer",
      "definition": "Supporting structures (i.e., docks) designed to facilitate connectivity to otherwise handheld computers and/or for automated charging their internal rechargeable batteries. These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is usually mounted on the wall or placed on a tabletop. The docks hold and provide appropriate connectors to plug-in the handheld computer, facilitating their connectivity and/or providing means to recharge their internal batteries. The docks may also include wired or wireless connection to other devices such as label printers and/or information systems facilitating the download of data, a power converter (e.g., 120 VAC to 12 VDC), and a line cord for connection to the mains."
    },
    {
      "code": "25207",
      "display": "Docking/Charging Stations, Physiologic Monitor",
      "definition": "Supporting structures (i.e., docks) designed to facilitate connectivity to otherwise handheld or portable physiologic monitors and/or for automated charging of their internal rechargeable batteries. These docks (also known as docking stations) typically consist of a structure made of metal, hard plastic, or a combination of these that is mounted on the wall or placed on a tabletop. The docks hold and provide appropriate connectors to plug-in or cradle the handheld monitor, facilitating their connectivity and/or providing means to recharge their internal batteries. The docks may also include wired or wireless connection to other devices and /or communication (e.g., nurse call systems) or information systems facilitating the download of data, a power converter (e.g., 120 VAC to 12 VDC), and a line cord for connection to the mains."
    },
    {
      "code": "24517",
      "display": "Document Scanners",
      "definition": "Electronic scanners designed for the optical capture and data processing of images and/or text in such a way that facilitates saving the information as digital data in a computer or computerized system. These scanners may consist of a scanning head (typically including devices such as mirrors, lenses, filters, and CCD arrays) that moves above a fixed document (i.e., flat-bed scanners) or is fixed while the document moves (i.e., sheet-bed scanners). Handheld, photomultiplier tube scanners that move on an automated belt (also known as drum scanners) and dedicated scanners intended for use with films and/or photographic slides (typically 35 mm) are also available. Document scanners are used in healthcare facilities to process information from printed documents and/or films, both for clinical and administrative purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22205",
      "display": "Document Scanners, Bar-Code, Handheld Computer",
      "definition": "Document scanners designed to provide bar-code data-entry capabilities to handheld computers (i.e., portable digital assistants [PDAs]). These scanners typically consist of a card and LED (light-emitting diode) sources that plug into the card slot of a handheld computer, providing automatic decoding of many common bar-code symbol systems, such as UPC (Universal Product Code) and EAN (European Article Number). Handheld computer bar-code document scanners are used to perform tasks that require extensive mobile data collection from bar-coded labels or tags, such as device inventories, and also for manipulation of laboratory sample data."
    },
    {
      "code": "23444",
      "display": "Document Scanners, Filmstrip/Photo Slide",
      "definition": "Document scanners designed to obtain digital information appropriate for direct printing and/or to be stored for further processing in a computer or computerized system from film or a photographic slide (e.g., a 35 mm negative strip or slide). These scanners are typically an electronic unit with a dedicated filmstrip and slide holders for film manipulation, an optical scanning device with focusing capabilities, light sources, and software that may allow image correction and enhancement, color reconstruction, grain equalization, and other image quality improvements. Filmstrip/slide scanners are intended to obtain digital information that includes text, images, or both for printing, storing, processing, and/or transmission through a hospital information system."
    },
    {
      "code": "24518",
      "display": "Document Scanners, Flat/Sheet Bed",
      "definition": "Scanners designed to obtain digital information from a paper document appropriate for direct printing and/or to be stored for further processing in a computer or computerized system. These scanners typically consist of an electronic unit that includes a scan head (typically including mirrors, lens, filters and a CCD array) with focusing capabilities that moves along the document which information is being retrieved, light sources, and software that may allow image correction and enhancement, color reconstruction, grain equalization, and other image quality improvements. Flat bed scanners are intended to obtain digital information from documents, books, including text, images, or both for further printing, storing, processing, and/or transmission through a hospital information system; document scanners are frequently used as personal computer peripherals. Sheet bed scanners are similar to flatbed scanners except that the document is moved and the scan head is immobile."
    },
    {
      "code": "15293",
      "display": "Domes, Pressure Transducer",
      "definition": "Dedicated caps or connectors that couple with and fit on pressure transducers which are used to invasively monitor blood pressure or pressures of other liquids or gases. These domes can be various sizes and are usually made of sturdy plastic and feature one or more stopcocks to direct the flow of the liquid or gas onto a diaphragm or membrane whose deformation is sensed by various methods by the pressure transducer. Pressure transducer domes may be sterilizable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "41981",
      "display": "Doors",
      "definition": "Movable barriers that allow ingress (entry) into and egress (exit) from a room or another enclosure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41982",
      "display": "Doors, Revolving, Automatic",
      "definition": "Doors that typically consists of three or four panels that hang on a central shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure with an automatic drive unit powered above/below the central shaft, or along the perimeter."
    },
    {
      "code": "41987",
      "display": "Doors, Rolling, Security",
      "definition": "Doors consisting of many horizontal slats, bars or web systems hinged together that provide control access and protection while keeping visibility and ventilation. These doors are usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel or aluminum. The door is raised to open it and lowered to close it. The action may be motorized including motor operation, pass doors, exhaust ports."
    },
    {
      "code": "41988",
      "display": "Doors, Rolling, Service",
      "definition": "Doors consisting of many horizontal slats, bars or web systems hinged together that provides access to a loading dock or other service area such shipping and receiving bays. These doors are usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel or aluminum. The door is raised to open it and lowered to close it. The action may be motorized including motor operation, pass doors, exhaust ports."
    },
    {
      "code": "41983",
      "display": "Doors, Sliding, Automatic",
      "definition": "Doors designed to open horizontally by sliding, usually horizontal to a wall that contain a motor and activation system to open and close them, called sliding door operators. Sliding doors can be mounted either on top of a track below or be suspended from a track above. These doors contain a magnetic locking mechanism that automatically unlocks during emergencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "41989",
      "display": "Doors, Sliding, Automatic, Radiation Shielding",
      "definition": "Automatic sliding doors designed to block or attenuate radiation emissions from a scattered radiation source. These doors contain core of lead sheeting or brick. The lead core can be various thicknesses depending on requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "41985",
      "display": "Doors, Sliding, Manual",
      "definition": "Doors designed to open horizontally by sliding, usually horizontal to a wall that open and close manually. Sliding doors can be mounted either on top of a track below or be suspended from a track above."
    },
    {
      "code": "41984",
      "display": "Doors, Swinging, Automatic",
      "definition": "Doors that can open towards and away from a room that contain a motor and activation system to open them activated via sensors and/or by push pad."
    },
    {
      "code": "41986",
      "display": "Doors, Swinging, Manual",
      "definition": "Doors that can open towards and away from a room that open and close manually."
    },
    {
      "code": "31192",
      "display": "Dose Calibration Kits, Nuclear Medicine, Quality Control, Linearity",
      "definition": "Dose calibration kits designed for testing the linearity of dose calibrators used in nuclear medicine during quality control procedures. These kits typically consist of a set of lead-wrapped tubes, each capable of attenuating by certain amounts the radioactivity of a nuclear source (typically a 99m Technetium). The kits simulate the decay of a nuclear source from a range of a few hours up to several days allowing the measurement of the decay-equivalent activity, eliminating the need to fractionate eluents or to decay them for several days. These kits are used in nuclear medicine departments during routine quality control procedures of nuclear medicine dose calibrators which are intended to calibrate the dose of radiopharmaceutical vials and syringes and other small radiation sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "33071",
      "display": "Dosimeters, Noise",
      "definition": "Dosimeters consisting of specialized sound pressure level meters designed to measure and integrate the noise exposure of a person during a specified period of time (e.g., an eight-hour shift).  Noise dosimeters typically include microphones, signal amplifiers, time-integrators, and a display for a limited number of the measured and/or pre-established parameters; the dosimeters are small enough to be worn as a badge. The recorded sound levels may be read later on the display of the instrument or using a computer for a complete processing of the recorded noise values. The recoded average and peak sound levels are used to monitor compliance with occupational sound exposure regulations."
    },
    {
      "code": "22546",
      "display": "Drainage Bags, Cerebrospinal Fluid",
      "definition": "Drainage bags designed to collect, and in some cases, measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that has been removed from the body. These devices usually consist of sterile plastic bags connected via sterile tubing to a catheter (e.g., ventricular catheter, lumbar catheter) that has been inserted into areas such as the lateral ventricles of the brain or the lumbar subarachnoid space. CSF drainage bags are typically used in conjunction with other components of an external closed CSF drainage system to drain CSF in various situations where drainage of CSF is warranted, for example, to manage intracranial pressure (ICP) or cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) following certain types of surgery, following an acute head injury, or to manage certain conditions (e.g., hydrocephalus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11303",
      "display": "Drainage Bottles",
      "definition": "Bottles designed with an appropriate shape and made of materials (e.g., glass, plastics) that facilitate appropriate drainage and safe storage of the drained products. These bottles may consist either of reusable glass (e.g., Pyrex) containers that can withstand repeated high temperature sterilization and chemical action or disposable, sterile plastic containers that do not react with the drained products. Drainage bottles are available in several sizes (typically two-liter bottles); they usually have indelible marks for easily determination of the fluid content. Drainage bottles are used mainly in abdominal or chest (i.e., pleural) drainage procedures, either individually as a component of a drainage kit or in sets of two or three bottles for suction control, water seal, and fluid collection in underwater drainage systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "10817",
      "display": "Drainage Systems, Pleural",
      "definition": "Drainage systems designed for aspiration of abnormal fluid accumulation (e.g., effusions) from the potential space enclosed by the pleura (i.e., the pleural cavity). These systems usually consist a water seal (\"underwater\") drainage unit, typically with three separate chambers for suction control, a water seal (acting as a one-way valve), and fluid collection; a thoracic drain tube inserted in the patient's pleural cavity with the proximal end attached to the collection chamber; and an aspirator that is connected to the suction-control chamber using a suction line. Pleural drainage systems are used mainly in hospitals to restore normal lung function to patients following chest or mediastinal surgery (e.g., open-heart surgery); they are also used for continuous drainage of the pleura in medical conditions such as malignant or nonmalignant pleural effusions and for pneumothorax and/or hemothorax treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "11304",
      "display": "Drains",
      "definition": "Devices designed to establish a channel for the exit of fluids (e.g., air, serum, blood, lymph, bile) or purulent material from a cavity, wound, or infected area. Drains usually consist of flexible, hollow devices (e.g., tubes) with one or more lumina. They are typically made of Silastic, polyvinyl chloride, or, less frequently, rubber; a drain may include a trocar in its lumen. Most drains are used either as components of open drainage systems (i.e., through capillary action and gravity) or in closed systems that usually apply low negative pressure through the drain lumen. Dedicated tubes, catheters, and cannulae are also used for drainage of anatomic sites such as biliary ducts (e.g., T tubes, catheters), the urethra, the stomach (i.e., nasogastric tubes), and the brain ventricle (e.g., hydrocephalus catheters, shunts)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11305",
      "display": "Drains, Wound",
      "definition": "Drains designed to establish a channel for the exit of fluids (e.g., serum, blood) or purulent material from an accidental or, more commonly, a surgical wound that is not directly connected to an anatomic (e.g., abdomen, chest) cavity or duct (e.g., urinary, biliary). These drains usually consist of tubular, flexible, hollow devices; they are typically made of latex, silicone, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Wound drains may allow fluid to drain via capillary action into absorbent dressings (i.e., Penrose drains) as open drainage systems or may be attached to an external calibrated receptacle (especially when bloody drainage is expected after surgery) in a closed drainage system in which gentle suction is applied by compressing a springlike or bulblike device. Drains are placed in wounds when a large amount of fluid accumulation, which inhibits wound healing, is anticipated."
    },
    {
      "code": "39655",
      "display": "Drains, Wound, Closed",
      "definition": "Wound drains designed to remove fluid from wounds by means of a sealed circuit that is not open to the atmosphere. These drains typically consist of a stretch of plastic tubing that is attached at its distal end to a suction-generating device (i.e., evacuator) that produces negative pressure (i.e., suction) within the drain system tubing to promote fluid withdrawal. Suction-generating devices typically consist of a bulb-like or spring-loaded device that is activated by manual compression. Some suction-generating devices also function as a reservoir for collection of wound exudate."
    },
    {
      "code": "39656",
      "display": "Drains, Wound, Open",
      "definition": "Wound drains designed to remove fluid from wounds by means of tubing that is open to the atmosphere at its distal end. These open wound drainage systems (also known as Penrose drains) typically are composed of short stretches of flexible tube and may be used in combination with an exudate-absorbing wound dressing. Open wound drain systems draw fluid out of the wound through a combination of gravity and capillary action."
    },
    {
      "code": "22558",
      "display": "Dressing Aids",
      "definition": "Devices designed to assist people in putting on/adjusting their clothing when their reach, dexterity, or ability to bend is limited or compromised due to medical condition/physical impairment. These aids come with different designs according to the intended function.  Dressing aids are used by people suffering from a variety of conditions including back/leg injuries, recent surgery, arthritis, and/or neuropathies. Dedicated dressing aids designed to help people to put on their clothes, shoes, stockings and socks, or to button and zipper their clothes are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28208",
      "display": "Dressing Aids, Button/Zipper",
      "definition": "Dressing aids designed to assist patients in grasping and pulling their buttons or zippers. These devices usually consist of a handle with a hook on one end which is put through the button hole and grips the button; or a hook with or without a handle that can be attached to a zipper to help pull the zipper. Button/zipper dressing aids are mainly used for people who have limited manual dexterity/strength."
    },
    {
      "code": "28199",
      "display": "Dressing Aids, Clothing",
      "definition": "Dressing aids designed to assist patients in putting on their clothes by reducing the need for bending/reaching. These dressing aids usually consist of long sticks with a handle on one end and a hook on the other end. The devices help patients to grab, pull or push off clothes (e.g., pull the pant on or off the leg, push the shirt over the head, or push the sleeve off the shoulder).  Clothing dressing aids are mainly used to assist people who have limited mobility in the upper or lower extremities or who have difficulty in bending/reaching and/or whose manual dexterity/strength is limited."
    },
    {
      "code": "28212",
      "display": "Dressing Aids, Elastic Shoelace",
      "definition": "Dressing aids designed to keep the patients' shoelaces tied.  These devices usually consist of elastic strings or coils with a locking mechanism (e.g., knots). Once tied, the feet can slip in and out of the shoes, avoiding the necessity of tying and retying the shoelaces. The devices can adjust the tension of the shoes over the feet to provide comfort. Elastic shoelace dressing aids are mainly used for people who have difficulty in tying their shoes; they can also be used for people who play sports."
    },
    {
      "code": "28201",
      "display": "Dressing Aids, Shoe",
      "definition": "Dressing aids designed to assist patients in putting on their shoes by reducing the need for bending/reaching. These devices usually consist of a long handle made of plastic, wood or metal with a handle at one end and a curved plastic piece (i.e., shoehorn) at the other end; some may have springs connecting the stick to the shoehorn. These devices help to pull the shoe to allow the foot to slip in more easily. They can be made in different shapes (e.g., round -shaped or tortoise-shell shaped shoehorns in order to fit the shape of the heel) and lengths (e.g., as short as 12 inches, and as long as 36 inches). Shoe dressing aids are mainly used to assist people who have limited mobility in the upper or lower extremities or who have difficulty in bending/reaching and/or whose manual dexterity/strength is limited."
    },
    {
      "code": "28205",
      "display": "Dressing Aids, Stocking/Sock",
      "definition": "Dressing aids designed to assist patients in putting on their stockings or socks by reducing the need for bending/reaching.  These devices usually consist of plastic or fabric shells with two straps. The devices are put inside the stockings or socks to keep them open and help the foot slip into the stocking or sock, and then they are pulled to help ease the stockings or socks over the foot, ankle, and leg. Stocking and sock dressing aids are mainly used to assist people who have limited mobility in the upper or lower extremities, difficulty in bending/reaching, and/or whose manual dexterity/strength is limited."
    },
    {
      "code": "11315",
      "display": "Dressings",
      "definition": "Sterile pieces of material designed to protect, cover, and provide a healing environment. Dressings may be made of nonimpregnated material or material impregnated with an agent or substance. Wound dressings are single-use devices, mainly used to keep a moist environment, absorb exudates, and protect wounds from contact with bacteria. Some types of dressings may include an adhesive layer. Dedicated nonimpregnated dressings from natural fibers (e.g., cotton), biological origin (e.g., pig skin), synthetic (e.g., polymeric), or a combination of all three are available; dressings impregnated with substances that facilitate their use (e.g., odor, moisture control) or with antimicrobial drugs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "42074",
      "display": "Dressings, Amorphous",
      "definition": "Dressing that are semi-solid or liquid preparations that contain water, oil, hydrocarbons, waxes, and/or polyols. These dressings have no defined shape and provide a moist wound healing environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "42076",
      "display": "Dressings, Amorphous, Hydrogel",
      "definition": "Amorphous dressings that are glycerin- and water-based gel made up of insoluble hydrophilic polymers. These dressings are designed to help maintain a moist wound healing environment, promote granulation and epithelialization, and facilitate autolytic debridement. Amorphous hydrogels have a high-water content, and therefore, they typically cannot absorb large amounts of exudate."
    },
    {
      "code": "42077",
      "display": "Dressings, Amorphous, Hydrogel, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Amorphous hydrogel dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are used mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "42075",
      "display": "Dressings, Amorphous, Iodine, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Amorphous dressings that contain iodine. These dressing are intended to help in wound area protection and in reducing bacteria at the wound surface. These dressings can also clean wounds by absorbing fluids and removing exudate, slough and debris. They reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses) and are used mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "42042",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological",
      "definition": "Dressings made of inert materials of animal and/or human origin. These dressings are usually non-adhesive, typically made of pig and/or human cadaver tissue. Biological dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates and promote wound healing; they are frequently used in the management of large skin wounds and burns."
    },
    {
      "code": "42043",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological, Acellular Matrix",
      "definition": "Biological dressings made of an acellular matrix derived from human or animal tissues. These dressings are typically a matrix of extracellular components (e.g., collagen, proteoglycans, elastin) derived from animal (e.g., pig) or human tissue and can be in different configurations, such as sheets, powders, and paste. These dressings may or may not be cross-linked following cellular removal. Acellular matrix dressings are intended to maintain a moist wound environment, absorb wound exudates, and promote wound healing; they are used as skin substitutes in the management of wounds such as ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "42044",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological, Acellular Matrix, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Acellular matrix biological dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds, burns, and skin grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "24838",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological, Acellular Matrix, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Biological dressings made of an acellular matrix derived from human or animal tissues. These dressings are typically a matrix of extracellular components (e.g., collagen, proteoglycans, elastins) derived from animal (e.g., pig) or human tissue and can be in different configurations, such as sheets, powders, and paste. These dressings may or may not be cross-linked following cellular removal. Acellular matrix dressings are intended to maintain a moist wound environment, absorb wound exudates, and promote wound healing; they are used as skin substitutes in the management of wounds such as ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "42045",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological, Collagen",
      "definition": "Biological dressings derived from collagen, a protein obtained from animals such as cows, pigs, and birds. Collagen dressings are intended to maintain a moist wound environment, absorb wound exudates, facilitate clotting, and promote wound healing by stimulating fibroblast activities; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42046",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological, Collagen, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Collagen biological dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds, burns, and skin grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "24837",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological, Collagen, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Collagen biological dressings that are not infused with any medicated substance or any other solution, emulsion, oil, agent, or compound. These dressings are used mainly to maintain a moist environment, to absorb exudates, and/or to prevent contact with bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "41890",
      "display": "Dressings, Biological, Non-viable Cell Matrix, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Biological dressings made of a matrix containing non-viable cells derived from human or animal tissues and that are not infused with any medicated substance or any other solution, emulsion, oil, agent, or compound. These dressings are typically a matrix of extracellular components (e.g., collagen, proteoglycans, elastin) derived from animal (e.g., pig) or human tissue, such as dehydrated amnion/chorion membrane tissue, and can be in different configurations, such as sheets, powders, and liquid. Non-viable matrix dressings are intended to maintain a moist wound environment, absorb wound exudates, and promote wound healing; they are used as skin substitutes in the management of wounds such as ulcers.."
    },
    {
      "code": "42067",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined",
      "definition": "Dressings that combine two or more components of raw materials such as natural fibers (e.g., cotton, alginate), biological products (e.g., collagen), or synthetic materials (e.g., two or more polymers). Combined dressings are intended to maintain a moist environment, absorb wound exudates, prevent contact with bacteria, and promote wound healing; they are used mainly to cover and protect wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "24856",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Alginate/Collagen",
      "definition": "Dressings that combine a high percentage of collagen with a small percentage of alginate. Collagen promotes wound healing, and alginate maintains a moist wound environment and absorbs wound exudates. Combined collagen and alginate dressings are used in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42011",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Cellulose/Cotton",
      "definition": "Dressings that combine a cotton and cellulose to create a highly absorbent dressinginner core. These fibers are used to absorb fluids from moderate to heavy exuding wounds. Combined cellulose/cotton dressing usually have a non-woven gauze exterior that is moisture resistant."
    },
    {
      "code": "42068",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Composite",
      "definition": "Dressings that combine physically distinct components into a single product to provide multiple functions. These functions include (1) bacterial barrier, (2) absorption, (3) either semi-adherent or non-adherent property over the wound site, and (4) an adhesive border. Generally, they are composed of multiple layers."
    },
    {
      "code": "42069",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Composite, Absorbent",
      "definition": "Composite dressings that are multi-layered and have a core of moderate absorbency. They can function as either a primary or a secondary dressing for lightly exuding wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "42070",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Composite, Absorbent, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Absorbent composite dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24855",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Composite, Absorbent, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Absorbent composite dressings that are not infused with any medicated substance or any other solution, emulsion, oil, agent, or compound."
    },
    {
      "code": "42071",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Composite, Superabsorbent",
      "definition": "Composite dressings that contain a core of highly absorptive fibers such as superabsorbent polymers (e.g., polyacrylate) and cellulose. These dressings are designed to absorb and retain high amounts of wound exudate."
    },
    {
      "code": "42072",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Composite, Superabsorbent, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Superabsorbent composite dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "42007",
      "display": "Dressings, Combined, Composite, Superabsorbent, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Nonimpregnated composite dressing that contain a core of highly absorptive fibers such as superabsorbent polymers (e.g., polyacrylate) and cellulose. These dressings are designed to absorb and retain high amounts of wound exudate."
    },
    {
      "code": "24814",
      "display": "Dressings, Impregnated(Retired)",
      "definition": "Dressings impregnated or coated with substances (e.g., antimicrobial agents, charcoal, petrolatum, saline) that are intended for additional specific functions as well as to cover and protect a wound. These dressings are usually made of absorbent materials such as gauze, nonwoven fabric, and alginate that are easily impregnated and/or covered with the appropriate substance. Impregnated dressings are used to prevent infection, reduce adhesion, or absorb odors."
    },
    {
      "code": "11324",
      "display": "Dressings, Impregnated, Antimicrobial(Retired)",
      "definition": "Dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). The most common substrate used in these dressings is gauze, but alginate, foam, hydrocolloid, and hydrogel are also used. Antimicrobial dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds, burns, and skin grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "24823",
      "display": "Dressings, Impregnated, Antimicrobial, Iodine(Retired)",
      "definition": "Antimicrobial dressings impregnated with iodine solutions (e.g., povidone-iodine). The most common substrate used in these dressings is gauze, but other fabrics are also used. Iodine-impregnated antimicrobial dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds and burns."
    },
    {
      "code": "24822",
      "display": "Dressings, Impregnated, Antimicrobial, Silver(Retired)",
      "definition": "Antimicrobial dressings impregnated with silver. The most common substrates used in these dressings are gauze, alginate, foam, hydrocolloid, and hydrogel. Silver-impregnated antimicrobial dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds, burns, and skin grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "24824",
      "display": "Dressings, Impregnated, Antimicrobial, Zinc Oxide(Retired)",
      "definition": "Antimicrobial dressings impregnated with zinc oxide. The most common substrate used in these dressings is gauze, but other fabrics are also used. Zinc-oxide-impregnated antimicrobial dressings reduce itching and and/or kill microorganisms (e.g., bacteria); they are used mainly to treat eczema or dermatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24816",
      "display": "Dressings, Impregnated, Charcoal(Retired)",
      "definition": "Dressings impregnated with activated charcoal. The substrate of these dressings is usually foam, alginate, or cloth. Charcoal dressings absorb odors, helping to control odor in malodorous wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "24826",
      "display": "Dressings, Impregnated, Combined(Retired)",
      "definition": "Antimicrobial dressings impregnated with two or more agents, either two antimicrobial agents (e.g. metronidazole BP, benzalkonium chloride solution BP) or two agents, one antimicrobial and one that is not (e.g., an antimicrobial drug, charcoal). Any type of substrate may be used. Combined impregnated antimicrobial dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds, burns, and skin grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "42060",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber",
      "definition": "Dressings made of materials derived from natural fibers. These dressings are usually non adhesive and made of one or more fibers, including cotton and alginate. Natural fiber dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates and maintain a moist environment; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42061",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Alginate",
      "definition": "Natural fiber dressings derived from seaweed containing calcium or sodium salts of alginic acid. These dressings are usually non adhesive; they become a hydrophilic gel when in contact with wet wounds. Alginate dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates and maintain a moist environment; they are used mainly in the wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42062",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Alginate, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Alginate dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24829",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Alginate, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Alginate dressings that are not infused with any medicated substance or any other solution, emulsion, oil, agent, or compound."
    },
    {
      "code": "42063",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze",
      "definition": "Natural fiber dressings derived from cotton or natural woven fibers (i.e., gauze). These dressings may be made of woven or unwoven cotton or other natural fibers (e.g., linen); they are typically available in a variety of shapes (e.g., pads, sponges, sheets). Cotton/gauze dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42078",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Cotton/gauze dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "42087",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Antimicrobial Hydrogel",
      "definition": "Cotton/gauze dressings impregnated with a matrix of hydrophilic polymers with high water content (at least 50 percent) that contains an antimicrobial agent. These dressings typically donate moisture to the wound beds and are permeable to vapors and oxygen but impermeable to liquids. They are used mainly to maintain a moist environment in the management of necrotic wounds and reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24825",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Antimicrobial, Bismuth Tribromophenate",
      "definition": "Antimicrobial cotton/gauze dressings impregnated with bismuth tribromophenate (BTP). BTP-impregnated antimicrobial dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (e.g., bacteria); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "42034",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Antimicrobial, Bismuth Tribromophenate, Non-Occlusive",
      "definition": "Bismuth tribromophenate-impregnated antimicrobial cotton/gauze dressings that are permeable to moisture and air. These dressings allow flow of exudate away from the wound site usually into a secondary dressing."
    },
    {
      "code": "42033",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Antimicrobial, Bismuth Tribromophenate, Occlusive",
      "definition": "Bismuth tribromophenate-impregnated antimicrobial cotton/gauze dressings that are non-permeable. No air or moisture such as water vapor can penetrate in or out of these dressings. These dressing hold moisture next to the wound."
    },
    {
      "code": "42032",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Antimicrobial, Honey",
      "definition": "Antimicrobial cotton/gauze dressings impregnated with honey. Honey-impregnated antimicrobial dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (e.g., bacteria); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections in wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "42064",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Hydrogel",
      "definition": "Cotton/gauze dressings impregnated with a matrix of hydrophilic polymers with high water content (at least 50 percent). These dressings typically donate moisture to the wound beds and are permeable to vapors and oxygen but impermeable to liquids. They are used mainly to maintain a moist environment in the management of necrotic wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "24831",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Natural fiber dressings derived from cotton or natural woven fibers (i.e., gauze). These dressings may be made of woven or unwoven cotton or other natural fibers (e.g., linen); they are typically available in a variety of shapes (e.g., pads, sponges, sheets). Cotton/gauze dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "24817",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Petrolatum",
      "definition": "Dressings impregnated with petrolatum. The substrate of these dressings is usually gauze and nonwoven fabric. Petrolatum dressings reduce the adhesion of the dressing to the wound and provide a moist environment; petrolatum dressings are intended mainly to protect wounds, preventing and/or reducing the formation of scar tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "42036",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Petrolatum, Non-Occlusive",
      "definition": "Petrolatum-impregnated cotton/gauze dressings that are permeable to moisture and air. These dressings allow flow of exudate away from the wound site usually into a secondary dressing."
    },
    {
      "code": "42035",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Petrolatum, Occlusive",
      "definition": "Petrolatum-impregnated cotton/gauze dressings that are non-permeable. No air or moisture such as water vapor can penetrate in or out of these dressings. These dressing hold moisture next to the wound."
    },
    {
      "code": "24815",
      "display": "Dressings, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Saline",
      "definition": "Dressings impregnated with saline solution or dry sodium chloride. The substrate of these dressings is usually plain gauze. Saline dressings facilitate the cleaning of wound drain exudates, helping to keep debris and bacteria away and maintaining a moist environment; they are used mainly to treat necrotic or heavily exuding wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "24827",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated(Retired)",
      "definition": "Plain (nonimpregnated) dressings designed to cover and protect a wound without any additional functions. These dressings are usually made of raw materials such as natural fibers (e.g., cotton, alginate), biological products (e.g., collagen), synthetic materials (e.g., polymers), or of materials. Nonimpregnated dressings are used mainly to maintain a moist environment, to absorb exudates, and/or to prevent contact with bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "24836",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Biological(Retired)",
      "definition": "Plain (nonimpregnated) dressings made of inert materials of animal and/or human origin. These dressings are usually nonadhesive, typically made of pig and/or human cadaver tissue. Biological dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates and promote wound healing; they are frequently used in the management of large skin wounds and burns."
    },
    {
      "code": "24854",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Combined(Retired)",
      "definition": "Plain (nonimpregnated) dressings that combine two or more components of raw materials such as natural fibers (e.g., cotton, alginate), biological products (e.g., collagen), or synthetic materials (e.g., two or more polymers). Combined dressings are intended to maintain a moist environment, absorb wound exudates, prevent contact with bacteria, and promote wound healing; they are used mainly to cover and protect wounds.  Frequently available combined dressings include composite and alginate/collagen dressings."
    },
    {
      "code": "24828",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Natural Fiber(Retired)",
      "definition": "Plain (nonimpregnated) dressings made of materials derived from natural fibers. These dressings are usually nonadhesive, made of one or more fibers, including cotton and alginate.  Natural fiber dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates and maintain a moist environment; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "11751",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Natural Fiber, Cotton/Gauze, Fluff",
      "definition": "Plain (nonimpregnated) dressings made of natural, soft, absorbent materials (e.g., cotton or linen gauze) that are open and fluffed. Typically, these dressings are made from prewashed, fluff-dried gauze and are supplied in various-length rolls or precut squares. Fluff dressings are intended to cover wounds and absorb wound exudates; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "24841",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Synthetic(Retired)",
      "definition": "Plain (nonimpregnated) dressings made of synthetic (e.g., polymers) or semisynthetic materials. These dressings may be adhesive or nonadhesive, and made of one or more synthetic polymers, including polyethylene and polyurethane.  Synthetic dressings are intended to maintain a moist environment, absorb wound exudates and/or prevent the dressings from contact with bacteria; they are used in the management of dry or exudative wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "24853",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Synthetic, Silicone(Retired)",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings made of silicone. These dressings may consist of a plain silicone gel film or a knitted mesh (e.g., polymeric, frequently made of polyamide) that is bonded to a layer of soft silicone gel. Silicone dressings are self-adhesive to dry skin but not adhesive to wet wounds. Silicone-impregnated dressings are intended mainly to reduce hypertrophic and/or keloid scars."
    },
    {
      "code": "15624",
      "display": "Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Synthetic, Tracheostomy(Retired)",
      "definition": "Plain (nonimpregnated) dressings made of synthetic materials that are cut to fit around a tracheostomy tube or other drainage site (e.g., with a keyhole in the middle of the dressing). The dressing materials can be either polyurethane foam or polyurethane film and viscose. Tracheostomy dressings are used to absorb and disperse the exudates away from the skin; they are used mainly in the management of wounds after tracheostomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "42047",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic",
      "definition": "Dressings made of synthetic (e.g., polymers) or semisynthetic materials. These dressings may be adhesive or nonadhesive and made of one or more synthetic polymers, including polyethylene and polyurethane. Synthetic dressings are intended to maintain a moist environment, absorb wound exudates and/or prevent the dressings from contact with bacteria; they are used in the management of dry or exudative wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "42048",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Fabric/Gauze",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings made of woven or unwoven polymeric fabrics (e.g., nylon). They can be a variety of shapes (e.g., pads, sponges, sheets). Fabric/gauze dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42049",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Fabric/Gauze, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Fabric/gauze dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24842",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Fabric/Gauze, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings made of polymers. These dressings may be made of woven or unwoven polymeric fabrics (e.g., nylon) in a variety of shapes (e.g., pads, sponges, sheets). Fabric/gauze dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42050",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Film",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings that are transparent polymer membranes of varying thickness coated on one side with an adhesive. They are impermeable to liquid, water, and bacteria but permeable to moisture vapor and atmospheric gases. They are usually indicated for partial-thickness wounds with little or no exudate and wounds with necrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "42051",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Film, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Film dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "17428",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Film, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Film dressings that are not infused with any medicated substance or any other solution, emulsion, oil, agent, or compound."
    },
    {
      "code": "42052",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Foam",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings made of hydrophilic synthetic polymers (typically a polyurethane foam containing small chambers). These dressings are usually made of thick plastic film (i.e., sheets) or porous sponge-like materials that are highly permeable to vapors and oxygen but impermeable to liquids and bacteria. Foam dressings usually absorb wound exudates; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42053",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Foam, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Foam dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "11323",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Foam, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Foam dressings that are not infused with any medicated substance or any other solution, emulsion, oil, agent, or compound."
    },
    {
      "code": "42054",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Gelling Fiber",
      "definition": "Nonwoven dressings made of absorbent fibers (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol) that form a hydrophilic gel when in contact with wound exudate. These dressings are usually sheets or ribbons. Gelling fiber dressings are used to maintain a moist environment for wound healing."
    },
    {
      "code": "42059",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Gelling Fiber, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Gelling fiber dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24849",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Gelling Fiber, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Gelling fiber dressings that are not infused with any medicated substance or any other solution, emulsion, oil, agent, or compound."
    },
    {
      "code": "24852",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Hyaluronic Acid",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings made of a semisynthetic hyaluronic acid, a carbohydrate component of the extracellular matrix. The carbohydrate component of the extracellular matrix usually becomes a hydrophilic gel when it comes into contact with wet wounds. Hyaluronic acid dressings are intended to absorb wound exudates, to maintain a moist environment, and to promote wound healing; they are used mainly in wound management."
    },
    {
      "code": "42055",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Hydrocolloid",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings made of polymers that combine hydrophilic absorptive ingredients such as carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, and an adhesive elastomer (e.g., gelatin). These dressings are self-adhesive; they become a hydrophilic occlusive gel when they come into contact with wet wounds. Hydrocolloid dressings are available in wafer, powder, or paste forms; they are used in the management of moderately exudative and/or necrotic wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "42056",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Hydrocolloid, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Hydrocolloid dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24847",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Hydrocolloid, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Synthetic dressings made of polymers that combine hydrophilic absorptive ingredients such as carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, and an adhesive elastomer (e.g., gelatin). These dressings are self-adhesive; they become a hydrophilic occlusive gel when they come into contact with wet wounds.  Hydrocolloid dressings are available in wafer, powder, or paste forms; they are used in the management of moderately exudative and/or necrotic wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "42057",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Hydrogel",
      "definition": "Semisynthetic dressings made of a matrix of hydrophilic polymers with high water content (at least 50 percent). These dressings typically donate moisture to the wound beds and are permeable to vapors and oxygen but impermeable to liquids. Hydrogel dressings can be sheets of hydrogel or hydrogel applied to another material; they are used mainly to maintain a moist environment in the management of necrotic wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "42058",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Hydrogel, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Hydrogel synthetic dressings impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). These dressings reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24850",
      "display": "Dressings, Synthetic, Hydrogel, Nonimpregnated",
      "definition": "Semisynthetic dressings made of a matrix of hydrophilic polymers with high water content (at least 50 percent). These dressings typically donate moisture to the wound beds and are permeable to vapors and oxygen but impermeable to liquids. Hydrogel dressings can be sheets of hydrogel, amorphous gel, or hydrogel pre-applied to another material; they are used mainly to maintain a moist environment in the management of necrotic wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "23840",
      "display": "Drill Bits",
      "definition": "Small instruments designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device to excavate objects, tissues, or other anatomic parts, usually by creating cylindrical holes. These instruments typically consist of a cylindrical shank of steel or other hard metal with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., twisted, helicoidally), and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a handpiece, hand drill, drilling machine). Some drill bits are cannulated to allow their use over a guide wire. Dedicated drill bits are used in a variety of surgical (e.g., orthopedic, otolaryngology), dental, and postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33881",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device (e.g., handpiece, hand drill) to excise a small section of tissue, bone, or cartilage for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy). These instruments typically consist of a cylindrical shank of steel or other hard metal with a uniform cross-section. These include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., twisted, helicoidally) that can hold the specimen and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., handpiece)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33429",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Dental, Implant Driving",
      "definition": "Dental drill bits designed to be held and revolved manually or by a rotary machine that are intended for placement (i.e., driving) of dental implants. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical shank of steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section including a working end appropriate to rotate the head of a dental implant and a notched or elongated proximal end that is appropriate to fit into the rotary machine (e.g., a drill, dental handpiece). Dental implant drill bits are used to drive or remove a dental implant during the implantation procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33882",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical",
      "definition": "Surgical drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device to excavate, perforate, or excise fragments of soft and/or hard tissue. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical shank of stainless steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., twisted, helicoidally), and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a drill, handpiece). They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but can be disposable (single-use). Dedicated surgical drill bits are used in a variety of applications, such as orthopedic, spinal, intracranial, and otolaryngology procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33883",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device to excavate, perforate, or excise fragments of bone. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical shank of stainless steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., twisted, helicoidally), and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a drill, handpiece). Some bone drills are cannulated to allow their use over a pin or guide wire. They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but can be disposable (single-use). Dedicated standard and cannulated bone surgical drills are available for a variety of procedures, including reshaping bones and implantation of prostheses during orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33885",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Bone, Cannulated",
      "definition": "Surgical drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device to excavate, perforate, or excise fragments of bone following the direction of a previously inserted pin or guide wire. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical hollow shank of stainless steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., twisted, helicoidally) and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a drill, handpiece). Dedicated bone surgical drills are available for a variety of procedures including fixation of prostheses and implants during orthopedic procedures.  They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but can be disposable (single-use)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33884",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Bone, Routing",
      "definition": "Surgical drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device to mill out the surface of bones usually along a template, permitting the surgeon to achieve accurate and reproducible results. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical shank of steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section and cutting edges that may be tapered at the working end. They come in a variety of different shapes according to the orthopedic procedure and have a notched or short proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a hand drill, bone router). Routing bone drills are mainly intended for reshaping bones during orthopedic procedures, including minimally invasive surgical procedures of the articulations (e.g., knee). They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but can be disposable (single-use)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33886",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Bone, Wire Pass",
      "definition": "Surgical drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device for percutaneous perforation of bones or fragments of bone. These devices drive wires (known as Kirschner or K-wires) into the bone through the skin. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical hollow shank of stainless steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section. They include a cutting edge (e.g., twisted, helicoidally) and a small hole at the working end and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a hand drill, handpiece). Wire-pass bone surgical drills are available for a variety of procedures such as holding bone fragments together (pin fixation) or to provide an anchor for skeletal fixation."
    },
    {
      "code": "11342",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Craniotomy",
      "definition": "Surgical bone drill bits designed to perforate the cranium when held and revolved by a rotary device (e.g., a surgical handpiece). These devices typically consist of a cylindrical shank of steel or other hard metal with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., usually twisted), and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device. Craniotomy drill bits are usually combined with dedicated hand drill attachments (known as footed attachments, devices that help provide protection for soft tissues when cutting through bones) to protect the cortex (dura mater) by avoiding penetration or damage to the membrane that contains the cerebrospinal fluid. They are used mainly to obtain openings in the cranium that facilitate aspiration of intracranial fluids using a ventricular catheter."
    },
    {
      "code": "33888",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Craniotomy, Slot",
      "definition": "Surgical bone drill bits designed to perforate the cranium when held and revolved by a rotary device (e.g., a surgical handpiece) that are capable of cutting straight down into the cranium and then move laterally to make slots. These devices typically consist of a cylindrical shank of steel or other hard metal with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with fluted cutting edges that include at least a pair of opposite cutting teeth that allow cutting slots in the skull, and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device. Slot craniotomy drill bits are used mainly to cut cranium flaps that are usually replaced after intracranial surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33887",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Spine",
      "definition": "Surgical drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device to excavate, perforate, or excise fragments of the spine including the vertebrae. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical shank of stainless steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., twisted, helicoidally), and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a drill, handpiece); they usually include stoppers to avoid perforation beyond a pre-established depth. Some spine drill bits are cannulated to allow their use over a guide wire. Dedicated spine surgical drills are available for a variety of procedures and/or for different segments of the spine (e.g., cervical, lumbar, thoracic), including reshaping the spine and implantation of prostheses during orthopedic surgery.  They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but can be disposable (single-use)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11333",
      "display": "Drill Bits, Surgical, Spine, Cervical",
      "definition": "Surgical drill bits designed to be held and revolved by a rotary device to excavate, perforate, or excise fragments of the cervical spine, including the vertebrae following the direction of a previously inserted pin or guide wire. These drill bits typically consist of a cylindrical hollow shank of stainless steel or other hard metal alloy with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges (e.g., twisted, helicoidally) and a notched or elongated proximal end to fit into the rotary device (e.g., a hand drill, handpiece); they may also include stoppers to avoid perforation beyond a pre-established depth. Dedicated spine surgical drills are available for a variety of procedures and/or segments of the spine (e.g., cervical, lumbar, thoracic), including reshaping the spine and implantation of prostheses during orthopedic surgery. They are usually intended for reuse after sterilization, but can be disposable (single-use)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23676",
      "display": "Drill Chucks",
      "definition": "Devices designed to attach and center rotating tools (typically drill bits and burs) to the equipment that provides the rotatory power (e.g., drill, handpiece). Drill chucks typically consist of a clamp-like device with three jaws that permit self-centering of the rotating tool, most chucks have a capacity up to 0.5 inch (13 mm) diameter, but some may allow larger diameters up to 1 inch (25 mm). Drill chucks are usually provided with a special key to tighten and loosen the rotating tool; some chucks permit attachment of rotatory tools using only twisting hand pressure (i.e., keyless chucks). Drill chucks are used in healthcare facilities for drilling devices during surgical, dental, orthopedic, and postmortem procedures; they are also intended for rotatory drills used to repair medical and other hospital devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "28251",
      "display": "Drilling Machines",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for drilling pieces of materials (e.g., metals, plastics) typically using detachable drill bits mounted on a rotating mechanism. These machines usually consist of a rotating assembly (also known as spindle) that includes the shaft, bearings, and associated detachable burs and/or drill bits; the machine also includes a support (e.g., a vise clamped to a table) for the piece that is being drilled. The piece under work is held stationary as the drill moves axially to penetrate the material; the spindle movements is precisely controlled (e.g., to less than 0.001 inch/0.025 mm). Drilling machines are usually mounted on a working bench; they may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally controlled. Drilling machines may be used for a variety of applications; dedicated machines intended to manufacture dental prostheses are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28258",
      "display": "Drilling Machines, Dental",
      "definition": "Drilling machines designed for drilling holes in dental prostheses during manufacturing and/or repair. These machines typically consist of an electric-powered unit including a high-speed rotatory motor, a manually or automated operated rotating assembly (also known as spindle) that includes a dedicated jig and associated detachable (e.g., 1/16 to 1/4 inch/1.6 to 6 mm) drill bits or burs. The machine also includes a support (e.g., a vise clamped to a table) for the piece that is being drilled and also may include a guide and a depth control for the perforation. Dental drilling machines are intended for use in dental laboratories to obtain accurate perforations in dental prostheses; dedicated machines using laser beams as a guide are also available to perform small and accurate perforations."
    },
    {
      "code": "26615",
      "display": "Drilling Machines, Dental, Laser-Guided",
      "definition": "Drilling machines designed for drilling small holes (i.e., pinholes) in dental prostheses during manufacturing and/or repair. These machines typically consist of a high-speed rotatory motor, a fine beam laser, and a rotating assembly (also known as spindle) that includes a dedicated jig and associated detachable very small diameter (e.g., 1/16 inch/1.6 mm) drill bits. The machine also includes a support (e.g., a vise clamped to a table) for the piece that is being drilled and also may include depth control for the perforation and appropriate means for extraction of dust. Laser-Guided dental drilling machines are intended for use in dental laboratories to obtain accurate pinholes in plastic prostheses using a laser guide."
    },
    {
      "code": "39593",
      "display": "Drinking Straws",
      "definition": "Thin tubes designed to allow a user to consume a liquid beverage by serving as a conduit for the liquid from a vessel containing the liquid to the mouth of the user. Drinking straws are passive devices through which liquid is transferred by the user applying suction to the straw using his or her mouth. Drinking straws are typically single-use devices constructed of plastic or paper; re-usable straws constructed of metal, plastic, or other materials are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11345",
      "display": "Driver/Extractors",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to insert and extract implants and/or prostheses by applying force or torque during surgical or dental procedures. Driver/extractors are typically manual, handheld instruments with a working end that conforms to the device to be driven and a proximal end that can accept impact, pressure, or rotating forces according to the demands of the procedure. They are used mainly for the insertion and extraction of implants and prostheses (e.g., bone nails and pin, bone plates) during orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11346",
      "display": "Driver/Extractors, Bone Nail-Pin",
      "definition": "Surgical driver/extractors designed to insert and extract nails and/or pins into or from bones by applying linear force or torque during orthopedic procedures. Instruments applying linear force are typically manual, handheld instruments with a working end that accommodates nails and pins (e.g., a hollow adjustable cylinder), a handle for manipulation, and possibly a sliding sleeve between the tip and the handle for hitting (hammering) the working end; instruments intended to apply torque usually include a threaded working end (either male or female), a rotating shaft, and a concentric, T-shaped, or otherwise configured handle appropriate to apply manual torque. Bone nail and pin driver/extractors are used mainly in orthopedic procedures (e.g., femur, hip prostheses implantation); dedicated instruments are available for specific nails and pins used in specialized prostheses (e.g., medullary nails)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11347",
      "display": "Driver/Extractors, Bone Plate",
      "definition": "Surgical driver/extractors designed to insert and extract bone plates into or from the surface of bones by applying linear force during orthopedic procedures. These instruments are typically manual, handheld devices with a working end that fits the plate (e.g., by threading to it) and a handle for manipulation. Bone plate driver/extractors are used mainly for temporary insertion of templates in orthopedic procedures (e.g., femur, knee prostheses implantation); dedicated instruments are available for particular plates used in specialized prostheses (e.g., patella templates)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33426",
      "display": "Driver/Extractors, Dental Implant",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to insert and/or extract dental implants by applying force or torque during dental procedures. These instruments are typically manual, handheld instruments with a working end that conforms to the dental implant to be driven and a proximal end that can accept impact, pressure, or rotating forces according to the demands of the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "10458",
      "display": "Drivers, Bone Staple",
      "definition": "Drivers designed for delivering staples into bones. These drivers typically consist of handheld devices. Some drivers are very simple metallic devices acting as mechanical holders; other drivers consist of a mechanism that includes a barrel and rod for staple holding, an extension rod for staple delivery, and a sliding piece for hammering the staple to its final position."
    },
    {
      "code": "34376",
      "display": "Drivers, Embolectomy/Thrombectomy, Catheters, Fragmentation",
      "definition": "Drivers designed to insert and operate mechanical fragmentation catheters intended for embolectomy and/or thrombectomy inside the vasculature.  These drivers are usually handheld manual powered instruments that permit the location of a detachable fragmentation catheter at the distal end; the driving mechanism and the fragmentation catheter together perform thrombus and/or embolus fragmentation, aspiration, and removal in one operation. Mechanical fragmentation catheter drivers are used as components of systems used for embolectomy/thrombectomy procedures usually in catheterization laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "17252",
      "display": "Drivers, Endarterectomy Loop",
      "definition": "Drivers designed to insert wire loops intended to grip and shear atherosclerotic deposits from the lumen of an artery (i.e., endarterectomy). These drivers are typically handheld, manual instruments that apply shearing action when the endarterectomy loops are drawn through the artery; they usually include freely rotating handles that prevent the application of torsion forces to the loops. A shear force gauge may be included to measure and limit the pulling force applied to the loop. Endarterectomy loop drivers are used in endarterectomy procedures performed in the main arteries of the body (e.g., carotid artery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28234",
      "display": "Drivers, Ultrasonic Probe, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Drivers designed to insert ultrasonic probes into the channel of standard endoscopes, permitting ultrasonic procedures along body tracts. These drivers are usually handheld manual powered instruments that permit the location of a variety of detachable ultrasonic probes at the distal end; then the probes are inserted in the working channel of a standard endoscope (e.g., a choledochoscope) which is attached to a video endoscopy system at the proximal end. The drivers permit dual-plane reconstruction (DPR) scanning with simultaneous display of radial and linear images when used with DPR probes. Endoscopic ultrasonic probe drivers are intended to perform ultrasonic procedures using standard endoscopes rather than dedicated ultrasonic endoscopes. They are usually dedicated devices that can be used only with endoscopes and probes of one or a few models and/or manufacturers."
    },
    {
      "code": "27190",
      "display": "Driving Control Units, Gantry, Multi-Axis",
      "definition": "Gantry driving units designed for direct coupling of a gantry and/or table of a radiographic, imaging, or radiotherapy unit which is capable of movements in more than a single axis (i.e., multi-axes) to the driving motors used to move the gantry. These devices usually consist of a mechanism that couples the driving motors to the gantry; the mechanism typically includes integral electronic controls to regulate the speed and direction of the movement of the gantry following two or three axes. Multi-axes direct coupling driving units are intended to improve the characteristics of the gantry system (e.g., by permitting faster acceleration/deceleration and increasing the speed of operation). Dedicated driving units for multi-axes movements (i.e., two or three axes, XY and XYZ respectively) at various speeds and/or resolutions are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17832",
      "display": "Driving Controls, Adaptive, Nonpowered",
      "definition": "Mechanical devices designed to allow control of various motor vehicle functions (e.g., braking, acceleration) by nonconventional means."
    },
    {
      "code": "17831",
      "display": "Driving Controls, Adaptive, Powered",
      "definition": "Powered devices that allow control of various motor vehicle functions (e.g., braking, acceleration) by a nonconventional means."
    },
    {
      "code": "32650",
      "display": "Driving Units, Gantry/Table",
      "definition": "Devices designed for direct coupling of the gantry of a radiographic, imaging, or radiotherapy unit and the driving motors used to move and position the gantry and/or the patient table. These units usually consist of a mechanism that couples the driving motors to the gantry or table; the mechanism may include integral electronic controls to regulate the speed and direction of movement of the gantry. Direct coupling driving units are intended to improve the characteristics of the gantry system (e.g., by permitting faster acceleration/deceleration and increasing the speed of operation). Dedicated driving units for single (i.e., x-axis) or multi-axes movements (i.e., two or three axes, known as XY and XYZ axes, respectively) at various speeds and/or resolutions are available. Dedicated units intended for rotatory motion gantries are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "32656",
      "display": "Driving Units, Gantry/Table, Rotatory",
      "definition": "Gantry driving units designed for direct coupling of a gantry and/or table of a radiographic, imaging, or radiotherapy unit which is capable of rotatory movements (e.g., around the patient) to the driving motors used to move the gantry. These devices usually consist of a mechanism that couples the driving motors to the gantry; the mechanism typically includes integral electronic controls to regulate the angular speed and direction of the movement of the gantry following a circular or elliptical path. Rotatory direct coupling driving units are intended to improve the characteristics of the gantry system (e.g., by permitting faster acceleration/deceleration and increasing the speed of operation). Dedicated driving units for rotatory movements at various speeds and/or resolutions are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "32654",
      "display": "Driving Units, Gantry/Table, Single-Axis",
      "definition": "Gantry driving units designed for direct coupling a gantry and/or patient table of a radiographic, imaging, or radiotherapy unit which is capable of movements only in one axis (i.e., single axis) to the driving motors used to move the gantry. These devices usually consist of a mechanism that couples the driving motors to the gantry; the mechanism typically includes integral electronic controls to regulate the speed and direction of the movement of the gantry following one axis. Single-axis direct coupling driving units are intended to improve the characteristics of the gantry system (e.g., by permitting faster acceleration/deceleration and increasing the speed of operation). Dedicated driving units for single-axis movements at various speeds and/or resolutions are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15576",
      "display": "Droppers",
      "definition": "Hollow tubes, open at both ends, with an aspiration bulb attached to one end, intended for aspirating and dispensing a small volume of liquid in single drops. Droppers are usually made of glass or plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "11370",
      "display": "Droppers, Ear (Retired)",
      "definition": "A hollow tube, open at both ends, usually having an aspiration bulb attached to one end, intended for aspirating a small volume of liquid so the liquid may be dispensed in single drops into the ear canal.  Droppers are usually made of glass or plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "12774",
      "display": "Droppers, Nose (Retired)",
      "definition": "Hollow tubes, open at both ends, with an aspiration bulb attached to one end, intended for aspirating and dispensing a small volume of liquid in single drops into the nasal passages.  Droppers are usually made of glass or plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "31263",
      "display": "Drug of Abuse Test Systems, IVD Screening",
      "definition": "Computerized systems designed to detect and perform quantitative analysis of body fluids to detect one or more of a group of drugs that either are illegal or are frequently taken for nonmedical purposes (i.e., drugs with a high potential of abuse). Drugs-of-abuse include but are not limited to cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and morphine; the test usually does not include drugs that may be taken as prescription drugs (e.g., barbiturates). The system typically consist of a personal computer and peripherals (e.g., printers, monitors), urine sampling devices that prevent tampering, a photometric reader to analyze the samples, and usually an internet-based link to provide automated assessment and response when negative results are obtained. Some systems may include a pre-screening assessment based on a scanning of the eye that assess central nervous system abnormalities that may be caused by drugs of abuse and require further urine tests. The software package that controls the process is typically operated through the internet connection; the system may allow the introduction of additional results from laboratory and breath tests (e.g., alcohol), and/or manual data obtained from physical examinations. Drug-of-abuse screening test systems are mainly intended for use in occupational health facilities for employee screening as well as for use in emergency situations when use of drugs-of-abuse may be involved."
    },
    {
      "code": "27337",
      "display": "Dry Eye Test Strips",
      "definition": "Narrow paper strips or threads coated with a fluorescent dye or stain (e.g., fluorescein) used as a tool for diagnosing dry eye syndrome.  The strips (some of which are printed with a calibrated scale) are held up to the inside of the lower eyelid for a specific amount of time to measure tear production."
    },
    {
      "code": "41774",
      "display": "Dry Heaters, Molded Plastic Splint",
      "definition": "Units that provide dry heat through flat metal plates designed to warm thermoplastic moldable splinting material. In addition to the heated plates, these devices typically consist of a heating element, electrical resistors, a thermometer, temperature controllers, and a timer. Sheets of thermoplastic materials are placed between the plates with the temperature adjusted according to the type of splinting material and then molded to conform the desired splint."
    },
    {
      "code": "16318",
      "display": "Dry Ice Chests",
      "definition": "Insulated containers designed to store dry ice. Dry ice chests are made from insulating materials, such as polyethylene and polyurethane, that minimize the sublimation rate of the stored dry ice. They can be various sizes to accommodate different amounts of dry ice in block or pellet form. The chests can have features like a hinged lid, handles, latches to secure the lid, and casters. These chests can also be used to move dry ice within a hospital or other healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "17179",
      "display": "Dry Ice Makers",
      "definition": "Machines designed to produce dry ice. Dry ice makers have a connecting tubing or hose to attach the unit to an external cylinder of liquid carbon dioxide. The liquid carbon dioxide is sent into an empty chamber where under normal atmospheric pressure a portion of the liquid gas flashes into carbon dioxide gas. This change from liquid to gas causes the temperature to drop quickly, solidifying (i.e., freezing) the remaining carbon dioxide liquid into a snow-like consistency. In the chamber, the dry ice snow is compressed into blocks or various sized pellets. The units may also include a pressure gauge and pressure release valve."
    },
    {
      "code": "28104",
      "display": "Dry Mud/Paraffin, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Products that combine solid paraffin with dry mud that have medical (e.g., analgesic) properties obtained from natural sources. The product is usually heated until it melts and is applied in thick layers on areas of skin just when it becomes solid again, at a temperature in the range between 38 to 45 degrees Celsius (100 to 113 degrees Fahrenheit). The product is typically applied for a time period of less than one hour.  Combined products of natural mud with paraffin are intended to help in relieving chronic pain and stiffness and also to alleviate muscle spasms."
    },
    {
      "code": "18859",
      "display": "Dry-Processing Imagers",
      "definition": "Devices used to produce high-resolution multiformat films directly from image data acquired during diagnostic radiology procedures (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, digital radiography, digital photospot fluoroscopy), using dry-processing imaging. Typically, dry-processing imagers are used during a procedure that does not require a ribbon (i.e., thermal recording process). The imagers include a thermal head, heat-responsive microcapsules filled with dye precursors, and a developer; when heat is applied, the developer passes through the microcapsule walls and reacts with the dye precursor to form a dye that creates an image on film or paper. Dry-processing imagers allow diagnoses to be made from a hard copy rather than from an electronic image on a monitor screen. They are not intended to digitize film images."
    },
    {
      "code": "17133",
      "display": "Dryers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to remove moisture, either in liquid or vapor state, from devices, films, fabrics, objects, and/or gases using a physical procedure (e.g., heat, centrifugal force, refrigeration, forced air, filtration), and/or natural convection or with the exclusive use of chemical desiccating products. Dedicated dryers are used in healthcare facilities to dry labware, laboratory slides and gels, laundry, small devices and/or utensils, forensic evidence, and x-ray films; they are also used to dry the air in medical air systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41967",
      "display": "Dryers, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Medical device dryers designed to remove moisture from the internal channel of endoscopes using forced air. These units typically consist of an air generator, nozzles, and connector to inject the air through the endoscope. The endoscope dryers can be tabletop units or incorporated into a cabinet."
    },
    {
      "code": "21080",
      "display": "Dryers, Forensic Evidence",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from forensic evidence (e.g., cloth, shoes, underwear, masks, towels) using forced air to ensure that the samples are dry. These dryers typically consist of a large (typically from 55 to 440 cubic dm [2 to 16 cubic feet]), freestanding cabinet-like enclosure with a forced-air source and appropriate corrosion-proof holders and shelves for evidence; some dryers include electric heating elements. The devices also include air intake and exhaustion filters (e.g., HEPA), carbon filters, time and temperature controls, and alarms. Forensic evidence dryers are intended to dry wet evidence (e.g., of sexual assault) before further processing, reducing the risk of cross-contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "21083",
      "display": "Dryers, Forensic Evidence, Swab",
      "definition": "Forensic evidence dryers designed to remove moisture from swabs containing forensic evidence (e.g., blood, body fluids) using forced air to ensure that the samples are dry. These dryers typically consist of a small tabletop or wall-mounted enclosure (typically of less than 55 cubic dm [2 cubic feet]) with a forced-air source (usually a fan) and a rack for swabs that may be independent from the enclosure. The devices also include air intake and exhaustion filters (e.g., HEPA) and a timer. Swab dryers are intended to dry wetevidence  (e.g., of sexual assault) samples (typically swabs impregnated with body fluids) before further processing, reducing the risk of cross-contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "21077",
      "display": "Dryers, Gel",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from laboratory gels using heat or heat combined with vacuum. These dryers typically consist of a container with a transparent cover and electric heating elements, a vacuum port, appropriate sheets (e.g., Mylar, polyethylene), and temperature and time controls to establish appropriate drying conditions for different types of gels. Gel dryers are used to dry large gels and/or a combination of smaller gels intended for preservation or for chromatography, electrophoresis, densitometry, and/or other laboratory procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15985",
      "display": "Dryers, Labware",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from laboratory glassware (e.g., burets, beakers, test tubes) using heat. These dryers typically consist of an electric heat source and an enclosure with appropriate holders and shelves for the glassware; some devices include an internal ventilator to provide forced air. Labware dryers are used after labware is properly washed; current labware washers frequently integrate washing and drying capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "21073",
      "display": "Dryers, Laundry",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from laundry (e.g., sheets, towels, cloth) using heat (e.g., forced, warm air) and/or centrifugal force. These dryers typically consist of a heat generator, an enclosure that can usually rotate to apply centrifugal force, hoses for venting, and appropriate controls of the drying cycle. Laundry dryers are used to dry laundry from procedure areas (e.g., operating rooms) and/or patient and staff personal clothing; they are used after the laundry is properly washed."
    },
    {
      "code": "36783",
      "display": "Dryers, Lyophilization",
      "definition": "Devices intended remove moisture from materials through sublimation by exposing previously frozen material to low pressure and low heat. These electrically powered freeze dryers typically include a refrigeration system; a vacuum system; a product chamber or manifold for attachment of sample vials; and a condenser. During the freeze drying process the sample is held at a pressure and temperature below the triple point of water (i.e., the temperature and pressure at which gas, liquid, and solid phases coexist) and gentle heating of the substance promotes direct conversion of ice in the sample to water vapor. The refrigeration system holds the condenser at a temperature below that of the sample, and water vapor driven off from the sample collects on the condenser in the form of ice. Manifold freeze dryers include a set of ports to which individual sample vials can be connected. These freeze dryers typically use ambient heat to dry the sample. Tray freeze dryers include a large internal chamber into which large numbers of sample vials or bulk product can be introduced. These freeze dryers may incorporate a heating element to raise the temperature within the chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "36594",
      "display": "Dryers, Medical Device",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from medical devices using circulating air and/or heat. These dryers typically consist of an electric heat source; a filtration system for removing particulates from the circulated air; and an enclosure with appropriate holders and shelves for holding medical devices during the drying process."
    },
    {
      "code": "17449",
      "display": "Dryers, Medical Device, Breathing Circuit",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from breathing circuit components such as hoses and masks using heat (e.g., forced warm air). These dryers typically consist of a warm-air generator, an enclosure that includes nozzles to inject the warm air, and appropriate holders to fix the breathing circuit components. Breathing circuit dryers are used to prevent bacterial growth after the breathing circuits are washed."
    },
    {
      "code": "18050",
      "display": "Dryers, Medical-Air",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from central healthcare facility medical-air systems; these dryers use technologies such as refrigeration, desiccant adsorption, and membrane filtration to remove water from the air. Water is usually introduced in the medical-air system during the manufacturing process by the compression of ambient air, which may be rich in humidity. Medical-air dryers may be equipped with filters for removing liquid oil aerosols and mists and with purifiers for removing solid and liquid particles and gaseous impurities such as carbon monoxide; these devices are frequently included as an integral part of medical-air supply systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18041",
      "display": "Dryers, Medical-Air, Desiccating",
      "definition": "Medical-air dryers designed to remove moisture from the air using dynamic desiccant adsorption techniques. These dryers typically include a set of desiccants (e.g., a bed of desiccant cores) in which the adsorption process is performed; frequently, the compressed air to be dried passes through a rotor while the desiccant removes water vapor directly from the air and holds it while the wheel rotates. Desiccating medical-air dryers may be equipped with filters for removing liquid, oil, aerosols, and mists with purifiers for removing solid and liquid particles and gaseous impurities such as carbon monoxide; these devices are frequently included as an integral part of medical-air supply systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "21076",
      "display": "Dryers, Medical-Air, Membrane",
      "definition": "Medical-air dryers designed to remove moisture from the air using membrane-filtration techniques. Typically, the compressed air to be dried passes through a set of hollow-fiber membranes, in which the water vapor permeates the membranes, drying the compressed air. Simultaneously a small portion of the dry air is redirected along the length of the fibers to sweep out the water vapor that has permeated the membrane; then the moisture-laden sweep gas is vented to the atmosphere while dry air is supplied to the distribution system. Membrane medical-air dryers may be equipped with filters for removing liquid oil aerosols and mists, and purifiers for removing solid and liquid particles and gaseous impurities such as carbon monoxide; these devices are frequently included as an integral part of medical-air supply systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18040",
      "display": "Dryers, Medical-Air, Refrigerating",
      "definition": "Medical-air dryers designed to remove moisture from the air using refrigeration (i.e., cold temperature) techniques. These dryers typically consist of an air-to-air refrigerant heat exchanger, a mechanical condensate separator, and an automatic drain trap. Refrigerating medical-air dryers may be equipped with filters for removing liquid oil aerosols and mists, and purifiers for removing solid and liquid particles and gaseous impurities such as carbon monoxide; these devices are frequently included as an integral part of medical-air supply systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "17134",
      "display": "Dryers, Slide",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from laboratory slides using heat (e.g., forced warm air). These dryers typically consist of an electric warm-air generator with temperature controls, an enclosure that includes nozzles to inject warm air, and appropriate slide racks (typically two or three). Slide dryers are used to dry specimen slides immediately after staining or other laboratory coating procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "14475",
      "display": "Dryers, X-Ray Film",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from x-ray film using heat (e.g., forced warm air) after the film has been developed, fixed, and washed. These dryers may consist of an enclosure where the film is dried using heat (manual drying) or an automated drying unit that rolls the film at a predetermined speed while applying pressure and/or heat, delivering dry films at their output port. X-Ray film dryers usually include temperature and/or time controls; automated film dryers are frequently included as an integral part of x-ray film processors that perform the whole x-ray film processing (i.e., developing, fixing, washing, and drying)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21085",
      "display": "Dryers, X-Ray Film, Automated",
      "definition": "X-ray film dryers designed to remove moisture using an automated heated unit from an x-ray film after it has been developed, fixed, and washed. These dryers typically consist of a unit with an internal drum in which the films are rolled, an electrical heating source, and temperature and speed controls. Automated film dryers are frequently included as an integral part of x-ray film processors that perform all x-ray film processing functions (i.e., developing, fixing, washing, and drying)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21084",
      "display": "Dryers, X-Ray Film, Manual",
      "definition": "Dryers designed to remove moisture from x-ray film after it has been developed, fixed, and washed using heated (either static or forced) air. These dryers typically consist of a plastic or metal enclosure with a hinged lid or winged doors, electric heating elements, appropriate hangers for the film, a ventilator to produce the air, and temperature controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "11359",
      "display": "Duodenoscopes",
      "definition": "Flexible endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the mouth in the upper gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treating lesions of the interior of the proximal portion of the small intestine from pylorus to the jejunum (i.e., duodenum). Duodenoscopes usually consist of a flexible outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17654",
      "display": "Duodenoscopes, Video",
      "definition": "Duodenoscopes equipped with a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "23846",
      "display": "Dura Mater Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed for replacement of the dura mater, the outermost of the three membranes (i.e., meninges) that cover the brain and the spinal cord. These implants typically consist of patches of biologic or synthetic (usually biodegradable) grafts; they are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the intended site of implantation. Synthetic implants are typically bilayered biodegradable composites of a dyed foil (inner face) and an undyed polyglactin; biological implants may consist of a cross-linked collagen matrix (including physiologically compatible collagen that is free of active viruses and prions) that is available as a sponge, a film, or a nonwoven matrix or, less frequently, of allografts taken from cadavers. Dura mater implants are used to repair damage to the surface of the brain and/or spinal cord caused by trauma or disease; collagen matrix implant pores (typically with a diameter of 10 to 500 micrometers) permit infiltration and growth of meningeal tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "17681",
      "display": "Dynamometer Exercise Systems, Computerized",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed to guide, measure, and assess the performance of all major muscle groups in four kinds of muscle activity: passive (movement without exertion), isometric (exertion without movement), isokinetic (variable exertion at a constant rate of movement), and isotonic (constant exertion at a variable rate of movement). These exercisers include an exercise station that provides some form of resistance (e.g., hydraulic, electric, weights) to the muscular force applied for the patient and a computerized unit that controls the sequence and duration of the exercise plan and monitors and assesses the patient's performance and progress. Computerized dynamometric exercisers are used for exercise and physical rehabilitation of weakened or injured muscles and for the assessment  of muscle and or joint (e.g., knee, shoulder) performance."
    },
    {
      "code": "15577",
      "display": "Dynamometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure mechanical force, including the force produced by muscular contraction. Dynamometers intended for clinical use are available in a variety of designs and using different mechanisms (e.g., squeeze, hydraulic, spring-type) to measure muscle strength, according to the anatomic part (e.g., hand, back, leg), the force being measured, the intended evaluation, and the level of precision needed. Clinical dynamometers are intended mainly to test muscle strength after illness or trauma and as a tool to evaluate an individual's progress during treatment (e.g., during rehabilitation therapy). Dedicated clinical dynamometers are available to measure hand grip, pinch, and leg and/or back strength; some dynamometers are used for inspection, repair, and/or calibration of medical devices and instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23808",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Hand Grip",
      "definition": "Dynamometers designed to measure the muscle strength of the hand grip, usually a result of the combined force of the hand and forearm muscles. These dynamometers are typically a manual, handheld measuring instrument that includes a mechanism (e.g., a bulb, spring, hydraulic system) that resists the force applied by the hand or a strain gauge, a measuring device, and a display (e.g., a gauge) to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both) and/or pressure (e.g., pounds per square inch [psi]). Dedicated hand-grip dynamometers that can measure the force exerted between the thumb and one finger (i.e., pinch test) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23809",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Hand Grip, Bulb Squeeze",
      "definition": "Hand-grip dynamometers designed to measure the strength of the hand grip, usually a result of the combined force of the hand and forearm muscles, using a rubber or plastic bulb that is squeezed by the hand. These dynamometers are manual, handheld instruments that include a handle with the bulb and a calibrated gauge (e.g., a dial) to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both) and/or pressure (e.g., pounds per square inch [psi]); some instruments retain the values of  the maximum force reading until reset. Dynamometers with several different sized interchangeable squeeze bulbs (i.e., Martin squeeze dynamometers) that can be easily fitted to a common gauge are available. Bulb squeeze dynamometers are the simplest instruments available to measure hand grip, they are intended mainly for use in physician's offices and for assessment during physical therapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23814",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Hand Grip, Hydraulic",
      "definition": "Hand-grip dynamometers designed to measure the strength of the hand grip, usually a result of the combined force of the hand and forearm muscles, using a sealed hydraulic system. These dynamometers typically consist of an adjustable handle that can be placed in several grip positions (e.g., in 0.5-inch increments from 1.5 to 3.5 inches) and a calibrated gauge (e.g., a dial) to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both) and/or pressure (e.g., pounds per square inch [psi]); these instruments usually include a second pointer to retain the values of the maximum force reading until reset. The typical testing range on a dual scale is 0 to 100 kg (0 to 220 pounds). Hydraulic-type hand grip dynamometers are accurate instruments intended mainly for use in physician's offices, for evaluation of hand trauma, and/or for assessment during physical therapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23812",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Hand Grip, Spring",
      "definition": "Hand grip dynamometers designed to measure the strength of the hand grip, usually a result of the combined force of the hand and forearm muscles, using a spring that is compressed during the grip test. These dynamometers typically consist of an adjustable handle that is pulled by the hand and a calibrated gauge (e.g., a dial) to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both) and/or pressure (e.g., pounds per square inch [psi]); these instruments usually include a second pointer to retain the values of the maximum force reading until reset. The typical testing range on a dual scale is 0 to 100 kilograms (0 to 220 pounds). Spring-type hand grip dynamometers are accurate, durable, sturdy instruments intended mainly for use in doctor's offices and for assessment during physical therapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23818",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Hand Grip/Pinch Force, Bulb Squeeze",
      "definition": "Dynamometers designed to measure the strength of a weak hand grip and/or the force exerted between the thumb and opposing finger or groupings of fingers when they are pressed tightly (i.e., pinch force), using small rubber or plastic bulbs that are squeezed. These dynamometers are manual, handheld instruments that include a handle with one of a set of small detachable bulbs that can be easily fitted to a calibrated gauge (e.g., a dial) to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both); some instruments retain the values of the maximum force reading until reset. Hand grip/pinch force bulb squeeze dynamometers are intended mainly to measure the grasping power and pinch force in patients with severely impaired hands due to abnormalities or trauma and/or in children; they are used in physician's offices and for assessment during physical therapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "34507",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Lip/Tongue Strength",
      "definition": "Dynamometers designed to measure the force that can be exerted by the tongue and lips as the main orofacial muscles. These dynamometers consist of manual, handheld instruments that may include one or more of a variety of devices, such as: (1) sensors (e.g., pressure and/or strain gauges) associated to appropriate attachments such as mouthpieces, (2) dedicated plates where the force is exerted that are attached to electric transducers, (3) air filled bulbs attached to force transducers. Tongue and lip dynamometers are used to evaluate patient swallowing and speech capabilities, during  orthodontic treatments, and for diagnosis and treatment progress assessment of other diseases causing orofacial muscle weakening."
    },
    {
      "code": "33557",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Lip/Tongue Strength, Bulb Squeeze",
      "definition": "Dynamometers designed to measure the force that can be exerted by the tongue and lips as the main orofacial muscles using an air-filled bulb. These dynamometers usually consist of manual, handheld instrument that includes a port to attach a thin tube connected at the other end to a disposable air-filled bulb with an integral stem, and a pressure transducer. Pressures are measured when the patient exerts his/her maximum pressure with the tongue having the bulb placed against  the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge and also when squeezes the bulb against the buccal surface of the teeth with the lips. Bulb squeeze tongue and lip dynamometers are mainly used to evaluate patient swallowing and speech capabilities, they may be also used for diagnosis and treatment progress assessment of other diseases causing orofacial muscle weakening."
    },
    {
      "code": "23820",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Multipurpose, Push-Pull",
      "definition": "Multipurpose dynamometers designed to measure forces in a very wide range (e.g., from less than one to several hundred kilograms), exerted by either pushing or pulling. These dynamometers are typically a stand-alone or handheld measuring instrument that includes a heavy-duty mechanism (e.g., mechanical, hydraulic, strain gauge) that resists and/or measures the force applied and a gauge with a calibrated scale to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both); some instruments also include dedicated attachments (which may be padded) chains, a single handle for push tests, and/or a hook and double handle set for pulling and lifting tests to facilitate the measurement of particular muscles. Multipurpose push-pull dynamometers are intended to measure muscle strength (e.g., arm, shoulder, back, leg) during patient status assessment and/or physical therapy treatment; they are also used to measure forces during inspection, repair, and calibration of medical devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "23743",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Pinch Force",
      "definition": "Dynamometers designed to measure the force exerted by the thumb and an opposing finger or groupings of fingers when pressed tightly together. These dynamometers typically consist of a manual, handheld measuring instrument with a mechanism that resists the force applied by the hand (e.g., a bulb, hydraulic system) or a strain gauge transducer, a measuring device, and a display (e.g., a gauge) to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both). Dedicated instruments using bulbs, hydraulic systems, and strain gauge transducers are available. The output of strain gauges may be sent to computers or other electronic devices for data processing and/or storage. Pinch force dynamometers are intended mainly for use in doctor's offices, for evaluation of hand trauma, and/or for assessment during physical therapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "23816",
      "display": "Dynamometers, Pinch Force, Hydraulic",
      "definition": "Pinch test dynamometers designed to measure the force exerted between the thumb and an opposing finger or groupings of fingers when pressed together tightly, using a seated hydraulic system. These dynamometers typically consist of a manual, handheld instrument with a gauge that is usually supported by the therapist during the test and an attachment configured to measure pressure or force between the thumb and the fingers against the hydraulic resistance. The calibrated gauge has one dial and one or more scales to show the measured value of the force (usually in pounds, kilograms, or both); these instruments usually include a second pointer to retain the values of the maximum force reading until reset. The typical testing range on a dual scale is 0 to 20 kilograms (0 to 45 pounds). Hydraulic-type pinch force dynamometers are precision instruments intended mainly for use in physician's offices for evaluation of hand trauma and/or for assessment during physical therapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "28102",
      "display": "Ear Candles",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be partially introduced in the outer ear canal of a patient that is lying on one side of the body; the device (i.e., the ear candle) is vertically located on the upper ear and then the distal end of the candle is lit to create a flame. The flame produces a low pressure intended to draw out cerumen (ear wax) and/or debris from the ear canal. Ear candles usually consist of piece of fabric (e.g., cotton) with the shape of a cone or cylinder that is impregnated with paraffin and/or other products (e.g., honey, herbs); some ear candles may include a one-way valve to prevent foreign materials from being introduced in the ear canal during the use of the candle. Ear candles are intended to clean the ear canal, for the treatment of blocked ears due to ear wax or other causes, and/or to regulate the internal ear pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20417",
      "display": "Ear Muffs",
      "definition": "Devices designed to attenuate high-level noise, typically more than 80 to 90 decibels. These devices typically consist of a padded headband and multiposition, lightweight ear cups. Ear muffs may prevent ear damage, and they are easier to remove and replace than ear plugs for intermittent applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "16478",
      "display": "Ear Wicks",
      "definition": "Devices, usually small, compressed sponges or gauze typically made of cotton or cellulose, that are inserted into the ear canal. They are compressed for ease of insertion; they expand once in place and after the addition of medicated ear drops that can be instilled into the ear canal through the ear wicks. They are used to hold medicine, such as antibiotics or antifungals, within the ear canal for patients with otitis externa. They can also be used to help reduce ear canal swelling or to prevent stenosis of the external ear canal following otic surgery. The wicks are single use and disposal and are intended to be changed frequently."
    },
    {
      "code": "11585",
      "display": "Ear/Nose/Throat Treatment Units",
      "definition": "Devices intended to support the patient during an ear/nose/throat examination or treatment.  These units provide specialized features for examination and/or treatment.  They typically incorporate the table and/or chair as part of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "12991",
      "display": "Earlobe Piercing Guns",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for mechanical piercing the lobe of the ear auricle (i.e., the earlobe). These instruments are typically devices resembling a gun which include a mechanism that forces a sharpened point (usually a starter earring) through the earlobe. Earlobe piercing guns come in both disposable and reusable models that are primarily of two different designs. Disposable devices typically include a spring that stores potential energy; a starter earring and its matching friction back are placed in opposite parts of the instrument. When the earlobe is placed between the two parts and the spring is released, the instrument closes with enough pressure to force the sharpened stud of the earring through the earlobe, engaging it to a friction back. Reusable devices are very similar in design, but the detachable stud and clasp holders are provided sterile and entirely disposable to avoid cross-contamination. Some devices use the energy of the handgrip of the operator rather than spring energy; earlobe piercing guns are only intended for piercing the ear lobe."
    },
    {
      "code": "40544",
      "display": "Earphones",
      "definition": "Devices incorporating one or two ear-worn/inserted loudspeakers (i.e., devices intended to convert electrical signals from audio equipment into sound waves) designed to allow improved and/or private listening by the user. Earphone loudspeakers are enclosed in housings that may be inserted in the ear canal or rest on top of or surround the outer ear. Earphones incorporating two loudspeakers (i.e., one for each ear) may be connected by a flexible head strap. Earphones may be connected to the transmitting audio device via a wire or wirelessly."
    },
    {
      "code": "11385",
      "display": "Echocardiographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs used for recording ultrasonic waves directed through the heart and reflected backwards (i.e., echoed). These instruments consist of a main unit that includes an RF generator, a recorder, and detachable probes with ultrasonic transducers (typically piezoelectric) located in a housing at the distal tip that are connected to the recorder through an integral cable. The transducers convert electrical signals into ultrasonic signals and vice versa; they are placed externally on the ribs (a transthoracic [TTE]) and other areas of the upper abdomen to send the ultrasonic signal towards the heart and to detect the echoed signal. The signal is then converted into moving pictures showing the beating heart, heart valves, and other structures of the heart. Echocardiographs capable of showing two- and/or three-dimensional pictures of the heart, as well as devices based on the Doppler effect to record the movement of the blood through the heart are also available. Dedicated probes, less frequently used, intended for placing inside the esophagus (transesophageal cardiogram [TEE]) are also available. Echocardiographs are used for evaluation of recorded information of the heart conditions; they are not intended for real-time assessment of the cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "11387",
      "display": "Echoencephalographs",
      "definition": "Encephalographs designed for recording ultrasonic waves directed through the brain and surrounding tissue and reflected backwards (i.e., echoed). These instruments consist of a main unit that includes an RF generator, a recorder, and detachable probes with ultrasonic transducers (typically piezoelectric) located in a housing at the distal tip that are connected to the recorder through an integral cable. The transducers convert electrical signals into ultrasonic signals and vice versa; they are located externally on the scalp to send the ultrasonic signal towards the brain and to detect the echoed signal. The signal is then converted into images of the brain showing its structures and the presence of tumors, hemorrhage, and/or other abnormalities. Echoencephalographs capable of showing two- and/or three-dimensional pictures of the brain structures and devices that can also measure the movement of the blood through the brain (i.e., the blood flow) using the Doppler effect are also available. Echoencephalographs are used for evaluation of recorded information of the brain conditions; they are not intended for real-time assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "11393",
      "display": "Ejectors, Saliva",
      "definition": "Apparatus for the removal of saliva and water from the mouth of the patient during dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16190",
      "display": "Elastic Bands, Orthodontic",
      "definition": "Small bands (typically made of plastic or rubber) that attach to an orthodontic bracket which has been bonded to a tooth.  These bands are used to apply pressure to the tooth in order to alter the position of the tooth."
    },
    {
      "code": "27925",
      "display": "Electric Plugs",
      "definition": "Devices including one or more metal prongs designed for electrical and mechanical connection. These devices usually consist of an insulated covering with conductive metallic male prongs (typically made of brass and other copper alloys) which are connected internally to one or more cords that extend from the other side of the plug. Most common electric plugs have two or three (e.g., live, neutral, earth) prongs; they are mainly used to connect electrical equipment (e.g., instruments, diagnostic and therapeutic devices) to the main electrical supply. Explosion-proof, ground connection, hospital grade, and locking electric plugs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15848",
      "display": "Electric Plugs, Explosion-Proof",
      "definition": "Electric plugs designed for insertion into matching electric receptacles in damp, corrosive, or hazardous locations where some type of explosion might occur. These electric plugs are usually grounded and greatly insulated. Explosion-proof electric plugs also eliminate the risk of drawing excessive current beyond maximum continuous rating on equipment. They are usually intended to be used in designated wet locations where other types of electric plugs are not clinically acceptable."
    },
    {
      "code": "15849",
      "display": "Electric Plugs, Ground Connection",
      "definition": "Electric plugs designed to be permanently connected to earth (i.e., grounded) through an appropriate matching electric receptacle. These plugs usually include three prongs (e.g., neutral, live, and earth) instead of only two; the third prong couples to the receptacle in such a way that is permanently connected to the ground; in the event of current leakage to the equipment chassis, the electricity flows through the ground wire to earth. Ground connection electric plugs are used mainly to connect an appliance to a power supply; they must be plugged into a properly wired receptacle to provide protection against shock and damage to sensitive equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "15850",
      "display": "Electric Plugs, Hospital Grade",
      "definition": "Electric plugs designed to provide a higher level of protection from corrosion, impact, and electrical hazards than regular plugs when connected to an appropriate matching electric receptacle. These hospital-grade plugs are usually highly insulated and coated in heavy duty plastic to prevent damage to the plug; they have solid prongs that are usually nickel-plated, and include an internal cable retention device or strain relief to prevent any stress to the plug's internal connections. Hospital-grade electric plugs are intended for safe and reliable connection of an appliance to the power supply. They are used in hospital and healthcare facilities to provide protection against electric mishaps and prevent injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "15851",
      "display": "Electric Plugs, Locking",
      "definition": "Electric plugs designed to ensure that they remain in their own receptacles when connected through an appropriate matching electric receptacle unless they are intentionally disconnected. These electric plugs usually have prongs lined up with the holes in the electric receptacle; they are inserted into the receptacle, then twisted in one direction and locked into place by the prongs, ensuring that the plugs are not accidentally removed from the receptacle. Locking electric plugs are used to connect an appliance to a power supply. They are used in hospitals and healthcare facilities where increased protection against accidental disconnection is required."
    },
    {
      "code": "27930",
      "display": "Electric Receptacles",
      "definition": "Devices designed to permit electrical and mechanical connection of electric equipment from the mains through an inserted electric plug. These electric devices commonly have female features (e.g., slots or holes), or a combination of the two into which devices are plugged; the slots or holes have metal contacts that are connected on the opposite side of the receptacle to electrical wiring. Electric receptacles are used to connect electrical equipment (e.g., instruments, diagnostic and therapeutic devices) to the main electrical supply. Explosion-proof, ground connection, hospital grade, and locking electric receptacles are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15857",
      "display": "Electric Receptacles, Explosion-Proof",
      "definition": "Electric receptacles designed to establish an electrical connection with an inserted plug in damp, corrosive, or hazardous locations where some type of explosion might occur.These electric receptacles commonly have slots or holes, or a combination of the two into which electric plugs may be inserted; the slots or holes have metal contacts that are connected on the opposite side of the receptacle to electrical wiring. Explosion-proof electric receptacles are usually intended to be used in areas designated by hospitals as wet locations where other types of electric receptacles are not clinically acceptable."
    },
    {
      "code": "15858",
      "display": "Electric Receptacles, Ground Connection",
      "definition": "Electric receptacles designed to establish an electrical connection with an appropriate inserted plug providing a connection to ground. These receptacles commonly have slots or holes, or a combination of the two into which devices are plugged; one of the slots or holes have metal contacts that are connected to physical ground (i.e., earth)  through  an electrical wire; in the event of current leakage to the chassis, the electricity flows through the ground wire to earth. Ground connection electric receptacles are used in homes, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities to avoid electric shocks to equipment users."
    },
    {
      "code": "15859",
      "display": "Electric Receptacles, Hospital Grade",
      "definition": "Electric receptacles designed to establish an electrical connection with an inserted plug and provide a higher level of protection from corrosion, impact, and other electric hazards than regular receptacles. These electric receptacles commonly have slots or holes, or a combination of the two into which devices are plugged; the slots or holes have metal contacts that are connected to electrical wiring. The receptacles are very heavily insulated and coated in heavy duty plastic to protect them from damage."
    },
    {
      "code": "15860",
      "display": "Electric Receptacles, Locking",
      "definition": "Electric receptacles designed with a latching mechanism to prevent unintentional removal of an inserted plug. These receptacles commonly have slots or holes, or a combination of the two into which devices are plugged; the slots or holes have metal contacts that are connected to electrical wiring. Plugs are inserted into the receptacles, then twisted in one direction and locked up into place by the prongs.  This insures that the plugs are not accidentally removed from the receptacle. Locking electric plugs are used mainly in hospitals and healthcare facilities to connect an appliance to a power supply where increased protection against accidental disconnection is required."
    },
    {
      "code": "23672",
      "display": "Electric Signal Amplifiers",
      "definition": "Electronic devices designed to amplify electrical signals. These amplifiers are typically an electronic unit with appropriate circuits intended to amplify the signals (either analog or digital) according their technical characteristics (e.g., intensity, bandwidth, input/output impedance); the amplifiers usually must perform their intended functions according to particular standards. Dedicated electric signal amplifiers are available for a variety of signals, including audio, radiofrequency, and video; some multichannel amplifiers are capable of simultaneous amplification of signals of different characteristics (e.g., audio and video)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23921",
      "display": "Electric Signal Amplifiers, Audio",
      "definition": "Electric signal amplifiers designed for amplification of audio signals, typically in a range from a few hertz to 20 kHz. These amplifiers typically consist of a wide-band, high-fidelity, electronic amplifier with audio signal inputs, electronic circuits to amplify the signal (either for monophonic or stereo signals), controls (e.g., gain, frequency response), appropriate output ports for the amplified signals, and a power supply. Audio amplifiers are used mainly in hospital information and communication systems; dedicated audio amplifiers for specific signals (e.g., stethoscope sounds) and for speech amplification are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15747",
      "display": "Electric Signal Amplifiers, Audio, Speech",
      "definition": "Electric audio signal amplifiers designed to amplify speech signals, typically in a range from a few hundred hertz to 15 kHz. These amplifiers typically consist of a wide-band, high-fidelity, electronic amplifier with audio signal inputs, electronic circuits to amplify the signal, controls (e.g., gain, frequency response), appropriate output ports for the amplified signals, and a power supply. Speech amplifiers have particular characteristics according to the intended use; they are frequently included as attached units and/or integral parts of hearing aids, cochlear implants, artificial larynxes, telephone sets, and/or in patient aids for people with very weak voices."
    },
    {
      "code": "23449",
      "display": "Electric Signal Amplifiers, Audio/Video",
      "definition": "Electric signal amplifiers designed for simultaneous amplification of video (typically in the VHF and/or UHF bands) and audio signals (typically in a range from a few hundred hertz to 20 kHz). These devices typically consist of a wide-band, high-fidelity, electronic amplifier with audio and video signal inputs, electronic circuits to amplify the signal for both the audio and video channels, controls (e.g., gain, contrast), appropriate output ports for the amplified signals, and a power supply. Video/audio amplifiers are used mainly in hospital information and communication systems to compensate for transmission losses in remote cable connections throughout the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "36486",
      "display": "Electric Signal Amplifiers, Biosignal, Brain",
      "definition": "Electric signal amplifiers designed for the amplification of bioelectrical signals generated during electroencephalography procedures. These electrical signal amplifiers (also known as head boxes) are connected to scalp electrodes via leads. Weak electrical signals received as input from the electrodes are amplified by the head box, which transmits the amplified signals to electroencephalographic recorders or processing devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "23928",
      "display": "Electric Signal Amplifiers, Video",
      "definition": "Electric signal amplifiers designed for amplification of video (typically in the VHF and/or UHF bands) signals usually following specific standards (e.g., NTSC, PAL). These devices consist of a wide-band, high-fidelity, electronic amplifier with video signal inputs, electronic circuits to amplify the signal, controls (e.g., gain, brightness), appropriate output ports for the amplified signals, and a power supply. Video amplifiers are used mainly in hospital information and communication systems to compensate for transmission losses in remote cable connections throughout the facility and/or to boost signal reception from wireless systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "33796",
      "display": "Electric Signal Switches, Multiport",
      "definition": "Switches designed to facilitate the connection and switching of multiple electric signals, including biosignals and signals from electric and/or electronic devices. These switches typically consist of a multiport box that can connect and commute simultaneously  the electric signals from the patient  leads and also from a variety of medical devices such as electric stimulators, pacemakers, defibrillators, electrocardiographic and encephalographic recorders and monitors. The switch boxes facilitate the interconnection between the devices and with patient attached electrodes during the performance of a variety of procedures including pick-up of biosignals and cardiac defibrillation and pacing."
    },
    {
      "code": "34004",
      "display": "Electrical Conductive Pads",
      "definition": "Pads designed to provide electrical conduction between both sides of the pad. The pads are intended for attaching to the skin on one side and to electrodes on the opposite one. These pads usually consist of thin devices made with conductive materials (e.g., conductive rubber, gel, carbon film) that may be adhesive on one or both sides, some pads are adhesive on one side and include a paddle contact on the other side. Electrical conductive pads are usually intended for attaching to the skin on one side and to electrodes on the opposite side, providing a path for electrical current between medical devices (e.g., electrical stimulators, defibrillators) and the body and/or from biological electrical signals to the medical device."
    },
    {
      "code": "11130",
      "display": "Electrical Conductive Pads, Defibrillator Paddle",
      "definition": "Electrical conductive pads designed to provide a conductive path between the skin and a defibrillator paddle. These pads may consist of thin devices made with conductive materials (e.g., conductive rubber, gel, carbon film) that are adhesive on one side and include a defibrillator paddle contact on the other side or pads that are adhesive on both sides. Defibrillator paddle pads minimize the damage to the skin during defibrillation procedures by increasing the conductivity between the electrode and the skin. The pads may be also used in other cardiac procedures such as cardioversion an external cardiac pacing. The pads are available in adult and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16280",
      "display": "Electrical Conductivity Meters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure electrical conductivity, a measure of the capability of a substance to conduct electric charges when a voltage is applied; conductivity is the inverse of resistivity. Conductivity is usually measured in Siemens (S) per unit length (S/meter). Conductivity meters typically consist of electromechanical or more frequently electronic instruments; the meters include a display and attached leads with appropriate electrodes. Practical instruments usually measure in fractions of Siemens (e.g., milli- or micro-Siemens) per meter or cm (e.g., mS/cm; muS/cm). Dedicated conductivity meters are used to measure solid material and/or liquid conductivity; some are incorporated in testers used in the inspection and/or maintenance of medical devices and other healthcare facility equipment. Combined electronic instruments measuring also high values of electric resistance (i.e., megohmmeters) and/or resistivity (the inverse of conductivity) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11206",
      "display": "Electrical Conductivity Meters, Dialysate",
      "definition": "Electric conductivity meters designed to measure and display the electric conductivity of a solution delivered to a dialyzer; the meter may be a component or an accessory of a hemodialysis machine. These devices typically consist of an electronic instrument that can measure within the range of conductivity usually found in dialysate solutions (typically 10 to 20 mS/cm); the instruments include the appropriate sensors, transducers, electronic circuits, and a display for the measurement. Dialysate conductivity meters are commonly used as an integral part of the dialysis system, but some are available as stand-alone units for inspection, maintenance, or calibration of the dialysate circuit of hemodialysis machines."
    },
    {
      "code": "34607",
      "display": "Electrical Extension Cords",
      "definition": "Electric cords designed for temporarily powering devices used at a distance beyond the reach of their own power cords. These devices typically consist of a flexible cable with a plug for connection to the main power receptacle and one or more sockets (female connectors) at the other end for insertion of the devices to be powered. Electrical extension cords may include safety improving capabilities  such as inclusion of fuses, polarized plugs and sockets, and ground-fault circuit interrupters. The cords are available for indoor or outdoor and wet conditions use."
    },
    {
      "code": "17603",
      "display": "Electrical Extension Cords, Multioutlet",
      "definition": "Electric extension cords designed for temporarily powering several devices used at a distance beyond the reach of their own power cords. These devices typically consist of a flexible cable with a plug for insertion in the main power receptacle and several sockets (female connectors) at the other end for insertion of the devices to be powered. Multioutlet electrical extension cords may include safety conditions such as inclusion of fuses, polarized plugs and sockets, an even ground-fault circuit interrupters. The cords are available for indoor or for outdoor and wet conditions use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27032",
      "display": "Electrical Impedance Meters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the electric impedance, a measure of a substance opposition to conducting alternating current at a given frequency when a voltage is applied. This parameter is a complex quantity, represented by a vector in a plane, abbreviated as an upper case Z and measured in ohms. Impedance meters typically consist of electronic instruments with appropriate leads and a display; practical instruments may display the impedance as two values, either as components of a rectangular-coordinate system with a real part (i.e., the resistance R) and an \"imaginary\" quantity (i.e., the reactance), or in polar form as a magnitude |Z| and phase angle. Dedicated impedance meters are used to measure solid material and/or liquids; some are incorporated in testers used in the inspection and/or maintenance of medical devices and other healthcare facility equipment. Some instruments are also capable of direct measurement of the admittance (Y), the inverse of impedance and its components conductance (G) and susceptance (B)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27040",
      "display": "Electrical Multimeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure several electric variables and parameters, including, at least current, voltage (both direct and alternating current, DC and AC respectively), and resistance in several scales. Multimeters typically consist of electromechanical (analog) or more frequently electronic (usually digital) instruments with appropriate leads. Practical instruments can perform the most common electric measurements performed on electric and electronic equipment, circuits, and components; some digital instruments include capabilities to test specific devices such as diodes, transistors, capacitors, and/or batteries. Multimeters are mainly used in healthcare facilities in inspection, preventive maintenance, repair, and calibration of medical devices and other hospital equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "34504",
      "display": "Electrical Power Strips",
      "definition": "Electric receptacles usually arranged in a strip configuration mounted in an enclosure with a single flexible cord and attachment plug for connection to electric power receptacles (also known as relocatable power taps [RPTs]), used to allow the simultaneous connection of several devices to the electric power supply. They may include additional features such as a circuit breaker or fuse, power switch, or protection against power surges.  Some power strips may be permanently attached to a mobile equipment assembly (e.g., equipment cart)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16293",
      "display": "Electrical Resistivity Meters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure electric resistivity; a measure of the opposition of a substance to conduct electric charges when a voltage is applied. This parameter is frequently represented by a lowercase rho and typically measured in ohm per meter. Resistivity meters typically consist of electromechanical or more frequently electronic instruments with appropriate leads. Practical instruments usually measure in multiples of ohms (e.g., kilo- or mega-ohm) per meter. Dedicated resistivity meters are used to measure solid materials (either surface or volumetric resistivity) and less frequently liquid resistivity; some are incorporated in testers used in the inspection and/or maintenance of medical devices and other healthcare facility equipment. Combined electronic instruments measuring high electric resistance, resistivity, and/or its inverse, conductivity, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11407",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface. These instruments consist of a main unit that includes a recorder, signal processors, and detachable leads that are connected to disposable electrodes fixed on some anatomic points of the body at the distal tip. The electrodes and leads transmit the bioelectrical signals to the recorder, which is capable of reproducing their characteristics in an amplitude versus time graph (electrocardiogram). Electrocardiographs (ECG) are used to diagnose cardiac abnormalities, determine the response to drug therapy, and reveal trends or changes in the heart function. Electrocardiographs that measure and record only the signal from one channel at a time (i.e., single-channel ECG) and more accurate instruments appropriate to record signals from two or more leads simultaneously (i.e., multichannel ECGs) are available. Electrocardiographs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18360",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory",
      "definition": "Electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle in ambulatory patients, usually detected at the body surface and typically from three to twelve leads simultaneously. The instrument usually records ECG signals automatically using an electronic storage device (tape recorders may be also used) worn by the patient that is usually attached to chest surface electrodes. Some ambulatory recorders can analyze the signals in an integral processor that includes dedicated software. Also available are ambulatory ECG recorders that analyze the signal at the time that it is recorded, typically using microprocessors (i.e., real-time recording), and recorders that make the analysis when processing the recorded signal (i.e., retrospective recorders). Ambulatory ECGs are usually worn by the patient for a period of 24 to 48 hours; they are used to detect transient cardiac problems (e.g., variable heat rate, arrhythmia), after myocardial infarction, or other problems of possible cardiac origin (e.g., dizziness, palpitations). Ambulatory ECGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18361",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Continuous",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for continuous recording of the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface typically from three to twelve leads simultaneously. The instrument usually records ECG signals automatically using an electronic storage device (tape recorders may be also used) worn by the patient in which the recording function is always active and includes detachable chest surface electrodes. The recorded signals are analyzed in a processor that includes dedicated software. Also available are ambulatory ECGs that analyze the signal at the time that it is recorded, typically using microprocessors (i.e., real-time recording), and recorders that make the analysis when processing the recorded signal (i.e., retrospective recorders). Continuous ambulatory electrocardiographs are usually worn by the patient for a period of 24 to 48 hours and are used to detect transient cardiac problems (e.g., variable heart rate, arrhythmia), after myocardial infarction, or other problems of possible cardiac origin (e.g., dizziness, palpitations). Continuous ambulatory ECGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16009",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Continuous, Tape",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiographic tape recorders in which the recording function is always active. These recorders are typically used for a period of 24 to 48 hours to assess patients suffering from cardiac diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18362",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Event",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface typically from three to twelve leads simultaneously during a cardiac event. The instrument usually records ECG signals using an electronic storage device (or tape recorder) and it is activated by the patient. The electronic storage device usually includes detachable chest surface electrodes. The recorded signals are analyzed in a processor that includes dedicated software. Event ambulatory ECGs are usually worn by the patient for a period of several weeks during normal activities; they are used to detect transient cardiac problems (e.g., variable heart rate, arrhythmia), after myocardial infarction, or other problems of possible cardiac origin (e.g., dizziness, palpitations). Ambulatory event ECGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18352",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Event, Tape",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiographic tape recorders where, instead of capturing every heartbeat, the recording function is patient activated. These event recorders are typically used for a long period of time (i.e., one or two months) during normal patient activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24249",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Loop-Recording",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiographs designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle only for a pre-established, relatively short period of time (typically less than one hour), and then record again on the same memory erasing the previous information (i.e., loop recording). The recorder measures and stores information continuously, thus detecting and recording arrhythmia episodes lasting several minutes; the recording period may be increased a few minutes after patient activation. ECG loop-recorders may be used externally or be implanted under the skin; external units can usually provide signal outputs appropriate to send to the physician's office using standard telephone lines. The recorders are mainly used in patients who have syncope or presyncope events and/or cardiac arrhythmia. Loop-recording ECGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "24250",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Loop-Recording, External",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiographs designed for external recording of the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle only for a pre-established, relatively short period of time (typically less than one hour), and then record again on the same memory erasing the previous information. (i.e., loop recording). These devices typically consist of an electronic storage device attached to the patient (e.g., on a belt) and two or more electrodes placed on the chest and connected to the recorder. The recorder measures and stores information continuously, thus detecting and recording arrhythmia episodes lasting several minutes; the recording period may be increased a few minutes after patient activation. The information can be transferred to a patient-operated device that allows the telemetric communication of the stored data to the physician's office, usually through standard telephone lines. A programmer-tester device used to set up the recorders at the time of setup and to save or retrieve the recorder information later is also available. The recorders are mainly used in patients who have syncope or presyncope events and/or cardiac arrhythmia. Loop recording ECGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "24177",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Loop-Recording, Implantable",
      "definition": "Implantable electrocardiographs designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle only for a pre-established, relatively short period of time (typically less than one hour), and then record again on the same memory erasing the previous information (i.e., loop recording). These recorders are usually leadless devices implanted in the chest that include two or more electrodes on the surface of the recorder; they can detect and record arrhythmia episodes lasting several minutes either automatically and/or after patient activation. The information can be transferred to a patient-operated device that allows the telemetric communication of the stored data to the physician's office, usually through standard telephone lines. A programmer-tester device used to set up the recorders at the time of implantation and to save or retrieve the recorder information later is also available. The recorders are mainly used in patients who have syncope or presyncope events and/or cardiac arrhythmia. Implantable loop-recording ECGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "12388",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Tape",
      "definition": "Electrocardiography tape recorders that include chest surface electrodes and an electrocardiograph amplifier. There are two basic type of recorders: real-time and retrospective (according to the point at which analysis is performed). These recorders are commonly used in ambulatory patients to detect transient ventricular arrhythmias, after myocardial infarction, or for detecting other heart origin diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18363",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Ventricular Function",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for continuously recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle in ambulatory patients, usually detected at the body surface from two radionuclide detectors. The instrument records ECG activity automatically using one detector (usually a sodium iodide crystal) for detection of left ventricular activity, and another detector (usually of cadmium telluride) placed over the right lung to monitor background activity. These detectors are usually positioned using a gamma camera and held in place by a plastic garment. The recorded signals are analyzed in a processor that includes dedicated software. These electrocardiographs are worn by the patient for several hours and are intended to assess the left ventricular function period during several hours in order to help detect heart diseases, including silent ischemia. Ventricular function ambulatory ECGs are not intended for real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18003",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Ambulatory, Ventricular Function, Tape",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electrocardiography tape recorders that include two radionuclide detectors, one detector (usually a sodium iodide crystal) for detection of left ventricular activity, and another detector (usually of cadmium telluride) placed over the right lung to monitor background activity. The detectors are usually positioned using a gamma camera and held in place by a plastic garment. These recorders are typically used to record left ventricular function for several hours. The data recorded is used to detect heart diseases, including silent ischemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "11411",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Multichannel",
      "definition": "Electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface from two or more leads simultaneously. The instrument usually records several ECG signals automatically; permitting a simultaneous analysis of the electrocardiographic signals. Multichannel ECGs are used to diagnose cardiac abnormalities, determine the response to drug therapy, and reveal trends or changes in the heart function. Multichannel electrocardiographs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions; instruments that can perform computerized automated measuring and interpretation of the ECG are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16231",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Multichannel, Interpretive",
      "definition": "Multichannel electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface from two or more leads simultaneously that can perform a computerized automated measuring and interpretation of the ECG. These instruments include a computerized unit that can process the ECG signals, compare those signals with an internal algorithm, and print out the ECG along with an interpretation that can be used as an auxiliary tool by the cardiologist; some instruments can also provide a vectorcardiogram. Instruments that can perform the measuring and interpretation of the ECGs by averaging multiple cycles of the signal are also available. Interpretative multichannel electrocardiographs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18330",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Multichannel, Interpretive, Signal-Averaging",
      "definition": "Multichannel electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface from two or more leads simultaneously that can perform a computerized automated measuring and interpretation of the ECG by averaging multiple cycles of the signal to reduce noise.  These instruments include a computerized unit that can process the average of the ECG signals, compare those signals with an internal algorithm, and print out the ECG along with an interpretation that can be used as an auxiliary tool by the cardiologist. Multichannel ECGs are used to diagnose cardiac abnormalities, determine the response to drug therapy, and reveal trends or changes in the heart function; they provide an additional tool for identifying patients prone to ventricular tachycardia. Multichannel signal-averaging electrocardiographs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18329",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Multichannel, Noninterpretive",
      "definition": "Multichannel electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface from two or more leads simultaneously that cannot perform any interpretation of the results. The instrument usually records ECG signals automatically which allows for a simultaneous diagnosis of several cardiac signals. Instruments that can perform the measuring of the ECGs by averaging multiple cycles of the signal are also available. Non-interpretative multichannel ECGs are used to diagnose cardiac abnormalities, determine the response to drug therapy, and reveal trends or changes in the heart function. The electrocardiographs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "17687",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Multichannel, Noninterpretive, Signal-Averaging",
      "definition": "Multichannel electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle. These variations are usually detected at the body surface from two or more leads simultaneously by averaging multiple cycles of the signal to reduce noise but which cannot perform any interpretation of the ECG.  These instruments include a computerized unit that can process and print the average of the ECG signals and the ECG waveforms. Noninterpretive multichannel ECGs are used to diagnose cardiac abnormalities, determine the response to drug therapy, and reveal trends or changes in the heart function. Noninterpretive signal-averaging ECGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "11413",
      "display": "Electrocardiographs, Single-Channel",
      "definition": "Electrocardiographs (ECGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface from only one lead at a time. The instrument may record signals from several ECG leads sequentially, either automatically or operator selected. Single-channel ECGs are used to diagnose cardiac abnormalities, determine the response to drug therapy, and reveal trends or changes in the heart function.  The instruments are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electrocardiogram or other cardiac conditions"
    },
    {
      "code": "37544",
      "display": "Electrocardiography Electrode Suction Bulbs",
      "definition": "Rubber bulbs designed to function as a component of a suction electrocardiography (ECG) electrode. These devices typically consist of a hollow rubber bulb designed to allow attachment to the metal base of the suction electrode. These bulbs are designed to allow the creation of vacuum by squeezing air out of the bulb body, which facilitates electrode attachment to the patient's skin. They are typically supplied as replacement parts for suction ECG electrodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17495",
      "display": "Electrocochleographs",
      "definition": "Auditory evoked potential recorders designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the cochlear bioelectric response (i.e., the evoked potential [EP]) to auditory external stimuli. These recorders typically place the electrodes using an invasive method (passing a needle electrode through the tympanic membrane [i.e., transtympanic]) and resting on the cochlear promontory. Or they are noninvasively place against the skin of the ear canal or the surface of the tympanic membrane (i.e., extra-tympanic). Other components of the recorder are signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic or optical/magnetic disc); and a display. The potentials usually recorded in an electrocochleogram are: (1) an alternating current (AC) voltage that mirrors the waveform of the acoustic stimulus at low-moderate levels of stimulation (i.e., cochlear microphonics); (2) a direct current that reflects the time-displacement pattern of the cochlear partition in response to the stimulus envelope  (i.e., the cochlear summating potential; and (3) an AC potential that represents the summed response of the synchronous firing of several thousand auditory nerve fibers (i.e., the auditory nerve Action Potential). Electrocochleographs may include capabilities to deliver external stimuli (e.g., clicks) appropriate to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording. The recorders are used for diagnosis of specific types of disorders; patients suffering from Meniere's disease and/or endolymphatic hydrops often display enlarged summating potentials."
    },
    {
      "code": "17554",
      "display": "Electrode Caps, Electroencephalographic",
      "definition": "Caps that fit over a patient's head and have plastic electrode holders into which electrodes are plugged, eliminating the need for glue or paste to attach electrodes directly to the scalp. These caps are typically made of an elastic fabric, are available in different sizes (e.g., infant, child, adult), and available in layouts that can hold 16, 32, 64, 128, 160, or 256 electroencephalography electrodes. Caps may come with chin and/or ear straps that help to keep the cap securely in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "18093",
      "display": "Electrode Shielding Systems, Electrosurgical, Active",
      "definition": "Devices designed to interface with electrosurgical units to help manage high-frequency leakage currents from monopolar active electrodes used during laparoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11429",
      "display": "Electrode Straps",
      "definition": "Adhesive bands used to hold electrodes in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "15578",
      "display": "Electrodes",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of electrical conductors, usually metallic, that are designed to transmit electrical signals to and/or from an instrument, equipment, or system. Electrodes used in healthcare include a great variety of reusable and/or disposable devices according to the intended application. They include electrodes used to: (1) detect and transmit bioelectric (e.g., electrocardiography, electroencephalography, electromyography) signals from the human body; (2) provide electric stimuli to the body (e.g., defibrillator, pacemaker, neuromuscular stimulation); (3) perform electrosurgery; and (4) perform in-vitro diagnosis (e.g., blood gas, pH) analysis. Some electrodes may be intended for a combination of different uses (e.g., electrocardiography and pacing). Dedicated electrodes intended for one or several types of healthcare applications are available; specific types of electrodes can be classified based on the particular characteristics of the signal to be detected and/or measured, the stimuli to be delivered, or the environment existing during the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "11431",
      "display": "Electrodes, Blood Gas",
      "definition": "An electrode used in chemical analysis of the blood for the concentration of dissolved gases or pH."
    },
    {
      "code": "11432",
      "display": "Electrodes, Blood Gas, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Electrodes used in chemical analysis of the blood for concentration of carbon dioxide.  The carbon dioxide pressure of the blood sample quickly equilibrates through a plastic membrane covering the glass electrode and is measured by it in terms of the resulting pH of the bicarbonate solution in which the electrode is located."
    },
    {
      "code": "11433",
      "display": "Electrodes, Blood Gas, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Electrodes used in the chemical analysis of the blood for the concentration of oxygen.  The electrode usually consists of a platinum wire or dropping mercury; oxygen concentration in blood samples is measured by polarography."
    },
    {
      "code": "17686",
      "display": "Electrodes, Blood Gas, pH",
      "definition": "An electrical conducting device used to measure the acid-base status of blood by determining its hydrogen ion concentration."
    },
    {
      "code": "33296",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Electrodes, usually metallic, designed to transmit bioelectric signals from the heart and/or to apply electrical stimuli to the heart. Dedicated cardiac electrodes may perform one of more of the following tasks: 1) detect and transmit bioelectric heart signals for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the cardiac rhythm (i.e., electrocardiography); 2)  deliver periodic electric signals for cardiac pacing; 3) provide a cardiac shock (e.g., defibrillation, resynchronization);  4)  perform electrophysiology studies, and (5) permit controlled ablation of the cardiac muscle. Cardiac electrodes, both reusable and single-use (i.e., disposable), may come in a variety of configurations, including those intended for transcutaneous (also known as skin or superficial electrodes) use and transesophageal or transvenousinsertion. Implantable and catheter mounted cardiac electrodes are available; usually as integral components of leads and catheters respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "11439",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrodes designed to detect and transmit bioelectric signals from the heart usually to an electrocardiograph or cardiac monitor. Electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes are available in a variety of configurations that may be intended for transcutaneous (also known as skin or superficial electrodes) use or for transesophageal or transvenous insertion.  Most ECG electrodes are detachable from leads and/or cable leads. Implantable and catheter mounted ECG electrodes (usually an integral part of implantable leads and catheters, respectively) are also available. ECG cardiac electrodes are intended for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the cardiac rhythm that is typically displayed in a graphic known as an electrocardiogram; they are used in diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11447",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, Electrocardiography, Fetal Scalp",
      "definition": "Electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes designed for application directly to the fetal scalp after rupture of the amniotic sac that transmits bioelectric signals from the fetal heart to an intrapartum fetal monitor. These electrodes may consist of a clip that is insulated except at the metal prongs which work as electrodes; a clip with a single or double spiral electrode with a sharp distal end; or electrodes that use other means for fixing to the scalp. The electrodes are usually disposable but some reuse of fetal scalp EGC electrodes after sterilization is possible. Fetal scalp ECG electrodes are mainly intended to detect and transmit bioelectric heart signals for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the cardiac rhythm of the fetus during the perinatal period. They are used to assess the progress of labor and the well-being of the fetus."
    },
    {
      "code": "33299",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, Electrocardiography, Transcutaneous",
      "definition": "Electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes designed to transmit the electrical signals associated with the cardiac activity from skin contact (e.g., thoracic skin) to an electrocardiograph or cardiac monitor; the electrodes are usually applied externally to the chest wall. These electrodes are metal devices usually attached to a tape, foam, or cloth substrate; they are available in a variety of configurations and they are typically applied with a conductive wet gel to provide instant electrical contact. Reusable as well as disposable transcutaneous electrocardiography electrodes are available; they are frequently supplied in a set of twelve electrodes. Transcutaneous electrocardiography cardiac electrodes are mainly intended to obtain a graphic of the bioelectrical signals from the heart (i.e., an electrocardiogram); they are used in diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17460",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, Electrocardiography, Transcutaneous, Neonatal",
      "definition": "Electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes designed for application to the surface of an infant's body  to transmit bioelectric signals from the heart to an electrocardiograph or intrapartum fetal monitor. These electrodes are usually metal devices attached to a tape, foam, or cloth substrate that meet special pediatric size requirements; they are typically applied with a conductive wet gel to provide instant electrical contact and to secure a gentle adhesion to the infant's fragile skin. Neonatal cardiac electrodes are intended to detect and transmit bioelectric heart signals for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the cardiac rhythm. Reusable as well as disposable neonatal transcutaneous cardiac electrodes are available; dedicated neonatal electrodes applied to the fetal scalp intended for intrapartum use are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "37543",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, Electrocardiography, Transcutaneous, Suction Bulb",
      "definition": "Transcutaneous electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes designed to held in place on the patient's skin by negative pressure (i.e., suction) within the electrode body. These reusable electrodes typically consist of a hollow, cylindrical or dome-shaped, metallic base that incorporates a lead wire terminal. The bottom of the metal base is uncovered (the skin contact surface) and a hollow rubber suction bulb is attached to the upper side of the base. Compression of the bulb followed by release after placing the electrode on the patient's skin keeps the electrode in place via suction."
    },
    {
      "code": "33298",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, Electrocardiography, Transesophageal",
      "definition": "Electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes designed for application to the internal surface of the esophagus to transmit bioelectric signals associated with the cardiac activity from the heart, usually to an electrocardiograph or cardiac monitor. These electrodes usually consist of a multi-element electrode structure that is fixed to a typically cylindrical esophageal probe which can then be inserted into the esophagus of a patient. ECG transesophageal cardiac electrodes are intended for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the cardiac rhythm close to the heart; the signal is typically displayed in a graphic known as electrocardiogram; they are used in diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15033",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, External Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrodes designed for delivering an electric shock to the heart from external defibrillators. The electrodes may be applied to the thorax surface using dedicated paddles or self-adhesive pads with a large surface (80 to 100 square cm) placed either in the anterior-posterior position (i.e., one electrode over the heart and one directly behind it) or in the anterior-anterior position (i.e., one electrode near the apex of the heart and one on the right chest). The electric shock from external defibrillators may also be applied  directly to the heart during surgical procedures using smaller pads. External defibrillators can deliver powerful transthoracic shocks (e.g., up to 36o Joules) to the heart; when the shock is applied directly to the heart the energy is limited to less than 100 joules. External defibrillator electrodes provide shocks to the heart to terminate fibrillation, assist in resuscitating patients, and/or to correct arrhythmias."
    },
    {
      "code": "18011",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, External Defibrillator/Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrodes designed to attach to the chest for delivering an electric shock and/or pacing pulses to the heart from devices that combine defibrillation and pacing capabilities (i.e., an external defibrillator/pacemaker). The electrodes may be applied on the thorax surface either in the anterior-posterior position (i.e., one electrode over the heart and one directly behind it) or in the anterior-anterior position (i.e., one electrode near the apex of the heart and one on the right chest). These electrodes typically consist of large surface (80 to 100 square cm), frequently pre-gelled, single-use disposable pads; the electrode impedance may be high (e.g., more than 500 Ohms) for electrodes used only for pacing or low for electrodes intended for external pacing and defibrillation. External defibrillator/pacemaker electrodes can deliver simultaneous stimuli to all chambers of the heart; they are intended to assist in resuscitating patients, to correct arrhythmias, or for temporary pacing."
    },
    {
      "code": "33303",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, External Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrodes designed for delivering pacing pulses to the heart from an external pacemaker. These electrodes may consist of external electrodes intended for attachment on the skin of the patient's thorax or invasive electrodes that can be inserted in the thorax, esophagus, or inside the vasculature. The shape, characteristics, and materials used on the electrodes depend on the site of application and/or the intended use of the electrode. External pacemaker electrodes are used mainly for temporary pacing in emergency situations when the heart's rhythm is severely impaired."
    },
    {
      "code": "17154",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, External Pacemaker, Transcutaneous",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrodes designed to attach to a patient's chest for transcutaneous delivery of pacing pulses to the heart from an external pacemaker and/or pacemaker/defibrillator. The electrodes may be applied on the thorax surface either in the anterior-posterior position (i.e., one electrode over the heart and one directly behind it) or in the anterior-anterior position (i.e., one electrode near the apex of the heart and one on the right chest). These electrodes typically are large surfaced (80 to 100 square cm), frequently pregelled, disposable pads; the electrode impedance may be high (e.g., more than 500 Ohms) for electrodes used only for pacing or low for electrodes intended for external pacing and defibrillation. Transcutaneous external pacemaker electrodes can deliver simultaneous stimuli to all chambers of the heart; they are intended to assist in resuscitating patients, to correct arrhythmias, or for temporary pacing during surgical placement of implantable pacemakers."
    },
    {
      "code": "11446",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, External Pacemaker, Transesophageal",
      "definition": "External pacemaker electrodes designed to be placed in the esophagus via the mouth or nose to deliver pacing pulses to the heart. The esophagus lies directly behind the heart and has relatively thin tissue whose moisture is beneficial for signal transmission. These electrodes typically consist of flexible insulated electrical conductors with the proximal end connected to an external pacemaker pulse generator and the distal end applied into the esophagus; transesophageal electrodes are usually disposable. Transesophageal cardiac pacemaker electrodes are usually intended to regulate atrial pacing; they are used in the diagnosis and temporary treatment of atrial arrhythmias, they also can be used to induce cardiac stress for diagnosis of heart disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "16127",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, External Pacemaker, Transthoracic",
      "definition": "External pacemaker electrodes designed for transthoracic attachment to the external surface of the heart to deliver pacing pulses to the heart.  These electrodes are typically disposable needle or hook-like devices to facilitate their introduction and/or location; the proximal end is connected to an external pacemaker pulse generator. The electrodes are usually placed during surgical procedures or in emergency situations by pushing the leads into the right ventricle through the chest wall and then through the ventricular wall. Transthoracic pacemaker electrodes are only intended for temporary pacing of the heart when it is not possible or desirable to use external or other invasive (e.g., transesophageal, transvenous) type of pacing; they are mainly used after open-heart surgery until the heart recovers, and in an emergency until a pacemaker can be surgically implanted."
    },
    {
      "code": "33304",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cardiac, External Pacemaker, Transvenous",
      "definition": "External pacemaker electrodes designed to be inserted into the heart through a major vein (e.g., subclavian vein). The electrodes are typically inserted into the venous system through a catheter, or sheath and displaced until they are in direct contact with the heart tissue. These devices typically consist of small size electrodes that deliver a lower quantity of energy than other external pacemaker electrodes due to their direct contact with the heart tissue; transvenous electrodes are usually disposable. Transvenous pacemaker electrodes are only intended for temporary pacing of the heart; they are commonly used after open-heart surgery until the heart recovers, in an emergency until a pacemaker can be surgically implanted, and for cardiac electrophysiological studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "11436",
      "display": "Electrodes, Cystoscopic",
      "definition": "An electrical conductor that is placed in contact with the bladder to stimulate it and/or record its electrical activity for diagnostic examination."
    },
    {
      "code": "15579",
      "display": "Electrodes, Electrosurgical",
      "definition": "Electrodes designed to deliver or receive radiofrequency (RF) electric current to body tissues from electrosurgical units (ESUs). Electrosurgical electrodes can apply monopolar or bipolar current; bipolar ESUs have two active electrodes that can deliver RF energy to the tissues to be ablated while monopolar ESUs have one active electrode and a passive (return or dispersive) electrode which only functions to close the electric circuit loop. The current is delivered in a closed circuit that includes an RF generator located in the electrosurgical unit; insulated cables; active electrodes that are usually a component of a handpiece; patient tissues; and one or more return (dispersive) electrodes attached to the skin when using monopolar ESU. The current circulation is controlled using hand or foot controllers (switches); some active electrode handpieces include mechanisms for smoke evacuation. Electrosurgical unit electrodes are used in procedures intended to cut tissues, stop bleeding, and/or for tissue fusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "16860",
      "display": "Electrodes, Electrosurgical, Active",
      "definition": "Electrosurgical electrodes designed to deliver radiofrequency (RF) electric current to the body tissues at the points where the current effect is required. Electrosurgical electrodes may be intended to apply monopolar or bipolar current. These electrodes deliver the RF energy through insulated cables from an RF generator located in the electrosurgical unit, they are usually a component of a handpiece (for monopolar units) or the distal tips of instruments (e.g., forceps, scissors) that are manipulated by the surgeon for bipolar surgery. The current circulation is controlled using hand or foot controllers (switches); some active electrode handpieces include mechanisms for smoke evacuation. Active electrosurgical unit electrodes are mostly used in procedures intended to cut tissues, stop bleeding, and/or for tissue fusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "16206",
      "display": "Electrodes, Electrosurgical, Active, Foot-Controlled",
      "definition": "Active electrosurgical electrodes controlled by a foot switch that are designed to deliver radiofrequency (RF) electric current to the body tissues.  These electrodes deliver the RF energy received through insulated cables from an RF generator located in the electrosurgical unit at the points where the current effect is required. The electrodes are usually a component of a handpiece or surgical instrument (for monopolar and bipolar units respectively) that is manipulated by the surgeon and also include a foot-pedal that works as an electric power switch. Foot-controlled active electrosurgical electrodes may apply monopolar or bipolar current. They are mostly used in procedures intended to cut tissues, stop bleeding, and/or for tissue fusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "19328",
      "display": "Electrodes, Electrosurgical, Active, Foot-Controlled, Smoke Evacuation",
      "definition": "Active electrosurgical electrodes controlled by a foot switch that are designed to deliver radiofrequency (RF) electric current to the body tissues. These units also include a suction wand that captures the smoke plume during the surgical procedure. These electrodes deliver the RF energy received through insulated cables from an RF generator located in the electrosurgical unit. They are usually a component of a handpiece or surgical instrument (for monopolar and bipolar units respectively) that is manipulated by the surgeon and also include a foot-pedal that works as an electric power switch. Smoke evacuation foot-controlled active electrosurgical electrodes may apply monopolar or bipolar current. They are mostly used in procedures intended to cut tissues, stop bleeding, and/or for tissue fusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "11499",
      "display": "Electrodes, Electrosurgical, Active, Hand-Controlled",
      "definition": "Active electrosurgical electrodes controlled by a hand switch designed to deliver radiofrequency (RF) electric current to the body tissues.  These electrodes deliver the RF energy received through insulated cables from an RF generator located in the electrosurgical unit; they are usually a component of a handpiece or surgical instrument (for monopolar and bipolar units respectively) that is manipulated by the surgeon; the handpiece also includes a hand switch that allows its operation by the surgeon. Hand-controlled active electrosurgical electrodes may apply monopolar or bipolar current. They are mostly used in procedures intended to cut tissues, stop bleeding, and/or for tissue fusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "19327",
      "display": "Electrodes, Electrosurgical, Active, Hand-Controlled, Smoke Evacuation",
      "definition": "Active electrosurgical electrodes controlled by a hand switch designed to deliver radiofrequency (RF) electric current to the body tissues. These units also include a suction wand that captures the smoke plume during the surgical procedure. These electrodes deliver the RF energy received through insulated cables from a RF generator located in the electrosurgical unit; they are usually a component of a handpiece or surgical instrument (for monopolar and bipolar units respectively) that is manipulated by the surgeon; the handpiece also includes a hand switch that allows its operation by the surgeon. Smoke evacuation active electrosurgical electrodes may apply monopolar or bipolar current; they are mostly used in procedures intended to cut tissues, stop bleeding, and/or for tissue fusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "11500",
      "display": "Electrodes, Electrosurgical, Return",
      "definition": "Electrodes designed for returning the radiofrequency (RF) current from the patient to the electrosurgical unit in monopolar surgery procedures. These electrodes typically consist of conducting pads that are attached to the patient's skin in places far from the surgical site; they conduct back (i.e., return) the dispersed current to the RF generator through appropriate cables without burns or other effects to the patient due to the pad's large contact area. Return electrosurgical unit electrodes are used in conjunction with active electrosurgical electrodes during monopolar procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11453",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic",
      "definition": "Electrodes designed to transmit or receive bioelectric signals from the nervous system and/or to apply electrical stimuli to the system. These electrodes are available in a variety of configurations including scalp electrodes (also known as skin or superficial electrodes), transcutaneous electrodes (e.g., transdermal needles), and implantable electrodes. Dedicated neurology electrodes are used for a variety of procedures, such as to detect and transmit bioelectric signals from the central nervous system, including the  measurement recording, and/or monitoring of the brain function (i.e., electroencephalography), to deliver periodic electric stimuli to the brain (e.g., to alleviate tremors and/or seizures), to provide brain shock (i.e., electroconvulsive therapy), and to detect  the brain and central nervous system response to several types of stimuli (i.e., evoked potential measurement). Electrodes capable of performing several of these tasks are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11444",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Convulsive Therapy",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to apply electrical current through the brain in order to induce a generalized seizure (i.e., convulsive therapy). These electrodes are typically flat in shape, one or two inches in diameter, and are used for superficial application to the head. The electrical current delivered from a power source flows through the brain between two electrodes placed on the head. The electrodes are usually placed above each temple, or one electrode is placed above one temple and the other is placed in the middle of the forehead. Handheld electrodes or single-use adhesive gel-pad electrodes can be used. Convulsive therapy (also known as electroshock) electrodes are currently used to induce a grand mal seizure intended for treating various psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar disorders and severe depression in cases where antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or both have proven ineffective."
    },
    {
      "code": "11440",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to detect and transmit bioelectric signals for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the brain function (i.e., electroencephalography). They can be devices placed on a patient's scalp or intracranial devices. The electrodes are connected to equipment that amplifies the weak electrical signals to be recorded and/or displayed in a graphic form. Electroencephalography electrodes are used in observing, diagnosing, and treating a variety of neurologic conditions, including epilepsy, related convulsive disorders, and brain death."
    },
    {
      "code": "41894",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Electroencephalography, Cortical",
      "definition": "Electroencephalography electrodes designed to detect and transmit bioelectric signals for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the brain function (i.e., electroencephalography [EEG]) that are placed on the cortex. These electrodes are typically linear strips with discs or grids placed on the surface of the brain. Small thin wires attached to the strips or grids connect to the EEG equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41895",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Electroencephalography, Depth",
      "definition": "Electroencephalography electrodes designed to detect and transmit bioelectric signals for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the brain function (i.e., electroencephalography [EEG]) that are placed in subsurface levels of the brain. These devices are usually fine needle-like electrodes made of wire or plastic. Each electrode is able to record from a number of contact sites along the electrode. These electrodes may have depth gauge markings and may include a stylet used for placement."
    },
    {
      "code": "41914",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Electroencephalography, Ear Canal",
      "definition": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Electroencephalography, Ear Canal"
    },
    {
      "code": "11452",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Electroencephalography, Nasopharyngeal",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to detect and transmit bioelectric signals for measuring, recording, and/or monitoring the brain function (i.e., electroencephalography, EEG) that are placed in the nasopharyngeal region. These electrodes are typically transdermal, thin, stiff silver rods or needles covered with sleeves and ending in an exposed ball or bullet-shaped contact. These electrodes are inserted bilaterally through the nostrils to come to rest against the back of the nasopharynx.  Nasopharyngeal EEG electrodes can also detect the brain's response to repetitive stimuli along a specific pathway (i.e., an evoked potential)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41915",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Electroencephalography, Return",
      "definition": "Electrodes designed for grounding and referencing of the electroencephalography (EEG) system. These electrodes typically consist of a flat, flexible, conductive pad with an adhesive (e.g., gel), or a preformed shape/mechanism designed for attachment to a particular body part (e.g., earclip), connected to a conductive wire."
    },
    {
      "code": "34007",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Evoked Potential",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to obtain responses of the brain after stimulation of specific sensory nerve pathways of the central nervous system structures (i.e., evoked potentials, EP). The electrodes measure and record how quickly and completely the nerve signals reach the brain.  These electrodes can be either surface electrodes (e.g., cups) or transdermal platinum needles; the cups are secured with collodion and tape. The electrodes are applied to the subject at the desired locations and connected to the EP unit (e.g., recorder, monitor) through a preamplifier and an electrode board, allowing various channel-switching options. The electrodes can be placed along the scalp, shoulders, earlobes, wrists, lower back, and other anatomical locations; they are typically disposable, but some reusable types are available. EP electrodes are used for clinical studies mainly intended to show abnormalities on the nerve pathways that can be caused by neurological disorders; dedicated electrodes intended for auditory, visual, and somatosensory responses are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34009",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Evoked Potential, Auditory",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to obtain responses of the brain after stimulation by auditory stimuli (e.g., different tones, speech sound). These electrodes are typically non-invasive small cup-like surface electrodes which are applied to the subject at the head (e.g., forehead, scalp) using either tape or water-soluble paste. The electrodes are connected to the EP unit through a preamplifier and an electrode board allowing various channel-switching options. Reusable electrodes are available but disposable electrodes are more frequently used. Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) are generally obtained by delivering periodic clicks through an earphone (typically at a rate of 11 clicks per second at 65 or 70 dB above the sensory level) which is the hearing threshold for one ear while the non-stimulated ear is masked with white noise of at least 40 dB above the normal hearing level. Auditory evoked potential electrodes are mostly used for clinical studies intended to assess the integrity of the auditory system."
    },
    {
      "code": "34010",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Evoked Potential, Somatosensory",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to obtain responses of the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spine) after electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerves.  Somatosensory electrodes are typically small disk-like surface electrodes which are typically placed over the scalp and/or, spine. The electrodes are connected to the main evoked potential unit (e.g., recorder, monitor) through a preamplifier and an electrode board allowing various channel-switching options. Reusable electrodes are available but disposable electrodes are more frequently used. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) are generally obtained by delivering shocks to the skin through a surface electrode or through a needle electrode inserted into the skin near an appropriate nerve fiber. SSEP electrodes are mostly used for intraoperative EP monitoring during spinal and brain surgeries and also in revision surgery after total hip replacement."
    },
    {
      "code": "34008",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Evoked Potential, Visual",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes typically designed to measure the brain's electrical activity in response to visual stimulation (i.e. a change in luminance, contrast, or color). These electrodes are typically non-invasive small cup-like surface electrodes which are applied to the subject at the desired locations using either tape or water-soluble paste. The electrodes are connected to the main evoked potential unit (e.g., recorder, monitor) through a preamplifier and an electrode board allowing various channel-switching options. Reusable electrodes are available but disposable electrodes are more frequently used. Visual evoked potentials are generally obtained by delivering visual stimuli, including a flashing or strobe light in a number of different patterns that can elicit a visual evoked potential (VEP). The preferred stimulus is a reversing checkerboard pattern because normal subjects' responses to it show less variability and are more sensitive to visual pathway lesions than responses elicited by a flashing light. Visual evoked potential electrodes are primarily used for clinical studies to measure the functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina via the optic nerves to the visual cortex of the brain. Dedicated VEP electrodes may be used for measuring electrooculography and/or electronystagmography evoked potentials."
    },
    {
      "code": "11442",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Evoked Potential, Visual, Electronystagmography",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to detect and measure bioelectrical signals generated by eye movement (electronystagmography, ENG) as the result of cold and/or warm fluids entering the ears. These devices typically are skin electrodes that are placed above, below, and on each side of the eyes. As the eye moves, the electrodes detect the electrical signal caused by eye movement and relay it to one or more channels, where it is amplified.  Electrodes intended for conventional three-point configuration ENG (i.e., one electrode on each eye and one on the forehead) are available; they are used to measure the potential from both eyes simultaneously. Electrodes used in a configuration requiring two channels for each eye that are intended to perform electronystagmography measuring eye movement in any direction, not just vertical and horizontal, known as vector-electronystagmography, are also available. The electrodes are placed equidistant to the center of each eye at right angles on the vertical and horizontal axes, resulting in less error than with the three-point configuration. ENG electrodes are used to assess the functioning of the brain's acoustic and oculomotor nerves; they can be used to determine the causes of visual problems, vertigo, and/or dizziness. The electrodes are also used to detect and measure eye movements resulting from involuntary, periodic and rapid movement of the eyeballs (i.e., nystagmus) without the application of any external stimuli."
    },
    {
      "code": "11443",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Evoked Potential, Visual, Electrooculography",
      "definition": "Visual evoked potential electrodes designed to be placed on the nasal and lateral canthi of each eye to monitor electrical potentials generated by ocular activity; the electrodes typically measure the gradual change in the electric potential measured between the retina and cornea during dark-to-light adaptation. These electrodes are typically skin electrodes operating in a similar manner to those used in electroencephalography; tape may be used to attach the cup electrodes near the eye.  Two or more electrodes may be used in electrooculography to monitor both eyes concurrently. Electrooculography electrodes are frequently used in analysis combining electrooculography and electroretinography studies to help diagnose certain retinal diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "11460",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Evoked Potential, Visual, Electroretinography",
      "definition": "Visual evoked potential electrodes designed to be placed on the cornea (i.e., at the front of the eye) to measure the transient change in the electrical potential of the retina in response to a sudden flash of light (i.e., electroretinography, ERG). Corneal electrodes typically include speculum structures used for holding the eye open and a contact lens with a wire ring (i.e., an electrode) supported by a small spring that floats on the cornea. They are gently placed on each eye with a device very similar to a contact lens inserter; an additional electrode is placed on the skin to provide a ground for the very faint electrical signals produced by the retina. The information from the corneal electrodes measuring the electrical activity of the retina in response to the flash of light is transmitted to a monitor where it is displayed. Reference skin electrodes are to be placed just above and below the eye. ERG electrodes are commonly used in procedures for evaluating both inherited (hereditary) and acquired disorders of the retina; they are also used in analysis combining electrooculography and electroretinography studies to help diagnose certain retinal diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "11441",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neurologic, Myography",
      "definition": "Neurologic electrodes designed to detect and measure the electrical potential present on the skin, near, or within a muscle or muscle group in consequence of a muscle contraction. These electrodes may be non-invasive small cup-like surface electrodes which are applied at the desired locations on the skin using either tape or water-soluble paste or percutaneous needle and fine-wire electrodes intended for deep muscles. Using appropriate placement, the voltage measured can be related to the activity of a single or specific group of muscles; the signal is represented as a trace that develops during time, increasing from zero up to tenths or hundreds of microvolts as the muscle becomes activated. Myography electrodes are typically used in motion analysis to assess muscle function, with application in sports, ergonomics, occupational and rehabilitation medicine; they are also used for investigation of both muscle activation and muscle physiological characteristics."
    },
    {
      "code": "11454",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neuromuscular Stimulator",
      "definition": "Electrodes designed to apply electrical stimuli to nerves and/or muscles from external and/or implantable neuromuscular stimulators. These electrodes may be external devices fixed on the skin over the nerves and muscles, electrodes attached to probes appropriate for insertion in the natural cavities of the body, or implantable devices fixed directly on or around the nerves and muscles. Dedicated neuromuscular stimulator electrodes are available for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including gait, grasp, muscle strengthening, incontinence, bladder evacuation, swallowing, and ejaculation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23499",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neuromuscular Stimulator, Dysphagia",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular stimulator electrodes designed for use with external stimulators intended for treatment of swallowing difficulties (i.e., dysphagia). These devices are typically dedicated electrodes fixed externally over the nerves and muscles responsible for swallowing; the electrodes are attached through cables to a neuromuscular stimulator, which produces stimuli appropriate for this treatment. Dysphagia neuromuscular stimulator electrodes are used in the treatment of deficiencies in swallowing due to illness (e.g., stroke, neurologic disorders, cancer) and/or aging."
    },
    {
      "code": "18594",
      "display": "Electrodes, Neuromuscular Stimulator, Garment",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrodes designed as garments that cover the entire treatment area. These electrodes consist of conductive cloth (e.g., socks, gloves, sleeves) made of woven fabrics such as nylon or Dacron and metallic threads (e.g., silver); they are connected to steady or pulsed electric stimulators that deliver very small currents, usually in the range of microamperes. Conductive garment electrodes are used in treatments intended to provide mild pain relief, reduce swelling, and/or increase blood circulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "15137",
      "display": "Electrodes, pH",
      "definition": "Devices used in the measurement of the acid-base status of a substance."
    },
    {
      "code": "17191",
      "display": "Electrodes, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation",
      "definition": "Electrodes designed to be placed on the patient's skin to deliver electrical stimulus to reduce/eliminate pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "11467",
      "display": "Electroencephalographs",
      "definition": "Encephalographs designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the brain, usually detected on the scalp. These recorders consist of a main unit that includes memory (e.g., strip chart, flash card), signal processors, and a cable that is connected at the distal tip through a head box (amplifying unit) to a set of electrodes. The electrodes are typically placed on a cap or net fixed on the scalp in an array of standardized positions. Intracranial electrodes are used in very specific procedures. The electrodes and leads transmit the bioelectrical signals to a recorder which is capable of storing their characteristics for later display in an amplitude versus time graph (i.e., an electroencephalogram); some recorders can also provide a spectral analysis of the signals using a dedicated firmware. Electroencephalographs (EEGs) are used to help in the diagnosis of  neurological diseases (e.g., epilepsy), to assist in localizing tumors and lesions inside the cranium, and also facilitate the assessment of the status of patients (e.g., coma, brain death). Ambulatory and dedicated computerized EEG recorders intended to provide further analysis of EEG data and also from data taken from sleep disorder studies and/or to evaluate the electrical response of the brain to external stimuli (i.e., evoked potentials) are also available. EEGs are not intended for a real-time assessment of the electroencephalogram or other brain conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18365",
      "display": "Electroencephalographs, Ambulatory",
      "definition": "Electroencephalographs (EEGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the brain, usually detected on the scalp in ambulatory patients. These instruments consist of a main unit using an electronic storage device (tape recorders may be also used) worn by the patient that automatically process the signals and a cable that is connected at the distal tip to a set of electrodes fixed on the scalp in an array of standardized positions. The electrodes and leads transmit the bioelectrical signals to the recorder, usually through micro amplifiers. The recorder is capable of reproducing their characteristics in an amplitude versus time graph (i.e., an electroencephalogram) and may also provide a spectral analysis of the signals. Ambulatory EEGs, known as AEEGs, are mainly used for periods of 24 to 72 hours to confirm the diagnosis of epilepsy, assessment of seizures, and to record other neurological diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "12389",
      "display": "Electroencephalographs, Ambulatory, Tape",
      "definition": "Ambulatory electroencephalographs (EEGs) that include scalp electrodes and an electroencephalograph amplifier. These EEGs are commonly used in ambulatory patients to study a variety of neurological conditions (e.g., epilepsy) and evaluate psychiatric disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "18356",
      "display": "Electroencephalographs, Computerized",
      "definition": "Encephalographs (EEGs) designed for recording the variations of the electric potential (i.e., data and waveforms) caused by the electrical activity of the brain that include integral microcomputers and/or can interface with other computerized systems. These recorders consist of a main unit that includes a large capacity memory (e.g., a magnetic hard disk, optical disk, electronic drive), signal processors, and appropriate connectors to the output of standard EEGs, other instruments (e.g., EEG monitors, polysomnographs, sleep/awake recorders) or directly to a head box attached to a set of scalp electrodes. The recorder works with one or more dedicated software packages that can perform a variety of computerized studies such as brain mapping, sleep studies, and evoked potential responses according to the user needs. Some recorders may include video EEG capabilities. Computerized EEGs are mostly used to help in the diagnosis of neurological diseases (e.g., epilepsy, sleep disorders) and to assist in localizing and assessing tumors and lesions inside the cranium."
    },
    {
      "code": "18333",
      "display": "Electrogastrographs, Interpretive",
      "definition": "Physiologic recorders designed for recording the variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical (myographic) activity (typically slow waves) of the gastric muscles, usually detected at the body surface, and that can perform a computerized automated measuring and interpretation of the electrogastrogram (EGG). These instruments consist of a main unit that includes a recorder, signal processors, and detachable leads that are connected to disposable electrodes fixed at the distal tip that are placed on the abdominal skin over the stomach. The electrodes and leads transmit the bioelectrical signals to the recorder, which is capable of reproducing their characteristics in an amplitude versus time graph (electrogastrogram, EGG). EGGs are used in the diagnosis of gastric dysrhythmias (e.g., bradygastria, tachygastria and arrhythmia) that may be associated with disorders in gastrointestinal motility."
    },
    {
      "code": "16034",
      "display": "Electroglottographs",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders of the changes in electrical potential or impedance as a result of the movement of the vocal cords during respiration and phonation, using an appropriate sensor.  These recorders are used for assessing the degree of closure of the vocal cords in the treatment of voice disorders and in the study of the laryngeal mechanism"
    },
    {
      "code": "11471",
      "display": "Electrogoniometers",
      "definition": "Electromechanical goniometers designed for automated measuring of angles; clinical electrogoniometers are intended to measure the angle of displacement (i.e., bending) of a joint (usually from 0 to 180 degrees or more) using electrical gauges and appropriate sensors and transducers. Electrogoniometers may consist of a small-diameter flexible spring with plastic blocks on each end, a strain-gauge mechanism housed inside the spring that changes its electrical resistance proportionally to the change in angle between the longitudinal axes of the end blocks, and an electric meter (i.e., gauge). The end blocks are attached to the limb segments with double-sided adhesive tape. These devices are biaxial, enabling simultaneous measurement of sagittal and frontal plane motions; they are available in various sizes to accommodate different joints (e.g., knee, elbow, shoulder, finger). A variety of potentiometric goniometers are available; they are designed to cause a potentiometer shaft to rotate proportionally to the joint angle being measured. Electrogoniometers are used by rheumatologists and physiotherapists to assess joint function and in the diagnosis and treatment of locomotor system diseases; they are frequently included as a component of gait and/or joint laxity analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "23777",
      "display": "Electrogoniometers, Double-Axis",
      "definition": "Electrogoniometers designed to measure angles along or around two orthogonal planes simultaneously. These goniometers may consist of a small-diameter flexible spring with two sets of plastic blocks on each end, with strain gauge mechanisms housed inside the spring that change electrical resistance proportionally to the change in angle between the longitudinal axes of the end blocks, two independent amplifiers, and possibly an electric meter. The end blocks are usually attached to the limb segments with double-sided adhesive tape. Potentiometric double-axis goniometers are also available; they are designed to cause a potentiometer shaft to rotate proportionally to the joint angle being measured. Double-axis electrogoniometers are intended to measure wrist and radial/ulnar movements in two planes; they are used mainly by rheumatologists and physiotherapists to measure wrist flexion and/or extension and radial/ulnar deviation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23776",
      "display": "Electrogoniometers, Single-Axis",
      "definition": "Electrogoniometers designed to measure angles along or around a particular plane. These goniometers may consist of a small-diameter flexible spring with plastic blocks on each end, a strain gauge mechanism housed inside the spring that changes electrical resistance proportionally to the change in angle between the longitudinal axes of the end blocks, an amplifier, and extension cables to connect to the electronic measuring unit. The end blocks are usually attached to the limb segments with double-sided adhesive tape. A number of different potentiometric single-axis goniometers are also available; they are designed to cause a potentiometer shaft to rotate proportionally to the joint angle being measured. Single-axis electrogoniometers are intended mainly to measure joint (e.g., knee, elbow) bending; dedicated instruments are available to assess finger and/or toe joint movement. They are used mainly by rheumatologists and physiotherapists."
    },
    {
      "code": "42073",
      "display": "Electromagnetic Field Emitters",
      "definition": "Devices that produce a low-energy magnetic field volume cube. During use with a surgical navigation system, the magnetic field created by this device encompasses the anatomy of interest in a cubical, low-energy magnetic field called the navigation field. Every point in the navigation field has a unique field strength and can be used to determine the position of a tracking device. The emitter may be placed in a holder which is mounted to the operating table."
    },
    {
      "code": "22565",
      "display": "Electromechanical Adapters, Line Voltage/Frequency",
      "definition": "Devices designed to match (i.e., adapt) the electric requirements of small, usually portable, equipment to the line voltage and/or frequency. These devices typically consist of an electric transformer and other electric and/or electronic components and one or more integral or detachable plugs that match the outlet standards in different areas (e.g., North America, Continental Europe, Japan, Australia, and UK). Electric voltage and/or frequency adapters that switch from one standard to another automatically by recognizing the line supply voltage (110/120 V or 220/240V) and frequency (50 or 60 Hz) and manual adapters that have to be switched manually by the user are available. Dedicated adapters intended for particular types of equipment (e.g., radio and TV receivers, shavers, hair clippers) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28492",
      "display": "Electromechanical Surgical Units, Neurology",
      "definition": "Electromechanical surgical units designed for electrically powered mechanical ablation (resection) of abnormal soft tissue (i.e., tumors) in the central nervous system. This equipment typically consist of (1) a central unit (a console) that provides power and may also provide suction to a cutting handpiece that includes controls (e.g., to choose from cutting and/or aspiration mode), (2) a detachable cutting handpiece, and (3) a switch, that may consist of a foot switch and control pedal. The central unit also provides appropriate connections to the electric power supply, handpiece, aspiration line, and disposable material canister. Neurologic electromechanical surgical units are mostly intended for cutting and disposing intracranial (i.e., brain) and/or spinal soft tissue tumors during minimally invasive surgical procedures (e.g., image guided stereotactic surgery) or open surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23500",
      "display": "Electrometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed primarily to measure very small (in the order of femto coulombs) electric charge values; the instruments are frequently based on the accurate measurement of voltages. These devices typically consist of electronic instruments including a high-input impedance solid state amplifier (e.g., such as field-effect transistors, FETs), voltage supplies, and a display to show charge, voltage, and current values; they may also include external connections to attach ionization chambers to perform radiation measurements. Electrometers are frequently intended for radiation therapy dosimetry; they can measure charge from electrons, x-rays and gamma rays emitted by linear accelerators, cobalt 60 units, and other radiation sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "11474",
      "display": "Electromyographs",
      "definition": "Myographs designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the electrical potential of skeletal muscle during muscular activity. These recorders typically consist of signal amplifiers, filters (to suppress interference), memory (e.g., electronic, optical/magnetic disc), a loudspeaker, and a display. They also include detachable surface electrodes placed near the muscle (or, for more accurate measurements, needle- or fine-wire electrodes are placed within the muscle). The results may be displayed as a graphic of the measured voltages vs. time (an electromyogram); as the signals occur at audible frequencies they can be amplified and reproduced using a loudspeaker which facilitates the identification of specific disorders. Electromyographs are mainly used to assess the functional ability of the peripheral nerves, helping in the diagnosis of neurological and neuromuscular disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "41975",
      "display": "Electronics Repair Tool Kits",
      "definition": "Sets of tools used to repair or service electronic equipment. The tools in these kits are usually kept together in a bag or box. Tools included in these kits may include bits and bit drivers, tweezers, opening tools, spudgers, and other relevant tools. These tool kits can be used to repair and service devices such as smartphones, cameras, and computers."
    },
    {
      "code": "11479",
      "display": "Electronystagmographs",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to record the electrical potential created by eye movements. These recorders consist of a central unit that includes electronic memory (e.g., electronic, hard disk) and a set of detachable electrodes. The recorder may also include one or two channels for simultaneously measuring  the potential from both eyes to allow the measurement of the potential in magnitude and direction as a vector. Electronystagmographs are used to detect the performance of the acoustic and oculomotor nerves whose dysfunction may cause dizziness or vertigo and may be affected in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, vestibular dysfunctions, the presence of drugs, and by other specific disorders characterized by involuntary eye movement (nystagmus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11480",
      "display": "Electrooculographs",
      "definition": "Visual evoked potential (EP) recorders designed for detecting, amplifying, and recording the changes in the electric potential between the retina and the cornea in response to specialized external visual stimuli (e.g., alternation of light and dark conditions). The results may be displayed as a graphic of the measured voltages versus time (an electrooculogram). These recorders typically consist of detachable electrodes usually placed on the nasal and lateral canthi of each eye; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic or optical/magnetic disc); and a display. Electrooculographs usually include capabilities to induce light adaptation and to provide additional stimuli at an appropriate repetitive level to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording. Electrooculographs measurements (typically in microvolt) are typically expressed as the ratio of the maximum value obtained during the light period to the minimum value at the dark period (known as Arden ratio).  Decreases in this ratio are associated with retinal pigment disorders. Some recorders with additional capabilities to perform electroretinography, other specialized forms of visual EP response, and/or for recording the velocity of the short, fast movements of the eyes made during reading and sleep (i.e., saccadic velocity) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23501",
      "display": "Electropalatographs",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to measure and record the timing and location of tongue contact with the hard palate during normal speech (i.e., electropalatography, also known as palatometry). These recorders typically include an artificial palate that is molded to fit the roof of the mouth, electrical contacts located on the lingual surface of the artificial palate, connectors to link the artificial palate to a computerized unit, dedicated software to process the information, and a recorder of the tongue-palate contact patterns synchronized with acoustic recording of the speech. Electropalatographs are intended for research, clinical studies, and assessment of speech therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18551",
      "display": "Electrophoresis Columns",
      "definition": "Tubes covered with supporting media that are used to separate an ionic mixture of solutes into its components by the differences in migration rate when an electric field is applied (electrophoresis). These columns are usually made of glass or plastic (e.g., acrylic) tubes; they are usually mounted vertically, with both ends placed into buffer wells that make the electrical connection between the columns and the electrodes. Typically, several columns are run simultaneously in an electrophoretic system."
    },
    {
      "code": "18552",
      "display": "Electrophoresis Columns, Capillary",
      "definition": "Electrophoresis columns used in electrophoresis capillary systems. These columns usually consist of fused-silica micrometric tubes (e.g., 25, 50, 75 micrometer) with lengths from 30 to 100 cm that are coated with the support (e.g., urea); most are mounted in a capillary cassette for use."
    },
    {
      "code": "15138",
      "display": "Electrophoresis Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to separate mixtures of ionic solutes by the differences in their rate of migration in an applied electric field. These systems usually include an electrophoresis chamber, support media, a temperature control unit (for cooling and/or heating), a densitometer, and a power supply; the procedures require the use of reagents. Some of these systems can perform the operations automatically (e.g., apply samples to the gels, perform the electrophoresis, scan the gels, print the results) and include computerized data processing capabilities; other, less expensive systems are manually operated and configured using separate modules. Electrophoresis systems may perform one or more electrophoresis procedures, such as zone electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis.  They are useful for separation and assessment of most solutes of interest in clinical chemistry, including proteins in serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other body fluids and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "18547",
      "display": "Electrophoresis Systems, Capillary",
      "definition": "Electrophoresis systems designed to perform the electrophoresis procedure in a small-bore (25- to 100-micrometer) fused-silica capillary column (sometimes included in a capillary cassette); sample volumes are typically small (e.g., nanoliter or picoliter samples). These systems typically include high-voltage sources and may include different types of detectors (e.g., optical, conductivity, electrochemical, mass spectroscopy).  They have a wide application range, including the performance of capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, and capillary isoelectric focusing; most systems can also perform some techniques unique to capillary electrophoresis systems, such as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (can separate neutral as well as charged solutes) and capillary electrochromatography, which combines the capabilities of liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Capillary electrophoresis systems are used for separation of compounds such as amino acids, vitamins, peptides, proteins, DNA restriction fragments; whole cells; and virus particles."
    },
    {
      "code": "33414",
      "display": "Electrophoresis Tray Combs",
      "definition": "Devices resembling a comb designed to facilitate the performance of vertical and/or horizontal gel electrophoresis procedures. These devices typically consist of a rectangular frame with teeth (either rectangular or similar to a shark tooth) made of plastic or metal (e.g., Teflon, polycarbonate, styrene, aluminum, PVC) whose characteristics depend on the height, width, and thickness of the comb and the width and separation between teeth. The combs are placed in slots on the side of the casting tray before the melted gel is poured; when the gel solidifies the comb is taken out. The comb defines the lanes and its teeth leave holes in the gel called wells. Electrophoresis tray combs are available as standard and/or custom-made components of electrophoresis systems; the combs may be reusable or single-use (i.e., disposable)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26793",
      "display": "Electroporation Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation",
      "definition": "Electroporation therapy systems designed to induce the death of tissue cells by applying an electric field that causes permanent permeability of the cell membrane (i.e., irreversible electroporation) with negligible thermal effects.  These systems typically include an electric generator capable of delivering appropriate short-term (e.g., microsecond) electrical pulses with a voltage high enough to cause permanent perforation of the cell walls,; a computerized unit with a display to control and monitor the delivery of electric energy;, and a set of detachable probes with very thin needle electrodes at the distal end that are inserted around the tissue to be ablated. Irreversible electroporation tissue ablation affects only well-defined areas without extending its effects to surrounding tissue, sparing large blood vessel scaffolds and other (e.g., bile) ducts. Tissue ablation irreversible electroporation therapy systems are intended for ablation of abnormal cells; they may be also used for treatment of tumors in difficult to access areas of the body and/or near large blood vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "24243",
      "display": "Electroporators",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to make temporary pores in cell plasma membranes by applying an appropriate (usually several hundred volts) external voltage (i.e., electric potential) that is higher than the dielectric strength of the membrane, allowing extracellular compounds foreign genes (e.g., plasmids - extra-chromosomal self-replicating structures carrying genes) and/or protein material to penetrate into the cell while the membrane is porous. Laboratory electroporators typically consist of a generator that delivers electric current to electrodes placed inside cuvettes and a solution containing the cells (e.g., bacteria cells). Plasmids are introduced into the cuvette, and the electric voltage is applied to the electrodes. After the electroporation procedure, the cells are incubated to produce new cells, which include the reproduced plasmids. Dedicated electroporators for laboratory transfection of DNA into mammalian cells and/or the transformation of cells into bacteria/yeast and other devices intended for in vivo introduction of genes into cells (e.g., through the skin) during gene therapy and/or tumor treatment are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11482",
      "display": "Electroretinographs",
      "definition": "Visual evoked potential recorders designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the transient change of the electrical potential on or near the surface of the cornea to a reference distal point on the body, following stimulation of the retina by external repetitive stimuli. The results may be displayed as a graphic of the measured voltages vs. time (an electroretinogram); the graph usually shows the a-wave is the first large negative component, followed by the b-wave which is corneal positive and usually larger in amplitude. These recorders typically consist of detachable electrodes usually placed on the cornea (e.g., similar to a contact lens) and on the skin near the eyes; signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic, optical/magnetic disc); and a display. The recorder may include capabilities to deliver external stimuli (e.g., reversible checkerboard patterns, flashlights) at an appropriate repetitive level to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording. Electroretinographs are mainly used in studies intended to diagnose acquired and/or inherited retinal diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa. Recorders with additional capabilities for recording the velocity of the short, fast movements of the eyes made during reading and sleep (i.e., saccadic velocity) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "39460",
      "display": "Electroretinographs, Animal",
      "definition": "Visual evoked potential recorders designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the transient change of the electrical potential on or near the surface of an animal's cornea following stimulation of the retina by external repetitive stimuli. The results may be displayed as a graphic of the measured voltages vs. time (an electroretinogram); the graph usually shows the a-wave is the first large negative component, followed by the b-wave which is corneal positive and usually larger in amplitude. These recorders typically consist of detachable electrodes; signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic, optical/magnetic disc); and a display. The recorder may include capabilities to deliver external stimuli (e.g., reversible checkerboard patterns, flashlights) at an appropriate repetitive level to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording."
    },
    {
      "code": "16490",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Unit Adapters",
      "definition": "Adapters designed to couple electrosurgical units to accessories of different models and/or manufacturers; they may be used also to connect cables to discontinued and/or obsolete models, to perform special procedures (e.g., bipolar, endoscopic, minimally invasive, or laparoscopic surgery), or to increase safety of connection. These adapters may consist of dedicated electrical connectors, cables, plugs, jacks, and/or other dedicated devices; they are usually intended for a particular use. Electrosurgical unit adapters are used to facilitate particular electrosurgical procedures (e.g., bipolar, endoscopic, laparoscopic) and/or to lessen the possibility of electric shock due to an improper connection."
    },
    {
      "code": "11493",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Unit Adapters, Cable",
      "definition": "Adapters designed to interconnect cables from a different manufacturer and/or model to an electrosurgical unit (ESU); they may also be used to connect cables to discontinued and/or obsolete models, to perform special (e.g., bipolar, endoscopic, minimally invasive, or laparoscopic surgery) procedures, or to increase safety of connection. These adapters typically consist of a dedicated electrical (e.g., bipolar-coaxial) connector intended for a particular use. Adapters may be used as permanently attached devices capable of connecting to a standard plug in one end and to a recessed plug in the connection end to the ESU at the other. Electrosurgical unit cable adapters are used to facilitate electrosurgical procedures and/or to lessen the possibility of electric shock due to an improper connection of the cables."
    },
    {
      "code": "11490",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units",
      "definition": "Units that perform surgery using a high-frequency electric current. The electrosurgical heating effect that causes tissue destruction is provided by tissue resistance to the high-frequency, high-density current rather than by heat, as in electrocautery devices. Electrosurgical units deliver and receive electric current through cables and electrodes and may include a detachable footpedal for switching on foot-controlled active electrodes.  These units are used as an alternative to scalpels for cutting tissue and controlling bleeding by causing coagulation (i.e., hemostasis) at the surgical site (e.g., capillary beds in the liver or spleen), as well as providing a combination of cutting and coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18230",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units, Bipolar",
      "definition": "Electrosurgical units in which two electrodes (generally the two tips of a pair of forceps or scissors) serve as the equivalent of the active and dispersive leads in the monopolar mode.  Bipolar electrosurgery is primarily used to coagulate fine tissue (e.g., in neurosurgical, gynecologic, and ophthalmic procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18229",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units, Monopolar",
      "definition": "Electrosurgical units in which the high-frequency electric current is delivered to the patient by an active cable and electrode and returns to unit through a return (dispersive) electrode."
    },
    {
      "code": "17739",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units, Monopolar, Argon-Enhanced Coagulation",
      "definition": "Monopolar electrosurgical units (ESU's) that are equipped with a system (typically either housed in a separate mobile cart or incorporated into the ESU generator housing) for delivery of argon gas.  The electrosurgical current forms an ionized channel, or arc, within an argon gas stream that flows between the active electrode and the tissue surface.  The argon-enhanced ESU can provide rapid, uniform coagulation over large bleeding surfaces such as capillary beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "18231",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units, Monopolar/Bipolar",
      "definition": "Electrosurgical units capable of both monopolar and bipolar functionality."
    },
    {
      "code": "18232",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units, Monopolar/Bipolar, Argon-Enhanced Coagulation",
      "definition": "Electrosurgical units capable of both bipolar and argon-enhanced monopolar functionality."
    },
    {
      "code": "40938",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units, Monopolar/Bipolar, Helium Plasma",
      "definition": "Electrosurgical units that uses helium plasma and radiofrequency energy as well as standard monopolar and bipolar energy to heat tissue. The device uses a pressurized helium tank to drive radiofrequency energy into a hollow cannula. The radiofrequency waveform converts the helium gas into a cold plasma. These units are used to cut, coagulate, and ablate soft tissue during open and laparoscopic surgical procedures and can be used for subdermal coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "27083",
      "display": "Electrosurgical Units, Monopolar/Bipolar, Tissue Fusion",
      "definition": "Electrosurgical units (ESUs) designed with monopolar and bipolar capabilities that can also provide controlled delivery of energy and physical pressure to perform autologous tissue fusion. These units consist of a central unit (i.e., console) that houses a radiofrequency (RF) generator that delivers the RF power to the tissues through appropriate cables and electrodes permitting its operation as a conventional monopolar/bipolar electrosurgical unit. In addition, these ESUs include a feedback system that senses and accurately controls the delivery of energy to the tissues simultaneously with the application of pressure when performing tissue fusion (i.e., sealing). A variety of dedicated detachable tools is available for use as electrodes that also apply the required physical pressure. The fusion mechanism is mainly used to fuse blood vessels; it is based on the formation of an autologous seal (i.e., sutureless) in the vessel walls by melting the collagen and elastin. Tissue fusion is usually possible for vessels up to 7.5 mm (0.3 inch) diameter. The seal obtained in the procedure usually has a similar bursting strength (i.e., the pressure required to rupture the vessel) as a sutured seal. The unit may also seal lymphatic vessels and some tissue bundles. Electrosurgical units with tissue fusion capabilities are intended for both open surgery and laparoscopic procedures. They may also be used for hemostasis in difficult procedures such as those performed on the infant and child vasculature and in sutureless surgery for hemorrhoids (i.e., hemorrhoidectomy). They are also used in a variety of specialties (e.g., ophthalmology, dermatology, otolaryngology, gastroenterology, urology)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11418",
      "display": "Electrothermal Cautery Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to coagulate and/or destroy tissue by applying an electric current to a high-resistance element, intended mainly to control bleeding and for therapeutic procedures. Electrothermal cautery units do not deliver electric current to the tissue; the high-resistance tip becomes heated when an electric current is passed through it or when a quartz glass light guide converts infrared radiation to heat. These devices typically include a power source (either line or battery) that delivers the electric current; appropriate controls; a pencil- or pistol-like handle (handpiece), including the thermal probe; and an electric cord to connect the probe to the power source. Most units are available with a set of probes for different procedures (e.g., dermatologic, gynecologic, hemorrhoid treatment); some probes include an internal irrigation system. Dedicated electrocautery units using high-resistance elements or infrared lamps are available. The units are frequently controlled by a computer that facilitates the selection of the appropriate temperature and/or energy level."
    },
    {
      "code": "24018",
      "display": "Electrothermal Cautery Units, High-Resistance",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery units designed to coagulate and/or destroy tissue by applying an electrical current to a high-resistance element to control bleeding (i.e., hemostatis) and for therapeutic procedures. Electrothermal cautery units do not deliver electric current to the tissue; the high-resistance tip becomes heated when electric current is passed through it. These devices typically include a power source (either line or battery) that delivers the electric current, appropriate controls, a pencil- or pistol-like handle (handpiece) with a probe that includes a high-resistance wire attached at the tip, and an electric cord to connect the probe to the power source. Most units are available with a set of probes for different applications; the most common are (1) probes in which the high-resistance wire is uncovered or attached to a scalpel blade (for cutting and/or coagulation) and (2) probes in which the heating wire has a nonstick coating (for coagulation and/or to control bleeding). Some probes include an internal irrigation system. Electrocautery units using high-resistance elements intended for one or more clinical procedures (e.g., dermatologic, gynecologic) are available; dedicated units for endoscopic or transcatheter use are also available. The units are frequently controlled by a computer that facilitates the selection of the appropriate temperature and/or energy level."
    },
    {
      "code": "18843",
      "display": "Electrothermal Cautery Units, High-Resistance, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery units designed to coagulate tissue by applying an electric current to a high-resistance element through the working channel of an endoscope (e.g., resectoscope) intended to control bleeding (i.e., hemostasis). Electrothermal cautery units do not deliver electric current to the tissue; the high-resistance tip becomes heated when an electric current is passed through it. These units typically consist of a power source (e.g., radiofrequency generator) that delivers the electric current, appropriate controls, a probe with heating elements that may also include irrigation ports, and appropriate connectors and/or adapters to attach the generator to the probe. Endoscopic electrothermal cautery units usually monitor temperature and impedance and automatically control energy delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "20859",
      "display": "Electrothermal Cautery Units, High-Resistance, Transcatheter",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery units designed to coagulate and/or destroy tissue by applying an electric current to a high-resistance element through a catheter. These units typically consist of power source (e.g., radiofrequency or microwave generator) that delivers the electric current, appropriate controls, one or more dedicated catheters, and appropriate connectors and/or adapters to attach the catheter to the unit. The unit usually controls temperature and energy delivery automatically. The catheter is percutaneously inserted into vessels (e.g., arteries) and/or naturally or surgically created cavities to perform electrocautery. Dedicated transcatheter electrothermal cautery units are used in specialized procedures such as angioplasty and intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "20858",
      "display": "Electrothermal Cautery Units, High-Resistance, Transcatheter, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery units designed to coagulate and/or destroy tissue by applying an electric current to a high-resistance element to perform angioplasty through a catheter that is percutaneously inserted into the blood vessels (e.g., arteries). These units typically consist of a power source (e.g., radiofrequency or microwave generator) that delivers the electric current, appropriate controls, a catheter, and appropriate connectors and/or adapters to attach the catheter to the unit. Electrothermal cautery units do not deliver electric current to the tissues; the high-resistance tip becomes heated when an electric current is passed through it. The unit usually controls temperature and energy delivery automatically. Angioplasty electrothermal cautery units can be used to eliminate areas of narrowing in blood vessels by performing thermal compression and ablation of atheromatous plaque; they are used mainly to open total occlusions or high-grade stenoses in peripheral arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "20860",
      "display": "Electrothermal Cautery Units, High-Resistance, Transcatheter, Intervertebral Disc",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery units designed to perform annuloplasty by applying heat (usually up to 90 degrees C [194 degrees F]) through a catheter that is percutaneously inserted into an intervertebral disc wall. Electrothermal cautery units do not deliver electric current to the tissue; the high-resistance tip becomes heated when an electric current is passed through it. These units typically consist of a power source (e.g., radiofrequency generator), a catheter that includes a wire with a heating element at the tip, and appropriate connectors and/or adapters to attach the catheter to the unit. Intervertebral disc transcatheter units usually monitor temperature and impedance and automatically control energy delivery. The units are intended for thermal contraction and thickening of collagen and for coagulation of nerve endings in the disc wall (a procedure known as intradiscal electrothermal therapy or intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty). They are used mainly in outpatient procedures to treat chronic, long-term discogenic pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "23424",
      "display": "Electrothermal Cautery Units, Infrared",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery units designed to coagulate and/or destroy tissue by applying a probe that converts infrared (IR) radiation into heat; they are intended mainly to control bleeding and for therapeutic procedures. These units typically consist of an electronic power source with a timer and controls, a handpiece with the IR lamp, a detachable probe with a quartz glass light guide that converts IR radiation into heat, a disposable sterile sheath to reduce the risk of cross-contamination, and an electric cord to connect the handpiece to the power source. Most units are available with a set of probes for different applications. IR electrothermal cautery units are intended for a variety of applications, including anorectal (e.g., hemorrhoidectomy), dermatologic (e.g., tattoo suppression), and hair transplantation procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16480",
      "display": "Elevators, Dental",
      "definition": "Handheld surgical instruments used to displace and remove teeth and roots that cannot be engaged by the beaks of a forceps or to loosen teeth and roots before forceps application. They use a blade to engage the teeth or roots and elevate them from the alveoli through leverage applied to the handle."
    },
    {
      "code": "11508",
      "display": "Elevators, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Retractors for elevating or repositioning the zygomatic bone and/or arch."
    },
    {
      "code": "40200",
      "display": "Ellipsometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments used to determine the material properties of thin films and surfaces by analyzing changes induced polarized light reflected off/transmitted through the thin film or surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "27009",
      "display": "Embolectomy/Thrombectomy Systems, Hydrodynamic, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Systems designed to restore blood flow to arteries and veins occluded with a stationary blood clot (i.e., thrombus) or a mass lodged in the vasculature (i.e., embolus) using hydrodynamic technology. These systems typically consist of a central unit (console) usually mounted on a cart that includes a pump to deliver the liquid (e.g., saline solution) at high speed through a detachable intravascular catheter; controls for the volume and flow of the infused solution; and a monitor to show the performance of the system (e.g., run time, liquid volume and speed) and the type of catheter used. A set of detachable dedicated (e.g., coronary, peripheral) catheters may be used with the console; the catheters usually are double-lumen devices that inject a high-velocity liquid (e.g., saline solution) jet near their distal tip, creating a hydrodynamic vortex. As a consequence of the pressure reduction (Venturi effect), thrombus and/or embolus is sucked, fragmented, and removed, typically into a collection bag. Intravascular embolectomy/thrombectomy hydrodynamic systems are intended to restore normal flow of blood and to permit better visualization of the disease area, reducing the risk of further embolization. These systems are mainly used in procedures performed in catheterization laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "34377",
      "display": "Embolectomy/Thrombectomy Systems, Mechanical Fragmentation, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Systems designed to restore blood flow to arteries and veins occluded with a stationary blood clot (i.e., thrombus) or a mass lodged in the vasculature (i.e., embolus) using mechanical fragmentation technology. These systems typically consist of a driving mechanism and a control unit, switches, and a fragmentation catheter. The driving unit operates the intravascular fragmentation catheter, the control unit regulates the complete process, and a fragmentation catheter that may also remove the thrombus and/or embolus and other debris.  Intravascular mechanical fragmentation systems are intended to restore normal flow of blood in occluded vasculature. These systems are mainly used in procedures performed in catheterization laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "34919",
      "display": "Embolectomy/Thrombectomy Systems, Mechanical Retrieval, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Systems designed to restore blood flow to arteries and veins occluded with a stationary blood clot (i.e., thrombus) or a mass lodged in the vasculature (i.e., embolus) using mechanical retrieval technology intended to capture and remove the clot or mass. These systems typically consist of an expanding wire net, used to grip the clot/mass; the wire net is connected to a pusher wire. The device may have radiopaque wires in the shaped section and radiopaque markers on the distal end allow fluoroscopic visualization. The system may also include a torque device and an insertion tool. Intravascular mechanical fragmentation systems are intended to restore normal flow of blood in occluded vasculature."
    },
    {
      "code": "28539",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for maximum temporary restriction of movement and/or total immobilization of the body or a body part in emergency situations. Dedicated emergency immobilizers are mainly used for the total restriction of movements of the whole body, the head and cervical spine, or the whole spine; immobilizers for the extremities are also available. Emergency immobilizers are mainly used after traumatic injuries, allowing easy transportation and/or diagnosis of the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "28544",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Head/Cervical",
      "definition": "Emergency immobilizers designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the head and the cervical vertebrae. These immobilizers usually consist of rigid structures (e.g., short boards) that permit the attachment of the head and the proximal (i.e., cervical) section of the spine. The board is frequently made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. Head/cervical spine immobilizers are frequently attached to whole body immobilizers (i.e., long backboards) and/or stretchers, to provide additional restriction of the body movement. They are mainly used after traumatic injuries, and facilitate safer and easier transportation and/or diagnosis including radiographic procedures. Extrication collars, mainly intended for use after vehicle accidents, are also available. Dedicated head/spine immobilizers intended for adult, pediatric, and infant use are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28547",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Head/Cervical, Adult",
      "definition": "Emergency immobilizers designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the head and the cervical vertebrae of adults. These immobilizers usually consist of rigid structures (e.g., short boards) with an appropriate size that permits the attachment of the head and the proximal (i.e., cervical) section of the spine of an adult. The board is frequently made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. Head/cervical spine immobilizers are frequently attached to whole-body immobilizers (i.e., long backboards) and/or stretchers, providing additional restriction of the body movement. They are mainly used after traumatic injuries, to facilitate safer and easier transportation and/or diagnosis, and ease of access to radiographic procedures. Extrication collars mainly intended for use after vehicle accidents are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28548",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Head/Cervical, Adult, Extrication Collar",
      "definition": "Emergency immobilizers consisting of a rigid collar designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the head and the cervical vertebrae. These devices usually consist of rigid collars made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. The immobilizer permits quick placement around the neck and a hole for easy access to the trachea. Rigid-collar cervical spine emergency immobilizers restrict head, neck, and cervical spine anterior-posterior motion to a great degree. The collar frequently permits its attachment to a whole-body board immobilizer or to a stretcher, providing additional restriction of the body movement. Extrication collars are mainly used after traumatic vehicle accident injuries to facilitate safer and easier transportation and/or diagnosis, and ease of access to radiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "28550",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Head/Cervical, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Emergency immobilizers designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the head and the cervical vertebrae of children. These immobilizers usually consist of rigid structures (e.g., short boards) with an appropriate size that permits the attachment of the head and the proximal (i.e., cervical) section of the spine of a child. The board is frequently made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. Head/cervical spine immobilizers are frequently attached to whole-body immobilizers (i.e., long backboards) and/or stretchers, providing additional restriction of the body movement. They are mainly used after traumatic injuries to facilitate safer and easier transportation and/or diagnosis, and ease of access to radiographic procedures. Extrication collars mainly intended for use after vehicle accidents are also available. Dedicated head/cervical spine immobilizers intended for infants are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28551",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Head/Cervical, Pediatric, Extrication Collar",
      "definition": "Emergency immobilizers consisting of a rigid collar designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of a child's head and cervical vertebrae. These devices usually consist of rigid collars made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. The immobilizer permits quick placement around the neck and a hole for easy access to the trachea. Rigid-collar cervical spine immobilizers restrict head, neck, and cervical spine anterior-posterior motion to a great degree. The collar frequently permits its attachment to a whole-body board immobilizer or to a stretcher, providing additional restriction of the body movement. Pediatric extrication collars are mainly used after traumatic vehicle accident injuries to facilitate safer and easier transportation and/or diagnosis, and ease of access to radiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "28553",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Head/Cervical, Pediatric, Infant",
      "definition": "Emergency immobilizers designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the head and the cervical vertebrae of infants. These immobilizers usually consist of rigid structures (e.g., clamshell) with an appropriate size that permits the attachment of the head and the spine of an infant. The immobilizer is frequently made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. Infant head/cervical spine immobilizers are frequently placed into infant cradles or bassinets. Infant emergency immobilizers are mainly used after traumatic injuries to facilitate safer and easier transportation and/or diagnosis, and ease of access to radiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16513",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Whole Body",
      "definition": "Immobilizers designed to reduce or eliminate motion of a patient's entire body following injury or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28540",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Whole Body, Adult",
      "definition": "Whole body emergency immobilizers designed for maximum restriction of movement and/or immobilization of an adult entire body. These immobilizers usually consist of rigid structures (typically a backboard) with a size that is long enough for use in adults to permit the rigid attachment of the entire body. The board is frequently made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials and compatible with head immobilizers. Adult whole body immobilizers are mainly used after traumatic injuries in emergency situations, allowing easy transportation and/or diagnosis including radiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "28541",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Whole Body, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Whole-body emergency immobilizers designed for maximum restriction of movement and/or immobilization of a child's entire body. These immobilizers usually consist of rigid structures (typically a backboard) with a size appropriate for use in children that permit the rigid attachment of the entire body. The board is frequently made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials and either includes or is compatible with head immobilizers. Pediatric whole-body immobilizers are mainly used after traumatic injuries as they allow for easy transportation and/or diagnosis, and ease of access to radiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12097",
      "display": "Emergency Immobilizers, Whole Body, Pediatric, Infant",
      "definition": "Whole-body emergency immobilizers designed for maximum restriction of movement and/or immobilization of an infant's entire body. These immobilizers usually consist of rigid structures (typically a backboard) with a size appropriate for use in infants that permit the rigid attachment of the child's entire  body. The board is frequently made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. Infant whole body immobilizers are mainly used after traumatic injuries in emergency situations, allowing easy transportation and/or diagnosis. Dedicated infant immobilizers mainly intended for circumcision procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33037",
      "display": "Emergency Life Support/Monitoring Systems",
      "definition": "Portable systems that combine the necessary equipment to provide life support and monitoring critically ill (e.g., wounded) patients during emergency care and transport from the field to health care facilities. These systems usually consist of a portable relatively light weight device (e.g., weighting less than 20 Kg/45 pounds) that include a computerized mechanical ventilator, oxygen supply (typically from oxygen concentrators), aspiration pumps that may be used for airway or wound aspiration, and a monitoring module with capabilities at least for vital signs monitoring; the system may be electrically powered from external lines or during several hours using its own batteries. The system have to work in the environmental (e.g., temperature, humidity) and mechanical (e.g., vibration) conditions of the field and even during ground and air transport; some systems may be attached to ambulance and/or portable stretchers. Emergency life support and monitoring systems are intended for use during mass-casualty disasters and to take care of wounded members of the armed forces in the field."
    },
    {
      "code": "25095",
      "display": "Emergency Stop Switches",
      "definition": "Switches or buttons that can be activated in an emergency, such as a fire or other hazardous situations, to stop or shut off medical equipment or devices in use, in order to prevent injury or damage to persons, machinery, or work in progress. The activation of the emergency stop switch immediately terminates the electrical power supply to the machinery and so halts the functions of a machine. Emergency stop switches can be used by the patient or by health personnel. The stop switch must be released or reset before the device can begin functioning again. They are often colored red and may be lighted to make them easily seen on the machine to which they are integrated; they differ visually from the device's on/off switch."
    },
    {
      "code": "18022",
      "display": "Emesis Bags",
      "definition": "Sacklike containers designed for collection and disposal of the products of emesis (i.e., vomit) from the mouth. These bags are usually treated paper or plastic, single-use or disposable, devices. Emesis bags are used for the hygienic disposal of vomit."
    },
    {
      "code": "17227",
      "display": "Emission Control Systems, Ethylene Oxide",
      "definition": "Systems designed to remove and neutralize ethylene oxide (EtO) vapors. These systems may include hydrolysis procedures to convert EtO into less hazardous products and other chemical reactions that remove EtO from the air. EtO emission control mainly is performed in sterilizers that use EtO and in other areas of healthcare facilities using EtO for sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "34560",
      "display": "Encephalographs",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to measure and record data and graphics of the physical and/or functional characteristics of the brain. Encephalographs are usually intended to record one or several of the following data and graphics: (1) electrical potential caused by the electrical activity of the brain (i.e., electroencephalographs); (2) electrical activity of the brain due to the application of external stimuli (evoked potentials); (3) biomagnetic field caused by the electrical activity of the brain neurons detected externally to the body (i.e., magnetoencephalographs); (4) ultrasonic signals reflected by the brain and surrounding tissues (i.e., echoencephalographs). Encephalographs are intended for evaluation of recorded information of the brain and central nervous system conditions; they are not intended for real-time assessment of those conditions. Other devices, such as neurologic monitors and image scanning systems (e.g., MRI, CT) are also used to evaluate brain conditions and disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "11526",
      "display": "Encephaloscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for insertion through a hole in the skull into one of the cavities of the brain for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the brain, especially during surgical procedures. Encephaloscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices"
    },
    {
      "code": "20487",
      "display": "Encephaloscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Encephaloscopes with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure that are capable of being manipulated in curved paths into the cranium; they are used for the removal of tumors and cysts and the performance of other endosurgical procedures such as treatment of bleeding and catheter implantation. Flexible encephaloscopes may include an attached video camera to allow the performance of procedures under direct video observation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20486",
      "display": "Encephaloscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Encephaloscopes with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can follow only a straight path into the cranium; they consist of thin (e.g., 4 mm diameter) endoscopes that are available with different directions of view (e.g., 30 or 120 degrees) enabling direct examination of the cerebral ventricles (i.e., ventriculoscopy) and inspection of cystic tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "18048",
      "display": "Enclosures, Aerosol Treatment",
      "definition": "Isolation treatment chambers designed for administration of hazardous aerosols. These chambers typically consist of a sealed rigid device, which encloses the patient's head and/or head and upper torso, with an exhaust system that protects the nearby environment by capturing airborne contaminants. The exhaust system usually includes germicidal ultraviolet lights and several filters, such as carbon and/or high-efficiency particulate-air filters, permitting the release of cleaned air back into the room. Hazardous aerosol treatment chambers are used for control of contaminated air during administration of hazardous aerosolized medication (e.g., treatment of Pneumocystis carinii using pentamidine therapy) and/or for sputum induction."
    },
    {
      "code": "41704",
      "display": "Endobronchial Valve Systems",
      "definition": "Implantable one-way valves and associated devices that are designed to control bronchial airflow. Once implanted in the bronchial lumen, the valve is intended to limit airflow distal to the valve while allowing mucus and air movement proximally. The valve is attached to a self-expanding frame that prevents valve migration. In addition to the endobronchial valves, the system usually consists of a deployment catheter, a loader and a sizing kit."
    },
    {
      "code": "16354",
      "display": "Endodontic Instrument Organizers",
      "definition": "Organizers used to store endodontic instruments, such as files and absorbent points, between use and during procedures. These organizers come in various shapes and sizes and are typically made of metal or plastic. They often contain round slots or foam into which instruments may be placed and stored upright. The organizers can also contain disinfecting solutions to clean the instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "25107",
      "display": "Endodontic Obturation Units, Heated",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to apply heat to endodontic fillings by means of probes electrically heated at the tip. These devices typically consist of a line-powered electronic unit with temperature control and a handpiece with a set of detachable probes (e.g., heat carriers, pluggers) with tips that are internally heated from the main unit through an electrical cord. Heated endodontic units are used to deliver gutta percha points and/or polymeric resin fillings, avoiding the need of previous warming of the point. Endodontic fillings are used mainly for temporary filling of root canals."
    },
    {
      "code": "25108",
      "display": "Endodontic Obturation/Extrusion Units, Heated",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to combine the application of heat to endodontic fillings (i.e., gutta percha points, polymeric resins) and powered extrusion in one unit. This equipment typically consists of a line-powered heating electronic unit with temperature control and two handpieces. One handpiece manages one set of electrically heated detachable probes (e.g., heat carriers, pluggers) with tips that are internally heated by the main unit, and the other handpiece (i.e., the extruder) includes an electrically powered micro motor, speed control, a cartridge with the filling material, and detachable extrusion probes. Combined obturation/extrusion units are used to deliver gutta percha points and/or polymeric resin fillings using a single device, thus avoiding the need to pre-warm the fillings. They are mainly used for temporary filling of root canals."
    },
    {
      "code": "31183",
      "display": "Endodontic Paper Points",
      "definition": "Sterile pieces of paper designed for drying root canals during endodontic treatments. These devices typically consist of highly absorbent long and narrow rolled sterile papers with a tapered point appropriate to fill into the root canal; they are available in a variety of sizes for use according to the size of the root canal into which they are being inserted. Endodontic paper points are used during root canal therapy before a temporary or permanent restorative material (e.g., sealant, gutta percha points) is used to fill the canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "11529",
      "display": "Endoradiographs",
      "definition": "Instruments that radiographically demonstrate the condition of internal organs and cavities by means of radiopaque materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "11530",
      "display": "Endoradiosondes",
      "definition": "Small radio transmitters inserted within a body cavity or tube, as within the intestinal lumen to measure the pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41992",
      "display": "Endoscope Channel Adapters",
      "definition": "Adapters connected to the working channel of an endoscope that provides a leak-resistant seal when an instrument is inserted through the adapter and into the working channel. This adapter may include a Luer fitting for attaching to the endoscope, multiple ports for introduction of multiple instruments, Tuohy-Borst valves, and Luer seals. Endoscope channel adapters can be used to prevent backflow of fluid such as irrigation solution. Retrieval baskets, guidewires, catheters, laser fibers and other urological instruments can be inserted through the adapter."
    },
    {
      "code": "28048",
      "display": "Endoscope Distal Tip Attachments, Submucosal Dissection",
      "definition": "Endoscope attachments designed for placement on the distal tip of endoscopes that are intended to facilitate the dissection of the submucosal tissue using endoscopic tools. These attachments usually consist of disposable transparent plastic hollow tubes available in a variety of shapes and sizes with appropriate fenestrations to provide a clear endoscopic vision beneath the mucosa (i.e., submucosal) and also facilitating the sharp dissection of tissue using an endoscopic knife and/or scissors (e.g., electrosurgical). Submucosal dissection attachments are mainly used in procedures performed in the gastric upper tract; some dedicated devices are especially intended for use in the esophagus and stomach."
    },
    {
      "code": "33890",
      "display": "Endoscope Imaging Systems, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Imaging systems that use electromagnetic fields to detect the position of an inserted gastrointestinal endoscope and that convert the information into three-dimensional images of the shape and position of the endoscope. These systems typically consist of a main control unit, a display monitor, and an external electromagnetic receiver or sensor. The receiver detects the magnetic field generated by magnetic coils built directly into the gastrointestinal endoscope or by magnetic coils contained in a specialized accessory probe inserted into the endoscope's instrument channel."
    },
    {
      "code": "18424",
      "display": "Endoscope Sheaths",
      "definition": "Single-use sheaths designed as the outer component of a two-part flexible endoscope. These sheaths cover and protect all working surfaces of the endoscope from contamination; they may include air, water, and suction/biopsy channels as integral parts. The reusable part of the endoscope contains the fiber optics and control devices appropriate for the intended use (e.g., colonoscope, gastroscope, sigmoidoscope). Those sheaths not including channels may be used as a disposable cover for most models of nasopharyngolaryngoscopes. Endoscope sheaths are disposed of after one use, minimizing the need for cleaning and eliminating disinfection during endoscopic reprocessing between procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22570",
      "display": "Endoscope Sleeves, Sterilizing",
      "definition": "Endoscope sleeves designed to cover and sterilize the endoscope in the operating field. These devices usually include a sleeve filled with sterile fluid into which the instrument is placed, with one end made of a thin membrane to be punctured by the endoscope. These devices are single use and disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18104",
      "display": "Endoscope/Camera Adapters",
      "definition": "Adapters designed to connect a camera (video or still image) to a non-video endoscope (rigid or flexible)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20475",
      "display": "Endoscopes",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to access, examine, diagnose, and/or treat internal tissues and/or organs of the human body otherwise inaccessible through natural canals or body cavities. These instruments usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system (e.g., fiberoptic), and a working channel to introduce catheters and operative devices. Endoscopes may be flexible or rigid, using plastic or metallic (e.g. stainless steel) outer sheaths; some include a video camera to display images from the tip of the endoscope. Most endoscopes are specialized for the area where they operate and/or the procedure to be performed; they are named accordingly."
    },
    {
      "code": "20477",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal Tract",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for insertion in the gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign objects, and treatment of lesions in the tract. Gastrointestinal-tract endoscopes for visualization of the upper gastrointestinal tract typically are inserted through the mouth; those intended for the lower gastrointestinal tract are inserted through the rectum."
    },
    {
      "code": "20479",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Lower Tract",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for insertion in the gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign objects, and treatment of lesions in areas of the tract such as the anal canal, rectum, colon, and/or the large intestine. These endoscopes are inserted through the rectum."
    },
    {
      "code": "23502",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Lower Tract, Video/Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Lower-gastrointestinal-tract endoscopes designed to access, examine, diagnose, and/or treat the lower gastrointestinal tract (rectum and colon) using video cameras and ultrasonic probes. These endoscopes usually consist of an outer (plastic or metal) sheath, a lighting system (e.g., fiber optics), a video camera at the distal tip, an ultrasonic probe with appropriate transducers, and a working channel through which catheters and operative devices are introduced. Lower-tract video/ultrasonic endoscopes are usually flexible devices intended for visual evaluation of the colon and assessment of lesions (e.g., polyps) using ultrasound scanning that may include Doppler techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "20478",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Upper Tract",
      "definition": "Gastrointestinal-tract endoscopes designed to access, examine, diagnose, and/or treat the upper gastrointestinal tract. These devices are used mainly for biopsy, retrieval of foreign objects, and treatment of lesions in all or most of the tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and parts of the small intestine (e.g., the duodenum). These endoscopes are usually inserted through the mouth."
    },
    {
      "code": "23999",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Upper Tract, Double Balloon",
      "definition": "Upper-gastrointestinal-tract endoscopes with double balloons designed to access, examine, diagnose, and/or treat the upper gastrointestinal tract. These devices are used mainly for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign objects, and treatment of lesions in the entire upper tract (i.e., esophagus, stomach, small intestine), including areas of the small intestine that are difficult to reach using conventional endoscopes. Double-balloon endoscopes used to reach the small intestine typically include dedicated balloons (for guiding and stabilization of the endoscope) that are inflated through a special tube that runs along the endoscope to facilitate full positioning of the endoscope and insertion of the endoscope tip in the area of small intestine targeted for diagnosis or treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "27281",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Upper Tract, Single Balloon",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed to access, examine, diagnose, and/or treat the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract that include an extension tube with a balloon attached at its distal tip (known as single-balloon GI endoscopes). These devices typically consist of an endoscope with a video system including a CCD camera and a working channel appropriate for instrument insertion; the endoscope also includes a smaller diameter disposable sliding plastic (e.g., silicon) tube with a balloon attached at its distal tip that permits deep insertion of the endoscope to reach remote regions (deep in the jejunum) of the small intestine (i.e., to work as an enteroscope). The balloon at the tip of the tube guides and stabilizes the endoscope; it is inflated through a special tube that runs along the endoscope to facilitate full positioning of the endoscope and insertion of the endoscope tip in the area of small intestine targeted for diagnosis or treatment. Single-balloon upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract endoscopes may be used for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign objects, and treatment of lesions in the entire upper tract (i.e., esophagus, stomach, and small intestine), but they are mainly intended for diagnosis and treatment of areas of the small intestine that are difficult to reach using conventional GI tract endoscopes. Performance of retrograde procedures reaching the ileum through the anus and colon are also possible with the endoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "23503",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Upper Tract, Video/Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Upper-gastrointestinal-tract endoscopes designed to access, examine, diagnose, and/or treat the upper gastrointestinal tract (usually the stomach and/or esophagus) using video cameras and ultrasonic probes. These endoscopes usually consist of an outer (plastic or metal) sheath, a lighting system (e.g., fiber optics), a video camera at the distal tip, an ultrasonic probe with appropriate transducers, and a working channel through which catheters and operative devices are introduced. Gastrointestinal-upper-tract video/ultrasonic endoscopes are usually flexible devices intended for visual evaluation of the stomach (e.g., esophageal varices, gastric and/or esophageal lesions) and further assessment using ultrasound scanning (including Doppler techniques)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20476",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Respiratory Tract",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion in the respiratory tract for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign objects, and treatment of lesions in all or most of the tract, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and bronchi."
    },
    {
      "code": "23943",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Subcutaneous Tunnel, Vessel Harvesting",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed to be introduced through a surgically created subcutaneous tunnel, facilitating vein harvesting using minimally invasive surgical techniques. These devices are typically a dedicated small-diameter (e.g., 5.5 mm) rigid endoscope with a video camera at its distal end. Vessel-harvesting endoscopes are mainly components of vein-harvesting kits used to obtain grafts for subsequent cardiac surgery; the endoscopes are used for dissection and cauterization of the saphenous vein and arteries (e.g., radial, internal mammary) and their corresponding branches by facilitating the introduction of appropriate instruments for vessel dissection, ligation, and retraction."
    },
    {
      "code": "20483",
      "display": "Endoscopes, Urinary Tract",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for insertion in the urinary tract for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions in all or most of the tract, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. Urinary-tract endoscopes may be inserted either directly in the tract through the urethra or percutaneously through an incision in the renal pelvis."
    },
    {
      "code": "16448",
      "display": "Endoscopic Inflation Bulbs",
      "definition": "Hollow, flexible devices with an opening through which air can be expelled by manual squeezing and intended to be used to deliver air at a low pressure through an endoscope. These bulbs can be used to enlarge the space directly forward of the distal end of an endoscope. The bulb may also have attached tubing that facilitates connection to an endoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "35362",
      "display": "Endoscopic Lens Cleaners, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Systems intended to clear obstructions (e.g., blood, mucus) from the objective lens of a rigid endoscope intraoperatively without the need to remove the endoscope from the body. These systems typically consist of two components: an irrigation sheath and a pump console. Irrigation sheaths are designed to fit over endoscope shaft without substantially increasing the diameter of the endoscope assembly. These irrigation sheaths are available in various sizes to accommodate a range of endoscopes. The sheaths direct irrigation fluid to the objective lens as well as provide a pathway for removal of irrigation fluid by suction. The sheath is connected by a tubing set to the pump console. Endoscopic lens cleaner pumps are typically line-powered, microprocessor controlled units that, when activated by the user, provide an automated irrigation/aspiration cycle via the lens cleaner sheath."
    },
    {
      "code": "16155",
      "display": "Endoscopic Obturators",
      "definition": "Devices inserted into blood vessels or other body cavities through trocars, endoscopes, cannula, or other introducers, and that are intended to provide stiffening, support, or occlusion to the indwelling sheaths or instruments (such as colonoscopes, cystoscopies, arthroscopes, or laparoscopes) being introduced into the body. Endoscopic obturators include integrated stability sleeves to allow for dilated entry sites after removal of introducer sleeves."
    },
    {
      "code": "41962",
      "display": "Endoscopic Storage Preparation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to remove moisture from endoscopes using forced air and perform additional preparation of endoscopes for storage. These units typically consist of an air generator and nozzles to inject the air through the endoscope. Most units can also achieve sealed-storage such as trays, sterile liners, vacuum bags, and a vacuum pump, including insufflating plasma into the storage container. These dryers may also include the ability to track and label endoscopes. The endoscope storage preparation systems can be tabletop units or incorporated into a cabinet."
    },
    {
      "code": "16403",
      "display": "Endoscopic Teaching Attachments",
      "definition": "Devices designed to couple with the eyepiece of a fiberoptic endoscope to transmit images of the endoscopic procedure to a second eyepiece. These devices typically consist of a clip-on side-articulated arm attachment with an eyepiece adapter that may include a beam splitter. Endoscopic teaching attachments are used to permit an observer to follow a fiberoptic endoscope procedure simultaneously with the endoscope operator. Video converters, devices that consist of a small \"add on\" charged coupled device video camera that is applied to the eyepiece of the fiberoptic endoscope and transmit the image to a video monitor, are also used to permit image visualization for the operator, assistants, and/or observers."
    },
    {
      "code": "23504",
      "display": "Endoscopic Telescopes",
      "definition": "The viewing component (i.e., telescope, also known as scope) of an endoscope or laparoscope designed to permit the observation of internal tissues and/or organs of the human body otherwise inaccessible through natural canals, body cavities, or surgical orifices. These devices may consist of a hollow metal or plastic tube fitted with a lens system (frequently rodlike, closely spaced lenses) that permits viewing in a fixed, predetermined direction; typically a video camera attached to or replacing the eyepiece allows observation through a fiberoptic bundle on a video monitor. Other endoscopes and laparoscopes use a chip (charge-coupled device [CCD]) at the distal tip of the telescope to transmit the image through wires to the video processor without the use of additional lenses.  Endoscopic telescopes may be specialized for the area in which they are operated (e.g., urinary or gastrointestinal tract endoscopes, arthroscopes, laparoscopes) and/or the procedure to be performed."
    },
    {
      "code": "11581",
      "display": "Enema Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed to store liquids to be delivered into the rectum for the purposes of stimulating defecation (i.e., enema). These bags typically consist of a flexible plastic, calibrated container with a self-closing valve and a plastic tube attachment that permits the solution to drain quickly and completely. These bags are frequently part of an enema kit that also includes lubricated tips, clamps, waterproof underpads, and soap. Dedicated enema bags for use for infants and children are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11675",
      "display": "Enteral Feeding Bags",
      "definition": "Sacklike devices designed to hold enteral nutrition solutions. These devices are typically designed with the bag, tubing, and adapter for connection to a feeding tube as a single-use, disposable unit. They are typically constructed of a flexible material (e.g., plastic) with graduations for measuring the amount of solution. Enteral feeding bags are intended for short-term use and are changed frequently, per nursing, dietary, or other appropriate protocols. Frequently, they are packaged as part of an enteral feeding kit, along with a label and other enteral feeding accessories, for use with an enteral feeding pump."
    },
    {
      "code": "39398",
      "display": "Enteroscope Balloons",
      "definition": "Inflatable, hollow rubber devices (i.e., balloons) designed to be used with balloon endoscopes intended for examination of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the small bowel (i.e., enteroscopes). These balloons are typically single-use devices constructed of latex or silicone. Some enteroscope balloons are attached directly to the distal end of the endoscope and inflated via a dedicated balloon inflation channel in the endoscope. Alternatively, some enteroscope balloons are attached to the distal end of an air supply tube, which is passed through the working channel of the endoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "18125",
      "display": "Enteroscopes",
      "definition": "Flexible endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the mouth in the upper gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the small intestine. Enteroscopes usually consist of a flexible outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18126",
      "display": "Enteroscopes, Video",
      "definition": "Enteroscopes that include a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images of the small intestine."
    },
    {
      "code": "15288",
      "display": "Entoptoscopes",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic diagnostic instruments designed for assessing the retinal circulation of the eyes and the visual function behind media opacity; the instruments permit the patient to visualize the leukocytes flowing in the patient's perifoveal retinal capillaries when viewed against a field of pure blue light (blue field entoptic phenomenon). These instruments usually consist of a light source, a lens system, and a light filter; they project a shortwave blue light into the eye to illuminate the retina, centering the light at the fovea in such a way that the patient can view his or her own white blood cells moving in the perifoveal retinal vessels. The patient reports his/her observations regarding the location of the corpuscles (white cells) in the whole field (e.g., number, movement, distribution, and where there are very few corpuscles). Entoptoscopes are used mainly to evaluate macular pathologies and retinal circulation for detection of some disorders (e.g. glaucoma, diabetes) or to predict potential visual function before cataract surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "37209",
      "display": "Envelopes",
      "definition": "Flat paper containers used to protect objects or paperwork during storage or transport. Items are placed inside the envelope, which is then typically sealed shut using adhesive or another mechanism that secures the contents inside. Envelopes may be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "37210",
      "display": "Envelopes, Patient Belongings",
      "definition": "Envelopes designed for the temporary storage, protection and/or transportation of a patient's personal belongings (e.g., jewelry, wallets, accessories, etc.) while the patient undergoes surgery or a medical procedure. These envelopes typically have an area on the outside where the contents may be listed. They typically have a seal, barcode, and/or a security/tamper-resistant mechanism for keeping valuables safe."
    },
    {
      "code": "17102",
      "display": "Envelopes, X-Ray Film Storage",
      "definition": "Flat containers designed for the storage and transport of images recorded on x-ray film. These envelopes may have color coding, preprinted spaces for adding identification information, and sealable flaps. They can be sized to fit standard or specialized x-ray film formats."
    },
    {
      "code": "20707",
      "display": "Environmental Control Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to control the environmental characteristics of a closed space. This equipment usually includes a heat exchange unit, a control panel, heating devices, filters, and a compressor. Environmental control units are used to regulate the temperature and humidity and also to reduce (i.e., filter out) airborne particles in the environment. Some environmental control units include special filters to eliminate bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "20708",
      "display": "Environmental Control Units, Chemical/Biological/Radioactive Particle",
      "definition": "Environmental control units designed to protect the environment of a closed space (e.g., a shelter) from chemical and/or biological agents and from breathing of radioactive particulates; they do not offer protection from radiation.. These units typically provide heating, cooling, ventilation, and filtration of contaminating (e.g., chemical, biological) agents and/or radioactive particles; they usually provide a pressurized air protection of the internal environment. The equipment frequently includes a standby electric power plant, a heat exchange unit, a compressor, filters, and a control device. Chemical/biological agent protection environmental control units are used mainly to protect the environment in shelters and other installations in a contaminated area."
    },
    {
      "code": "24874",
      "display": "Environmental Controllers, Disabled-Patient-Assistance, Switch-Activated",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to allow disabled patients to remotely control a variety of equipment, usually located in a patient's immediate environment, which are activated using switch commands. These controllers are typically electronic units with easily accessible and securely mounted switches; they include a menu of commands. The control unit interacts (e.g., using radiofrequency or infrared energy) with receiving devices interfaced with appliances such as light switches, appliances (e.g., television sets, VCRs, CD players), and bed and door controls. The controllers typically include a built-in telephone set. Switch-activated disabled-patient-assistance controllers are intended to help people with different degrees of disability perform daily activities with a high degree of independence. Single-switch devices intended for patients that cannot handle more elaborated controllers are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27285",
      "display": "Environmental Disinfection Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to kill, remove, or render inert pathogenic microorganisms present in a closed environment and on hard inanimate surfaces and objects located in that environment. These systems are intended to remove microorganisms from the environment (i.e., most viruses and bacteria, including mycobacteria) but not necessarily all microbial forms such as spores. There are several different technologies appropriate for use by the systems, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation using dedicated lamps (e.g., mercury, xenon) and systems using hydrogen peroxide vapors as a chemical disinfectant. Other less frequently used technologies (e.g., ozone gas) are also available. Environmental disinfection systems are intended for short-term use (e.g., from several minutes to a few hours) in patient rooms, operating rooms, and other healthcare facility closed areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "27286",
      "display": "Environmental Disinfection Systems, Chemical, Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor",
      "definition": "Systems that use hydrogen peroxide vapor (H2O2) as a chemical disinfectant that are designed to kill, remove, or render inert pathogenic microorganisms present in a closed environment and on hard inanimate surfaces and objects located in that environment (frequently limited to one room). These systems are intended to remove microorganisms from the environment (i.e., most viruses and bacteria, including mycobacteria) and may reduce other microbial forms such as spores.  The systems utilize the formation of free radicals from H2O2 to kill the microorganisms; frequently the H2O2 vapors create a condensation over all surfaces at ambient room temperature. The systems are usually automated and include computerized capabilities that permit the operation and monitoring of the system from outside the processed room because of the toxic nature of the vapor. Hydrogen peroxide vapor environmental disinfection systems are intended for short-term use (e.g., from several minutes to a few hours) in patient rooms, operating rooms, and other healthcare facility closed areas; they are usually used after a terminal cleaning that is performed when a patient is transferred or discharged from a room."
    },
    {
      "code": "27287",
      "display": "Environmental Disinfection Systems, Ultraviolet Light",
      "definition": "Systems that use ultraviolet (UV) light designed to kill, remove, or render inert pathogenic microorganisms present in a closed environment and on hard inanimate surfaces and objects located in that environment (frequently limited to one room). These systems are intended to remove microorganisms from the environment (i.e., most viruses and bacteria, including mycobacteria) and other microbial forms, including spores when using appropriate wavelengths in the UV spectrum. The UV radiation is obtained from dedicated (e.g., low-pressure mercury, pulsed-xenon) lamps that emit radiation in the UV-B and C ranges (e.g., from 200 to 320 nm wavelength); a fixed wavelength of 254 nm is frequently used. The systems are usually automated and include computerized and remote monitoring capabilities. Some systems permit choosing one of several working cycles according to the room disinfection needs. UV environmental disinfection systems are intended for short-term use (e.g., from several minutes to a few hours) in patient rooms, operating rooms, and other healthcare facility closed areas; they are usually used after a terminal cleaning that is performed when a patient is transferred or discharged from a room."
    },
    {
      "code": "40806",
      "display": "Epidural Injection Needle Positioning Units, Loss-Of-Resistance",
      "definition": "Unit designed to detect and signal pressure changes to verify loss of resistance and confirm needle or catheter placement in the epidural space. These units record the pressure changes during epidural puncture and interprets this signal as a sound. The device emits a sound at increasing frequencies during the progress of the epidural needle. These units can also display a diagram of the pressure on the monitor."
    },
    {
      "code": "37591",
      "display": "Epithelial Voltohmmeters",
      "definition": "Laboratory equipment designed to assess the integrity of epithelial and/or endothelial cell layers cultured in vitro by measuring the passive electrical resistance of the cells. Epithelial voltohmmeters are used to assess cellular monolayers that have been cultured on semi-permeable membrane inserts in microplate wells, which divide the individual microplate wells into upper and lower compartments separated by the cultured cell layers. Epithelial voltohmmeters typically assess electrical properties of these membranes by placing electrodes in the upper and lower compartments and measuring the resistance of the cell layer (i.e., transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance [TEER]) when a square-wave alternating current is applied. The electrical resistance of the cell layer are dependent on paracellular ionic conductance (i.e., ion flow between cells) and, therefore, reflect the integrity of the cell layer."
    },
    {
      "code": "35392",
      "display": "Equipment Tube Cleaning Machines",
      "definition": "Machines designed for periodical cleaning of equipment tubes to maintain heat exchange efficiency. These cleaning machines typically consist of a mobile unit usually mounted on casters. The unit main component is a mechanism which provides powered flushing water cleaning and typically includes handheld cleaning guns, rotatory flexible-shaft tubes, brushes, and other accessories to clean tubes with diameters usually in the range of 0.25 to 1.5 inch (6 to 38 mm). Equipment tube cleaning machines cleaners can suppress corrosion products, biological films, and other debris on tubes of equipment such as chillers, condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers."
    },
    {
      "code": "11592",
      "display": "Ergometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure mechanical work (i.e., the amount of force multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied) or rate of work (i.e., power) including work produced by the force of muscular contraction performed by a muscle or group of muscles, typically under controlled conditions. Clinical instruments are typically associated with an exerciser (e.g., a bicycle, treadmill) that is usually an integral part of the ergometer; the variables measured by the ergometer depend on the associated exerciser. Ergometers measure the work exerted by patients on a treadmill by determining the speed and the ratio of the treadmill's elevation to its length (i.e., usually expressed as percent grade); those used with bicycles determine the work and power by measuring the force exerted during pedaling and the speed of the pedals. Bicycle and treadmill ergometers are used in tests intended to determine whether patients have cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases; they are frequently used in tests that include use of a stress exercise physiologic monitoring system."
    },
    {
      "code": "10383",
      "display": "Ergometers, Bicycle",
      "definition": "Ergometers designed to measure the work (i.e., the amount of force multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied) or rate of work (i.e., power) performed by the leg muscles while pedaling a static bicycle (that is usually an integral part of the ergometer) under controlled conditions. Bicycle ergometers determine work and power by measuring the force exerted during pedaling (e.g., using mechanical or electromagnetic brakes) and the speed of the pedals of the static bicycle; the bicycle imposes a workload that is independent of the body weight. Bicycle ergometers are used in tests intended to determine whether patients have cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases; they are frequently used in tests that include use of a stress exercise physiologic monitoring system. Ergometers attached to examination/treatment tables with a cycling mechanism for pedaling in a supine or, less frequently, seated position are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23825",
      "display": "Ergometers, Bicycle, Table-Mounted",
      "definition": "Bicycle ergometers designed to measure the work (i.e., the amount of force multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied) or rate of work (i.e., power) performed by the leg muscles while pedaling, in supine position and under controlled conditions, a static bicycle that is attached to a table (the bicycle is usually an integral part of the ergometer). Table-mounted bicycle ergometers determine the work and power by measuring the force exerted to oppose pedaling (e.g., using mechanical or electromagnetic brakes) and the speed of the pedals of the static bicycle; the bicycle imposes a workload that is independent of the body weight. Table-mounted bicycle ergometers are used in tests intended to determine whether disabled or debilitated patients have cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases; they are frequently used in tests that include use of a stress exercise physiologic monitoring system. These ergometers permit the simultaneous evaluation of patients using gamma cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "23506",
      "display": "Ergometers, Cyclic Arm Exerciser",
      "definition": "Ergometers designed to measure the work (i.e., the amount of force multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied) or rate of work (i.e., power) performed by the upper extremity muscles while performing rotary movement on an arm exerciser (that is usually an integral part of the ergometer) under controlled conditions. Arm exerciser ergometers determine the work and power by measuring the force exerted during the rotary movement of the arms (e.g., using electromagnetic brakes) and the speed of movement of the handgrips of the exerciser. Cyclic arm exerciser ergometers are used in tests intended to assess whether patients have cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases; they may be used in tests that include use of a stress exercise physiologic monitoring system. The exercisers are available in several configurations (e.g., wall mounted, free standing)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23827",
      "display": "Ergometers, Treadmill",
      "definition": "Ergometers designed to measure the work (i.e., the amount of force multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied) or rate of work (i.e., power) performed by the muscles while the patient walks or runs on the moving tread of a treadmill (that is usually an integral part of the ergometer) under controlled conditions. Treadmill ergometers measure the work exerted by patients on a controlled treadmill by determining the speed and the ratio of the treadmill's elevation to its length (usually expressed as a percent grade); the workload imposed by the treadmill depends on the patient's weight. Treadmill ergometers are used in tests intended to determine whether patients have cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases; they are frequently used in tests that include use of a stress exercise physiologic monitoring system."
    },
    {
      "code": "11603",
      "display": "Esophagoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the mouth into the upper gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign bodies, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the esophagus. Esophagoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; these endoscopes may be rigid or flexible."
    },
    {
      "code": "33067",
      "display": "Esophagoscopes, Video",
      "definition": "Esophagoscopes equipped with a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "11604",
      "display": "Esthesiometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for measuring tactile sensation, sensitivity, pain, or thermal stimuli thresholds in order to diagnose sensorineural dysfunction such as hypoesthesia or hyperesthesia. They can be used to test different parts of the body (foot, hand, lip, cheek, etc.). Esthesiometers (also called anesthesiometers or anesthesimeters) are handheld probes through which sensation is measured by pressure applied through the esthesiometer's tips designed for different purposes. The tips are either monofilaments of varying lengths or diameters (used to quantify the pressure transmitted axially for a given bending stress), firm vinyl tips (used to measure sensory pain threshold), or semi-conductor heat pumps covered by a thin metal plate (used to measure heat sensation). Esthesiometers may be attached to systems to store and display test readings, and may be computer-controlled to limit the amount of pressure or heat applied to the test subject. They may also be non-powered handheld devices. Esthesiometers used to test cornea nerve sensitivity with a controlled pulse of air as stimulation are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "35442",
      "display": "Esthesiometers, Corneal",
      "definition": "Esthesiometers designed to be used to measure corneal sensitivity. Corneal esthesiometers are handheld probes through which sensation is measured by pressure applied through the esthesiometer's tips designed for different purposes. The tips are either monofilaments of varying lengths or diameters (used to quantify the pressure transmitted axially for a given bending stress), or tips through which a controlled pulse of air as stimulation is delivered. Corneal esthesiometers may be attached to systems to store and display test readings, and may be computer-controlled to limit the amount of pressure applied to the corneas. They may also be non-powered handheld devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15139",
      "display": "Evaporators",
      "definition": "Devices used in chemical laboratories for evaporation, the conversion of a liquid into a vapor for the purpose of separating it from another liquid of higher boiling point, or from a solid which is dissolved in it. Evaporators use one or more methods to enact evaporation, including heating, nitrogen blowdown, or vacuum. Evaporators using heat include a heat exchanger or heated bath with temperature controls, pumps, and a condenser. Heat sources include water baths, or blocks of aluminum or aluminum particles, or hot air. Nitrogen blowdown evaporators or concentrators use a jet of gas to continually force off the layer of air that is saturated with vapor just above the surface of the liquid to be evaporated, thereby increasing evaporation rate; these are useful for small sample volumes, under 50 mL. Vacuum evaporators use vacuum pumps to remove the vapor phase of the evaporating solvent. To increase evaporation, samples are shaken, creating liquid vortexes, thus creating a greater surface area. Evaporators that provide rotation of the vessels holding the samples are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25222",
      "display": "Evaporators, Rotary",
      "definition": "Evaporators that are used to rapidly separate liquids in a mixture, usually solvents from reaction mixtures, by providing rotation of the vessels holding the samples. Rotary evaporators (also called rotovaps) consist of a condenser, a collection vessel, and a rotating vessel (usually a large flask) maintained under vacuum and that is heated by partial immersion in a hot water bath. Rotary evaporation provides heat transfer to the contained mixture and increases the surface area, therefore speeding up the evaporation process and preventing local overheating. Rotary evaporators reduce the pressure in the flask so that it is lower than atmospheric pressure, allowing solvents to boil at lower temperatures. The condensed vapors are drained through a tube into a condenser where they are collected for reuse or disposal. Rotary evaporators are used in chemical laboratories for processes such as chromatography and for the recovery of solvents for recycling."
    },
    {
      "code": "18413",
      "display": "Examination Pads, Breast",
      "definition": "Small pads designed for manual examination of breasts. These pads typically consist of two plastic sheets with a low-density liquid (e.g., silicon) sealed in between. Breast examination pads are intended to reduce the friction between the fingertips and the breast; the pads are mainly used for women's self-examination of the breast (i.e., mammary gland)."
    },
    {
      "code": "39760",
      "display": "Examination Room Flags",
      "definition": "Pieces of metal, such as aluminum, or plastic that are varying in size, shape, and color, and attached at one edge to a backplate; they are used to identify the status of an examination room. The flags can usually be rotated 180 degrees. Examination room flags are attached outside a room on or near the top of the door frame. The position and color of the flags are used to indicate room statuses such as \"occupied,\" \"ready for clean-up,\" \"patient ready for x-ray.\" The flags may also have printed text."
    },
    {
      "code": "16870",
      "display": "Excavators",
      "definition": "Manual hand-held instruments with an angled tip having a small spoon-, scoop-, or spatuala-shaped end with a sharp cutting edge used to remove center or inner part of anatomical structure or for making a hole in order to create a cavity. Excavators can be single- or double-ended."
    },
    {
      "code": "16481",
      "display": "Excavators, Dental",
      "definition": "Excavators used for cutting and removing the carious dentin of a decayed tooth, preparing and shaping the cavity for filling."
    },
    {
      "code": "11617",
      "display": "Excavators, Endaural",
      "definition": "Excavators used to remove tissue, such as cholesteatoma or the cochlear cupola, from the middle ear."
    },
    {
      "code": "11623",
      "display": "Exercisers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to facilitate physical exertion of body muscles by voluntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles controlling the body part (i.e. active exercisers) or by motion imparted on the body part by the device (i.e., passive exercisers). Active exercisers usually are intended to keep and improve the cardiorespiratory function and general fitness and to increase muscle strength (e.g., hands, limbs, back) and to improve balance and/or flexibility; they are also used during physical therapy and rehabilitation. Passive exercisers mainly are intended for physical therapy and rehabilitation after illness, trauma, or aging (e.g., upper and/or lower limbs). Computer-aided exercisers intended to train and assess patients by using a dedicated computerized unit are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24688",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed to facilitate the physical exertion of body muscles by the voluntary contraction and relaxation of large muscle groups (i.e., active exercisers), which are intended primarily for making users breathe more deeply and their hearts work harder; activities in aerobic exercises can be usually maintained continuously and are rhythmic in nature. These exercisers are usually intended to improve cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Aerobic exercisers, as all exercisers, may also improve muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in specific parts of the body (e.g., upper and/or lower). Dedicated aerobic exercisers are available for walking and jogging (e.g., treadmills), cycling (e.g., stationary bicycles), and other activities such as rowing, elliptical motion, or bouncing."
    },
    {
      "code": "17792",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Climbing",
      "definition": "Aerobic exercisers designed to simulate the motion of climbing stairs. These exercisers may consist of static or movable staircases; more often, they are steppers (also known as climbers), consisting of footpedals or platforms accompanying a drive system, side handrails, and/or front handlebars. These exercisers may be nonpowered or powered. Climbing aerobic exercisers usually include workout program modes to adjust resistance level; a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; and handlebars with grip pulse sensors or wireless heart-rate tools; some may also have heart-rate controls to adjust the resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Climbing aerobic exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles of the lower body (i.e., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves) and the upper body (i.e., arms, shoulder, chest, back)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24695",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Climbing, Stair/Stepper",
      "definition": "Climbing aerobic exercisers designed to simulate the motion of climbing stairs using movable stairs or steppers. These exercisers may be movable, motorized staircases that constantly revolve, or footpedals or platforms with a drive system, side handrails, and/or front handlebars, which are usually called climbers or steppers. The two terms are often used interchangeably, but climbers can train both the upper body and lower body while steppers train only the lower body because they do not have movable or fixed front handlebars. These exercisers can use pneumatic, hydraulic, or electromagnetic resistance. Motorized stair/stepper exercisers usually include workout program modes to adjust resistance levels; a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; and handlebars with grip pulse sensors or wireless heart-rate tools; some may also have heart-rate controls to adjust the resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. These exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles of the lower body (i.e., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves) and the upper body (i.e., arms, shoulder, chest, back)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24699",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Climbing, Stair/Stepper, Nonpowered",
      "definition": "Nonpowered stair/stepper climbing exercisers designed to simulate the motion of climbing stairs using nonpowered (i.e., manual) movable stairs or steppers. These exercisers usually consist of footpedals and side handrails and/or moveable or fixed front handlebars. The pedals are propelled by the movements of the user; resistance is provided by pneumatic, hydraulic, or electromagnetic mechanisms. The exercisers usually include workout program modes to adjust resistance levels; a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart-rate; and adjustable handlebars with grip pulse sensors or wireless heart-rate tools; some may also have heart rate controls to adjust the resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Nonpowered stair/stepper climbing exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles of the lower body (i.e., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves) and/or the upper body (i.e., arms, shoulders, chest, back)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24700",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Climbing, Stair/Stepper, Powered",
      "definition": "Stair/stepper climbing exercisers designed to simulate the motion of climbing stairs which are powered by an electric motor that adjusts the movements of the pedals. Stair/stepper exercisers usually consist of footpedals and side handrails and/or moveable or fixed front handlebars; the resistance is provided by penumatic, hydraulic, or electromagnetic mechanisms. The exercisers usually include workout program modes to adjust resistance levels; a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; and adjustable handlebars with grip pulse sensors or wireless heart-rate tools; some may also have heart-rate controls to adjust the resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Powered stair/stepper climbing exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles of the lower body (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves) and the upper body (i.e., arms, shoulder, chest, back)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18020",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Cross-Country Skiing",
      "definition": "Aerobic exercisers designed to simulate the motion of cross-country skiing, using forward-sliding leg and opposite arm motion. These exercisers typically consist of a pair of ski-like sliding footpads mounted on two rails and two handlebars or a rope-and-pulley device that simulates ski poles. They often include a monitor for displaying workout feedback such as time, speed, distance, calories burned, and heart rate. Cross-country skiing exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles of the lower body (i.e., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves) and the upper body (i.e., arms, shoulder, chest, back).forward-sliding motion opposite-leg - opposite-arm motion"
    },
    {
      "code": "23747",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Elliptical Motion",
      "definition": "Aerobic exercisers designed to simulate elliptical (in an oval plane) motions, a combination of stair-stepping, running, cross-country skiing, and walking. These exercisers typically consist of a pair of moving handlebars, a chain/belt drive, and two footpedals or platforms on which a user can stride in a forward or reverse direction. Some exercisers can adjust the stride length; resistance is provided by a mechanical or magnetic belt.  Most exercisers are nonpowered, but some may include a motor to regulate speed. The exercisers usually include workout program modes that can adjust resistance and a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; they often have handlebars with heart-rate sensors, and some may also have heart-rate controls to adjust resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Elliptical motion aerobic exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles of the lower body (i.e., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves) and the upper body (i.e., arms, shoulder, chest, back)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41585",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Elliptical Motion, Recumbent",
      "definition": "Elliptical motion exercisers designed to simulate elliptical (in an oval plane) motions with the user sitting in a recumbent position. These exercisers typically consist of a pair of moving handlebars, a chain/belt drive, and two foot pedals or platforms on which a user can stride in a forward or reverse direction. Some exercisers can adjust the stride length; resistance is provided by a mechanical or magnetic belt. Most exercisers are non-powered, but some may include a motor to regulate speed. The exercisers usually include workout program modes that can adjust resistance and a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; they often have handlebars with heart-rate sensors, and some may also have heart-rate controls to adjust resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate."
    },
    {
      "code": "24701",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Jumping Rope",
      "definition": "Aerobic exercisers that may consist simply of a rope or cord that users swing over themselves and jump or skip over each time it reaches the feet and the two handles that users hold. The cords may be made of nylon, polyvinyl, cotton, steel, leather, or rubber, and some cords may be braided or segmented and/or permit length adjustment; the handles can be wooden or plastic and may be mounted with removable weights to add resistance to the muscles involved in the exercise. Jumping rope aerobic exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles of the upper body (i.e., arm, chest, back), lower body, and abdomen; they can also contribute to the development of coordination and balance for the users."
    },
    {
      "code": "13426",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Rowing",
      "definition": "Aerobic exercisers designed to simulate the motions of rowing (i.e.,  propelling a boat forward using oars). These exercisers usually consist of a chain or belt drive, glide wheels, pivot handlebars or a rope-pull system that simulates oars, and a seat that can slide back and forth mounted on rollers; the resistance is provided by pneumatic, hydraulic, or electromagnetic mechanisms. Rowing exercisers usually include workout program modes that can adjust resistance and a monitor to display the number and speed of strokes, workout time, distance, calories burned, and heart rate; some may have heart-rate controls to adjust resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Rowing exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the muscles in the arms, shoulders, abdomen, back, and legs."
    },
    {
      "code": "10385",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Stationary Bicycle",
      "definition": "Aerobic cycle exercisers designed to simulate the motions of riding a bicycle; the bicycles remain stationary while the wheels move. These exercisers are usually self-powered devices; they may use friction belts or wheels, magnets, fans, or hydraulics to increase resistance. Some stationary bicycles may include a motor to regulate speed. The bicycles usually include workout program modes that can adjust resistance and a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; they often have handlebars with grip pulse sensors, and some bicycles have heart-rate controls that can adjust the resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Stationary bicycle exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the lower-limb muscles (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings, calves, gluteus). Dedicated bicycles with upright and recumbent sitting positions for users are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36826",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Stationary Bicycle, Hydrotherapy",
      "definition": "Stationary bicycle exercisers designed for use immersed in water, utilizing the water for additional resistance but simultaneously alleviating stress on the joints in the reduced-gravity environment. These exercisers are usually self-powered devices and typically consist of an adjustable base that rests on the pool floor, an adjustable seat and handlebars, and pedals. All materials used must be water- and corrosion-resistant; electric components must satisfy appropriate electrical safety standards. Hydrotherapy stationary bikes are independent units that can be used in pools and full-body hydrotherapy tanks."
    },
    {
      "code": "24691",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Stationary Bicycle, Recumbent",
      "definition": "Stationary bicycle exercisers designed to simulate the motions of riding a bicycle with the user sitting in a recumbent position. These exercisers are usually self-powered devices; they may use friction belts or wheels, magnets, fans, or hydraulics to increase resistance. Some stationary bicycles may include a motor that can regulate speed. Seats are usually adjustable while the rider remains in a reclined position with the legs extending forward to the pedals, a position that can reduce strain on the neck and lower back. The bicycles usually include workout program modes that can adjust resistance, and a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; they often have  adjustable handlebars with grip pulse sensors, and some bicycles have heart-rate control tools that can adjust the resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Recumbent bicycles are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the lower-limb muscles (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings, calves, gluteus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24692",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Stationary Bicycle, Upright",
      "definition": "Stationary bicycle exercisers designed to simulate the motions of riding a bicycle with the user sitting in an upright position. These exercisers are usually self-powered devices; they may use friction belts or wheels, magnets, fans, or hydraulics to increase resistance. Some stationary bicycles may include a motor that can regulate speed. Seats are usually adjustable, while the rider is in an upright position. The bicycles usually include workout program modes that can adjust resistance, a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate; and adjustable handlebars with grip pulse sensors; some bicycles also have heart-rate control tools that can adjust the resistance level to suit the targeted heart rate. Upright bicycles are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to the lower-limb muscles (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings, calves, gluteus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23746",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Trampoline",
      "definition": "Aerobic exercisers designed to provide exercise by bouncing on a resilient (elastic) surface. Trampolines usually consist of a woven mat attached by coiled steel springs to a metal frame providing a rebounding force. Trampoline mats are usually round, but some are oval, rectangular, or other shapes. Bouncing trampolines are used in sports (e.g., diving, gymnastics, skiing) and in physical fitness exercises; they are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous time. Additionally, they provide muscular strength and endurance mainly to the lower body muscles (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves) and also to the arm and abdominal muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "14141",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Treadmill",
      "definition": "Aerobic exercisers designed to allow the user to exercise by walking and/or running on a moving belt. These devices typically consist of a continuous tread made of polymeric material and electric motors to move the belts, but the belts, may be moved by the user while walking or jogging (passive treadmills); a monitor that displays workout feedback such as speed, time, calories burned, and heart rate; and controls for the belt speed and slope. Treadmill exercisers are used to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time. Additionally, they provide strength and endurance to muscles used while walking or running (i.e., quadriceps, hamstrings, calf, gluteus). Dedicated treadmills intended for use immersed in water for hydrotherapy systems that allow remote control of the speed and slope of the belt by clinicians, and/or treadmills that include monitoring devices for  patient physiologic parameters (e.g., electrocardiogram, heart rate) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17707",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Treadmill, Hydrotherapy",
      "definition": "Treadmill exercisers designed for use partially immersed in water, utilizing the water for additional resistance but simultaneously alleviating stress on the joints in the reduced-gravity environment. These exercisers typically consist of a continuous tread and an electric motor, controls for the belt speed and slope, and a display that shows equipment characteristics and training information (e.g., speed, time, elevation, energy consumption). Most hydrotherapy treadmills have front-mounted rails; some devices also include water jets and/or water temperature controls.  All materials used must be water- and corrosion-resistant; electric components must satisfy appropriate electrical safety standards. Hydrotherapy treadmills are available as independent units that can be mounted in standard pools (including lap pools), custom-made pools, or full-body hydrotherapy tanks. They are used in healthcare facilities, clinics, and at home for exercise, training, and/or rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "26660",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Treadmill, Patient-Lifting",
      "definition": "Treadmill exercisers designed to reduce the effect of gravity by using a pressurized-air controlled chamber that lifts the user. These exercisers typically consist of a continuous tread and an electric motor, a pressurized-air controlled chamber that can reduce the patient's weight (e.g., in a range from 20% to 100%), controls for the tread (i.e., belt) speed and slope, and a display that shows equipment characteristics and training information (e.g., speed, time, slope ([i.e., elevation]), energy consumption, percentage of weight reduction). Patient air lifting treadmills are used in healthcare facilities and clinics for training and/or rehabilitation; especially after lower extremity injuries, neurological diseases, and/or for exercising aging people."
    },
    {
      "code": "23513",
      "display": "Exercisers, Aerobic, Upper/Lower Limb, Cycler",
      "definition": "Aerobic cyclic exercisers designed to provide exercise by facilitating rotary movements of the arms or the legs. These cyclers can be stand-alone portable machines with pedals that can be moved either by the hands or by the feet or upper body cyclic machines consisting of a removable seat, pivot crank arms, handgrips, and a drive system. They are usually self-powered devices that enable bidirectional cycling. Cycler exercisers usually are capable of changing resistance levels; some have a monitor to display the workout time, distance, speed, calories burned, and heart rate. Upper/lower limb cycler exercisers are intended to increase cardiovascular endurance by keeping the heart and pulmonary rate elevated for a continuous period of time; they may provide additional muscular strength and endurance to the muscle groups in the upper (arms, shoulders, neck, back, wrists, and elbows) or lower (quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus muscles, hip flexors, and calves) limbs. They are used mainly by patients with limited limb functions for training and/or rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23745",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed for the physical exertion of body muscles by voluntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles, which are intended primarily to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture and stability. These exercisers often include an unstable surface made of rubber, wood, or plastic intended to help improve stability, balance, and coordination; additionally, as do all exercisers, they may improve the muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in specific parts of the body (e.g., upper and/or lower body). Dedicated balance exercisers are available in the forms of balls, discs, boards, domes, and rollers."
    },
    {
      "code": "24756",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance Board, Wobble",
      "definition": "Board balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture. Wobble boards consist of a round, flat, wooden or plastic board with a plastic, semispherical fulcrum attached underneath; they can usually be moved in multiple angular degrees, and tile angles are also adjustable. Users try to maintain their balance during the exercises while standing on the unstable surface. Wobble-board balance exercisers are used to train for stability and balance in exercises that entail standing, walking, or squatting on the boards. They are intended to improve stability, balance, and coordination; additionally, they can improve muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility in the upper body/torso and lower body."
    },
    {
      "code": "24761",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Ball",
      "definition": "Balance exercisers designed to improve the ability to maintain proper posture by using the unstable surface of a ball. These exercisers usually consist of a synthetic or rubber ball approximately 65 cm in diamter; users try to maintain their balance during exercises on the unstable surfaces. Ball balance exercisers are used to train for stability and balance by means of exercises such as twisting, walking, or sitting on the ball; for flexibility by means of exercises such as stretching while holding, sitting, or lying on the ball; they are also used in strength exercises using the user's own weight for resistance, such as lying on the ball doing push-ups or holding the ball  between the user's back and the wall doing squats. Ball balance exercisers are intended to improve stability, balance, and coordination; additionally, they can improve muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility in the upper body/torso and lower body."
    },
    {
      "code": "24755",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Board",
      "definition": "Balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture. These exercisers usually consist of flat, wooden or plastic boards with a fulcrum attached below that provides a rocking surface; users try to maintain their balance while standing on the unstable surface. Board balance exercisers are used to train for stability and balance in exercises such as standing, walking, squatting, or jumping on the boards. They are intended to improve stability, balance, and coordination; additionally, they can improve muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility in the upper body/torso and lower body."
    },
    {
      "code": "24757",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Board, Rocker",
      "definition": "Board balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture. Rocker boards consist of a flat, square or rectangular, wooden board and a wooden or plastic fulcrum attached underneath. Users try to maintain their balance while on the unstable surface. Rocker board exercisers are used to train for stability and balance in exercises such as standing, walking, squatting, or jumping on the boards. Rocker board balance exercisers are intended to improve stability, balance, and coordination; additionally, they can improve muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility in the upper body/torso and lower body."
    },
    {
      "code": "24759",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Disk",
      "definition": "Balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture. These exercisers are usually unstable surfaces in the form of round hollow rubber disks that are inflated with air. Users try to maintain their balance while on the unstable surface. Balance disk exercisers are used to train for stability and balance in exercises such as standing, sitting, or squatting on the disks. Disk balance exercisers are intended to improve stability, balance, and coordination; additionally, they can improve muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility in the upper body/torso and lower body."
    },
    {
      "code": "24758",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Dome",
      "definition": "Balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture. These exercisers are usually unstable surfaces in the form of a hollow rubber ball (i.e., a dome) that is inflated with air. Users try to maintain their balance while on the unstable surface. Balance dome exercisers are used to train for stability and balance, in exercises such as standing or sitting on the domes; they are intended to improve stability, balance, and coordination; additionally, they can improve muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility in the upper body/torso and lower body."
    },
    {
      "code": "12957",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Parallel Bars",
      "definition": "Balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain a proper walking posture; the user holds two parallel bars, thus relieving his/her weight when walking. These exercisers usually consist of two parallel wooden or steel handrails, each supported by two poles and base plates; the height and width of the bars are often adjustable. Parallel bar exercisers are intended to improve the user's balance, coordination, flexibility; and muscle strength in the lower limbs. They are used in physical therapy and rehabilitation and can also be used for body fitness in gymnastics."
    },
    {
      "code": "23688",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Patient Lifting",
      "definition": "Balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture when walking or running by partially suspending the user. These exercisers usually consist of a suspension system; patient handrails that support the user in standing positions; walking slings for partially lifting and supporting the user, which are suspended by the hanger overhead; and attached locking casters that can be used to move the device from one place to another. These exercisers are battery-powered, although the weights to be offloaded may be manually adjusted; they are capable of lifting patients from wheelchairs and may also be used with a treadmill to allow users to exercise. Patient lifting balance exercisers are used in physical therapy and rehabilitation to improve balance, coordination; muscle strength, and muacle tone in the lower limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "24760",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance, Roller",
      "definition": "Balance exercisers designed to improve the user's ability to maintain proper posture. These exercisers are usually unstable surfaces in the form of a plastic foam cylindrical roller; users try to maintain balance while on the unstable surface. Rollers are used to train for stability and balance in exercises such as standing, walking, or jumping on the rollers. Roller balance exercisers are intended to improve stability, balance, coordination, muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility in the upper body/torso and lower body."
    },
    {
      "code": "11620",
      "display": "Exercisers, Balance/Muscle Strength, Static Stair",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed to improve balance and muscle strength. These exercisers are usually wooden staircases with siderails to support the balance of the user. Static stair exercisers are mainly intended to improve balance and increase muscular strength and endurance, particularly in the lower body (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, hip flexors, calves). They are used mainly in physical therapy and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "11634",
      "display": "Exercisers, Breathing, Spirometry",
      "definition": "Breathing exercisers designed to increase and measure the capabilities of the lungs, such as the maximum volume of gas that can be expired from the lungs (i.e., expiratory vital capacity [EVC]) and/or the maximum volume of gas that can be inspired into the lungs (i.e., the inspiratory vital capacity [IVC]). These devices are a spirometer with a mechanism that adds resistance to the respiratory effort (also known as an incentive spirometer). Patients perform the respiratory exercise by inhaling with the additional effort needed to overcome the device resistance; typically, one or more balls provide a visual measure of inhalation effort. Respiratory exercisers using spirometry techniques are intended mainly for use before and/or after pulmonary procedures; some devices employ spoken or auditory prompts to increase patient usage and provide assistance and guidance."
    },
    {
      "code": "24763",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed to assess and train patients. These exercisers usually consist of a computerized unit that monitors, measures, analyzes, and gives real-time feedback on user's performance (e.g., speed, strength, range of motion) during test or exercise modes, adjusts the pattern of the exercise programs (e.g., temporal sequence, force load, velocity, range of motion) in real time and a monitor that displays visual biofeedback that users can see and use to adjust their motions according to the exercise. The exercisers may include dedicated devices (e.g., force platform, weight lifting units). Computer-aided training exercisers are intended for programmed exercises, training, physical therapy, and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23675",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Balance",
      "definition": "Computer-aided training exercisers designed to assess and train a patient for balance. These exercisers typically consist of a force platform with handle rails, a screen that displays biofeedback information, and a computerized unit that monitors, compares, and analyzes the user's performance using test (static or dynamic) modes and/or or trains patient with static or dynamic training modes. Computer-aided training balance exercisers display real-time, visual feedback on screens during the balance test or training that patients can use to adjust their posture and balance. The devices are intended to assess and/or improve balance and the body's ability to sense and regulate the posture and movements using sensory receptors (proprioception). Computer-aided training exercisers are used mainly for programmed exercises, training, and/or physical therapy and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "25725",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Gait",
      "definition": "Computer-aided training exercisers designed to train and assess a patient's gait. These exercisers include a patient weight support system employing a harness attached to a metal frame. Some of these exercisers include two movable foot plates at the bottom of the structure and others have a treadmill that patients walk on with the aid of a robotic exoskeleton; both styles of exercisers assist patients in moving their legs while bearing some of their body weight. All of these exercisers include a computerized unit that monitors, measures, analyzes, and gives feedback on a user's ambulatory abilities. These exercisers can be adjusted to meet specific physical therapy needs of an individual patient; weight-bearing support and speed can be customized for each patient, sometimes pre-programmed, and adjusted as patients progress in their therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "30361",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Metronomic",
      "definition": "Computer-aided training exercisers designed to train and assess a patient's neurological function using a metronomic beat. These exercisers typically consist of wearable sensors, mats, headphones, and software that displays behavioral feedback.  The patient activates a sensor in time with a steady auditory beat provided by the exerciser. The software then monitors, compares, and analyzes the user's performance and response times.  Computer-aided training metronomic exercisers display real-time visual and audio feedback on a screen during the training so that patients can adjust their movements to better synchronize with the metronomic beat. These devices are intended to improve neurological functions such as concentration, coordination, timing, and rhythm."
    },
    {
      "code": "26221",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Neurologic Rehabilitation",
      "definition": "Computer-aided training exercisers designed to assess and train a patient during neurologic rehabilitation. These exercisers usually consist of a computerized unit that monitors, measures, analyzes, and gives feedback on the user's performance and can be adjusted to meet specific physical therapy needs of an individual patient. The exercisers also include a patient support (e.g., resembling a physical therapy table) with appropriate mechanisms to provide easy adjustments for height, tilt, and leg movements; the table also provides motorized cyclic loading of the limbs. Neurologic rehabilitation exercisers are intended to provide mobilization to neurological patients that are bed-ridden or in the early phase of rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "37343",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Pelvic Floor",
      "definition": "Computer-aided training exercisers designed to assess and train a patient for pelvic floor contractions. These exercisers typically consist of a vaginal probe that contains force and motion sensors and software that provides real-time visual feedback and that monitors, compares, and analyzes the user's performance. Computer-aided training balance exercisers display real-time, visual feedback on screens during pelvic floor training that assisting patients to adjust pelvic floor contractions and that guides patients through a training session."
    },
    {
      "code": "25726",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Upper Limb",
      "definition": "Computer-aided training exercisers designed to train and assess patients during upper arm rehabilitation. These exercisers usually consist of a computerized unit that adjusts exercise resistance, and then monitors, measures, analyzes, and gives feedback on the user's performance. These exercisers can be adjusted to meet specific physical therapy needs of an individual patient. The exercisers also include a patient support such as a small platform for the arm to rest on, with appropriate mechanisms to provide easy adjustments for height, tilt, and arm movements."
    },
    {
      "code": "27728",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Upper Limb, Hand/Wrist",
      "definition": "Computer-aided training exercisers designed to train and assess patients during rehabilitation of the hands, particularly of the wrist and finger joints. These exercisers usually consist of a computerized unit with detachable sensors (e.g., a dedicated glove) that detect the wrist and finger joint movements and appropriate software. The computerized units measure, monitor, assess, and provide feedback of the user's performance while moving the wrist and finger joints, including the assessment of the accuracy of movement and exerted pinch forces. Hand/wrist computer-aided exercisers are intended for functional and motor rehabilitation of the hand; they are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation after neurological and orthopedic trauma or disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "23724",
      "display": "Exercisers, Computer-Aided Training, Virtual Reality",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed to train users in functional and/or sport movements by means of a virtual game environment, using a computerized unit. These exercisers consist of a computerized unit and a camera that delivers exercise programs in the form of virtual sports or games on a screen and monitors, measures, and analyzes users' performance, adjusting the pattern of the exercise programs in real time. The monitor screen displays the users' motions in real time that they can use to adjust their motions by moving their bodies according to the position of the virtual objects on the screen.  Virtual reality exercisers are intended to improve cardiovascular endurance, balance, proprioception, flexibility, and agility. They are used mainly in programmed exercises, training, and/or physical therapy and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "11631",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion",
      "definition": "Passive exercisers designed to apply controlled movements (e.g. flexion, extension, rotation) on joints without voluntary muscular exertion. These exercisers typically consist of an electronically-controlled electromechanism that provides periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion."
    },
    {
      "code": "17138",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Continuous passive motion exercisers designed to provide controlled movements (flexion, extension and/or adduction and/or rotation) to the lower limb joints without muscular exertion. These exercisers typically consist of an electronically controlled electromechanism that is attached to the lower limbs to provide periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion. Lower limb continuous passive motion exercisers are intended to prevent joint stiffness in the knee, hip, ankle, and/or foot; they are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation after illness, trauma, and/or surgical treatment. Dedicated lower limb continuous passive motion exercisers for the hip, knee, ankle or foot are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23510",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion, Lower Limb, Hip",
      "definition": "Lower limb continuous passive motion exercisers designed to provide controlled movements (flexion, extension, adduction, and/or rotation) to the hip joint without muscular exertion. These exercisers typically consist of an electronically controlled electromechanism that is attached to the leg to provide periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion; they are intended to prevent joint stiffness in the hip. Hip continuous passive motion exercisers are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation after illness, trauma, and/or surgical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "24766",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion, Lower Limb, Knee",
      "definition": "Lower-limb continuous passive motion exercisers designed to provide controlled flexion and/or extension to the knee joint without the patient's muscular exertion. These exercisers are typically an electronically controlled electromechanism that is attached to the leg to provide periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion; they are intended to prevent joint stiffness in the knee. Knee continuous passive motion exercisers are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation after illness, trauma, and/or surgical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "35814",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion, Spine",
      "definition": "Continuous passive motion exercisers designed to provide controlled movements (flexion, extension, adduction, and/or rotation) to the spine without voluntary muscular exertion. These exercisers typically consist of an electronically controlled electromechanized table mounted on a base to provide periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion; they are intended to treat back pain from conditions such as degenerative discs, herniated or bulging discs, spinal stenosis, facet syndrome or sacroiliac syndromes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17139",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion, Upper Limb",
      "definition": "Continuous passive motion exercisers designed to provide controlled movements (flexion, extension, and/or adduction, and/or rotation) to the upper limb joints without muscular exertion. These exercisers typically consist of an electronically controlled electromechanism that is attached to the upper limb to provide periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion. Upper limb continuous passive motion exercisers are intended to prevent joint stiffness in the shoulder, hand, elbow, and/or wrist; they are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation after illness, trauma, and/or surgical treatment. Dedicated upper limb continuous passive motion exercisers for the shoulder, elbow, hand and/or wrist are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17137",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion, Upper Limb, Hand/Wrist",
      "definition": "Upper-limb continuous passive motion exercisers designed to provide controlled flexion and extension movements to the hand and/or wrist joints without the patient's muscular exertion. These exercisers are typically an electronically controlled electromechanical mechanism that is attached to the patient's hand to provide periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion. The exercisers are intended to prevent joint stiffness in the hand and/or wrist. They are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation after illness, trauma, and/or surgical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "24765",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive Motion, Upper Limb, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Upper-limb continuous passive motion exercisers designed to provide controlled movements (flexion, extension, adduction, and/or rotation) to the shoulder joint without the patient's muscular exertion. These exercisers are typically an electronically controlled electromechanism that is attached to the patient's arm to provide periodic, rhythmic movements through a range of motion; they are intended to prevent joint stiffness in the shoulder. Shoulder continuous passive motion exercisers are used for physical therapy and rehabilitation after illness, trauma, and/or surgical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "23744",
      "display": "Exercisers, Continuous Passive/Active Motion, Lower/Upper Limb",
      "definition": "Continuous passive/active motion exercisers designed to provide controlled, rhythmic motion (e.g., cycling) to the upper and/or lower limbs, which are propelled by a motor without the patient's muscular exertion in the passive mode and/or by voluntary movements by cycling pedals in the active mode. These exercisers usually consist of an electronic motor to propel the pedals whenever assistance is needed, a sensor for monitoring the force generated by the patient against the resistance, exercise programs to adjust the amount of resistance, and a display that shows the resistance level and other exercise information. Typically, when the patient does not have any muscle power to do the active exercise, the motor provides the force for the cycling motion; the motor may provide some assistance as needed when the patient is capable of exerting some muscle power. Lower-upper-limb combined exercisers are intended to improve muscular strength and flexibility; they are used in physical therapy and rehabilitation by people with serious disability. Dedicated continuous passive/active motion exercisers are available for the upper limbs (arms) and/or the lower limbs (legs)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23508",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed to facilitate the physical exertion of body muscles by voluntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles (i.e., active exercisers),  intended primarily to improve the range of motion (i.e., flexibility) around a joint by supporting and/or positioning the user, making it possible to stretch the muscles. These exercisers are usually portable devices that may include handlebars, exercise balls, or stand-alone exercise workstations. Flexibility exercisers are intended to improve the flexibility of the muscles in the upper limbs, trunk, and the lower limbs; like all exercisers, they may improve muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in particular parts of the body (e.g., upper and/or lower body). Dedicated flexibility exercisers are available for stretching the upper limb and/or trunk (e.g., inversion table, exercise ball), lower body (e.g. slant board), and full body (stretching units)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24754",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Full Body",
      "definition": "Flexibility exercisers designed to improve the range of motion (i.e., flexibility) around a joint by supporting and/or positioning the user, making it possible to stretch any of the major muscle groups in the body. These exercisers are usually portable devices with handlebars or stand-alone exercise workstations. Full-body flexibility exercisers are intended to improve the flexibility of the muscles in the upper limbs (e.g., shoulder stretch, chest stretch), trunk (e.g., back stretch), and lower limbs (e.g., quadriceps and/or calf stretch); they may also increase muscle strength and improve balance and stability."
    },
    {
      "code": "11638",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Full Body, Trapeze",
      "definition": "Full-body flexibility exercisers designed to improve the range of motion (i.e., flexibility) around the joints by stretching the major muscle groups in the body using trapezoid-like bars. These exercisers may consist of short moveable bars hanging from springs supported by a metal frame installed on a horizontal table or of triangle steel bars hanging from chains supported by a metal frame attached to a bed; both types assist users in many kinds of stretching exercises of the upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs (and may also help users to change their positions in bed). Trapeze exercisers consisting of a short wooden or steel bar hanging from two ropes or chains supported from above, used in acrobatics or in gymnastics, are also available. Trapeze exercisers are mainly intended to improve the flexibility of the muscles in the upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs; they can also increase muscle strength, balance, coordination, and/or cardiovascular endurance; they are frequently used in physical therapy and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24752",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Flexibility exercisers designed to improve the range of motion (i.e., flexibility) around a joint by supporting and/or positioning the user, making it possible to stretch the muscles in the lower limbs. These exercisers are usually portable devices with handlebars or stand-alone exercise workstations. Lower-limb flexibility exercisers are intended to improve the flexibility of the muscles in the lower limbs; they can also increase muscle (e.g., quadriceps, gluteus, hamstring, calves) strength and improve balance and stability. Dedicated flexibility exercisers, such as a quadriceps board, and a slant board, are available for stretching the lower limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "11633",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Lower Limb, Quadriceps Board",
      "definition": "Lower-limb flexibility exercisers designed to improve the range of motion (i.e., flexibility) around a joint by stretching the muscles in the lower limbs. These exercisers usually consist of wooden boards that form two triangles that support the thigh and control the movement of the knee; usually the height and angle of the quadriceps board are adjustable. Quadriceps boards are intended to improve the flexibility of the muscles in the lower limbs; they may also increase quadriceps muscle strength."
    },
    {
      "code": "24753",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Lower Limb, Slant Board",
      "definition": "Lower limb flexibility exerciser designed that is a foot board that has an inclined slope used to improve the range of motion around a joint by stretching the calf muscles using a foot board that has an inclined slope. Slant boards usually consist of wooden, plastic or steel boards with an inclined slope, a flat bottom, and an upright back. Users step on the slants to stretch their lower legs and extend their back; some boards permit adjusting the degree of slope. Slant boards are intended to improve the flexibility of the lower limb muscles (mainly the calf muscles, but also hamstring, gluteus, and ankle muscles); they can also increase the muscle strength in the lower limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "35425",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Upper Limb, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Flexibility exercisers designed to improve the range of motion (i.e., flexibility) of the shoulder joint. These exercisers can be portable devices, stand-alone exercise workstations, or wall-mounted units. Shoulder flexibility exercisers are intended to improve the flexibility and range of motion of the shoulder joint; they may also increase shoulder muscle strength and stability."
    },
    {
      "code": "24750",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Upper Limb/Trunk",
      "definition": "Flexibility exercisers designed to improve the range of motion (i.e., flexibility) around a joint by supporting and/or positioning the user, making it possible to stretch the muscles in the upper limbs and/or trunk. These exercisers are usually portable devices with handlebars or stand-alone exercise workstations. Upper-limb/trunk flexibility exercisers are intended to improve the flexibility of the muscles in the upper limbs and/or the trunk; they can increase muscle strength and improve balance and stability.  Dedicated flexibility exercisers are available for stretching the upper limbs (e.g., stretching units) and the trunk (e.g., inversion table)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24751",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility, Upper Limb/Trunk, Inverse Position",
      "definition": "Upper-limb/trunk flexibility exercisers designed to improve the range of motion around a joint by stretching the muscles in the back while the body is in an inverse (i.e., head down) position; they reduce the stress on the back by relieving the gravity compression of the vertebrae. These exercisers usually consist of portable, manually operated inversion tables or chairs and pivot arms, hand grips, and a footrest; some exercisers are powered by a motor to adjust the angles of the inverse rotations. The user usually lies in the supine or, less frequently, the prone inversion position, known as 90/90 inversion position (meaning bending 90 degrees at the knees and 90 degrees at the waist). Inverse position flexibility exercisers are intended to improve the flexibility of the muscles in the back and abdomen, increase muscle strength, and reduce pain and stress on the back."
    },
    {
      "code": "17802",
      "display": "Exercisers, Flexibility/Passive Motion, Jaw",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed to improve the range of motion around the jaw articulation by stretching the jaw muscles manually. The exercisers provide repetitive passive motion of stretching jaws, operated by the user. The exercisers are mainly curved mouthpieces and press pads that provide the curved stretching force in the jaw. Users can adjust the speed, rate, and distance of jaw-opening motions. The exercisers are designed to improve the flexibility and mobility of jaw muscles and joints and can also increase jaw muscle strength. The exercisers are used mainly for jaw treatment and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24702",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed primarily to facilitate the physical exertion of body muscles by voluntary contraction and relaxation of large muscle groups (i.e., active exercisers) that are intended primarily to provide resistance to muscular contraction for development of muscular strength and endurance. The resistance to muscular contractions may be provided by gravity using free weights or constrained weights, pneumatic, or hydraulic resistance mechanisms, elastic resistance, or other sources. These exercisers are intended to improve the strength in the upper limb (arm, shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand), trunk (chest, back, abdomen), and the lower limb (buttock, thigh, calf, ankle, foot) muscles; as a result they may increase muscle size, endurance, and power and improve bone density. Muscle strength exercisers, like all exercisers, may also improve flexibility and balance in particular parts of the body (e.g., upper, lower). A variety of dedicated muscle strength exercisers are available, such as free weights (e.g., dumbbell, barbell), weight machines, and elastic bands and/or hydraulic devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "24739",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Constrained Barbell",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the user lifts a barbell whose movement is restricted to a fixed path; the barbells provide resistance. The movement of a barbell is usually restricted by runners and a series of slots, so the barbell can only be moved up and down; sometimes the barbells are retained in the collars of a pair of weight crutches.  An adjustable bench may be included in these exercisers. These exercisers can be used for bench presses, squats, and lunges. Constrained barbell exercisers are intended to improve the strength in upper body (arm, shoulder, chest, and upper back) and lower body (buttocks, thigh, and calf) muscles; they can also increase muscle size, endurance, and power and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "34480",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Eccentric Training",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercises that are designed to train the body based on the principle of eccentric contractions.  Eccentric contractions (also known as negative force contractions) take place when a muscle resists a force, rather than producing one (e.g., when a weight is slowly lowered during a bicep curl).  Eccentric training muscle strength exercisers are mainly intended for sports training, physical rehabilitation, and to increase muscle strength in the elderly."
    },
    {
      "code": "33842",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Eccentric Training, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercises that are designed to train the lower limb muscles based on the principle of eccentric contractions.  Eccentric contractions (also known as negative force contractions) take place when a muscle resists a force, rather than producing one (e.g., when a weight is slowly lowered during a bicep curl).  These exercisers typically consist of equipment that includes a recumbent chair and two pedals that exert regulated forces on each of the user's feet.  As the user opposes (resists) the forces exerted on the lower limbs, eccentric contractions occur.  Lower limb eccentric training exercises are designed to treat lower limb weakness, especially during rehabilitation, and/or to increase balance."
    },
    {
      "code": "24740",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Elastic Resistance",
      "definition": "Strength exercisers designed to provide elastic resistance to muscular contraction for developing muscular strength and endurance. These exercisers typically consist of an elastic material such as a flexible (e.g., rubber) band or tube or a coiled metal spring; the elastic resistance increases as the elastic element is stretched. Elastic resistance exercisers are usually portable, but they can also be built as exercise machines. They can be used in strength exercises such as the chest press, leg press, shoulder raise, torso twist, and squat. Elastic resistance strength exercisers are intended to improve the strength of the muscles in the upper body/torso and lower body and the flexibility of the muscles and the joints by stretching the muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "24743",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Elastic Resistance, Hand/Finger",
      "definition": "Elastic resistance strength exercisers designed to provide elastic resistance to muscular contraction in the hands and/or fingers. Elastic resistance increases as the elastic is stretched. These exercisers are usually made of elastic, rubber, or metal springs. Dedicated exercisers are available in the form of rubber balls, elastic rings, elastic tubes, or elastic webs. The users squeeze these exercisers and/or bend their fingers against the elastic resistance. Hand/finger/wrist exercisers are intended to improve the strength of the muscles in the hands, fingers, wrists, and forearms; improve the flexibility of the muscles and the joints; and increase muscle mass."
    },
    {
      "code": "24703",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Free Weight",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using unconstrained weighted plates; the resistance is provided by the force of gravity acting on the free weights. Free weights are not attached to any other devices and do not restrict the user's movements; they usually include barbells and dumbbells. Barbells are usually a long bar with removable weighted disks attached to each end; dumbbells are short, handheld bars with balls or disks attached at each end. Free weight exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs; increase muscle size, muscle endurance, and power; and imporve bone density. Free weights can be added to lever-pulley-cable type exercise machines to increase resistance."
    },
    {
      "code": "24712",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Free Weight, Barbell",
      "definition": "Free weight exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction. These devices are long bars with removable weighted disks attached to each end. Using the weight on the barbells, resistance is provided by the force of gravity acting on the barbell. Barbells are not attached to any other devices and do not restrict a user's movements. Barbells can be used in exercises to train the upper limb/trunk (e.g., bench press, bicep curl, abdominal curls) or lower limb (e.g., squat, lunge) muscles. Barbell exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs; increase muscle size, muscle endurance, and power; and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "23749",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Free Weight, Dumbbell",
      "definition": "Free weight exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using two weight plates connected by a short bar (i.e., dumbbells and weight); the resistance is provided by the force of gravity acting on the dumbbells. Dumbbells are not attached to any other devices and do not restrict a user's movements. These exercisers are short, handheld bars with balls or disks attached at each end; they are usually made of metals and/or plastic-covered concrete. Dumbbells can be used in exercises to train the upper limb/trunk (e.g., bicep curl, hammer curls, bench press, abdominal curls) or lower limb (e.g., lunge, squat) muscles. Dumbbell exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb; increase muscle size, muscle endurance, and power; and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "24713",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers; resistance is provided by the force of gravity exerted on constrained weight stacks. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other and/or a hydraulic piston, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Dedicated lever-pulley-cable exercisers intended to improve the strength in full body or specific body muscle groups such as the upper and lower limbs, trunk, and neck are available; the exercisers may also increase muscle size, muscle endurance, and power and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "24738",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Full Body",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to contraction of any major body muscle group using equipment based on a system of pulleys and cables, or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance.  Pulley-cable full-body exercisers usually contain low cables with adjustable positions to train the upper body, trunk, and lower body. Full-body strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the entire body (arm, chest, back, abdomen, leg); they may also increase muscle size, muscle endurance, and power and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "24733",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the lower limbs using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. These exercisers are used to exercise the lower-limb (e.g., squat, lunge, leg press, leg extension, heel raise) muscles. Lower-limb strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the lower limbs (e.g., buttock, thigh, calf, ankle); increase muscle size, endurance, and power; and improve  bone density. Dedicated lower-limb strength exercisers are available for leg extension, leg press, and leg curl."
    },
    {
      "code": "24111",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Lower Limb, Hip Abduction/Adduction",
      "definition": "Lower-limb muscle strength exercisers based on a system of levers that are designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the user performs hip abduction or adduction.  The user exerts force on levers to counteract the exerciser resistance. These exercisers are usually stand-alone machines consisting of weights stacked on top of each other, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and a seat with two padded levers attached, one on each side, and foot rests at the bottom.   Typically, the user sits in the seat with the sides of their knees and legs resting on the padded levers and their feet on the foot rests. For hip abduction exercise the user puts one thigh inside each padded lever and pushes outwards against the resistance.  For adduction exercises, the user puts one thigh outside each padded lever and pushes inwards. These exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the hips, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "23511",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Lower Limb, Hip Rotation",
      "definition": "Lower-limb muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the user performs hip rotations using a mechanism based on a system of levers. These exercisers are usually a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance.  Typically, the user puts one thigh in the bar pad and performs rotary movements of the hips. Hip rotation exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the hips, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "24736",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Lower Limb, Leg Curl",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the knees are flexed against resistance using equipment based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of  each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Lever bar machines require the users to push a padded lever bar down with their ankles to flex their knees toward the back of their thighs or lie prone and, with the pads above the ankles, flex the knees toward the back of their thighs; using pulley-cable machines, the users attach the cable to their ankles and flex the knees. Leg curl exercisers are intended to improve strength in the hamstring muscles, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "24737",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Lower Limb, Leg Extension",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the legs are extended against the resistance using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically, users lift a padded lever bar with their ankles to extend the knees; less frequently, using the legs, the users pull the cables to extend their knees. Leg extension exercisers are intended to improve the strength of quadriceps muscles, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "23512",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Lower Limb, Leg Press",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the feet press against resistance using a mechanism based on a system of levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users place their feet on a platform and push it away to extend the knees. Leg press exercisers are intended to improve the strength in the leg muscles (e.g., quadriceps, gluteus, hamstring, calves), increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "24714",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Neck",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the neck using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers; resistance is usually provided by the force of gravity exerted on constrained weight stacks. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users put padded lever bars on their heads or wear the cables to flex their necks against the resistance. Neck strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the neck, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "23750",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Upper Limb/Trunk",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the upper limbs and/or the trunk using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Upper limb/trunk muscle strength exercisers can be used to exercise the upper limb (e.g., bicep curl, triceps extension) and/or trunk (front pull down, chest press, bent over row, abdominal crunch) muscles. They are intended to improve muscle strength in the upper limbs (arm, shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist) and/or trunk."
    },
    {
      "code": "23748",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Upper Limb/Trunk, Abdominal Crunch",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the abdomen using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users grasp the lever bar or cable handles and flex their waist. Abdominal crunch strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the abdomen, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "23507",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Upper Limb/Trunk, Arm",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the arms using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users can raise the lever bar handles or pull the cables to flex the elbow (i.e., arm curl) or push the lever up or down or pull the cables to extend the arm (i.e., arm extension). Arm strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the upper limbs (mainly biceps or triceps and wrist muscle), increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "24729",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Upper Limb/Trunk, Back, Pulldown",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the back using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users grasp the lever bar or cable handles and pull them down toward their chest. Pulldown strength exercisers are intended to improve strength in the back (latissimus dorsi), chest and arm muscles, increase muscle size; enhance muscle endurance and power; and improve bone density. Dedicated pulldown exercisers using pulley cables or lever bars are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24731",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Upper Limb/Trunk, Back, Row",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers that simulate the motion of rowing using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users grasp the lever bar or cable handles and pull them out toward their waist. Rowing strength exercisers are intended to improve the muscle strength in the back (trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles), increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and improve power, and bone density. Dedicated row strength exercisers using pulley cables or lever bars are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23509",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lever/Pulley-Cable, Upper Limb/Trunk, Chest Press",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the chest using a mechanism based on a system of pulleys and cables or levers. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with weights stacked on top of each other or a hydraulic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars or pulley cables on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users press the lever bar or cable handles forward to extend the arms until they are horizontal. Chest press exercisers are intended to improve strength in the chest (pectoralis major), shoulder, and arm muscles; increase muscle size; enhance muscle endurance and power; and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "23729",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Lift Test Platforms",
      "definition": "Lower and upper limb muscle strength exercisers designed to test a patient's isometric lifting capabilities.  These devices consist of a platform for the patient to stand on, a chain with a handle that patients lift, and a gauge to measure how much weight the patient can lift and/or the amount of force the patient is exerting. These platforms are often used by physical therapists in rehabilitation programs to evaluate a patient's ability to perform job-related duties (e.g.,  lifting a certain amount of weight); a patient's muscle strength; and a patient's physical readiness to return to work after an injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "36432",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism in which resistance changes in proportion to the force exerted on it. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic piston, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Dedicated pneumatic exercisers intended to improve the strength in full body or specific body muscle groups such as the upper and lower limbs, trunk, and neck are available; the exercisers may also increase muscle size, endurance, and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36433",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction of the lower limbs using a pneumatic mechanism. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. These exercisers are used to exercise the lower-limb (e.g., squat, lunge, leg press, leg extension, heel raise) muscles. Lower-limb pneumatic strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the lower limbs (e.g., buttock, thigh, calf, ankle); increase muscle size, endurance, and power; and improve bone density. Dedicated lower-limb strength exercisers are available for leg extension, leg press, and leg curl."
    },
    {
      "code": "36435",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Lower Limb, Hip Abduction",
      "definition": "Lower-limb muscle strength exercisers based on a system of levers that are designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs a hip abduction. The user exerts force on levers to counteract the exerciser resistance. These exercisers are usually stand-alone machines consisting of a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and a seat with two padded levers attached, one on each side, and foot rests at the bottom. Typically, the user sits in the seat with the sides of their knees and legs resting on the padded levers and their feet on the foot rests. The user puts one thigh inside each padded lever and pushes outwards against the resistance.  These exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the hips, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36436",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Lower Limb, Hip Adduction",
      "definition": "Lower-limb muscle strength exercisers based on a system of levers that are designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs a hip adduction. The user exerts force on levers to counteract the exerciser resistance. These exercisers are usually stand-alone machines consisting of a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and a seat with two padded levers attached, one on each side, and foot rests at the bottom. Typically, the user sits in the seat with the sides of their knees and legs resting on the padded levers and their feet on the foot rests. The user puts one thigh outside each padded lever and pushes inwards against the resistance.  These exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the hips, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36437",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Lower Limb, Leg Curl",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the knees are flexed against the resistance provided by equipment based on a pneumatic mechanism. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine including a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Lever bar machines require the users to push a padded lever bar down with their ankles to flex their knees toward the back of their thighs or lie prone and, with the pads above the ankles, flex the knees toward the back of their thighs. Leg curl pneumatic exercisers are intended to improve strength in the hamstring muscles, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36438",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Lower Limb, Leg Extension",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction when the legs are extended against the resistance of a pneumatic mechanism. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically, users lift a padded lever bar with their ankles to extend the knees; less frequently, using the legs, the users pull the levers to extend their knees."
    },
    {
      "code": "36434",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Lower Limb, Squat",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the lower limbs using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs a squat exercise. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. These exercisers are used to exercise the lower-limb (e.g., hamstrings, quadriceps, calf) muscles. Squat lower-limb pneumatic strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the lower limbs (e.g., buttock, thigh, calf, ankle); increase muscle size, endurance, and power; and may improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36439",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Trunk",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction in the trunk using a pneumatic mechanism. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Pneumatic trunk muscle strength exercisers can be used to exercise the trunk (e.g., hip rotation, low back, abdominal crunch) muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "36442",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Trunk, Abdominal Crunch",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs exercises of the abdominal muscles . These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically the user grasps the lever bar and flexes their waist. Abdominal crunch strength exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the abdomen, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36441",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Trunk, Hip Rotation",
      "definition": "Trunk exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs hip rotations . These exercisers are usually a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically, the user puts one thigh in the bar pad and performs rotary movements of the hips. Hip rotation exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the hips, increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance and power, and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36440",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Trunk, Low Back",
      "definition": "Trunk exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction  using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs low-back muscle exercises. These exercisers are usually a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically, the user sits on a exercise chair and actions appropriate pedal levers. Lower back exercisers are intended to improve muscle strength in the lower back muscles (especially the extensor muscles) and ligaments, increase muscle size, and enhance muscle endurance and power."
    },
    {
      "code": "36443",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Upper Limb/Trunk",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs exercises of the upper limbs and/or the trunk muscles. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Upper limb/trunk muscle strength exercisers can be used to exercise the upper limb (e.g., bicep curl, triceps extension) and/or trunk (front pull down, chest press, bent over row, abdominal crunch) muscles. They are intended to improve muscle strength in the upper limbs (arm, shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist) and/or trunk."
    },
    {
      "code": "36445",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Upper Limb/Trunk, Chest Fly",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs exercises of the chest and upper limbs muscles. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically the users press simultaneously two lever bars horizontally forward until they are close each other. Chest fly (also known as pectoral fly) exercisers  are intended to improve strength in the chest (pectoralis major and minor), shoulder, and arm muscles; increase muscle size; and enhance muscle endurance and power."
    },
    {
      "code": "36444",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Upper Limb/Trunk, Chest Press",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs exercises of the chest muscles. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically, seated users press the lever bar forward to extend the arms until they are horizontal. Chest press exercisers are intended to improve strength in the chest (pectoralis major), shoulder, and arm muscles; increase muscle size; enhance muscle endurance and power; and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36447",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Upper Limb/Trunk, Pulldown",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs pull down exercises of the trunk and upper limb muscles. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically users grasp the lever bar and pull it down toward their chest. Pulldown strength exercisers are intended to improve strength in the back (latissimus dorsi), chest, and arm muscles; increase muscle size; enhance muscle endurance; and improve power and bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36448",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Upper Limb/Trunk, Rowing",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs exercises that simulate the motion of rowing. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users grasp the lever bars and pull them out toward their waist. Pneumatic rowing strength exercisers are intended to improve the muscle strength in the back (trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles), increase muscle size, enhance muscle endurance, and improve power and bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36446",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Upper Limb/Trunk, Seated Dips",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs exercises of the chest and upper limbs muscles. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Typically, seated users perform repetitive presses of two horizontal shoulder-width lever bars using the arms. Seated dip exercisers are intended to improve strength in the triceps and in lesser degree to the pectoral and other associated  (e.g., anterior deltoid and rhomboid) muscles. These exercisers increase muscle size; enhance muscle endurance and power; and may improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "36449",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Pneumatic, Upper Limb/Trunk, Shoulder Press",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs shoulder press exercises of the trunk and upper limb muscles. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users press the lever bar or cable handles forward to extend the arms until they are horizontal. Shoulder press exercisers are intended to improve strength in the chest (pectoralis major), shoulder, and arm muscles; increase muscle size; enhance muscle endurance and power; and improve bone density."
    },
    {
      "code": "41680",
      "display": "Exercisers, Muscle Strength, Sled",
      "definition": "Muscle strength exercisers that resemble a sled and are designed to provide resistance by the user pushing or pulling it across the floor. These devices are platforms that are close to the floor and that can hold addition weight plates to increase the resistance. Sled exercisers can have various configurations, such as having runners attached to the bottom or be made from fabric. The device can be attached to a harness that the user wears when pulling the sled."
    },
    {
      "code": "28019",
      "display": "Exercisers, Ocular Muscle Training",
      "definition": "Exercisers designed for training of the ocular muscles to improve the alignment and coordination of stereotactic vision. These exercisers consist of a tabletop stand that includes a chin rest, an adjustable arch that may be placed in several different planes which allows a luminous signal to move along it, and a light source. The device also includes controls for the light speed and total arch of displacement. Ocular muscle training exercisers are intended for patients with strabismus."
    },
    {
      "code": "37316",
      "display": "Exhaust Hoods, Food Service",
      "definition": "Devices containing a mechanical fan that hang above food service ranges, steam equipment, or dishwashers or that are freestanding units. They remove airborne grease, combustion products, fumes, smoke, odors, heat, and/or steam from the air by evacuation of the air and filtration. Exhaust hoods are often used in combination with fire suppression devices so that fumes from a grease fire are properly vented and the fire is put out quickly. Commercial exhaust hoods may also be combined with a fresh air fan that draws in exterior air, circulating it with the cooking fumes, which is then drawn out by the hood. In most exhaust hoods, a filtration system removes grease (grease trap) and other particles. Although many vent hoods exhaust air to the outside, some recirculate the air to the kitchen and include a filter to remove odors in addition to the grease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36814",
      "display": "Exhibition Booths",
      "definition": "Booths that are used to display goods and/or information at events such as exhibitions and trade shows. These booths are typically modular and constructed of lightweight materials (e.g., aluminum) that allow for easy transportation and set-up. They generally consist of poles and trusses that provide the framework for the shell of the booth; a floor; wall panels and/or backdrops; and shelving and/or stands upon which to display exhibition materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "16345",
      "display": "Exophthalmometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine the amount of abnormal protrusion of the eyeball (i.e., exophthalmos) by measuring the distance between the lateral orbital rim and the apex of the cornea. The instruments may consist of arc supports integrated with mirrors or prisms, including scales that are positioned against the lateral orbital walls, and footplates with scales that are positioned against the lateral orbital rims; other devices are clear plastic rulers with scales that permit the observation of the corneal apex against the scales. Exophthalmometers are used mainly to assess the extent of exophthalmos."
    },
    {
      "code": "30472",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes",
      "definition": "Devices designed for introduction into cavities, wounds, or natural tracts and that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These devices typically consist of a slender metallic or plastic cylinder with appropriate size for passing through the intended passage that may be attached to a handle at the proximal end. Exploratory probes, which are also known as sounds, can be flexible or rigid. Some probes are also used to locate foreign objects or to measure strictures. Dedicated probes intended for particular areas of the anatomy, such as the eyes, anal fistulas, nasal sinus, urethra, and uterus, or for specific procedures are available. Exploratory probes with one working end or working ends at both ends are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13121",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Anal/Rectal Fistula",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes designed for introduction into an anal or rectal fistula and that are mainly intended for exploratory purposes. These probes typically consist of slender flexible metal or plastic cylinders with that can be passed through the fistula. They may be attached to a handle at the proximal end; fistula probes can be flexible or rigid. Anal/rectal fistula probes are inserted through the external opening of the fistula, usually to find the complete path of the fistula and to identify the internal openings of the fistula. Fistula exploratory probes are intended to be used in diagnostic and/or surgical procedures on anal/rectal fistulas; they may also be used in some renal and arteriovenous fistula surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16980",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Arthroscopy",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes designed for introduction into body articulations through arthroscopes that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These probes typically consist of a slender flexible metal or plastic cylinder with appropriate size for passing through the working channel of arthroscopes that may be attached to a handle at the proximal end; they can be flexible or rigid. The devices are intended to enhance visualization of the areas being explored to increase the precision of the joint conditions thereby allowing a better evaluation. Arthroscopic exploratory probes help in the diagnosis and treatment of bone and tissue disorders in the articulations, such as osteochondrosis of the elbow and shoulder, shoulder instability, and meniscal tears."
    },
    {
      "code": "13119",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Eye",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes designed for introduction into the eye and that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These probes typically consist of slender flexible metal or plastic cylinders with appropriate size for passing through the eye structures that may be attached to a handle at the proximal end; they can be flexible or rigid. Dedicated probes intended for particular areas of the eye, such as the lacrimal duct or during surgical procedures such as a trabeculectomy, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31184",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Eye, Canaloplasty",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes intended mainly to keep open a channel between the anterior chamber of the eye and the subconjunctival space for drainage of fluid. These devices typically consist of slender flexible metallic or plastic cylinders that can be passed through the trabeculum. They may be attached to a handle at the proximal end. The probe is threaded into the main collector channel (Schlemm's canal) and is pushed through into the front chamber of the eye. Canaloplasty exploratory probes are intended to facilitate drainage of the aqueous humor in patients suffering from glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "13120",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Eye, Lacrimal",
      "definition": "Exploratory eye probes designed for introduction into the lacrimal passages that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These probes typically consist of slender flexible metal or plastic cylinders with that can be passed through the lacrimal duct. They may be attached to a handle at the proximal end. They can be flexible or rigid.  Some lacrimal probes have rods of differing diameter attached coaxially to each end of a flat, narrow holding member (e.g., Bowman's Probe). Lacrimal exploratory probes and sounds are used in probing the lumen of the lacrimal passages, to dilate and correct defects of lacrimal ducts; they may be double-ended or one-sided."
    },
    {
      "code": "15877",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Microlaryngeal",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes designed for introduction into the throat and through the larynx and that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These probes typically consist of very slender flexible metal or plastic cylinders, either straight or angled, and can be passed through the larynx. These devices may be attached to a handle at the proximal end; the probes can be flexible or rigid. Microlaryngeal exploratory probes are intended for exploring the throat and larynx, providing a better overall view of the path through the larynx during microlaryngeal surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13124",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Nasal Sinus",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes designed for introduction through the nasal cavity into the nasal sinuses and that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These probes typically consist of slender metallic or plastic cylinders that can be passed into the nasal sinuses. They may be attached to a handle at the proximal end; they can be flexible or rigid. Nasal sinus exploratory probes are intended for inspecting the anatomical structures inside the nasal sinuses."
    },
    {
      "code": "32890",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Periodontal",
      "definition": "Exploratory dental probes designed for introduction into the gingiva that are mainly intended to determine the consistency of gingival tissue and to find the presence, depth, and form of periodontal pockets and sulcus. These probes typically consist of a slender, flexible, metal, elongated, tapered shank with a working end at about a 45-degree angle in relation to a proximal handle. The tapered tip usually include gradations at about one mm separations.  There are several different types of periodontal probes.  A more slender variant of the probes with longer tips known as furcation probes are used when there is involvement of the bone attached to multi-rooted teeth (i.e., the furcation area)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13643",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Urethral",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes designed for introduction into the urethra and that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These devices typically consist of a slender metallic or plastic cylinder that can be passed through the urethra. They may be attached to a handle at the proximal end; they can be flexible or rigid. Urethral exploratory probes are intended for locating obstructions, measuring, and/or to provide better visualization of the urethral passage. Urethral probes intended for cryosurgical procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13644",
      "display": "Exploratory Probes, Uterine",
      "definition": "Exploratory probes designed for introduction through the vagina and into the uterus and that are intended mainly for exploratory purposes. These devices typically consist of a slender metallic or plastic cylinder that may be passed through the cervix. They may be attached to a handle at the proximal end; they can be flexible or rigid. Uterine exploratory probes are intended mainly for examination of the cervix and uterus; they may be also used to determine uterine dimensions."
    },
    {
      "code": "31178",
      "display": "Exsanguination Garments, Pneumatic Tourniquet",
      "definition": "Garments designed for exsanguination of an extremity by applying pressure sequentially from the distal to the proximal end of the garment by means of a compressed gas delivered by a pneumatic tourniquet. These devices typically consist of inflatable hollow garments with several bladders (e.g., three) within the cuff that are inflated and deflated separately in sequence through tubes (e.g., hoses) that run from the bladder connectors to the source of compressed air located in the control unit of the tourniquet. The garment usually includes mechanisms (e.g., zippers) to adapt to different-sized extremities according to the patient and limb characteristics. Dedicated pneumatic tourniquet exsanguination garments are used mainly to obtain and keep a bloodless operating field during surgical procedures in the extremities; dedicated garments for the upper and lower limbs are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31179",
      "display": "Exsanguination Garments, Roll-On",
      "definition": "Garments designed for exsanguination of an extremity by pulling (i.e., rolling) it from the distal to the proximal end of the extremity. These devices typically consist of a tubular elastic sleeve (a stockinette) including a dedicated plastic (e.g., silicone) ring and a set of pulling straps. The garment is placed on the fingers or toes and when the straps are pulled, the sleeve rolls up the limb pushing the blood away. The ring keeps the arteries blocked during  the surgical procedure; at the end of the procedure the ring is removed. Exsanguination roll-on garments are used mainly to obtain and keep a bloodless operating field during surgical procedures in the extremities (e.g., hands or feet)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33484",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for non-invasive treatment of diseases using high energy (shock) waves. These systems consist of equipment that generates and delivers the shock waves using one of several different techniques, such as: (1) electrohydraulic systems using electrostatic (also known as spark-gap) generators that produce shock waves when an electrical discharge between two electrodes submerged in water causes explosive vaporization; equipment using a variant of this method where the electrodes are submerged in a highly conductive solution rather than in water (known as electroconductive generators) is also available; (2) electromagnetic generators where a magnetic field is produced by an electric current conducted through a coil attached to a thin metallic membrane; when the membrane is repelled by the magnetic field, a shock wave is generated; and (3) piezoelectric generators contain an array of several thousand ceramic elements arranged on a spherical dish; when short, high-voltage pulses are applied to the elements, shock waves are generated at the focal point located at the center of the dish. Shock-wave therapy may be intended for use in extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy to fragment stones located in the kidney, urinary tract, gallbladder, and bile and pancreatic ducts by means of pulverizing action of focused shock waves or to induce neovascularization, improve blood supply, or alleviate pain in orthopedic and/or other (e.g., cardiac) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "28049",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electrohydraulic",
      "definition": "External shock wave therapy (ESWT) systems designed to produce shockwaves from spark-gap (also known as electrostatic) generators. These systems consist of a generator that includes a spark-gap electrode; when a high voltage is developed across the electrodes placed on a water-filler tank, the discharge of energy generates a vaporization bubble that expands and then collapses with the result of a high-energy pressure wave (i.e., the shock wave). Electrohydraulic ESWT systems are intended to produce mechanical and biological effects on tissues. Both dedicated systems intended for orthopedic use and other applications and systems that provide strong mechanical effects (i.e., lithotripters) for the destruction of renal and/or gallbladder stones are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34344",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electrohydraulic, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "External shock wave therapy (ESWT) electrohydraulic systems designed for dermatologic procedures. These systems typically consist of an electrically powered main unit (i.e., a console)  that includes electrohydraulic shock wave generators and handpieces with appropriate characteristics (e.g., frequency, energy level) for dermatologic treatments. When a high voltage is developed across the electrodes placed on a water-filler tank, the discharge of energy generates a vaporization bubble that expands and then collapses with the result of a high-energy pressure (e.g., 500 bar) wave (i.e., the shock wave) typically in the ultrasound frequency spectrum . Electrohydraulic ESWT systems are intended to trigger biological actions on the skin and subcutaneous tissue cells; they are used for the treatment of diseases such as wounds and diabetic ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "33486",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electrohydraulic, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "External shock wave therapy (ESWT) electrohydraulic systems designed for orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of an electrically powered main unit that includes electrohydraulic (also known as spark-gap or electrostatic) generators and electrodes with appropriate characteristics (e.g., energy level, electrode shapes) for orthopedic treatments. When a high voltage is developed across the electrodes placed on a water-filler tank, the discharge of energy generates a vaporization bubble that expands and then collapses with the result of a high-energy pressure wave (i.e., the shock wave). Electrohydraulic ESWT systems are intended to trigger biological actions; they are intended for the treatment of diseases such as delayed healing fractures, hip necrosis, plantar fasciitis, and epicondylopathies (e.g., tennis elbow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33487",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electromagnetic",
      "definition": "External shock wave therapy (ESWT) systems designed to produce shockwaves from electromagnetic generators. These systems typically consist of a generator that produces a magnetic field when an electric current circulates through a coil attached to a thin metallic membrane. A shock wave is then generated when the membrane is repelled by the magnetic field. Electromagnetic ESWT systems are intended to produce mechanical and biological effects on tissues. Dedicated systems intended for external fragmentation of renal and gallbladder stones, for orthopedic use, and also for some other applications (e.g., a few dermatologic conditions). Both dedicated systems are intended to produce mechanical and biologic effects for orthopedic use and other applications. Systems that provide strong mechanical effects (i.e., lithotripters) for the destruction of renal and/or gallbladder stones are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26628",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electromagnetic, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Electromagnetic external shock wave therapy (ESWT) systems designed for cardiac procedures. These systems typically consist of an electromagnetic shock wave generator that applies the shock waves only during the refractory period of the cardiac cycle. The generator's energy may be accurately adjusted and controlled across a wide range of values, typically with an energy level several times less than that of systems used for lithotripsy or orthopedic applications. Cardiac ESWT systems include a dedicated applicator to deliver the shock waves to the ischemic areas of the myocardium; they are intended to perform repetitive cardiac treatments to generate new capillary vessels, increasing blood circulation in patients who have severe coronary artery disease and/or refractory angina."
    },
    {
      "code": "25096",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electromagnetic, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Electromagnetic external shock wave therapy (ESWT) systems designed for orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of an electromagnetic generator that produces a magnetic field when an electric current circulates through a coil attached to a thin metallic membrane. A shock wave is then generated when the membrane is repelled by the magnetic field. Orthopedic ESWT systems include an imaging system (e.g., ultrasonic) to follow the therapeutic treatment and an applicator (e.g., an articulated arm), usually filled with water, to deliver the shock wave to the intended area.  Orthopedic ESWT systems are used for orthopedic procedures to alleviate pain; they are also intended for treatment of chronic orthopedic diseases such as plantar fasciitis, lateral epicondylitis, and calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff."
    },
    {
      "code": "28059",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electromagnetic/Pneumatic, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "External shock-wave therapy (ESWT) systems that combine electromagnetic and pneumatic ESWT units designed for use in orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of:  (1) a unit consisting of an electromagnetic generator that produces a magnetic field when an electric current circulates through a coil attached to a thin metallic membrane; a very low frequency (e.g., frequencies up to 15 Hz) shock wave is then generated when the membrane is repelled by the magnetic field; the shock waves are then applied through a radial applicator to provide radial-pressure-wave therapy, and (2) a unit that consists of a compressor used to generate pneumatic ESWT of low frequencies (usually up to 35Hz) that are delivered using an applicator to the affected areas to provide vibration therapy. Electromagnetic (radial) ESWT therapy is used in orthopedic procedures to alleviate pain and treatment of chronic orthopedic diseases (e.g., plantar fasciitis, calcifying tendinitis); pneumatic ESWT (vibration) therapy is intended to trigger body actions such as inhibiting inflammatory mediators, activate cellular defenses, and release of pain mediators."
    },
    {
      "code": "33488",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Piezoelectric",
      "definition": "External shock-wave therapy (ESWT) systems designed to produce shock waves from piezoelectric generators. These systems typically consist of several thousand piezoelectric (ceramic) elements usually ordered in an arrangement similar to a mosaic that are placed in a water-filled tank which are excited by a high-voltage pulse generator. Ultrasonic vibrations, resulting in shock waves, are created by alternating stress/strain changes in the material. Piezoelectric ESWT systems are intended to produce mechanical and biological effects on tissues. Both dedicated systems are intended to produce mechanical and biologic effects for orthopedic use. Systems that provide strong mechanical effects (i.e., lithotripters) for the destruction of renal and/or gallbladder stones are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26633",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Piezoelectric, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Piezoelectric external shock wave therapy (ESWT) systems designed for orthopedic procedures that are mainly intended to alleviate pain. These systems typically consist of a low-power shock wave generator which contains several thousand piezoelectric (ceramic) elements in a two-layer arrangement similar to a mosaic that is aligned to the therapeutic focal points; the ceramic elements are excited by a high-voltage pulse generator. The systems also include intensity level, pulse-shape, triggering, and variable delay setting controls. The therapy is provided using detachable probes to the main unit; the shock wave depth of penetration can be varied by using gel pads of different thickness. These permit the application of the full ESWT or more superficial treatment at pain trigger points and/or areas that may trigger pain in adjacent or distant points of the body (known as trigger point shock wave therapy or TPST)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33677",
      "display": "External Shock Wave Therapy/Ultrasonic Scanning Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that combine an external shock wave (ESW) therapy unit and an ultrasonic scanning (US) system.  These systems typically consist of two main units for external shockwave and ultrasonic scanning, respectively, that are frequently mounted on a dedicated cart. The systems also include a monitor and handpieces for the application of radial, focused, and planar (defocused) shock waves, respectively. The procedures are usually performed using dedicated software. Combined ESW therapy units and US scanning systems are used in a variety of orthopedic (e.g., shoulder pain), surgical, dermatologic (e.g., wound healing), urologic (e.g., prostatitis, erectile dysfunction), rheumatologic and rehabilitative procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12521",
      "display": "Extractors, Metal, Magnetic (Retired)",
      "definition": "Metal extractors designed to pullout small ferromagnetic foreign objects from the eye and/or the surface (e.g., skin) of the body. These devices may consist of a handheld instrument with a magnet at one end and a wire loop at the other end for mechanical extraction; or, less frequently, of an electric unit that includes the electromagnet, a power supply, controls for the intensity of the magnetic field, and switches; usually they also include several detachable probes (e.g., straight, curved) to provide better access and minimum trauma to the eye and/or other points in the surface of the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "16191",
      "display": "Extraoral Orthodontic Headgear",
      "definition": "Orthodontic appliances worn outside of the mouth that are used to apply force to the jaw and teeth. Orthodontic extraoral headgear can be classified as retraction headgear or protraction headgear, which are typically used to treat overjet (i.e., overbites) and underbites, respectively. Retraction headgear usually consists of a strap or straps that go around the neck (cervical pull) or the back of the head (high-pull), which connects to orthodontic appliances attached to the patient's teeth using a facebow. Protraction headgear (i.e., reverse-pull headgear or facemask) typically consists of a wire frame or straps that run down the length of the patient's face from a forehead pad and into a chin cup."
    },
    {
      "code": "15829",
      "display": "Extrication Devices",
      "definition": "Powered, usually hydraulically operated tools (e.g., spreaders, saws, chisels, cutters) that are used to facilitate access to and removal of entrapped victims of automobile accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "11653",
      "display": "Eye Cups",
      "definition": "Small receptacles designed to be filled with water or eye wash solution and placed around the eye socket for the purpose of rinsing or cleansing the eye or applying medication. These cups are typically made of plastic, glass, or rubber, and may be sterile."
    },
    {
      "code": "14329",
      "display": "Eye Valves",
      "definition": "Valves designed to regulate liquid flow between the anterior chamber and the conjunctiva space of the eye by allowing flow when the pressure in the chamber is above a preset value (e.g., 8 to 10 mm Hg). These devices usually are very small (e.g., slit) valves that are frequently implanted in the eye as a component of an eye stent. Eye valves typically are used in patients with advanced glaucoma disease when, despite the use of medication regimens, laser treatments, or a previous glaucoma filtration procedure (trabeculectomy), the addition of a drainage tube and valve is recommended."
    },
    {
      "code": "20371",
      "display": "Eye-Drop Delivery Aids",
      "definition": "Devices designed to deliver eye drops into the eyes from appropriate medication containers (e.g., special bottles). These aids typically include a triggering mechanism (e.g., button) to release the drops, an eye cup to deliver the medicine into the eyes, and some means for coupling with the medication container. Eye-drop delivery aids are intended to facilitate accurate self-administration of medicines (e.g., for glaucoma treatment) into the eyes; they are usually reusable by changing the medication container when empty."
    },
    {
      "code": "28017",
      "display": "Eye-Hand Coordination Assessment/Training Instruments",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed to assess the ability of a patient's vision systems to coordinate with their hands when performing a given task.  These instruments also help train the patient to control and guide their hands.  Included among the variety of instruments used to assess or train vision systems are maze tests, during which the users try to trace a line through a maze without deviating from the borders (usually an audio signal indicates a mistake); mirror tests that provide a simple shape that should be traced on a piece of paper using only a mirror reflection of it as a reference; and pursuit rotor tests. Pursuit rotor tests consist of a circular metal plate marked with a spot near the edge of the plate that is powered by a motor that can speed up or slow down, and a sensor in the turntable. The sensor records the amount of time the users maintain contact and compares that with the amount of time they lose track of the spot in a given period. Eye-hand coordination instruments are intended to evaluate and improve the capabilities of children with strabismus and/or other people who require well-coordinated capabilities for working or to perform other special tasks."
    },
    {
      "code": "27854",
      "display": "Eyeglass Frames",
      "definition": "Devices designed to hold lenses in an appropriate position in front of the eyes. Lens types include corrective lenses, such as prescribed by an eye care specialist (ophthalmologist or optometrist) to assist vision (i.e., vision aids), eye protection (e.g., sunglasses), or nonfunctional for aesthetic purposes. Eyeglass frames are usually available in many colors and are made of metal or plastic or a composite material, such as graphite or titanium, with two arms that are supported by the ears; the arms are hinged at the wearer's temples. Usually, the nose pads that line the frames against the wearer's nose are adjustable for fit; in some eyeglass frames, the bridge that spans the top of the nose between the two lenses is also adjustable for fit."
    },
    {
      "code": "23699",
      "display": "Eyeglass Lens Edgers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to grind the edges of eyeglass lenses to improve fitting to the eyeglass frame. This equipment frequently consists of an automated grinding machine that includes lens holders, grinding and/or polishing wheels, a water supply unit to cool the lens, a scanner to scan and obtain the shape of the eyeglass frame, and a control and data display unit. Manually operated stone grinding wheels are also available. Eyeglass lens edgers are capable of shaping eyeglass lens edges into particular forms, such as flat, grooved, or beveled."
    },
    {
      "code": "32682",
      "display": "Eyeglass Lens Manufacturing Machines, Computer-Aided",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for automated, computer-aided, manufacturing of corrective (i.e., graduated) plastic eyeglass lenses from lens blocks. These machines perform the process by taking the prescription data (e.g., using a bar-code reader) and then: (1) surfacing: shaving layers of plastic from lens blocks appropriate for the requirements of the user (e.g., single-vision, bifocal, progressives) to obtain lenses with the required curvatures and thickness; (2) fining: polishing both sides of the lenses (i.e., by turning the lenses when needed) by mechanical means; (3) edging: reducing the lens to a shape, size, and edge finish (E.G.,  beveled) that fit the chosen eyeglass frames. Some machines can only perform the first two steps or the procedure and require an additional eyeglass lens edger to finish the procedure, When lens coating is required (e.g., to resist scratching, reduce reflection) an additional machine is usually needed to finish the manufacturing process. Some machines may use laser-based technologies for eyeglass lens manufacturing."
    },
    {
      "code": "11667",
      "display": "Eyeglasses",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of two lenses mounted in a frame that holds the lenses in an appropriate position before the eyes to assist vision. The metal or plastic frame is placed on the nose and is attached to two hinged legs that are supported by the ears. The lenses are usually graduated to improve the visual acuity of the user and may be configured as monofocal, bifocal, trifocal, or progressive. Eyeglasses are used mainly as a vision aid (i.e., corrective or assistive eyeglasses), but some dedicated eyeglasses are used to perform special tests (e.g., nystagmus), to protect the eye (e.g., sunglasses), or for aesthetic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "25066",
      "display": "Eyeglasses, Corrective Lens",
      "definition": "Eyeglasses designed with two corrective (i.e., graduated) lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in an appropriate position before the eyes to assist vision (i.e., vision aids). The lenses are usually graduated to improve the visual acuity of the user (e.g., to correct myopia, presbyopia); they may be configured as monofocal, bifocal, trifocal, or progressive.  Dedicated corrective lens eyeglasses that incorporate a set of telescopic lenses intended to correct the vision when the use of standard lenses is not appropriate are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23515",
      "display": "Eyeglasses, Corrective Lens, Telescopic",
      "definition": "Corrective lens eyeglasses designed with an attached set of telescopic lenses to assist the vision of a person whose vision defects cannot be corrected with standard graduated lenses. These eyeglasses include telescopic wide-field lenses that can be manually focused at different distances; the lenses can be changed according to the user's needs. Telescopic lens eyeglasses are usually prescribed according to the characteristics of the eye with better vision. Dedicated telescopic lens eyeglasses with automated distance focusing are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23516",
      "display": "Eyeglasses, Corrective Lens, Telescopic, Automated Focus",
      "definition": "Telescopic lens eyeglasses designed for automated focus adjustment according to the distance of the user's sight. These eyeglasses include telescopic wide-field lenses and a computerized autofocusing unit that measures the focusing distance many times every second to provide a focused image immediately at any distance of about 12 inches (30 cm) or farther. Automated focus telescopic lens eyeglasses are intended to assist the vision of a person whose vision defects cannot be corrected with standard graduated lenses; they are usually prescribed according to the characteristics of the eye with better vision."
    },
    {
      "code": "34357",
      "display": "Eyeglasses, Frames, Trial",
      "definition": "Devices designed to hold lenses in an appropriate position in front of the eyes during an  ophthalmic lens and frames trial procedure.  Trial frames include graduated arcs and a linear rule to determine the lenses' angular positions and to measure the interpupillary distance; the frames usually allow the installation of several (e.g., 3) trial lenses simultaneously. Trial eyeglass frames are used in examination procedures to determine the lenses and eyeglass frame characteristics needed for a particular user, including a good frame adjustment to the nose and ears position."
    },
    {
      "code": "23514",
      "display": "Eyeglasses, Nystagmus Test",
      "definition": "Eyeglasses designed to facilitate tests for evaluation of nystagmus based in the assessment of involuntary movement of the eyes due to external stimuli, such as rotation and/or shaking of the head or by warming and/or cooling the middle ear using liquids or air. These devices are typically eyeglasses with lenses that are capable of magnifying and illuminate the eyes while minimizing fixation during the examination (known as Frenzel lenses); the lenses may be hinged to so they can be folded out of the line of vision. The eyeglasses also include a head strap for secure fixation, batteries, and a lamp to provide internal spectacle illumination, isolating the patient from the environment in a dark room to facilitate observation of his/her eyes. Nystagmus test eyeglasses are typically used to evaluate pathological nystagmus, usually as a result of damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve (which provides hearing and helps with balance), permitting the determination of whether ear nerve damage is the cause of dizziness or vertigo. Nystagmus test eyeglasses that incorporates infrared video cameras to perform videonystagmography tests are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25065",
      "display": "Eyeglasses, Nystagmus Test, Video",
      "definition": "Eyeglasses designed to observe eye movement on a video monitor. These devices typically consist of eyeglass lenses that magnify and illuminate the eyes while minimizing fixation during the examination (known as Frenzel lenses); the lenses may be hinged to so they can be folded out of the line of vision. One or two infrared video cameras are attached to the eyeglasses; the eyeglasses also include a head strap for secure fixation, batteries, and a lamp to provide internal spectacle illumination. Video nystagmus test eyeglasses are used to evaluate for pathologic nystagmus vestibulo-cochlear nerve and to determine whether ear nerve damage may be the cause of dizziness or vertigo. These glasses are usually a component of videonystagmographs."
    },
    {
      "code": "25067",
      "display": "Eyeglasses, Sun/Ultraviolet Protection",
      "definition": "Eyeglasses designed with two lenses that filter out ultraviolet (UV) radiation mounted in a frame that holds the lenses at an appropriate position before the eyes. These eyeglasses typically consist of two protective lenses (e.g., absorbing, tinted, polarizing), a metal or plastic frame that is placed on the nose and attached to two hinged legs that are supported by the earlobes. The lenses may protect from different intensities of UV radiation in a given range of frequencies (e.g., ultraviolet A, B, or both)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23788",
      "display": "Eyelid Weight Sizer Sets",
      "definition": "Collections of different external eyelid weights intended to facilitate the selection of the appropriate weight needed. These devices typically consist of a standard or custom-made set of metal (e.g., tantalum) weights in a range from 0.5 to 3.0 grams, disposable adhesive strips to attach the weights to the exterior of the upper eyelid, and an appropriate container. Eyelid weight sizer sets permit an ophthalmologist to determine the appropriate weight of an external and/or implantable eyelid weight before attachment or implantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18141",
      "display": "Eyelid Weights",
      "definition": "Devices designed to facilitate the movement (i.e., closure) of the eyelids by providing additional weight. These weights are typically a metal (e.g., tantalum, gold, platinum) device that may be attached externally by the patient to the eyelid using adhesive strips or implanted under the upper eyelid conforming to the curvature of the ocular sphere. Eyelid weights are used in the treatment of partial facial paralysis in which the eye cannot be completely closed (i.e., lagophthalmos); their use reduces the risk of ocular exposure and improves the appearance of the face."
    },
    {
      "code": "18142",
      "display": "Eyelid Weights, External",
      "definition": "Eyelid weights designed for external attachment to the eyelid to provide additional weight. These devices are typically metal (frequently tantalum) weights in a range from 0.5 to 2.0 grams that are externally fixed by the patient to the upper part of the eyelid using disposable adhesive strips; they are available in a variety of colors to match patient's skin. External eyelid weights are used in the temporary treatment of partial facial paralysis in which the eye cannot be completely closed (i.e., lagophthalmos) or when the implantation of eyelid weights is not possible or desirable; their use reduces the risk of ocular exposure and improves the appearance of the face."
    },
    {
      "code": "18074",
      "display": "Eyelid Weights, Implantable",
      "definition": "Eyelid weights designed for implantation under the upper eyelid to provide additional weight. These devices are typically metal (e.g., gold, platinum) weights in a range from 0.5 to 3.0 grams that are surgically implanted under the upper eyelid, conforming to the curvature of the ocular sphere. Implantable eyelid weights are used in the treatment of partial facial paralysis in which the eye cannot be completely closed (i.e., lagophthalmos); their use reduces the risk of ocular exposure and improves the appearance of the face."
    },
    {
      "code": "15697",
      "display": "Eyewear, Safety",
      "definition": "Eyeglasses designed to protect the eyes from hazardous mechanical and/or light intensity/frequency conditions, enhancing user safety. Safety eyewear for mechanical protection typically consists of two thick, shatter-resistant, plastic lenses that protect the eyes from flying debris (e.g., blood splatter) mounted in a frame that holds them in an appropriate position before the eyes to assist vision and a metal or plastic frame that rests on the nose with two hinged legs that are supported by the ears; other safety eyewear includes lenses that filter out high-intensity light (e.g., laser beams) and/or ultraviolet light. Safety eyewear is used clinically to protect patients and healthcare providers in situations in which blood and other body fluids are manipulated, laser radiation is produced during therapeutic and surgical procedures, and ultraviolet radiation is used during phototherapy and in some clinical laboratory procedures. Safety eyewear may be also graduated to improve the visual acuity of the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "17650",
      "display": "Eyewear, Safety, Laser",
      "definition": "Protective eyewear used during laser procedures containing filter glass that provides adequate visual transmission with high optical density (attenuation) for the specified laser wavelength with which they will be used."
    },
    {
      "code": "41924",
      "display": "Face Shields, Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Resuscitation face shields are usually small portable sheets of plastic with a small filter that can be placed between persons giving and receiving rescue breaths and are intended to provide a barrier from bacteria and viruses. Resuscitation face shields are designed to be sanitary (often individually wrapped), single-use, and easily carried on the person."
    },
    {
      "code": "16192",
      "display": "Facebows",
      "definition": "Caliper-like devices used to record the positional relationship of the maxillary arch to the temporomandibular joint (or opening axis of the jaw) and to orient dental casts in the same relationship to the opening axis of the articulator."
    },
    {
      "code": "39259",
      "display": "Facial Steamers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to apply hot steam to a patient's face. These devices typically consist of a cart-based, table-top, or handheld unit that incorporates a water reservoir, a steam generator, and a means of directing the generated steam toward the patient. Steam may be directed to the patient via a bendable and/or pivoting arm that can be used to position the steam vent near the patients face or via a mask-/shield-like structure into which the patient's face is placed. Some facial steamers also incorporate an ozone generator to allow the production of ozone gas."
    },
    {
      "code": "22568",
      "display": "Facial Tissues",
      "definition": "Thin, soft, absorbent sheets of paper that are suitable for use on/around the face, e.g., the nose, eyes, mouth, etc. Facial tissues are typically supplied in multiple-use dispenser packs of prefolded tissues, with each tissue designed as a disposable sheet intended for single-use. They have a range of common applications, e.g., for capturing/absorbing mucus, sputum, tears, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "22612",
      "display": "Facility Booms",
      "definition": "Structures suspended from the ceiling, secured to the floor, or securely attached to the wall that are designed to organize and support hospital utility services (e.g., electricity, gas) and medical devices. Structures that are self-contained and mobile are also available. These booms typically consist of a ceiling-, wall-, or floor-mounted structure, or free-standing unit that consists of a support system, a pendant head, and an equipment carrier; they may include medical gas outlets, vacuum inlets, electric power outlets, communication systems, medical device support brackets, and attachments such as suction canisters and intravenous solution hangers. Facility booms are usually installed in operating rooms, intensive care units, cardiac catheterization laboratories, interventional radiology suites, emergency rooms, and other healthcare areas; dedicated booms intended to support operating microscopes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22613",
      "display": "Facility Booms, Ceiling-Mounted",
      "definition": "Facility booms designed to be suspended from the ceiling and intended to organize and support hospital utility services (e.g., electricity, gas) and medical devices. These booms typically consist of a ceiling fixture support system equipped with movable arms, a pendant head, and an equipment carrier. Single support arms allow rotation of the pendant head and some also allow vertical involvement; double movable arms extend the pendant's range. The booms may include medical gas outlets, vacuum inlets, electric power outlets, communication systems, medical device support brackets, and attachments such as suction canisters and intravenous solution hangers. Ceiling-mounted facility booms are usually installed in operating rooms, intensive care units, emergency rooms, and other healthcare areas; dedicated booms intended to support operating microscopes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16000",
      "display": "Facility Booms, Ceiling-Mounted, Operating Microscope",
      "definition": "Structures suspended from the ceiling that are designed to support operating microscopes. These booms typically consist of a ceiling fixture, a support system equipped with a movable arm, a pendant head, and an equipment carrier for the microscope. A steel tube on the ceiling fits the pivot bearing of the support system below it, which generally includes a fixed vertical support arm and a movable single-support arm that allows rotation of the pendant head. The equipment carrier attaches below the pendant and supports the microscope. Operating microscope ceiling-mounted booms are usually installed in surgical rooms and used in procedures such as neurosurgery, microsurgery, and ophthalmology; they may also be installed in dental surgery cabinets."
    },
    {
      "code": "25578",
      "display": "Facility Booms, Floor-Mounted",
      "definition": "Facility booms designed to be securely and permanently attached to the floor and intended to organize and support hospital utility services (e.g., electricity, gas) and medical devices. These booms typically consist of a floor-mounted central support system equipped with movable arms, a pendant head, and an equipment carrier. Single support arms allow rotation of the pendant head and some also allow vertical involvement; double movable arms extend the pendant's range. The booms may include medical gas outlets, vacuum inlets, electric power outlets, communication systems, medical device support brackets, and attachments such as suction canisters and intravenous solution hangers. Floor-mounted facility booms are usually installed in operating rooms, intensive care units, catheterization and other special procedure areas, emergency rooms, and other healthcare areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "22617",
      "display": "Facility Booms, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "Facility booms designed to be suspended from a structure attached to the wall and intended to organize and support hospital utility services (e.g., electricity, gas) and medical devices. These systems typically consist of a structure that is secured to the floor and walls with minimal ceiling support and telescopic single or double supported arms; they may include medical gas outlets, vacuum inlets, electric power outlets, communication systems, medical device support brackets, and attachments such as suction canisters and intravenous solution hangers. The arms of the system can be stored against the wall when not in use to provide extra space in the room; the system provides enough flexibility to place a bed in the most convenient position in the room. Wall-mounted facility booms are usually installed in intensive care units, neonatal intensive care units, emergency rooms, and other healthcare areas; dedicated systems intended for specific areas (e.g., intensive care units) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18797",
      "display": "Fasteners, Helical",
      "definition": "Fasteners that consist of a helical, springlike device that can be threaded spirally (comparable to a screw) using an appropriate tool; they are typically used to fix implants to tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "18507",
      "display": "Fasteners, Helical, Surgical Mesh",
      "definition": "Helical fasteners designed for mesh fixation (fastening) using laparoscopic techniques.  These fasteners consist of a helical, springlike device, typically 4 mm in diameter and with a depth of penetration of 3.8 mm.  Surgical mesh helical fasteners are threaded  spirally to penetrate tissue and body structures using an appropriate instrument; they are used in laparoscopic herniorrhaphy procedures (e.g., to fix the mesh to the pubic bone) to prevent mesh migration."
    },
    {
      "code": "17789",
      "display": "Fasteners, T, Percutaneous Gastrostomy",
      "definition": "T-fasteners designed to appose the anterior gastric wall to the anterior abdominal wall. These fasteners consist of a metal T-bar, usually with a plastic (e.g., nylon) suture attached to it. These devices are typically positioned within a longitudinal side slot in a needle; the needle with the suture is introduced into the gastric lumen. The T-bar is then moved into the lumen, the suture is pulled back against the stomach wall, and a cotton pledget anchors it outside the abdominal wall. Percutaneous gastrostomy T-fasteners are used to facilitate the insertion of gastrostomy tubes via gastropexy procedures and to prevent the separation from the anterior abdominal wall in the event that the tube is dislodged."
    },
    {
      "code": "32818",
      "display": "Feces Collection Bags",
      "definition": "Collection bags designed for capturing feces from natural bowel movements or that can be fixed to rectal or colon indwelling catheter as part of a catheterization kit intended for management of incontinence. Feces collection bags may include drainage capabilities to allow transfer of feces to other containers or for disposal of feces into a toilet."
    },
    {
      "code": "18506",
      "display": "Feeding Tube Patency Restorers",
      "definition": "Devices used to remove obstructions from (i.e., restore the patency of) enteral nutrition feeding tubes. Occlusion of the feeding tube can result from several causes, including inappropriate administration of medications, viscous formulas, poor flushing techniques, and aspiration of gastric or intestinal contents. The irrigation of chemical solutions without special devices is also used in declogging feeding tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18593",
      "display": "Feeding Tube Patency Restorers, Flushing",
      "definition": "Feeding tube patency restorers that flush liquid to remove obstructions to occluded feeding tubes. These devices usually include a catheter of appropriate diameter and length (e.g., a 5 Fr catheter up to 1.40 m in length), an applicator, and a syringe for flushing the clog with water or another solution (e.g., saline). Some devices include a prefilled syringe for administration of declogging solution before flushing. Flushing patency restorers are used to remove obstructions in gastrostomy and gastrostomy-jejunal feeding tubes; they can also be used to restore patency in nasogastric and nasojejunal feeding tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18592",
      "display": "Feeding Tube Patency Restorers, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Feeding tube patency restorers that use mechanical forces to remove obstructions of occluded feeding tubes. These devices usually consist of a soft threaded mechanism that can be introduced into the tube and then rotated to bore the clog; they are available in a range from 10 to 24 Fr diameter and 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 inches) in length. Other devices include an endoscopically inserted cytology brush. Mechanical patency restorers are used to remove obstructions in gastrostomy and gastrostomy-jejunal feeding tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "11684",
      "display": "Fenestrometers",
      "definition": "Instruments used primarily for measuring ear drum performance, (e.g., during myringotomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33945",
      "display": "Fermenter/Bioreactors",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to provide optimum conditions for microorganisms and/or cell fermentation processes (including culture) under controlled, frequently anaerobic, conditions. This equipment typically consists of a main unit (also known as a bioreactor) and a reusable or single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chamber (also known as a vessel). The main unit is an electromechanical apparatus with a mechanism (e.g., stirring, shaking, rocking, waving) that provides movement to the fermenter chamber (vessel), a heating system (e.g., heat exchanger, water-jacket), and process controls. The unit may also include other devices, such as pumps, mixing devices, and grinders. Fermenters/bioreactors are used in laboratory procedures performed on bacteria, fungi, yeast and other microorganisms and/or in plant, insect, and mammal cells (including human cells); some bioreactors are used in industrial procedures including manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. Small equipment used in research laboratories are usually called fermenters while larger equipment used in industrial installations are mainly known as bioreactors. Dedicated equipment intended for use only in microbiology and/or cell culture as well as equipment that works using single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chambers is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33963",
      "display": "Fermenter/Bioreactors, Cell Culture",
      "definition": "Fermenters/bioreactors designed for use in cell culture procedures to provide optimum conditions for cell fermentation processes (e.g., culture) under controlled, frequently anaerobic, conditions. This equipment typically consist of a main unit (also known as a bioreactor) and a reusable fermentation chamber. The main unit is an electromechanical apparatus with a mechanism (e.g., stirring, shaking, rotatory) that gently provides movement to the fermenter chamber (vessel) containing the fragile cells; the unit also includes process measuring and control devices (e.g., dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, foam level). Some equipment may also include other devices, such as pumps, mixing devices, and filters.  Cell culture fermenters/bioreactors may also provide in-situ sterilization options for the fermentation chamber. Dedicated equipment that works using single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chambers is also available. Cell culture fermenters/bioreactors are used for laboratory fermentation procedures mostly performed in plant, insect, and mammal cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "33972",
      "display": "Fermenter/Bioreactors, Cell Culture, Single-Use Chamber",
      "definition": "Fermenters/bioreactors designed to provide optimum conditions for cell fermentation processes (including cell culture) under controlled, frequently anaerobic, conditions in a single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chamber. This equipment typically consist of a main unit (also known as a bioreactor) and one or more single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chambers (vessels). The main unit is an electromechanical apparatus with a mechanism (e.g., stirring, shaking, rotatory) that gently provides movement to the fermenter chamber (vessel) containing the fragile cells; the unit also includes process measuring and control devices (e.g., dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, foam level). Some units may also include other devices, such as pumps, mixing devices, and filters. Single-use chamber cell culture fermenters/bioreactors are used for fermentation procedures mostly performed in plant, insect, and mammal cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "33949",
      "display": "Fermenter/Bioreactors, Microbiology",
      "definition": "Fermenters/bioreactors designed to provide optimum conditions for microorganism fermentation processes (including culture) under controlled, frequently anaerobic, conditions. This equipment typically consists of a main unit (also known as a bioreactor) and a reusable fermentation chamber. The main unit is an electromechanical apparatus with a mechanism (e.g., stirring, shaking, rotatory) that provides strong and vigorous movement and large quantities of air to the fermenter chamber (vessel) and also includes process controls (e.g., dissolved oxygen, pH); the unit may also include other devices, such as pumps, mixing devices, and grinders.  Some equipment provides in-situ sterilization options for the fermentation chamber. Microbiology fermenters/bioreactors are used for fermentation procedures performed in bacteria, fungi, yeast and other microorganisms in laboratories and industrial manufacturing. Dedicated equipment that works using single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chambers is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33958",
      "display": "Fermenter/Bioreactors, Microbiology, Single-Use Chamber",
      "definition": "Fermenters/bioreactors designed to provide optimum conditions for microorganism fermentation processes under controlled, frequently anaerobic, conditions in a single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chamber. This equipment typically consists of a main unit (also known as a bioreactor) and one or more single-use (i.e., disposable) fermentation chambers (vessels). The main unit is an electromechanical apparatus with a mechanism (e.g., stirring, shaking, rotatory) that provides strong and rigorous movement to the fermenter chamber and includes process controls; the unit may also include other devices, such as heating elements, pumps, and a level controller. Single-use chamber microbiology fermenters/bioreactors are used for fermentation procedures performed in bacteria, fungi, yeast and other microorganisms in clinical and research laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "21945",
      "display": "Fetal Decapitators",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to decapitate fetuses. These instruments typically include a wire saw blade covered at each end with a rubber sheath to prevent damage to the surrounding maternal tissues, handles at both ends, and a thimble used to pass the wire saw behind the fetal head. Decapitation is performed by pulling the blade back and forth along the fetal neck. Fetal decapitators are typically used during obstetrical procedures when the fetus is not viable or to protect the mother's life during difficult labor. Other instruments used for fetal decapitation include dedicated hooks and forceps, as well as wire-type manual saws."
    },
    {
      "code": "41847",
      "display": "Fiber Photometry Systems, Animal",
      "definition": "Systems designed to monitor fluorescent signals via a fiber-optic cable coupled to a cannula that is implanted in a research animal. Their principal components are a stable light source, broadband filters, optical cannula and fiber, a photodetector or camera, appropriate electronics to process the detector signal, and software. The optical fiber allows light to be delivered and retrieved. The acquired signal is then collected by an externally positioned imaging device (photodetector or camera). Fiber photometry systems are usually used to monitor neurons labeled with fluorescent markers."
    },
    {
      "code": "28561",
      "display": "Fiberoptic Cable Caps, Energy Diffusion",
      "definition": "Caps designed for covering the extreme end of a fiberoptic light cable to diffuse the intense light energy emitted by the cable tip when the cables are not in active use. These caps usually consist of an optical translucent and heat resistant plastic (e.g., Teflon, polysulfone) and metals (e.g., stainless steel) that may be temporarily attached and detached to the light cable end several times using an adapter, making the cap temperature low enough to allow manual touch without risk of burns. Energy diffusion fiberoptic cable caps are mostly used during minimum access (e.g., laparoscopic) procedures to reduce the risk of burns to patients and healthcare staff, also reducing the risk of fire when the cable contacts the surgical drapes or is placed in oxygen rich environments. Both reusable caps (which can be re-sterilized) and pre-sterilized disposable caps (intended for single-use) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11700",
      "display": "Fibrillators",
      "definition": "Electric or electronic devices designed to induce fibrillation of  the heart. These devices include cardiac and/or intracardiac electrodes and a power unit that can deliver a variable  electric output of several volts (typically up to 12 volts) at low frequencies (e.g., 50, 60, 85 Hz); they may be line or battery operated. Fibrillators are used for controlled fibrillation of the heart during open heart surgery or in electrophysiology studies to test the effectiveness of therapy by intentionally inducing  fibrillation in patients who normally have cardiac arrhythmias."
    },
    {
      "code": "39661",
      "display": "Fiducial Markers, Implantable, Image-Guided Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be implanted in or near lesions for the purpose of targeting the treatment beam during image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) procedures. These devices consist of materials that are able to be visualized by one or more imaging methods (e.g., magnetic resonance, radiographic, ultrasonic); frequently they consist of small pieces of bare metal (e.g., gold, titanium); however, fiducial markers consisting of carbon, polymeric materials, and metal/polymer combinations are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17695",
      "display": "Field Strength Meters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure and display the power density of the field (i.e., field strength) in a given range of frequencies (e.g., from a few Hertz to a few Giga Hertz). These instruments are typically portable devices that consist of an electronic unit with controls and filters that permit a selection of the range of frequencies to be measured; electronic circuits; an internal or external antenna; and a display that shows the power density (typically in microwatt/cm2) . Field strength meters are used in health care facilities to determine possible electromagnetic radiation interference with medical device function and to help localize the source of interference."
    },
    {
      "code": "11701",
      "display": "Files",
      "definition": "Devices with a finely serrated edge used to form or to smooth surfaces."
    },
    {
      "code": "11702",
      "display": "Files, Bone",
      "definition": "Metal devices with a roughened surface for shaping bones."
    },
    {
      "code": "11703",
      "display": "Files, Callous",
      "definition": "Files designed to be rubbed back and forth over the skin in order to remove hardenings that protrude above the skin (e.g., callous)."
    },
    {
      "code": "40810",
      "display": "Files, Endodontic",
      "definition": "Manually operated files used for cleaning and shaping root canals during endodontic therapy. Endodontic files are classified by the shape of their cross section and their flexibility. They are usually color coded by size. These files are commonly made of stainless steel or nickel-titanium."
    },
    {
      "code": "17670",
      "display": "Films, Postsurgical Adhesion Inhibition",
      "definition": "Films (e.g., oxidized regenerated cellulose, sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose) designed to act as a temporary barrier inhibiting postsurgical adhesion between tissues and organs. These films are placed on the surface of tissues and organs at the end of surgery, before surgical close, and are typically resorbed by the body in a short period (e.g., several days or weeks). Postsurgical adhesion inhibition films are mostly used in pelvic and gynecologic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "15140",
      "display": "Filter Papers",
      "definition": "Disposable (single-use) papers appropriate for removing particles (i.e., filtration), typically from liquids and gels. General-purpose cellulose fiber filter papers are used mainly for clarifying and removing particles in gravity and/or low-suction procedures; they can usually retain particles of micron or larger. Papers intended for filtration are typically available in a variety of shapes and sizes (e.g., rectangle, square, circle, fluted circle for use in a conical funnel); they are frequently classified as fine (1 to 3 microns), medium (3 to 10 microns), or coarse (more than 20 microns) according to the particle size they can retain. Filter papers are used in a variety of procedures performed in clinical laboratories; dedicated filter papers are available for use in vacuum filtration systems and for low-ash or ashless paper filtration."
    },
    {
      "code": "11711",
      "display": "Filters, Air",
      "definition": "Filters designed to remove unwanted material from the air stream that passes through them. Filters may be designed for particulate filtration and/or gas and vapor removal (air cleaning), the mechanisms for particulate filtration and/or gas-phase removal are very different from each other. Air filters are used in many different equipment, including air cleaners and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Small disposable filters (e.g., cartridges, canisters) are used in respirators and masks for personal protection."
    },
    {
      "code": "20718",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Gas/Vapor",
      "definition": "Air filters designed to remove gas and vapors from the air stream. These filters use either physical adsorption and/or chemisorption for gas and vapor removal. They are typically composed of highly porous materials (e.g., carbon, polymer) that may be either chemically active (e.g., using strong oxidizers) or not. Some air gas/vapor filters combine mixed and/or layered sorbents to permit the removal of a broad range of contaminants. Gas/vapor filters are used to reduce odors and common gaseous contaminants in healthcare facilities; specialized filters can be used to remove toxic industrial chemicals and/or chemical agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20721",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Gas/Vapor, Chemical Agent",
      "definition": "Gas/vapor air filters designed to remove chemical agents from the air stream. These filters use gas sorbents according to the expected agent (e.g., nerve, blister) and the prevalent conditions (e.g., contaminant concentration, molecular weight and size, temperature); currently copper-silver-zinc-molybdenum-triethylenediamine (ASZM-TEDA) is considered the most appropriate sorbent for chemical agents. Chemical agent gas/vapor filters are used in air cleaning systems designed for permanent facilities and/or temporary emergency shelters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20722",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Gas/Vapor, Chemical Agent, Mask/Respirator Cartridge",
      "definition": "Gas/vapor filters consisting of small cartridges containing substances (e.g., copper-silver-zinc-molybdenum-triethylenediamine, ASZM-TEDA) that can absorb and/or destroy chemical (e.g., cyanogens chloride, phosgene, sarin) agents in gaseous or aerosol form from the air as they pass through. These cartridge filters are disposable devices intended for protection against a limited number of exposures to contaminating agents. Chemical agent protection cartridges are used in respirators and masks to prevent the chemical agent from reaching the respiratory mucosa, the eyes, and the face of the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "20719",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Gas/Vapor, Toxic Industrial Contaminant",
      "definition": "Gas/vapor air filters designed to remove toxic industrial contaminants (TIC's) from the air stream. These filters use gas sorbents according to the expected contaminants and the prevalent conditions (e.g., contaminant concentration, molecular weight and size, temperature); typically activated carbon, zeolites, alumina, or polymer sorbents are used. TIC chemical agent gas/vapor filters are used in air cleaning systems designed for permanent facilities and/or temporary emergency shelters during industrial accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20720",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Gas/Vapor, Toxic Industrial Contaminant, Mask/Respirator Cartridge",
      "definition": "Gas/vapor filters consisting of small cartridges containing substances (e.g., activated carbon) that can absorb and/or destroy toxic industrial contaminants (e.g., chlorine dioxide, ammonia) in gaseous or aerosol form from the air as they pass through. These cartridges are disposable devices intended for protection against a limited number of exposures to contaminating agents. Toxic industrial material protection cartridges are used in respirators and masks to prevent the toxic material from reaching the respiratory mucosa, the eyes, and the face of the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "20713",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Particulate",
      "definition": "Air filters that are intended to remove either solid or liquid particulates (i.e., aerosols) from the air stream. These filters may perform either mechanical or electrostatically enhanced filtration. Mechanical filters are typically composed of fibers (e.g., cotton, fiberglass, polyester) woven together tightly; the particles are caught as the air passes through (i.e., perpendicular) to the woven material. Electrostatic filtration uses electrostatically enhanced (i.e., polarized) fibers that attract and retain particulates.  Special filters intended to remove very fine particles and droplets are available; they are used in air filtration and cleaning systems to remove airborne pathogens and to obtain a clean environment (e.g., clean rooms) and/or laminar air flow conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20715",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Particulate, High-Efficiency",
      "definition": "Particulate air filters designed to remove very fine particulate from the air, typically 99.97% of particles larger than 0.3 micron. These filters usually consist of pleats of filter medium separated by rigid sheets of corrugated paper or aluminum foil; most high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters direct the flow of air in a uniform parallel pattern (laminar flow). HEPA filters are used to obtain very low particulate environments in places such as clean rooms, patient isolation chambers, and laminar air hoods; they are also used in high efficiency air cleaners. High-efficiency particulate air filters can remove most aerosolized biological agents and radioactive particles."
    },
    {
      "code": "20714",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Particulate, Low-Efficiency",
      "definition": "Particulate air filters designed to remove coarse particulate from the air, typically 90 to 95% of particles larger than 1.0 micron. These filters usually consist of pleats of a filter medium separated by rigid sheets of corrugated paper or aluminum foil. Low-efficiency air filters remove most common air contaminants such as dust, pollen, spores, tobacco smoke, and most bacteria from the environment; they are not effective for removing sub micrometer particles. Low-efficiency particulate air filters are used mainly in home air filtration systems and as prefilters to protect the mechanical components of the air filtration/cleaning systems in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20717",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Particulate, Mask/Respirator Cartridge",
      "definition": "Particulate filters consisting of small cartridges containing materials that remove particulates (e.g., smoke, biological aerosols, radioactive particulates) from the air as they pass through. They do not offer protection from radiation. Cartridge filters usually consist of a set of fibers (e.g., cotton, fiberglass, polyester) woven together tightly; the particles are caught as the air passes through (i.e., perpendicular) to the woven material. Particulate filtration cartridges are intended for use in masks and/or personal respirators."
    },
    {
      "code": "20716",
      "display": "Filters, Air, Particulate, Ultra-Low Penetration",
      "definition": "Particulate air filters designed to remove ultra fine particulate from the air. These filters usually consist of pleats of filter medium separated by rigid sheets of corrugated paper or aluminum foil; most ultra low penetration air (ULPA) filters direct the flow of air in a uniform parallel pattern (laminar flow). ULPA filters are similar in construction and appearance to high efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters but with a filtering medium with higher retention of the smaller micro particles; they typically remove 99.999 of particles bigger than 0.12 micron. ULPA filters are used to obtain the maximum possible air cleanliness (minimum particulate environment) that characterize classes 1 and 10 (i.e., less than 1 and 10 particles per cubic foot respectively) clean rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "11712",
      "display": "Filters, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Filters designed to retain bacteria from a circulating current of fluid (gas, liquid, or both); some filters can also retain several types of viruses. Bacteria filters can retain very small particulates; they are intended for uses such as filtering inspiratory gases in patient care devices (e.g., ventilators, tracheostomy tubes), especially in patients whose upper respiratory tract has been bypassed; avoiding cross-contamination between isolated patients and the environment; and filtering inspired air in biological (chemical) masks used in contaminated areas. Bacteria filters are also used in water purification processes. Dedicated bacteria filters are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they may include connectors for attachment to devices such as masks and ventilation systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "11713",
      "display": "Filters, Blood",
      "definition": "Filters designed to remove particles from blood. These filters are typically made of porous material that removes blood clots and/or foreign particles (i.e. debris) from circulating blood, permitting easy passage with minimum damage to blood components. Blood filters may be placed internally in the patient's circulatory system (i.e., intravascular) or externally to filter blood that is infused into the patient, frequently from an extracorporeal device (e.g., hemodialysis unit, cardiopulmonary bypass unit, hemofiltration device). Intravascular filters may be intended for temporary use (e.g., in the carotid artery during surgery) or as a permanent implant (e.g., vena cava filters); filters intended for external infusion of blood into the arteries may also be able to trap air bubbles."
    },
    {
      "code": "11718",
      "display": "Filters, Blood, Vena Cava",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be implanted temporarily or permanently in the inferior vena cava for the purpose of capturing large clots, preventing them from traveling to the lung where they could cause pulmonary embolism. Vena cava filters typically consist of a metallic (e.g., nitinol, stainless steel, titanium) apparatus that is placed within the inferior vena cava using dedicated catheter-based deployment systems. When deployed in the vena cava, these filters occlude the vessel sufficiently to capture large blood clots while maintaining normal blood flow. Vena cava filters may be designed to be permanently implanted or may be designed to be retrieved with a dedicated catheter-based retrieval system when the risk of pulmonary embolism has decreased."
    },
    {
      "code": "37202",
      "display": "Filters, Electric Signal",
      "definition": "Filters designed to remove unwanted frequency components (i.e., frequency ranges) from an electrical signal in an electronic circuit, passing through desired frequency ranges while attenuating undesired frequency ranges. Electronic signal filters may be passive or active. Passive filters generally consist of resistors, capacitors, and inductors and do not require external power. Passive filters only remove certain frequencies from the electrical signal and cannot add energy to the circuit or control the current passing through the circuit. Active filters in addition to resistors, capacitors, and inductors include components that can increase the power of the electrical signal (i.e., amplifiers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17580",
      "display": "Filters, Heart-Lung Bypass Priming",
      "definition": "Filters that are used before the heart-lung bypass unit is connected to the patient but after the bypass unit is loaded (primed) with circulating fluid, usually a physiologic solution or blood substitute.  The system is run, in a closed circuit, and the filters serve to clean out any particles that might have been inadvertently left within the pumping circuit.  The priming filters are then removed and the unit is connected to the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "17598",
      "display": "Filters, Hemoconcentration",
      "definition": "Filters used in heart-lung bypass to remove crystalloid particles from the priming solution and concentrate the patient's blood before taking the patient off the bypass unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "11716",
      "display": "Filters, Intravenous Tubing",
      "definition": "Filters used to remove microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and particulate matter (e.g., fibers, drug precipitates and residues, and fragments of glass, metal, and rubber) from solutions. Some filters are designed to remove air from infusion lines."
    },
    {
      "code": "17850",
      "display": "Filters, Pheresis",
      "definition": "Filters designed to separate plasma from cellular components during manual or automated procedures performed to separate, collect, and reinfuse blood (i.e., pheresis procedures). These devices are typically a microporous (usually with 0.2- to 0.6-micrometer pores) membrane filter similar to those used in hemodialysis units. Pheresis filters are intended for manual procedures and/or in automated pheresis (e.g., plasmapheresis, leukapheresis) units used in healthy blood donors and/or for therapeutic purposes (e.g., treatment of blood diseases and cancer).  Dedicated filters intended for the removal of bacteria, microorganisms, and/or particles are also used in pheresis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "39555",
      "display": "Filters, Sound",
      "definition": "Filters designed to remove unwanted frequency components (i.e., frequency ranges) from signals in the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz (i.e., the audio spectrum). Sound filters typically pass through desired frequency ranges while attenuating undesired frequency ranges. Some sound filters may be capable of passing (either serially or in real-time) multiple frequency bands, splitting the audio signal into separate components. Sound filters are frequently supplied as a component of or are used with sound level meters."
    },
    {
      "code": "14352",
      "display": "Filters, Ventilator",
      "definition": "Devices used to prevent dust and bacteria from reaching the patient's airway, or to prevent exhaled bacteria from entering the atmosphere during mechanical ventilation.  Ventilator filters are typically housed in plastic and may be constructed of paper, fibrous material, or copper threads."
    },
    {
      "code": "26792",
      "display": "Filtration Systems, Intravascular Procedure",
      "definition": "Filtration systems designed to trap emboli and/or other debris that is liberated during intravascular procedures using a distal filter. These systems typically include a hollow guidewire, a membrane filter, delivery and/or retrieval sheaths, and a mechanism to actuate the filter. The system filter is routed through the artery and deployed distal to the lesion to be treated; after the procedure is finished the filter is retrieved (usually through a retrieval sheath) and removed from the vasculature. Some systems are based on the use of delivery and retrieval catheters or other similar technologies. Intravascular procedure filtration systems are used temporarily during deployment of stents or catheter balloons; some dedicated filtration systems are only intended for a particular application (e.g., carotid artery, saphenous vein graft)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17987",
      "display": "Filtration Systems, Semen",
      "definition": "Systems incorporating a filter that separates motile sperm from nonmotile sperm and seminal fluid for use in intrauterine insemination and other forms of assisted reproduction techniques.  In some systems, the semen is filtered through a Sephadex filter, a mechanical matrix filter."
    },
    {
      "code": "11719",
      "display": "Finger Cots",
      "definition": "Sheaths designed to be worn on fingers or thumbs as protective covers. They are tissue-thin and tear-resistant, made of latex or nitrile, made anti-static or static dissipative, and can be lightly powdered or powder-free. Finger cots are intended to serve as protective covers to keep contamination, moisture, and dirt out of small cuts, burns, blisters, abrasions, or stitches on the patient's fingers. They are also for use by caregivers or health personnel for inserting suppositories, applying ointments, creams, and medication, or during rectal examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "40546",
      "display": "Fingerprint Scanners",
      "definition": "Electronic scanners designed to capture information from analog friction ridges and valleys on the skin and process that information into a digital form that computers can store, process, and compare to existing data. These scanners can use different sensors to obtain the fingerprint information, such as optical, capacitive, ultrasound, or thermal sensors. Fingerprint scanners can also be used for hand printing and foot printing."
    },
    {
      "code": "40545",
      "display": "Fingerprinting/Footprinting/Handprinting Supplies",
      "definition": "Supplies, such as inkpads, chemical wipes, and identification forms, used to obtain an impression of the friction ridges of fingers, feet, and/or palms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20888",
      "display": "Fire Extinguishers, Portable",
      "definition": "Portable devices designed to extinguish a fire, often in an emergency situation. These devices consist of a pressurized container of fire-suppressing material (e.g., dry chemical compounds, water, deionized water mist, carbon dioxide) that, when discharged, can extinguish a fire. Various types of portable fire extinguishers are used in healthcare facilities. They can be categorized by an accepted class rating based on the types of fires they are designed to extinguish (e.g., Class A, B, or C, and multiclass) or by the fire-suppressing material used to extinguish the fire (e.g., water, dry chemicals, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, foam, carbon dioxide). Various sizes of portable fire extinguishers are typically available (e.g., 2.5 lb [1.13 kg], 5 lb [2.27 kg], 10 lb [4.53 kg], 20 lb [9.07 kg]). Some portable fire extinguishers are designed for use in specific healthcare environments (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]-compatible fire extinguishers, which are made of stainless steel and can be safely used in an MRI suite). The  type of extinguisher used in a particular healthcare setting should be selected based on of the fire risks present in the area to be protected."
    },
    {
      "code": "11726",
      "display": "Fittings/Adapters",
      "definition": "Parts that connect two or more component ends, tubing, or different devices. They can be used to couple connectors that are incompatible in size, shape, or type. They are typically used to connect tubing and equipment and devices for the transfer of fluids and gases."
    },
    {
      "code": "11729",
      "display": "Fittings/Adapters, Luer",
      "definition": "Small-bore, friction based, leak-proof connectors designed to connect tubing, needle, syringes, and equipment for the transfer of fluids and gases. Luer slip fitting consists of a 6% conical-taper and a mating tapered cavity. A Luer lock fitting consists of a Luer slip fitting with locking threads."
    },
    {
      "code": "25131",
      "display": "Fixed Loop Instruments",
      "definition": "Manual handheld instruments that consist of a metallic wire or plastic fixed loop at the distal end and that are designed to manipulate small objects, substances, or tissues. Fixed loop instruments may be used for surgical procedures (e.g., ophthalmic), clinical laboratory procedures (bacterial inoculation of culture media), or other procedures (e.g., hard cerumen extraction) requiring fine manipulation using a solid loop."
    },
    {
      "code": "35261",
      "display": "Fixed Loop Instruments, Dental, Subgingival Administration",
      "definition": "Fixed loop instruments designed for administration of medicines under the gums (i.e., subgingival) during dental procedures. These instruments typically consist of handheld devices with a metallic wire or plastic fixed loop at the distal end and a handle. Fixed loop gingival dental instruments are mainly used to administer medication in the crevice between the gum margin and the neck or root of a tooth."
    },
    {
      "code": "25148",
      "display": "Fixed Loop Instruments, Ear Canal",
      "definition": "Fixed loop instruments designed for extraction of secretions or small objects from the external ear canal. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld instrument with a small, fixed, rigid, wire loop at its distal tip attached to a handle for easy manipulation (e.g., Billeau ear loop); both reusable (i.e., metallic) and single-use (i.e., plastic) devices are available. Ear canal fixed loop instruments mainly are used for extraction of hard but thin ear cerumen (i.e., earwax) or foreign objects from the ear canal; some devices are intended for attachment to light sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "15155",
      "display": "Fixed Loop Instruments, Laboratory, Inoculating",
      "definition": "Fixed loop instruments designed to deliver very accurate small volume (e.g., 1, 10 microliters) samples during clinical laboratory procedures. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld instrument made of a metal alloy (e.g., platinum-iridium, nickel-chromium), rigid, metallic wire or plastic loop attached to a slender handle. Instruments including metal loops are usually reusable, while those with plastic loops are usually disposable. Inoculating fixed loop instruments are used in clinical laboratories and in the field for bacterial inoculation (e.g., accurate inoculums volume to culture media), as well as in procedures such as sampling, serial dilutions, and urine counts."
    },
    {
      "code": "14075",
      "display": "Fixed Loop Instruments, Surgical, Cardiovascular Occlusion",
      "definition": "Fixed loop instruments designed for temporary occlusion of large vascular and cardiac structures to control bleeding during surgical procedures (also known as cardiovascular tourniquets).  These instruments typically consist of a manual hollow tube with a proximal handle and a detachable stylet placed inside. The stylet includes at the distal end an exposed loop used to temporarily occlude large vascular and/or cardiac structures. The instrument may be intended for handheld use or it may include a ratchet mechanism that permits attachment to the body, avoiding the need of manual holding during the procedure. Cardiovascular occlusion surgical fixed loop instruments are used in cardiothoracic surgery to avoid bleeding in procedures such as repair of heart valves and treating of large vessels after traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "12394",
      "display": "Fixed Loop Instruments, Surgical, Endarterectomy",
      "definition": "Fixed loop instruments designed to grip and shear arteriosclerotic deposits from the lumen of an artery wall during surgical procedures. These instruments typically consist of a fixed rigid wire loop attached to a handle which rotates freely to avoid the application of torsion forces to the loops; the shearing action is typically achieved by pulling the loops through the artery. Endarterectomy fixed loop instruments may incorporate a shear force gauge designed to measure and limit the pulling force applied to the loops."
    },
    {
      "code": "12319",
      "display": "Fixed Loop Instruments, Surgical, Eye Lens",
      "definition": "Fixed loop surgical instruments designed for eye lens extraction and manipulation and/or irrigation of eye tissues during ophthalmic procedures. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld instrument with a small, fixed, rigid, metallic wire loop (frequently serrated) at its distal tip and a handle for easy manipulation; the instrument may also include a channel (e.g., cannula) for eye irrigation from an external irrigator. Lens fixed loop instruments (i.e., lens loops) are used in a variety of ophthalmic surgery procedures requiring accurate gentle manipulation of delicate tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "15030",
      "display": "Flasks, Dewar",
      "definition": "Containers (flasks) designed for temporary storage of cryogenic liquids. These flasks typically are a double vessel container consisting of two metallic or glass vessels nested one inside the other and sealed together at the neck; the opposing surfaces of the two vessels are covered with metal or other reflective coating to avoid heat transmission by radiation. The insulated inner vessel contains the cryogenic liquid at very low temperatures (typically up to -200 degrees C/-328 degrees F or less). Vacuum in the space between the vessels provides insulation to minimize heat transfer to the liquid from the environment due to convection and/or conduction; the container should include a vent line for slow release of the gas from the slowly boiling cryogenic liquid due to the higher room temperature, especially when the container is not used for a long period of time. Large capacity Dewar flasks (30, 50 liter capacity or more) are used in supply centers and in most large healthcare facilities for storage of cryogenic gases before their distribution; smaller flasks are used for particular applications (e.g., cryosurgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11736",
      "display": "Flicker-Fusion Units",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed to measure critical flicker frequency (CFF), the transition point at which the visual sensation of an intermittent light (i.e., flicker) disappears, becoming stable for the observer, as indicated by the patient response at the points (i.e., the frequency value) at which he or she can perceive flickering and can no longer perceive flickering. The devices usually consist of variable frequency light sources, digital controls, an LCD display, and eyepieces.  Flicker-fusion units are intended for assessment of a variety of problems (e.g., trauma, drug effects, alcoholism) as they are reflected in the visual function."
    },
    {
      "code": "40966",
      "display": "Floor Buffers",
      "definition": "Machines with a horizontal rotating head to which a round pad or brush attaches that dislodges dirt, strips floor finishes, and/or polishes the floor surface.  Floor buffer heads can rotate at speeds of 175 revolutions per minute (RPM) up to 3,000 RPM, and units can have an adjustable speed. These machines can be walk behind, ride on, or robotic. Floor buffers are usually powered by electricity or propane. Some floor buffers have the ability to collect dust created by polishing. Most floor buffers can be equipped with different pads and brushes for scrubbing, polishing, and removing floor finishes. Floor buffers may be used to apply protective coating to floors."
    },
    {
      "code": "15831",
      "display": "Floor Mats",
      "definition": "Mats used on the floor to help prevent fatigue, slipping, skidding, and to help trap moisture or dirt. Floor mats are often made of rubber but can also be made from other materials (e.g., woven fabrics, plastics). They often include holes, grooves or ridges to provide traction and trap water, grease, oil or dirt. Some floor mats have antibacterial properties. Thicker spongy floor mats may be used to help prevent fatigue from standing for long periods of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "11740",
      "display": "Floor Mats, Antibacterial",
      "definition": "Floor mats that help stop the spread of bacteria by trapping and/or killing it. Most antibacterial floor mats have a sticky surface and when someone walks on it, dirt and bacteria on the soles of their shoes are removed and remain on the mat. Some of these mats also include germicide on the surface which kills bacteria. These sticky mats can be disposable or reusable; once dirty, the disposable type can be discarded and replaced with a new mat; the reusable types can be washed. Another type of antibacterial floor mat consists of a mat with rubber teeth on the surface and edges that are higher on the sides than the bottom of the mat, creating a well into which disinfectant is poured. The disinfectant kills bacteria and users also rub their shoes over the rubber teeth on the surface of the mat to physically remove dirt, debris, and bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "22547",
      "display": "Floor Mats, Antiskid",
      "definition": "Floor mats designed to prevent people from slipping or sliding. These mats are usually flat synthetic or fabric sheets made of non-slipping polymeric materials or with a non-slipping contact surface layer (e.g., by incorporating small tips and/or suction cups) permanently attached at the bottom; the mats are typically oil and/or grease resistant. Antiskid floor mats have a variety of uses including assisting in patient transfer and preventing slipping in bathtubs and vehicle floors."
    },
    {
      "code": "40967",
      "display": "Floor Scrubbers",
      "definition": "Machines that dispense cleaning solution, scrub the floor surface to clean off dirt, and remove the cleaning solution and dirt. Floor scrubbers have a scrubbing head, a flat rubber-edged blade (squeegee), a cleaning solution dispensing tank, and a collection tank. Some floor scrubbers have the ability to sweep the floor before scrubbing. These machines can be walk behind, ride on, or robotic. They can be used to clean indoor or outdoor surfaces."
    },
    {
      "code": "40968",
      "display": "Floor Sweepers",
      "definition": "Machines that use brushes to clear away dirt and debris from floors. Floor sweepers have two or more brush heads and a container to collect the debris. These machines can be walk behind, ride on, or robotic. They can be used to clean indoor or outdoor surfaces."
    },
    {
      "code": "11746",
      "display": "Flowmeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine the flow rate of a fluid (i.e., liquid, gas) that circulates through an anatomic structure (e.g., vessel, airway, organ) or a conduit (e.g., tube, pipe). Flowmeters may be mechanical or powered instruments and measurements are based on electromechanical, laser, electromagnetic, or ultrasound techniques and may include computerized capabilities. Dedicated flowmeters are used in healthcare facilities to measure the flow rate of blood, respiratory gases, and urine flow in anatomic natural ducts; other flowmeters are intended to measure flow during inspection, repair, and calibration of medical devices or medical gas systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "10430",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood",
      "definition": "Flowmeters designed to measure the rate and the volume of blood flow through a particular organ (e.g., liver, brain, heart) or vessel of the circulatory system. Most blood flowmeters measure blood flow transcutaneously in all vessels except those blocked by bone or air (i.e., outside the skull or thorax). Some instruments have probes that are placed directly on a blood vessel during surgical procedures; other probes are threaded through a catheter to measure blood flow from inside a blood vessel. Dedicated electronic blood flowmeters are available using a variety of techniques, including electromagnetic, ultrasound, and laser devices; some external instruments using ultrasonic and near infrared spectography can perform non-invasive blood flow measurements inside the cranium (i.e., transcranial flowmeters). Blood flowmeters are intended for applications such as the assessment of air embolism, atherosclerosis, varicose veins, and venous thrombosis; they are also used to measure blood flow after coronary artery bypass, organ transplant, and other vascular reconstructive surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "10431",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood, Electromagnetic",
      "definition": "Blood flowmeters designed for invasive measurement of blood flow electromagnetically. These devices are based in the principle that when an electrical conductor moves through a magnetic field a voltage is induced on the conductor; in these flowmeters blood is the moving electric conductor, a catheter (placed in or around a blood vessel) with a magnetic probe provides the magnetic field, and electrodes are used to detect the induced voltage in the blood. The typical configurations is an electromagnet powered by an external power source and a C-shaped lumen (i.e., cuff) probe and a catheter with electromagnetic probes at their tips that are introduced into the vessels for intravascular instruments. Electromagnetic blood flowmeters mainly are intended to measure and facilitate the blood flow in vessels after coronary artery bypass, organ transplant, and other vascular reconstructive surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "16903",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood, Laser",
      "definition": "Blood flowmeters designed to measure blood flow using the Doppler principle applied to a laser beam. These flowmeters typically consist of a laser source (e.g., diode laser) and a fiberoptic cable to transmit the monochromatic light to a probe that illuminates the tissue under testing. The light reflected by the tissue is sent back through a second cable to a photodetector in the measuring instrument; the light frequency shift is a measure of the blood flow velocity (Doppler effect).  Laser flowmeters can measure perfusion in the superficial portion of any tissue or inside the tissue if a small probe is inserted below the surface of the tissue. The instruments are available in single and dual-channel configurations; they are frequently used during surgical and endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18019",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood, Magnetic Resonance",
      "definition": "Blood flowmeters designed for non-invasive measurement of blood flow using nuclear magnetic resonance principles; the instrument typically senses magnetic resonance signals (typically at frequencies between a few MHz to 100 MHz) from the blood resulting from the application of a magnetic field; it measures blood flow volume through a cross section of the limb at defined intervals. These flowmeters are available in two main types. One type has a cylindrical coil configuration suitable for blood flow measurements through a cross-section of a limb and a second type, less frequently used, includes flat cross-coil detectors that can measure blood flow at almost any surface of the body. Nuclear magnetic resonance instruments can measure independently of vessel depth under overlying tissue, calcified arteries, or outer clothing. The intended applications of the instruments include quantifying the results of angioplasty, atherectomy, and bypass procedures; confirming suspected ischemia; helping to assess the results of diet, exercise, and medication therapy; and determining if limb claudication or pain has a vascular circulation origin."
    },
    {
      "code": "16237",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood, Radioactive Tracer, Cerebral Xenon Clearance",
      "definition": "Blood flowmeters designed to assess regional cerebral hemodynamics by measuring the concentration changes of a radioactive xenon tracer (e.g., Xe-127, Xe-133) previously administered either by inhalation or by intravenous injection.  These units typically consist of a set of scintillation detectors, controls, computerized circuits, and a display that shows numerical and graphical results (e.g., the xenon clearance curve). The results (e.g., the cortical and deep brain tissue blood flow) are automatically calculated from the clearance curve. Xenon clearance cerebral blood flow evaluations are used to assess cerebrovascular disease, head trauma, epilepsy, stroke, and other pathological conditions in the fields of neurology and psychiatry."
    },
    {
      "code": "10432",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Blood flowmeters designed to measure blood flow using ultrasound frequency (typically several megahertz) waves, either continuously or in pulses (using the Doppler effect). These flowmeters typically consist of a radiofrequency generator, cables, a probe with ultrasound transducers, controls, and a display and have computerized capabilities. In those instruments that use pulsed ultrasound waves, the wave reflected by the blood is sent back to the measuring instrument and the frequency shift is a measure of the blood flow velocity (Doppler effect); instruments that use continuous waves include two separate crystals: one to create and deliver ultrasound waves and the second to detect the reflected (i.e., echo) wave. Dedicated ultrasound blood flowmeters are available to perform noninvasive measurements (using a probe placed against the skin close to the target vessel) that may include vessels inside the cranium (i.e., transcranial measurements); invasive measurements (using a very tiny probe placed in direct contact with the vessel); or minimally invasive measurement (a ring-shaped probe placed at the tip of a catheter is introduced into the vessel). Instruments using a flow-sensor clamp to measure blood flow in external tubing during cardiopulmonary bypass and/or other procedures involving in vivo external processing of blood are also available. Clinical applications include diagnosis and/or treatment of air embolism, atherosclerosis, postphlebitic syndrome, varicose veins, or venous thrombosis. Some devices can also estimate left ventricular function at rest or during exercise by measuring flow through the aortic arch."
    },
    {
      "code": "35816",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood, Ultrasonic, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Flowmeters designed for the measurement of blood flow during surgical procedures.These flowmeters typically use transit time flow measurement (TTFM) to assess blood flow in vessels. TTFM employs small probes that are positioned in close proximity to the blood vessel to be assessed. Typically, the probes contain two piezoelectric crystals that function as both ultrasound transmitters and receivers and a reflecting plate. During the procedure, the probe is positioned such that the crystals are aligned with the direction of blood flow in the vessel (i.e., one upstream of the other) and the reflecting plate is facing the two crystals on the opposite side of the vessel. A series of ultrasound pulses is generated by each crystal, reflected by the reflecting plate, and received by the other crystal. The transit time of the pulses between the crystals is influenced by flow within the vessel, and TTFM flowmeters calculate the flow rate from the difference in upstream versus downstream transit times. Some of these flowmeters incorporate additional modalities such as ultrasound imaging and/or Doppler ultrasound-based flow velocity detection. Intraoperative ultrasonic blood flowmeters are typically used to assess vessel and/or graft patency during cardiac procedures (e.g., coronary artery bypass grafting), peripheral vascular procedures (e.g., carotid endarterectomy), or organ transplant procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23418",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Blood, Ultrasonic, Transcranial",
      "definition": "Flowmeters designed for non-invasive (i.e., transcranial) measurement of blood flow in the main brain arteries; the instruments typically process the spectrum of the shift of pulsed ultrasound waves (i.e., Doppler effect) reflected by blood movement to assess the blood velocity. These flowmeters typically consist of a unit including a radiofrequency generator, electronic circuits to process the signal including computerized capabilities and a dedicated software, cables, a probe with ultrasound transducers, controls, and a display; the flowmeters are also available in portable versions. Transcranial ultrasonic blood flowmeters may be used for external assessment of blood flow in any major artery of the body; they are particularly used for evaluation of blood flow in intracranial (e.g., anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral) arteries intended to detect emboli and diagnose vasospasm and stenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "11748",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Gas",
      "definition": "Flowmeters designed to measure the rate of gas flow that circulates through an anatomic structure (typically the airways) or the conduits of a medical device (e.g., anesthesia machine) or medical gas system. Gas flowmeters are frequently powered instruments with computerized capabilities that measure flow using electromechanical, laser, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and/or other techniques. Gas flowmeters are used in healthcare facilities to measure oxygen, air, and/or other respiratory gas flows; instruments intended to measure and/or calibrate gas flow in medical devices (e.g., ventilators, anesthesia machines) or medical gas systems during inspection and/or calibration procedures are also available, frequently as an integral part of dedicated equipment testers (e.g., pneumatic testers). Dedicated instruments intended primarily to measure respiratory gas volume (i.e., spirometers) and flow in diagnostic tests are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24783",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Gas, Inspection/Maintenance",
      "definition": "Gas flowmeters designed to measure the gas flow rate through pipes or equipment tubing for the inspection and/or maintenance of medical devices. These instruments are typically mechanical or electronic instruments with a digital display that may use one of several measuring techniques (e.g., ultrasound, electromagnetic) and different ranges of measuring capacity (e.g., 0.1 to 1 L/min for anesthesia units, 1 to 15 L/min for gaseous lasers, 10 to 50 L/min for aspirators, and up to 250 L/min for medical gas/vacuum systems). Simpler instruments (variable area flowmeters, also known as rotameters), consisting of a vertical tapered glass tube containing a cone or ball that is pushed by the moving gas stream and lowered by gravity measuring flow by the position of the ball in the graduated tube, are also available. Inspection/maintenance gas flowmeters are used to assess gas circulation during inspection, preventive maintenance, and/or field calibration of medical devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "24775",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Gas, Respiratory",
      "definition": "Gas flowmeters designed to measure the rate of inhaled and/or exhaled gases (i.e., respiratory flow or breathing) by the lungs. Breathing flowmeters are typically powered instruments, frequently with computerized capabilities, which measure flow using electromechanical, laser, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and/or other techniques. Dedicated breathing flowmeters intended to measure the flow of specific gases (e.g., oxygen, anesthetics), frequently used with or attached as an integral part of a particular device (e.g., oxygen cylinder) and/or equipment (e.g., anesthesia machine), are available. Dedicated instruments intended to measure only the peak expiratory flow are also available, and other devices intended to measure both volume and flow of respiratory gases are usually known as spirometers. Some respiratory gas flowmeters are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] environments, i.e., MRI-compatible oxygen flowmeters, MRI-compatible air flowmeters, and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "24781",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Gas, Respiratory, Anesthetic/Medical Gas",
      "definition": "Respiratory flowmeters designed to measure the rate and amount of anesthetic (e.g., nitrous oxide, halothane) and/or other medical gases delivered to a patient breathing circuit during general anesthesia or diagnostic procedures. These flowmeters are electronic devices with a digital display, which measure flow using electromechanical, electromagnetic, or ultrasonic techniques, or variable area flowmeters (also known as rotameters) that consist of a vertical tapered glass tube containing a cone or ball that is pushed by the moving gas stream and lowered by gravity allowing the measurement of flow by the position of the ball in the graduated tube. One or more anesthetics gas flowmeters are typically integral components of the gas dispensing unit of an anesthesia machine or pulmonary diagnosis equipment; dedicated stand-alone breathing gas flowmeters (usually for special evaluations, calibration, and/or research) are also available. Some flowmeters may include a control valve as an attachment that regulates the flow of the gas delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "25074",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Gas, Respiratory, Medical-Air",
      "definition": "Respiratory flowmeters designed to measure the flow rate and volume of medical air delivered to a patient from a medical gas system or other appropriate supply source via appropriate devices. Medical air flowmeters are typically mechanical or electromechanical instruments that are placed in the low pressure section of the medical air supply."
    },
    {
      "code": "24782",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Gas, Respiratory, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Respiratory flowmeters designed to measure the flow rate and amount of oxygen delivered to a patient from a medical gas system or oxygen cylinder via appropriate devices. Oxygen breathing flowmeters are typically mechanical or electromechanical instruments that are placed in the low-pressure section of the oxygen supply, usually after a pressure regulator in high-pressure oxygen supplies (e.g., high-pressure oxygen cylinders). Oxygen respiration flowmeters are intended for use with a variety of oxygen-delivery systems, including those that use nasal cannulae or face masks on the patient. Some flowmeters may include a control valve as an attachment that regulates the flow of oxygen (typically to provide a preestablished constant flow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15965",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Gas, Respiratory, Peak Expiratory Flow",
      "definition": "Breathing flowmeters designed to measure the maximum rate of expiratory gas flow from the lungs, usually at the beginning of the expiration. These flowmeters typically consist of a manual, handheld instrument with a tube for patient exhalation, an easy-to-grip handle, and a calibrated scale that shows the value of the peak flow. Peak respiratory gas flowmeters are intended for periodic self-evaluation of respiratory status and to help in the treatment of patients suffering from asthma and, less frequently, of patients with chronic respiratory disorders (e.g., emphysema)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24785",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Intravenous Infusion Rate",
      "definition": "Flowmeters designed to measure the infusion rate of fluids during gravity intravenous administration. These devices frequently consist of photometric instruments employing technologies that include light sources and optical sensors close to the drip chamber and drop-counting algorithms, and displays to show the infusion rate in drops or mL/min and/or the total volume infused in a given time. Infusion rate flowmeters are typically used with gravity administration sets."
    },
    {
      "code": "24784",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Liquid, Inspection/Maintenance",
      "definition": "Flowmeters designed to measure the rate and, frequently, the volume of liquid flowing through a pipe or equipment tubing for the inspection and/or maintenance of medical devices. These instruments are typically powered devices for the external measurement of liquid flow, typically in a range up to 10 mL/min, using several techniques (e.g., ultrasound, electromagnetic). Simpler instruments (variable area flowmeters, also known as rotameters), consisting of a vertical tapered glass tube containing a cone or ball that is pushed by the moving fluid stream and lowered by gravity measuring flow by the position of the ball in the graduated tube are also available. Inspection/maintenance liquid flowmeters are used to assess liquid circulation during inspection, preventive maintenance, and/or field calibration of medical devices such as heart-lung bypass units and infusion pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "14308",
      "display": "Flowmeters, Urine",
      "definition": "Flowmeters designed to measure the rate of urine flow from a patient, typically by delivering spontaneous urination through a special funnel or from an indwelling bladder catheter that is connected to the flowmeter.  Some instruments can also determine volume, peak flow, delay, voiding times, and maximum and average flow rates. These flowmeters typically include a mechanical or electromechanical measuring unit, probes with appropriate transducers that are frequently placed at the base of a commode chair, urine collection reservoirs (usually for urine volume measurement), a funnel, and a graphic display. Urinary flowmeters may be intended for measurement during normal urination and/or from an indwelling catheter. Disposable single-piece flowmeters intended to facilitate patient self-evaluation of urinary constriction or obstruction are also available; they typically consist of a transparent tube with a profiled orifice at the base. Urine flowmeters help in the evaluation of the lower urinary tract function and/or in determining whether normal urine flow is obstructed."
    },
    {
      "code": "27747",
      "display": "Fluorescence Imaging Systems, Angiographic",
      "definition": "Imaging systems that use near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging to visualize blood flow in vessels and tissue perfusion. These systems typically consist of a laser light source that acts as an excitation light source, a near-infrared sensitive camera system, a processing console, and a monitor. After the patient is injected with a contrast agent [e.g. Indocyanine Green (ICG)], laser light source illuminates the surgical field with low intensity, invisible, infrared light, causing the ICG to fluoresce. The camera system detects the fluorescing ICG as it spreads into the vascular system or the lymphatic system or accumulates in a specific area. The system enables the detection of the fluorescent markers through a few millimeters of biological tissue and allows visualization of the area of interest on the display in real-time. The data is processed using a software and shown in the monitor display as images of the blood flow in vessels and/or tissue and organ perfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "34645",
      "display": "Fluorescence Imaging Systems, Angiographic, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Angiographic fluorescent imaging systems designed to obtain angiographic images of blood flow during laparoscopic procedures. The systems are used to provide real time endoscopic visible images and also fluorescent images of blood flow in vessels and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "23517",
      "display": "Fluorescent Plates, Ionizing Radiation Alignment",
      "definition": "Plates designed to become fluorescent temporarily when activated by ionizing radiation (i.e., photons and electrons). These devices consist of a plate with a substrate typically made of acrylic or polycarbonate and a fluorescent material; the plate displays permanent graduated (e.g., in centimeters or inches) marks showing the active radiation field areas a short time after the radiation is turned off. The use of appropriate filters avoids activation of the phosphor by other light sources. Ionizing radiation alignment plates are intended to align the radiation field in relation to the treatment table during periodic quality assurance measurements according to established standards and/or recommendations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16193",
      "display": "Fluoride Gel Trays",
      "definition": "Receptacles, typically made of Styrofoam, used to apply fluoride topically to the teeth.  The patient bites down on a tray that has been filled with a fluoride gel or solution."
    },
    {
      "code": "15141",
      "display": "Fluorometers",
      "definition": "Filter photometers that determine the emission of electromagnetic radiation from a substance at one wavelength after the substance has absorbed radiation at another wavelength.  These instruments usually determine the presence of fluorescent compounds by placing the sample in a beam of light (most frequently ultraviolet), where fluorescent compounds are excited, emitting visible light.  Their principal components are a stable light source (e.g., a mercury vapor lamp), a dispersing filter that removes visible light from the excited beam, a sample cuvette (glass for excited wavelengths above 320 nm, otherwise quartz), a secondary filter that removes scattered light from the beam, and usually a photomultiplier tube as a detector."
    },
    {
      "code": "18433",
      "display": "Fluoroscopic Units",
      "definition": "Units that include an x-ray source to irradiate the portion of the patient to be examined and a fluorescent screen on which an image is projected reflecting the internal structure of the irradiated patient region.  Fluoroscopic units permit observation in real time; thus the organs can be seen in motion.  Most current fluoroscopic units use electronic image intensification and form the image on a television screen; this procedure eliminates irradiation of the operator and provides a clearer image than that seen on a fluoroscope screen.  Fluoroscopic units do not include patient supports (e.g., tables) or any other additional devices for computerized image processing or transfer."
    },
    {
      "code": "18434",
      "display": "Fluoroscopic Units, Portable",
      "definition": "Fluoroscopic units that consist of a portable power supply and an x-ray source (e.g., an x-ray generator), with a conventional tungsten x-ray tube and a screen in an attached examination device.  Portable fluoroscopic units are designed to assess injured people before transporting them and in remote places or emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "17533",
      "display": "Fluoroscopic Units, Portable, Radioactive Isotope",
      "definition": "Portable fluoroscopic units that use a radiation isotope as the x-ray source instead of a conventional x-ray generator. These units typically are handheld and operated; they permit the observation of small parts of the body (e.g., hands, feet, joints).  Radioactive isotope fluoroscopic units are used to assess injured people before transport, in pediatric medicine, and in remote places or emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "37436",
      "display": "Food Guards",
      "definition": "Transparent panels or canopies mounted above a food serving system as a sanitary barrier to protect against airborne contaminants. Food guards are usually constructed of aluminum or stainless steel frames with glass or acrylic panes. Additionally, food guards can be portable or mounted. Portable models are freestanding or secured with brackets, and mounted models are permanently secured to a table or accompanying food service system. Food guards can be single-sided, which only allows access to the food from one side, or double-sided, which allows access from both sides."
    },
    {
      "code": "39541",
      "display": "Food Mixers",
      "definition": "Electrical kitchen appliances that use a gear-driven mechanism to maneuver agitators in a bowl containing the food to be prepared. There are two types of commercial mixers: planetary mixers and spiral mixers. A planetary mixer has an agitator that turns on an offset shaft that rotates around the mixing bowl, which remains stationary. Planetary mixers can have interchangeable agitators, such as a mixing paddle, dough hook, and whisk. A spiral mixer has a spiral, or corkscrew, shaped agitator. The bowl of the spiral mixer rotates as the spiral hook spins in a stationary position. Mixers come in both tabletop and floor models."
    },
    {
      "code": "37428",
      "display": "Food Preparation Stations",
      "definition": "Units that have cold food pan storage and a flat workspace area on top and a refrigerated cabinet underneath and that are used by food service staff to assemble foods such as salads, sandwiches, and pizzas. The workspace is usually fitted with a removable cutting board. The cold food pans on most models are cooled with air from the refrigerator beneath. The refrigerated base portion below can be used to store extra pans or bulk items. The width of prep tables can range from 25 inches to 120 inches, and they can have a cutting board depth of 8 inches to 20 inches. Bases are equipped with doors or drawers or both. Most preparation stations utilize self-contained refrigeration systems and will be able to store ingredients at temperatures between 33 and 41 degrees F. These refrigeration systems can be side-, front-, or rear-mounted. Many prep tables are constructed from stainless steel, but might also have galvanized steel, aluminum, or ABS plastic parts. This equipment might also be mounted on casters."
    },
    {
      "code": "39536",
      "display": "Food Processors",
      "definition": "Electric food appliances with the ability to slice, chop, grind, shred, puree, grate, and dice food using a set of interchangeable blades revolving inside a container. The base of the unit houses a motor, which turns a shaft. Cutting blades are attached to the shaft. The lid of the food processor container has a chute, or hopper, also known as a \"feed tube,\"  to add ingredients. Continuous feed food processors allow the user to constantly supply the unit with food as it operates while the processed food is expelled through a tube into a separate pan or other vessel."
    },
    {
      "code": "39515",
      "display": "Food Service Accessory Holders, Dining",
      "definition": "Individual or interlocking bins, racks, caddies or other containers that may incorporate one or more shelves that are used to hold accessories in the dining area of food services. The holders can have movable dividers and many different configurations. They are designed to hold items such as prepackaged condiments, flatware, napkins, straws, and other utensils."
    },
    {
      "code": "37432",
      "display": "Food Serving Systems",
      "definition": "Units that are used to serve food and designed to keep hot food heated and cold food chilled to serving temperatures outside of the zone where bacteria can grow. Food service systems can be hot food bars, cold food bars, or combination hot-and-cold food bars. Food service systems can be configured as buffet equipment to let patrons serve themselves, set up in a serving line for food service staff to serve patrons, or used to display \"grab-and-go\" items like bottled drinks and packaged snacks. Food serving systems are available as freestanding units, countertop buffet warmers, or drop-in wells, which are all meant to be used with food pans. Freestanding units may be portable carts or tables. Countertop buffet warmers are placed on a countertop and plugged in for operation, and drop-in wells are installed into the countertop via an appropriately sized cutout. Hot food bars can be operated with either electric or gas; sometimes hot food serving systems use steam to keep food heated. Cold food serving systems are cooled by a refrigeration system or with ice."
    },
    {
      "code": "37325",
      "display": "Food Steamers",
      "definition": "Cooking equipment that is a cabinet with one or more compartments that hold food pans or baking trays and uses direct steam to cook or bake food. Steamers use an electric or gas-powered boiler or heating elements to produce steam or use direct steam produced from an outside source. Pressure steamers have well-sealed cabinets that undergo a rise in pressure when they are filled with steam and can cook at temperatures between 230 degrees F and 240 degrees F. Pressureless steamers operate at atmospheric pressure, cooking food at 212 degrees F as the steam circulates in the cooking chamber; sometimes these units have a fan to force convection of the steam. Steamers can be countertop, wall-mounted, or floor models. They can have various controls such as an on/off switch, timer, boiler temperature, and/or power modes."
    },
    {
      "code": "15802",
      "display": "Food Trays",
      "definition": "Flat open containers (i.e., trays) designed for holding, separating, carrying or serving food. These trays can be made of different reusable materials such as wood, metal, glass, fiberglass, and ceramics or disposable materials including plastic, paper, foam and cardboard. Food trays can come in varied shapes and sizes to serve different needs. They may be divided into several sections and may have built-in handles. Food trays are mainly used in healthcare facilities by inpatients, visitors and staff; they are also used for in-home care."
    },
    {
      "code": "15798",
      "display": "Food Trays, Disposable",
      "definition": "Trays designed for single use to hold, separate, carry or serve food. These trays are used once and then discarded; they can be made of plastic, paper, foam or cardboard. Disposable food trays can come in varied shapes and sizes to serve different needs. They may be divided into several sections and may have built-in handles. Food trays are mainly used in healthcare facilities by inpatients, visitors and staff; they are also used for in-home care."
    },
    {
      "code": "15799",
      "display": "Food Trays, Reusable",
      "definition": "Trays designed for multiple uses to hold, separate, carry or serve food. These trays are used and then washed for future use; they can be made of wood, metal, glass, fiberglass or ceramics. Reusable food trays can come in varied shapes and sizes to serve different needs. They may be divided into several sections and may have built-in handles. Food trays are mainly used in healthcare facilities by inpatients, visitors and staff; they are also used for in-home care."
    },
    {
      "code": "16309",
      "display": "Foot Arch Tracing Units",
      "definition": "Units for tracing the outline of the arch of the foot or footprints."
    },
    {
      "code": "24898",
      "display": "Foot Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable devices specifically designed for surgical reconstruction and/or fixation of the foot anatomy. These implants typically consist of sterile solid elastomer (e.g., silicone), plastic (e.g., high-molecular-weight polyethylene), or metal (e.g., titanium) or a combination of these materials; the implants may include plates, screws, and other mechanical components. Some implants may consist of or include absorbable biomaterials. Dedicated foot implants are used for several procedures, including fracture repair and hammertoe fixation and correction of subtalar instabilities and/or deformities (e.g., flat foot). Foot implants are intended to restore the functional capacity of the feet; they are usually delivered using special kits designed for each specific type of implant and/or procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "24899",
      "display": "Foot Implants, Fracture",
      "definition": "Foot implants specifically designed for the repair and/or fixation of foot fractures. These implants typically consist of fixation plates or variable thicknesses and angle stabilization and a set of screws and other mechanical components. Dedicated implants are available for fixation of the posterior portion of the foot, including the talus and calcaneus (i.e., the hind foot). Foot implants are also available for fixation of forefoot fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24901",
      "display": "Foot Implants, Subtarsal",
      "definition": "Foot implants designed for stabilization of the subtalar joint; blocking forward, downward and medial displacement of the talus thus allowing normal motion of the joint. These implants are available in plastic (e.g., high weight polyethylene), biologic materials (i.e., allograft) or metals (e.g., titanium). Subtarsal implants can be various shapes, such as angled discs (that may be cemented) placed on the surface of the calcaneus; domes that are placed in a hole in the dorsal surface of the calcaneus; wedges for medial cuneiform opening wedge osteotomies and calcaneal osteotomies; and conic implants placed and threaded in the space between the calcaneus and talus (i.e., sinus tarsi). Temporary implants (also known as endorthosis) that are usually threaded in the sinus tarsi and that consist of a combination of titanium and polyethylene intended for removal after joint stabilization are also available. Subtarsal foot implants are used in a variety of orthopedic treatments, including subtalar instability, flat foot, deformities associated to tibial tendon dysfunction, and severe pronation."
    },
    {
      "code": "39550",
      "display": "Foot Impression Foam",
      "definition": "Synthetic foam designed to make an accurate negative reproduction of the plantar surface of a patient's foot or feet. Foot impression foam is typically supplied as a rectangular block of compressible foam. To take an impression, a patient's foot is placed on top of the block and downward pressure is applied to sink the foot into the foam, creating a mold of the patient's foot. Foot impressions captured in the foam blocks are used in the manufacture of personalized orthotics and/or prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "11771",
      "display": "Footstools",
      "definition": "Furniture typically consisting of a platform covered with nonskid (e.g., rubber) material that is mounted on a chromed or stainless steel tubular low structure (e.g., 20 to 30 cm height).  Footstools are used for supporting the feet of a seated patient or as an aid for a patient to reach a high surface such as a bed or table."
    },
    {
      "code": "11772",
      "display": "Footstools, Conductive",
      "definition": "Footstools designed to provide good electrical conductivity from the foot-supporting platform to the floor. These footstools typically consist of a platform covered with a conductive material (e.g., conductive rubber) that is mounted on a low, tubular structure (typically 20 to 30 cm [8 to 12 inches] tall); the conductive material usually covers also the footstool leg tips. Conductive footstools are used on conductive surfaces of operating rooms to avoid accumulation of electrostatic charge on patients and/or healthcare staff, minimizing the risk of electric shock."
    },
    {
      "code": "18791",
      "display": "Footstools, Handrail",
      "definition": "Footstools that include a tubular metallic structure, typically with the shape of an inverted U (handrail), that facilitates patient equilibrium while standing on the footstool.  The handrail height is typically more than 75 cm (30 inches).  Handrail footstools are used for patient safety (e.g., to help patient get off crutches and get into bed); sometimes they are also used as support for exercise."
    },
    {
      "code": "11621",
      "display": "Footstools, Two/Three-Step",
      "definition": "Footstools that include platforms at two or three different heights (i.e., two or three steps); some include a low-level step and a high-level step, while others include two low-level steps and a central high-level platform.  These stools are either made of wood or consist of a tubular metallic structure with a nonconducting material (e.g., rubber, plastic) covering the supporting platforms.  Two/three-step stools assist patients getting on and off treatment and examination tables; they are also used for testing exercises and for foot examination."
    },
    {
      "code": "41936",
      "display": "Footswitches",
      "definition": "Devices for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical circuit that are foot activated. Footswitches can control the power function of a medical device, as well as control speed, direction, and irrigation functions. They are operated by applying pressure, tapping, or pushing the pedal and pads on the footswitch. Footswitches enables the operator to use both hands in the application of an electrical device, e.g., power systems or electrosurgical unit. Footswitches can be wired or wireless devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "34562",
      "display": "Force Myographs",
      "definition": "Myographs designed to measure and record data and graphics (i.e., a myogram) of the forces and/or related movements produced by muscular contraction. These instruments may consist of several different technologies, including technologies based on pressure or tension transducers that are applied to the muscles (e.g., using a cuff around the limbs) and deliver an electric output signal as a result of the muscular contraction; the signal is then processed and displayed on a monitor display. Force myographs are used when a direct assessment of the muscle forces is required or desirable."
    },
    {
      "code": "11774",
      "display": "Forceps",
      "definition": "Instruments that consist of two handles or sides, either joined or separate, each attached to a blade, that are used during surgical procedures to handle, compress, join, pull, grasp, hold firmly, or exert traction upon tissue, equipment, or supplies that are inconvenient or impractical to seize with the fingers.  They are usually constructed of stainless steel.  Different types of forceps are used during procedures in the following categories: surgery, dentistry, dermatology, gastroenterology, gynecology, home care, internal medicine, nephrology, neurosurgery, obstetrics, oncology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, pathology, plastic surgery, pulmonary medicine, and urology."
    },
    {
      "code": "11775",
      "display": "Forceps, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Forceps used to seize, cut, and collect biopsy specimens from tumors or other diseased tissue during surgical and diagnostic procedures.  They typically are comprised of two joined handles, each attached to a sampling jaw (with smooth, serrated, or toothed-jaw cutting edges), and a stabilizing needle or spike between the sampling jaws to seize and stabilize the specimen. They can be reusable or single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "16268",
      "display": "Forceps, Biopsy, Flexible Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Forceps used to seize, cut, and collect biopsy specimens from tumors or other diseased tissue when attached to a specially-designed flexible endoscopes during endoscopic surgical and diagnostic procedures.  They consist of two joined handles each attached to a sampling jaw (with either smooth, serrated, or toothed-jaw cutting edges) and a stabilizing needle or spike between the sampling jaws to seize and stabilize the specimen. They can be reusable or single-use.  There is also hot biopsy in which the sampling jaws are electrically warmed before collecting the specimen sample; that type of forceps has a diathermic handle."
    },
    {
      "code": "16269",
      "display": "Forceps, Biopsy, Rigid Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Forceps used to seize, cut, and collect biopsy specimens from tumors or other diseased tissue when attached to a specially designed rigid endoscope during endoscopic surgical and diagnostic procedures.  They consist of two joined handles, each attached to a sampling jaw (with smooth, serrated, or toothed-jaw cutting edges), and a stabilizing needle or spike between the sampling jaws to seize and stabilize the specimen. They can be reusable or single use.  In hot biopsy, the sampling jaws are electrically warmed before collecting the specimen sample; these forceps have a diathermic handle."
    },
    {
      "code": "15670",
      "display": "Forceps, Bone",
      "definition": "Forceps designed for use during orthopedic surgery. These forceps can be used to manipulate, extract, and grasp bones. Bone distraction forceps have jaws designed to distract (force apart) two bone surfaces. Bone holding forceps are used to grasp and hold a bone during an open surgical procedure especially when treating fragile bones such as smaller phalangeal and metacarpal bones. Bone cutting forceps have strong, sharp, angled cutting blades attached to sprung (self-opening), pivoted or multi-pivoted handles that, when squeezed together, close the blades so that they cut through the bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "15710",
      "display": "Forceps, Dental",
      "definition": "Forceps designed to use during dental procedures. These forceps are mainly used for tooth extraction. They are usually constructed of stainless steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "16651",
      "display": "Forceps, Dental Dam Clamp",
      "definition": "Forceps with pronged jaws used to place dental dam clamps in position by engaging the jaws of dental dam clamps so that they may be separated to pass over the widest buccolingual contour of a tooth."
    },
    {
      "code": "15800",
      "display": "Forceps, Dissecting",
      "definition": "Small forceps with scissorlike handles, used to grasp, hold, and exert traction or compression on a specimen during dissection.  Their blades are typically finely pointed and serrated.  They are generally used in surgery and oncology."
    },
    {
      "code": "11777",
      "display": "Forceps, Dressing",
      "definition": "Forceps with scissorlike handles, used to grasp and remove lint, drainage tubes, necrosed tissue, and other small foreign bodies from wounds.  They are for general use but are mostly used in surgery, dentistry, and home care."
    },
    {
      "code": "11502",
      "display": "Forceps, Electrosurgical",
      "definition": "Forceps used to grasp, cut, and remove tissue and control bleeding during electrosurgical procedures.  They are connected to a generator by a cable, regulated by a footswitch or a handswitch, and have an attached electrode that delivers a high-frequency, low-voltage current to the tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "11782",
      "display": "Forceps, Gallbladder",
      "definition": "Forceps used to grasp, firmly hold, and exert traction or compression on the gallbladder during gallstone removal surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "15628",
      "display": "Forceps, Grasping, Flexible Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Forceps used in conjunction with flexible endoscopes to atraumatically grasp, retract, manipulate, and stabilize tissue during flexible endoscopic procedures.  They typically have toothed blades for more effective grasping."
    },
    {
      "code": "11784",
      "display": "Forceps, Hemostatic",
      "definition": "Forceps, usually with scissorlike handles, used to seize and constrict blood vessels in order to control bleeding or hemorrhage during surgery.  They are equipped with a catch in order to lock the blades together."
    },
    {
      "code": "11785",
      "display": "Forceps, Intestinal",
      "definition": "Surgical forceps designed for atraumatic grasping and/or compression of the intestines. These forceps are typically manual, handheld metallic (e.g., stainless steel) instruments with two long, frequently serrated, working ends in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., looped, triangular) and integral handles with rings at the proximal end; both parts are usually pivoted at the center. Some intestinal forceps can retain a position once they are set (e.g., self-retained forceps). Dedicated intestinal grasping forceps are available for the small intestine (e.g., duodenum) and for the colon and/or rectum; they are used for temporary occlusion of the intestine and/or for approximation of the intestine edges during anastomosis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11779",
      "display": "Forceps, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical forceps designed to grasp and manipulate during laparoscopic procedures. These forceps are typically handheld instruments with scissor-like handles that may include a ratchet mechanism; a long slender shaft, and a single- or double-action distal tip, and rotating jaws (e.g., duck-bill, alligator) controlled by a knob on the handle. Laparoscopic forceps are introduced through a laparoscope in the abdominal or pelvic cavities to grasp internal structures to facilitate observation, excision, or biopsy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17584",
      "display": "Forceps, Laparoscopic Swab",
      "definition": "Laparoscopic forceps designed to grasp a pledget swab at the distal end, obtain cytological samples or perform blunt dissection during gynecologic or other (e.g. cholecystectomy) procedures. These forceps are typically handheld instruments with scissor-like handles that may include a ratchet mechanism; a long slender shaft; and strong jaws at the working tip with inward facing tongs at the end of the jaws for security.  Swab laparoscopic forceps are intended to perform forward and backward wiping movements with the pledget swab for blunt dissection or to obtain cytologic samples in gynecologic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11787",
      "display": "Forceps, Lung",
      "definition": "Forceps with scissorlike handles, used to atraumatically grasp, hold, and exert traction or manipulation on the lungs and parenchyma during surgery.  They typically have broad, flat blades (usually triangularly shaped or curved)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11788",
      "display": "Forceps, Obstetric",
      "definition": "Forceps used to gently grasp, extract, and apply traction to or rotation of the head of a newborn in order to facilitate delivery and removal of the newborn from the birth canal (the channel formed by the cervix, vagina, and vulva).  They consist of two separate sides or handles and are manually squeezed together using both hands."
    },
    {
      "code": "16209",
      "display": "Forceps, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Small forceps used to grasp, firmly hold, and exert traction or compression on structures of the eye, particularly the iris and cornea, during ophthalmic surgery such as lens implantation or iris suturing."
    },
    {
      "code": "11790",
      "display": "Forceps, Specimen",
      "definition": "Forceps with scissorlike handles, used to grasp and extract specimens or tissue samples during surgical procedures or to remove specimens from deep containers in a laboratory setting.  They are typically long and have fine, serrated blades."
    },
    {
      "code": "11791",
      "display": "Forceps, Sponge",
      "definition": "Forceps with a ring handle and with blades, located distal to the pivot point, form open circles, loops, or ellipses and are designed to grasp surgical sponges or dressings."
    },
    {
      "code": "11792",
      "display": "Forceps, Sterilizer Transfer",
      "definition": "Forceps with specially designed blades used to handle sterile instruments or implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "11793",
      "display": "Forceps, Stone Manipulation",
      "definition": "Forceps intended for use in procedures such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy or ureteroscopy to treat conditions such as nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis (i.e., presence of calculi in the kidneys or urinary tract, respectively). The forceps are designed to securely grasp and/or manipulate the stone and to remove it from the body in conjunction with an endoscope such as a ureteroscope or nephroscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "11794",
      "display": "Forceps, Suction",
      "definition": "Forceps used to remove a newborn from the birth canal by suction and gentle grasping of the head during difficult delivery.  They are also used to remove a spontaneously or mechanically aborted fetus from the uterus or fallopian tubes by grasping and suction."
    },
    {
      "code": "11797",
      "display": "Forceps, Tissue",
      "definition": "Forceps are designed to grasp, hold, and manipulate tissue during surgical procedures. These forceps have two blades with teeth intended to grasp and manipulate tissue without crushing the tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "11798",
      "display": "Forceps, Utility",
      "definition": "Forceps with scissorlike handles, used to grasp and extract foreign bodies from body cavities during surgery.  They typically have flat, dull blades for grasping."
    },
    {
      "code": "15937",
      "display": "Fountains, Eye/Face Wash",
      "definition": "Fountains that spray a controlled stream of water for an extended period of time into the eyes and face.  These fountains are usually used for decontamination in emergency situations (e.g., contact with corrosive chemicals or materials). These fountains are usually installed at eye or waist level. They may be wall-mounted hoses with a spray nozzle or consist of a stand-alone sink/basin with one or two nozzles or cups for the eyes and face."
    },
    {
      "code": "14101",
      "display": "Frames, Traction",
      "definition": "Adjustable frames that are usually attached to the patient's bed for management of various orthopedic conditions. These frames typically consist of a steel tubing frame that includes brackets and/or pulleys; they include a post for each the headboard and footboard and an adjustable length top bar or rail with a hanging trapeze. Traction frames are designed for use in combination with weights and/or other attachments to produce the desired traction in patients while permitting some freedom of motion; they are used for treatment of patients with fractures and in some other orthopedic diseases (e.g. spine, hip, cervical). Some traction frames designed for particular treatment (e.g. e.g. cervical or pelvic traction) are only attached to the footboard or headboard."
    },
    {
      "code": "14256",
      "display": "Frames, Turning",
      "definition": "Mechanical frames designed for turning patients 180 degrees along the longitudinal axis of the body (i.e., from supine to prone positions and vice versa). These frames typically consist of a two-component metallic structure resembling a hospital table; the patient is placed in supine position on one of the frame components and the other is adjusted on the patient to keep him/her tight. The table also has a mechanism intended to allow one healthcare provider to turn the patient. Turning frames are intended for critically ill patients suffering from pulmonary and/or spinal traumas or diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "15583",
      "display": "Freezers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to maintain a thermally insulated compartment at temperatures below the freezing point of water (i.e., 0 degrees Celsius [32 degrees Fahrenheit]). This equipment is used mostly to rapidly freeze and store perishable substances. Freezers used in healthcare facilities are usually dedicated equipment manufactured with appropriate technical characteristics, such as range of temperature, size, shelving, accuracy, reliability, and configuration according to specific uses (e.g., in clinical laboratories, blood banks, pharmacies); standard devices for general use (e.g., food preservation) are also used."
    },
    {
      "code": "22036",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store blood bank products and samples, such as plasma and red blood cells. These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents and internal shelving appropriate for storage and easy location of blood bank products (e.g., blood bags). Blood bank freezers include automatic defrost capability, keeping the temperature in freezing chambers within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, chart recorders, and alarms for dependable long-term storage according to blood storage standards. Typically, blood bank freezers are available in three different temperature ranges: standard, from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit); ultralow, from -40 to -90 degrees Celsius (-40 to -130 degrees Fahrenheit); and cryogenic, from -130 degrees Celsius (-192 degrees Fahrenheit) or lower. Programmed (e.g., linear rate) or manual control of the freezing rate is possible in most blood bank freezers. A wide variety of capacities and freezer configurations, including upright, undercounter, and walk-in models, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22045",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Cryogenic",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store blood bank products and samples at temperatures below the point at which most or all biological activity ceases (sometimes defined as the glass transition temperature of water) about -130 degrees Celsius (-202 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers typically use liquid nitrogen as the cooling agent; some specially designed electromechanical systems are also capable of cooling at these temperatures. Products may be stored either directly in liquid nitrogen, which provides a temperature of -180 degrees Celsius (-292 degrees Fahrenheit) or colder with minimal temperature fluctuations; or they may be stored at the vapor phase above liquid nitrogen at a temperature of about -140 degrees Celsius (-220 degrees Fahrenheit). Storage in the vapor phase decreases the risk of cross-contamination between stored products. Red blood cells (RBCs) preserved with a low concentration of a cryoprotective agent such as glycerol at 20 percent or dimethyl sulfoxide may be stored for long periods, typically up to 10 years. Cryogenic blood bank freezers are used mainly to store rare types of RBCs."
    },
    {
      "code": "22048",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Cryogenic, Electromechanical",
      "definition": "Blood bank cryogenic freezers designed to store red blood cells (RBCs) using conventional compressed-gas cycles for cooling. These devices typically include an enclosure to store the frozen products, an electrical gas compressor, tubes and valves for the refrigerating gas, and appropriate temperature sensors and controls. Electromechanical cryogenic freezers typically perform a cascade two-cycle refrigeration process to lower the temperature in their chambers to or below -130 degrees Celsius (-202 degrees Fahrenheit). RBCs preserved with a cryoprotective agent such as glycerol at 40 percent or dimethyl sulfoxide may be stored for long periods, typically up to 10 years. Cryogenic blood bank freezers are used mainly to store rare types at RBCs."
    },
    {
      "code": "22050",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Cryogenic, Liquid Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Blood bank cryogenic freezers designed to store blood bank products and samples using liquid nitrogen as the cooling and storage agent. Liquid nitrogen storage provides a temperature of -180 degrees Celsius (-292 degrees Fahrenheit) or colder with minimal temperature fluctuations. These freezers typically consist of a chamber with two vessels separated by a vacuum space (the inner vessel for the cryogenic fluid and the outer vessel intended to insulate the cryogenic liquid from the environment); automatic level and cryogenic temperature controls; an external container to replenish the cryogenic fluid; a pressure-relief device; and a pressure-controlling valve. Red blood cells (RBCs) and/or other blood bank products are immersed in liquid nitrogen using appropriate sealed containers, but the use of large volumes (depth) of liquid nitrogen and sealed glass create potential hazards: cross-contamination by virus pathogens via the liquid nitrogen medium has occurred. RBCs preserved with a cryoprotective agent such as glycerol at 40 percent or dimethyl sulfoxide may be preserved for long periods, typically up to 10 years. Cryogenic blood bank freezers are mainly used to store rare types of RBCs for long periods of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "22052",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Cryogenic, Vapor Phase Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Blood bank cryogenic freezers designed to store blood bank products and samples using liquid nitrogen as the cooling agent and vapor phase nitrogen for storage. Vapor phase nitrogen storage provides a temperature of -140 degrees Celsius (-220 degrees Fahrenheit) that is not as low as the liquid nitrogen (-180 degrees Celsius [-292 degrees Fahrenheit]), but decreases the risk of cross-contamination between stored products compared to the use of liquid nitrogen immersion. These freezers typically consist of a chamber with two vessels separated by a vacuum space (the inner vessel is for the cryogenic fluid, and the outer vessel intended to insulate the cryogenic liquid from the environment); automatic level and cryogenic temperature controls; an external container to replenish the cryogenic fluid; a pressure-relief device; and a pressure-controlling valve. Red blood cells (RBCs) are immersed using appropriate containers in the vapor atmosphere above the liquid nitrogen. Cryogenic blood bank freezers are used mainly to store rare types of RBCs with a cryoprotective agent such as glycerol at 40 percent or dimethyl sulfoxide for long periods, typically up to several years."
    },
    {
      "code": "15144",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Plasma",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store blood plasma at temperatures at or below -18 degrees Celsius (-0.4 degrees Fahrenheit) for up to a year; the freezer temperature is frequently set at values lower than minimum requirements, such as -30 degrees Celsius (-22 degrees Fahrenheit); internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of plasma containers (e.g., bags). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (i.e., stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and corrosion of contents; forced-air circulation and automatic defrost capability, keeping the temperature in all chambers within preestablished limits; sensors, controls, monitors, chart recorders (week-long recordings are typical), and alarms (over temperature, under temperature, power failure) for dependable long-term (e.g., 12 months for fresh frozen plasma, up to 5 years with a anticoagulant preservative) storage of plasma and red blood cells following blood-storage standards. Plasma freezers frequently include backup electrical power sources for control panel functioning during power failures. They are available in several sizes and configurations (e.g., stand-alone, undercounter)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22039",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Ultralow Temperature",
      "definition": "Blood bank freezers designed for long-term storage of blood bank products and samples at temperatures below -65 degrees Celsius (-82 degrees Fahrenheit); the freezer temperature is frequently set at values lower than minimum requirements, typically between -80 and -100 degrees Celsius (-112 and -148 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are typically made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; they usually provide linear and/or controlled rate capabilities for a controlled rate of freezing, minimizing the effects of sudden cooling on the red blood cells (RBCs). Blood bank ultralow temperature freezers include automatic defrost capability, keeping the temperature in all the freezing chambers within preestablished limits; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, chart recorders, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following the requirements of blood storage standards. The freezers are available in several sizes and configurations (e.g., upright, chest) with internal shelving appropriate for blood bags. Programmed (e.g., linear rate) or manual control of the freezing rate is possible in most ultralow temperature blood bank freezers. Ultralow temperature blood bank freezers permit the storage of blood bank products for extended periods (typically several years); they are frequently used for preservation of products such as RBCs with cryoprotective agents such as glycerol at 40% or dimethyl sulfoxide and for long-term preservation of plasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22041",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Ultralow Temperature, Chest",
      "definition": "Freezers with a low height, top-opening (chest) configuration, designed to store blood bank products and samples at temperatures below -65 degrees Celsius (-85 degrees Fahrenheit); the freezer temperature is frequently set at values lower than minimum requirements, typically between -80 and -100 degrees Celsius (-112 and -148 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; they typically provide linear and/or controlled rate capabilities for a controlled rate of freezing, minimizing the effects of sudden cooling on red blood cells (RBCs). Blood bank ultralow temperature freezers include automatic defrost capability, keeping the temperature in all the freezing chambers within preestablished limits during the prorcess; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, chart recorders, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following the requirements of blood storage standards. Ultralow temperature blood bank freezers permit the storage of blood bank products for extended periods (typically several years); they are frequently used for preservation of products such as RBCs with cryoprotective agents such as glycerol at 40% or dimethyl sulfoxide and for long-term preservation of plasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22043",
      "display": "Freezers, Blood Bank, Ultralow Temperature, Upright",
      "definition": "Freezers with a front-opening (upright) configuration designed to store blood bank products and samples at temperatures below -65 degrees Celsius (-82 degrees Fahrenheit); the freezer temperature is frequently set at values lower than minimum requirements, typically between -80 and -100 degrees Celsius (-112 and -148 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; they typically provide linear and/or controlled rate capabilities for a controlled rate of freezing, minimizing the effects of sudden cooling on red blood cells (RBCs). Blood bank ultralow temperature freezers include automatic defrost capability, keeping the temperature in all the freezing chambers within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, chart recorders, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following blood storage standards. Ultralow temperature blood bank freezers permit the storage of blood bank products for an extended period (typically several years); they are frequently used for preservation of products such as RBCs with cryoprotective agents such as glycerol at 40% or dimethyl sulfoxide and for long-term preservation of plasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "42014",
      "display": "Freezers, Breast Milk",
      "definition": "Freezers designed for the long-term storage of breast milk with temperatures typically from -18 degrees Celsius (0 degrees Fahrenheit) or colder. These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is of a size and configuration appropriate for storage and easy location of breast milk storage containers. These freezers usually include temperature sensors, controls, and alarms for long-term storage.  Breast milk freezers are usually undercounter units but could be a variety of configurations such as upright and chest."
    },
    {
      "code": "22080",
      "display": "Freezers, Food",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store food products at temperatures typically from 0 to -20 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is of a size and configuration appropriate for storage and easy location of food. Food storage freezers usually include temperature sensors, controls, and alarms for dependable long-term storage; they may also include automatic defrost capability. A wide variety of food freezer capacities and configurations are available, including upright, undercounter, chest, and walk-in models."
    },
    {
      "code": "22083",
      "display": "Freezers, Food, Chest",
      "definition": "Food storage freezers with a low height, top-opening (chest) configuration, designed to store food at temperatures typically from 0 to -20 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; they usually include no internal shelving or simple shelving. Chest food storage freezers usually include temperature sensors and controls for dependable long-term storage; they may also include automatic defrost capability. A wide variety of chest freezers with different capacities and shelf configurations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22081",
      "display": "Freezers, Food, Upright",
      "definition": "Food storage freezers with a front-opening (upright) configuration, designed to store food at temperatures typically from 0 to -20 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is of a size and configuration appropriate for storage and easy location of food. Upright food storage freezers usually include temperature sensors, controls, and alarms for dependable long-term storage; they may also include automatic defrost capability. A wide variety of upright freezers with different capacities and shelf configurations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "35424",
      "display": "Freezers, Food, Upright, Undercounter",
      "definition": "Food storage freezers that fit under a countertop and have an upright configuration, designed to store food at temperatures typically from 0 to -20 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is of a size and configuration appropriate for storage and easy location of food. Upright food storage freezers usually include temperature sensors, controls, and alarms for dependable long-term storage; they may also include automatic defrost capability."
    },
    {
      "code": "22082",
      "display": "Freezers, Food, Walk-In",
      "definition": "Food storage freezers with a cabinet-like storage compartment large enough to permit a person to enter; they are designed to store food at temperatures typically from 0 to -20 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage and easy location of food; temperature sensors, controls, and alarms for dependable long-term storage; they may also include automatic defrost capability. A wide variety of walk-in freezers with different capacities and shelf configurations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15145",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store laboratory products and samples. These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; automatic defrost capability; and sensors, controls, monitors, recorders, and alarms for dependable long-term storage. Laboratory freezers are typically available in three different temperature ranges: standard, from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit); ultralow, from -40 to -90 degrees Celsius (-40 to -130 degrees Fahrenheit); and cryogenic, reaching temperatures of -130 degrees Celsius (-192 degrees Fahrenheit) or lower. Programmed (e.g., linear rate) or manual control of the freezing rate is possible in most laboratory freezers; some freezers are designed for flammable materials and/or include explosion-proof capabilities. A wide variety of capacity and freezer configurations are available, including upright, undercounter, and walk-in models."
    },
    {
      "code": "22070",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Cryogenic",
      "definition": "Laboratory freezers designed for tissue-sample storage (e.g., ovum, embryo) at temperatures below the point at which most or all biological activity ceases (sometimes defined as the glass transition temperature of water), about -130 degrees Celsius (-202 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers typically use liquid nitrogen as the cooling agent; some specially designed electromechanical systems are also capable of cooling at these temperatures. The products may be stored directly in liquid nitrogen, which provides a temperature of -180 degrees Celsius (-292 degrees Fahrenheit) or colder with minimal temperature fluctuations; or they may be stored in the vapor phase above the liquid nitrogen at a temperature of about -140 degrees Celsius (-220 degrees Fahrenheit). Storage in the vapor phase decreases the risk of cross-contamination among the stored products. Tissue (e.g., ovum, embryo, bone, cornea) may be stored for extended periods, typically several years."
    },
    {
      "code": "22072",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Cryogenic, Electromechanical",
      "definition": "Laboratory cryogenic freezers that use conventional compressed gas cycles for cooling. These freezers typically include an enclosure to store the frozen products, an electrical gas compressor, tubes and valves for the refrigerating gas, appropriate temperature sensors, and controls. Electromechanical cryogenic freezers typically perform a cascade two-cycle refrigeration process to lower the temperature in their chambers at or below -130 degrees Celsius (-202 degrees Fahrenheit). Electromechanical cryogenic laboratory freezers are mainly used for cell and/or tissue (e.g., ovum, embryo, bone, cornea) storage for extended periods (typically several years)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22073",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Cryogenic, Liquid Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Freezers that use liquid nitrogen as the cooling and storage agent. Liquid nitrogen storage provides a temperature of -180 degrees Celsius (-292 degrees Fahrenheit) or colder with minimal temperature fluctuations. These freezers typically consist of a chamber with two vessels separated by a vacuum space (the inner vessel for the cryogenic fluid and the outer vessel intended to insulate the cryogenic liquid from the environment); automatic level and cryogenic temperature controls; an external container to replenish the cryogenic fluid; a pressure-relief device; and a pressure-control valve. Cells or tissues are immersed in the liquid nitrogen using appropriate sealed containers, but the use of large volumes (depth) of liquid nitrogen and sealed glass create potential hazards; cross-contamination by virus pathogens via the liquid nitrogen medium has occurred. Liquid nitrogen cryogenic laboratory freezers are used mainly for cell or tissue (e.g., ovum, embryo, bone, cornea) storage for extended periods (typically several years)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22074",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Cryogenic, Vapor Phase Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Freezers that use liquid nitrogen as the cooling agent and vapor phase nitrogen for storage. Vapor phase nitrogen storage provides a temperature of -140 degrees Celsius (-220 degrees Fahrenheit) that is not as low as liquid nitrogen (-180 degrees Celsius [-292 degrees Fahrenheit]), but decreases the risk of cross-contamination among the stored products compared to freezers using liquid nitrogen immersion. These freezers typically consist of a chamber with two vessels separated by a vacuum space (the inner vessel for the cryogenic fluid and the outer vessel intended to insulate the cryogenic liquid from the environment); automatic level and cryogenic temperature controls; an external container to replenish the cryogenic fluid; a pressure-relief device; and a pressure-control valve. Cells and/or tissues are immersed in the vapor atmosphere above the liquid nitrogen in appropriate containers. Vapor phase nitrogen cryogenic laboratory freezers are used mainly for cell and/or tissue (e.g., ovum, embryo, bone, cornea) storage for extended time periods (typically several years)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22064",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Explosion-Proof",
      "definition": "Laboratory freezers designed to prevent ignition of flammable materials (vapors and/or gases) at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit); flammable materials may be present in the environment outside the freezer or the result of vapors leaking from improperly sealed containers inside the freezer. These freezers usually have motors, switches, and thermostats that are insulated to prevent arcing that can ignite flammable air-vapor mixtures; insulation prevents explosions inside and/or outside of the unit. All explosion-proof freezers must be hardwired directly to the power source by rigid metal wires rather than connected by cord-and-plug assemblies. Explosion-proof laboratory freezers are used in rooms in which a flammable atmosphere may develop. They are mainly available in upright and undercounter configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "22063",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Flammable Material",
      "definition": "Laboratory freezers designed to store flammable products (typically liquids with a flash point below 38 degrees Celsius [100 degrees Fahrenheit]), at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit); preventing the ignition of flammable vapors inside the storage compartment. These freezers typically have all electrical components located outside the freezer chamber, and the compressor is sealed or located at the top of the unit; they may also incorporate features such as self-closing doors, magnetic door gaskets, and special inner shell materials that limit the damage if a reaction occurs within the storage compartment. Flammable material laboratory freezers are used whenever a freezer is needed to store flammable liquids; they are available mainly in upright and undercounter configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "22054",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Multiuse",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory samples (e.g., tissue, body fluid samples) at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is of a size and configuration appropriate for storage and easy location of laboratory products and samples. Multiuse laboratory freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards. Programmed (e.g., linear rate) or manual control of the freezing rate is possible in most laboratory freezers. A wide variety of freezer capacities and configurations, including upright, undercounter, and walk-in models are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22057",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Multiuse, Undercounter",
      "definition": "Small multiuse laboratory freezers with a configuration appropriate for use under laboratory counters, designed to store laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory tissue and body fluid samples, at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of laboratory products and samples. Undercounter multiuse laboratory freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards."
    },
    {
      "code": "22056",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Multiuse, Upright",
      "definition": "Multiuse laboratory freezers with a front-opening (upright) configuration, designed to store laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory tissue and body fluid samples, at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy localization of laboratory products and samples. Upright multiuse laboratory freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards. Programmed (e.g., linear rate) or manual control of the freezing rate is possible in most upright laboratory freezers. A wide variety of freezer capacity and shelf configurations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22059",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Multiuse, Walk-In",
      "definition": "Multiuse laboratory freezers with a cabinet-like storage compartment large enough to permit a person to enter; they are designed for storage of laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory samples (e.g., tissue, body fluid) at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of laboratory products and samples. Walk-in multiuse laboratory freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards. A wide variety of freezer capacity and shelf configurations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22065",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Ultralow Temperature",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory tissue and body fluid samples that require very low temperatures, usually from -40 to -90 degrees Celsius (-40 to -130 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of laboratory products and samples. Multiuse laboratory freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards. Programmed (e.g., linear rate) or manual control of the freezing rate is possible in most laboratory freezers. A wide variety of ultralow temperature freezer capacities and configurations, including upright and chest models, is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22069",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Ultralow Temperature, Chest",
      "definition": "Laboratory freezers with a low height, top-opening (chest) configuration, designed for storage of products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory tissue and body fluid samples that require very low temperatures, typically from -40 to -90 degrees Celsius (-40 to -130 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; they usually include either no internal shelving or very simple shelving. Ultralow laboratory freezers include automatic defrost capability, sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards. A wide variety of ultralow temperature chest freezers with different sizes and capacities is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22068",
      "display": "Freezers, Laboratory, Ultralow Temperature, Upright",
      "definition": "Laboratory freezers with a front-opening (upright) configuration, designed for storage of products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory tissue and body fluid samples that require very low temperatures, typically from -40 to -90 degrees Celsius (-40 to -130 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of laboratory products and samples. Ultralow laboratory freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards. Programmed (e.g., linear rate) or manual control of the freezing rate is possible in most ultralow laboratory freezers. A wide variety of ultralow temperature freezer capacities and configurations is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22075",
      "display": "Freezers, Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store drugs and other pharmaceutical products typically at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is of a size and configuration appropriate for storage and easy location of pharmaceutical product containers. Pharmacy freezers frequently include automatic defrost capability and sensors, controls, monitors, recorders, and alarms for dependable long-term storage. Pharmacy freezers are available in a variety of sizes, capacities, and configurations, including upright, undercounter, and walk-in models."
    },
    {
      "code": "22077",
      "display": "Freezers, Pharmacy, Undercounter",
      "definition": "Small pharmacy freezers with a configuration appropriate for use under pharmacy counters; they are designed for storage of drugs and other pharmaceutical products at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of pharmacy product containers. Undercounter pharmacy freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following pharmacy storage standards."
    },
    {
      "code": "22076",
      "display": "Freezers, Pharmacy, Upright",
      "definition": "Pharmacy freezers with front-opening (upright) configurations designed for storage of drugs and other pharmaceutical products at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of pharmaceutical product containers. Upright pharmacy freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following pharmacy standards. A wide variety of freezer capacities and shelf configurations is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22078",
      "display": "Freezers, Pharmacy, Walk-In",
      "definition": "Pharmacy freezers with a cabinet-like storage compartment large enough to permit a person to enter; they are designed to store drugs and other pharmaceutical products at temperatures from 0 to -20 or -30 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 or -22 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is of a size and configuration appropriate for storage and easy location of pharmaceutical products. Walk-in multiuse pharmacy freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following pharmacy storage standards. A wide variety of freezer capacity and shelf configurations are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22079",
      "display": "Freezers, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Freezers designed to store tissue and, less frequently, organs excised from cadavers during autopsy procedures at temperatures typically from 0 to -20 degrees Celsius (32 to -4 degrees Fahrenheit). These freezers are usually made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; the internal shelving is appropriate for storage and easy location of the tissue and/or organ containers; they are typically manufactured in a stand-alone, upright configuration, but some smaller units are available in an undercounter configuration. Postmortem freezers include automatic defrost capability, maintaining the temperature in the entire freezing chamber within preestablished limits during the process; they also include sensors, controls, monitors, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory storage standards. Freezers frequently meet security standards to keep forensic evidence valid for extended periods. They are used in autopsy rooms and in medical examiners' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "22084",
      "display": "Freezing Chamber Equipment",
      "definition": "Combinations of units, ancillary devices, and accessories designed to provide temperatures below the freezing point (i.e., 0 degrees Celsius [32 degrees Fahrenheit]) to a chamber (i.e., a walk-in enclosure) specially designed for this purpose or conditioned from an existing healthcare facility room. This equipment typically consists of compressors, ducted-air distribution systems, thermometers, insulation material, and temperature controls; it may also include a temperature recording chart and alarms for dependable long-term storage. The characteristics of the equipment depend on the size, location, and intended use of the freezing chamber (e.g., food storage, laboratory, pharmacy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18251",
      "display": "Frequency Counters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the frequency of electric signals in one or more different ranges from a few hertz to several gigahertz. These instruments usually consist of an electronic unit including controls, a display, and attached cables and probes appropriate to perform the measurement. The counters may also include computerized capabilities to process the signals and outputs that permit recording, printing, and/or further processing of the results. Frequency counters are also used to measure time and/or the period of the signals as an inverse relationship to frequency."
    },
    {
      "code": "40191",
      "display": "Fryer Oil Filtration Machines",
      "definition": "Machines used to filter sediment, carbon deposits, and fatty acids from cooking oil that has been used in a fryer. Once the oil is moved from the fryer into the filtration system, it passes through a mesh filter screen, a filter basket, and/or a disposable filter. These machines may have a pump and hoses for moving the oil from the fryer to the filtration machine and then back into the fryer. The units are usually portable or mobile and can be electrically powered or manually operated."
    },
    {
      "code": "37300",
      "display": "Fryers",
      "definition": "Cooking vessels that hold a sufficient amount of oil for cooking food where the food is placed in an open container (basket) that is submerged in the oil and the heat from the oil is transferred to the food. The container/basket is raised out of the oil when cooking is finished. Oil in the fryer is heated by gas burners or fire tubes that pass through the kettle walls or by electric heating elements immersed in the oil. Fryers often come with features such as timers with an audible alarm, temperature controls, automatic devices to raise and lower the basket into the oil, and ventilation systems. Fryers may have more than one compartment (vat) for frying food. Fryers can be freestanding or countertop units."
    },
    {
      "code": "27702",
      "display": "Funnels",
      "definition": "Utensils that are used to channel the flow of substances between containers. Funnels are usually made of glass, metal, or plastic and are open at both ends, usually with a wide mouth at one end and a narrow pipe or cylinder at the other end. There are funnels that are designed for specialized applications in the medical laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "27706",
      "display": "Funnels, Dropping",
      "definition": "Funnels that are made of glass and fitted with a stopcock to control the flow of fluids being transferred between the funnel and a flask, such as when adding reagents slowly, drop-by-drop, to a solution. Some dropping funnels have an additional narrow-bore glass tube intended to equalize the pressure between a receiving flask and the funnel. Dropping funnels are used in medical and/or clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27707",
      "display": "Funnels, Filter",
      "definition": "Funnels used to separate solids from liquids through filter paper placed within the mouth of the funnel. Filter funnels can vary in size depending on use, and can be made of plastic, glass, or metal. Filter funnels are used in medical and/or chemical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27708",
      "display": "Funnels, Powder",
      "definition": "Funnels used for quickly pouring powders between containers. Powder funnels can vary in size depending on use; they can be made of plastic, glass, or metal; and they have short and wide necks to facilitate funneling. Powder funnels are used in medical and/or chemical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27709",
      "display": "Funnels, Separation",
      "definition": "Funnels that are made of glass and used for liquid-liquid extraction. Separation funnels are fitted with a stopcock, which is closed when the mixture to be separated is added. The funnel is then closed and is shaken and inverted; then the stopcock is opened to release excess vapor pressure and the mixture is allowed to separate. Separation funnels are used in medical and/or chemical laboratories.Funnels that are made of glass and used for liquid-liquid extraction. Separation funnels are fitted with a stopcock, which is closed when the mixture to be separated is added. The funnel is then closed and is shaken and inverted; then the stopcock is opened to release excess vapor pressure and the mixture is allowed to separate. Separation funnels are used in medical and/or chemical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27710",
      "display": "Funnels, Thistle",
      "definition": "Funnels that consist of a long, narrow shaft with a reservoir and funnel-like section at the top. Thistle funnels are usually made of glass and can vary in size depending on use. They are used to add liquids to narrow-necked or deep flasks or other containers. Thistle funnels are used in medical and/or chemical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27703",
      "display": "Funnels, Vacuum",
      "definition": "Funnels used for vacuum filtration intended to separate solids from liquids. Vacuum funnels are usually made of porcelain, but can also be made of glass or plastic. A vacuum funnel  has either vertical walls (Buchner funnels) or walls that angle outward (Hirsch funnels) attached with a tight seal to a vacuum flask. A perforated plate separates the funnel from the flask; filter paper between the funnel and flask can also be used. A fitting for a vacuum source can be incorporated into either the funnel or the flask. The vacuum source is attached through the fitting with a rubber adaptor or stopper. The liquid to be filtered is poured into the funnel and drawn through the perforated plate into the flask by vacuum suction. Vacuum funnels are used in medical and/or chemical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27711",
      "display": "Funnels, Weighing",
      "definition": "Funnels that are flat on one side so they can be set on a scale or balance and the contents can be weighed. They can be made of plastic or glass and can vary in size depending on use. Weighing funnels are used in medical and/or chemical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "34473",
      "display": "Gas Cylinder Depletion Switches",
      "definition": "Switches designed to automatically transfer from one cylinder to another when the gas in the first cylinder is depleted. These switches consist of an electromechanical unit that monitors the gas supply. The unit includes one input port for each of the gas cylinders and an outlet port that is connected to the equipment using the gas supply. When the gas from the active cylinder supplying the gas is depleted, the unit automatically switches the supply to the second cylinder, usually causing an alarm to alert. Gas cylinder depletion switches are used to provide an uninterrupted supply of gas; some units are intended only for use with particular types of gases."
    },
    {
      "code": "33795",
      "display": "Gas Cylinder Depletion Switches, Carbon Dioxide/Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Switches designed to automatically transfer from one cylinder to another when the gas (either carbon dioxide or nitrogen) in the first cylinder is depleted. These switches consist of an electromechanical unit that monitors the gas supply; the unit includes one input port for each of the gas cylinders and an outlet port that is connected to the equipment using the gas supply (e.g., incubator, oxygen hood). When the gas (CO2 or N2)  from the active cylinder is depleted, the unit automatically switches the supply to the second cylinder, usually causing an alarm to alert. CO2/N2 Gas cylinder depletion switches are used to provide an uninterrupted supply of gas."
    },
    {
      "code": "11838",
      "display": "Gas Cylinder Stand/Holders",
      "definition": "Holders and stands used to hold cylinders of compressed gas (e.g., oxygen, air, helium) to prevent the cylinders from falling or to hold them stationary in a convenient location. They are typically constructed of sturdy metal and are configured to meet the size of the cylinders they hold. Some gas cylinder stands/holders may be mounted to the floor or wall (or a bench or other location) and include straps or other fasteners to prevent the cylinders from moving around or falling over; some may have small wheels for mobility."
    },
    {
      "code": "24868",
      "display": "Gas Delivery Systems, Stable Xenon",
      "definition": "Gas delivery systems designed for the intravenous administration of stable (i.e., nonradioactive), metabolically inert xenon gas as a tracer. These systems usually consist of an operator console with a digital computer, monitor, printer, and recorder that is intended for remote control of a mobile gas delivery unit and a mobile unit used to deliver the gas that can be easily moved around the computed tomography (CT) scanners. Stable xenon gas delivery systems are intended to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cortical and deep brain tissues using standard CT scanners, especially for diagnosis and treatment of stroke."
    },
    {
      "code": "17738",
      "display": "Gas Delivery Units, Argon-Enhanced Coagulation",
      "definition": "Units designed to deliver argon gas for argon-enhanced coagulation. These delivery units are incorporated into mobile carts and are connected to electrosurgical units, providing for a single control activation of both systems.  A specialized handpiece is provided to permit simultaneous delivery of gas and electrical current."
    },
    {
      "code": "24878",
      "display": "Gas Delivery Units, Heliox",
      "definition": "Gas delivery units designed to deliver heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen (usually 20 to 30% in volume).  These delivery units should accurately determine the flow and volume of heliox, a low-density and high-thermal-conductivity gas; they must also provide low leakage for very low-density gases, including the gas source (typically a gas cylinder) and the devices used for connection to the patient airways (e.g., tubing). Heliox delivery units may also include dedicated software with appropriate algorithms for the automated calculation of heliox flow and volume. The units may be used as components of intensive care mechanical ventilators that can usually deliver other breathing gases such as oxygen and air or for noninvasive use through sealed masks to patients that can breathe spontaneously. They are frequently combined with a nebulizer for additional administration of medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "33052",
      "display": "Gas Delivery Units, Oxygen/Nitrous Oxide",
      "definition": "Gas delivery units designed to administer a mixture (usually 50 percent of each) of nitrous oxide and oxygen. These delivery units should accurately determine the flow and volume of the administered mixture. The units typically consist of a gas cylinder with a flow regulator and demand valve, a patient mask for administration of the gas, and tubing and/or hoses for connection of the cylinder output to a patient mask. The mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide is used to provide analgesic gas during labor and delivery and also for treatment of sprains, isolated fractures, and soft tissue injuries. Some portable units are mainly intended for self-administration of the gas as an analgesic for pain relief."
    },
    {
      "code": "28348",
      "display": "Gaseous Plasma Cleaners",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for cleaning medical and other healthcare devices, as well as samples used in clinical laboratories that use gases in a plasma state. These plasma-state gases are a form of matter that includes electrons and positive ions usually resulting from the application of a strong electromagnetic (e.g., radio frequency) field. These cleaners include a treatment (frequently vacuum) chamber with shelves on which the devices to be cleaned are placed, usually after taking out gross debris; a means to introduce the gases (e.g., oxygen, argon) or mixtures of these into the chamber; electrodes that are activated to convert the gas to plasma; a radio-frequency generator; holders for different types of products and devices; and controls to start/stop automated cycles of the procedure. Some equipment includes an integral evacuation and purging system to eliminate residue after the cleaning cycle is complete. Plasma cleaners are available in a variety of shapes and sizes in both stand-alone (bulk) and tabletop models; they are mainly used to remove organic and inorganic contamination, increase bond strength, and remove residues. Dedicated plasma cleaners intended specifically to clean electron microscope samples and/or sample holders are also used."
    },
    {
      "code": "17202",
      "display": "Gastric Balloons, Appetite-Suppressing",
      "definition": "Devices that are inserted into the stomach in order to inflate within the stomach and thereby reduce the desire for food.  The devices are in the form of a balloon, inserted by catheter and remain until such time as the desired effect is accomplished.  The device is usually made of a polymer material.  Certain types degrade over a period of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "11853",
      "display": "Gastroduodenoscopes",
      "definition": "Flexible endoscopes designed for insertion, either directly through the mouth or by an incision in the gastric wall, in the upper gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the stomach and the proximal portion of the small intestine from the pylorus to the jejunum (i.e., duodenum). Gastroduodenoscopes usually include a flexible outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "11854",
      "display": "Gastrographs",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders of the motility of the stomach and/or the esophagus. These recorders use a sensor (e.g., a pressure sensor attached to a nasogastric tube, implanted strain gauges) and appropriate transducers."
    },
    {
      "code": "29199",
      "display": "Gastrointestinal Liners, Endoscopically-Deployed",
      "definition": "Gastrointestinal liners that are deployed through an endoscopic tube. They are designed to cover a segment of the small intestine close to the stomach to promote weight loss and improve diabetes treatment in bariatric patients. These liners typically consist of thin and flexible polymeric tubes inserted through the mouth using an endoscopic tube; the proximal end of the liner is fixed (e.g., anchored) into the segment of the small intestine near to the stomach. Food passes through the liner without contact with the covered segment of the intestine, thereby preventing the absorption in that segment of the intestine. The liner may be removed at any time using a retrieval system that is also inserted through the mouth. Endoscopically-deployed gastrointestinal liners are mainly intended for bariatric patients who suffer also from diabetes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17649",
      "display": "Gastroplasty Bands",
      "definition": "Implantable plastic devices (i.e., bands) designed to be placed around the upper stomach to reduce food intake in the treatment of morbid obesity. These devices typically consist of an adjustable silicone elastomer band that is usually placed below the esophagogastric junction in an open surgical or, more frequently, laparoscopic procedure; some bands include an inflatable inner shell and a buckle closure connected by tubing to an access port outside the abdominal cavity. The inner diameter of the band may be periodically adjusted by the addition or removal of saline through the access port according to patient needs (i.e., the required rate of weight loss). Remotely (i.e., transcutaneously) adjustable bands that use an external programmer/tester to exchange information and power by means of an implantable antenna coupled to the band are also available. Gastroplasty bands are intended for use as a controllable and reversible method for achieving weight loss in bariatric patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "11856",
      "display": "Gastroscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the mouth in the upper gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign bodies, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the stomach.  Some devices also permit the examination and treatment of the esophagus. Gastroscopes usually include a lighting system and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; these endoscopes may be rigid or flexible."
    },
    {
      "code": "11857",
      "display": "Gastroscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Gastroscopes with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure, which are capable of being manipulated and pointed in different directions through the lumen of the curved path of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Flexible gastroscopes usually include a fiberoptic illumination and imaging system that facilitates the examination and performance of therapeutic procedures. The sheath is usually made of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "17663",
      "display": "Gastroscopes, Flexible, Video",
      "definition": "Flexible gastroscopes equipped with a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "11858",
      "display": "Gastroscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Gastroscopes with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path through the upper gastrointestinal tract. They include illumination and imaging systems that enable the examination of the esophagus and stomach. The sheath is usually made of stainless steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "41144",
      "display": "Gastrostomy Feeding Tube Removers",
      "definition": "Handheld devices used to remove a gastrostomy feeding tube. These removers are often sized to be used with specific length and diameter feeding tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23518",
      "display": "Geiger Tubes",
      "definition": "Devices designed primarily to sense ionizing radiation from alpha and beta particles at a low counting rate; some tubes can also detect high-level gamma radiation. These devices typically consist of a metallic tube (or insulated tube but internally covered with a conductive layer) that works as the cathode and a wire placed inside the tube that works as the anode; the tube is filled with an inert gas (e.g., helium, argon). Geiger tubes have a thin (e.g., mica) window that allows entering of alpha and beta particles; some tubes using glass windows can measure only beta particles. The passage of ionized particles through the tube creates an avalanche of charged particles that produce an audible click for each particle (Geiger counting). Geiger tubes are used as the main component of radiation counters and low-level environmental ionizing radiation detectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "15584",
      "display": "Gel",
      "definition": "Semi-solid substance typically made of a variety of water-, oil-, and silicon-based products. Gel may act as a transmitter between two objects, or for the purpose of adhesion inhibition during medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11425",
      "display": "Gel, Electrode",
      "definition": "Conducting media (jelly or paste) that is applied to the surface of the body to transmit the electrical signal at the body surface to an electrode, usually in electrocardiography."
    },
    {
      "code": "20373",
      "display": "Gel, Postsurgical Adhesion Inhibition",
      "definition": "Gel (e.g., carbohydrate polymer) designed to act as a temporary barrier inhibiting postsurgical adhesion between tissues and organs. This gel is applied to the surface of tissues and organs at the end of surgery, before surgical close, and is typically resorbed by the body in a short period (e.g., several days or weeks). Postsurgical adhesion inhibition gel is mostly used as an adhesion barrier following spinal surgery (e.g., laminectomy) or tendon and peipheral nerve surgery. Some adhesion inhibition gels are inteneded for use in pelvic, gynecological, abdominal, or implant surgery"
    },
    {
      "code": "15321",
      "display": "Gel, Ultrasonic Coupling",
      "definition": "Gel designed to act as an ultrasonic conductive media (i.e., an acoustic coupling agent) to enhance the transmission of ultrasound waves from the ultrasonic probe to the body of the patient and vice versa. This gel is applied to the ultrasonic probe and the skin surface of the area being examined and/or treated. Ultrasonic coupling gel is mainly used in examination or treatment procedures with ultrasound energy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18159",
      "display": "Germicides",
      "definition": "Chemical agents intended for killing and/or total inactivation of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their spores (i.e., germicides). Germicides typically consist of one or a mixture of gases or liquids typically used in sterilizing units that include a closed chamber in which the time, temperature, and/or concentration of the germicide during the sterilization process are controlled. Germicides are usually toxic and must be eliminated after the sterilization cycle is complete; the residual chemicals should be drained and the volatile compounds eliminated (usually by aeration or rinsing with filtered water). They are widely used to sterilize heat-sensitive surgical instruments and other reusable supplies including garments. Gas germicides such as chlorine dioxide and ethylene oxide as well as liquid (e.g., glutaraldehyde) germicides are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18160",
      "display": "Germicides, Gas",
      "definition": "Germicides intended for use in gas-phase for killing and/or total inactivation (i.e., sterilization) of microorganisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their spores). These germicides typically consist of one or a mixture of gases used in sterilizing units that include a closed chamber in which the time, temperature, and/or concentration of the germicidal during the sterilization process are controlled. Gas germicides must be eliminated after the sterilization cycle is complete. They are widely used to sterilize heat-sensitive surgical instruments and other reusable supplies including garments."
    },
    {
      "code": "31667",
      "display": "Germicides, Gas, Chlorine Dioxide",
      "definition": "Gas germicides, whose main component is chlorine dioxide that are intended for killing and/or total inactivation (i.e., sterilization) of microorganisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their spores). These gas germicides typically consist of a synthetic, green-yellowish gas with a chlorine-like odor. They are used in sterilizing units that include a closed chamber in which the time, temperature, and/or concentration of the germicide during the sterilization process are controlled. The germicide is toxic and must be eliminated after the sterilization cycle is complete. Chlorine dioxide germicides are mainly used to sterilize surgical instruments, reusable supplies, and pharmaceutical products that cannot support conventional high temperature sterilization (e.g., devices that contain plastic or rubber components); the germicide is usually manufactured on site and rarely stored as a gas, because it is explosive under pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "18088",
      "display": "Germicides, Gas, Ethylene Oxide",
      "definition": "Gas germicides, whose main component is ethylene oxide, intended for killing and/or total inactivation (i.e., sterilization) of microorganisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their spores). These gas germicides typically consist of a mixture of ethylene oxide with other inactive components, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or dichlorodifluoromethane.; tThey are used in sterilizing units that include a closed chamber in which the time, temperature, and/or concentration of the germicidal during the sterilization process are controlled. The germicide is toxic and must be eliminated after the sterilization cycle is complete. Ethylene oxide germicides are mainly used to sterilize surgical instruments, reusable supplies, and pharmaceutical products that cannot support conventional high temperature sterilization (e.g., devices that contain plastic or rubber components)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18162",
      "display": "Germicides, Gas, Hydrogen Peroxide",
      "definition": "Gas germicides, whose main component is hydrogen peroxide, intended for killing and/or total inactivation (i.e., sterilization) of microorganisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their spores). These gas germicides typically consist of hydrogen peroxide gas used in sterilizing units that include a closed chamber in which the time, temperature, and/or concentration of the germicideal during the sterilization process are controlled. The germicide is toxic and must be eliminated after the sterilization cycle is complete. Hydrogen peroxide gas germicides are mainly used to sterilize surgical instruments, reusable supplies, and pharmaceutical products that cannot support conventional high temperature sterilization (e.g., devices that contain plastic or rubber components). The germicide is usually available as a liquid and vaporized by the sterilizer."
    },
    {
      "code": "18161",
      "display": "Germicides, Liquid",
      "definition": "Germicides intended for use in liquid-phase for killing and/or total inactivation of many microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi). These germicides typically consist of a non-corrosive chemical solution used in disinfecting or sterilizing units that include a closed chamber in which the time, temperature, and/or concentration of the germicide during the sterilization (typically by immersion) process are controlled.  Liquid germicides usually require high concentrations, elevated temperatures, and several hours of exposure time for sterilization purposes. Therefore, they are mainly used for disinfection rather than for sterilization purposes. Liquid germicides are used mainly to disinfect medical devices and supplies that cannot be heat-sterilized due to their sensitivity to high temperatures (e.g., devices including plastic and/or rubber components). The most frequently used liquid germicides are glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ortho-phthalaldehyde."
    },
    {
      "code": "13741",
      "display": "Germicides, Liquid, Formaldehyde",
      "definition": "Liquid agents in which formaldehyde is the active ingredient that is used to achieve sterilization or disinfection. These germicides also include those that are a mixture of formaldehyde and other compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "17931",
      "display": "Germicides, Liquid, Glutaraldehyde",
      "definition": "Liquid germicides, whose main component is glutaraldehyde, that are intended for killing and/or inactivation of many microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi). These liquid germicides typically consist of a colorless oily liquid as an active ingredient. They are used in disinfecting units where a disinfecting process (typically by immersion) under controlled time, temperature, and concentration is performed.  Liquid glutaraldehyde germicides usually require high concentrations, elevated temperatures, and several hours of exposure time for sterilization purposes; therefore, they are mainly used for disinfection rather than for sterilization purposes. Glutaraldehyde germicide is used mainly to disinfect medical devices and supplies that cannot be heat-sterilized  (e.g., devices including plastic and/or rubber components). Glutaraldehyde germicides may be used also for water treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18163",
      "display": "Germicides, Liquid, Hydrogen Peroxide",
      "definition": "Liquid germicides, whose main component is hydrogen peroxide, intended for killing and/or inactivation of many microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi). These liquid germicides typically consist of colorless liquid that is used as an active ingredient in disinfecting units where a disinfecting process (typically by immersion) under controlled time, temperature, and concentration is performed. Hydrogen peroxide germicide is used mainly to disinfect medical devices and supplies that cannot be heat-sterilized due to their sensitivity to high temperatures. Liquid hydrogen peroxide germicides can also be used in high concentrations for sterilization purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "31668",
      "display": "Germicides, Liquid, Ortho-phthalaldehyde",
      "definition": "Liquid germicides, whose main active ingredient is, Ortho-phthalaldehyde that are intended for killing and/or inactivation of many microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi). These liquid germicides are typically used in disinfecting units where a disinfecting process (typically by immersion) under controlled time, temperature, and concentration is performed. Ortho-phthalaldehyde is used mainly to disinfect endoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "39264",
      "display": "Germicides, Liquid, Quaternary Ammonium Compound",
      "definition": "Liquid germicides with an active component of a quaternary ammonium compound (e.g., alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, alkyl didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) and are intended for killing and/or inactivating microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses). Quaternary ammonium compound-based germicides typically are used in low-level disinfection of noncritical surfaces (e.g., floors, furniture, walls) and for disinfection of medical equipment that contacts intact skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "42079",
      "display": "Glenoid Baseplates",
      "definition": "Metal sheets designed to be attached to the glenoid to provide support for additional shoulder prostheses components. Typically, a glenoid baseplate is used to affix a polyethylene insert or reverse shoulder head."
    },
    {
      "code": "16286",
      "display": "Glove Boxes",
      "definition": "Air-tight enclosures (boxes) designed to provide a confined atmosphere in which procedures may be performed in isolation from the general laboratory environment; all operations inside the box are performed through relatively impermeable gloves attached to ports in the box walls. These boxes may include a transfer chamber for introduction and/or extraction of materials, adjustable pressure capabilities (either positive or negative), and cock valves for purging. They are made of impermeable materials such as fiberglass, stainless steel, aluminum, or a combination of materials; some boxes are mobile or portable. The boxes may also include capabilities for low- and/or high-temperature processing. Basic glove boxes offer only limited protection to the samples, the operator, and the environment. Containment boxes are operated under negative pressure to protect the operator and/or the environment from material processed inside the box and isolation boxes are operated under positive pressure to protect the product inside the box from the operator and/or the environment. Combined containment/isolation boxes are also available. Some glove boxes may offer protection similar to biological safety cabinets."
    },
    {
      "code": "22788",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Basic",
      "definition": "Glove boxes designed to provide a confined atmosphere in which procedures maybe performed in isolation from the general room environment, protecting materials and/or processes and the operator and the environment from each other. These glove boxes consist of an air-tight enclosure that includes doors, a window, and gloves attached to ports in the box walls. Basic glove boxes usually do not include transfer chambers, inert gas circulation, pressure control, or additional sophisticated internal environment controls, although some boxes permit the attachment of one or more such accessories. Basic glove boxes are used in clinical laboratories and healthcare facilities to process substances, devices, and/or objects that are contaminated or potentially contaminated but that do not require conditions of complete isolation and/or containment (e.g., internal high or low pressure). Dedicated basic glove boxes with characteristics (e.g., big doors, flexible diaphragms) appropriate to manage mail and packages are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22789",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Basic, Mail Processing",
      "definition": "Basic glove boxes designed to provide a confined atmosphere in which mail may be opened and processed (e.g., sorting, opening of packages). These boxes typically include big, easy-open doors to pass large packages in and out of the box; some include flexible diaphragms that permit the use of the gloves without changing the internal pressure in the box. Mail processing glove boxes are used to facilitate the manipulation of contaminated or potentially contaminated (e.g., with anthrax) mail; they may prevent the spread of contamination during the sorting and opening process by keeping the manipulation of mail sealed inside the glove box. These glove boxes are intended for use where mail is processed, including in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "22795",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Containment",
      "definition": "Glove boxes designed to provide a confined atmosphere in which materials may be stored and/or processes performed in such a way as to protect the operator and/or the environment. These boxes are typically operated under negative pressure, which prevents leakage from the box. Containment glove boxes frequently include bag-in and/or bag-out ports in which materials are packaged in a foil bag before they are inserted in or removed from the glove box for additional protection of the operator and environment. Containment glove boxes are mostly intended to process hazardous products in clinical laboratories; some are manufactured especially for pharmaceutical, biological research, or radioisotope handling applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "22797",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Containment, Biohazardous Material",
      "definition": "Containment glove boxes designed to provide a confined atmosphere to protect the operator and the environment from highly toxic biohazardous materials inside. These boxes are typically made of stainless steel, one-piece molded plastic, or plastic with a stainless steel liner. They include more safety devices and mechanisms than standard containment glove boxes, such as a ventilation system with one or more high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) or ultra-low particulate-air (ULPA) filters both at the input and output of the box, and a secondary HEPA, ULPA, or carbon filter (for particulates or gaseous contaminants, respectively) in the exhaust system. Most of these boxes include blowers to permit outside exhaust when required for a particular application and gloves and/or sleeves (e.g., neoprene, butyl, Hypalon) appropriate for the material being processed. Some boxes can accommodate an analytical balance for safe weighing of biohazardous materials, and other equipment (e.g., moisture analyzers). Biohazardous material glove boxes are used in laboratories and clinical pharmacies to process dangerous or potentially dangerous products; special boxes are available for processing carcinogenic materials, chemotherapy drugs, and low-level gaseous or particulate radioisotopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22790",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Isolation",
      "definition": "Glove boxes designed to provide a confined atmosphere in which materials may be stored and/or processed or may be performed in such a way as to protect them from the operator and the environment. These boxes are typically operated under low-level positive pressure, isolating the interior of the box from the external environment; some isolation glove boxes are manufactured with special characteristics intended to prevent the influence of specific external conditions, such as humidity, temperature, and/or particles. Isolation glove boxes are used mainly to prevent environmental contamination of the samples in clinical laboratory tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "22792",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Isolation, Controlled Atmosphere",
      "definition": "Glove boxes designed to provide an enclosure with a very low-leak, controlled environment (e.g., very low oxygen level, inert gas). These boxes typically include transfer chambers to facilitate the introduction of materials and/or devices with minimal compromise of the glove box atmosphere, inlet and outlet valves to establish and maintain the controlled atmosphere, pressure monitors, and a vacuum pump for the transfer chamber. They may also include automatic purge sequencers, pressure controllers, oxygen and moisture removers, and alarms. Controlled atmosphere isolation glove boxes are used to perform processes (e.g., laboratory tests) that require conditions such as very low levels of oxygen, moisture, or particulates; they are also used to provide an environment consisting of only a specific gas (e.g., nitrogen, argon, helium) or combination of gases."
    },
    {
      "code": "16914",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Isolation, Controlled Atmosphere, Anaerobic",
      "definition": "Controlled atmosphere glove boxes designed to provide an enclosure with a very low level of oxygen and humidity. These devices usually deliver a continuous gas (e.g., carbon dioxide) flow at a slightly high pressure to prevent oxygen and humidity from entering the box; they also include transfer chambers to facilitate the introduction of materials and/or devices with minimal compromise of the glove box atmosphere, inlet and outlet valves to establish and maintain the controlled atmosphere, pressure monitors, and a vacuum pump for the transfer chamber. Some anaerobic glove boxes include incubators either inside or attached to the main chamber to promote growth of cultured organisms. Anaerobic isolation glove boxes are used for oxygen sensitive (anaerobic) tests, either using organic or biochemical materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "22803",
      "display": "Glove Boxes, Isolation/Containment",
      "definition": "Glove boxes that combine the capabilities of isolation and containment glove boxes. These boxes typically are capable of maintaining negative pressure to perform processes in which it is necessary to protect the operator and/or environment (i.e., as a containment glove box) from exposure to hazardous or toxic materials and positive pressure (i.e., as an isolation glove box) to protect the processed product from the operator and/or the external environment. Isolation/containment glove boxes have multiple applications in clinical laboratories and pharmacies (e.g., toxic drug manipulations, radiopharmaceutical handling)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18039",
      "display": "Glove Liners",
      "definition": "Cloth gloves worn as liners underneath rubber, plastic or latex gloves (examination or surgical) to minimize the risk of allergic reactions, rashes and other skin irritations or to reduce the risk of sharps injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "11879",
      "display": "Gloves",
      "definition": "Garments designed to cover the hands with separate sections for each of the fingers and thumb and frequently extending part way up the arm. Gloves are usually made of fabrics, plastics, latex, leather or a combination of these and they are available in reusable or disposable varieties. Dedicated gloves intended for clinical use (e.g., examination, treatment, surgery) and/or for manipulation of chemicals such as products used in chemotherapy procedures are available. Gloves intended for non-clinical use in healthcare facilities (e.g., housekeeping, central supply handling) are also available as well as gloves used by patients such as therapeutic pressure gloves and gloves worn while pushing a wheelchair."
    },
    {
      "code": "20345",
      "display": "Gloves, Chemical Resistant",
      "definition": "Gloves designed for hand protection against chemicals or chemically contaminated objects. These gloves are typically made of thick plastics (e.g., nitrile, neoprene) or butyl rubber; some are made of combined layers of latex and neoprene; they are long-wearing and resistant to a wide range of chemicals. Most gloves include skidproof treads to provide sure grip. Chemically resistant gloves are used by healthcare personnel for protection during handling and transport of chemicals or for cleaning, decontamination, and transport of patients and objects contaminated with chemicals or other biohazardous substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "24860",
      "display": "Gloves, Chemical Resistant, Chemotherapy",
      "definition": "Chemical-resistant gloves designed to protect the hands against chemotherapy drugs by offering a high resistance to permeation by antineoplastic agents. These gloves are typically made of thick plastics (e.g., nitrile, neoprene) or butyl rubber; some are made of combined layers of latex and neoprene; they are available in pairs as sterile and nonsterile products. Chemotherapy-agent-resistant gloves are used by healthcare personnel (e.g., oncologists, oncology nurses, pharmacy and laboratory technicians) for protection during the handling and transport of chemotherapy drugs or for cleaning, decontamination, and transport of patients and objects contaminated with this type of drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17966",
      "display": "Gloves, Cryogenic Safety",
      "definition": "Gloves designed to provide hand and/or arm protection (i.e., safety) against extremely cold temperatures present during cryogenic procedures. These gloves usually consist of several insulating layers made of natural rubber latex, which are bonded together only at the edges of each piece. Cryogenic gloves should provide a maximum level of thermal protection against low temperatures (e.g., at least to -130 degrees Celsius/-202 degrees Fahrenheit) permitting appropriate flexibility and dexterity to the user; the gloves are usually light weight, flexible, durable, and comfortable to wear for extended periods. Some gloves provide additional high tactile sensitivity and/or protection against chemical hazards. Cryogenic safety gloves are used to manipulate cryogenic products in clinical laboratories and blood banks; they are also used to perform cryogenic (e.g., dermal, surgical) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11882",
      "display": "Gloves, Examination/Treatment",
      "definition": "Gloves designed for hand protection and/or to prevent contamination and/or infection of both patients and healthcare personnel. These gloves are usually made of latex, nitrile, vinyl, or synthetic materials; they should fit comfortably but remain watertight and be strong enough to resist tears or holes. Examination/treatment gloves are used in healthcare facilities to provide a barrier during diagnostic and treatment procedures, preventing the transmission of a wide variety of diseases from patients to healthcare personnel and vice-versa."
    },
    {
      "code": "20932",
      "display": "Gloves, Examination/Treatment, Hypoallergenic",
      "definition": "Examination/treatment gloves designed to provide additional protection to both the patient and healthcare staff from the risk of allergic reactions to latex. These gloves are usually made of synthetic (e.g., polyisoprene, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) polymers; hypoallergenic gloves should fit comfortably but remain watertight and be strong enough to withstand tears or holes. Hypoallergenic examination/treatment gloves are used in healthcare facilities to prevent latex sensitivity in healthcare staff and patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "11885",
      "display": "Gloves, Multiuse",
      "definition": "Gloves designed to cover and protect the hands during the performance of a variety of different tasks. These gloves are usually made of materials (e.g., cotton, polyurethane, leather, or a combination of these) appropriate for mechanical protection of the hands; they are usually resistant to snags and abrasions. Some gloves may provide waterproof protection and/or have other particular characteristics. Multiuse gloves are intended for tasks that do not involve direct contact with patients, body fluids, and/or other clinical use; they are widely used in health care facilities for tasks such as housekeeping, food manipulation, and central supply material handling."
    },
    {
      "code": "11880",
      "display": "Gloves, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Gloves designed for hand protection to prevent contamination and/or infection of healthcare personnel during autopsy and other postmortem procedures. These gloves are usually made of natural rubber latex but gloves made of hypoallergenic materials are also available. Postmortem gloves should have chemical, snag, puncture, abrasion, and cut resistance, providing an excellent grip on wet or dry surfaces. Postmortem gloves should provide good dexterity, tensile strength, elasticity, and protection against chemical hazards. They are mainly used by pathologists to manipulate cadavers and/or to perform gross dissection and other dedicated dissection procedures in hospital, other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11883",
      "display": "Gloves, Surgical",
      "definition": "Gloves designed for use by healthcare workers at the surgical site. These gloves are usually made of natural rubber latex (NRL); the gloves must provide a barrier against blood and other body fluid pathogens. Staff use facilitated because the gloves have appropriate characteristics of tactility, comfort of use, ease of donning, adequate sterility, tensile strength, puncture resistance, elasticity, and sizing consistency.Surgical gloves are used mainly as a two-way barrier to protect both the patient and the staff against contamination caused by microorganisms. Synthetic surgical gloves intended mainly to prevent the risk of NRL (i.e., hypoallergenic) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11884",
      "display": "Gloves, Surgical, Hypoallergenic",
      "definition": "Surgical gloves designed to protect both the patient and wearer from the risk of allergic reactions (i.e., hypoallergenic) to latex. These gloves are usually made of synthetic (e.g., polyisoprene, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) polymers; the gloves provide a barrier against blood and body fluid pathogens. Staff use should be facilitated because the gloves have appropriate characteristics of tactility, comfort of use, ease of donning, adequate sterility, tensile strength, resistance to puncture, elasticity, and sizing consistency. Hypoallergenic surgical gloves are used mainly as a two-way barrier to protect allergic and/or potentially allergic patients and/or staff members against contamination caused by microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "16500",
      "display": "Gloves, Therapeutic, Pressure",
      "definition": "Therapeutic gloves designed to apply gentle pressure to the hands. These garments are typically cotton or synthetic gloves including an elastic material (e.g., Lycra, Spandex) that provides compression to the hands to prevent swelling; the gloves are frequently available with open fingertips to permit better feeling and/or with integrated sleeves that may reach the wrist, elbow, or even the axilla. The seams are usually on the outside of the glove; seamless pressure gloves are also available. Dedicated therapeutic pressure gloves are intended to control edema and/or scarring due to arthritis or injuries and to manage lymphedema."
    },
    {
      "code": "17810",
      "display": "Gloves, Wheelchair Pushing",
      "definition": "Gloves designed to cover and protect wheelchair users' hands, providing protection against injury caused by pushing wheelchair wheels with bare hands. These gloves are usually made of neoprene, spandex, Lycra, rubber or a combination of these; they are typically light, flexible, breathable, durable, and comfortable to wear for extended periods. Wheelchair pushing gloves may also provide non-slip and/or water resistant capabilities to the user; some gloves may include a small textured area built into the palm for added grip."
    },
    {
      "code": "11893",
      "display": "Goniometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure angles, clinical goniometers are intended to measure the angle of displacement of a joint (usually from 0 to 180 degrees or more) using mechanical gauges (e.g., protractors). These goniometers frequently consist of a central protractor that permits the measurement of angles with two moving arms of appropriate length that are pivoted at the center of the protractor; other types of mechanical goniometers are available, including an instrument based on a protractor dial (gauge) that refers to an internal liquid level and a gravity-type goniometer (frequently known as an inclinometer) consisting of twin rotating dials with a locking mechanism and a strap for fixing to the body. Mechanical goniometers are used mainly in clinical applications to measure the range of movement of joints (i.e., finger, shoulder, knee, ankle, spine). Dedicated instruments intended for accurate measurement of one particular joint (e.g., finger, spine) are available. Mechanical goniometers are used by rheumatologists and physiotherapists to assess joint function and to diagnose and treat locomotor system diseases; they are frequently included as a component of gait and joint laxity analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "11894",
      "display": "Gonioscopes",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic diagnostic instruments designed for examining the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye using a plastic cone-shaped contact lens. Gonioscopes usually consist of a three- or four-mirror contact lens (indirect gonioscopes) or mirror-less contact lens (direct gonioscopes), through which the light projecting from the anterior chamber angle structures passes, and a slit-lamp microscope or handheld microscope, and an illumination source to obtain a magnified image of the anterior chamber. Gonioscopes that use light reflected from the contact lens mirror (i.e., indirect gonioscopes) and those that do not use reflected light (i.e., direct gonioscopes) for examination of the anterior chamber of the eye are available; they are used mainly in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24563",
      "display": "Gonioscopes, Direct",
      "definition": "Gonioscopes designed for directly examining the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye using a mirrorless, plastic, cone-shaped contact lens (without light refracting from mirrors). Direct gonioscopes usually consist of a mirrorless contact lens through which the  light projecting from the anterior chamber angle structures passes, a handheld microscope, and an illumination source to obtain a magnified image of the anterior chamber. Gonioscopes are used mainly in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24562",
      "display": "Gonioscopes, Indirect",
      "definition": "Gonioscopes designed for indirectly examining the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye using a cone-shaped contact lens incorporated with mirrors (so that light refracts from the mirror). Indirect gonioscopes usually consist of a plastic, three- or four-mirror contact lens through which the light projecting from the anterior chamber angle structures passes and refracts from the mirrors, a slit-lamp microscope, and an illumination source to obtain a magnified image of the anterior chamber. The instruments are usually one of two types: one with a lens that comes into contact with the central cornea with indentation (indentation gonioscopes) or one with a lens that comes into contact with the cornea without indentation (Goldmann gonioscopes). Gonioscopes are used mainly in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "11895",
      "display": "Gouges",
      "definition": "Hollow chisels for cutting and removing hard tissue or bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "11897",
      "display": "Gowns",
      "definition": "Gowns are loose, flowing garments designed to be worn by patients and healthcare professionals. Gowns are available in many different styles and lengths, depending on their intended use. Gowns are made from various woven and non-woven materials and are available in many sizes for men, women, and children. Most gowns have snap, tie, or Velcro closures. Medical gowns are designed to be worn over clothing by healthcare professionals, facilities staff, and visitors; these gowns are mainly intended to protect clothing from physical contamination. Medical gowns typically have open backs for breathability. They can be used in almost all areas of healthcare facilities including examination rooms, operating rooms, procedure rooms, laboratories, and supply and preparation areas. Patient gowns are designed to be worn instead of clothing by patients in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Patient gowns are usually light-weight, short-sleeved, thigh-length garments made of woven or non-woven materials and are intended to facilitate easy access to patients during examinations and medical procedures. Isolation gowns are intended to protect the wearers from infectious diseases by fully covering their clothing. Isolation gowns usually provide more coverage than other gowns, including a full back and long sleeves with elastic cuffs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41745",
      "display": "Gowns, Chemotherapy",
      "definition": "Gowns designed to provide protection from the hazards of handling chemotherapy drugs. These gowns are highly resistant to permeation by antineoplastic agents. They are usually ankle-length and have long sleeves with elastic cuffs, full front and back coverage, and tie at the neck and waist. Chemotherapy gowns are intended to fully cover the external clothing of the wearer. They are typically made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene."
    },
    {
      "code": "41656",
      "display": "Gowns, Decontamination",
      "definition": "Gowns designed to be worn during reprocessing and decontamination of devices and instruments in order to provide protection from chemical agents and the transfer of microorganisms and body fluid. These gowns are usually ankle-length and have long sleeves with elastic cuffs, thumb loops, full front and back coverage, and tie at the neck and waist. Some gowns have a closed back with an over-the-head design. Decontamination gowns are intended to fully cover the external clothing of the wearer. They are typically made of lightweight, fluid-resistant, breathable materials (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene). The gowns may have a front panel made of a liquid impervious material, including preventing strikethrough of decontamination solutions. These gowns may be disposable or reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "15037",
      "display": "Gowns, Isolation",
      "definition": "Gowns designed to protect the wearer against physical contamination from patients with infectious diseases.  These gowns are usually ankle-length and have long sleeves with elastic cuffs, full front and back coverage, and tie at the neck and waist. Isolation gowns are intended to fully cover the external clothing of the wearer (e.g., healthcare providers, healthcare facilities staff, and visitors). They are typically made of light-weight, fluid-resistant and breathable materials. Disposable non-woven (e.g., polypropylene) and reusable woven (e.g., polyester, cotton) isolation gowns are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11898",
      "display": "Gowns, Medical",
      "definition": "Medical gowns are designed to be worn over clothing by healthcare providers, healthcare facilities staff, and visitors. These gowns are mainly intended to protect clothing from physical contamination such as splashes from bodily fluids, waste, drugs, chemicals, water used for bathing patients, and other fluids, liquids, or debris. These gowns are typically loose garments available in various sizes and styles (e.g., long sleeved, short sleeved, ankle-length, thigh-length, open full back, or as aprons). They usually have snap, tie, or Velcro closures. Medical gowns are made of light weight, fluid resistant, and breathable materials. Both disposable and reusable medical gowns are available. Medical gowns are used in many areas of healthcare facilities including, but not limited to, examination rooms, operating rooms, procedure rooms, laboratories, and supply and preparation areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "11901",
      "display": "Gowns, Medical, Disposable",
      "definition": "Disposable medical gowns are intended to be worn once and then discarded. They are designed to be worn over clothing by healthcare providers, healthcare facilities staff, and visitors. These gowns are mainly intended to protect clothing from physical contamination such as splashes from bodily fluids, waste, drugs, chemicals, water used for bathing patients, and other fluids, liquids, or debris. These gowns are typically loose and flowing, and are available in various sizes and styles (e.g., long sleeves, short sleeves, ankle-length, thigh-length, open or full back). They usually have have snap, tie, or Velcro closures. Disposable medical gowns are made of light-weight, fluid resistant, and breathable, non-woven materials such as polypropylene. Disposable medical gowns are used in many areas of healthcare facilities including, but not limited to, examination rooms, operating rooms, procedure rooms, laboratories, and supply and preparation areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "11902",
      "display": "Gowns, Medical, Reusable",
      "definition": "Reusable medical gowns are intended to be worn once, laundered, and worn again. They are designed to be worn over clothing by healthcare providers, healthcare facilities staff, and visitors. These gowns are mainly intended to protect clothing from physical contamination such as splashes from bodily fluids, waste, drugs, chemicals, water used for bathing patients, and other fluids, liquids, or debris. These gowns are typically loose, flowing, and are available in various sizes and styles (e.g., long sleeves, short sleeves, ankle-length, thigh-length, open or full back). They usually have have snap, tie, or Velcro closures. Reusable medical gowns are made of light-weight, fluid-resistant and breathable, washable woven materials such as cotton and polyester. Reusable medical gowns are used in many areas of healthcare facilities, including, but not limited to, examination rooms, operating rooms, procedure rooms, laboratories, and supply and preparation areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "11903",
      "display": "Gowns, Patient",
      "definition": "Patient gowns are designed to be worn instead of clothing by patients in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Patient gowns are usually loose-fitting, light-weight, short-sleeved, thigh-length garments made of woven or non-woven materials (e.g., cotton, polyester) and are intended to facilitate easy access to patients during examinations and medical procedures. These gowns are available in various sizes for men, women, and children. Most gowns have snap, tie, or Velcro closures in either the front or back. Patient gowns are available in many different styles and lengths, depending on their intended use; patient gowns specifically designed for radiographic, mammographic, and gynecologic procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11904",
      "display": "Gowns, Patient, Disposable",
      "definition": "Disposable patient gowns are designed to be worn once and then discarded. These gowns are worn instead of clothing by patients in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Disposable patient gowns are usually loose-fitting, light-weight, short-sleeved, thigh-length garments made of non-woven materials such as paper and plastics. They are intended to facilite easy access to the patients during examinations and medical procedures. These gowns are available in  various sizes for men, women, and children. Most gowns have tie closures in either the front or back. Disposable patient gowns are available in many different styles and lengths, depending on their intended use; disposable patient gowns specifically designed for radiographic, mammographic, and gynecological procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11905",
      "display": "Gowns, Patient, Reusable",
      "definition": "Reusable patient gowns are intended to be worn once, laundered, and worn again. They are designed to be worn instead of clothing by patients in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Reusable patient gowns are usually loose-fitting, light-weight, short-sleeved, thigh-length garments made of woven washable materials like cotton or polyester. They are intended to facilitate easy access to patients during examinations and medical procedures. These gowns are available in various sizes for men, women, and children. Most reusable gowns have snap, tie, or Velcro closures in either the front or back. Reusable patient gowns are available in many different styles and lengths, depending on their intended use; reusable patient gowns specifically designed for radiographic, mammographic, and gynecological procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20409",
      "display": "Gowns, Splash Protection",
      "definition": "Gowns designed for protection against fine particulates and chemical splashes. These gowns are typically made of a breathable multilayer plastic material (e.g., polyethylene); they may consist either of an open-back garment for frontal protection or jacketlike gowns with full protection to the upper body. Most of these gowns include a snap front and knit wrists. Splash-protection gowns are appropriate for clinical laboratories and general hospital use; they are not intended for handling hazardous materials or for decontamination of patients and/or objects."
    },
    {
      "code": "41702",
      "display": "Gradient Fractionators",
      "definition": "Systems that separate a mixture into a number of smaller quantities in which the composition varies according to a gradient. Gradient fractionation is usually performed by pumping a chase liquid through the system that then pushes the contents of the sample through the ultraviolet detector and into fraction collection tubes. Components of a fractionator may include a tube piercer, syringe pump, ultraviolet light absorbance detector, and fraction collector."
    },
    {
      "code": "37017",
      "display": "Gradient Makers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to generate gradients used in sucrose density gradient centrifugation, gradient gel electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography. Gradient makers usually consist of two chambers made of acrylic plastic, where one chamber contains the lower gradient concentration, and the other contains the higher concentration. These chambers are referred to as a mixing chamber and a reservoir, respectively. The chambers have an interconnecting valve between them to control gradient formation. A second valve regulates the output flow from the mixing chamber. They also may have a support rod which can be used to fix the mixers to a stand for stability."
    },
    {
      "code": "11908",
      "display": "Grafts",
      "definition": "Tissues obtained from a donor or produced artificially that are intended to replace a patient's diseased or injured tissue (i.e., grafts). Grafts used in humans may be of biological origin, obtained from the body of the same person (i.e., autograft), from another person (i.e., allograft), or from a different species (i.e., xenografts); of artificial origin, made from synthetic (e.g., Dacron, ceramic) materials; or made from a combination of natural and synthetic materials, including living elements and synthetic materials developed using bioengineering techniques (i.e., bioartificial). Dedicated grafts for particular tissues are available, including bone, skin, blood vessel, tendon, and dura mater."
    },
    {
      "code": "11912",
      "display": "Grafts, Skin",
      "definition": "Grafts obtained from a donor or produced artificially (i.e., synthetic) that are intended to replace an area of diseased or injured skin. Skin grafts used in humans may be of biological origin, obtained mainly from the body of the same person (i.e., autograft), from another person (i.e., allograft, typically from cadavers), and less frequently, from a different species (i.e., xenografts); synthetic polymeric membranes (e.g., hydrogels); or a combination of natural and synthetic materials (i.e., composite grafts), including living elements and synthetic materials developed using bioengineering techniques (i.e., bioartificial). Skin grafts are used in the healing of extensive skin losses, including large wounds and burns. Biological autografts and some bioengineered products are intended for use as permanent implants, while other skin grafts must be removed after a few days."
    },
    {
      "code": "18254",
      "display": "Grafts, Skin, Artificial",
      "definition": "Grafts produced artificially (i.e., synthetically), which are intended to replace an area of a patient's diseased or injured skin. These grafts are typically a two-layer structure: an external layer strong enough to be sutured on the wound bed (also known as artificial epidermis), which consists of a silicone film intended to control wound moisture flux and bacterial infection; and an internal layer (i.e., the skin regeneration template, also known as artificial dermis) that includes type I collagen. The silicone layer is removed after 14 days and frequently replaced with a thin autograft or with an epidermis cultured in the laboratory from the patient's own epithelial cells when the internal layer has induced the synthesis of a new dermis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18253",
      "display": "Grafts, Skin, Biological",
      "definition": "Grafts obtained from donors, which are intended to replace an area of a patient's diseased or injured skin.  These grafts are obtained from the body of the same person (i.e., autograft), from another person (i.e., allograft, typically from cadavers), or less frequently, from a different species (i.e., xenografts, typically from pigs). Biological skin autografts are usually passed through a device (i.e., dermatome) that cuts slits in the graft allowing expansion to cover a larger area; these grafts are intended for permanent use in the healing of extensive skin losses, including large wounds and burns. Allografts and xenografts are only intended for temporary use (e.g., a few days)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37437",
      "display": "Grease Interceptors",
      "definition": "Units that separate grease, fats, and oils, as well as other solids, from wastewater and then let the water pass through to the plumbing system. Water from sinks and dishwashers enters through the inlet of the unit and is slowed with a flow restrictor, usually passing through a series of baffles, to help separate the grease from the water. The grease is less dense than water; therefore, it floats to the top and gets trapped in the grease interceptor, while water flows freely through the outlet and into the plumbing system. In addition, solid waste that is denser than water accumulates at the bottom of the unit. The grease interceptor is a standalone unit that is constructed of metal and/or plastic. Grease interceptors can be connected to one or more sink and/or dishwashers. Some units included a draw-off hose and line shut-off valve to remove accumulated grease without having to open up the entire grease interceptor."
    },
    {
      "code": "37301",
      "display": "Griddles",
      "definition": "Cooking units consisting of a broad flat metal surface heated by gas or electricity. Griddles have three components: a plate, heat source, and temperature control. Griddles may be either free-standing or countertop equipment that sits on a stand or a base. Griddles typically have side and back splash guards and a front grease trough. Most units are 24 to 72 in (610 to 1,829 mm) in length, in increments of 12 in (305 mm)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27896",
      "display": "Grinders, Dental Laboratory",
      "definition": "Machines used to polish, shape, and cut various metals, resins, and plastics in restorative dentistry and prosthetics in dental laboratories. A variety of dental burs and attachments fit the spindles of these grinders. Dental laboratory grinders are typically tabletop units and have variable speeds."
    },
    {
      "code": "37337",
      "display": "Grinders, Microelectrode",
      "definition": "Grinders used to bevel the tip of a micropipette or microelectrode. These units include a grinding disk or plate spun by a motor and a micromanipulator that holds the pipette to be beveled. Some grinders include a water dripping device to provide lubrication. In addition, these grinders may also have an integrated microscope used to monitor the grinding process."
    },
    {
      "code": "11920",
      "display": "Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters",
      "definition": "Devices designed to interrupt (i.e., trip, cutting out power) an electric circuit if a ground fault occurs causing a leak current beyond a predetermined level. These devices operate based on variations of magnetic flux when current changes. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) are usually installed as outlets intended to supply power to electric equipment with a trip current limited to 4 to 6 mA for personal protection. Devices intended to protect equipment but not people, are usually set to trip at higher leak currents (e.g., 6 to 50 mA) and are frequently called equipment leakage electric interrupters. GFCI devices should operate in a very short time (e.g., typically less than 25 milliseconds) to offer appropriate protection; most devices need a manual reset after a ground fault occurs. GFCI are mainly intended for areas where water, high humidity, and/or other hazardous electrical conditions may be present; they are available as outlets for equipment connection (typically for personal protection) or fixed to equipment for protection."
    },
    {
      "code": "27810",
      "display": "Guide Wire External Torque Devices",
      "definition": "Devices designed for manual application of rotatory forces (i.e., torque) to the external (proximal) end of a high-torque guide wire, providing appropriate steering and rotatory motion to the working tip of the guide wire. These devices typically include an interlocking flexible mechanism with a handle that permits the application of torque to guide wires in a given range of diameters (e.g., from 0.26 to 1.0 mm/ 0.010 to 0.040 inch), facilitating the guide wire manipulation and displacement. External torque guide wire devices are used mainly in vascular procedures in the peripheral and central vasculature and less frequently in other body tracts (e.g., bile ducts) to apply high-torque to dedicated guide wires intended for that purpose."
    },
    {
      "code": "11925",
      "display": "Guide Wires",
      "definition": "Slender wires designed to be inserted into a lumen or cavity in the body and advanced for a distance, typically over tortuous anatomy. Once the tip of the guide wire is in place, it is used to facilitate the advancement and/or placement/exchange of other (typically larger) devices such as a catheter or implant (e.g., a bone screw). Typically, guidewires comprise three key components: the shaft inner core, the outer coating or sheath, and the tip. They are typically characterized by their pushability, steerability, torsional strength and opacity."
    },
    {
      "code": "36599",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Guide wires designed to provide percutaneous access to, and facilitate passage/placement of diagnostic/interventional catheters and devices within the cardiovascular system, including coronary, peripheral, visceral, and/or cerebral vessels. Guide wires that are dedicated for a specific anatomical location as well as guide wires that can be used in several different locations are available. They are typically utilized to access target vessels, cross lesions and deliver interventional therapy. They are available in a variety of configurations that include different sizes (lengths and diameters), core materials, tip designs, covers and coatings (e.g., polymer or plastic covers, hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings), and stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "36600",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Cardiovascular, Coronary",
      "definition": "Guide wires designed to provide percutaneous access to, and facilitate passage/placement of catheters and other diagnostic/interventional devices within coronary vessels and cardiac structures. They are typically utilized to access target vessels, cross lesions and deliver interventional therapy. They are available in a variety of configurations that include different sizes (lengths and diameters), core materials, tip designs, covers and coatings (e.g., polymer or plastic covers, hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings), and stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "42094",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Cardiovascular, Coronary, Transseptal Puncture",
      "definition": "Cardiovascular guidewires with a sharp tip designed for transseptal puncture. The guidewire can perforate and cross the fossa. They are typically 130 to 180 cm in length and made of nitinol. When the guidewire is unsupported, the tip of the guidewire assumes a �J� shape to safeguard from of further tissue penetration. These guidewires may have a radiopaque coil on the distal tip for fluoroscopic visualization."
    },
    {
      "code": "36601",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Cardiovascular, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Guide wires designed to provide percutaneous access to, and facilitate passage/placement of catheters and other diagnostic/interventional devices within peripheral vessels and structures (i.e., the peripheral vascular system). They are typically utilized to access target vessels, cross lesions and deliver interventional therapy. They are available in a variety of configurations that include different sizes (lengths and diameters), core materials, tip designs, covers and coatings (e.g., polymer or plastic covers, hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings), and stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "36604",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Cardiovascular, Pressure Measuring",
      "definition": "Cardiovascular guide wires designed to measure blood pressure and/or blood flow velocity in blood vessels, including the coronary and peripheral arteries during diagnostic and/or interventional procedures. This guide wire typically consists of a long, thin, flexible rod that has built-in pressure and flow measuring transducers or sensors at its working end and a torque device for navigation through the vasculature. These devices are usually used as part of hemodynamic monitoring systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "36605",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Cerebrovascular",
      "definition": "Guide wires designed to provide percutaneous access to, and facilitate passage/placement of catheters and other diagnostic/interventional devices within cerebrovascular vessels and structures. They are typically utilized to access target vessels, cross lesions and deliver interventional therapy. They are available in a variety of configurations that include different sizes (lengths and diameters), core materials, tip designs, covers and coatings (e.g., polymer or plastic covers, hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings), and stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "36606",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Endourological",
      "definition": "Guide wires designed to provide access to the urinary tract and facilitate passage/placement and exchange of instrumentation or devices (e.g., stents) during urological procedures. These guide wires are intended to provide transurethral and/or percutaneous access into the bladder, ureter or renal pelvis. They are available in a variety of configurations that include different sizes (lengths and diameters), core materials, tip designs, coatings (e.g., hydrophilic, polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), and stiffness."
    },
    {
      "code": "36607",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Gastroenterological",
      "definition": "Guide wires designed to provide access to the gastrointestinal tract and facilitate passage/placement and exchange of instrumentation or devices during gastroenterological procedures (i.e., procedures involving the gastrointestinal tract, liver, or biliary system). Gastroenterological guide wires typically use one of three designs (monofilament, coiled, or coated). They are intended for use in a range of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, including upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and colonoscopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36608",
      "display": "Guide Wires, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Guide wires designed to provide access into bone tissue and facilitate passage/placement of instrumentation (e.g., drill bits) or orthopedic implants (e.g., bone screws)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11927",
      "display": "Guides",
      "definition": "Devices designed to position and facilitate the operation of moving (i.e., guide) components of equipment and as guides during the performance of manual or endoscopic procedures improving their accuracy. These guides typically consist of a mechanical device that may be attached to instruments (e.g., drills, saws, snares) to facilitate the use of detachable components (i.e., drill bits, saw blades, snare wires) or to function as independent guides intended to lead small devices (e.g., needles) during manual (e.g., suturing) and endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11930",
      "display": "Guides, Drill",
      "definition": "Devices designed to simultaneously direct the placement of the drill hole and protect the surrounding tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "25130",
      "display": "Guides, Snare Wire",
      "definition": "Guides designed to position and manipulate wires through snare instruments. These devices typically consist of a hollow mechanical tube that matches the snare configuration and permits the introduction and manipulation of snare wire loops at the distal (working) end of the snares. Snare wire guides are frequently electrically insulated to permit the use of the wire loops as active electrodes when externally attached to an electrical supply."
    },
    {
      "code": "11933",
      "display": "Guillotines",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to cut objects, tissue, and/or organs using a movable sliding blade. These instruments typically include a mechanism (e.g., crank, shaft) that operates the blades by moving (e.g., dropping) them along guides to cut the objects (e.g., sets of papers, x-ray film). Dedicated guillotines are available for use as surgical instruments (e.g., tonsil excision, rib cutting)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15038",
      "display": "Guillotines, Rib",
      "definition": "Surgical guillotines designed to cut transversally (i.e., transect) one or more ribs. These guillotines are typically a handheld, manual instrument that includes a sliding blade at the working end that is operated (e.g., by squeezing action) by a mechanism in the handle. Rib guillotines are used mainly in surgical procedures that require opening the thoracic cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "11937",
      "display": "Gustometers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide a galvanic stimulus resulting in taste sensation. These devices typically incorporate two or more electrodes that are placed on a particular target (e.g., on both sides of the tongue). Gustometers are used primarily to assess local taste acuity (e.g., in the diagnosis of taste disturbances); they are also sometimes used in the neurophysiology or ear-nose-throat departments for differential diagnosis of Bell's palsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "40976",
      "display": "Hair Combs",
      "definition": "Handheld manual devices used in personal care to untangle and smooth hair that consist of a shaft that holds a row of teeth extending perpendicular to the shaft. Combs may also have a handle. Hair combs are usually made from plastic, metal, or wood. Combs can be different shapes and sizes with various spacing of the teeth and may be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "34503",
      "display": "Hair Graft Harvesting Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to remove hair follicles individually for later placement in a recipient area (i.e., hair harvesting). These units perform a minimally invasive technique procedure for hair harvesting known as follicular unit extraction (FUE) rather than harvesting the hair follicles in strips. Some units consist of an automated computerized machine that can select and harvest thousands of viable follicles in each working session using a robotic arm and following a dedicated software with minimum changes in the appearance of the donor area. The harvested follicles should be placed manually in the recipient area. Other simpler units consist of a handheld powered device used for manual harvesting the single follicles selected by the operator; the same device may be used later for transplantation into the recipient area. Hair graft harvesting units are used to perform and/or facilitate cosmetic treatments involving hair transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "40977",
      "display": "Hairbrushes",
      "definition": "Brushes with a handle and several rows of bristles designed for personal care to smooth and detangle hair. The bristles may be soft or stiff and made of synthetic or natural materials. The handle can be made of plastic, metal, or wood. Hairbrushes can be different shapes and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24900",
      "display": "Hammer Toe Fixation Implants",
      "definition": "Implants intended  for the immobilization of the interphalangeal joints of the lesser toes to treat hammer toe or other similar toe deformities, such as claw toe and mallet toe. These implants may be angled or straight and made of allograft bone; biocompatible, non-resorbable polymer [i.e., polyetheretherketone (PEEK)]; and titanium. These implants may or may not be cannulated. They can also be a variety of sizes to accommodate a patient�s anatomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "11949",
      "display": "Hammers, Neurologic",
      "definition": "Hand-held instruments that consist of a ring-, dome-, or wedge-shaped head and a handle designed to test deep tendon reflexes. These instruments are used to tap a tendon next to a joint (e.g., ankle, patellar). The hammer impact displaces the tendon, lengthening the muscle tendon complex and stretching the afferent neurons in the muscle fibers, which activates the reflex loop, causing a rapid contraction of the muscle and rotation of the joint. The head of the hammer is usually made of rubber or plastic, and the handle is usually made of stainless steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "15837",
      "display": "Hamper Liners",
      "definition": "Liners designed for use as an inner cover of a hamper. They typically consist of a disposable plastic or fabric bag and are used to keep the hamper clean and to facilitate storage and manipulation of the hamper contents. Large liners are typically used in fixed hampers (which are frequently centrally located on patient floors) for temporary storage of dirty/soiled laundry; smaller liners are typically intended for use in  portable units used in isolation procedures or located in patient rooms for temporary storage of contaminated products (e.g., cloth, bandages), minimizing cross-contamination and odor."
    },
    {
      "code": "15838",
      "display": "Hamper Stands",
      "definition": "Stands designed to hold one or more hamper bags (i.e., hamper liners) without slipping. These stands typically consist of a slender metallic frame structure and frequently include a plastic (e.g., polypropylene) cover for the attached bag.  Hamper stands may be used for temporary storage of laundry; smaller, lighter, and portable hamper stands that can support sterilization (e.g., steam sterilization) are used in isolation procedures for temporary storage of contaminated products (e.g., cloth, bandages), minimizing cross-contamination and odor. Disposable plastic hamper stands for single-patient use are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15839",
      "display": "Hampers",
      "definition": "Containers designed for temporary collection and storage of used disposable products and/or dirty laundry. These containers typically consist of a ventilated basket (e.g., made of wicker or plastic) with a cover; an internal disposable liner (e.g., a plastic bag) to keep the hamper clean and to facilitate storage and manipulation of the hamper contents is usually fixed to the inner surface of the hamper. Hampers are also available as a combination of a hamper stand (a metallic structure) and appropriate hamper bags held by the stand. Large hampers are typically used for temporary storage of soiled laundry until it is moved to a final destination for washing; smaller, portable, typically single-use units are used mainly in isolation procedures and in regular patient rooms for temporary storage of contaminated products (e.g., cloth, bandages), minimizing cross-contamination and odor until their disposal. Some hampers are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] environments, i.e., MRI-compatible hampers, and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "11329",
      "display": "Hand Drills",
      "definition": "Handheld instruments designed to hold and provide rotatory movement (i.e., torque) to integral or detachable devices. Hand drills consist of a manually propelled (some are known as braces) or powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instrument that typically include a chuck and work with other detachable components such as drill bits, burs, reamers, and trephines; some hand drills are used with special guides and/or to work over a guide wire. Hand drills may include an integral drill bit for a particular use; battery operated electric drills provide autonomous operation without connection to external power sources. Hand drills are primarily intended to excavate cylindrical holes on objects, tissues, and/or other anatomic parts or the body; they are used in healthcare for a variety of biopsy, surgical, dental, postmortem, and/or other procedures. Hand drills are also used for installation and maintenance tasks on healthcare devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "11330",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Hand drills designed  to obtain specimens intended for biopsy procedures. These instruments consist of a manually propelled or powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instrument that typically includes a chuck and other detachable components such as drill bits, drill needles, and trephines; some biopsy drills are used with special guides. Biopsy hand drills may include an integral drill bit for a particular (e.g., spinal) use; battery operated electric drills provide autonomous operation without connection to external power sources. Biopsy hand drills are used for a variety of purposes, they may use dedicated drill bits for taking samples of bone, soft tissue (e.g., pulmonary, thyroid, and/or breast), and bone marrow; biopsy hand drills may be also used for harvesting bone and/or medullar tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "33873",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Biopsy, Bone Marrow",
      "definition": "Hand drills designed to  obtain bone marrow specimens for laboratory testing. These instruments usually consist of a battery-powered instrument that typically includes a dedicated connector capable of driving a detachable single-use hollow needle with a stylet that is long enough to reach the spinal cord, and a threaded cannula that is inserted after stylet is removed; then aspiration is provided to obtain the bone marrow sample. Bone marrow drills may be also used for harvesting bone marrow for transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "11337",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Fingernail",
      "definition": "Handheld instruments designed to hold and provide rotatory movement (i.e., torque) to integral or detachable drill bits or burs that are used on the fingernails. Fingernail hand drills consist of high-speed powered (e.g., electric) instruments that typically include a control unit and an attached handpiece with a chuck and work with detachable components such as drill bits, burs, and filing/polishing devices. Fingernail hand drills are primarily intended for shaping and filing the nails during therapeutic or cosmetic procedures; they can be also used under the nails and/or to conform the cuticles. Some instruments may also be usedon the toenails."
    },
    {
      "code": "33876",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Foot Care",
      "definition": "Handheld instruments designed to hold and provide rotatory movement (i.e., torque) to integral or detachable burs that are used for foot care. Foot care hand drills consist of high-speed powered (e.g., electric) instruments that typically include a control unit and an attached handpiece with a chuck and work with detachable components such as burs and polishing devices. Foot care hand drills are intended primarily for debriding callous and other hard tissue and also for shaping the toenails during therapeutic or cosmetic procedures; some dedicated burs also permit use under the nails. Foot care hand drills are not usually intended for nail care; they frequently include irrigation and/or vacuum suction capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17954",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Surgical",
      "definition": "Hand drills designed to provide torque to integral or, more frequently, detachable components (e.g., drill bits, burs) during surgical procedures. These devices consist of a manually propelled or powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instrument that typically includes a chuck and other detachable components such as drill bits, reamers, and trephines; some surgical drills are used with special guides and/or over a guide wire. Some manual hand drills may include an integral drill bit for a particular use; battery operated electric drills provide autonomous operation without connection to external power sources. Surgical hand drills are used for a variety of procedures, including orthopedic, dental/oral, ophthalmic, and otolaryngology procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11331",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Hand drills  used during orthopedic surgical procedures involving the bones. These devices consist of a manually propelled or powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instrument that typically includes a chuck and other detachable components such as drill bits and reamers; some bone drills are used with special guides and/or over a guide wire. Manual hand drills may include an integral drill bit for a particular use (e.g., intramedullary reaming); battery operated electric drills provide autonomous operation without connection to external power sources. Bone surgical hand drills frequently include special guides and/or work over a pin or guide wire (i.e., cannulated hand drills); they are used for a variety of purposes, including placement of implants and implantable prostheses and the fixation of bones using plates, bolts, pins, and other components."
    },
    {
      "code": "11332",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Surgical, Bone, Cannulated",
      "definition": "Hand drills designed for use during orthopedic surgical procedures involving the bones. These devices work over a pin or guide wire. These instruments consist of a manually propelled or powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instrument that typically works following the direction of a previously inserted pin or guide wire and frequently using an external dedicated guide; the drill includes a chuck and other detachable components such as hollow drill bits and reamers. Cannulated bone surgical hand drills are used for a variety of orthopedic trauma and reconstructive procedures, such as placing screws and pins for fixation of plates and other bone implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "11338",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Surgical, Bone, Intramedullary",
      "definition": "Surgical bone drill bits designed to excavate the intramedullary bone canal when held and revolved by a rotatory manually propelled or powered device (e.g., a handpiece or hand drill). These devices typically consist of a hollow cylindrical shank of steel or other hard metal with a uniform cross-section. They include a working end with cutting edges and a notched or elongated proximal end that may be an integral part of a manually propelled instrument or fit into the rotary device. Intramedullary cannulated drill bits are frequently used to excise tissue from the bone stem in orthopedic procedures prior to prosthesis implantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "11339",
      "display": "Hand Drills, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Hand drills designed used during otologic surgical procedures involving the middle ear structures. These devices consist of a manually propelled or powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instrument that typically includes a chuck and other detachable components such as drill bits and burs; some middle ear drills are used with special guides. Battery operated electric drills provide autonomous operation without connection to external power sources. Middle-ear surgical hand drills frequently include special guides for particular procedures such as stapedectomy and the placing of choclear implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "17953",
      "display": "Handpieces",
      "definition": "Handheld devices designed to engage rotary instruments (e.g., burs), controlling their speed and direction. These devices are used to perform  surgical and/or dental  procedures, such as drilling and cleaning. Most handpieces are driven by connection to a power source, usually either a pneumatic air system (air compressor) or an electric motor; some are manually driven (intended for use with manual braces)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11161",
      "display": "Handpieces, Dental",
      "definition": "Handpieces designed to operate dental rotary instruments, such as dental burs and polishers. They are used in procedures to remove tooth structures, polish dental restorations, clean teeth, and other dental procedures. Dental handpieces are driven by connection to a power source, either a pneumatic (compressed air) system or an electric motor."
    },
    {
      "code": "34059",
      "display": "Handpieces, Laser, Dermatology",
      "definition": "Handpieces designed to both generate and direct or conduct laser radiation pulses to the treatment site for dermatological procedures. The handpieces are used for ablative and non-ablative treatment of the skin. They are various shapes depending on the application and most are reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "17949",
      "display": "Handpieces, Surgical",
      "definition": "Handpieces designed to operate surgical rotary instruments (e.g., drills, saws)or lasers used in surgical procedures for dissecting bone and cartilage, such as orthopedic, middle ear, and cranial procedures. Most surgical handpieces are driven by connection to a power source, typically a pneumatic system or an electric motor. Some surgical handpieces are battery powered."
    },
    {
      "code": "33807",
      "display": "Handpieces, Surgical, Central Nervous System",
      "definition": "Surgical handpieces designed for mechanical resection of abnormal soft tissue (i.e., tumors) from the central nervous system (CNS) during open surgery. These handpieces usually consist of a single-use slender pen-like device with an open cannula at its distal tip that includes an internal cutting element (e.g., a reciprocating cutter) and aspiration (suction) capabilities; the handpiece also includes an aspiration tube and, at its proximal end, appropriate connectors to the suction and power supplies provided by the electromechanical surgical unit. CNS surgical handpieces are used for cutting and disposing intracranial (i.e., brain) and/or spinal soft tissue tumors during minimally invasive surgical procedures (e.g., image guided stereotactic surgery) or open surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34028",
      "display": "Handpieces, Surgical, Endoscopic Transverse Carpal Ligament Resection",
      "definition": "Surgical handpieces designed for resection of the transverse carpal ligament through an endoscope introduced percutaneously in a surgical incision made at the base of the wrist. These handpieces usually consist of a pistol-like device that operates a disposable detachable blade. When the ligament is visualized through the endoscope, the blade is inserted and then used to resect the ligament. Carpal tunnel ligament resection handpieces are used as the main components of carpal tunnel resectoscopes intended to treat patients with carpal syndrome that is not associated to other pathologies."
    },
    {
      "code": "11958",
      "display": "Head Halters",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide traction to the cervical vertebrae by pulling the head using force from an external traction unit. These devices typically combine several padded straps in a lightweight structure; usually one of the straps is placed under the chin, a second strap is placed on the back of the head, and a third strap is placed around the neck, attaching the two other straps. A head halter includes one or more rings at the top that permit its connection to the cable of an external traction unit that usually includes a pulley and a set of weights. Head halters intended for horizontal and/or vertical (frequently including spreading bars) traction are available; they are used in orthopedic and/or physical therapy procedures, including fracture treatment and widening of the intervertebral spaces in the spine."
    },
    {
      "code": "23753",
      "display": "Head/Chin Rests, Ophthalmic Test",
      "definition": "Devices designed to support and keep the patient's head in a fixed position and distance from an ophthalmic diagnostic device. These devices typically consist of frames with a head rest against which the forehead rests and a chin rest (e.g., U shaped or cup shaped) on which the chin rests. The height of the chin rest can be adjusted. These devices can be floor-standing independent devices or table-mounted; they may also be a part of an assembly of an ophthalmic diagnostic device (e.g., slit lamp). Ophthalmic test head and chin rests are used for patients during ophthalmic examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "11963",
      "display": "Headlights",
      "definition": "Light fixtures (e.g., bands, helmets) intended to be worn on the user's head to provide intense illumination during surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures. These devices are typically battery operated, lightweight, comfortable, and ergonomically balanced to optimize comfort; they are sometimes attached to an external light source. Headlights are available in different shapes and configurations appropriate for use by dentists, surgeons, and other physicians."
    },
    {
      "code": "40543",
      "display": "Headsets",
      "definition": "Devices incorporating one or two ear-worn/inserted loudspeakers (i.e., devices intended to convert electrical signals from audio equipment into sound waves) and a microphone (i.e., device intended to convert sound waves to electrical signals) designed to allow improved and/or private listening by the user and the ability for the user to transmit audio signals. Headsets may be connected to the transmitting/receiving audio device via a wire or wirelessly."
    },
    {
      "code": "15616",
      "display": "Headwall Systems, Prefabricated",
      "definition": "Systems of prefabricated wall panels used to organize the utility services (e.g., electrical, gas, vacuum) and devices at the head of the patient's bed. These systems may be either frame type or cabinet type, they are factory pre-wired and pre-piped, and usually designed and manufactured from a standard system of components. Frame type headwalls used metallic (e.g., steel) frame members to form the structural frame, the rear of the unit open; while cabinet-type headwalls use modules much like steel cabinets with integral back panels. A typical headwall system includes: oxygen, air, and vacuum station outlets; electrical power receptacles; provision for nurse call and code buttons; telephone jacks; physiological monitor support brackets; and various types of lighting (ambient, reading, examination, and nightlight)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24863",
      "display": "Healthcare Equipment Movers",
      "definition": "Electrically (usually battery) powered equipment designed to be attached to healthcare equipment to facilitate moving it inside a healthcare facility. These movers typically consist of a supporting metal structure with an electric motor and a battery; the mover is attached to the frame of the device to be moved, permitting it to be lifted to a position slightly above the floor during transportation. The movers include mechanisms and controls that allow them to tow equipment along hospital corridors, in rooms, and in lifts; they also include controllers for speed and rotation. Healthcare equipment movers are intended to move heavy hospital equipment (e.g., surgical tables, hemodialysis machines, radiology equipment, beds) with or without the patient; they can facilitate more controlled transport for heavy patients and equipment, reducing operator effort. Dedicated healthcare equipment movers for beds/stretchers, carts, wheelchairs, and other equipment (e.g., surgical tables, hemodialysis machines, carts) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24866",
      "display": "Healthcare Equipment Movers, Bed/Stretcher",
      "definition": "Electrically (usually battery) powered equipment designed to be attached to (i.e., hitched) healthcare beds and/or stretchers to facilitate moving them inside a healthcare facility. These movers typically consist of a supporting metal structure, an electric motor, and a battery; the mover is attached to the frame of the bed or stretcher, permitting it to be lifted to a position slightly above the floor during transportation. The movers include mechanisms and controls that allow them to tow equipment along hospital corridors, in rooms, and in lifts; they also include controllers for speed and rotation. Some movers have capabilities to provide electric power to the bed, stretcher, and associated devices and/or for control of gases administered to patients. Healthcare bed/stretcher movers are intended to move standard or bariatric beds and/or stretchers with or without the patient; they can facilitate a more controlled transport for patients and equipment, reducing operator effort."
    },
    {
      "code": "24867",
      "display": "Healthcare Equipment Movers, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Electrically (usually battery) powered equipment designed to be attached to (i.e., hitching) wheelchairs to facilitate moving them inside a healthcare facility. These movers typically consist of a supporting metal structure, an electric motor, and a battery; the mover is attached to the frame of the wheelchair, permitting it to be lifted to a position slightly above the floor during transportation. The movers include mechanisms and controls that allow wheelchairs to be towed along hospital corridors, in rooms, and lifts, with rotations of at least 180 degrees; they also include controllers for speed and rotation. Healthcare wheelchair movers are intended to move standard or bariatric wheelchairs typically with the patient seated in them; they facilitate safer in-hospital transport for patients, reducing operator effort."
    },
    {
      "code": "27280",
      "display": "Hearing Aid Cleaning Units, Vacuum",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to clean hearing aids using vacuum. This equipment typically consists of a portable unit that provides partial vacuum pressure and includes a vacuum drying (i.e., desiccator) chamber where the hearing aid is housed, a vacuum hose with a probe that may be connected to several detachable tips at its distal end for external cleaning of the hearing aid components, controls to regulate the pressure inside the chamber, and filters. The units may also include a manometer to measure the pressure inside the vacuum chamber and/or a set of tools (e.g., brushes, picks) to facilitate the external cleaning procedure. Vacuum hearing aid cleaning units are used for periodic cleaning, preventive maintenance, and during repair of hearing aids and/or ear molds as an alternative to manual cleaning procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11967",
      "display": "Hearing Aids",
      "definition": "Small wearable devices designed to compensate for impaired�hearing�by transmitting amplified sound waves to the eardrum. It typically consists of a miniature microphone, amplifier, and speaker (receiver) contained in a case that fits completely inside the outer ear or inside the ear canal. The microphone receives sound waves and converts them into electrical signals which are increased by the amplifier and sent as sound waves."
    },
    {
      "code": "35427",
      "display": "Hearing Aids, Skull Bone Vibration",
      "definition": "Hearing aids which conduct sound through vibrations of the skull bone.  Bone conduction hearing aids consist of two parts, an anchor and an audio processor. The processor adheres to the skin behind the ear. The anchor may be surgically implanted in the bone behind ear or worn externally behind the ear.  The processor collects sounds and transfers them into vibrations which are conducted via the anchor through the skull bone to the inner ear. The inner ear then converts the vibrations into electrical impulses and sends them to the brain."
    },
    {
      "code": "15012",
      "display": "Heart-Lung Bypass Unit Tubing Sets",
      "definition": "Tubing sets designed for external delivery of blood from the patient's circulatory system to a heart-lung bypass unit and back.  Blood is diverted from the vena cava through a cannula into the tubing set to an arterial pump that is part of the heart-lung bypass unit; after oxygenation the blood is pumped back through the tubing set to a cannula inserted in the aorta, bypassing the heart and lungs.  These tubing sets typically consist of plastic, pre-sterilized, disposable plastic tubes manufactured and assembled for this specific use."
    },
    {
      "code": "11969",
      "display": "Heart-Lung Bypass Units",
      "definition": "Equipment that provide temporary external circulatory support to the cardio-pulmonary functions, by oxygenating the body's venous supply of blood and pumping it back into the arterial system; bypass units can perform circulation oxygenation, and filtration of the blood. These units are usually assembled in a console, which main components consist of an arterial pump, a backup arterial pump, one or two suction pumps, an arterial vent pump, a cardioplegia pump, and a backup unit; the console also includes some disposable components such as an oxygenator/heat exchanger, a cardiotomy reservoir, blood filters, and tubing. Heart-lung bypass units are mostly used during open heart surgery, bypassing the heart to facilitate surgery on the organ (e.g. , cardiac valve replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting); they are also used for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe respiratory disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "11978",
      "display": "Heat Exchangers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to increase or decrease the temperature of a fluid by transmitting heat from one fluid to another. These equipment typically consist of a device either with two contiguous reservoirs or two sets of coils in close contact, allowing heat interchange between the two fluids; they also include heating and/or refrigerating modules. Typically the fluid which temperature should be adjusted (e.g., blood) is circulated through a set of coils inside the exchanger, while the controlling fluid (e.g., water) circulates through a second set of coils. By adjusting the temperature of  the controlling fluid the heat interchange is regulated"
    },
    {
      "code": "11973",
      "display": "Heat Exchangers, Heart-Lung Bypass",
      "definition": "Heat exchangers designed to warm or cool blood and/or perfusion fluids flowing through the device, as part of a  heart-lung bypass procedure. These heat exchangers are frequently combined with an oxygenator as a disposable single unit of a heart-lung bypass equipment. Heart lung bypass heat exchangers are used to lower the temperature of the blood, reducing the metabolic requirements of the heart and the oxygen demand of the brain and other organs during surgery and to re-warm the blood at the end of the surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "13318",
      "display": "Heat Exchangers, Regional Perfusion",
      "definition": "Heat exchangers designed for warming blood, typically by transfer of heat across a membrane. These heat exchangers are used  when perfusing extremities and organs other than the heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "23432",
      "display": "Heating Mantles, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Laboratory devices designed to heat a container. These devices typically consist of an insulated, countertop, corrosion-resistant housing with internal heating elements appropriate for partial or total introduction of a container (e.g., a flask) and, usually, a temperature control. Heating mantle housings are frequently semiflexible to permit the tight accommodation of the container; some devices can reach very high temperatures up to 650 degrees C (1,042 degrees F).  Heating mantles are used in clinical laboratories for rapid distillation of water and/or cracking of vapor and liquid materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "11985",
      "display": "Heating Pads",
      "definition": "Pads designed to provide heat to an area of the human body. These pads are usually made of several layers of soft (e.g., natural fibers, plastics) materials sealed in a fabric or plastic outer covering. The pads may include: (1) heating elements (e.g., wires) connected to an external power source, (2) a heat conducting layer (e.g., carbon polymer) placed on a flexible (e.g., viscoelastic foam) pad that conducts heat supplied by a low voltage power source, or (3) a set of or channels appropriate to circulate warm liquids from an external pump. Heating pads are mainly used to alleviate pain, help in treating muscle spasms and joint stiffness; they are also used to prevent hypothermia. Dedicated heating pads are conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the anatomic part to be heated."
    },
    {
      "code": "11989",
      "display": "Heating Pads, Electric",
      "definition": "Pads designed to provide heat to an area of the human body by including electric heating elements. These pads are usually made of several layers of soft (e.g., natural fibers, plastics) materials sealed in a fabric or plastic outer covering. The pads may include heating elements (e.g., wires) connected to an external power source or a heat conducting layer (e.g., carbon polymer) placed on a flexible (e.g., viscoelastic foam) pad that conducts heat supplied by a low voltage power source; they may also include temperature regulators. Electric heating pads are mainly used to alleviate pain, help in treating muscle spasms and joint stiffness, and to prevent hypothermia. Dedicated electric heating pads are conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the anatomic part to be heated."
    },
    {
      "code": "31265",
      "display": "Heating Units, Laparoscopic Insufflation Gas",
      "definition": "Heating units designed to warm the gases used for insufflation of the abdomen during laparoscopic procedures. These units usually use electric elements to provide heat along the tube from a central gas or cylinder supply to the insufflator and then to the port that provides access to the abdomen. The heated gas is delivered to fill the pneumoperitoneum with gas close to normal body temperature. Heating units used to warm gases used in laparoscopic procedure systems are intended to prevent hypothermia during long procedures and facilitate postoperative recovery."
    },
    {
      "code": "11988",
      "display": "Heating/Cooling Pads, Circulating-Liquid",
      "definition": "Pads designed to provide heat or cold to an area of the human body by circulating liquids. These pads are usually made of several layers of flexible materials (e.g., natural fibers, plastics) sealed in a fabric or plastic outer covering; the pads include a set of or channels appropriate to circulate warm or cold liquids from an external pump. Heating/cooling pads are mainly used to alleviate pain, help in treating muscle spasms and joint stiffness, to cool feverish patients, and to prevent or induce hypothermia. Dedicated circulating liquid pads are conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the anatomic part to be heated or cooled."
    },
    {
      "code": "27064",
      "display": "Height Measurement Instruments",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the height of people or their length when they cannot stand up (i.e., infants). These devices may consist of mechanical instruments (e.g., height rods including mounting hardware) or electronic instruments that may include optical sensors and a separate display. Height/length measuring instruments usually give results in inches or metric values; mobile instruments (using wheels) and portable (typically foldable devices) are available. The instruments are used in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities for routine evaluation of a person's height or length (typically infants and/or disabled people). Dedicated instruments used to measure the length of infants (known as infantometers) and for accurate assessment of the progress of children's growth (known as stadiometers) are also available; wall-mounted instruments are intended only to measure a person's height."
    },
    {
      "code": "27068",
      "display": "Height Measurement Instruments, Mobile",
      "definition": "Height/length measuring instruments designed to be mounted on wheels permitting easy movement. These instruments typically consist of a lockable telescopic graduated (either metric, inches, or both) rod that facilitates a simple mechanical measurement of the person's height or length when they cannot stand up by themselves (e.g., infants). Mobile height/length measuring instruments are used in doctors' offices, hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and in the field for routine evaluation of adults, children, and/or infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "27070",
      "display": "Height Measurement Instruments, Portable",
      "definition": "Height/length measuring instruments designed for easy manual carrying; the instrument typically may be folded in several pieces to facilitate transportation. These instruments typically consist of a calibrated rod and a sliding head piece that attach to a floor base; the base includes a handle that makes it easy to transport the whole set. Portable height/length measuring instruments are mainly used in the field (e.g., rural areas, schools) for measuring and assessing of children and teenagers' growth (known as stadiometers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23520",
      "display": "Height Measurement Instruments, Portable, Neonate/Infant",
      "definition": "Portable height/length measuring instruments designed only to measure the length of neonates and the length or height of infants. These instruments typically consist of a board that permits a comfortable positioning of the baby including a mechanism (e.g., a sliding lever that adjusts to the infant's body) to measure the length of the neonate or infant in a range of up to about one meter (40 inches) with accuracy and reproducibility; other instruments are also capable of measuring infants' height as soon as they can stand up. Some instruments include electronic displays and/or recorders. Portable neonate/infant height/length measuring instruments are intended for periodic assessment of postneonate growth and to perform studies of baby growth."
    },
    {
      "code": "27066",
      "display": "Height Measurement Instruments, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "Height/length measuring instruments designed to be mounted on a wall. These instruments may consist of a graduated (either metric, inches, or both) wall-mounted rod that permits a direct mechanical measurement; some electronic instruments link the rod to a remote display that shows the person's height. Wall-mounted height measuring instruments are used in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities for routine evaluation of a standing person's height. High-precision instruments intended to evaluate the growth of children and young adults (known as stadiometers) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25213",
      "display": "Height Measurement Instruments, Wall-Mounted, Electronic",
      "definition": "Wall-mounted height measuring instruments that use electronic sensors and circuits to measure people's height. These instruments typically consist of a graduated wall-mounted rod, a head positioner, optical sensors, electronic circuits, a battery, and a remote display that shows the results either in metric values, inches, or both. Electronic wall-mounted height measuring instruments are used in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities for routine evaluation of people's height. High-precision electronic instruments intended to evaluate the growth of children and young adults (known as digital stadiometers) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25210",
      "display": "Height Measurement Instruments, Wall-Mounted, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Wall-mounted height/length measuring instruments that use a completely mechanical design to measure people's height. These instruments typically consist of a graduated (either metric, inches, or both) wall-mounted rod, a sliding head piece, and hardware appropriate to fix the instrument to a wall; the instrument permits simple mechanical measurement of the person's height. Wall-mounted height measuring instruments are used in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities for routine evaluation of people's height."
    },
    {
      "code": "22946",
      "display": "Heimlich Maneuver Assist Devices",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be placed on a person's abdomen to facilitate a maneuver (known as Heimlich maneuver) intended to generate a pressure to move and expel an obstructing foreign body in that person's airway (i.e., to relieve choking). These devices usually include a head with a central bulge to be placed against the upper abdomen and a rod and two handles; the device is used by being pulled inward and upward to generate the desired expulsion pressure on the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18245",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Needle Sets",
      "definition": "Needle sets that include a large-bore (typically 16 G) winged needle. During use, the Luer fitting is attached to a hemodialysis pheresis set. Usually, two needle sets are used simultaneously per dialysis patient, with one needle inserted in a vein and the other inserted in an artery. Both needles are kept in the patient until the hemodialysis procedure is completed."
    },
    {
      "code": "18246",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Needle Sets, Protective",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis needle sets that allow the needle to be retracted into or covered by a protective sheath. These needle sets are used for prevention of accidental needlesticks during hemodialysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "11218",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to perform hemodialysis, a treatment intended to remove large amounts of water, toxins, and wastes from the blood. Typically blood is taken via an extracorporeal circuit, passed through an extracorporeal dialyzer to decrease biochemical abnormalities as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances, and then returned to the patient. Hemodialysis units are used mainly for partial substitution of the kidney (i.e., renal) or liver (i.e., hepatic) function; they are also used to treat other acute diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "23427",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Units, Hepatic",
      "definition": "Hepatic hemodialysis units designed for the partial external support of liver function by removing large amounts of water-soluble and albumin-bound substances. Typically, blood is removed via an extracorporeal circuit, passed through a dialyzer and membrane (e.g., polysulphone) that filters out water-soluble toxic substances (e.g., ammonia, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, fatty acids) and albumin-bound toxins, and returned to the patient. Hepatic hemodialysis machines are available to perform continuous hemodialysis or as intermittent machines used used for short periods of time. These units are intended for the treatment of chronic and/or acute liver disease and dysfunction after liver transplantation; the devices usually provide temporary liver function support while the patient waits for recovery or as a bridge to transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23429",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Units, Hepatic, Continuous Replacement Therapy",
      "definition": "Hepatic hemodialysis units designed for the partial external support of liver function by removing large amounts of water-soluble and albumin-bound substances at a slow and steady rate (i.e., continuous replacement therapy machines). Blood is removed via an extracorporeal circuit, using either arteriovenous access (typically femoral artery to femoral vein) or venous-venous access (e.g., jugular, femoral, subclavian vein), passed through a dialyzer and membrane (e.g., polysulphone) that filters out water-soluble toxic substances (e.g., ammonia, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, fatty acids) and albumin-bound toxins, and returned to the patient. Continuous replacement therapy hepatic hemodialysis units also perform other procedures, such as filtration and replacement of fluids (usually calcium and lactate) by convection (hemofiltration) and/or a combination of hemodialysis and fluid replacement procedure by diffusion and convection (hemodiafiltration). The main components of the unit usually include a dialysate delivery system that delivers the previously prepared dialysate solution from a bag to the dialyzer, an extracorporeal blood-delivery circuit that slowly circulates a portion of the patient's blood through the dialyzer and returns to the patient, a disposable dialyzer with specialized membrane filters in which the solute exchange takes place, and devices that perform fluid replacement. Each component has its own monitoring and control circuits. These units are intended for the treatment of chronic and/or acute liver disease and dysfunction after liver transplantation; the devices usually provide temporary liver function support while the patient waits for recovery or as a bridge to transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24896",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Units, Renal",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis units designed to replace the main activity of the kidneys by removing large amounts of water, toxins, and wastes. Typically, blood is removed via an extracorporeal circuit, passed through an extracorporeal dialyzer that removes toxic substances, and returned to the patient. Renal hemodialysis machines are available to perform continuous hemodialysis (a procedure known as continuous renal replacement therapy) or as intermittent machines used for short periods of time (usually over 2 to 4 hours, 3 to 5 times a week)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23426",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Units, Renal, Continuous Replacement Therapy",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis units designed for the continuous replacement of the main activity of the kidneys by removing water and wastes at a slow and steady rate (i.e., continuous renal replacement therapy [CRRT] machines). Blood is removed via an extracorporeal circuit, using either arteriovenous access (typically femoral artery to femoral vein) or a venous-venous access (e.g., jugular, femoral, subclavian vein), passed through an extracorporeal dialyzer that allows the transfer of substances usually by diffusion to decrease biochemical abnormalities as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances; and returned to the patient (i.e., a hemodialysis procedure). These units frequently have capabilities to perform other procedures, such as filtration and fluid replacement (usually calcium and lactate) by convection (hemofiltration) and a combination of hemodialysis and fluid replacement by diffusion and convection (hemodiafiltration). CRRT unit's main components are usually a dialysate-delivery system that delivers the previously prepared dialysate solution from a bag to the dialyzer, the extracorporeal blood-delivery circuit that slowly circulates a portion of the patient's blood through the dialyzer and returns to the patient, a disposable dialyzer with specialized membrane filters in which solute exchange takes place, and devices to perform fluid replacement. Each component has its own monitoring and control circuits. Continuous renal replacement units are intended for temporary continuous partial replacement of renal functions in hemodynamically unstable patients with acute renal failure and excess urea in blood (i.e., uremia, also known as azotemia) and/or fluid overload; they are also used for the treatment of other critical diseases, such as refractory pulmonary edema, pericarditis, hypothermia, or poisonings with a dialyzable toxin."
    },
    {
      "code": "24897",
      "display": "Hemodialysis Units, Renal, Intermittent",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis units designed for the intermittent replacement of the main activity of the kidneys by removing large amounts of water and wastes in short periods of time (usually over 2 to 4 hours, 3 to 5 times a week). Blood is removed via an extracorporeal circuit (typically from an arteriovenous shunt or indwelling central venous catheter); passed through an extracorporeal dialyzer that allows the transfer of substances by diffusion and convection to decrease biochemical abnormalities as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances; and returned to the patient. These machines consist of three main components: a dialysate delivery system that prepares the dialysate solution and delivers it to the dialyzer; the extracorporeal blood-delivery circuit that circulates a portion of the patient's blood through the dialyzer and returns it to the patient; and a disposable, typically hollow-fiber dialyzer, in which solute exchange takes place. Each component has its own monitoring and control circuits. Intermittent renal hemodialysis units are intended for intermittent chronic partial replacement of renal functions in patients with impaired renal function, such as those with end-stage renal disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "15039",
      "display": "Hemofiltration Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to remove specific toxins or wastes from the blood (i.e., hemofiltration). Typically blood is taken via an extracorporeal circuit and passed through a high flux membrane that convectively extracts water and medium size molecular waste; a sterile replacement solution with similar electrolytic concentration as a dialysis solution is then infused in the same amount as the solution that is filtered out from the bloodstream. No dialysis procedure is performed during hemofiltration. Hemofiltration units are intended to decrease biochemical abnormalities as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances; the procedure results in the flushing of larger molecules (e.g. medium-sized molecules) of water soluble substances from the bloodstream than hemodialysis. Hemofiltration is used mainly for blood purification in hemodynamic unstable patients or in those suffering from cardiovascular problems; hemofiltration units are frequently combined with other devices to conform continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) units."
    },
    {
      "code": "24133",
      "display": "Hemorrhoid Ligation Units, Endoscopic, Ultrasound Guided",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the endoscopic ligation of rectal hemorrhoids using ultrasound as a guide for the location of arteries. These devices consist of an electronic unit connected to a dedicated anoscope that includes a Doppler ultrasonic transducer and an integral needle for artery ligation (typically using an absorbable suture), a fiberoptic illumination system, and a display. Ultrasound-guided rectal hemorrhoid ligation units are intended to facilitate the location of arteries that supply blood to hemorrhoids and to provide a more accurate and repeatable means of hemorrhoid ligation."
    },
    {
      "code": "33922",
      "display": "Hemostasis Pads",
      "definition": "Pads/dressings intended to be applied topically in order to control surface bleeding from vascular access sites (e.g., arteriotomies) and reduce the time-to-hemostasis in patients undergoing diagnostic or interventional endovascular procedures. These devices are typically used as an adjunct to manual compression or mechanical compression of the vascular access site."
    },
    {
      "code": "27811",
      "display": "Hemostasis Valves",
      "definition": "Valves designed to prevent and/or control bleeding during endovascular procedures. These devices typically consist of a plastic valve that may be an integral part or attached to a catheter using a Luer (frequently rotatory) fitting. The valve typically includes a lateral port for flushing and a seal at the proximal end that closes the catheter to prevent bleeding. They may also include a side tubing extension intended for administration of fluids. Hemostasis valves are mainly intended to prevent blood loss and/or the entry of air in the circulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "30483",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agent Applicators, Topical",
      "definition": "Devices designed to deliver hemostatic agents derived from the patient's own blood (i.e., autologous hemostatic agents). These applicators typically consist of a single-use, sterile handheld device intended for the application of the hemostatic agent in a given area of the body (e.g., topical, intracavitary, endoscopic). The applicator is coupled with a preparation kit in which the patient's blood is collected and processed; the applicators have specific configurations according to the area of application."
    },
    {
      "code": "34391",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agent Delivery Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the delivery of hemostatic agents (e.g., autologous fibrin sealant, and/or platelet rich fibrin) usually during surgery. These systems typically consist of a an automated unit that delivers the hemostatic agent; a control to regulate the quantity and flow of the delivery; a display that shows the status of the delivery and the remaining volume of the hemostatic; and a disposable set. The set may include a preparation kit and a detachable delivery applicator according to the intended target tissue (e.g., topical, intracavitary). Some units can deliver other medications simultaneously with the hemostatic agents (e.g., antibiotics, pain medications). Hemostatic agent delivery units may work independently or combined with patient's blood processors."
    },
    {
      "code": "41089",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Emergency/Trauma",
      "definition": "Materials intended to be used in the emergency/trauma setting to promote localized coagulation in wounds by activating the body's clotting mechanism. Emergency/trauma hemostatic agents typically promote clotting by strongly adhering to tissues, creating a physical barrier to bleeding (i.e., mucoadhesive agents) and/or by absorbing the water content of blood, concentrating cellular and protein blood components that leads to clotting (i.e., factor concentrating agents). Emergency/trauma hemostatic agents consist of various active components (e.g., chitosan, hydrophilic polymer/potassium ferrate, plant-derived starch) and are supplied in a number of physical forms including loose powders or granules, powders or granules packaged in pouches, or gauze-like materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "26140",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical",
      "definition": "Hemostatic agents designed for intraoperative control of organ and/or tissue bleeding (i.e., hemorrhage) during surgical procedures. These agents may consist of products intended to control bleeding and/or to seal tissues (usually fibrin and/or synthetic absorbable sealants); non-absorbable biological adhesives; or non-absorbable synthetic glues that usually consist of cyanoacrylate compounds. Surgical hemostatic agents are intended mainly to facilitate permanent bleeding control in organs, tissues, and the vasculature. They are also designed to facilitate recovery after surgery and to help avoid additional surgical procedures. They may be also used in some emergency situations (e.g., to stop hemorrhage in open wounds)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27008",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical, Absorbable (Retired)",
      "definition": "Surgical hemostatic agents that are  designed for intraoperative control of organ and/or tissue bleeding (i.e., hemorrhage) during surgical procedures and are absorbed by the body. These agents may consist of adhesive products (e.g., biological sealants) that create a mechanical porous barrier to decrease blood flow; some blood is allowed to penetrate to promote cellular aggregation and hemostasis. Some absorbable hemostatic agents are supplied as a two-component product that combines to form foam when applied; two-component absorbable synthetic products (absorbable synthetic sealants) are also available. Absorbable surgical hemostatic agents are intended mainly to facilitate permanent bleeding control in organs (frequently the liver and/or spleen) and/or tissues. They are designed to facilitate recovery after surgery and to help avoid additional surgical procedures. They may be also used in some emergency situations (e.g., to stop hemorrhage) in open wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "41084",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical, Collagen",
      "definition": "Hemostatic agents derived from animal collagen and designed to promote hemorrhage control by creating a physical barrier to blood flow and by providing a scaffold for clot formation. These hemostatic agents are applied directly to the hemorrhage site and typically remain there until absorbed by the body. Collagen hemostatic agents are available in a number of forms including loose fibers, sheets, and sponges. These hemostatic agents do not contain an active component that directly activates clotting factors (e.g., thrombin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41085",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical, Gelatin",
      "definition": "Hemostatic agents derived from animal gelatin and designed to promote hemorrhage control by creating a physical barrier to blood flow and by providing a scaffold for clot formation. These hemostatic agents are applied directly to the hemorrhage site and typically remain there until absorbed by the body. Gelatin hemostatic agents are available in a number of forms including films, powders, and sponges. These hemostatic agents do not contain an active component that directly activates clotting factors (e.g., thrombin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26626",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical, Non-Absorbable (Retired)",
      "definition": "Surgical hemostatic agents  designed for intraoperative control of organ and/or tissue bleeding (i.e., hemorrhage) during surgical procedures and are not absorbed by the body. These agents may consist of adhesive products (e.g., biological glues) that create a mechanical barrier to decrease blood flow. Products that polymerize after application, as well as products consisting of sterile foams (e.g., sponges) or collagen that are frequently impregnated with thrombin, are also available. Non-absorbable surgical hemostatic agents are intended mainly for permanent bleeding control in the main vasculature. They are designed to facilitate recovery after surgery and to help avoid additional surgical procedures. They may be also used in some emergency situations (e.g., to stop hemorrhage in open wounds)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41086",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical, Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose",
      "definition": "Hemostatic agents derived from plant cellulose that has been made water insoluble by chemical oxidation. These agents are intended to promote hemorrhage control by creating a physical barrier to blood flow and by providing a scaffold for clot formation. These hemostatic agents are applied directly to the hemorrhage site and typically remain there until absorbed by the body. Oxidized regenerated cellulose hemostatic agents are available in a number of forms including loose fibers and sheets."
    },
    {
      "code": "41087",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical, Polysaccharide Spheres",
      "definition": "Hemostatic agents consisting of polysaccharide particles derived from purified plant starch and designed to promote hemorrhage control by creating a physical barrier to blood flow and by providing a scaffold for clot formation. These hemostatic agents are applied directly to the hemorrhage site and typically remain there until absorbed by the body. Polysaccharide sphere hemostatic agents are typically supplied as a powder."
    },
    {
      "code": "41088",
      "display": "Hemostatic Agents, Surgical, Thrombin-Containing",
      "definition": "Active hemostatic agents consisting of a thrombin-containing matrix typically composed of collagen or gelatin. These hemostatic agents are thought to promote hemorrhage control by both active and passive means; the thrombin component activates proenzymes in the coagulation cascade and the collagen or gelatin component creates a physical barrier to blood flow. These hemostatic agents are applied directly to the hemorrhage site and typically remain there until absorbed by the body. Thrombin-containing hemostatic agents are typically supplied as a flowable gel, paste, or powder."
    },
    {
      "code": "14169",
      "display": "Hernia Trusses",
      "definition": "Abdominal supports designed to retain a reduced hernia into the abdominal cavity by pressure. These devices usually consist of fabric, plastic, or metal devices or a combination of these that support and compress mechanically the hernia preventing its expansion outside the abdominal cavity. Hernia trusses  in different sizes and shapes (e.g., belts, briefs, and/or dedicated elastic supports) are available. Dedicated hernia trusses intended for scrotal, inguinal, and/or umbilical hernias are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14171",
      "display": "Hernia Trusses, Infant",
      "definition": "Abdominal support hernia trusses designed to retain an infant reduced hernia (frequently umbilical) into the abdominal cavity by pressure. These devices usually consist of a hard plastic or rubber pad (i.e., a compress) attached on the infant navel using straps and/or dressings. Infant hernia trusses in different sizes and shapes are available; they are typically used in infants for several months up to a year. Hernia trusses for other less frequent types of infant hernias (e.g., inguinal) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24570",
      "display": "Heterophoria Assessment Rods",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic rods designed to detect the misalignment of the eyes (heterophoria). The devices may consist of a glass rod or several parallel cylindrical glass rods attached together; when a rod is placed in front of the eye under test a distant dot of light appears as a line. The person with heterophoria will see a point of light at one side of the line of light, while the person with normal vision will see the line passing through the point. The amount of deviation can be measured by using different diopter prisms put in front of the test eye. Heterophoria assessment rods (known as Maddox rods) are used mainly to detect heterophoria."
    },
    {
      "code": "12028",
      "display": "Hooks",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to temporarily secure tissues or organs by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other procedures with minimal trauma. Hooks are handheld manual instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and have a blunt or sharp tip; hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Some hooks (also known as forks) include two or more prongs at the distal tip. Dedicated hooks are available for surgical, post-mortem, and biopsy procedures. Hooks may be used as manual retractors in some surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32846",
      "display": "Hooks, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Hooks designed to temporarily secure tissues or organs by catching and/or pulling them during biopsy procedures causing minimal trauma. These hooks typically consist of handheld metallic (e.g., titanium) or other hard material instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Biopsy hooks are designed to be easily visible under mammography, ultrasound, and MRI guidance; they also have dual anchoring technology to reduce the risk of migration. They are usually used during biopsy procedures (e.g., to help obtain multiple core samples from soft tissue such as liver, kidney and abdominal masses) in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12032",
      "display": "Hooks, Intrauterine Device Removal",
      "definition": "Hooks designed for removal of intrauterine devices (IUD). These instruments are slender, handheld, manual instruments in which the distal end includes the hood and that usually has a closed loop and/or a sliding spring at the proximal end to facilitate grasping the hook while performing the removal of the IUD. IUD removal hooks are used in hospitals, clinics, and gynecologists' offices to assist in reproductive care procedures; the hooks may also be used for retrieval of stents and/or other intrauterine devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "32845",
      "display": "Hooks, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Hooks designed to temporarily secure tissues or organs by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other postmortem procedures. These hooks typically consist of sturdy handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank slightly bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip. Postmortem hooks are usually supplied with a hammer at the other end of the hook. They are used during postmortem procedures (e.g., for bone cutting)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32792",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical",
      "definition": "Hooks designed to temporarily secure tissues or organs by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. Surgical hooks are handheld manual instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and a blunt or sharp tip; these hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Some surgical hooks (also known as forks) include two or more prongs at the distal tip. Dedicated hooks intended for use in specific types of surgical procedures (e.g., ophthalmology, middle ear, and orthopedic surgeries) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "32793",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure bones by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks are handheld manual stainless steel instruments with either curved or sharply bent working ends (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and blunt or sharp tips. Surgical bone hooks typically include a gripped T-handle at the proximal end. They are available in different sizes according to the type of surgery. Surgical bone hooks are used for conducting orthopedic surgeries and implant procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32794",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Dura Mater",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the dura mater by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks are handheld manual stainless steel instruments with either curved or sharply bent working ends (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and have blunt or sharp tips; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Dura mater surgical hooks are usually double-pronged tools. They are typically maneuvered via a micromanipulator. Dura mater surgical hooks are used during neurosurgical procedures to cause minimal damage to the meninges."
    },
    {
      "code": "32795",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure eye tissue by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments either curved or sharply bent at the working end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees); the hooks typically include a slender handle at the proximal end. Standard or custom surgical eye hooks are available in various sizes. They are usually provided with a smooth finish, durability and flexibility. Dedicated eye tendon, strabismus and microsurgery hooks are also available. Eye surgical hooks are used during ocular surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32796",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Eye, Lens",
      "definition": "Eye surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure eye lenses by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These eye surgical hooks are handheld manual metallic instruments with either curved or sharply bent working ends (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees); the hooks typically include a slender handle at the proximal end. Eye lens surgical hooks with blunt, straight or angled tips are also available. They are usually provided with a smooth finish, durability and flexibility. Eye lens surgical hooks are used during ocular surgical procedures (e.g., iris retraction procedures, intraocular lens manipulators procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32797",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Eye, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Eye surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure eye tissue by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other microsurgical procedures with minimal trauma. These eye surgical hooks are handheld manual stainless steel instruments and usually have a 45-degree curved blunt tip at the working end; the hooks typically include a slender handle at the proximal end. Eye microsurgery hooks can be constructed with titanium which provides a fully inert, light material that does not corrode and is not magnetic.  Eye microsurgery hooks are used during microsurgical procedures (e.g., selective trabeculectomy in the surgical treatment of glaucoma)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12034",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Eye, Scleral Fixation",
      "definition": "Eye surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure suture material around the sclera during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These eye surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments sharply bent at the working end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees); the hooks typically include a slender handle at the proximal end. Eye sclera fixation hooks with a sharp two-prong hook are available. Eye sclera fixation hooks are available in different sizes (small, medium, large) according to the type of surgery. They are used during ocular surgical procedures (e.g., placement of suture material around an extraocular muscle or partially through the sclera for purposes of immobilizing and controlling the position of the globe)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12036",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Eye, Strabismus",
      "definition": "Eye surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure extraocular muscles during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These eye surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments sharply bent at the flat working end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and with a dull finish; the hooks typically include a flat serrated handle at the proximal end. They are available in different sizes (small, medium, large) and with several degrees of depth of the working end. Eye strabismus hooks are used during ocular surgical procedures (e.g., to correct the misalignment of the eyes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32798",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Eye, Tendon",
      "definition": "Eye surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the tendons of the eye during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These eye surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments either curved or sharply bent at a 90 degrees angle at the working end and finished in a blunt tip; the hooks typically include a slender handle at the proximal end. They are passed beneath the eye tendons to secure them. Eye tendon hooks are used during ocular surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32802",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure tissues in the middle ear region by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other otological surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel or plastic instruments either curved or sharply bent at the working end (usually at angles of 45 or 90 degrees). Middle-ear surgical hooks are usually finished with a ball tip. Foot plate, incus, and oval window hooks are available. Middle-ear hooks are commonly used during otological surgical procedures and they can also be used for dislodging difficult to remove cerumen."
    },
    {
      "code": "32803",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Middle Ear, Foot Plate",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the flat portion of the stapes (i.e. foot plate) by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other otological surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These middle-ear surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments offering a non-corrosive and anti-bacterial feature which provides greater durability. Foot-plate hooks are usually supplied with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished with a ball tip; the hooks typically include a flat working end and an angled shaft at the proximal end for better handling; they are available in different sizes. Foot plate hooks are commonly used during otological surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12031",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Middle Ear, Incus",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the incus by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other otological surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These middle-ear surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual sterilizable stainless steel or plastic instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip that fits into the convenient cavity; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Incus hooks are available in different sizes (small, medium, large) according to the type of surgery. They are used during otological surgical procedures (e.g., to steady and minutely lift the incus while placing a prosthesis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32804",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Middle Ear, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Middle-ear hooks designed to temporarily secure tissues in the middle-ear region by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other otological microsurgical procedures with minimal trauma. These middle-ear surgical hooks typically consist of small and fine handheld stainless steel manual instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles of 45 degrees) and finished in a blunt tip. Microsurgery middle-ear hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. They are used in otological microsurgical procedures (e.g., tympanoplasty, to remove scar tissue if present, for the dissection and release of fibrous adhesions)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32805",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Middle Ear, Oval Window",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the oval window by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other otological surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These middle-ear surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual malleable instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles of 90 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Oval window hooks with different shafts (e.g., fine, medium) are available. They are used during otological surgical procedures (e.g., to elevate the oval window during revision stapes surgery and tympanoplasty surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32806",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Middle Ear, Stapes",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the stapes by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other otological surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These middle-ear surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a small blunt or sharp tip. Stapes hooks typically include an angled and malleable shaft at the proximal end. They are used during otological surgical procedures (e.g., stapedectomy surgery, removing tympanosclerosis by lifting plaque from stapes in anterior direction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32807",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure nasal tissues by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Nasal surgical hooks usually include two prongs at the distal tip; they are provided with a proper smooth finish, durability and flexibility. Microsurgery, nasal polyp and rhinoplasty hooks are also available. Nasal hooks are used during surgical and outpatient procedures to remove foreign bodies from the nose."
    },
    {
      "code": "32808",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Nasal, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure nasal tissues by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other microsurgical procedures with minimal trauma. These nasal surgical hooks typically consist of small handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles of 45 degrees) and finished in a ball tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. They are used during surgical procedures (e.g., plastic surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32809",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Nasal, Polyp",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure nasal tissues by catching and/or pulling them during inspection of a nasal polyp with minimal trauma. These nasal surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank shallow bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Nasal polyp hooks usually draw the soft palate forward to allow inspection of the mass; they are provided with a proper smooth finish, durability and flexibility. Nasal polyp hooks are used during medical procedures (e.g., to examine the palate in search of evidence of polyps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12033",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Nasal, Rhinoplasty",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure nasal tissues by catching and/or pulling them during dissection and excision in plastic surgical procedures with minimal trauma. Nasal surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and a sharp or blunt tip. Rhinoplasty surgical hooks usually include two prongs at the distal tip and are available in different sizes. They can be supplied with an angled shaft to utilize the strength in the hand and provide an effective grip. These hooks are commonly used in plastic surgery procedures for reshaping the nose (e.g., rhinoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32810",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Nerve/Ganglion",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure nerves/ganglions during surgical procedures by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles of 90 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Nerve/ganglion surgical hooks with a ball or probe tip at the working end and a shaft angled either to the right, left, or straight are also available. They are usually used in surgical procedures (e.g., minimally invasive surgeries to gently move a nerve while working in its vicinity)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12037",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Nerve/Ganglion, Sympathectomy",
      "definition": "Nerve/ganglion surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure nerves/ganglions during sympathectomy surgical procedures by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other procedures with minimal trauma. These nerve/ganglion surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt tip; hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Nerve/ganglion sympathectomy hooks are usually double ended with a dissector at the opposite end of the hook. They are used in sympathectomy surgical procedures (e.g., endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15673",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Rectal",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure rectal tissues by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. Surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Rectal surgical hooks in narrow, short, and long styles are available. They can be supplied with a barb at the working end for better holding. Rectal surgical hooks are usually used during surgical procedures (e.g., removal of papillae and drainage of various types of perirectal abscesses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32828",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Rectal, Fistula",
      "definition": "Rectal surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure rectal tissues by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other examination procedures with minimal trauma. These rectal surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles of 45 or 90 degrees) and finished in a blunt tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Rectal fistula hooks that are double ended and barbed are also available. They are usually used during diagnostic examinations of the anal region."
    },
    {
      "code": "12035",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Skin",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the skin by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments curved and with a fine sharp prong at the working end; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Skin surgical hooks can be supplied double pronged and with a thin and delicate shaft; large skin hooks on long shafts are also available to provide excellent retraction of dense tissue. Skin surgical hooks are used during surgical procedures (e.g., for handling soft tissues) in hospitals, surgery centers, and specialty clinics."
    },
    {
      "code": "32830",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Spermatic Cord",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure tissues of the spermatic cord by catching and/or pulling them it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments slightly curved at the working end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees); the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Spermatic cord hooks are usually finished in a blunt tip. They are commonly used during surgical procedures by urologists (e.g., microsurgical varicocelectomy, inguinal hernia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32836",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Spinal Cord",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the spinal cord by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles of 45 or 90 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Spinal cord hooks can be supplied with a ball tip and are usually sized to isolate the spinal cord from the dura mater, so the cord can be cut with minimal damage to the dura mater. They are commonly used during surgical procedures involving spinal cord injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "12029",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Spinal Cord, Cordotomy",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure or isolate the spinal cord by catching and/or pulling it during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other procedures with minimal trauma during cordotomy surgery. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Cordotomy hooks are usually supplied as fine half-round hooks, fixed at right angles on the end of a delicate handle. They are commonly used during cordotomy procedures for the relief of severe and persistent pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "32838",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Tendon",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure tendons by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks are usually handheld manual stainless steel instruments and are either slightly curved or have a 90-degree angle at the working end and a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Tendon surgical hooks usually have a probe tip and have smooth finish, durability and flexibility. Wide tendon hooks with four prongs are also available. They are used during surgical procedures such as tenotomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "32839",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Tonsil",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure the tonsils by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a sharp or blunt tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Tonsil surgical hooks are usually standard small sized instruments that include two prongs at the distal tip. They are used during surgical procedures (e.g., tonsillectomy, to bring the tonsil forward for excision and to remove caseous plugs)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32841",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Tonsil, Suturing",
      "definition": "Tonsil surgical hooks designed to temporarily seize, pull, or exert traction on sutures during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These tonsil surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a sure-grip handle for improved control at the proximal end. Tonsil suturing hooks either straight or curved to the right or to the left are also available. They are used to grasp the suture and slightly pull it away during surgical procedures such as tonsillectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "12038",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure an airway proximate to the trachea during surgical procedures. These surgical hooks typically consist of translucent handheld manual instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip. Also available are tracheal surgical hooks with a handle having a channel connected to the hook as well as a scalpel positioned in the channel. They can include a light source positioned to illuminate an area proximate to it. Some tracheal surgical hooks are included in a surgical airway kit or surgical airway instrument tray. Tracheal surgical hooks are used during surgical procedures (e.g., mostly for stabilizing the larynx, procedures commonly referred to as a cricothyrotomy or tracheostomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32842",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Uterine Fibroid",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure fibroids in the uterus by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. Surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles from 135 to 180 degrees) and finished in a blunt or sharp tip; the hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Stainless steel or plastic fibroid uterine hooks are available. Fibroid uterine hooks are used during medical procedures (e.g., to perform simple obstetric and gynecologic manipulative functions such as incising the muscular wall of the uterus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32843",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Vasectomy",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure vasa deferentia tissues by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual stainless steel instruments that are straight at the working end and finished in a blunt or sharp tip. The hooks typically include a handle at the proximal end. Vasectomy surgical hooks are usually small and sharp tools used to penetrate the skin of the scrotum and pull out the vas deferens so that the surgeon can sever them. They are used during surgical procedures for male sterilization and/or permanent birth control (i.e. vasectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32844",
      "display": "Hooks, Surgical, Vessel",
      "definition": "Surgical hooks designed to temporarily secure vessels by catching and/or pulling them during dissection, excision, and/or to perform other surgical procedures with minimal trauma. These surgical hooks typically consist of handheld manual instruments with a shank bent near the distal end (usually at angles of 90 degrees) and finished in a blunt tip; the hooks usually include a handle at the proximal end. Vessel surgical hooks in different sizes are available. They are commonly used during surgical procedures (e.g., for fixation and exploration during blood-vessel surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16780",
      "display": "Hoses, Compressed Gas",
      "definition": "Hoses used to deliver air and oxygen from tanks or wall outlets to ventilators and other types of respiratory and ventilatory equipment. They are typically constructed of vinyl and reinforced with polyester and designed to accommodate gases under pressures of 50 psi. These hoses are typically color coded and intended to conduct a specific compressed medical gas mixture (e.g., helium/oxygen, nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22487",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for communication between staff members or staff and patients, as well as for the general public, in a healthcare facility. These systems consist of a central communication station with a power supply and switching capabilities and means to interconnect individual devices (e.g., telephones, pagers, loudspeakers) for transmission and/or reception of voice, messages, and/or pictures. Hospital communication systems may transmit signals using wires or may transmit signals using electromagnetism (e.g., radiofrequency, microwaves) through the air (i.e., wireless). Dedicated systems used for patient/staff communication (e.g., nurse call systems, pagers), interstaff communication (e.g., telephonic, message, paging), and/or general public announcements (e.g., loudspeaker systems) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34555",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Neonatal, Remote",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to provide communication between an infant in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and its close relatives (e.g., parents). These systems usually consist in a two-way audio and video system; the system includes cameras, microphones, and may provide a limited access to the hospital information system. The family members can watch the infant in the cradle or incubator; they can also monitor the status of the infant and send him/her voice messages. Remote neonatal communication systems facilitate the parents' involvement in the infant care during  its time in the  NICU."
    },
    {
      "code": "15614",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Nurse Call",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to provide communication between the staff and patient rooms and/or individual patients via wires. These systems typically consist of a central console with a switching device that allows communication with each patient or patient room, power supplies, call buttons at the patient end, and interconnecting wiring; they frequently include corridor or intermediate station signaling lights. Some systems permit two-way conversation by means of a handset, headset, or speaker/microphone. Nurse call communication systems allow patients and staff to summon nurses with visual and/or audible signals for routine or emergency needs; some systems can also be used to summon emergency resuscitation teams and/or to locate staff on a nursing floor."
    },
    {
      "code": "15840",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Paging",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to page, summon, or locate people via radiated electromagnetic (i.e., wireless) signals. These systems typically consist of a central transmission unit including a switching device that allows communication with each user, power supplies, electromagnetic (e.g., radiofrequency, microwave) signal transmission, and appropriate antennas and portable reception devices (i.e., pagers, beepers) that are carried by individual users and that attract their attention with an audible, tactile, or visual signal when a message is received. Hospital paging communication systems may allow the delivery of brief messages to the individuals carrying receivers; they are used to provide routine and emergency paging."
    },
    {
      "code": "22490",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Paging, Staff",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to page, summon, or locate staff members via radiated electromagnetic (i.e., wireless) signals. These systems typically consist of a central transmission unit including a switching device that allows communication with each user, power supplies, electromagnetic (e.g., radiofrequency, microwave) signal transmission, and appropriate antennas and portable reception devices (i.e., pagers, badges) that are carried by members of the hospital staff and that attract their attention with an audible, tactile, or visual signal. Hospital paging communication systems may be used to deliver a brief message to the individuals carrying receivers; the systems include capability for accurate and secure emergency paging and/or confidential messaging to staff members."
    },
    {
      "code": "22491",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Paging/Telephonic, Wireless",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to page, summon, or locate people and to provide voice (i.e., telephonic) communication between staff members and/or between staff and individual patients through radiated electromagnetic (i.e., wireless) signals. These systems typically consist of a central transmission unit including a switching device that allows communication with each user, power supplies, electromagnetic (e.g., radiofrequency, microwave) signal transmission, and appropriate antennas and reception devices such as telephone sets (e.g., handsets, badge-like devices) with paging capabilities. Hospital paging/wireless telephone communication systems may include visual displays to show the received messages and audible, tactile, or visual signals to attract the user's attention when a message is received; they provide routine and emergency voice communication and paging capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15841",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Public Address",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to provide voice information to the staff, patients, and/or visitors within the healthcare facility (e.g., in patient and waiting rooms). These systems typically consist of a central console with a microphone, amplifiers, and power sources; interconnecting wiring to most healthcare facility areas; and local loudspeakers to reproduce the voice message with enough volume to permit easy hearing in crowded areas. Public address communication systems allow users to summon and/or warn patients, visitors, and staff for routine or emergency needs."
    },
    {
      "code": "22488",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Telephonic",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to provide voice (i.e., telephonic) communication between staff members and/or between staff and individual patients via wire or radiated electromagnetic (i.e., wireless) signals. These systems typically consist of a central exchange console including a switching device that allows communication with each user, power supplies, interconnecting wiring or electromagnetic (e.g., radiofrequency, microwave) signal transmission, and appropriate antennas and telephone sets. Hospital telephonic communication systems may have capabilities for sending messages (e.g., visual displays); they are used to provide routine and emergency voice communication."
    },
    {
      "code": "22489",
      "display": "Hospital Communication Systems, Telephonic, Wireless",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to provide voice (i.e., telephonic) communication between staff members and/or between staff and individual patients through radiated electromagnetic (i.e., wireless) signals. These systems typically consist of a central exchange console including a switching device that allows communication with each user, power supplies, electromagnetic (e.g., radiofrequency, microwave) signal transmission, and reception devices such as telephone sets (e.g., handsets, badge-like devices) including appropriate antennas. Hospital telephonic communication systems may have capabilities for sending messages (e.g., visual displays); they are used to provide routine and emergency voice communication."
    },
    {
      "code": "25586",
      "display": "Hospital Communication/Entertaining Systems",
      "definition": "Hospital communication systems designed to provide entertainment for patients and to provide two-way communication between healthcare personnel and patients during medical procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging. They are intended to help patients become more comfortable by providing a distraction in order to reduce anxiety and claustrophobia during medical procedures. These systems are usually comprised of video and audio capabilities, such as video, television, and radio input, and adjustable, integrated audio-video headset with volume adjustments that can be controlled by the patient and by healthcare personnel. Hospital communication/entertainment systems that can provide access to on-demand entertainment, educational programming, web content, and e-mail, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23462",
      "display": "Hot Plate/Stirrers",
      "definition": "Tabletop laboratory devices designed as an integral unit that combines a hot plate and a magnetic stirrer. These devices typically consist of a unit with a flat plate (e.g., made of aluminum or ceramic) on which the container of liquid to be heated and stirred is placed; the device also includes electrically powered heating coils to heat the plate and electromagnets to create a rotating magnetic field that spins a magnetic bar placed inside the liquid. Hot plate/stirrers are used mainly in clinical laboratories when simultaneous heating and stirring of solutions is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "16287",
      "display": "Hot Plates",
      "definition": "Tabletop devices designed to heat substances (i.e., solid, liquids) in containers placed on them. These devices typically consist of a flat surface that is heated by electrically powered heating coils or, less frequently, by gas-fueled flames. Hot plates are available in single-, double-, and multiple-burner configurations; they are intended for a variety of uses such as laboratory warming/heating of solutions (typically in glassware containers), nurse station procedures, and food preparation."
    },
    {
      "code": "37016",
      "display": "Hot/Cold Plates",
      "definition": "Tabletop devices designed to cool or heat substances (e.g., tissue blocks or molds, lab solutions) that are placed on their surfaces. These devices typically contain a flat conductive surface and use gas (e.g., liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide), closed-loop mechanical systems, or other mechanisms to alter or maintain the temperature of the plate surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "12042",
      "display": "Hot/Cold Water Bottles",
      "definition": "Flexible containers intended to be filled with hot or cold water and applied to the body's external surface to deliver dry heat or cold therapy to a particular area of the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "42080",
      "display": "Humeral Bearings",
      "definition": "Shallow concave components designed to provide a bearing surface for the reverse shoulder head to move against. These components can attach to a humeral tray or to a humeral stem component. They are typically made of polyethylene, metal, and/or ceramic."
    },
    {
      "code": "42081",
      "display": "Humeral Stems",
      "definition": "Metal rods that are designed to be inserted into a canal created in the humeral to provide support for additional shoulder components. Typically, the humeral stem attaches to a humeral tray or ball component."
    },
    {
      "code": "23488",
      "display": "Humidifier Chambers",
      "definition": "Chambers designed to deliver moisture when attached to a humidifier. These chambers typically consist of a plastic enclosure with a metallic base that includes appropriate input/output gas ports. Humidifier chambers are frequently used in heated humidifiers intended for ventilators , oxygen therapy devices, and/or with continuous positive airway pressure units."
    },
    {
      "code": "12047",
      "display": "Humidifiers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to increase the moisture of a closed environment by adding a water mist directly in the environment or through the air supply.  Humidifiers typically consist of equipment that may use one of several different technologies such as ultrasound vibration, evaporation, and rotation. Most humidifiers include sensors and controls for the temperature and the humidity; some humidifiers include heaters to provide a warm mist of water.  Room humidifiers are used in health care facilities and at home to increase the moisture in patient rooms and/or in other areas of the home or the facilities. Dedicated humidifiers intended to increase the humidity in artificial airways and/or in inside the abdominal or thoracic cavity during laparoscopic procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12051",
      "display": "Humidifiers, Artificial Airway",
      "definition": "Humidifiers designed to add moisture to the gases flowing in the inspiratory artificial airways, thus increasing the humidity of the gas delivered into the lungs. The humidifiers are inserted in the inspiratory lines typically leading from the outlet of a critical care or anesthesia ventilator. These humidifiers can introduce moisture either by forcing the incoming gas through the water in a heated reservoir of sterile water (bubble-through units), or by passing the incoming gas over the surface of a water reservoir (pass-over humidifier) or over a wet wick (wick humidifier, a variation of the pass-over humidifier). Artificial airway humidifiers are intended mainly for use when an artificial airway supplies air through devices such as tracheostomy or endotracheal tubes, bypassing the normal humidification process for respired gases."
    },
    {
      "code": "15645",
      "display": "Humidifiers, Artificial Airway, Heat/Moisture Exchange",
      "definition": "Artificial airways humidifiers designed to collect the heat and moisture from the expired breathing air and return them during the following inspiration. These humidifiers are usually simple devices consisting of a layered aluminum insert that may include a paper or plastic component treated with a hygroscopic chemical to retain humidity; most of the humidifiers also include an air filter. They are used for spontaneously breathing patients and also for patients who are in full ventilator support, such as patients staying in post-operative or in intensive care units."
    },
    {
      "code": "12050",
      "display": "Humidifiers, Artificial Airway, Heated",
      "definition": "Humidifiers designed to add moisture and heat to the gases flowing in the inspiratory artificial airways and into the lungs. The humidifiers are inserted in the inspiratory lines typically leading from the outlet of a critical care or anesthesia ventilator. These humidifiers can introduce the moisture either by forcing the incoming gas through a heated reservoir of sterile water (bubble-through units) or by passing the incoming gas over a wet surface (pass-over units) or heated pool of water. Artificial airway humidifiers are intended for use when an artificial airway supplies air through devices such as tracheostomy or endotracheal tubes, bypassing the normal warming and humidification of respired gases."
    },
    {
      "code": "28367",
      "display": "Humidifiers, Laparoscopic Insufflation",
      "definition": "Humidifiers designed to add moisture to the gases that are insufflated into the abdominal cavity during laparoscopic procedures. The humidifying devices (e.g., cassettes) are usually inserted in the tubes running from the insufflator to the port that provides access to the patient's abdomen (e.g., a trocar or insufflation needle). These humidifiers typically include a control module that houses the control and safety circuits for the humidifier, appropriate tubing, humidifying media, and filters. Humidifiers are used as accessories of laparoscopic insufflators; they are typically intended to increase the humidity of the gas over 90 percent. Laparoscopic insufflation humidifiers that also provide heat to the gas to reach a temperature close to the normal body temperature are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27654",
      "display": "Humidifiers, Laparoscopic Insufflation, Heated",
      "definition": "Humidifiers designed to add moisture and heat to the gases that are insufflated into the abdominal cavity during laparoscopic procedures. The humidifying devices (e.g., cassettes) are usually inserted in the tubes running from the insufflator to the port that provides access to the patient's abdomen (e.g., a trocar or insufflation needle). These humidifiers typically include a control module that houses the control and safety circuits for the humidifier and appropriate tubing, in addition to the cassette containing the heating elements, humidifying media, and filters. Heated humidifiers are used as accessories of laparoscopic insufflators; they are typically intended to increase the humidity of the gas over 90% and also to warm the gas to a temperature close to the normal body temperature (i.e., close to 36.5 degrees C/98 degrees F)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16759",
      "display": "Humidifiers, Room Environment",
      "definition": "Humidifiers designed to add moisture to the air in a closed room environment. These humidifiers typically consist of equipment that may use one of a variety of different technologies, including:  (1) ultrasonic humidifiers that use a vibrating nebulizer; (2) evaporative humidifiers using a fan to blow air over a wet wick; (3) rotating disk (centrifugal) humidifiers. Most humidifiers include sensors and controls to regulate the humidity in the environment. Room humidifiers are usually available in three configurations, i.e., tabletop, mobile consoles, and in-duct installation.; they are used in healthcare facilities such as hospitals and nursing homes and also at home to help in the prevention of dryness in the airways and to increase comfort especially for babies, the elderly, and patients with serious illness."
    },
    {
      "code": "28372",
      "display": "Humidifiers, Room Environment, Heated",
      "definition": "Room environment humidifiers designed to add moisture and heat to the air flowing in the environment.  These humidifiers typically include a water container, electric heaters, air filters, a fan, and temperature and air speed controls; they may introduce the moisture and heat either by forcing the incoming air through a heated reservoir of water or by passing the incoming gas over a wet and heated surface. Most humidifiers include sensors and controls to regulate the temperature and the humidity in the environment. Heated room humidifiers are usually available in three configurations, i.e., tabletop, mobile consoles, and in-duct installation.; they are used in healthcare facilities such as hospitals and nursing homes and also at home to help in the prevention of dryness in the airways and to increase comfort especially for babies, the elderly, and patients with serious illness."
    },
    {
      "code": "39736",
      "display": "Hydrocarbon-Free Air Generators",
      "definition": "Devices intended to remove hydrocarbons from air, producing a continuous supply of air with a hydrocarbon concentration of less than 0.1 parts per million. Hydrocarbon-free air generators typically include filters to capture particulates and a hydrocarbon removal step in which a heated platinum and/or palladium catalyst converts hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water via oxidation."
    },
    {
      "code": "37114",
      "display": "Hydrocephalic Valve Adjustment Instruments",
      "definition": "Devices intended to allow a user to non-invasively change and/or verify the settings of a programmable hydrocephalic valve. Changing the valve settings modifies the opening pressure of the valve to adjust for over- or under-drainage. These adjustment tools typically employ a magnetic field to mechanically adjust the valve settings and are designed to work with a specific model of programmable valve (typically supplied by the same manufacturer). Both manual and electronic valve adjustment tools exist. Some electronic valve adjustment tools adjust the valve settings using coded magnetic fields, which are intended to prevent unintentional changes to valve settings by incidental exposure to environmental magnetic fields."
    },
    {
      "code": "37013",
      "display": "Hydrogen Generators",
      "definition": "Devices intended to produce high-purity hydrogen gas. Hydrogen generators are typically electrically powered devices that produce hydrogen gas through the electrolysis of water. These generators are typically capable of producing hydrogen gas with a purity of 99.999% at maximum flow rates between 100 and 1,200 cubic centimeters per minute. Hydrogen gas produced by these generators is used in various laboratory procedures (e.g., gas chromatography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23725",
      "display": "Hydrotherapy Pools",
      "definition": "Pre-assembled pools designed to be filled with water,  which are intended for performing exercises in a water environment for therapeutic purposes (hydrotherapy). These pools typically consist of a large container that usually has sections with different and/or variable depths; they may provide a steady water flow that can be adjusted to several different speeds. The pools are usually large enough to permit swimming and the performance of other physical exercise such as underwater walking; some pools include an angled platform, exercise benches, water jet massage, and/or a treadmill appropriate for underwater use. Hydrotherapy pools are used mainly during physical therapy (e.g., arthritis treatment) and rehabilitation procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18830",
      "display": "Hydrothermal Ablation Systems, Endometrial",
      "definition": "Hydrothermal ablation systems designed to produce coagulation necrosis in the inner mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium) by circulating a hot-water solution (e.g., saline) at a temperature close to 90 degrees Celsius (204 degrees Fahrenheit) during several minutes (typically 10) either directly within the uterus or in a flexible (e.g., plastic) container placed into the uterus.  Endometrial hydrothermal ablation systems are used to treat excessive or dysfunctional uterine bleeding (menorrhagia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18831",
      "display": "Hydrothermal Ablation Systems, Endometrial, Balloon",
      "definition": "Endometrial hydrothermal ablation systems designed to produce coagulation necrosis in the endometrium blindly by means of a thermal balloon designed to conform to the uterine cavity.  These systems usually consist of a control panel unit including temperature, pressure, and time controls and a two-line catheter for electrical connection and injection of the heating solution (e.g., dextrose) into the balloon.  In some systems, the distal end of the catheter forms the center axis of the balloon, inside of which there is a heating element and a thermistor, surrounded by a perforated heat shield."
    },
    {
      "code": "12059",
      "display": "Hygrometers",
      "definition": "Instruments that measure atmospheric relative humidity or some other parameter of the amount of moisture in a gas."
    },
    {
      "code": "36796",
      "display": "Hyoid Bone/Tongue Suspension Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed to reposition the tongue anteriorly and intended to reduce blockage of the patient's airway caused by intrusion of the tongue into the airway. These implants typically consist of metallic bone screw anchors and polyester sutures. The sutures connect either the soft tissue of the tongue base or the hyoid bone to the bone screw, which is typically anchored in the patient's mandible. Tightening of the sutures moves the tongue base anteriorly or suspends the hyoid bone, which alters the geometry of the tongue base and surrounding soft tissue. Hyoid bone/tongue suspension implants are intended mainly for use in patients with obstructive sleep apnea."
    },
    {
      "code": "38967",
      "display": "Hyperpolarization Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to increase the spin polarization of nuclear magnetic resonance-active atomic nuclei to a level many times that normally present at thermal equilibrium in a static magnetic field (i.e., hyperpolarize nuclear spin). Because the signal generated in magnetic resonance (MR) procedures is directly proportional to the level of nuclear spin polarization, hyperpolarization substantially increases the signal generated by polarizable nuclei in MR-based imaging methods. Hyperpolarization is typically applied ex vivo to small molecules containing NMR-active nuclei (e.g., carbon-13, helium-3). The hyperpolarization effect is transient and, therefore, the hyperpolarized agent must be rapidly administered to a patient and undergo imaging. Hyperpolarization systems may use one of several spin polarization methods, including dynamic nuclear polarization, parahydrogen-induced polarization, or spin-exchange via optical pumping."
    },
    {
      "code": "39454",
      "display": "Hyperthermic Intracavitary Chemotherapy Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to circulate a heated chemotherapy solution within a body cavity (typically the peritoneal or thoracic cavity). Hyperthermic intracavitary chemotherapy units typically include two pumps (supply and return); a reservoir; a heating element (i.e. heat exchanger); and temperature, flow, and pressure sensors. These units are typically connected to the patient's body cavity by means of disposable tubing and catheters. Hyperthermic intracavitary chemotherapy units are typically used in the treatment of malignancies that have metastasized within the peritoneal or thoracic cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "39559",
      "display": "Hypoxicators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to reduce the concentration of oxygen in air being breathed by an individual, replicating the effects of being at high altitude. Hypoxicators may be passive (i.e., non-powered) devices or active (i.e., powered). Passive hypoxicators typically consist of a face mask and breathing circuit that promotes rebreathing of exhaled air by the user. Active hypoxicators typically consist of a line-powered generator unit that supplies oxygen-depleted air. Active hypoxicator generators may supply the oxygen depleted air to a single user via a face mask and breathing circuit or to one or more users by pumping the air into an enclosure (e.g., chamber, tent)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12081",
      "display": "Hysteroscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes, either rigid of flexible, designed for direct insertion through the canal of the uterine cervix into the cavity of the uterus for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the cervix and the cavity of the uterus. Hysteroscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; they may be flexible or rigid."
    },
    {
      "code": "12082",
      "display": "Ice Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed to be filled with ice to provide cold therapy for a limited external area of the body. These bags typically consist of a small, flexible rubber or soft plastic, hollow container with a detachable cap that can be threaded or otherwise fixed to the bag once it is filled; the bag may include external attachments (e.g. tabs, velcro) to facilitate fixing to the body. Ice bags are intended to alleviate pain and/or to promote healing in minor injured areas of the body (e.g., after minor surgery, bruises, tissue swelling). Dedicated ice bags especially intended for use around the neck (i.e., as a collar) and/or for wrapping around the limbs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12085",
      "display": "Ice Bags, Collar",
      "definition": "Ice bags designed to be placed around the neck, covering the throat, as a collar. These devices consist of a rubber or soft plastic bag with an appropriate size and shape for comfortable use as a collar. They include a cap that can be threaded or otherwise fixed to the bag once the bag is filled and may also include external attachments (e.g., tabs, Velcro) to facilitate fixing around the throat. Collar ice bags are intended to alleviate pain and/or to promote healing in minor injured areas of the throat, neck, and/or head (e.g., after minor surgery, tonsillectomy, to alleviate sore throat)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37481",
      "display": "Ice Crushers",
      "definition": "Devices used to break liquids or gases in their solid phase (i.e., ice) into finer particles by shaving or crushing. These devices typically consist of a mill or cutting blades connected to a rotary crank, which may be driven manually or by an electric motor."
    },
    {
      "code": "12088",
      "display": "Identification Bracelets",
      "definition": "Single-piece circular bands designed for use around the wrist (i.e., bracelets) to provide identification and basic information about a patient. These bracelets typically consist of a slender, thin, soft, plastic band with a self-locking device; the bracelet usually includes printed information with the name, date of birth, patient registration number, and other main data that permit clear and easy identification of a patient. Some bracelets include additional bar-code information intended for reading with a computerized reader/scanner. Identification bracelets are used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities during the time that a patient is admitted in the institution from registration to dismissal."
    },
    {
      "code": "17225",
      "display": "Identification Systems, Blood Transfusion",
      "definition": "Identification systems designed for patient and sample identification, improving the safety and speed of blood transfusions and reducing  the likelihood of error in identifying and matching specimens. These  systems vary according to the manufacturer; some use  color coded numbers, other include bar-code bands, or a bracelet with an embosser for label printing. They generally include a patient identification bracelet and a  set of pre-numbered labels for the specimen and for cross matching and  charting purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18567",
      "display": "Identification/Tracking/Security Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to detect, identify, track, and locate people (e.g., staff, patients, visitors, infants), assets (e.g., equipment, instruments), and/or pharmaceuticals. These systems can monitor movement within a particular location, as well as entry into and exit from a facility. The basic elements of the system are an identification tag that is attached to the asset or worn by the person, a tag-detection device (e.g., a reader), dedicated software, and a unit that displays information. Most identification/tracking/security systems use radiofrequency (RF) signals, but systems based on ultrasonic and infrared (IR) as well as hybrid systems (e.g., RF and IR) are available; some dedicated systems are specialized for tracking only people, assets, infants, surgical instruments, or pharmaceuticals."
    },
    {
      "code": "22106",
      "display": "Identification/Tracking/Security Systems, Asset",
      "definition": "Security systems designed to identify and track assets (e.g., equipment, instruments) within a healthcare facility and their entry into and exit from the facility. The basic elements of the system are an identification tag, typically attached to a radio transmitter (active tag) or that works with the energy supplied by a location device (passive tag) that is attached to the asset, a tag-detection device (e.g., a reader); dedicated software; and a unit that displays information regarding the asset location, facilitating the control of assets; some systems may also include or interface with audible alarm systems and mechanisms to lock doors or disable elevators. Most asset identification/tracking/security systems use radiofrequency (RF) signals, but systems based on ultrasonic and infrared (IR) technologies, as well as hybrid systems (e.g., RF and IR) are available; some dedicated systems are intended for tracking surgical instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "22110",
      "display": "Identification/Tracking/Security Systems, Asset, Surgical Instrument",
      "definition": "Security systems designed to identify, track, monitor, and control the movement of individual surgical instruments in the operating room and sterilization department. The basic elements of the system are identification (e.g., adhesive micro-labels, laser-etched or engraved bar codes) for each instrument, a detection device (e.g., a scanning reader), and an electronic unit that provides real-time location and relevant information (e.g., descriptor, manufacturer, supplier, tray identification) on the instrument by linking the instrument code to a database. Surgical instrument identification and tracking systems may provide reports on the location, sterilization cycles, and usage for each instrument; inventory and status of the instruments, missing instruments, and instrument availability."
    },
    {
      "code": "22114",
      "display": "Identification/Tracking/Security Systems, Asset/Person",
      "definition": "Security systems designed to identify, track, monitor, and locate people (e.g., staff, patients, visitors) and/or assets (e.g., equipment, instruments) within a healthcare facility. These systems can monitor movement of persons and/or assets within a particular location, as well as their entry into and exit from the facility. The basic elements of the system are an identification tag that is attached to the asset or worn by the person, with a radio transmitter (active tag) or that works with the energy supplied by the location device (passive tag); a tag-detection device (e.g., a reader; dedicated software; and a unit that displays location and alerts. Some systems may include audible alarms and mechanisms to lock doors or disable elevators. Most identification/tracking/security systems use radiofrequency signals, but systems based on ultrasonic and infrared technologies are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18568",
      "display": "Identification/Tracking/Security Systems, Person",
      "definition": "Identification, tracking, and security systems designed for patient care and/or staff location within a healthcare facility and to track entry into and exit from the facility. These systems include an identification tag, usually in the form of an ankle band, wrist band, or badge, typically with a radio transmitter attached (active tag) or that works with the energy supplied by the location device (passive tag); a tag-detection device (e.g., a reader); dedicated software; and a unit that displays information regarding the individual's location. The systems are used to locate healthcare staff and patients; they are also used to prevent mentally disoriented, cognitively impaired patients from wandering into restricted areas of the facility and from leaving the facility (elopement) without authorization. Systems intended for mentally disoriented patients (e.g., geriatric) include capabilities to detect when a patient wearing a tag moves toward a potentially hazardous area; a detector (e.g., receiver) picks up the signal from the patient's tag and sends the information to the alerting and control unit to notify staff of the patient's movement.  Control mechanisms, such as magnetic door locks, may also be activated."
    },
    {
      "code": "18440",
      "display": "Identification/Tracking/Security Systems, Person, Infant",
      "definition": "Identification, tracking, and security systems designed for infant care and location. These systems include an infant identification tag (e.g., ankle or wrist band, umbilical cord clamp) with a radio transmitter attached, a tag-detection device (e.g., a reader), dedicated software, and a unit that displays information regarding the infant's location. When an infant wearing a tag is moved toward a restricted area, a detector (e.g., receiver) picks up a signal from the tag and sends the information to an alerting and control unit to notify staff of the infant's movement.  Control mechanisms, such as magnetic door locks, may also be activated. These systems are used to prevent newborn and/or infant abductions and/or to prevent unauthorized movement of newborns, infants, and/or children within the facility; they may also alert when the infant's tag does not match the mother's tag or when the tag is removed, preventing the tag from being cut to bypass the tracking alarm."
    },
    {
      "code": "22115",
      "display": "Identification/Tracking/Security Systems, Pharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Identification, tracking, and security systems designed to monitor pharmaceutical container entry, exit, and location within factories, distribution centers, healthcare facilities, and pharmacies, permitting the tracking of pharmaceuticals along the supply chain. The basic elements of the system are an identification tag, typically with a radio transmitter attached (active tag) or that works with the energy supplied by the location device (passive tag), that is attached or fixed to the drug container; a tag-detection device (e.g., a reader); and a unit with dedicated software that displays information regarding the shipment, receipt, and history of the pharmaceutical's path at any point of the distribution chain. Most pharmaceutical identification/tracking/security systems may use radiofrequency signals, but systems using bar-coded labels are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18369",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that use computing devices (e.g., computers, monitors, digital storage units) to display, process, and store digital data usually obtained through an analog-to-digital converter from a TV camera or from a charge-coupled device (CCD).  These systems are capable of processing the image data for hard-copy printing on a laser imager, archiving the digitized image (e.g., on an optical disk), and/or coupling to a hospital picture archiving and communication system (PACS) network.  Digital imaging systems are frequently used to add digital capabilities (upgrade) to existing imaging systems (e.g., film radiographic or fluoroscopic units and systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16560",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Angiography/Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to convert an input signal taken from a television (TV) camera or from a charge-coupled device (CCD) into a digital signal and process the digital signal to obtain images that can be displayed on a TV monitor (usually after a digital-to-analog conversion) or in other computerized imaging systems. Hard-copy x-ray films of final images can also be made using a multi-image camera or a laser imager.  These systems consist of an analog-to-digital converter, a high-speed digital memory, a digital storage device (e.g., optical disk), a digital-to-analog converter, and a controlling computer.  Angiographic image digitization systems are designed to be added to existing angiographic or cardiovascular radiographic/fluoroscopic systems to perform a variety of computer- assisted x-ray image acquisition, processing, and display functions.  Most of these combined systems are primarily used for digital subtraction angiography, a technology that involves the subtraction of a previous digital image from new images obtained after injecting a contrast agent into the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "25076",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Bioluminescence/Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to provide in-vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent images by imaging sources (i.e., fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters) between the blue and near infrared spectrum. These systems usually include fluorescent light sources that can provide reflected illumination and transillumination through a fiber-optic bundle and bundle switch, a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, emission and excitation filters, a scanning laser system intended only for alignment and surface topography, and imaging software for data acquisition and processing; and the use of a computer with a liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitor. Bioluminescence/fluorescence image digitization systems are used mainly to provide in-vivo images intended to detect cell activity, gene expression, and to assess disease progression in clinical research."
    },
    {
      "code": "17904",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Computed Radiography",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to acquire and digitize x-ray images from image storage phosphor plates.  The digital imaging system consists of an imaging receptor (e.g., a cassette with an image plate), an image reader, and a control console. The image is acquired on a photostimulatable substance (e.g., a phosphor plate), a reader/digitizer reads the latent image and converts it into an electrical analog signal using a laser scanner; this signal is in turn amplified and converted to a digital signal, which is stored and processed by a computer. Dedicated systems are available for thoracic imaging, for use in conjunction with conventional radiographic table systems, and also for dental and mammography applications. Image digitization systems can be used to upgrade exiting film based radiography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20768",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Computed Radiography, Dental",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to acquire and digitize dental (typically intraoral) x-ray images for viewing, storing, or printing.  The digital imaging system typically consists of an imaging receptor (e.g., a packet with an image plate), an image reader, and a control console. The image is acquired on a photostimulable substance (e.g., a phosphor plate); a reader/digitizer then reads the latent image and converts it into an electrical analog signal using a laser scanner. This signal is then amplified and converted to a digital signal, which is stored and processed by a computer. Dental computed radiography image digitization systems are typically installed as an upgrade to film-based dental radiography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20766",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Computed Radiography, Mammography",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to acquire and digitize computed mammography images for viewing, storing, or printing.  The image digitization system typically consists of an exposure unit with an imaging receptor, an image reader, and a computer console. The image is acquired on a photostimulatable substance (e.g., a phosphor plate), a reader/digitizer reads the latent image and converts it into an electrical analog signal using a laser scanner; this signal is subsequently amplified and converted to a digital signal, which may be stored and processed by a computer. Computed radiography mammography image digitization systems are typically installed as upgrades to existing film-based radiography/mammography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20970",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Microscopy",
      "definition": "Systems that convert an input image taken from a microscope into a digital signal that is then converted into digital images (e.g., still pictures, video) for display on a monitor or on other computerized imaging systems. These systems typically include a charge-coupled device or video camera that is inserted in the optical path of the microscope, an analog-to-digital converter, a digital memory, a digital storage device (e.g., optical disk), and a controlling computer. Microscopy image digitization systems are used to perform a variety of computer-assisted image acquisition, processing, and display functions, both from clinical laboratory and surgical microscopes. Dedicated systems are also available for use with scanning laser confocal microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20971",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Microscopy, Confocal Scanning Laser",
      "definition": "Systems designed to process, display, and store images taken by a confocal scanning laser microscope. These systems typically consist of a laser light source, an image display, and a computerized processor that controls the light source, the image processing, and the display monitor. The system is usually attached to a confocal laser optical microscope that may be used externally (i.e., on the skin) or in endoscopic procedures, either as an integral component of an endoscope or operating through the working channel of a video endoscope. Endoscopic confocal scanning laser microscopy image systems are used mainly to observe the structure of both normal and living cancer cells and may assist in in-vivo histologic diagnosis (e.g., of the gastrointestinal tract) without the need for biopsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "23522",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to acquire and digitize ophthalmic (e.g., fundus camera, fluorescing angiography) images for viewing, storage, and/or printing. The imaging system typically consists of a digital camera, usually in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]); digital processors for image enhancement; electronic recorder storage (e.g., CD-ROM); and printers. Ophthalmic digitization systems are intended mainly to obtain images taken from fundus and fluorescing angiography cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "41932",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Optical Coherence Tomography",
      "definition": "Systems designed to process, display, and store images taken by full-field optical coherence tomography. These systems typically consist of an optical data acquisition unit and software to analyze information captured inside the cell for real time biopsy assessment at the cellular level. The system captures high-resolution images that delineate tissue microstructures and intracellular activity. Optical coherence tomography image systems are used mainly for intra-procedural identification and interpretation of different cell types such as cancer cells, immune cells, granuloma, and others to properly assess tissue samples for adequacy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18442",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Photospot",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to convert analog images (e.g., from a television camera) to digital information, permitting immediate viewing of digital radiographic and fluoroscopic images.  The stored images can be manipulated through subtraction, black-and-white reversal, and edge enhancement, and hard-copy films can be printed from digital storage.  These systems are frequently used to upgrade existing radiographic/fluoroscopic systems, replacing film photo-spot cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "18032",
      "display": "Image Digitization Systems, Portal",
      "definition": "Image digitization systems designed to use fluoroscopic detection and imaging processing techniques to provide real-time images in the verification of radiation treatment.  Digital portal imaging systems typically incorporate a detector assembly (usually mounted on the linear accelerator gantry), a computer system for image processing, and peripherals for hard-copy printing and/or image storage.  These systems provide an alternative to the traditional method of processing port films."
    },
    {
      "code": "18031",
      "display": "Image Enhancement Pads, Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
      "definition": "Pads designed for enhancement of magnetic resonance images by improving the homogeneity of the local magnetic field. These pads typically consist of an externally sealed cover filled with a liquid (e.g., perfluorooctyl bromide, also known as Perflubron) that has the same magnetic susceptibility as human tissue. The pads are placed between the MRI coil and the patient in such a way that they eliminate the air/tissue interfaces. MRI dedicated pads are usually conformed for use on places such as the neck, breast, ankle, and knee."
    },
    {
      "code": "15963",
      "display": "Image Intensifiers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for brightening the screen image (i.e., intensifying) in fluoroscopic procedures, reducing the radiation dose needed. An image intensifier converts radiation to electrons, which in turn are accelerated and converted to light. These devices consist of metal or glass electron tube including a photocatode, accelerating  electrodes, an input phosphor at one end, and an output  phosphor at the other end. The amplification in brightness is proportional to the relation of the areas between the input  and output phosphors.  Image intensifiers are typically described in terms of their input phosphor diameter (e.g., 15, 30 cm). The output phosphor image is usually taken by a TV camera or CCD converter for processing and display in a fluoroscopic television system"
    },
    {
      "code": "23950",
      "display": "Image Processors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to acquire and process an electronic image obtained from a separate source (e.g., camera, electronic system). These processors usually include an electronic unit that processes, stores, or transmits the input image and delivers it to peripheral devices (e.g., monitors, printers, workstations) and/or to other computerized systems for storage, retrieval, and/or processing. Dedicated image processors are available for still and video images; devices intended to process fluorescent and ultraviolet images are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "39409",
      "display": "Image Processors, Blood Loss Quantifying",
      "definition": "Image processors designed to quantitate blood absorbed by surgical sponges or captured in suction canisters by capturing and analyzing digital images of surgical sponges or suction canisters used to absorb/collect body fluids during surgical procedures. These image processors typically consist of a computer-based console unit with a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. Blood loss quantifying image processors are typically used as an aid in estimating patient blood loss during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23446",
      "display": "Image Processors, Gel Quantifying",
      "definition": "Image processors designed to quantitate and store images from laboratory gel substrates. These devices typically consist of a portable unit with a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera, filters, controls, image storage devices, display, and appropriate software; they are used mainly to take images from visible or ultraviolet transilluminators. Gel image processors are intended for temporary storage of images and/or transmission of information to digital computerized systems for storage or processing and/or to computer system peripherals (e.g., printers). Dedicated gel quantifying processors are available to quantitate several types of gel substrate images, such as fluorescent labels, bromide-stained agarose gels, and chemiluminescent and electrophoresis gels. Some processors are also capable of imaging chemiluminescent signals from nylon/nitrocellulose filters as well as gel-based images."
    },
    {
      "code": "23445",
      "display": "Image Processors, Gel Quantifying, Fluorescent Label",
      "definition": "Image processors designed to acquire, quantitate, and store fluorescent labels from gel substrates. These processors are typically a computerized electronic system with an ultraviolet (usually in the range of 254 to 365 nm) light source, filters, and image capture and processing devices. Fluorescent label image processors can automate and accurately calculate the amount of label that has been incorporated by comparing the control blot with the labeled probe permitting the immediate use of riboprobes that have been sufficiently labeled for in situ hybridization studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "40964",
      "display": "Image Processors, Radiographic Image Enhancement",
      "definition": "Devices designed to acquire and process an electronic image obtained from diagnostic imaging systems (e.g., x-ray systems, x-ray computed tomography [CT] systems, or fluoroscopy systems). These processors usually include an electronic unit that processes, stores, or transmits the input image and delivers it to peripheral devices (e.g., monitors, printers, workstations) and/or to other computerized systems for storage, retrieval, and/or processing. These image processors may include the ability to enhance low quality images and to manipulate the images in real-time."
    },
    {
      "code": "18037",
      "display": "Image Processors, Video",
      "definition": "Image processors designed to acquire and process electronic images obtained from a separate device or system and transmit the images to peripheral devices such as video monitors, VCRs, still-disk recorders, and printers. The processors can also send images to computer systems for storage, and retrieval, and manipulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18034",
      "display": "Image Processors, Video, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Video image processors designed to acquire and process electronic images from a video endoscope or camera and transmit the images to peripheral devices such as video monitors, VCRs, still-disk recorders, and printers. These processors can also send images to computer systems for storage, retrieval, and manipulation. Some processors also house a fiberoptic light source and air, suction, and water pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "23470",
      "display": "Image Processors, Video, Laboratory Microscope",
      "definition": "Video image processors designed to acquire, store, and process electronic images from laboratory microscopes and output the images to peripheral devices such as video monitors, video cassette recorders (VCRs), still-disk recorders, and video printers. These devices take images directly from the microscope with definition and quality appropriate for laboratory diagnosis; they can also send images to computerized information systems for storage, retrieval, and other types of manipulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18036",
      "display": "Image Processors, Video, Operating Microscope",
      "definition": "Video image processors designed to acquire and process electronic images from an operating microscope and transmit the images to peripheral devices such as video monitors, VCRs, still-disk recorders, and video printers.  The processors can also send images to computer systems for storage, retrieval, and manipulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20789",
      "display": "Image Storage Plates",
      "definition": "Dedicated plates designed for temporary storage of latent images. These devices typically consist of a thin plate of translucent plastic material covered with an excitable compound (e.g., storage phosphor) used for storage of a latent image following exposure of the material to some type of radiation (e.g., x-ray, light). After exposure, the plates are transferred to reading devices that retrieve the information from the latent image and convert it to a digital signal."
    },
    {
      "code": "20764",
      "display": "Image Storage Plates, Radiography",
      "definition": "Image storage plates designed for temporary storage of a latent image after exposure to radiation from an x-ray (radiography) diagnostic unit. These plates typically consist of a thin sheet of a radiolucent material coated on one side with a layer of a suspension of long-term storage phosphor. The plates are usually housed in cassettes similar to those used in screen-film systems to facilitate their use and transport and to protect them from environmental light. After exposure, the plate is typically transferred to a reading device that produces a digital image from the latent image. Radiography image storage plates can be used in computed radiography (digital) systems or as a substitute for conventional screen films."
    },
    {
      "code": "20790",
      "display": "Image Storage Plates, Radiography, Mammography",
      "definition": "Radiography image storage plates including an x-ray-sensitive component (e.g., phosphor) that are designed for temporary storage of a latent image after exposure to radiation from a mammography diagnostic unit. The plates sufficiently sensitive to provide the definition needed for breast imaging and are sized to fit in cassettes designed to facilitate the plates' use and transport and to protect them from environmental light. After exposure, the plate is transferred to a reading device that produces a digital image from the latent image. Mammography image storage plates are typically used as a substitute for conventional mammography films."
    },
    {
      "code": "33050",
      "display": "Imaging Systems, Laboratory, Live Cell Analysis",
      "definition": "Systems that acquire time-lapse images of extracellular events of live cells. These systems can be used to monitor cell health, migration, and invasion. Some systems have the ability for automated media, temperature, and gas environment changes to track cell response to these changes."
    },
    {
      "code": "15149",
      "display": "Immunodiffusion Equipment",
      "definition": "Instruments used in the diffusion of antigen and antibody in a gel medium until both combine and form a precipitate.  Various techniques of immunodiffusion include the double diffusion test (Oudin test) and the single diffusion test (Ouchterlony test)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12103",
      "display": "Impedance Cardiographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs designed for recording the variations of the thoracic electrical impedance caused by the activity of the heart muscle and its effect on the blood flow in the aorta, usually detected at the body surface. These instruments consist of a main unit that includes a high-frequency (e.g., 100 kHz) RF generator, a recorder, and typically a set of four detachable leads with electrodes attached at the distal tips. Two electrodes are placed on the neck and other two on the thoracic surface; one electrode of each pair delivers a low-intensity current of constant amplitude from the generator through the body. The other two electrodes sense the voltage variations that are proportional to the thoracic impedance variations, mainly due to the blood flow in the aorta. The values of the variations of the impedance and the graphic representation of the impedance and its first derivative versus time (i.e., impedance cardiograms) are used for calculation of hemodynamic parameters, such as cardiac output and stroke volume."
    },
    {
      "code": "34563",
      "display": "Impedance Myographs",
      "definition": "Myographs designed for recording the variations of the electrical impedance of muscles caused by modifications in the muscle composition as a result of neuromuscular diseases or trauma. These instruments consist of a main unit that includes a multi-frequency RF generator (e.g., from 10 to 300 kHz), a recorder, and a set or array of several surface electrodes that are located along the target muscle and connected to the instrument. Electrical impedance values are determined for each frequency by applying a current across each pair of electrodes and measuring voltage drops; it is possible to determine the impedance in several different planes with respect to the muscle fibers by moving the position of the electrodes. The values of the variations of the impedance and the graphic representation of the impedance versus time (i.e., an impedance myogram) can be obtained using a dedicated software; the results are used to facilitate the assessment of  the muscular status during a variety of neuromuscular diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and focal nerve injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "37599",
      "display": "Impedance-Based Cell Monitoring Systems",
      "definition": "Laboratory equipment designed to measure the impedance spectrum of cells in vitro, which can monitor certain cell properties and behaviors such as barrier integrity, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and/or cell migration. Impedance-based cell monitoring systems assess cellular monolayers cultured either in dedicated culture dishes that have multiple electrodes embedded in their base or on semi-permeable membrane inserts in microplate wells. The systems apply an AC voltage with a variable frequency and measure the amplitude and phase of the resulting AC current, which is influenced by the total impedance of the cellular system consisting mainly of the cell layer resistance; cell layer capacitance; resistance of the cell culture medium, and capacitance of the electrodes. Contributions of these components to the total impedance varies with the frequency of the applied AC voltage and, therefore, allows these impedance spectroscopy systems to isolate individual components of the total capacitance, which reflect various biological features of the cultured cell layers."
    },
    {
      "code": "25102",
      "display": "Implant Delivery Kits, Dental, Guided Surgery",
      "definition": "Kits containing the necessary templates and delivery cylinders (sometimes called sleeves) to guide dental instruments used to prepare tissue, drill into the maxilla or mandible (osteomy) and deliver a dental implant during guided dental surgery. These kits typically contain small hollow metal cylinder-shaped sleeves of different diameters (e.g. 2.8 or 5 mm inside diameter) with lips at the instrument interface ends that are fixed in specially molded template matrices that, when secured to the bone, gum, or teeth of patients, hold the cylinders adjacent to the spot in the bone where the implant will be placed. The sleeves are designed to accept dedicated dental instruments (e.g., mills, taps, C-handles, drill handles, and drill bits) to place the implant with precision to a predetermined depth into the bone. The building of the template that holds the sleeve is often determined by computer modeling based on patient measurements. Dental implant delivery kits for guided dental surgery are used in dental care settings for precision delivery and placement of dental implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "25155",
      "display": "Implant Delivery Units, Polymer Pin, Ultrasonic(Retired)",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for implanting and welding polymer implants to bone structures using ultrasound. This equipment typically consists of a central unit with an electric generator, including time and temperature controls with attached handpieces. These handpieces provide ultrasonic vibration while driving a dedicated thermoplastic (usually biodegradable) pin into a pre-drilled hole in the bone. The pin melts during the implantation procedure, adapting to the hole cavity and then welds the bone and/or other implanted structures (e.g., plates) when returned to a solid state a few seconds after implantation. Ultrasonic polymer pin delivery instruments are intended for use in orthopedic procedures performed on bones that do not bear heavy loads; they are mainly used in the reconstruction (e.g., after fracture) of the cranium, mandibular, and facial skeletal structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "37523",
      "display": "Implantable Paracentesis Pumps",
      "definition": "Implantable pumps designed to remove accumulated ascitic fluid from the area between the abdominal wall and the abdominal organs (i.e., the peritoneal cavity) and transport the fluid to the patient's bladder from which it is excreted by urination. The battery-powered pump units are typically implanted subcutaneously in the patient's abdomen. These pumps are typically connected to two surgically implanted silicone catheters; one connecting the pump to the patient's abdominal cavity and the second connecting the pump to the patient's bladder. These pumps automatically remove small volumes (e.g., 5 to 10 mL) of ascitic fluid every 5 to 10 minutes and include controls to prevent pump activation when no ascitic fluid is present in the peritoneal cavity or when the bladder is full. Devices that allow the transcutaneous alteration of pump settings and charging of pump batteries are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16350",
      "display": "Impression Trays, Dental",
      "definition": "Horseshoe shaped receptacles made of metal or other suitable material used to carry the impression material to the mouth, to confine the material in opposition to the surfaces to be recorded, and to control the impression material while it sets to form the impression."
    },
    {
      "code": "28344",
      "display": "Inclinometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the angle of displacement (known as the range of motion or ROM) of a joint. Typically the inclinometer or the inclinometer sensor is placed against the bone and never leaves contact with the patient during the movement of the joint. Inclinometers may be used in pairs when the motion to be evaluated has two joint components (e.g., spinal movements). Inclinometers are available as mechanical instruments typically using a dial calibrated to show the results or as digital inclinometers consisting of a central unit that processes, displays, and records the information obtained from wired or wireless sensors. Inclinometers are used by rheumatologists and physiotherapists to assess joint function and to diagnose and treat locomotor system diseases; they are frequently included as a component of gait and joint laxity analyzers. Inclinometers have replaced goniometers in many applications to obtain more accurate measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "28328",
      "display": "Inclinometers, Digital",
      "definition": "Inclinometers designed for automated measuring of the angle of displacement (known as the range of motion or ROM) of a joint by means of sensors and a central electronic unit (known as digital inclinometers).  These inclinometers typically consist of a central unit that processes, displays, and records the information and wired or wireless sensors which provide a linear electronic output relative to the measured angle. Typically the inclinometer sensors are placed against the bone and never leave contact with the patient during the movement of the joint. Inclinometers may be used in pairs when the motion to be evaluated has two joint components (e.g., spinal movements).  Digital inclinometers are usually capable of measurement from very small to large ROM. Digital inclinometers are used by rheumatologists and physical therapists to assess joint function and to diagnose and treat locomotor system diseases; they can be included as a component of gait and joint laxity analyzers., Inclinometers, and especially digital inclinometers, have replaced goniometer in many applications to obtain more accurate measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "28324",
      "display": "Inclinometers, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Inclinometers designed to measure the angle of displacement (known as the range of motion or ROM) of a joint by using a mechanism that includes a calibrated dial. These inclinometers consist of a calibrated dial that directly measures the ROM; typically the inclinometer is placed against the bone and never leaves contact with the patient during the movement of the joint. Inclinometers may be used in pairs when the motion to be evaluated has two joint components (e.g., spinal movements). Dial calibrated inclinometers are available in a variety of types, including (1) bubble inclinometers that include a circular tube partially-filled with a colored fluid that moves with motion and a circular dial with degree markings, and (2) gravity inclinometers consisting of twin rotating dials with a locking mechanism and frequently with a strap for fixing to the body. Dedicated dial calibrated inclinometers intended for a particular joint (e.g., wrist) are also available. Inclinometers are used by rheumatologists and physical therapists to assess joint function and to diagnose and treat locomotor system diseases; they can be included as a component of gait and joint laxity analyzers. Inclinometers have replaced goniometer in many applications to obtain more accurate measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "16498",
      "display": "Incontinence Pant Liners",
      "definition": "Pant liners designed to retain urine. These liners typically consist of disposable pad or shell that fit under reusable regular or specially designed underwear (brief, panty) using adhesive strips or other means of attachment. Incontinence pant liners are used by adults or older children at home, healthcare institutions, and during  normal daily activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12111",
      "display": "Incontinence Pants",
      "definition": "Underwear designed to retain urine in incontinent adults and older children. These pants usually consist of a single-use man's brief or woman's panty with external softness and shape resembling regular underwear and an internal pad or isolated shell capable of retaining urine from patients with light or medium incontinence while keeping the skin dry. Incontinence pants are used at home, healthcare institutions, and during normal daily activities. Reusable incontinence pants that include a single-use pant liner or a tube that deliver the urine to a bag placed on or around one leg (for heavy incontinence) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16499",
      "display": "Incontinence Pants, Liner Retention",
      "definition": "Incontinence pants designed to retain urine in a disposable liner.  These pants usually consist of a reusable man's brief or woman's panty with external softness and shape resembling regular underwear with an internal single-use (i.e., disposable) liner consisting of a pad or isolated shell capable of retaining urine leaks from patients with light or medium incontinence while keeping the skin dry. Liner retention Incontinence pants are used by adults and older children at home, healthcare institutions, and during normal daily activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18857",
      "display": "Incubator/Radiant Warming Units, Infant, Mobile",
      "definition": "Devices that combine the thermal capabilities of mobile infant incubators with the access advantages of infant radiant warming units.  These devices provide a centralized control and monitoring system for both the incubator and the warming unit; typically, they can be automatically converted from a closed incubator to an open-bed radiant warming unit and vice versa with little effort in a few seconds.  Incubator/radiant warming units are used to maintain a stable environment for infants, avoiding the need for transfer between incubators and radiant warming units."
    },
    {
      "code": "12112",
      "display": "Incubators",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to maintain optimal environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity) for living organisms including infants, usually in an integral enclosure. Incubators typically consist of a closed chamber where the appropriate environmental conditions are provided using heat and humidity sources, gas supplies, controls (e.g., temperature, humidity, gas composition), and measuring instruments; they may also include recorders and displays for continuous monitoring of the incubator chamber conditions. Many different types of dedicated clinical incubators both for infant care and laboratory tests and cultures are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12113",
      "display": "Incubators, Infant",
      "definition": "Incubators designed to provide a closed controlled environment to maintain appropriate temperature and humidity levels for infants. These incubators typically consist of a clear removable plastic hood with a mattress; they also include some means to warm the infant, providing heated air (either by natural flow or forced) or through a warm water mattress. The incubators usually include temperature controls that work automatically either by measuring the air temperature or through a temperature sensor attached to the infant skin. Most incubators also include humidity controls. Infant incubators are used mainly for premature infants and in other newborns that cannot regulate body temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "17432",
      "display": "Incubators, Infant, Mobile",
      "definition": "Incubators mounted on wheels. These incubators typically consist of a clear removable plastic hood with a mattress and a caster; they also include some means to warm the infant and temperature controls that work automatically either by measuring the air temperature or through a temperature sensor attached to the infant skin. Most incubators also include humidity controls. Mobile infant incubators are used mainly to facilitate transportation inside a healthcare facility of premature infants and other newborns that cannot regulate body temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "12114",
      "display": "Incubators, Infant, Transport",
      "definition": "Incubators used to transport infants outside or within the medical facility.  These incubators provide a close and controlled environment by circulating heated air for the purpose of maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity levels for premature infants. These units are typically mounted on casters, which may be equipped with brakes."
    },
    {
      "code": "27888",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Incubators designed to provide the appropriate environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, gas concentration) necessary for long-term laboratory tests or procedures. These incubators typically consist of an enclosure (i.e., chamber) that provides heat and humidity sources, gas supplies, and the controls to supply them.  These chambers include measuring devices and may also include recorders and displays for continuous monitoring of the incubator chamber conditions.  Dedicated aerobic (oxygen containing) and anaerobic (oxygen free) laboratory incubators and incubators with stirring or rotational capabilities are available. Open laboratory incubators intended for total or partial insertion of sample containers (e.g., test tubes) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15151",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Aerobic",
      "definition": "Laboratory incubators designed to maintain a controlled environment with molecular oxygen at a level similar to or greater than the atmosphere at a pre-determined constant temperature, usually in the range of 30 to 42 degrees Celsius (86 to 108 degrees Fahrenheit). These incubators typically consist of a chamber with electrical heating elements at the bottom (some units include also heating elements at the walls); the heated air circulates through the chamber by convection or by blower fans. Some incubators provide the appropriate temperature by including a jacket between the outer wall and the chamber wall to circulate heated water. The incubators usually include a thermostat, a temperature display, and alarms; they may also include humidity controls, recorders, and other accessories. The incubators are used for growing microorganisms and cells that require oxygen for growth (e.g., bacteriology, virology cultures); they are also used in other applications such as genetics, cancer tests, and in vitro fertilization procedures. Aerobic laboratory incubators are available as tabletop and self-supported (i.e., floor) units; dedicated incubators providing controlled carbon dioxide to the chamber are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28095",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Aerobic, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Aerobic laboratory incubators that provide accurate control on the carbon dioxide (CO2) level in the incubator chamber.  These incubators typically consist of a chamber with controlled temperature  (e.g., from 30 to 42 degrees Celsius/86 to 108 degrees Fahrenheit); high relative humidity (typically higher than 90%); and controlled levels of carbon dioxide (usually from 5 to 10 percent that are appropriate for cells to thrive). These incubators typically consist of an internal chamber isolated with a water or air jacket; microprocessor controllers for temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels (frequently using infrared sensors); they may also include air filters and/or copper components (e.g., copper stainless steel alloys) to avoid contamination. Carbon dioxide laboratory incubators are used mainly for growing cells that require oxygen for growth (e.g., bacteriology, virology cultures) and CO2 to promote cell growth; they are also used in other applications such as genetics, cancer tests, and in vitro fertilization procedures. They are available as tabletop and self-supported (i.e., floor) units."
    },
    {
      "code": "31008",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Aerobic/Anaerobic",
      "definition": "Laboratory incubators designed to maintain a controlled and suitable aerobic or anaerobic environment. These incubators can either keep the molecular oxygen at a level similar to or greater than the atmosphere at (i.e., aerobic) or provide an oxygen-free environment (i.e., anaerobic) while providing an accurate control on the carbon dioxide (CO2) level in the incubator chamber in a pre-determined range of temperatures. These incubators typically consist of an internal chamber with a controlled temperature that is isolated with a water or air jacket; microprocessor sensors and controllers capable of providing appropriated levels of temperature, humidity, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen levels; and temperature and gas level recorders. The incubator may also include air filters and/or copper components (e.g., copper stainless steel alloys) to prevent contamination. The incubator keeps high levels of oxygen (usually from 22 to 80%), high relative humidity (typically higher than 90%), and carbon dioxide levels from 5 to 10% appropriate for aerobic cell grow; for cells that need a very low level of oxygen (i.e., anaerobic) the incubator displaces the oxygen with nitrogen gas. Aerobic/anaerobic incubators are intended for a variety of cell cultures that require different environmental conditions for growth."
    },
    {
      "code": "15152",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Anaerobic",
      "definition": "Laboratory incubators designed to maintain a controlled and suitable oxygen-free (i.e., anaerobic) environment in a pre-determined range of temperatures. These incubators typically consist of a chamber, a vacuum system to extract the air, a heating system, and a reusable or disposable gas mixture supply (e.g., a gas typically including hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide) generator or gas tank to fill the chamber after the extraction of the air. The incubators usually include a thermostat, a temperature display, an oxygen concentration sensor, and alarms; they may also include humidity controls, recorders, carbon dioxide injectors, and other accessories. Small anaerobic incubators using several different types of jar and lid arrangements that may use different means to remove the oxygen (including a catalyst) are also available. Anaerobic laboratory incubators are mainly used for growing pathologic anaerobic microorganisms; they are frequently attached to anaerobic chambers or anaerobic glove boxes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23947",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Shaker/Rotator",
      "definition": "Laboratory incubators designed to mechanically mix (by shaking and/or rotation) the contents of containers placed in the incubator chamber during the incubation process. These incubators typically include a corrosion-resistant chamber with appropriate racks for a variety of containers, a mechanism that shakes the containers, devices for chamber cooling and/or heating, and shaking speed and temperature controls. Laboratory shaker incubators are used mainly for chemical compounds and biological samples; stand-alone units and smaller tabletop devices are available. Dedicated shaker/rotators intended for platelet mixing are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23431",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Shaker/Rotator, Platelet",
      "definition": "Dedicated laboratory incubators designed to provide mechanical mixing (either by shaking, rotation, or both) to platelet containers placed in the incubator chamber. These incubators typically include a corrosion-resistant chamber with appropriate racks for a variety of containers; a mechanism that provides the mechanical movement; devices for accurate cooling and/or heating the chamber; speed, temperature, and door-opening controls; local and remote alarms; and recording devices to keep a detailed record of all the events during platelet storage. Platelet laboratory shaker/rotator incubators are available in stand-alone and tabletop models."
    },
    {
      "code": "15327",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Test Tube",
      "definition": "Laboratory incubators designed to provide appropriate temperature (typically 37 degrees Celsius/98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) to test tubes placed either on top of or partially introduced into the incubator. These incubators typically consist of an electronic unit with appropriate heaters to provide dry heat; temperature controls; and a display to show the temperature values. They also include a metallic block that holds the test tubes and/or other small containers in a vertical position. Also available are dedicated stationary test tube incubators used in blood banks/clinical laboratories and portable incubators intended mainly for field use."
    },
    {
      "code": "15272",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Test Tube, Portable",
      "definition": "Test tube laboratory incubators designed to be easily carried by a person (i.e., portable). These incubators provide appropriate temperature (typically 37 degrees Celsius/98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) to test tubes placed either on its top or partially introduced into the incubator. These incubators typically consist of a portable unit with heaters to provide dry heat; temperature controls; and a display to show the temperature. They also include a metallic block that holds the test tubes and/or other small containers in a vertical position. The unit may provide batteries and/or appropriate connectors to obtain electric power from batteries commonly used in vehicles. Portable test tube incubators are used to keep blood samples in emergency situations and/or for transportation of embryos, semen, and other sensitive cells and/or tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "15273",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Test Tube, Stationary",
      "definition": "Laboratory incubators designed to provide appropriate temperature (typically 37 degrees Celsius/98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) for test tubes placed either on top of or partially introduced into the incubator that are intended for stand-alone placing. These incubators typically consist of an electronic unit with  heaters to provide dry heat; temperature controls; and a display to show the temperature values. They also include a metallic block that holds the test tubes and/or other small containers in a vertical position. Stationary test tube incubators are used in blood banks and in clinical laboratories to perform hematology tests and/or to keep viable embryos, semen, and other cells and/or tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "18013",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Thermal Cycle",
      "definition": "Incubators designed to perform heating and cooling sequences (i.e., thermal cycling) on test samples. The units are self-contained and have a chamber to hold the samples. Water, aluminum blocks, and/or conductive fluids can be used for heating and cooling; other incubators use the Peltier effect. Temperature cycling is typically used in cell culture studies, environmental tests of products and devices, and gene manipulation. Dedicated thermal cyclers intended to perform polymerase chain reaction replication (known as PCR thermal cyclers or thermocyclers) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20806",
      "display": "Incubators, Laboratory, Thermocycling, Microarray",
      "definition": "Laboratory incubators designed to provide the heating and/or cooling sequences required for DNA hybridization processes using microarrays. These incubators typically include a removable, frequently rotating rack with various rotation speeds and a wide temperature control range (e.g., 5 to 90 degrees Celcius). Some incubators include racks that support hybridization chambers designed to encase the microarrays in an air- or watertight environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "33799",
      "display": "Infant Care Stations",
      "definition": "Installations designed to provide full care to infants and neonates. These stations typically consist of a structure including a bathtub, sinks, faucets, power outlets, a platform to place the infant, and some integral cabinets and/or drawers. The stations may also include an integral scale. Infant care stations are used to perform all standard procedures in neonate rooms in hospitals and other healthcare facilities, including nursing, bathing, examination, changing diapers, and minor treatments. Some infant care stations that include radiant warmers to keep warm the infant are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33720",
      "display": "Infant Care Stations, Radiant Warming",
      "definition": "Infant care stations that provide warming to the infant. These stations typically consist of a structure including bathtub, sinks, faucets, power outlets, a platform to place the infant, an infant warming unit (typically an infrared radiant lamp), and some integral cabinets and/or drawers. The stations may also include an integral scale. Infant care stations are used to perform all standard procedures in neonate rooms in hospitals and other healthcare facilities while keeping the infant warm, including nursing, bathing, examination, changing diapers, and minor treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "17653",
      "display": "Infant Scale Liners",
      "definition": "Paper sheets designed for placement on the surface of infant scales to provide a clean contact resting area for the infant. These liners are typically made of lightweight tissue or absorbent crepe paper and are shaped to match the characteristics of the scale surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "17222",
      "display": "Information Systems",
      "definition": "Computerized  systems designed to receive, analyze, display, and distribute information within one healthcare facility or among many healthcare facilities. Some systems are manufactured and configured with hardware and software that are appropriate for hospital clinical and/or administrative data management, either hospitalwide or for a particular department or specialty; other systems (e.g., telemedicine systems) include capabilities to send or receive information to or from remote locations, rather than use of local or wide area networks (LAN and WAN, respectively). A third type of information system, typically used in big hospitals, have higher (in the order of terabytes) image storage and retrieval capabilities; this type is known as picture archiving and communication systems (PACS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "42095",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative",
      "definition": "Information systems that collect, process, and distribute data to support the management functions and general operations of healthcare organizations. This includes development activities (i.e., design, programming, implementation, and maintenance) core business systems (i.e., admission discharge and transfer (ADT), acuity, and scheduling, financial systems (i.e., materials management, staffing, billing systems) human resources, order entry systems, and quality assurance systems. These systems support the process of patient care by managing nonclinical patient-related, financial, and demographic information and providing reporting capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "22503",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Accounting/Billing",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to record, process, and display financial accounting data of a healthcare facility. These systems consist of hardware, including computerized workstations and peripheral devices (e.g., high-capacity storage devices) that are usually connected as a local area network (LAN), as well as software specifically intended for financial data collection, analysis, and budget strategy. These systems can automate procedures such as general and/or project accounting, invoice payments, leasing, and expense accounting. Accounting information systems facilitate the analysis, planning, and forecasting of healthcare facility finances."
    },
    {
      "code": "22502",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Admission/Discharge/Transfer",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to record, process, and display comprehensive information related to patient admission, discharge, and transfer throughout the healthcare facility. These systems typically record, retrieve, and display information regarding the sequence of procedures performed on patients from their admission to discharge. Admission/discharge/transfer information systems include hardware (e.g., a local network including workstations, servers, and links) and firmware and/or software."
    },
    {
      "code": "22809",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Bed Management",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to manage the assignment and status of caregiving locations such as inpatient hospital beds, emergency department rooms or \"hall beds,\" therapy bays in ancillary clinics (e.g., dialysis), and infusion chairs used in ambulatory infusion centers (e.g., chemotherapy clinics).  These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers and computers) and software (i.e., dedicated software package (e.g., bed-tracking) that is able to monitor bed status while actively tracking individual patient activity). This outlines the amount of time elapsed during each segment of the patient care process. They may also provide system notifications to housekeeping when a room has been vacated to prepare and clean the bed and/or patient room. Bed management systems provide bed availability reports and real-time alerts."
    },
    {
      "code": "22807",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Budgeting",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to assist healthcare facilities in making financial budget decisions by organizing, calculating, planning, and forecasting the performance of the healthcare facility financial data. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers and computers) and software."
    },
    {
      "code": "24118",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Case Management",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to manage data related to workflow, productivity, and patient throughput. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers and computers); and software (i.e., dedicated software package that can create, update, and review care plans, which improves the capture of clinical data and makes information much more accessible). Case management systems also assist in appropriate reporting of clinical/patient information as it relates to coordinating care."
    },
    {
      "code": "22506",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Centralized Scheduling",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to manage scheduling and resource data across multiple departments/locations of a healthcare facility. These systems consist of hardware, including computerized workstations and peripheral devices such as high-capacity storage devices and printers, and software packages. The systems are specifically intended for scheduling all patient-related activities at a healthcare facility, synchronizing patient, staff, procedures (e.g., laboratory, surgery), and resource (e.g., surgical instruments, rooms) allocation at a given time, and providing appropriate reports. Centralized scheduling information systems are intended to coordinate patient, staff, and resource data of a healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "33416",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Directory/Wayfinding",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to record, process, and display comprehensive information related to the hospital directory and to provide directions and assistance finding services. Directory and wayfinding information system hardware usually includes touchscreens, high-definition displays, one or more workstations and/or information kiosks, and acrylic (i.e., Plexiglas) backers."
    },
    {
      "code": "24119",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Financial, Claims/Denials Management",
      "definition": "Financial administrative information systems designed to facilitate the submission and management of insurance claims and denials. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers and computers) and software (i.e., a dedicated software package that facilitates the submission of claims and possible claim denials). Some systems also include software intended to process supplemental provider claims (i.e., secondary claims) and/or to prevent, analyze, and track denied claims as well as assist in the resubmission of corrected claims (i.e., denial claims). Claims/denials management systems support all phases of the submission process including claims processing, remittance posting, eligibility verification, and statement processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "22504",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Financial, Coding/Reimbursement",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to record, process, and display data related to the rules and terminology of patient treatment episode codes (i.e., coding) and reimbursement calculations. These systems consist of hardware, including computerized workstations and peripheral devices such as high-capacity storage devices and printers, and software packages specifically intended for coding and filing reimbursement claims according to guidelines, rules, and standards."
    },
    {
      "code": "24117",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Financial, Registration",
      "definition": "Financial administrative information systems designed to manage patient insurance verification, gather demographic information, review financial requirements, and collect co-pays. Registration financial information systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers and computers) and software. These information systems verify insurance status and reimbursement before treatment is administered."
    },
    {
      "code": "18122",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Financial, Risk Management",
      "definition": "Information systems designed to record, process, and display information related to risk management tasks of a hospital. These systems consist of hardware, including computerized workstations and peripheral devices (e.g., high-capacity storage devices) that are usually connected in a local area network (LAN), and software appropriate for automation of risk management procedures, such as incident reports, long-range problem detection, trending, and resolution databases. Risk management information systems can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of risk and quality management follow-up and corrective actions."
    },
    {
      "code": "22501",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Health Record, Master Patient Index",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to provide a common patient database for use throughout the healthcare facility (i.e., a master patient index or MPI). These systems typically establish a patient record and an MPI number for each patient during the patient's first visit (regardless of the type of visit or admission). The common MPI may be used through the entire healthcare facility independent of any records created for a specific hospital department. MPI information systems include hardware (e.g., a local network including workstations, servers, and links) and firmware and/or software."
    },
    {
      "code": "26661",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Health Record, Patient Flow/Queuing",
      "definition": "Hospital data management information systems designed for automated managing of ambulatory patient flow and queuing from registration to discharge in a healthcare facility. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and dedicated software. The hardware typically includes dedicated network servers, computers, and other devices such as ticket printers, displays, and audio systems to supply information to the patient. The software consists of a dedicated software package that ensures that the patient is properly guided through the hospital facility and that the process is documented at every step (e.g., appointment validation, proper procedure).  The software can also provide statistics regarding the waiting periods and time spent in each procedure, permitting informed decisions about the staff and clinic performance. Patient flow information data management systems may function as stand-alone systems or may be integrated in a hospital-wide data management information system network; some systems may also perform a complete patient registration."
    },
    {
      "code": "33441",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Healthcare Facility, Asset/Maintenance",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to record, process, and display comprehensive financial, management, and technical information regarding the assets of healthcare facilities, facilitating the performance of maintenance using computerized maintenance management systems (CMMSs). These systems typically include a combination of hardware (e.g., a local standard or customized network including workstations, dedicated servers, and links) and software that provides real-time information on each of the facility assets such as medical devices and information technology (IT) equipment. Asset/maintenance information systems are intended to provide data about each asset's current condition, maintenance history, useful lifecycle status and safety/regulatory compliance as well as to track the preventive maintenance, repairs, and inventories on equipment following a CMMS program."
    },
    {
      "code": "22500",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Healthcare Facility, Integrated",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to record, process, and display comprehensive integrated administrative, management, financial, and clinical information related to the provision and utilization of hospital-wide services and facilities. The systems are capable of producing clinical and financial reports, patient data, and customized reports. These systems can support the management of a variety of administrative (e.g., materials management), financial (e.g., cost accounting, billing reimbursement, human resources), patient data (e.g., medical records, admission/discharge/transfer), and clinical (e.g., radiology, cardiology, pharmacy, laboratory) tasks of a healthcare facility. Integrated healthcare facility information systems are usually available as a combination of hardware (e.g., a local network including workstations, servers, and links) and firmware and/or software."
    },
    {
      "code": "22505",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Human Resources",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to record, process, and display data related to human resources, automating procedures such as payroll, personnel performance, and/or compensation. These systems consist of hardware, including computerized workstations and peripheral devices such as high-capacity storage devices and printers, as well as software packages specifically intended for administration and analysis of personnel benefits, payroll, recruiting, performance, attendance, and compensation. Human resources information systems are intended manage the core functions of human resources departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "22814",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Human Resources, Time/Attendance",
      "definition": "Human resources information systems designed to manage time and attendance of the healthcare facility staff. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers, computers, scanners); and software (i.e., dedicated software package) including timecard software that processes employee data such as the complete history, competencies, licenses, and payroll data, as well as benefits. The software package frequently encompasses the entire hire-to-retire process."
    },
    {
      "code": "37193",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Hygiene Management",
      "definition": "Information systems designed to record, process, and display comprehensive information related to healthcare facility staff hygiene management. These systems usually include pressure sensors and remote computerized devices that interact with soap and disinfectant dispensers, clean-hand badges used by the staff that interact with the dispensers, and detectors placed on the patient's room to assess the badge's status (i.e., hands cleaned or not). The systems typically use an associated software package to assess hygiene conditions and send the information in real time to a central station. Hygiene management information systems may be operated as stand-alone information systems or added to a hospital information system. The systems are used for monitoring and management of the hygienic conditions (mainly hand hygiene) of healthcare staff taking care of patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18055",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Materials Management",
      "definition": "Information systems designed to record, process and display administrative information related to the material management tasks of a hospital. These systems include hardware (e.g., a local network including workstations, personal and/or laptop computers) and firmware and/or software to support the management of administrative tasks and provide reports for procedures such as purchasing, receiving and requisitioning supplies, controlling central supply inventory, invoicing, patient cost accounting, and capital assets control."
    },
    {
      "code": "18101",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Physician Practice",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to provide information related to healthcare providers such as private and group medical practices, clinics, and health maintenance organizations (HMOs). These systems include hardware and software that are appropriate for automating diagnosis recording and patient record keeping; they can also assist in other administrative tasks, such as inventory monitoring and patient billing.  Physician practice information systems are also used to schedule the physician's time, both at the office and for rounds at the hospital."
    },
    {
      "code": "22811",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Staff Education/Credentialing",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to permit healthcare organizations to maintain a detailed database of all employee education and privileging information in terms of licensure, training, experience, and performance history. These systems support the ability to centrally track compliance and requirements information. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software. The hardware typically includes dedicated network servers and computers; the software consists of a dedicated software package that can record and process education, training, licensure, and qualification data of each employee. Patient staff education/credentialing management systems track that the care facility is in compliance with all governmental regulatory (e.g., federal, state) and/or other organization (e.g., JCAHO) requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "22810",
      "display": "Information Systems, Administrative, Telephone Triage",
      "definition": "Administrative information systems designed to permit healthcare organizations to handle more patient telephone calls and provide better clinical advice in a timely manner. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., telephone receivers, dedicated network servers, and computers); and software (i.e., dedicated software package) that is capable of identifying emergencies through symptom assessment, while providing basic reference health information during the call management process."
    },
    {
      "code": "17762",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical",
      "definition": "Information systems designed for collecting, storing, manipulating, and making clinical information related to the healthcare delivery process. Clinical information systems may focus on a single area (e.g., laboratory, electrocardiography), or they may include more comprehensive clinical information (e.g. electronic medical records). Clinical information systems provide a clinical data repository that stores clinical data such as the patient�s history of illness and the interactions with care providers. The repository encodes information capable of helping physicians decide about the patient�s condition, treatment options, and wellness activities as well as the status of decisions, actions undertaken and other relevant information that could help in performing those actions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18116",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Ambulatory Care",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to manage information related to patients receiving ambulatory (i.e., outpatient)  care. These systems include hardware and software to collect information from measuring devices (e.g., electronic sphygmomanometers), recorders (e.g., electrocardiographs), and other devices used during examination and/or treatment of patients. Ambulatory care information systems assist physicians in handling the prognosis and treatment of outpatients and may include information on tasks such as prescription drug recording and billing."
    },
    {
      "code": "17504",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to manage information related to anesthesia care. These systems include hardware and software to collect information from anesthesia units, monitors, and other devices used in anesthesia administration; they can collect information both in real-time (e.g., data from physiologic monitors) and in delayed-time or off-line applications (e.g., preoperative evaluation data, laboratory and pharmacy data). Anesthesia information systems assist physicians in establishing the physiological status of the patient and the parameters of the anesthesia machines."
    },
    {
      "code": "20697",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Bar-Code",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems used in healthcare settings to identify and track medical products, such as medications, medical supplies, and patient samples, based in codes consisting of a group of printed and variously patterned bars and spaces (i.e., bar codes); these codes are designed to be scanned and read into computer systems to identify persons and/or objects. Clinical barcode information systems are computerized systems that can help to improve patient safety, reduce medication errors, and increase efficiency in healthcare operations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20698",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Bar-Code, Medication Administration",
      "definition": "Bar-code administrative information systems designed to verify at the point of care. These information systems include a computerized device (e.g., a portable or handheld computer) with bar-coded label reading capabilities; the device can also interact with other (e.g., hospital, clinical pharmacy, provider order entry) information systems in the healthcare facility. Typically, the bar-coded label on the patient's identification wristband and the one on the medication packaging are scanned; then the bar-coded medication administration (BCMA) system confirms that the administered medications match provider orders (i.e., that it is the right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, and right time).  Bar-code medication materials management information systems specifically designed to ensure that the correct drug and concentration are entered into infusion pumps and that the pump's initial programming matches the provider's orders for a specific patient (i.e., automated infusion pump programming/verification systems) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20699",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Bar-Code, Specimen Collection",
      "definition": "Bar-coded clinical information systems designed to be used for specimen collection at the point of care to verify patient and healthcare professional identification and verifying information from specimen container; they also print specimen container labels. These information systems include a computerized device (e.g., a portable or handheld computer) with bar-coded label reading and printing capabilities; the device can interact with other (e.g., hospital, laboratory, provider order entry) information systems in the healthcare facility. Typically, the bar-coded label on the patient's identification wristband and the one on the specimen container are scanned; then the bar-coded specimen collection system confirms that the collected specimens match provider orders (i.e., validate the correct patient, healthcare professional, specimen container, order of draw, and time)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17223",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Bedside",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to manage information at the patient's bedside. These systems can automate or assist routine nursing tasks by acquiring, displaying, and reporting patient information. Bedside information systems can also provide real-time tracking of vital signs and assist in producing reports of patients' condition and treatment, including drug dispensing, billing, and admission history."
    },
    {
      "code": "17728",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Blood Bank",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to manage information in blood bank centers. These systems store data on blood donor status; they may also include algorithms to process blood bank information. Most systems include specialized transfusion software, donor software, or both. Blood bank information systems may perform additional tasks, such as autologous and direct unit tracking, crossmatch result determination, and/or management of bar-code information and patient history reports."
    },
    {
      "code": "18119",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Cardiology",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to record, process, and display information related to the cardiac status of patients. These systems include hardware and software to collect information (e.g., electrocardiogram waveforms) from monitors and defibrillators; they may obtain additional information from echocardiology and cardiac catheterization studies, as well as from stress and electrophysiology tests. Cardiology clinical information systems help physicians determine cardiac status and manage prognosis and treatment of patients during chronic cardiac diseases (e.g., congestive heart failure) or intensive care treatments; these information systems usually have scheduling capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "22499",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Cardiology, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Cardiology clinical information systems designed to record, process, and display information related to the clinical management of a patient based on electrocardiography (ECG) waveform status. These systems include hardware and software to collect, process (e.g., waveform magnification and/or superposition, automated calipers), integrate, and retrieve information from electrocardiographic signals that may be taken under different conditions (e.g., stress exercise testing, ambulatory data, pacemaker events), usually providing interpretative statements. ECG information systems help physicians establish a comprehensive evaluation of a patient's ECG waveforms."
    },
    {
      "code": "17766",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Cardiology, Hemodynamic",
      "definition": "Cardiology clinical information systems designed to record, process, and display information related to the clinical management of a patient's hemodynamic status. These systems include hardware and software to collect information from cardiac output units, monitors, and fluid administration devices. Hemodynamic information systems help physicians establish baseline hemodynamics and manage the prognosis and treatment of patients with abnormal hemodynamic conditions, such as chronic congestive heart failure, hypertension, and during critical care, surgical, or dialysis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23958",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Critical Care",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems consisting of a combination of hardware and software designed to provide patient information during critical care. The hardware typically includes dedicated network servers and computers; the software consists of a dedicated software package that can integrate data across the entire critical care process including vital signs, fluid intake and output, medications, laboratory data, and doctors� orders. Critical care information systems support intensive care units, facilitating clinical decisions by making information available to the clinician. ."
    },
    {
      "code": "22808",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Decision Support",
      "definition": "Decision support systems designed to assist healthcare facilities in making clinical decisions for patient care. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software dedicated network servers and computers; the software consists of a dedicated software package that allows merging a wide array of health data, including everything from simple facts to detailed health knowledge with clinical observations. The systems may also utilize advanced information such as new medical knowledge from clinical research, including methods for caring for patients in specific disease states. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are usually run in either an active or passive mode. In active mode, the CDSS will process information in the background and alert health professionals when the data indicates a need for intervention. In passive mode, the system will advise only when it is requested by the user using specific inputs. Active and passive CDSS will interface with existing electronic medical records and medical knowledge databases."
    },
    {
      "code": "22507",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Electronic Health Record",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to record, process, and display patient electronic health records at a healthcare facility level (i.e., a longitudinal record), aggregating patient data from various departmental systems. These systems consist of hardware, including computerized workstations and peripheral devices such as high-capacity storage devices and printers, and software packages. The systems are intended to automate the retrieval and review of clinical information, ordering, planning care, and documentation; they may also include decision support capabilities, drug databases, safety features (e.g., medication administration warnings), and the ability to capture practitioner's notes in several formats from various departmental electronic medical records. Health record information systems are intended to provide unified records for patients, including activities performed in physician offices, hospital departments, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18117",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Emergency Care",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to provide information related to emergency care services. These systems include hardware and software to collect information from devices such as physiological monitors and fluid administration equipment; they can also keep records of drug administration and patient trends. Emergency care information systems assist the physician to manage the prognosis and treatment of high-risk patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18118",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Home Care",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems consisting of a combination of hardware and software designed to provide patient information during critical care. The hardware typically includes dedicated network servers and computers; the software consists of a dedicated software package that can integrate data across the entire critical care process including vital signs, fluid intake and output, medications, laboratory data, and doctors� orders. Critical care information systems support intensive care units, facilitating clinical decisions by making information available to the clinician."
    },
    {
      "code": "15124",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to provide information related to laboratory procedures. Laboratory information systems can automate laboratory procedures, such as test ordering, results reporting, and quality assurance, and quality control; they may also be used in related administrative tasks, including instrument maintenance scheduling and billing transactions and to facilitate the flow of information in and out of the laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "18096",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to provide information related to the anatomic pathology laboratory. These systems automate activities such as specimen receiving and tracking, patient demographics, coding, and case retrieval. Most anatomic pathology information systems include surgical pathology, autopsy, and cytology clinical software, including tracking capabilities; they also include other clinical and management features (e.g., tumor registry, trend reports, bar coding, billing)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17939",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Obstetric",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to provide information related to the maternal and fetal status during pregnancy and delivery. These systems include hardware and software capabilities to collect information such as fetal heart rate, uterine activity, and maternal electrocardiograms from fetal and maternal monitors. Obstetrical information systems assist physicians in managing the prognosis and treatment of both mother and fetus during pregnancy and labor."
    },
    {
      "code": "22508",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Oncology",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to record, process, and display information related to the records (both data and images) of the treatment of cancer. These systems typically consist of hardware, including computerized workstations and peripheral devices such as high-capacity storage devices and printers that may be connected as a local area network (LAN), and software packages (e.g., radiology, surgery, chemotherapy). These systems can be used for patient registration, result reporting, film library management, order entry, patient tracking, patient scheduling, and administrative tasks such as billing and accounting procedures; they permit the review of treatment history, test results, and previous reports. Oncology information systems typically integrate data from surgical, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy treatments and/or procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20800",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Oncology, Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Oncology clinical information systems designed to record, process, and display information related to radiotherapy treatment delivery, simulation, and planning, providing quality control and recording during the procedures. These systems typically consist of computerized workstations with appropriate software connected to radiotherapy delivery systems (e.g., linear accelerators) and/or radiotherapy simulation systems; the treatment planning system workstations usually include a computer, high-resolution color monitors, and a printer. The systems also include dedicated workstations for data management functions (e.g., patient registration, tracking, billing, summary reports). Radiotherapy information systems can be used to verify treatment setup parameters prior to treatment, record treatment delivery, and manage patient and treatment of cancer or related diseases (data); the systems include warnings and override features.. The software for the station includes capabilities such as automated capture of simulated treatment fields, recall of patient treatment simulations, and review of port films and data on accumulated patient radiation dose."
    },
    {
      "code": "20393",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Perioperative",
      "definition": "Information systems designed to provide clinical information related to the perioperative process, including preoperative evaluations and documentation, intraoperative documentation, and postoperative nursing assessment and pain surveillance. These systems include hardware and software that are appropriate for automating surgical scheduling, supply management, comprehensive reporting on activities, and information on patient location and patient status, billing, and costs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18100",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to provide information related to hospital pharmacy procedures. These systems can automate pharmacy procedures such as prescription drug delivery and drug-reaction prevention; they can also manage patient information, medication administration records, and drug inventory. Most clinical pharmacy information systems can perform inpatient and outpatient functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "24120",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Pharmacy, Electronic Medication Administration Record",
      "definition": "Pharmacy clinical information systems designed to manage and record the proper distribution of medications to patients throughout a healthcare facility (i.e., the electronic medication and administration record, i.e., eMAR). These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers, computers, printers, and barcode readers) and software (i.e., dedicated software package). Electronic medication administration information systems help to verify patient and drug data prior to dosage administration to make sure that medication can be safely administered. These systems document the medication administration report."
    },
    {
      "code": "18860",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Provider Order Entry",
      "definition": "Clinical information systems designed to allow physicians and other healthcare providers to enter orders for medications, diagnostic tests, and other orders (e.g., wound care, special diets) using a desktop, mobile, or handheld computer. These systems typically consist of networked computers (workstations) implemented over a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN). The systems depend on a central data repository, which is typically part of the main hospital-wide information system. These systems allow the healthcare provider to enter all patient orders, check the status of patient orders, and retrieve other patient records and/or test results (e.g., radiology exams, laboratory tests).  Provider order entry information systems are used for accurate management of all patient orders, including a record of the prescription and administration of medications, and reducing errors at the point of care. Error reduction is achieved by the system providing safety alerts and clinical decision support at the time that the order is entered.  The systems are used throughout a healthcare facility, including in emergency care, inpatient care areas and outpatient physician's offices, and in nursing facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17175",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Radiology",
      "definition": "Radiology clinical information systems designed to process, organize, and store clinical information related to radiology departments and imaging centers. These systems can be used for patient registration, result reporting, film library management, order entry, patient tracking, patient scheduling, and administrative tasks, such as billing and accounting procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22815",
      "display": "Information Systems, Clinical, Radiology, Mammography",
      "definition": "Radiology clinical information systems designed for collection, reporting, and workflow management of information during mammography procedures. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software. The hardware can include dedicated network servers and workstations, computers, and printers; the software consists of a dedicated software package that is capable of processing information from patient interviews, procedural reports, and allows the automated generation of reports. Mammography information systems permit automated patient tracking, abnormality logging, and utilization and marketing report generation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18120",
      "display": "Information Systems, Data Management, Hospital(Retired)",
      "definition": "Data management information systems designed to record, process, and display comprehensive financial, management, clinical, and/or patient data information related to the provision and utilization of hospitalwide services and facilities. Hospital information systems (HISs) typically include a combination of hardware (e.g., a local network including workstations, servers, and links) and firmware and/or software. Dedicated HISs intended to integrate all the information systems of a hospital (i.e., integrated hospital information systems or IHISs) are available; dedicated HISs that are only intended to keep a master patient index or information regarding the admission, discharge, and transfer of patients throughout the healthcare facility are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27405",
      "display": "Information Systems, Decision Support(Retired)",
      "definition": "Information systems designed to assist healthcare facilities in making decisions by effectively organizing, calculating, planning and forecasting the probable outcomes of a process or procedure through software that analyzes the healthcare facility's information data using an electronic format. The main focus of the decision support systems is to provide useful information to all involved in the decision making process. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software. The hardware typically includes dedicated network servers and computers; the software consist of a dedicated software packages that are capable of processing information regarding clinical, financial, and/or other information needed to make major healthcare facility decisions. They may function as stand-alone systems or may be integrated in a hospital wide data management information system network. Dedicated decision support information systems are available for financial and clinical decision support."
    },
    {
      "code": "42089",
      "display": "Information Systems, Patient-Use",
      "definition": "Information systems that enable patients to access and manage health information. Patient-use information systems include various types of technology, such as patient or electronic secure online platforms that enable patients to access their electronic health records (EHRs), view lab results, schedule appointments, disseminate educational information, and communicate with their healthcare providers. These systems include hardware that allows access to personal health records (PHRs), digital health records that patients create and manage themselves, which may include information such as medical history, medication lists, and allergy information"
    },
    {
      "code": "22812",
      "display": "Information Systems, Patient-Use, Education",
      "definition": "Patient-use information systems designed to provide educational resources on patient health. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (ie., includes dedicated network servers and workstations, computers, printers, and touch screens) and software. Patient education systems provide self-care information during the recovery period; they are also intended to provide information on the patient�s health status and development of good health habits.."
    },
    {
      "code": "23959",
      "display": "Information Systems, Patient-Use, Electronic Portal",
      "definition": "Information systems designed to give patients access to their personal information, manage their healthcare, and communicate with the healthcare staff . These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware (i.e., dedicated network servers and computers); and software (i.e., dedicated software package) that provides laboratory reports, diagnostics, account statements, and full medical records. This system allows patients access to laboratory reports, diagnostics, account statements, and full medical records. Appointments, prescription refills, and referrals can be requested by the patient, and physicians can set up automatic reminders for patient appointments and health maintenance requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "27477",
      "display": "Information Systems, Patient-Use, Entertainment/Wellness",
      "definition": "Information systems are designed to provide patient entertainment and promote overall patient wellness. These systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software. The hardware typically includes dedicated network servers and workstations, computers, printers, and touch screens; the software consists of a dedicated software package that can provide entertainment (e.g., video, audio, news) and/or promoting wellness (e.g., giving information on health conditions, nutrition, health risks)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17960",
      "display": "Information Systems, Picture Archiving and Communication",
      "definition": "Information systems consisting of a communication network, including high-capacity computer-based image storage and retrieval equipment (i.e., picture archiving and communication systems [PACS]); they can acquire, display, store, retrieve, and manipulate images in digital format from several diagnostic imaging modalities, including digital radiography, video cameras, and other imaging devices. These systems consist of image-acquisition devices, a host computer, image-archiving devices, and display stations that are interconnected in a communication network. Each component of the network includes a computer or processor to control image transmission, archiving devices, and networking capabilities. PACS allow digital image transmission to any networked part of the hospital, direct access to stored images, simultaneous access to images for several different physicians (e.g., surgeons and emergency room personnel), and centralized consultation for multimodality comparisons. Dedicated PACS intended for radiology and cardiology applications are available. PACS usually exchange information with medical imaging equipment (such as digital cardiology and radiology imaging) devices following DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine), a standard in the field of medical informatics that ensures interoperability."
    },
    {
      "code": "22509",
      "display": "Information Systems, Picture Archiving and Communication, Cardiology",
      "definition": "Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) designed to store and retrieve digital images from cardiac catheterization laboratories and other cardiac digital imaging systems, including radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear cardiology, and ultrasound (echocardiography). These systems consist of a host computer that controls image capture and display, networking, storage, retrieval, and printer output, as well as image-display workstations that allow database management, measurements, and quantification (e.g., stenosis percent and diameter) and include high-resolution displays and printers. Cardiology PACS permit simultaneous access and processing of images for surgeons, referring physicians, and emergency room personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "16247",
      "display": "Information Systems, Picture Archiving and Communication, Radiology",
      "definition": "Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) designed to store and retrieve digital images from radiographic and other digital-imaging systems, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. These systems consist of a host computer that controls image capture and display, networking, storage, retrieval, and printer output, as well as image-display stations that allow database management and include high-resolution displays and printers.  Most of these systems provide more than one image-display monitor to more closely mimic the multi-image display on the conventional view box used by radiologists; they also include interfaces for digital dictation devices. Many systems (mini-PACS) are configurable to serve a specific imaging area, such as MRI, CT, or ultrasound imaging. Radiology PACS permit simultaneous access to images for surgeons, referring physicians, and emergency room personnel; they also alleviate problems associated with storing radiographic films."
    },
    {
      "code": "17961",
      "display": "Information Systems, Picture Archiving/Communication, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) designed to store and retrieve images from digital  cameras and/or other digital imaging systems that are used for endoscopic procedures. These systems consist of a host computer that controls image capture and display, networking, storage, retrieval, and printer output, as well as image-display stations that allow database management and include high-resolution displays and printers. Endoscopy PACS permit simultaneous access to endoscopic images for surgeons, referring physicians, and emergency room personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "18310",
      "display": "Information Systems, Telemedicine",
      "definition": "Information systems designed to electronically transmit and receive images and consultative text between remote sites. These systems typically consist of an image-capture station and a receiving station; the image-capture station includes a personal computer (PC) with a high-speed modem, a high-resolution viewing monitor, and an image-capture device, while the receiving station typically consists of a modem, a PC, and a high-resolution image monitor. Telemedicine information systems link hospital departments to other hospitals, physicians' homes, or clinics by means of telephone lines, digital networks, and microwave or satellite transmission; they facilitate rapid diagnosis and consultation by other specialists. The storage capacity of these systems is typically fewer than 1,000 images. Telemedicine information systems do not require the large storage systems and file controllers of picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "23993",
      "display": "Information Systems, Telemedicine, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Telemedicine information systems designed to electronically transmit and receive ophthalmic images (e.g., digital images of the retina) and consultative text between remote sites. These systems typically include, in addition to communication devices, fundus cameras, ophthalmoscopes, and/or ophthalmic workstations. Ophthalmology telemedicine systems are used mainly by small remote hospitals and in emergency situations to transmit images to technicians and/or ophthalmology specialists for review, interpretation, and/or consultation. Dedicated systems intended for retinopathy screening are available, making it possible to determine, in remote places, whether retinopathy is present and whether follow-up specialist care is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "18311",
      "display": "Information Systems, Telemedicine, Pathology",
      "definition": "Telemedicine information systems used to electronically transmit and receive images of microscopic pathology preparations and/or specimens and consultative text to and from one or more remote sites. Pathology telemedicine systems are mostly used by small remote hospitals and in emergency situations to transmit cytology/histology images to a pathologist at a larger hospital or laboratory for review, interpretation, and/or consultation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16994",
      "display": "Information Systems, Telemedicine, Radiology",
      "definition": "Telemedicine information systems used to electronically transmit and receive radiologic images (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans) and consultative text to and from one or more remote sites.  Radiology telemedicine systems are mostly used by small remote hospitals and in emergency situations to transmit images to a radiologist at a larger hospital for review, interpretation, and/or consultation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18138",
      "display": "Information Systems, Telemedicine, Videoconferencing",
      "definition": "Telemedicine information systems designed for real-time consultation and diagnoses in remote sites using a video link; they may include other telecommunication equipment (e.g., fax). These systems typically consist of  video cameras, high-resolution displays,  monitors, compression/decompression devices (CODECS),  personal computer workstations, microphones, and speakers;  they can usually be interfaced with other telemedicine systems (e.g., teleradiology, telepathology). Videoconferencing telemedicine systems are used to allow long-distance communication between physicians and with other healthcare specialists, including voice, data, and imaging interchange."
    },
    {
      "code": "42020",
      "display": "Information Systems, Telemedicine, Videoconferencing, Surgical",
      "definition": "Telemedicine information systems designed for real-time consultation and diagnoses in remote sites using a video link to prepare for or during surgical procedures. These systems can include of video cameras, high-resolution displays, monitors, consoles, personal computer workstations, microphones, and speakers as well as the necessary software. Surgical videoconferencing telemedicine systems are used to allow long-distance communication between physicians and with other healthcare specialists, including voice, data, and imaging interchange."
    },
    {
      "code": "16579",
      "display": "Infusion Pump Administration Sets",
      "definition": "Primary intravenous administration sets designed for liquid administration from a bag or bottle through an infusion pump either to a hub catheter or needle at the patient site, or to an extension tube set attached to the patient site. These sets typically consist of  plastic tubing, a check valve, a roller clamp,  a Y-site  connector for secondary tubing attachment, and  luer adapters at both ends (either male or female). Most infusion pump administration sets include an anti-free flow mechanism, they may be  vented or unvented, some sets are manufactured with special characteristics (e.g., latex-free).."
    },
    {
      "code": "16495",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps",
      "definition": "Infusion devices designed to deliver solutions typically through intravenous (IV), epidural, and/or subcutaneous routes at pre-established accurate flow rates. Infusion pumps may use one of a variety of different technologies for propelling the infusate, including peristaltic, rotary, cassette, syringe-driven, and elastomeric mechanisms. These pumps are capable of delivering large and/or small volumes of liquids through one or several channels simultaneously. Infusion pumps may be intended for mounting on poles, for ambulatory use, or for implantation. Infusion pumps intended for a variety of therapeutic applications (i.e., multitherapy), as well as for particular therapies that use specific medications such as insulin, analgesics, and anesthetics, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41976",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps Modules, Exhaled Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used with an infusion pump, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of intermittently or continuously monitoring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in an exhaled breath. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more sensors. There are several methods for monitoring the concentration of carbon dioxide in an exhaled breath, including mainstream sampling, which uses a sensor placed directly in the breathing circuit or nasal/oral airway cannula, or sidestream sampling, which uses a sensor placed in a remote sampling line connected to the breathing circuit or nasal/oral airway cannula; one module may offer a combination of methods or be dedicated to a single method. Typical functions of exhaled carbon dioxide monitor modules, when used with an infusion pump, include halting delivery of a drug that can depress respiration."
    },
    {
      "code": "28077",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Analgesic",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver liquid analgesics through intravenous (IV), subcutaneous, or epidural routes at pre-established accurate flow rates. These pumps typically include electronic (e.g., syringe-driven, peristaltic, or cassette), or nonelectronic elastomeric mechanisms. Analgesic pumps are designed with specific safeguards that restrict the amount of drug that can be requested and/or delivered over a specific period of time (e.g., 1 mg of analgesic every 6 hours). Electronic pumps are usually capable of recording cumulative data regarding number of doses delivered, date/time of each dose delivered, number of requests received, and total volume of drug delivered. They are mainly used to give pain relief to postoperative, obstetric, terminally ill, and trauma suffering patients. Pumps that allow for self-administration of analgesics (i.e., patient-controlled), within pre-established limits, are also available.  These self-administration pumps may be ambulatory or implantable."
    },
    {
      "code": "28081",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Analgesic, Implantable",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed for use in the administration of analgesics that are intended for implantation. These pumps are frequently battery-powered devices that use a syringe-driven mechanism, an infusion rate controller, and an internal reservoir containing the analgesic solution. The solution is delivered from the implanted pump to a subcutaneous catheter with a needle at the distal end that is typically inserted in the desired position. The pump must be able to deliver a continuous or intermittent flow and/or deliver bolus doses of analgesics when necessary. Implantable analgesic infusion pumps are used mainly to treat otherwise intractable chronic pain; dedicated implantable pumps designed to deliver medication to the space that contains the spinal fluid (i.e., the intrathecal space) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27893",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Analgesic, Implantable, Intrathecal",
      "definition": "Analgesic infusion pumps intended for implantation that are designed for use in the administration of analgesics into the spinal fluid space (i.e., intrathecal). These pumps are frequently battery-powered devices. They are comprised of a syringe-driven mechanism that is inserted between the skin and the muscle of the lower abdomen; an infusion rate controller; and an internal reservoir containing the analgesic solution. The analgesic solution is delivered from the pump to a subcutaneous tube and then to a catheter with a needle at the distal end that is typically inserted in the intrathecal space. Intrathecal implantable pumps that deliver the analgesic without the use of batteries are also available; they are based on a two-chamber pump with an inner chamber containing the analgesic drug and an outer chamber containing a propellant. The temperature of the patient warms the propellant which in turn exerts a constant pressure on accordion-like bellows that divide both chambers. The pump must be also able to deliver a continuous or intermittent flow and/or deliver bolus doses of analgesics when necessary. Intrathecal analgesic infusion pumps are used mainly by patients with otherwise intractable chronic pain. These pumps may be used also to administer drugs (e.g., baclofen) for refractory spasticity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16924",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Analgesic, Patient-Controlled",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps that are designed to deliver a predetermined amount of analgesic drug on demand, (i.e., when requested by the patient) as well as delivering continuous pain control. To prevent tampering or diversion, PCA pumps typically offer a method of securing the controls and medication container, which is connected to a proprietary administration set. The administration set tubing is connected to an intravenous catheter or other infusion device (e.g., epidural catheter, subcutaneous injection/infusion port). Typically, PCA pumps are programmed to deliver in any one of the following modes: demand dose, demand dose plus continuous infusion, or continuous infusion only; the pumps can also be programmed to deliver one-time doses (i.e., bolus or loading doses). PCA pumps are designed with specific safeguards that restrict the amount of drug that can be requested and delivered over a specific period of time (e.g., 1 mg of drug every 6 minutes for a total of 10 mg per hour). PCA pumps allow narcotic analgesics (e.g., morphine, meperidine, hydromorphone) and fentanyl to be administered as needed by the patient while keeping the amount within the prescribed limits and preventing unauthorized access to the medication.  The software inherent in the PCA pump is typically capable of storing cumulative data regarding number of doses delivered, date/time of each dose delivered, number of requests received, and total volume of drug delivered. PCA pumps are intended for patient control of pain by permitting self-administration of analgesics (i.e., patient-controlled analgesic pumps) within pre-established limits; they are typically mounted on poles or used on tabletops but dedicated ambulatory pumps are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28080",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Analgesic, Patient-Controlled, Ambulatory",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver a predetermined amount of analgesic drug on demand (i.e., when requested by the patient) as well as delivering continuous pain control. These devices are small enough to be worn or carried by patients. To prevent tampering or diversion, PCA pumps typically offer a method of securing the controls and medication container, which is connected to a proprietary administration set. The administration set is connected to an infusion catheter or other infusion device (e.g., epidural catheter, subcutaneous injection/infusion port). Ambulatory PCA pumps are typically programmed to deliver in any one of the following modes: demand dose, demand dose plus continuous infusion, or continuous infusion; these pumps can also be programmed to deliver one-time doses (i.e., bolus doses). PCA pumps are designed with specific safeguards that restrict the amount of drug that can be requested and delivered over a specific period of time (e.g., 1 mg of drug every 6 minutes for a total of 10 mg per hour). The pumps allow narcotic analgesics (e.g., morphine, meperidine, hydromorphone) and fentanyl to be administered as needed by the patient while keeping the amount within the prescribed limits and preventing unauthorized access to the medication.  The software inherent in the PCA pump is typically capable of storing cumulative data regarding number of doses delivered, date/time of each dose delivered, number of requests received, and total volume of drug delivered. Ambulatory PCA pumps are intended for patient control of pain by permitting self-administration of analgesics (i.e., patient-controlled analgesic pumps) within pre-established limits; most pumps can be attached to intravenous poles if necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "28082",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Anesthesia, Syringe",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps including syringe mechanisms that are designed for use only in administering anesthesia, usually through intravenous (IV) routes at pre-established accurate flow rates (e.g., 0.1 ml/hour). These pumps usually consist of a syringe, a motor that drives a screw or gear mechanism to advance either the plunger or barrel of the syringe at a predetermined rate, electronic controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused, and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. In most pumps, the syringe containing the infusate must be manually replaced once it has emptied in order to continue the infusion. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Some units have over-dosing protocols based on pharmacokinetic profiling (e.g., rate is tailored to a target bloodstream level). Anesthesia syringe pumps are used mainly in surgical and special procedures (e.g., catheterization) areas in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Anesthesia syringe pumps are used mainly in surgical and special procedures (e.g., catheterization) areas in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17907",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Blood/Solution Warming",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver large volumes of blood, liquid medications, and/or other solutions through intravenous routes at pre-established accurate flow rates while warming the infusate. These infusion pumps usually consist of a pumping mechanism to move fluid from the solution container through the IV set to the patient. They also include an integral and/or attached warming unit to deliver the infusate at a temperature approximating that of the human body. Warming pumps also include controls used to select the dose, temperature, or volume to be infused; recording capabilities to register the actual infusion temperature, volume and rate; and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Warming blood/solution infusion pumps are usually intended for IV pole mounting; they are used mainly in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "13209",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Enteral Feeding",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed for enteral (i.e., via the digestive tract) administration of feeding solutions (e.g., commercially prepared formulas, blenderized foods) that provide an accurate control of the flow of liquid. These pumps usually include linear or rotary peristaltic mechanisms; less frequently, cassette pumps, which repeatedly compress a specific amount of fluid into a cassette, are used. Rotatory mechanisms consist of a section of flexible tubing that is held against a set of revolving rollers by tension on the anchored section of the tubing. Linear peristaltic pumps push fluids along a linear section of tubing with a series of fingerlike projections and an opposing surface. Many pumps include memory for the dose rate, dose settings, and volume infused, as well as visible and/or audible alarms to alert the user to flow changes or malfunctions. Enteral feeding pumps are used in patients who are unable or unwilling to consume adequate nutrients and are without gastrointestinal complications. Enteral pumps deliver the feeding solutions to various locations in the stomach and bowel through temporary feeding tubes (e.g., nasogastric tubes) or surgically implanted tubes (e.g., gastrostomy tubes, jejunostomy tubes). They are used in healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, nursing homes) and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "28074",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Insulin",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed for use only in thesubcutaneous administration of insulin. These pumps typically consist of a pumping mechanism, an infusion rate controller, and an internal reservoir (e.g., 3 ml) containing the insulin solution. The insulin is delivered from the pump to a subcutaneous catheter that is typically inserted in the abdomen.  Insulin infusion pumps infuse in micro volume pulses that mimic the function of a normal pancreas; the pump must be also able to deliver mealtime or supplementary bolus doses of insulin when necessary and many pumps also offer profile-based programming to account for daily patterns of insulin needs. Most pumps have memory capabilities, and most pumps have an \"automatic off\" that terminates insulin infusion if a button on the pump is not pushed within a preprogrammed period of time.  Insulin pumps are used mainly by patients with diabetes. Both ambulatory and implantable insulin pumps are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17159",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Insulin, Ambulatory",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed for use in the subcutaneous administration of insulin that are small enough to be worn or carried by patients. These pumps are frequently battery-powered devices that use a syringe-driven mechanism, an infusion rate controller, and an internal low-volume (e.g., 3 ml) reservoir containing the insulin solution. The insulin is delivered from the pump to a subcutaneous catheter typically inserted in the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen. The pumps can be carried or worn, typically in a case attached to the patient's belt. Many pumps have memory capabilities and offer profile-based programming to account for daily patterns of insulin needs. Most pumps have an \"automatic off\" that terminates insulin infusion if a button on the pump is not pushed within a preprogrammed period of time.  Ambulatory insulin infusion pumps infuse in micro volume pulses that mimic the function of a normal pancreas; the pump must be also able to deliver mealtime or supplementary bolus doses of insulin when necessary. They are intended mainly for patients having type I diabetes when it is not possible to obtain appropriate results using other insulin administration methods."
    },
    {
      "code": "28076",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Insulin, Implantable",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver insulin that are intended for implantation. These pumps are frequently battery powered devices that use a syringe-driven mechanism, an infusion rate controller, and an internal small-volume (e.g., 3 ml) reservoir containing the insulin solution; the insulin is delivered from the implanted pump to a subcutaneous catheter with a needle at the distal end that is typically inserted in the subcutaneous tissue or the peritoneal cavity. Implantable insulin pumps are usually programmable using an external telemetric programing device according to the individual needs of basal and bolus insulin rates. Many units offer profile-based programming to account for daily patterns of insulin needs. The insulin is infused in micro volume pulses that mimic the function of a normal pancreas; the pump must be also able to deliver mealtime or supplementary bolus doses of insulin when necessary. They are intended for patients having type I diabetes when it is not possible to obtain appropriate results using other conventional insulin administration methods."
    },
    {
      "code": "13215",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver different types of liquid medications and other solutions through intravenous (IV), epidural, and/or subcutaneous routes at pre-established accurate flow rates capable of being used in a variety of different therapies (i.e., multitherapy). These pumps may be intended to deliver large and/or small volumes of liquids;  some pumps can deliver infusion liquids through only one channel (i.e., single-channel pumps) or simultaneously using several channels (i.e., multi-channel pumps). Pumps capable of delivering high volumes of infusion solutions usually consist of pole-mounted devices that include a pumping (e.g., peristaltic, cassette) mechanism to move fluid from the solution container through the IV set to the patient. Other pumps using syringe-based mechanisms are usually intended to deliver smaller volumes. The pumps may also include controls to select the dose or volume to be infused; recording capabilities to register the actual infusion volume and rate; and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal or dangerous conditions. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Multitherapy infusion pumps are used mainly in hospitals and other healthcare facilities, in doctors' offices, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "16491",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Ambulatory",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps small enough to be worn or carried by patients that are designed to deliver relatively small volumes of liquid medications and other solutions through intravenous (IV), epidural, or subcutaneous routes at pre-established accurate flow rates. These pumps usually consist of a pumping (e.g., peristaltic, syringe-driven) mechanism to move fluid from an internal solution container to the patient; they also include flow controls to select the dose or volume to be infused. The pumps may also include a display showing prompts and/or audible or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. Multitherapy ambulatory pumps are mainly used to administer therapeutic drugs either continuously or intermittently; dedicated ambulatory pumps (both reusable and single-use) intended for administration of particular medications (e.g., analgesics, insulin) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25598",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Ambulatory, Elastomeric, Single-Patient",
      "definition": "Multitherapy elastomeric ambulatory infusion pumps designed for use in only one patient (i.e., single-patient) that are small enough to be worn or carried by patients and are designed for use in delivering liquids through intravenous, epidural, or subcutaneous routes from internal reservoirs at pre-established accurate flow rates. Single-patient elastomeric ambulatory infusion pumps usually consist of a mechanism (without any electrical or electronic components) that includes a balloon reservoir or membrane with an elastomeric layer; the pumps usually include a mechanical controller to regulate the flow of medicine. When the pump is filled, the elastomeric layer is stretched. During the infusion, as the elastic layer is constricted, the liquid medicine is delivered through dedicated infusion tubing and then to an infusion catheter or other infusion device (e.g., epidural catheter, subcutaneous injection/infusion port) and into the patient. Multitherapy single-patient elastomeric ambulatory pumps are usually programmed to deliver in continuous mode, although some units offer a bolus function. The pumps are used to administer analgesics, cytostatics, antibiotics, and some other medicines."
    },
    {
      "code": "28071",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Ambulatory, Electronic",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps that are small enough to be worn or carried by patients (i.e., ambulatory) including electronic-controlled mechanisms that are designed to deliver liquids to a patient through intravenous, epidural, or subcutaneous routes from internal reservoirs at pre-established accurate flow rates. Electronic ambulatory infusion pumps typically include a disposable syringe or a disposable, collapsible bag reservoir; a mechanism for propelling the infusate; an electronic flow-control mechanism; and means of displaying alarm conditions and/or user prompts. Pumps using peristaltic mechanisms successively squeeze and release the IV delivery tubing, moving the fluid into the patient catheter. Syringe pumps use a syringe as a drug reservoir, propelling the fluid by forcing the plunger, or piston, into the syringe barrel. Multitherapy electronic ambulatory infusion pumps are usually microprocessor controlled; some models can be programmed to deliver complex infusion regimens. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Many electronic, battery-powered pumps have alarms to indicate high pressure (usually signifying occlusion), near end of infusion, empty reservoir, air in line, system malfunction, unlocked reservoir, and low battery. Most pumps can detect flow errors and electronic malfunctions. Alarm conditions are typically identified on a display integral to the pump and/or by an audible signal. Electronic ambulatory pumps are used mainly by ambulatory patients in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "27417",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Ambulatory, Electronic, Single-Patient",
      "definition": "Multitherapy electronic ambulatory infusion pumps designed for use on only one patient (i.e., single-patient) that are small enough to be worn or carried by patients and designed for use in delivering liquids through intravenous, epidural, or subcutaneous routes from internal reservoirs at pre-established accurate flow rates. Single-patient pumps usually consist of a battery-powered pumping mechanism which uses fingerlike disks to occlude the IV tubing successively in a rippling, wavelike motion.  This moves fluid from the internal solution container to the patient. Less frequently, pumps using syringe drivers with spring-powered mechanisms are used. Single-patient electronic ambulatory pumps may include electronic controls to select the infused dose or volume and alert messages to indicate abnormal conditions; the pumps usually include a refillable reservoir for long-term therapy. Multitherapy electronic single-patient ambulatory pumps are programmed to deliver medicines in continuous or intermittent mode but some may permit bolus delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "41591",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Animal",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver different types of liquid medications, fluid replacement, total parenteral nutrition, and other solutions through intravenous (IV), epidural, and/or subcutaneous routes at appropriate flow rates to animals. These pumps may be intended to deliver large and/or small volumes of liquids. The pumps may also include controls to select the dose or volume and pressure of infusions; recording capabilities to register the actual infusion volume and rate; and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal or dangerous conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "28057",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Large Volume",
      "definition": "Multitherapy infusion pumps design to deliver from very small to large volumes of liquid medications and other therapeutic solutions stored in bags, vials, bottles (or, with an adaptor, syringes), at programmed flow rates. Large-volume pumps typically deliver fluid through intravenous (IV) or epidural routes, although subcutaneous and peritoneal infusion may be performed as well. These infusion pumps usually consist of a pumping mechanism to move fluid from the solution container through the IV set to the patient. Three common types are: (1) the linear peristaltic mechanism which uses fingerlike disks to occlude the IV tubing successively in a rippling, wavelike motion; (2) the rotatory peristaltic mechanism that uses a short length of silicone rubber tubing held taut around rollers mounted on a rotor; and (3) the cassette-type mechanism that periodically fills a compartment from the upstream side and empties to the downstream side.  The pumps may deliver infusion liquids through only one channel (i.e., single-channel pumps) or simultaneously using several channels (i.e., multi-channel pumps). They also include controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused; recording capabilities to register the actual infusion volume and rate; and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. Many pumps can deliver secondary (piggyback) infusions, controlling two different solutions sequentially per pumping channel. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Large-volume multitherapy infusion pumps are usually intended for IV pole mounting; they are used mainly in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "28066",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Large Volume, Hyperbaric Chamber Compatible",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver large volumes of liquid medications and other therapeutic solutions usually through intravenous (IV) or epidural routes at pre-established accurate flow rates capable of working in high-pressure conditions (usually up to three absolute atmospheres) such as those present in hyperbaric chambers. These infusion pumps usually consist of a battery-powered pumping mechanism that is not significantly affected by high pressure to move fluid from the solution container through the IV set to the patient. The most common type is the cassette mechanism which periodically fills a compartment from the upstream side and empties to the downstream side.  The pumps also include controls to select the dose or volume to be infused, recording capabilities to register the actual infusion volume and rate, and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Hyperbaric infusion pumps are used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities during procedures performed inside single- or multiple-patient hyperbaric chambers."
    },
    {
      "code": "28063",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Large Volume, MRI Safe/Conditional",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver large volumes of liquid medications and other therapeutic solutions usually through intravenous (IV) or epidural routes at pre-established accurate flow rates capable of working in high intensity magnetic fields such as those present during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures without introducing hazardous conditions or producing artifacts in the MRI images. MRI safe infusion pumps do not have ferromagnetic parts or produce radiofrequency interference; conditional safe pumps may be safe up to a magnetic intensity value (e.g., up to 3 Tesla) or in certain locations of the suite depending on gauss line locations, but cannot be identified as having no ferromagnetic parts. These infusion pumps usually consist of a pumping mechanism that is not affected by magnetic fields to move fluid from the solution container through the IV set to the patient. The most common type is the linear peristaltic mechanism (which uses fingerlike disks to occlude the IV tubing successively in a rippling, wavelike motion); the mechanisms may be also rotatory peristaltic or cassette type.  They also include controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused; recording capabilities to register the actual infusion volume and rate; and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions.  Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  MRI large-volume multitherapy infusion pumps are usually intended for IV pole mounting; they are used mainly in MRI areas in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17634",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Large Volume, Multichannel",
      "definition": "Multitherapy infusion pumps designed to deliver from very small to large volumes of liquid medications and other therapeutic solutions stored in bags, vials, bottles (or, with an adaptor, syringes) simultaneously through several channels at programmed flow rates with independent control of delivery for each channel. Multi-channel large-volume pumps typically deliver fluid through intravenous (IV) or epidural routes, although subcutaneous and peritoneal infusion may be performed as well. These infusion pumps usually consist of a pumping mechanism to move fluid from the solution container through the IV set to the patient. Three common types are: (1) the linear peristaltic mechanism which uses fingerlike disks to occlude the IV tubing successively in a rippling, wavelike motion; (2) the rotatory peristaltic mechanism that uses a short length of silicone rubber tubing held taut around rollers mounted on a rotor; and (3) the cassette-type mechanism that periodically fills a compartment from the upstream side and empties to the downstream side. The pumps also include controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused, recording capabilities to register the actual infusion volume and rate, and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. Many pumps can deliver secondary (piggyback) infusions, controlling two different solutions sequentially per pumping channel. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Multi-channel large-volume multitherapy infusion pumps are usually intended for IV pole mounting; they are used mainly in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "27889",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Large Volume, Single-Channel",
      "definition": "Multitherapy infusion pumps designed to deliver from very small to large volumes of liquid medications and other therapeutic solutions stored in bags, vials, bottles (or, with an adaptor, syringes) through a single channel at programmed flow rates. Single-channel large-volume pumps typically deliver fluid through intravenous (IV) or epidural routes, although subcutaneous and peritoneal infusion may be performed as well. These infusion pumps usually consist of a pumping mechanism to move fluid from the solution container through the IV set to the patient. Three common types are: (1) the linear peristaltic mechanism which uses fingerlike disks to occlude the IV tubing successively in a rippling, wavelike motion; (2) the rotatory peristaltic mechanism that uses a short length of silicone rubber tubing held taut around rollers mounted on a rotor; and (3) the cassette-type mechanism that periodically fills a compartment from the upstream side and empties to the downstream side. The pumps also include controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused, recording capabilities to register the actual infusion volume and rate, and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. Many pumps can deliver secondary (piggyback) infusions, controlling two different solutions sequentially. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Single-channel large-volume multitherapy infusion pumps are usually intended for IV pole mounting; they are used mainly in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "13217",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Syringe",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver relatively small volumes of liquid medications and other solutions through intravenous (IV), epidural, and subcutaneous routes at pre-established accurate flow rates (e.g., down to 0.1 ml/hour) with a syringe mechanism. These pumps usually consist of a syringe; a motor that drives a screw or gear mechanism that advances either the plunger or barrel of the syringe at a predetermined rate; electronic controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused; and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. In most pumps the syringe containing the infusate must be manually replaced once it has emptied to continue the infusion. Syringe infusion pumps exhibit good flow continuity even at very low flow rates, and are especially appropriate for neonatal, infant, and critical care applications in which small volumes of concentrated drugs are to be delivered over an extended period; the pumps are used mainly in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Some pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available.  Syringe multitherapy infusion pumps are usually intended for IV pole mounting and/or tabletop placement; they are used mainly in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, doctors' offices and at home; syringe pumps that are small enough to be worn or carried by patients (i.e., ambulatory use) are also available. Dedicated syringe pumps calibrated in appropriate units that are intended to deliver particular medications (e.g., insulin, oxytocin, anesthetics) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36525",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Syringe, Hyperbaric Chamber Compatible",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed to deliver relatively small volumes of liquid medications and other solutions through intravenous (IV), epidural, and subcutaneous routes at preestablished accurate flow rates (e.g., down to 0.1 mL/hour) with a syringe driving mechanism capable of infusing into and/or within the high pressure (greater than two absolute atmospheres) environment of hyperbaric chambers. These pumps usually consist of a motor that drives a screw or gear mechanism that advances either the plunger or barrel of a syringe at a predetermined rate; electronic controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused; and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. In most pumps the syringe containing the infusate must be manually replaced once it has emptied to continue the infusion. Syringe infusion pumps exhibit good flow continuity even at very low flow rates, and are especially appropriate for critical care applications in which small volumes of concentrated drugs are to be delivered over an extended period; the pumps are used mainly in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.   Pumps are operated outside monoplace chambers and inside multiplace chambers; some models can be used with both types of chambers."
    },
    {
      "code": "28069",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Multitherapy, Syringe, MRI Safe/Conditional",
      "definition": "Syringe infusion pumps designed for use in delivering relatively small volumes of liquid medications and other solutions through intravenous (IV), epidural, and subcutaneous routes at pre-established accurate flow rates (e.g., down to 0.1 ml/hour). These devices are capable of working in high intensity magnetic fields such as those present during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures without introducing hazardous conditions or producing artifacts in the MRI images. MRI-safe infusion pumps do not have ferromagnetic parts or produce radiofrequency interference; conditional-safe pumps may be safe up to a certain magnetic intensity value (e.g., up to 3 Tesla) or in certain locations of the suite depending on gauss line locations, but cannot be identified as having no ferromagnetic parts. These pumps usually consist of a syringe, a motor that drives a screw or gear mechanism that is not affected by magnetic fields (e.g., constructed with non-ferromagnetic metals) which advances either the plunger or barrel of the syringe at a predetermined rate. They also have electronic controls used to select the dose or volume to be infused, and audible and/or visual alarms to indicate abnormal conditions. In most pumps the syringe containing the infusate must be manually replaced once it has emptied to continue the infusion. MRI-compatible syringe infusion pumps are especially appropriate for delivery of small volumes of concentrated drugs. Some syringe pumps (known as \"smart pumps\") include software capable of detecting medication administration errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems) are also available. MRI-compatible syringe multitherapy infusion pumps are usually intended for IV pole mounting and/or to be placed on tabletops; they are used mainly in MRI procedure areas in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34026",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Radiopharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed for administration of radiopharmaceuticals that provide an accurate control of the flow of liquid. These infusion pumps include shielding that is intended to provide protection for medical personnel from radiation exposure during nuclear medicine procedures. They can be used for the administration of radiopharmaceuticals in molecular imaging and may also deliver flushing solutions to patients during imaging diagnostic procedures. Radiopharmaceutical infusion pumps can be programmed for the dose rate, dose settings, and volume infused."
    },
    {
      "code": "16167",
      "display": "Infusion Pumps, Syringe, Oxytocin (Retired)",
      "definition": "Syringe infusion pumps calibrated in units specific for delivery of oxytocin."
    },
    {
      "code": "15781",
      "display": "Infusion Systems, Insulin, Closed-Loop",
      "definition": "Infusion systems designed for automated maintenance blood glucose in a preselected range of values. These systems include sensors for periodic sampling and detection of the insulin level in blood; an electronic unit which assesses the insulin level and automatically sends commands to an external infusion pump for administration of a pre-established dose of insulin or dextrose; and the infusion pump that delivers the required drug. Closed-loop insulin infusion systems are intended for temporary use in critical care for diabetic or metabolically affected patients during surgery, labor, and other procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "37108",
      "display": "Infusion Systems, Intravenous Fluid, Closed-Loop",
      "definition": "Infusion systems designed to maintain a patient's intravascular fluid volume by automatically infusing intravenously a volume of fluid (e.g., isotonic saline) matched to the patient's urinary output. These infusion systems consist of an infusion pump console and a tubing set for saline solution infusion and urine collection. Following an initial saline bolus, the collection set captures urine excreted by the patient, and the volume excreted is measured by a scale integrated with the pump console. In response to urine excretion, the pump console administers to the patient in real-time a volume of saline solution equal to that excreted as urine. These infusion systems may be used in intravenous hydration therapy procedures to reduce the risk of over- or under-hydration relative to standard infusion. In particular, these systems may be used during renal protective procedures that maintain high urine throughput (greater than or equal to 300 mL/h) in order to increase clearance of toxic substances (e.g., contrast media) from the kidneys."
    },
    {
      "code": "24493",
      "display": "Infusion Systems, Medication, Vascular",
      "definition": "Systems designed to infuse medications in the vasculature through dedicated infusion catheters (e.g., peripheral, coronary, pulmonary). The system includes a pump and a control unit that are frequently mounted on a cart; some systems may also include a radiofrequency generator that delivers ultrasonic energy through appropriate transducers and specialized catheters. The infusion is performed though infusion catheters according to the vasculature to be infused (e.g., peripheral, pulmonary). Vascular infusion systems are used to administer medications (including thrombolitics)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28086",
      "display": "Infusion-Withdrawal Pumps, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Pumps designed for delivering and withdrawing liquids to and from laboratory equipment at pre-established accurate flow rates simultaneously and/or sequentially. These pumps typically consist of a syringe pump with a piston mechanism for propelling and withdrawing liquids (e.g., sample solutions). The pumps are capable of delivering and withdrawing large and/or small volumes of liquids through one or several channels; they are used for liquid management (e.g., sampling injection) in clinical laboratories and other health facility areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "13220",
      "display": "Infusion-Withdrawal Pumps, Vascular",
      "definition": "Pumps designed for use in delivering and withdrawing solutions in the vascular system at pre-established accurate flow rates simultaneously and/or sequentially. These pumps typically consist of a syringe pump with a piston mechanism for propelling and withdrawing the infusate (e.g., indocyanine green dye) and/or other solutions. The pumps may deliver and withdraw a relatively small volume of liquids; they are usually intended for pole mounting or tabletop use. Such vascular infusion-withdrawal pumps have been used to inject contrast media and later withdraw blood samples from the vasculature to determine the concentration of the dye; the results are used to determine the value of the cardiac output."
    },
    {
      "code": "39665",
      "display": "Inhalation Spacers",
      "definition": "Devices intended to be used with nebulizers or metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) for the purpose of minimizing the delivery of large aerosolized particles, thereby increasing the percentage of inhaled medication that reaches the lower airways. Inhalation spacers typically consist of a tube-shaped reservoir that connects to the outlet of the nebulizer/MDI at its distal end and to the patient's mouth at the proximal end. Some inhalation spacers, termed valved holding chambers, incorporate a one-way valve that aids in regulating inspiratory flow and prevents patients from exhaling into the device."
    },
    {
      "code": "12129",
      "display": "Injectors",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to inject fluids using an automated mechanism. Most of these instruments are automated injectors powered using either electric, electronic (typically battery powered), or pneumatic mechanisms. Some injectors are manually, mechanically operated. Injectors are used mainly to introduce bolus injections of viscous fluids (e.g., contrast media, medications, mold casting materials, vocal cord augmentation material) into the subcutaneous tissues, arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels, or body cavities such as the ear and larynx; some injectors are used in laboratory procedures (e.g., chromatography systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26620",
      "display": "Injectors, Chromatography",
      "definition": "Sample delivery systems designed to interface with gas-liquid chromatography systems or high-pressure liquid chromatography systems to introduce gas, liquid or solid phase micro extraction samples into the sample loop (mobile phase) of the system in the smallest volume possible so that the sample enters the stationary phase column as a homogeneous, low-volume plug. Chromatography injectors can be manual or automated. Some chromatography injectors have a microsyringe that is lowered into a sample vial through a septum to draw gas, liquid or solid phase micro extraction samples into the syringe in measured amounts. After the syringe injector is filled, the chromatography injectors are interfaced with the injection port of the chromatography unit to introduce the sample. Both automated injectors and manual injectors are available for use with gas chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "23682",
      "display": "Injectors, Chromatography, Automated",
      "definition": "Automated laboratory chromatography injectors are part of the autosamplers of gas chromatography or high-pressure liquid chromatography units. Sample delivery systems are designed to interface with gas-liquid chromatography systems or high-pressure liquid chromatography systems to introduce gas, liquid or solid phase micro extraction samples into the sample loop (mobile phase) of the system in the smallest volume possible so that the sample enters the stationary phase column as a homogeneous, low-volume plug. Automated injectors are designed to inject consistently sized samples at a fast rate with high reproducibility of results so that many samples (several to hundreds) can be analyzed in a short amount of time. They usually have automated injectors consisting of an automated arm with a microsyringe at the bottom that is positioned above a tray holding the sample vials. The microsyringe may be interchangeable to handle different sized samples. The microsyringe is lowered by the automatically controlled arm through a septum covering the top of the sample vial, and after withdrawing a sample, it is raised and positioned to inject the sample into the chromatography injector port. Microprocessor-controlled automatic injectors can sequentially inject several samples for batch processing, automatically flushing the sample loop between each sample to minimize carryover. Some automated chromatography injectors are designed to deliver samples into the chromatography system at a controlled volume, injection speed, temperature, pressure, and lag time between samples. Automated injectors are used when consistent sample size and rapid introduction of samples are needed for a large number of samples; they offer minimum error in reproducibility of results when compared with manual injectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "23690",
      "display": "Injectors, Chromatography, Manual",
      "definition": "Chromatography injectors that are operated manually and are sample-delivery systems designed to interface with gas-liquid chromatography or high-pressure liquid chromatography systems to introduce gas, liquid, or solid phase micro extraction samples into the sample loop (mobile phase) of the chromatography system in the smallest volume possible so that the sample enters the stationary phase column as a homogeneous, low-volume plug. They come in different shapes and sizes to fit into various chromatography units and typically feature an injection port to receive the sample microsyringe while in injection mode, and outflow ports that interface with the stator injection port of the chromatography unit to inject the sample into the chromatography unit while in outflow mode. The injector is manually switched between the two modes by the operator by rotating the handle of the injector. The manual injectors usually have tight seals between interface ports and are made of stainless steel or other noncorrosive materials to avoid contamination of samples and wear of the injector components by the sample material. Manual injectors are usually used when only one or a few samples need to be introduced into the chromatography unit in a fast and uniform manner at a controlled pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "17968",
      "display": "Injectors, Contrast Media",
      "definition": "Injectors designed to inject viscous, radiopaque fluids (i.e., contrast media)  into the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels typically through a catheter. These injectors are usually automated devices  powered using either electromechanical or pneumatic mechanisms. Electromechanical injectors consist of an electric motor connected to a jackscrew that moves the syringe piston into and out of the syringe barrel, they deliver a given volume of contrast medium at a preselected rate. Pneumatic injectors develop and maintain a constant, preselected pressure and do not compensate for the various parameters that influence flow. Contrast media injectors are used to make vessels and/or particular tissues contrast with the surrounding tissues in procedures such as angiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "15284",
      "display": "Injectors, Contrast Media, Angiography",
      "definition": "Contrast media injectors designed to inject the contrast media through a small catheter into the vascular system for angiographic studies. These devices typically consist of  automated electromechanical injectors with syringes that  may be either reusable, disposable, or both; pneumatic mechanism are less frequently used.  Angiographic contrast media injectors are capable of delivering with the pressure, flow range, and volume required for angiographic studies, some injectors can synchronize the delivery with the electrocardiographic cycle and/or the x-ray generator. They are used in procedures to examine the coronary and renal arteries, the great vessels and the vasculature of the heart, brain, abdominal organs, and extremities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17969",
      "display": "Injectors, Contrast Media, Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Contrast media injectors designed to inject the contrast media through a small catheter into the vascular system for computed tomography (CT) procedures.  These devices typically consist of automated electromechanical injectors with syringes that  may be either reusable, disposable, or both; pneumatic mechanisms and peristaltic pumps are less frequently used. CT contrast media injectors are capable of delivering contrast media with the pressure,  flow range, and volume required for CT studies, some injectors can synchronize the delivery with the x-ray generator. They are used for a wide variety of  diagnostic procedures (e.g., spine, head, vascular, gastrointestinal) using  CT scanning."
    },
    {
      "code": "15285",
      "display": "Injectors, Contrast Media, Lymphangiography",
      "definition": "Contrast media injectors designed to inject the contrast media through small catheters or cannulae into the lymphatic system for lymphangiography procedures. These devices typically consist of automated electromechanical injectors with syringes that  may be  either reusable, disposable, or both; they can control the injection rate of two syringes independently, permitting unilateral or bilateral injection. Lymphatic contrast media injectors are capable of delivering contrast media with the pressure,  flow range, and volume required for                            lymphangiographic studies. They are used for several diagnostic procedures, especially in the lower extremities"
    },
    {
      "code": "18158",
      "display": "Injectors, Contrast Media, Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
      "definition": "Contrast media injectors designed to inject the contrast media through a small catheter into the vascular system for selectively alter the image of an anatomic region of interest in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures.  These devices typically consist of automated electromechanical injectors with syringes that may be either reusable, disposable, or both; pneumatic mechanisms and peristaltic pumps are less frequently used. MRI contrast media injectors are capable of delivering contrast media with the pressure, flow range, and volume required for MRI studies. They are intended for some particular MRI  procedures, such as those for enhancing lesions and vascular abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24126",
      "display": "Injectors, Contrast Media, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Contrast media injectors designed to inject contrast media into the vascular system to selectively alter the image of an anatomic region of interest. These devices are typically automated electromechanical injectors with a small syringe that may be either reusable or disposable. Ultrasonic contrast media injectors are capable of delivering contrast media (e.g., encapsulated microbubbles filled with perfluorochemicals or, less frequently, particle suspensions) with the pressure, flow range (typically from 0.5 to 3.0 mL/s), and volume required for ultrasonic studies. They are intended to modify the echo amplitude in some specific ultrasonic and Doppler ultrasonic procedures, such as those used for imaging tumors and vascular abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23726",
      "display": "Injectors, Ear Canal Impression, Hearing Aid Mold",
      "definition": "Injectors designed to deliver mold casting fluids into the ear canal to create impressions for fitting hearing aids. These injectors usually consist of an electrical, battery operated, handheld gun with a barrel that opens to accept pre-filled cartridges containing fluids such as vulcanized silicones. The injector may allow for automatic dosage and mixing of impression materials and injection of casting material at variable speeds. Ear canal impression injectors are used to make impressions for customized hearing aid manufacturing."
    },
    {
      "code": "23727",
      "display": "Injectors, Intracordal, Vocal Cord Augmentation",
      "definition": "Injectors designed to deliver vocal cord augmentation material onto damaged laryngeal vocal cords during laryngoplasty. These injectors usually consist of a handheld gun with a barrel that opens to accept prefilled cartridges containing vocal cord augmentation material (e.g., hydroxyapatite, lipids, collagen); usually, they are controlled manually and can be adjusted for precise dose delivery of the material. Vocal cord injectors may be used during video-guided surgery to achieve precise attachment of the augmentation material to the vocal cords."
    },
    {
      "code": "12504",
      "display": "Injectors, Medication/Vaccine",
      "definition": "Injectors designed to deliver subcutaneous and/or intramuscular medicines (e.g., anesthetics, antibiotics, vitamins) and/or vaccines. These injectors may consist either of a handheld mechanism where standard plunger syringes with appropriate needles are placed or mechanisms using high pressure (e.g., carbon dioxide cartridges) to inject the liquid (i.e., needleless systems). Medication/vaccine injectors are used in hospitals, other health care facilities, and in the field when frequent injections are necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "18069",
      "display": "Injectors, Medication/Vaccine, Needleless",
      "definition": "Medication/vaccine injectors designed to administer drugs and vaccines to subcutaneous tissue without the use of a needle. These injectors drive drugs through the skin using technology such as electromagnetic force, shock waves, compressed gas, or electrophoresis. The force from these mechanisms propels the drug through the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "12132",
      "display": "Injectors, Medication/Vaccine, Syringe",
      "definition": "Medication/vaccine injectors consisting of a mechanism that facilitates the administration of subcutaneous and/or intramuscular injections using a standard or modified plunger syringe with an appropriate needle. Syringe medication/vaccine injectors are used in hospitals, other health care facilities, and in the field when frequent injections are necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "20315",
      "display": "Injectors, Medication/Vaccine, Syringe, Insulin",
      "definition": "Medication/vaccine injectors that include a syringe-like mechanism and are designed for injection of insulin. These injectors typically consist of a prefilled, disposable device with appropriate shape and size to facilitate handling that includes easy-to-read dose-selector scales. Insulin injectors are intended to make insulin injection easier and more accurate than conventional syringes, especially for the elderly."
    },
    {
      "code": "18068",
      "display": "Injectors, Medication/Vaccine, Syringe, Protective",
      "definition": "Syringe medication/vaccine injectors that include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use, or by some other means lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the needle. Some devices combine the injector, protective mechanism, and pre-filled syringe as a single-use integral unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "28346",
      "display": "Injectors, Subcutaneous Gas, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Injectors designed for subcutaneous administration of carbon dioxide gas. These injectors typically consist of an electronic control unit to regulate the volume and time of gas injection, a handpiece (applicator) including a fine needle for subcutaneous administration of the gas, a gas cylinder filled with carbon dioxide, and a hose to connect the handpiece to the gas cylinder. Carbon dioxide injectors are intended for physiotherapy and pain treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "12134",
      "display": "Injectors, Thermal Dilution",
      "definition": "Injectors designed to administer bolus injections of indicator solution (e.g., cooled saline solution) into the heart; providing rapid and consistent injections. These devices typically consist of a pressurized gas system and an electromechanical switch that directs the gas to a piston that delivers the solution into a syringe that in turn injects it through a balloon catheter into the right atrium of the heart. Thermal dilution injectors are used for reproducible cardiac output measurements in cardiac catheterization laboratories and critical care units; they can also be used for determination of cardiac output by injecting a dye and performing a similar indicator-dilution technique."
    },
    {
      "code": "15622",
      "display": "Injectors, Uterine",
      "definition": "Injectors designed to administer liquids into the uterus and/or fallopian tubes. These injectors typically consist of a balloon-tipped catheter or cannula that is introduced into the uterus, an introducing sheath, and an external mechanism to manipulate the catheter   usually including a handle. Uterine injectors are used  mainly for injection of contrast medium into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes during radiographic procedures intended to evaluate  tubal patency; some injectors are also appropriate for manipulation or repositioning of the uterus during diagnostic and/or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15772",
      "display": "Instrument Lubricants",
      "definition": "Lubricants used on medical devices to help prevent rusting and corrosion and to help keep the moving parts working smoothly. Instruments lubricants are typically water-based, steam and ethylene oxide permeable, and available as aerosols, liquids, and gels."
    },
    {
      "code": "41116",
      "display": "Instrument Tray Corner Protectors",
      "definition": "Devices placed on the corners of instrument trays and designed to reduce potential damage to the sterile wrappers. These devices protect sterile wrappings from rips, tears, and holes caused by sharp tray corners. They can also prevent moisture retention by raising the tray and allowing air circulation. Corner protectors can be made of silicone, foam, or paper. Some protectors are compatible with steam or gas sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "40198",
      "display": "Instrument Tray Liners",
      "definition": "Sheets designed for placement on the interior surface of instrument trays. Instrument tray liners typically consist of sheets of absorbent paper designed to fit the bottom or bottom and sides of an instrument tray."
    },
    {
      "code": "12143",
      "display": "Instrument Trays",
      "definition": "Flat open containers (i.e., trays) designed for holding, carrying, and storing sterile surgical instruments. They are typically metallic trays with coved corners and large bead edges allowing easy handling, stacking, and cleaning. Instrument trays can be made of different materials such as stainless steel, aluminum, enamel and plastic. These trays are available with or without covers, in a variety of styles and sizes and can accommodate several instruments. The trays are mainly used in healthcare facilities during surgical procedures as well as for sterilization, autoclaving, and storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "12144",
      "display": "Insufflators",
      "definition": "Devices used to blow vapor or gas (e.g., CO2, NO2) into a body cavity to maintain a regulated pressure inside the cavity. Insufflators may be simple pneumatic devices or electronic devices that typically include a gas delivery unit, pressure regulators, flow sensors, a pressure transducer, a gauge or display, a pressure-relief mechanism, and alarms.  Most insufflators are used during surgical procedures to produce and maintain a gas-filled cavity around the area being operated upon."
    },
    {
      "code": "23523",
      "display": "Insufflators, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Insufflators designed to maintain a regulated high pressure in a body tract or cavity by blowing a vapor or gas through an endoscope. These devices  are typically an electronic unit with a high-flow gas (e.g., carbon dioxide) delivery unit, manometers for an accurate pressure measurement of flow rate and volume, pressure sensors and transducers, an electronic display, controls, and alarms. Endoscopic insufflators are intended to produce and maintain a gas-filled tract during a wide variety of endoscopic diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32729",
      "display": "Insufflators, Nasal, Eustachian Tube Dysfunction",
      "definition": "Insufflators designed to deliver a flow of air into the nose for treatment of Eustachian tube dysfunction. The insufflators typically work by simultaneous delivery of air flow to one nostril while the person compress the other nostril and swallows a liquid. The devices may consist of a rubber or polymeric elastic balloon (also known as a Politzer balloon) with a set of olive-shaped tips to deliver the pressurized air, and inflatable balloons that are attached to a dedicated mouth/nose hollow plug. The insufflators may also consist of more elaborate devices that provide mechanisms to control the air volume, pressure, and flow.  Eustachian tube dysfunction insufflators are mainly intended for treatment of dysfunctions following airplane travel and otitis media."
    },
    {
      "code": "16588",
      "display": "Insulin Pump Administration Sets",
      "definition": "Sets of devices designed to deliver insulin to ambulatory individuals with diabetes. Typically, a catheter connects an insulin infusion pump to a needle inserted subcutaneously in the abdomen.  The administration sets include a pump reservoir (similar to a syringe) filled with insulin, a portable battery-operated pump, and a control (e.g., a computer chip) that allows the patient to control the amount of insulin delivered.  The devices are usually contained in a plastic case and can be attached to a belt or inserted in a pocket."
    },
    {
      "code": "42098",
      "display": "Intense Pulsed Light Delivery Systems, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Systems that use high intensity light sources to treat skin conditions. The light sources produce a broad wavelength output of noncoherent pulsed light, usually in the 400 to 1200 nm range. The systems typically have a high output flashlamp, handpiece, and cooling system. The flashlamp generates light by bursts of electrical current passing through a xenon gas-filled chamber. The lamp output is then directed toward the distal end of the handpiece. These systems typically have the ability for variation of treatment parameters (wavelength, duration of impulses, single/multiple impulses). They can incorporate interchangeable light filters, handpieces, and light guides. Intense pulsed light systems are used treat skin conditions such as conditions such as acne, telangiectasia, and hyperpigmentation."
    },
    {
      "code": "42017",
      "display": "Intense Pulsed Light Delivery Systems, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Systems that use high intensity light sources to treat the area around the eye. The light sources produce a broad wavelength output of noncoherent pulsed light, usually in the 500 to 1200 nm range. The systems typically have a high-output flashlamp, handpiece, and cooling system. The flashlamp generates light by bursts of electrical current passing through a xenon gas-filled chamber. The lamp output is then directed toward the distal end of the handpiece, which, in turn, releases the energy pulse onto the surface of the skin via a sapphire or quartz block. Intense pulsed light systems are used treat dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction."
    },
    {
      "code": "23150",
      "display": "Interbody Spinal Fusion Implants",
      "definition": "Devices (e.g., cages, spacers) designed to be implanted within the intervertebral space for the purpose of facilitating a spinal fusion procedure by maintaining the spacing of and stabilizing vertebrae being fused. These implants typically consist of a metallic (e.g., titanium), polymeric (e.g., polyetheretherketone [PEEK]), and/or ceramic (e.g., silver nitride) structure with a hollow, fenestrated body designed to allow packing of the implant with a bone autograft or bone graft substitute and promote bone ingrowth and incorporation of the implant/graft construct into the adjacent vertebral structures. Interbody spinal fusion implants typically incorporate threads or teeth that engage the endplates of adjacent vertebrae to retain device position. Interbody spinal fusion implants may be static or expandable. Static devices are supplied in a range of heights, widths, and lordotic angles among which a physician must choose to match a given patient's anatomy. Expandable devices provide a mechanism to customize the height, lordotic angle, and/or footprint of the interbody device by modifying the device after it has been placed in the intervertebral space or by assembling the interbody device in situ. Interbody spinal fusion implants may be further classified by the region of the spine in which the device is intended to be used (e.g., cervical, lumbar) and the surgical approach (e.g., anterior, lateral, posterior)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41113",
      "display": "Interbody Spinal Fusion Implants, Cervical",
      "definition": "Interbody fusion implants designed to be implanted within the intervertebral space between adjacent cervical vertebrae for the purpose of facilitating a spinal fusion procedure by maintaining the spacing of and stabilizing vertebrae being fused. These implants typically consist of a metallic (e.g., titanium), polymeric (e.g., polyetheretherketone [PEEK]), and/or ceramic (e.g., silver nitride) structure with a hollow, fenestrated body designed to allow packing of the implant with a bone autograft or bone graft substitute and promote bone ingrowth and incorporation of the implant/graft construct into the adjacent vertebral structures. Cervical interbody spinal fusion implants may be static or expandable. Static devices are supplied in a range of heights, widths, and lordotic angles among which a physician must choose to match a given patient's anatomy. Expandable devices provide a mechanism to customize the height, lordotic angle, and/or footprint of the interbody device by modifying the device after it has been placed in the intervertebral space or by assembling the interbody device in situ. Cervical interbody spinal fusion implants may be further classified by the intended surgical approach (e.g., anterior, posterior)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36839",
      "display": "Interbody Spinal Fusion Implants, Thoracolumbar",
      "definition": "Interbody fusion implants designed to be implanted within the intervertebral space between adjacent lumbar or thoracic vertebrae for the purpose of facilitating a spinal fusion procedure by maintaining the spacing of and stabilizing vertebrae being fused. These implants typically consist of a metallic (e.g., titanium), polymeric (e.g., polyetheretherketone [PEEK]), and/or ceramic (e.g., silver nitride) structure with a hollow, fenestrated body designed to allow packing of the implant with a bone autograft or bone graft substitute and promote bone ingrowth and incorporation of the implant/graft construct into the adjacent vertebral structures. Thoracolumbar interbody spinal fusion implants may be static or expandable. Static devices are supplied in a range of heights, widths, and lordotic angles among which a physician must choose to match a given patient's anatomy. Expandable devices provide a mechanism to customize the height, lordotic angle, and/or footprint of the interbody device by modifying the device after it has been placed in the intervertebral space or by assembling the interbody device in situ. Thoracolumbar interbody spinal fusion implants may be further classified by the intended surgical approach (e.g., anterior, lateral, posterior, transforaminal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16803",
      "display": "Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Supplemental Gas Circuits",
      "definition": "Tubing and one-way valves designed to provide a flow of oxygen and/or air to ventilator patients initiating respirations between controlled breaths.  They are typically constructed of plastic and are used with older model ventilators without a built-in intermittent mandatory ventilation mode."
    },
    {
      "code": "34203",
      "display": "Interspinous Decompression Spacers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be implanted between the spinous processes of two adjacent vertebrae for the purpose of decompressing neural structures and/or stabilizing the spine in patients with spinal stenosis. These devices typically consist of a metal (e.g., titanium) construct designed to provide distraction of the interspinous distance. Interspinous spacers are typically used as a minimally invasive alternative to standard decompression surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18103",
      "display": "Intracorneal Ring Implants",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic implants designed to flatten the anterior corneal curvature without disturbing the visual axis via insertion in a surgically created (i.e., intrastomal) channel. These implants may consist of open-ended plastic rings with outer and inner diameters of about 8 and 6.8 mm, respectively, or more frequently, of two separate, 150-degree, plastic ring-segment inserts that can be implanted away from the radial incision to minimize complications and that are available in several sizes (typically from 0.25 to 0.35 mm); the devices are inserted in holes made in the cornea using a diamond knife or lasers. Intracorneal rings and/or ring segments are intended to correct mild and moderate myopia; ring segments are also used in the treatment of irregular astigmatism that is the result of keratoconus, especially in patients who cannot use contact lenses."
    },
    {
      "code": "12155",
      "display": "Intrauterine Balloons",
      "definition": "Balloons attached to the distal end of a catheter or tube and designed to be introduced into the uterus and then inflated after introduction. Intrauterine balloons are usually used to reduce postpartum bleeding. These devices may have a single- or double-lumen catheter and one or two balloons. The device may also include other components used for insertion or inflation."
    },
    {
      "code": "12156",
      "display": "Intrauterine Devices, Contraceptive",
      "definition": "Contraceptive devices that are made of soft, flexible plastic shaped like the letter \"T\" and that are about one-and-a-quarter inches tall with a thread or string on the end, which facilitates checking on placement and to assist with removal. They are intended to be inserted by a healthcare practitioner into a woman's uterus (i.e., intrauterine) to prevent pregnancy. There are two types of intrauterine devices (IUDs): (1) hormonal, and (2) copper wrapped. The hormonal IUD contains a small amount of levonorgestrel, a progestin hormone. Hormonal IUDs prevent conception by damaging or killing sperm and by thickening cervical mucus, making it impenetrable to sperm. Copper IUDs have copper wire coiled around the stem and arms. Copper is highly toxic to sperm; it disrupts sperm mobility and damages sperm."
    },
    {
      "code": "41627",
      "display": "Intravenous Additive Caps",
      "definition": "Devices designed to cover the additive port of intravenous fluid containers in order to indicate that medication has been added to the intravenous solution. They are typically constructed of plastic or polypropylene and are usually brightly colored. These caps may be designed to fit specific models of intravenous fluid containers."
    },
    {
      "code": "12157",
      "display": "Intravenous Administration Sets",
      "definition": "Sets of devices used to deliver  intravenous solutions from the infusion device to the intravenous catheter. Intravenious administration sets includes items such as tubing, clamps, adaptors, and valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "16649",
      "display": "Intravenous Administration Sets, General-Purpose",
      "definition": "Tubing and clamps used to deliver a variety of intravenous solutions from the infusion device to the intravenous catheter.  They are typically constructed of plastic material."
    },
    {
      "code": "16631",
      "display": "Intravenous Administration Sets, Nonabsorbing",
      "definition": "Intravenous administration sets manufactured with low absorption plastics to avoid partial absorption of the components of the infused solution.  These sets typically consist of plastic tubes made or lined with nonabsorbing plastics (e.g., polyethylene, Teflon), avoiding the direct contact of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) components with the infused solution. The set typically includes plastic tubing, a check valve, a roller clamp, a Y-site connector for secondary tubing attachment, a safety clip to avoid free flow, and Luer adapters at both ends (i.e., male, female). Nonabsorbing intravenous administration sets are used mainly in high-flow infusion pumps for administration of solution-containing products (e.g., nitroglycerin) that are absorbed by PVC materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "17701",
      "display": "Intravenous Administration Sets, Noncoring Needle",
      "definition": "Intravenous administration sets with needles that, rather than being hollow, have the hole on the side.  They are used with implantable injection/infusion ports."
    },
    {
      "code": "17825",
      "display": "Intravenous Administration Sets, Scalp-Vein",
      "definition": "Intravenous administration sets that have the appropriate needle and stabilization means for infusion into scalp veins. They usually consist of a hypodermic needle, two bilateral flexible wings, flexible small bore transparent tubing (20-35 cm long), and a connector. Scalp-vein intravenous sets are typically intended for use on pediatric patients, usually infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "12162",
      "display": "Intravenous Catheter/Needle Immobilizers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to immobilize an intravenous catheter and needle placed into the circulatory system. These devices include a variety of shapes and designs; most are based on dedicated dressings or dressing strips but others may consist of a hollow cylinder (i.e., tube-like) holding the needle and catheter that is fixed to the body (usually to a limb) with a bandage, strap, or other security attachment. The devices may also consist of semirigid domes. Catheter-needle immobilizers are intended to keep safe and secure an intravenous line access with less risk of detachment of the catheter, needle, and/or its combination."
    },
    {
      "code": "28025",
      "display": "Intravenous Female Port/Connector Disinfecting Caps",
      "definition": "Sterile, single-use, non-latex devices that are intended to provide supplemental disinfection of female Luer intravenous (IV) ports and needleless connectors before or after scrubbing the female Luers with alcohol. Disinfection caps contain foam or a sponge that is saturated with 70 percent isopropyl alcohol, or else a 70 percent isopropyl alcohol pool, which bathes female IV ports and needleless connectors when the cap is applied. Most caps are designed to attach to female IV ports and needleless connectors to provide a barrier to contamination for up to 7 days."
    },
    {
      "code": "16789",
      "display": "Intravenous Flow Regulators, Dial-Calibrated",
      "definition": "Flow regulators designed to control the infusion rate through gravity intravenous administration infusion sets. These regulators typically consist of a mechanism that regulates the flow using a calibrated dial that permits control of the flow rate in a given range (e.g., from a few to 250 ml/h); the regulators may also include a lateral clamp for temporary interruption of the infusion or a check valve to permit parallel infusion. Dial-calibrated flow regulators are used in line with gravity infusion administration sets; some are available as an integral component of the gravity infusion set or an extension tubing set."
    },
    {
      "code": "12172",
      "display": "Intravenous Fluid Containers",
      "definition": "Containers designed to store intravenous (IV) solutions that are intended for a single patient. These containers are usually filled in the clinical pharmacy, either manually or from an IV solution compounder. IV fluid containers are made of glass or plastic; they are available either open or presealed after obtaining a relative vacuum in their interior."
    },
    {
      "code": "15808",
      "display": "Intravenous Fluid Containers, Evacuated",
      "definition": "Containers with a relative vacuum in their interior that are designed to be filled with intravenous (IV) fluids. These devices typically consist of empty, presealed containers (e.g., glass bottles), with appropriate shape and size (usually from 250 mL to 2,000 mL) for IV solutions. IV evacuated containers are mainly intended to facilitate filling by IV fluid compounders; they are used in clinical pharmacies and/or other healthcare departments and facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12173",
      "display": "Intravenous Hangers",
      "definition": "Hangers designed for the overhead suspension of intravenous (IV) administration fluid containers (e.g., plastic bags, glass bottles). These hangers are typically metal structures with one or more hooks (e.g., ram's horn) appropriate to suspend IV containers. IV fluid container hangers are used mounted on IV poles, directly on the wall, or fixed to the ceiling either directly or by a track-and-carrier system; the hangers are also used to hang fluid containers during other patient procedures (e.g., irrigation, enteral feeding)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17213",
      "display": "Intravenous Hangers, Wall",
      "definition": "Intravenous (IV) fluid container hangers designed to directly attach to a wall fixture (mounting) or other vertical structure and intended for overhead suspension of IV fluid containers (e.g., plastic bags, glass bottles). These hangers are typically metal structures with one or more hooks (e.g., ram's horn) appropriate to suspend IV containers; the hangers are also used to hang fluid containers during other patient procedures (e.g., irrigation, enteral feeding)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17501",
      "display": "Intravenous Line Connectors",
      "definition": "Connectors designed to allow intravenous (IV) delivery of medication by providing a reliable match between a needle or needleless device and the Y-site of an IV administration set or a catheter port. IV connectors are intended to eliminate an exposed needle after administration of medications. Dedicated connectors for needleless and recessed-needle systems are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18066",
      "display": "Intravenous Line Connectors, Needleless",
      "definition": "Intravenous (IV) line connectors designed to allow access to an IV infusion set or catheter port from a needleless mechanism. These connectors may consist of one of several different configurations, including devices using a pre-pierced septum and a blunt cannula; valve connectors; and capped Luer connectors with a manual clamp. Needleless IV line connectors are intended to eliminate the use of needles for IV administration of medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "18067",
      "display": "Intravenous Line Connectors, Recessed-Needle",
      "definition": "Intravenous line connectors designed to allow access to the Y-site of either a primary set or an injection adapter on the infusion catheter. Typically, a needle located inside a plastic housing can be inserted into a standard septum and a Luer fitting located at the opposite end allows the connection of a syringe or infusion set. A manual or automated mechanism moves the housing to protect the operator from the needle once the infusion is finished. Recessed-needle connectors are intended to eliminate an exposed needle after administration of medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "36785",
      "display": "Intravenous Male Port/Connector Disinfecting Tips",
      "definition": "Sterile, single-use, non-latex devices that are intended to provide supplemental disinfection of male Luer intravenous (IV) ports and connectors before or after scrubbing the male Luers with alcohol. These devices typically consist of a sterilized sealed plastic threading tip containing foam or a sponge saturated with disinfectant such as isopropyl alcohol. Once attached to a male port or connector, disinfection occurs within three minutes, and the tips stay on the port or connector to provide a barrier to contamination until the next use, typically up to seven days."
    },
    {
      "code": "41905",
      "display": "Intravenous Male Port/Connector Disinfecting Tips, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Intravenous male port/connector disinfecting tips intended to provide supplemental disinfection of hemodialysis catheter hubs and connectors before or after scrubbing the hubs/connectors with alcohol. These devices typically consist of a polypropylene polymer plug with a rod extending from the male Luer region and a threaded nylon lock ring that are coated with disinfectant, such as chlorhexidine acetate. Once attached to a hemodialysis hub or connector, disinfection occurs within three minutes and the tips stay on the catheter hub/connector to provide a barrier to contamination until the next use, typically three to seven days."
    },
    {
      "code": "12177",
      "display": "Intravenous Poles",
      "definition": "Slender stands (i.e., poles) designed for the suspension of containers (e.g., plastic bags, glass bottles) of liquid for intravenous (IV) administration to patients. These poles usually consist of a metal stand-alone structure including a rod, a base with several (four or five is typical) legs with or without casters, and a hanger with one or more hooks at the upper end. Most IV pole rods are telescoping structures with a base rod and an internal rod that permits height adjustment. IV poles intended for ceiling, wall, and/or equipment (e.g., cart, stretcher, wheelchair, tabletop) mounting are also available. A variety of accessories may be attached to IV poles, such as urinary hooks, temporary pacemakers, patient handles, support trays, and tank holders. Some IV poles are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments (i.e., MRI-compatible IV poles) and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "16504",
      "display": "Intravenous Poles, Ceiling-Mounted",
      "definition": "Intravenous (IV) poles designed to be mounted on the ceiling, usually attached to a track-and-carrier system that allows the movement of the pole along a track.  These poles typically consist of a slender metal structure including a telescoping rod that permits height adjustment, an assembly at the upper part for attachment to the ceiling fixture or carrier, and a hanger with one or more hooks at the lower end. Ceiling-mounted IV poles are mainly used in healthcare areas where administration of IV fluids is frequent and/or the amount of floor space is critical."
    },
    {
      "code": "40710",
      "display": "Intravenous Poles, Free-Standing, Lift-Assistance",
      "definition": "Intravenous poles that are not attached to another device or structure and include a mechanism that provides force for raising and lowering the pole height or hanger assembly. These devices are designed to assist in the lifting of intravenous or other solution containers mounted on the intravenous pole. The lifting system for these intravenous poles can be pneumatic, electrical, or mechanical."
    },
    {
      "code": "36784",
      "display": "Intravenous Port/Connector Disinfecting Swabs",
      "definition": "Swabs designed to disinfect intravenous (IV) ports and needleless connectors in order to reduce the risk of infection. These devices typically consist of a small plastic cup containing sponge-like pad soaked with a disinfectant such as isopropyl alcohol. These swabs are used as a friction scrub, then discarded."
    },
    {
      "code": "17459",
      "display": "Intravenous Solution Compounders",
      "definition": "Equipment used for combining, mixing, or altering ingredients to create an intravenous medication tailored to the needs of an individual patient. These compounders are usually automated and include many components including robotics. They can include features such as dose tracking and bar-code reading. Intravenous solution compounders can integrate into the pharmacy information system."
    },
    {
      "code": "23524",
      "display": "Ionization Chambers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for accurate sensing of ionizing radiation in an enclosed chamber. These chambers typically consist of an electrically closed spherical or cylindrical vessel that usually works as the cathode and an internal electrode (e.g., a rod) that is the anode. The presence of radiation from any source causes charged particles to traverse the gas inside the ionization chamber, producing ionization of the gas (i.e., creating ionized pairs). The impinging particles might be alpha or beta particles from a radioactive source and/or gamma or x-rays. When an electric potential is applied between the wall of the chamber and the anode the ionization produced by radiation is collected in the form of a current. The current is typically measured using an external electrometer; some ionization chambers include pre-amplifiers to amplify the generated current before delivering it for external measurement. Ionizing chambers are used in detectors, counters, monitors, dosimeters and other instruments intended for measuring radiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "12185",
      "display": "Iontophoresis Units",
      "definition": "Devices that introduce soluble ions into the body by means of  electric current (i.e., iontophoresis).  These units consist of a current generator and electrodes which are connected to the generator by lead wires. The electrodes are immersed in a solution (typically electrolytic) and attached to the skin. A low amplitude, direct current, supplied by the current generator is then conducted between the electrodes, transporting the ions transdermally (a form of electrohydrosis).  Iontophoresis units are used for therapeutic drug administration and sweat tests; they are also used to control hyperhydrosis"
    },
    {
      "code": "17421",
      "display": "Iontophoresis Units, Anhidrotic",
      "definition": "Iontophoresis therapy units designed to introduce tap water and/or water solution (e.g., glycopyrrolate, aluminum chloride) ions into the sweat ducts to treat excessive perspiration (hyperhidrosis). These units typically consist of a direct-current generator (some units also include alternating current output) and appropriate electrodes (e.g., axillary pads, bath trays for palms and soles) connected to the generator by cords. Hyperhidrosis iontophoresis therapy units are used mainly to treat palmoplantar sweating, but some units may be used to treat the axillae (armpit) area, the stump region of amputees, and other body areas. The mechanism of hyperhidrosis control is probably the development of hyperkeratotic plugs in the sweat ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "18155",
      "display": "Iontophoresis Units, Drug Delivery",
      "definition": "Devices designed for minimum-access treatment of diseases by introduction of soluble drug ions (i.e., medication administration) into the body by means of electric current (i.e., iontophoresis). These units typically include a direct-current (DC) generator and two electrodes connected to the generator by cords. A pad saturated with the drug to be administered is placed on the skin, and a DC voltage is applied. Iontophoresis therapy units are used to administer a therapeutic drug concentration to a limited area with minimal exposure to the rest of the body; dedicated units are used to treat hyperhidrosis by plugging the sweat ducts with tap water ions."
    },
    {
      "code": "15128",
      "display": "Iontophoresis Units, Sweat Test",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to induce sweating by the transdermal introduction of water-soluble electrolytic substances (e.g., pilocarpine) into the sweat glands using electric stimulus (iontophoresis). These stimulators typically consist of a direct-current generator and two electrodes connected to the generator by cords. After the stimulus is applied, the area where the positive electrode was located is cleaned with a sponge, and a filter pad or gauze covered with a chlorine-free, thermoplastic, self-sealing film is placed for about one hour to collect sweat. The pad is removed and weighed to determine if enough sweat was collected and sent to the clinical laboratory to analyze the chloride and/or sodium concentration. Transdermal iontophoresis sweat induction stimulators are used for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in infants. Points-of-care analyzers combining the stimulator with the chemical analyzer are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41615",
      "display": "Irradiators",
      "definition": "Units that contain an electromagnetic radiation source, such as gamma source or x-ray tube, installed within a shielded enclosure designed to deliver radiation to various materials, samples, objects, or animals. The enclosure is made of a material, usually lead, that stops most of the radiation from leaving the enclosure. These units may also have imaging capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "36819",
      "display": "Irradiators, Animal",
      "definition": "Units that contains an x-ray tube installed within a shielded enclosure designed to deliver targeted or full-body radiation of animals. The enclosure is made of a material, usually lead, that stops most of the radiation from leaving the enclosure. These units may also have imaging capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17437",
      "display": "Irradiators, Blood",
      "definition": "Irradiators designed to provide uniform and efficient irradiation of blood and blood products. These devices typically consist of a main unit containing a shielded radioactive source (e.g., cesium 137, cobalt 60), a canister chamber, timers, controls, and a detachable canister to manipulate the blood products. Irradiation of blood products is intended to inhibit lymphocyte division, decreasing the risk of graft-versus-host disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "14301",
      "display": "Irrigation Kits, Urinary",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary equipment and supplies for the liquid cleansing of urinary system structures, such as the urethra, bladder, or ureters. Items in these kits include a syringe, a container, a tip protector, a waterproof drape, and an alcohol prep pad."
    },
    {
      "code": "17676",
      "display": "Irrigation/Distention Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for use during therapeutic procedures (mostly surgical) performed inside a cavity (e.g., uterus, a joint cavity) to keep the cavity filled with pressurized distention solution. These systems should keep the minimum pressure necessary to distend the cavity without  exceeding a safe maximum level. Irrigation/distention systems typically consist  of an electrically powered pump (manual pumps and gravity are also used), tubing from the pump to an inflow cannula or catheter placed in the cavity to be distended, and controls. Hysteroscopic and arthroscopic procedures are frequently performed using these systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "17233",
      "display": "Irrigation/Distention Systems, Arthroscopic",
      "definition": "Irrigation/distention systems used during endoscopic orthopedic procedures to keep the cavity of a joint (typically the knee, but also shoulder, elbow, hips and other joints) filled with pressurized distention solution. These systems expand the joint, improving visualization and enlarging the surgical field. Typically a bolus of solution is pumped through tubing into the joint and stays there, held in place by a closed stopcock  or clamp on the outflow cannula, some systems include a mechanism (e.g., an automated pinch valve) in place of the manual stopcock or clamp."
    },
    {
      "code": "17677",
      "display": "Irrigation/Distention Systems, Hysteroscopic",
      "definition": "Irrigation/distention systems used during endoscopic procedures in the uterus (i.e., hysteroscopy) to keep the uterine cavity filled with pressurized distention solution. These systems expand the uterus, improving visualization and enlarging the surgical field. Typically, a bolus of solution is pumped into and remains in the uterus during the procedure. Some irrigation/distention systems are combined with gynecologic resectoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "26658",
      "display": "Irrigators",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to deliver fluid (i.e., irrigate) to a cavity or other specific area of the body. These devices typically consist of a main unit, including one or more pumps to deliver the liquid, an easy-to-handle (e.g., pistol-like) handpiece with a control (e.g., valve, clamp) for the rate of the irrigation flush, and appropriate tubing to connect the handpiece to the main unit; some automated irrigators may use dedicated software. The equipment may also include an auxiliary irrigation kit with connectors, splash shields, and adapters. Irrigators are intended to improve visualization and provide some cleaning of the clinical or surgical procedure sites (e.g., body cavities); dedicated irrigators are available for particular (e.g., oral, dental, ear, surgical, wound) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23525",
      "display": "Irrigators, Dental/Oral",
      "definition": "Irrigators designed to deliver solutions into the oral cavity. These devices typically consist of a main electromechanical or manual unit that includes a pump for irrigation/infusion by means of a jet of nonmedicated (e.g., mouthwash) liquids, controls for the rate and pressure of irrigation of the liquid, a reservoir for the solution, and a set of detachable tips intended for particular (e.g., toothbrush, water jet, orthodontic braces) applications. Dental/oral irrigators are intended to remove debris from the mouth and/or to provide gentle massage to the gums. They are used mainly in a dentist's office and at home; some units are an integral part of dental delivery units."
    },
    {
      "code": "23526",
      "display": "Irrigators, Ear Canal",
      "definition": "Irrigators designed to deliver sterile solutions into the ear canal. These irrigators consist of a main unit with an automated pump, pressure sensors and regulating controls, alarms, a power supply source, and a dedicated auxiliary disposable tubing set; some systems include dedicated software used to perform the procedure. Ear irrigators are intended for irrigation of the ear canal and the middle structures of the ear during diagnostic and/or therapeutic (e.g., extraction of excessive wax) procedures such as removal of excessive cerumen."
    },
    {
      "code": "26663",
      "display": "Irrigators, Nasal/Nasal Sinus",
      "definition": "Irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation and washing of tissue and/or debris from the nose and/or the nasal sinuses. These devices typically consist of a main electromechanical unit that includes a pump for irrigation/infusion of a jet of nonmedicated (e.g., saline) liquids, controls for the rate and pressure of irrigation of the liquid, a reservoir for the solution, and a handpiece that may include a set of detachable tips intended for introduction in the nasal nostrils. Nasal lavage units are intended to remove debris from the nose and/or nasal sinuses; they are used mainly in healthcare facilities for allergy treatment, nasal congestion, and before and after surgery; some devices are used for home care."
    },
    {
      "code": "23527",
      "display": "Irrigators, Surgical Site",
      "definition": "Irrigators designed to deliver sterile solutions into the operating site during surgical procedures. These irrigators consist of a main unit with an automated (usually peristaltic) pump, pressure sensors and regulating controls, a power supply source, and a dedicated auxiliary disposable tubing set; some systems include dedicated software used to perform the procedure and/or warming devices intended to keep the irrigation solution close to body temperature. Surgical site irrigators are intended for irrigation of the operating site; dedicated irrigators intended for particular surgical procedures such as electrosurgery are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23528",
      "display": "Irrigators, Surgical Site, Electrosurgery",
      "definition": "Surgical site irrigators designed to deliver sterile solutions into the operating site during electrosurgical procedures. These irrigators consist of a main unit with an automated (usually peristaltic) pump, pressure sensors and regulating controls, a power supply source, and a dedicated auxiliary disposable tubing set; some systems include dedicated software used to perform the procedure and/or warming devices intended to keep the irrigation solution close to body temperature. Electrosurgery irrigators are intended for irrigation of the surgical site concurrent with the performance of the electrosurgical procedure; some electrosurgical irrigators are attached to or an integral part of bipolar electrosurgical and/or electrocautery handpiece units."
    },
    {
      "code": "23529",
      "display": "Irrigators, Upper Urinary Tract",
      "definition": "Irrigators designed to deliver sterile solutions into the upper urinary tract. These irrigators consist of a main unit with an automated pump, flow and pressure sensors, regulating controls, and alarms attached to the pump head to avoid overpressure; a power supply source; and a dedicated auxiliary disposable catheter or tubing set. Some systems include dedicated software to perform the procedure. Upper urinary tract irrigators are intended for irrigation of the upper urinary tract, including the ureter, during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26677",
      "display": "Irrigators, Wound",
      "definition": "Irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation, washing, and debridement of external wounds. These devices consist of a main electromechanical unit that typically includes a pump for irrigation with nonmedicated liquids (e.g., saline); controls for the temperature, pressure, and rate of irrigation; and frequently a splash shield to avoid accidental contamination. The units are coupled to dedicated handpieces for irrigation and to facilitate easy removal of debris and necrotic tissue. Wound irrigators are used to remove damaged (e.g., necrotic) tissue and/or debris (e.g., dirt, foreign objects) in emergency departments and other healthcare areas. Dedicated wound irrigators using ultrasound energy to facilitate the procedure and provide better debridement are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24191",
      "display": "Irrigators, Wound, Ultrasound Debridement",
      "definition": "Wound irrigators designed for automated or semiautomated irrigation, washing, and debridement of external wounds using irrigation and ultrasonic energy. These irrigators consist of a main electromechanical unit that typically includes a radio-frequency generator; a pump for irrigation with nonmedicated liquids (e.g., saline); controls for the temperature, pressure, and rate of irrigation; and frequently a splash shield to avoid accidental contamination. The units are coupled to dedicated handpieces with ultrasonic transducers and irrigation nozzles to facilitate easy removal of debris and necrotic tissue. Ultrasound debridement irrigators are used to remove damaged (e.g., necrotic) tissue and/or debris (e.g., dirt, foreign objects) in emergency departments and surgical rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "35509",
      "display": "IVD Blotters",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to transfer nucleic acid  (DNA or RNA) and/or protein samples typically from an agarose gel onto a membrane (e.g., nylon, nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene difluoride-PVNF ) or less frequently to a filter or treated paper (i.e., blotting) after a gel electrophoresis procedure,  a procedure that separates the molecules according to the charge and size. The transfer is usually performed using an electric gradient process; some systems use a vacuum capillary transfer process or less frequently a diffusion transfer. IVD blotters are intended to provide in an immobilized matrix an identical copy of the electrophoretic  pattern present in the gel allowing the performance of a wide range of analytical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "35528",
      "display": "IVD Blotters, Nucleic Acid",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to transfer nucleic acids  (DNA or RNA) typically from an agarose gel onto a membrane (e.g., nylon, nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene difluoride-PDVF ) or less frequently to a filter or treated paper (i.e., blotting) after a gel electrophoresis procedure,  a procedure that separates the molecules according to the charge and size. The transfer is usually performed using an electric gradient process; some systems use a vacuum capillary transfer process or less frequently a diffusion transfer. IVD nucleic acid blotters are intended to provide in an immobilized matrix an identical copy of the electrophoretic  pattern present in the gel allowing the performance of a wide range of analytical procedures. Nucleic acid blotters are used in tests usually known as southern or northern  blots, for DNA and RNA respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "35535",
      "display": "IVD Blotters, Nucleic Acid, Electric Gradient Transfer",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to transfer (blot) nucleic acid  (DNA or RNA) samples typically from an agarose gel onto a membrane (e.g., nylon, nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene difluoride-PVDF ) or less frequently to a filter or treated paper after a gel electrophoresis procedure, a procedure that separates the molecules according to the charge and size. The transfer is  performed using an electric gradient process that may be (1) a wet process (also known as tank process) or (2) a semi-dry process. In the wet process the gels are placed in a transfer sandwich (consisting of a filter paper-gel-membrane-filter paper), cushioned by pads and pressed together by a support grid. The supported gel sandwich is placed vertically in a tank between stainless steel/platinum wire electrodes and filled with transfer buffer. In the semi-dry process the transfer sandwich is placed horizontally between two plate electrodes in a semi-dry transfer apparatus. IVD nucleic acid electric gradient transfer  blotters are intended to provide in an immobilized matrix an identical copy of the electrophoretic  pattern present in the gel allowing the performance of a wide range of analytical procedures. The blotters are used in tests usually known as southern or northern  blots, for DNA and RNA respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "23733",
      "display": "IVD Blotters, Nucleic Acid, Vacuum Capillary Transfer",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to transfer nucleic acid  (DNA or RNA) samples typically from an agarose gel onto a membrane (e.g., nylon, nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene difluoride-PVDF ) or less frequently to a filter or treated paper (i.e., blotting) after a gel electrophoresis procedure, a procedure that separates the molecules according to the charge and size. The transfer is  performed using a vacuum process, that is a variant of the capillary process transfer. These blotters typically include a vacuum pump or are connected by a hose to a central vacuum system; they also include a vacuum plate and a sealed chamber to perform the procedure. IVD nucleic acid  blotters are intended to provide in an immobilized matrix an identical copy of the electrophoretic  pattern present in the gel allowing the performance of a wide range of analytical procedures. Vacuum nucleic acid blotters are used in tests usually known as southern or northern  blots, for DNA and RNA respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "30708",
      "display": "IVD Blotters, Protein",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to transfer protein and blood circulating antibodies samples typically from an agarose gel onto a membrane (e.g., nylon, nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene difluoride-PVDF ) or less frequently to a filter or treated paper (i.e., blotting) after a gel electrophoresis procedure, a procedure that separates the molecules according to the charge and size. The transfer is usually performed using an electric gradient process (either wet or semi-dry); some systems use a vacuum capillary transfer process or less frequently a diffusion transfer. IVD protein blotters are intended to provide in an immobilized matrix an identical copy of the electrophoretic  pattern present in the gel allowing the performance of a wide range of analytical procedures. Protein blotters are used in tests usually known as western blots or one of its variants (i.e., eastern and southwestern blots)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32754",
      "display": "IVD Electronic Quality Controls",
      "definition": "Quality controls that are either an integral component or a detachable accessory of in-vitro diagnosis (IVD) test devices. They are used to assess the electronic components and/or a portion of their analytic characteristics (e.g., sample addition, test completion time). These controls may check the device each time a test is performed and provide an alternative to external quality control procedures. Electronic quality controls may be used for IVD test devices of medium or high complexity that are capable of maintaining stable performance specifications over a long period of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "25191",
      "display": "IVD Electronic Quality Controls, Coagulation Analyzer, Clotting Time",
      "definition": "In vitro diagnosis (IVD) quality controls designed for automated electronic control of the operation of blood clotting time coagulation analyzers. These devices (also known as electronic clotting tubes) provide an electronic simulation of clot sample characteristics resembling the patient clot response at a test endpoint, either a normal response at 100 seconds or an abnormal one for longer clotting times (e.g., 300 and 500 seconds). The tests with the sample simulations are appropriate for calibration of the parameters assessed by whole blood coagulation analyzer. Blood clotting time electronic controls are used for periodic routine assessment of proper operation and quality control of point-of-care coagulation analyzers; they are frequently intended only for a particular model or manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "36166",
      "display": "IVD Inoculators, Multipoint",
      "definition": "Devices that simultaneously inoculate several specimens in Petri dishes and/or microtitration plates. A multipoint inoculator usually consists of a pin-holder plate that holds between five and 100 inoculation pins. The pins are used to pick and deliver the full volume of the suspension attached to it. An automatic mechanism moves the pin-holder plate to the suspension holder that contains the agar for inoculation using the pins. These pins can dispense volumes between 0.3 and 1.0 microliters."
    },
    {
      "code": "36948",
      "display": "IVD Panels",
      "definition": "IVD test/reagent kits intended to detect and/or measure two or more analytes of interest simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35450",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants at multiple genetic loci simultaneously. These panel tests use various methods (e.g., comparative genomic hybridization, nucleic acid sequencing) to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in two or more genes associated with human disease. Panel tests may be used to diagnose genetic diseases in cases in which substantial genetic heterogeneity exists for a condition (i.e., a genetic disease can be caused by variants in multiple genes) or in cases in which the symptoms of various genetic diseases overlap (i.e., multiple genetic diseases are consistent with clinical findings). Additionally, panel tests may be used to assess carrier status in individuals with a family history of genetic disease or may be used to predict the likelihood of an individual developing a disease based on their genetic makeup."
    },
    {
      "code": "36947",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Addiction, Opiate",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with susceptibility to opioid addiction. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with susceptibility to opoid addiction. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple opioid addiction susceptibility loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35838",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Aortopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with aortopathies (i.e., diseases of the aorta). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of aortopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple aortopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35839",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Aortopathy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with aortopathies (i.e., diseases of the aorta). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of aortopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of aortopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35840",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Aortopathy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with aortopathies (i.e., diseases of the aorta). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of aortopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of aortopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35841",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Aortopathy, Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm/Dissection",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with TAAD. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple TAAD-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35842",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Aortopathy, Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm/Dissection, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplication of genes associated with familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with TAAD. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple TAAD-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35843",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Aortopathy, Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm/Dissection, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with TAAD. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple TAAD-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35753",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Autoimmune Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with autoimmune disorders, a collection of conditions in which normal healthy tissues are targeted by the immune system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various autoimmune disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple autoimmune disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35754",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Autoimmune Disorder, Celiac Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder in which the ingestion of gluten leads to damage to the small intestine. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of celiac disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple celiac disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35755",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Autoimmune Disorder, Celiac Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder in which the ingestion of gluten leads to damage to the small intestine. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of celiac disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple celiac disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35767",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Benign Tumor",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with benign tumor syndromes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of benign tumor. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple benign tumor-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35768",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Benign Tumor, Paraganglioma/Pheochromocytoma",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome, a syndrome characterized by development of benign tumors that derive from neuroendocrine tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35770",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Benign Tumor, Paraganglioma/Pheochromocytoma, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications in genes associated with paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome, a syndrome characterized by development of benign tumors that derive from neuroendocrine tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrime. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35769",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Benign Tumor, Paraganglioma/Pheochromocytoma, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications in genes associated with paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome, a syndrome characterized by development of benign tumors that derive from neuroendocrine tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrime. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35771",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Benign Tumor, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder in which benign tumors occur in multiple body tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with TSC. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple TSC-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35773",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Benign Tumor, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplication of genes associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder in which benign tumors occur in multiple body tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with TSC. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple TSC-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35772",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Benign Tumor, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder in which benign tumors occur in multiple body tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with TSC. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple TSC-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35714",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents   intended to identify gene variants associated with blood disorders. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various blood disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple blood disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35715",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Bleeding",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with bleeding disorders, a collection of conditions in which blood does not form clots properly. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with bleeding disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple bleeding disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35716",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Bleeding, Platelet-Type",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with platelet-type bleeding disorders, a collection of conditions in which platelet function is compromised. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with platelet-type bleeding disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple platelet-type bleeding disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35719",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Bleeding, Platelet-Type, Bernard-Soulier Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Bernard-Soulier syndrome, a platelet-type bleeding disorder caused by a defect in the platelet-expressed glycoprotein von   Willebrand factor receptor. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Bernard-Soulier syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Bernard-Soulier syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35721",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Bleeding, Platelet-Type, Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with Bernard-Soulier syndrome, a platelet-type bleeding disorder caused by a defect in the platelet-expressed glycoprotein von Willebrand factor receptor. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Bernard-Soulier syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Bernard-Soulier syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35720",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Bleeding, Platelet-Type, Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Bernard-Soulier syndrome, a platelet-type bleeding disorder caused by a defect in the platelet-expressed glycoprotein von Willebrand factor receptor. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Bernard-Soulier syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Bernard-Soulier syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35718",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Bleeding, Platelet-Type, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with platelet-type bleeding disorders, a collection of conditions in which platelet function is compromised. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with platelet-type bleeding disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple platelet-type bleeding disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35717",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Bleeding, Platelet-Type, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with platelet-type bleeding disorders, a collection of conditions in which platelet function is compromised. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with platelet-type bleeding disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple platelet-type bleeding disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35740",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, a genetic disease affecting the development of red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple congenital dyserythropoietic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35742",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplication of genes associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, a genetic disease affecting the development of red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple congenital dyserythropoietic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35741",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, a genetic disease affecting the development of red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple congenital dyserythropoietic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35727",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hemolytic anemia, a collection of conditions in which red blood cell destruction outpaces their production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemolytic anemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hemolytic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35728",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with hemolytic anemia, a collection of conditions in which red blood cell destruction outpaces their production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemolytic anemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of hemolytic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35730",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the majority of genes known to be associated with hemolytic anemia, a collection of conditions in which red blood cell destruction outpaces their production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemolytic anemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of hemolytic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35729",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with hemolytic anemia, a collection of conditions in which red blood cell destruction outpaces their production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemolytic anemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of hemolytic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35738",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Spherocytosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with spherocytosis, a form of hemolytic anemia characterized by spherical red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with spherocytosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple spherocytosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35739",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Spherocytosis, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with spherocytosis, a form of hemolytic anemia characterized by spherical red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with spherocytosis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple spherocytosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35731",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Thalassemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with thalassemia, a form of hemolytic anemia caused by defective hemoglobin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of thalassemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple thalassemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35733",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Thalassemia, Alfa",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with alpha thalassemia, a form of hemolytic anemia caused by defects in the hemoglobin alpha chains. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with alpha thalassemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple alpha thalassemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35735",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Thalassemia, Alfa, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with alpha thalassemia, a form of hemolytic anemia caused by defects in the hemoglobin alpha chains. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with alpha thalassemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple alpha thalassemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35734",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Thalassemia, Alfa, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with alpha thalassemia, a form of hemolytic anemia caused by defects in the hemoglobin alpha chains. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with alpha thalassemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple alpha thalassemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35732",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hemolytic Anemia, Thalassemia, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with thalassemia, a form of hemolytic anemia caused by defective hemoglobin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of thalassemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of thalassemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35725",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hypercholesterolemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hypercholesterolemia, a condition in which cholesterol is found at elevated levels in the blood, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypercholesterolemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hypercholesterolemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35726",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Hypercholesterolemia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hypercholesterolemia, a condition in which cholesterol is found at elevated levels in the blood, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypercholesterolemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hypercholesterolemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35722",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Thrombophilia Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with thrombophilia, a collection of conditions in which blood is more likely to form clots, increasing the risk of thrombosis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with thrombophilia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) multiple thrombophilia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35724",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Thrombophilia Susceptibility, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications in genes associated with thrombophilia, a collection of conditions in which blood is more likely to form clots, increasing the risk of thrombosis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with thrombophilia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple thrombophilia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40380",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Disorder, Thrombotic Microangiopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with thrombotic microangipathies, a collection of genetic diseases characterized by formation of thrombi in the microvasculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of thrombotic microangiopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hemolytic anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36672",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Blood Typing, Erythrocyte Antigen",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants used in assessing donor-patient compatibility through erythrocyte blood typing. Erythrocyte blood typing by genetic testing involves the detection of genetic variants at multiple genetic loci. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple erythrocyte blood typing loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35451",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with bone disorders. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various bone disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple bone disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35452",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Osteoporosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with osteoporosis, a bone disorder characterized by low bone mineral density and an increased risk of skeletal fractures. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with osteoporosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple osteoporosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35453",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Paget Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Paget disease of bone, a bone disorder in which excessive bone remodeling leads to disorganized bone structure and increased susceptibility to skeletal fractures. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Paget disease of bone. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Paget disease of bone-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35454",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Paget Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Paget disease of bone, a bone disorder in which excessive bone remodeling leads to disorganized bone structure and increased susceptibility to skeletal fractures. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Paget disease of bone. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Paget Disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36673",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Scoliosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with scoliosis, a disease involving curvature of the spine. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with scoliosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple scoliosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35459",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with skeletal dysplasias, a collection of conditions affecting bone and cartilage growth. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of skeletal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple skeletal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35461",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify duplications and deletions of the majority of genes known to be associated with skeletal dysplasias, a collection of conditions affecting bone and cartilage growth. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of skeletal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple skeletal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35460",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with skeletal dysplasias, a collection of conditions affecting bone and cartilage growth. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of skeletal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple skeletal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35471",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, a bone disorder in which the ends of long bones (i.e., arms and legs) form improperly. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in two or more multiple epiphyseal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35473",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of gene associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, a bone disorder in which the ends of long bones (i.e., arms and legs) form improperly. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in two or more multiple epiphyseal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35472",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, a bone disorder in which the ends of long bones (i.e., arms and legs) form improperly. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in two or more multiple epiphyseal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35462",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Osteogenesis Imperfecta",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, a bone disorder caused by defects in collagen and characterized by easily fractured bones. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple osteogenesis imperfecta-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35464",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the majority of genes known to be associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, a bone disorder caused by defects in collagen and characterized by easily fractured bones. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of osteogenesis imperfecta-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35463",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, a bone disorder caused by defects in collagen and characterized by easily fractured bones. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of osteogenesis imperfecta-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35465",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Genes COL1A1/COL1A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes, which are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, a bone disorder caused by defects in collagen and characterized by easily fractured bones. Genetic variants in both COL1A1 and COL1A2 have been associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in COL1A1 and COL1A2 simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35467",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Genes COL1A1/COL1A2, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes, which are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, a bone disorder caused by defects in collagen and characterized by easily fractured bones. Genetic variants in both COL1A1 and COL1A2 have been associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in COL1A1 and COL1A2 simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35466",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Skeletal Dysplasia, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Genes COL1A1/COL1A2, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes, which are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, a bone disorder caused by defects in collagen and characterized by easily fractured bones. Genetic variants in both COL1A1 and COL1A2 have been associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35456",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Treacher-Collins Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Treacher-Collins syndrome, a condition affecting facial bones and other facial tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Treacher-Collins Syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Treacher-Collins syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35458",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Treacher-Collins Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with Treacher-Collins syndrome, a condition affecting facial bones and other facial tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Treacher-Collins Syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Treacher-Collins Syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35457",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Disorder, Treacher-Collins Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Treacher-Collins syndrome, a condition affecting facial bones and other facial tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Treacher-Collins Syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Treacher-Collins Syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35698",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with bone marrow syndromes, a collection of conditions which leads to deficits in production of various types of blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with bone marrow syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple bone marrow syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35699",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with bone marrow syndromes, a collection of conditions which leads to deficits in production of various types of blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with bone marrow syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of bone marrow syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35701",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the majority of genes known to be associated with bone marrow syndromes, a collection of conditions which leads to deficits in production of various types of blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with bone marrow syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect deletions/duplications in the majority of bone marrow syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35700",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with bone marrow syndromes, a collection of conditions which leads to deficits in production of various types of blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with bone marrow syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of bone marrow syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35702",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Congenital Neutropenia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with congenital neutropenia, a bone marrow disease that leads to reduced numbers of neutrophils resulting in increased risk of infections and hematologic malignancies. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital neutropenia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple congenital neutropenia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35704",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Congenital Neutropenia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with congenital neutropenia, a bone marrow disease that leads to reduced numbers of neutrophils resulting in increased risk of infections and hematologic malignancies. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital neutropenia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple congenital neutropenia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35703",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Congenital Neutropenia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with congenital neutropenia, a bone marrow disease that leads to reduced numbers of neutrophils resulting in increased risk of infections and hematologic malignancies. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital neutropenia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple congenital neutropenia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35705",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Diamond Blackfan Anemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a bone marrow disorder that leads to reduced numbers of red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Diamond-Blackfan anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35707",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Diamond Blackfan Anemia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications in genes associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a bone marrow disorder that leads to reduced numbers of red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Diamond-Blackfan anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35706",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Diamond Blackfan Anemia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a bone marrow disorder that leads to reduced numbers of red blood cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Diamond-Blackfan anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35711",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Dyskeratosis Congenita",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with dyskeratosis congenita, a condition involving defective telomeres that leads to nail dystrophy, changes in skin color, and oral leukoplakia (i.e., white patches on the oral mucosa). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dyskeratosis congenita. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple dyskeratosis congenita-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35713",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Dyskeratosis Congenita, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications in genes associated with dyskeratosis congenita, a condition involving defective telomeres that leads to nail dystrophy, changes in skin color, and oral leukoplakia (i.e., white patches on the oral mucosa). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dyskeratosis congenita. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple dyskeratosis congenita-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35712",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Dyskeratosis Congenita, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with dyskeratosis congenita, a condition involving defective telomeres that leads to nail dystrophy, changes in skin color, and oral leukoplakia (i.e., white patches on the oral mucosa). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dyskeratosis congenita. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple dyskeratosis congenita-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35708",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Fanconi Anemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Fanconi anemia, a condition leading to bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Fanconi anemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Fanconi anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35710",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Fanconi Anemia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications in genes associated with Fanconi anemia, a condition leading to bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Fanconi anemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Fanconi anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35709",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Bone Marrow Syndrome, Fanconi Anemia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Fanconi anemia, a condition leading to bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Fanconi anemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Fanconi anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37118",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Familial, Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with an inherited syndrome, basal cell nevus syndrome (also known as Gorlin Syndrome), that predisposes individuals to development of noncancerous and cancerous tumors. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with basal cell nevus syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple basal cell nevus syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37124",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Familial, Endometrial",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents  intended to identify genetic variants associated with familial endometrial cancer. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with inherited forms of endometrial cancer. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple familial endometrial cancer-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37117",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Familial, Sarcoma",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with familial sarcoma. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with inherited forms of sarcoma. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple familial sarcoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36674",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Bladder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with bladder cancer. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with bladder cancer. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple bladder cancer-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37935",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Breast",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify acquired genetic variants (i.e., somatic mutations) associated with breast cancers, malignant growths arising from cells of breast tissue. Somatic mutations in multiple loci have been observed in breast cancers. These reagents are intended to detect somatic mutations in multiple breast cancer-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36883",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Cervical Tumor",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with cervical cancer, a malignant growth arising from cells of the cervix. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cervical cancer. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cervical cancer-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36675",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Glioblastoma",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with glioblastoma, a malignancy of the brain arising from astrocytes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with glioblastoma. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple glioblastoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36879",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Kidney Tumor",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with renal cancers, malignant growths arising from cells of the kidney. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with renal cancer. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, duplications, insertions, single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple renal cancer-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36679",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications associated with acute myeloid leukemia, a hematologic malignancy in which progenitor cells of the myeloid lineage overproliferate. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with acute myeloid leukemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions or duplications of multiple acute myeloid leukemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36884",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Myeloid Neoplasm",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with myeloid neoplasms, a collection of hematologic malignancies (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome) arising from the progenitor cells of non-lymphocyte white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelet-generating cells (i.e., myeloid cells). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myeloid neoplasms. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple myeloid neoplasm-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37123",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Myeloid Neoplasm, Myeloproliferative Neoplasm",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify somatic (i.e., non-inherited) genetic variants associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., essential thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis). These reagents are intended to detect simultaneously various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple loci known to be mutated in myeloproliferative neoplasms."
    },
    {
      "code": "36676",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic Mutation, Pancreatic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with pancreatic cancer. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pancreatic cancer. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple pancreatic cancer-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39586",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cancer, Somatic, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify acquired genetic variants (i.e., somatic mutations) associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), malignant growths arising from autonomic nervous system cells (i.e., interstitial cells of Cajal) in the walls of the digestive system. Somatic mutations in multiple loci have been observed in GISTs. These reagents are intended to detect somatic mutations in multiple GIST-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35924",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with cardiac disorders, a collection of conditions involving functional or structural defects of the heart. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of cardiac disorder. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cardiac disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35925",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with cardiac arrhythmias, a collection of conditions involving irregularities in rhythm of electrical impulses controlling myocardial contraction. Irregularities may cause the heart to beat too quickly, too slowly, or erratically. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of arrhythmia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple arrhythmia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35926",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the myocardium breaks down due to infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissues into the heart muscle. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35927",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the myocardium breaks down due to infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissues into the heart muscle. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35928",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, Mutation",
      "definition": ": Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the myocardium breaks down due to infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissues into the heart muscle. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35929",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Brugada Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Brugada syndrome, a ventricular arrhythmia characterized by ST segment abnormalities on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Brugada syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Brugada syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35930",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Brugada Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with Brugada syndrome, a ventricular arrhythmia characterized by ST segment abnormalities on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Brugada syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Brugada syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35931",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Brugada Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Brugada syndrome, a ventricular arrhythmia characterized by ST segment abnormalities on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Brugada syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Brugada syndrome-associated loci simultaneously.Entry Terms:"
    },
    {
      "code": "35932",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a ventricular tachycardia characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and the absence of structural heart defects. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35933",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a ventricular tachycardia characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and the absence of structural heart defects. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35934",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a ventricular tachycardia characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and the absence of structural heart defects. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35935",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Comprehensive",
      "definition": ": Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with cardiac arrhythmias, a collection of conditions involving irregularities in rhythm of electrical impulses controlling myocardial contraction. Irregularities may cause the heart to beat too quickly, too slowly, or erratically. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of arrhythmia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of arrhythmia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35936",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the majority of genes known to be associated with cardiac arrhythmias, a collection of conditions involving irregularities in rhythm of electrical impulses controlling myocardial contraction. Irregularities may cause the heart to beat too quickly, too slowly, or erratically. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of arrhythmia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of arrhythmia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35937",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with cardiac arrhythmias, a collection of conditions involving irregularities in rhythm of electrical impulses controlling myocardial contraction. Irregularities may cause the heart to beat too quickly, too slowly, or erratically. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of arrhythmia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of arrhythmia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35938",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Long QT Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with long QT syndrome, a condition characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and a prolonged QT interval on an electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of long QT Syndrome (e.g., Romano-Ward Syndrome, Jervell-Lange Nielson Syndrome). These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple long QT syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35939",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Long QT Syndrome, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with long QT syndrome, a condition characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and a prolonged QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of long QT Syndrome (e.g., Romano-Ward Syndrome, Jervell-Lange Nielson Syndrome). These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of long QT syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35940",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Long QT Syndrome, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with long QT syndrome, a condition characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and a prolonged QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of long QT Syndrome (e.g., Romano-Ward Syndrome, Jervell-Lange Nielson Syndrome). These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of long QT syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35941",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Long QT Syndrome, Romano-Ward",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Romano-Ward syndrome, a heritable form of long QT syndrome. Long QT syndromes are characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and a prolonged QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Romano-Ward syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Romano-Ward syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35942",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Long QT Syndrome, Romano-Ward, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with Romano-Ward syndrome, a heritable form of long QT syndrome. Long QT syndromes are characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and a prolonged QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Romano-Ward syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Romano-Ward syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35943",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Long QT Syndrome, Romano-Ward, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Romano-Ward syndrome, a heritable form of long QT syndrome. Long QT syndromes are characterized by episodic syncope (i.e., fainting) and a prolonged QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Romano-Ward syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Romano-Ward syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35944",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Short QT Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with short QT syndrome, a form of cardiac arrhythmia characterized by a shortened QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with short QT syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple short QT syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35945",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Short QT Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with short QT syndrome, a form of cardiac arrhythmia characterized by a shortened QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with short QT syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple short QT syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35946",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Arrhythmia, Short QT Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with short QT syndrome, a form of cardiac arrhythmia characterized by a shortened QT interval on electrocardiogram. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with short QT syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple short QT syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35947",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with cardiomyopathies, a collection of cardiac diseases characterized by defects in myocardia (i.e., cardiac muscle). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of cardiomyopathy (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy). These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35948",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with cardiomyopathies, a collection of cardiac diseases characterized by defects in myocardia (i.e., cardiac muscle). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of cardiomyopathy (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy). These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35949",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the majority of genes known to be associated with cardiomyopathies, a collection of cardiac diseases characterized by defects in myocardia (i.e., cardiac muscle). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of cardiomyopathy (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy). These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35950",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with cardiomyopathies, a collection of cardiac diseases characterized by defects in myocardia (i.e., cardiac muscle). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of cardiomyopathy (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy). These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35951",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular dilation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple dilated cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35952",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular dilation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple dilated cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35953",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular dilation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple dilated cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35954",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular hypertrophy. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35955",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular hypertrophy. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35956",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular hypertrophy. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35957",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Left Ventricular Noncompaction",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by the failure of the ventricular myocardium (i.e., heart wall muscle) to properly compact, leaving muscular projections (i.e., trabeculations) into the ventricle. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35958",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Left Ventricular Noncompaction, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by the failure of the ventricular myocardium (i.e., heart wall muscle) to properly compact, leaving muscular projections (i.e., trabeculations) into the ventricle. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35959",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Left Ventricular Noncompaction, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy, a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by the failure of the ventricular myocardium (i.e., heart wall muscle) to properly compact, leaving muscular projections (i.e., trabeculations) into the ventricle. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35960",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with cardiac disorders, a collection of conditions involving functional or structural defects of the heart. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of cardiac disorder. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of cardiac disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40090",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Cardiac Disorder, Congenital Heart Defects",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with congenital heart defects, a collection of conditions involving structural abnormalities of the heart. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital heart defects. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple congenital heart defect-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39649",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Carrier Screening, Ethnicity-Based",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants common within certain ethic groups that have the potential to be inherited by and cause disease in offspring of the tested individual or individuals. Various genetic diseases have been shown to occur more frequently certain ethnic populations (e.g., Tay-Sachs disease in persons of Eastern European Jewish origin, sickle cell disorder in African-American persons, cystic fibrosis in Caucasians, alpha-thalassemia in Asians). Ethnicity-based carrier screening panels test simultaneously for genetic variants in multiple loci associated with genetic diseases highly prevalent in a specific ethic group (e.g., genetic diseases common to Eastern European Jews). Ethnicity-based carrier screening tests are typically used as a part of preconception genetic testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "39650",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Carrier Screening, Pan-Ethnic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants common across multiple ethic groups that have the potential to be inherited by and cause disease in offspring of the tested individual or individuals. Pan-ethnic carrier screening panels test simultaneously for genetic variants in multiple loci associated with genetic diseases highly prevalent in a wide range of ethnicities (e.g., cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy). Pan-ethnic carrier screening tests are typically used as a part of preconception genetic testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "39489",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Chromosome Breakage Disorders",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with chromosome breakage disorders, a collection of genetic diseases (e.g., ataxia telangiectasia; Bloom syndrome; Nijmegen breakage syndrome) that are characterized by chromosome instability. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with chromosome breakage disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple chromosome breakage disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36677",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the majority of genetic variants known to be associated with human disease. These tests are typically used to assess healthy individuals for genetic variants that may predispose these individuals to developing a disease (i.e., genetic predisposition to disease) or for genetic variants that might lead to disease in children of these individuals (i.e., carrier testing)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36561",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with connective tissue disorders, a collection of conditions caused by structural or functional defects in one or more connective tissue constituents (e.g., collagen, elastin). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various connective tissue disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of connective tissue disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35961",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with connective tissue disorders, a collection of conditions caused by structural or functional defects in one or more connective tissue constituents (e.g., collagen, elastin). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various connective tissue disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of connective tissue disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35962",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the majority of genes known to be associated with connective tissue disorders, a collection of conditions caused by structural or functional defects in one or more connective tissue constituents (e.g., collagen, elastin). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various connective tissue disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of connective tissue disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35963",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with connective tissue disorders, a collection of conditions caused by structural or functional defects in one or more connective tissue constituents (e.g., collagen, elastin). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various connective tissue disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of connective tissue disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40381",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Cutis Laxa",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with cutis laxa, a connective tissue disorder characterized by sagging and/or inelastic skin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cutis laxa. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cutis laxa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35964",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a connective tissue disorder caused by defects in fibrillar collagen. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (e.g., classical, hypermobility, vascular). These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35965",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a connective tissue disorder caused by defects in fibrillar collagen. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (e.g., classical, hypermobility, vascular). These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35966",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a connective tissue disorder caused by defects in fibrillar collagen. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (e.g., classical, hypermobility, vascular). These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35967",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Loeys-Dietz Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a connective tissue characterized by aortic enlargement, which may lead to aortic aneurysm or dissection. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of Loeys-Dietz syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Loeys-Dietz syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35968",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Loeys-Dietz Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a connective tissue characterized by aortic enlargement, which may lead to aortic aneurysm or dissection. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of Loeys-Dietz syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Loeys-Dietz syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35969",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Loeys-Dietz Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a connective tissue characterized by aortic enlargement, which may lead to aortic aneurysm or dissection. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of Loeys-Dietz syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Loeys-Dietz syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35970",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Marfan Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder characterized by cardiovascular, eye, and skeletal abnormalities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated Marfan syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Marfan syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35971",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Marfan Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of genes associated with Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder characterized by cardiovascular, eye, and skeletal abnormalities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated Marfan syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Marfan syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35972",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Connective Tissue Disorder, Marfan Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder characterized by cardiovascular, eye, and skeletal abnormalities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated Marfan syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Marfan syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35523",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with encephalopathy, a collection of conditions involving brain disease, damage, or malfunction. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35545",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, an early onset encephalopathy that results in intellectual and physical disability. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35547",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, an early onset encephalopathy that results in intellectual and physical disability. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35546",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, an early onset encephalopathy that results in intellectual and physical disability. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35542",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Autism Spectrum Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with autism spectrum disorder, a collection of conditions that exhibit deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted and/or repetitive behavioral patterns, interests, and activities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autism spectrum disorder. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple autism spectrum disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35544",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with autism spectrum disorder, a collection of conditions that exhibit deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted and/or repetitive behavioral patterns, interests, and activities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autism spectrum disorder. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple autism spectrum disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35543",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with autism spectrum disorder, a collection of conditions that exhibit deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted and/or repetitive behavioral patterns, interests, and activities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autism spectrum disorder. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple autism spectrum disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35559",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with brain malformations, a collection of conditions in which the brain develops abnormally, resulting in absence of brain structures, aberrant growth of brain structures, or incomplete division of the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple brain malformations-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35560",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with brain malformations, a collection of conditions in which the brain develops abnormally, resulting in absence of brain structures, aberrant growth of brain structures, or incomplete division of the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple brain malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35562",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with brain malformations, a collection of conditions in which the brain develops abnormally, resulting in absence of brain structures, aberrant growth of brain structures, or incomplete division of the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple brain malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35561",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with brain malformations, a collection of conditions in which the brain develops abnormally, resulting in absence of brain structures, aberrant growth of brain structures, or incomplete division of the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of brain malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35570",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with cortical brain malformations, a subset of brain malformations in which the cerebral cortex develops abnormally. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cortical brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cortical brain malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35571",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with cortical brain malformations, a subset of brain malformations in which the cerebral cortex develops abnormally. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cortical brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cortical brain malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35573",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with cortical brain malformations, a subset of brain malformations in which the cerebral cortex develops abnormally. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cortical brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of cortical brain malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35572",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with cortical brain malformations, a subset of brain malformations in which the cerebral cortex develops abnormally. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cortical brain malformations. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of cortical brain malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35574",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Lissencephaly",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with lissencephalies, a collection of cortical malformations involving abnormal neuronal cell migration and resulting in the loss of the convolutions of the cerebral cortex. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with lissencephalies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple lissencephaly-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35576",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Lissencephaly, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with lissencephalies, a collection of cortical malformations involving abnormal neuronal cell migration and resulting in the loss of the convolutions of the cerebral cortex. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with lissencephalies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple lissencephaly-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35575",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Lissencephaly, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with lissencephalies, a collection of cortical malformations involving abnormal neuronal cell migration and resulting in the loss of the convolutions of the cerebral cortex. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with lissencephalies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple lissencephaly-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35577",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Polymicrogyria",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with polymicrogyria, a collection of cortical malformations that result in an increased number of convolutions in the cerebral cortex. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with polymicrogyria. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple polymicrogyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35579",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Polymicrogyria, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with polymicrogyria, a collection of cortical malformations that result in an increased number of convolutions in the cerebral cortex. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with polymicrogyria. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple polymicrogyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35578",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Cortical, Polymicrogyria, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with polymicrogyria, a collection of cortical malformations that result in an increased number of convolutions in the cerebral cortex. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with polymicrogyria. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple polymicrogyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40382",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Holoprosencephaly",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with holoprosencephaly, a brain malformation characterized by incomplete forebrain division that may also present with craniofacial abnormalities (e.g., closely spaced eyes, small head size, cleft lip/palate). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with holoprosencephaly. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple holoprosencephaly-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35580",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Joubert Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Joubert syndrome, a collection of brain malformations affecting the brainstem and the cerebellar vermis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Joubert syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Joubert syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35582",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Joubert Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Joubert syndrome, a collection of brain malformations affecting the brainstem and the cerebellar vermis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Joubert syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Joubert syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35581",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Joubert Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Joubert syndrome, a collection of brain malformations affecting the brainstem and the cerebellar vermis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Joubert syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Joubert syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35563",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Microcephaly",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with microcephaly, a collection of brain malformations in which head size is reduced due to incomplete development of the cerebrum and premature closure of fontanels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with microcephaly. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple microcephaly-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35564",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Microcephaly, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with microcephaly, a collection of brain malformations in which head size is reduced due to incomplete development of the cerebrum and premature closure of fontanels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with microcephaly. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of microcephaly-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35567",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Microcephaly, Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia, a collection of brain malformations in which a part of the brainstem (the pons) and the cerebellum are underdeveloped. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple pontocerebellar hypoplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35569",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Microcephaly, Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia, a collection of brain malformations in which a part of the brainstem (the pons) and the cerebellum are underdeveloped. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple pontocerebellar hypoplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35568",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Microcephaly, Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia, a collection of brain malformations in which a part of the brainstem (the pons) and the cerebellum are underdeveloped. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple pontocerebellar hypoplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35565",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Microcephaly, Primordial Dwarfism",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, a collection of conditions involving short stature (i.e., dwarfism), microcephaly, and neurologic deficits. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35566",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Microcephaly, Primordial Dwarfism, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, a collection of conditions involving short stature (i.e., dwarfism), microcephaly, and neurologic deficits. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40376",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Brain Malformation, Septo-Optic Dysplasia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with septo-optic dysplasia, a brain development disorder characterized by optic nerve hypoplasia, brain midline abnormalities (e.g., septum pellucidum hypoplasia), and pituitary hypoplasia. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with septo-optic dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple septo-optic dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35524",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders, a collection of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple epilepsy and seizure disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35525",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders, a collection of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple epilepsy and seizure disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35527",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders, a collection of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple epilepsy and seizure disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35526",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders, a collection of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with epilepsy and seizure disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple epilepsy and seizure disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35529",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Early Epileptic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, a seizure disorder that presents within the first three months of life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35533",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Early Epileptic, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, a seizure disorder that presents within the first three months of life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35531",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Early Epileptic, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, a seizure disorder that presents within the first three months of life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35534",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Early Epileptic, Rett/Atypical Rett",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Rett syndrome and atypical Rett syndrome, neurodevelopmental disorders that are most frequently diagnosed in girls, and are associated with a variety of symptoms (e.g., progressive loss of hand movements, progressive deficits in communication) that begin to appear at 6 to 12 months of age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Rett syndrome and atypical Rett syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Rett syndrome- and atypical Rett syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35537",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Early Epileptic, Rett/Atypical Rett, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Rett syndrome and atypical Rett syndrome, neurodevelopmental disorders that are most frequently diagnosed in girls, and are associated with a variety of symptoms (e.g., progressive loss of hand movements, progressive deficits in communication) that begin to appear at 6 to 12 months of age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Rett syndrome and atypical Rett syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Rett syndrome- and atypical Rett syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35536",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Early Epileptic, Rett/Atypical Rett, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Rett syndrome and atypical Rett syndrome, neurodevelopmental disorders that are most frequently diagnosed in girls, and are associated with a variety of symptoms (e.g., progressive loss of hand movements, progressive deficits in communication) that begin to appear at 6 to 12 months of age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Rett syndrome and atypical Rett syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Rett syndrome and atypical Rett syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35539",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Myoclonic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with myoclonic epilepsy, a collection of conditions characterized by brief shock-like contractions of muscles or muscle groups. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myoclonic epilepsy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple myoclonic epilepsy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35541",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Myoclonic, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with myoclonic epilepsy, a collection of conditions characterized by brief shock-like contractions of muscles or muscle groups. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myoclonic epilepsy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple myoclonic epilepsy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35540",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder, Myoclonic, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with myoclonic epilepsy, a collection of conditions characterized by brief shock-like contractions of muscles or muscle groups. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myoclonic epilepsy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple myoclonic epilepsy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35548",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Glycine",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with glycine encephalopathy, a form of encephalopathy characterized by elevated glycine levels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with glycine encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple glycine encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35550",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Glycine, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with glycine encephalopathy, a form of encephalopathy characterized by elevated glycine levels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with glycine encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple glycine encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35549",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Glycine, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with glycine encephalopathy, a form of encephalopathy characterized by elevated glycine levels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with glycine encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple glycine encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35551",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with leukoencephalopathies, a collection of brain diseases in which white matter is affected. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with leukoencephalopathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple leukoencephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35553",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with leukoencephalopathies, a collection of brain diseases in which white matter is affected. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with leukoencephalopathies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple leukoencephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35552",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with leukoencephalopathies, a collection of brain diseases in which white matter is affected. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with leukoencephalopathies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple leukoencephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35557",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy, Megalencephalic with Subcortical Cysts",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, a leukodystrophy associated with early-onset megacephaly and delayed-onset neurologic deterioration. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35558",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy, Megalencephalic with Subcortical Cysts, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, a leukodystrophy associated with early-onset megacephaly and delayed-onset neurologic deterioration. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35554",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy, Vanishing White Matter",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter, a neurological disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, and cognitive impairment. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35556",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy, Vanishing White Matter, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter, a neurological disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, and cognitive impairment. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35555",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Leukoencephalopathy, Vanishing White Matter, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter, a neurological disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, and cognitive impairment. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39497",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Encephalopathy, Rett Syndrome/Angelman Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Rett syndrome and Angelman syndrome, two neurologic disorders with substantial phenotypic overlap including developmental delay, seizures, and autistic behaviors. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Rett syndrome-associated and Angelman syndrome loci simultaneously for the purpose of distinguishing between these diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "35973",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with eye disorders, a collection of conditions affecting ocular structure and/or function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with eye disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple eye disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35974",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with eye disorders, a collection of conditions affecting ocular structure and/or function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with eye disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of eye disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35975",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with eye disorders, a collection of conditions affecting ocular structure and/or function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with eye disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of eye disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35976",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with eye disorders, a collection of conditions affecting ocular structure and/or function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with eye disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of eye disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40091",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Ectopia Lentis, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hereditary forms of ectopia lentis, a condition characterized by displacement of the lens of one or both eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary forms of ectopia lentis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple ectopia lentis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35977",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with glaucoma, a collection of diseases that lead to optic nerve damage. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35978",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with glaucoma, a collection of diseases that lead to optic nerve damage. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35979",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with glaucoma, a collection of diseases that lead to optic nerve damage. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35980",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma, Open Angle",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with open-angle glaucoma, a form of glaucoma in which intraocular fluid flow through the trabecular meshwork is blocked. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with open-angle glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple open-angle glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35981",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma, Open Angle, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with open-angle glaucoma, a form of glaucoma in which intraocular fluid flow through the trabecular meshwork is blocked. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with open-angle glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple open-angle glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35982",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma, Open Angle, Early Onset",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with early-onset open-angle glaucoma, a form of open-angle glaucoma that appears in an individual before 40 years of age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with early-onset open-angle glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple early-onset open-angle glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35983",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma, Open Angle, Early Onset, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with early-onset open-angle glaucoma, a form of open-angle glaucoma that appears in an individual before 40 years of age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with early-onset open-angle glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple early-onset open-angle glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35984",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Glaucoma, Open Angle, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with open-angle glaucoma, a form of glaucoma in which intraocular fluid flow through the trabecular meshwork is blocked. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with open-angle glaucoma. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple open-angle glaucoma-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37584",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, MAC Spectrum",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with a collection of hereditary eye disorders known as the microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma (MAC) spectrum of ocular malformations, which are characterized by a reduction in eyeball size (microphthalmia), absence of the eyeball (anophthalmia), or missing portions of the eye (coloboma). Some versions of these reagents may also detect gene variants related to anterior segment dysgenesis, related eye disorders characterized by developmental abnormalities of the cornea, iris, and/or lens of the eye. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MAC spectrum disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple MAC syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35985",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Optic Atrophy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with optic atrophy, a hereditary optic neuropathy characterized by premature degeneration of the optic nerve. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with optic atrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple optic atrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35986",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Optic Atrophy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with optic atrophy, a hereditary optic neuropathy characterized by premature degeneration of the optic nerve. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with optic atrophy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple optic atrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35987",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Optic Atrophy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with optic atrophy, a hereditary optic neuropathy characterized by premature degeneration of the optic nerve. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with optic atrophy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple optic atrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35988",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Comprehensive",
      "definition": ": Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with retinopathies, a collection of conditions that involve damage to the retina. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of retinopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35989",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with retinopathies, a collection of conditions that involve damage to the retina. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of retinopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35990",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Leber Congenital Amaurosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Leber congenital amaurosis, a hereditary retinopathy that leads to vision loss early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leber congenital amaurosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Leber congenital amaurosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35991",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Leber Congenital Amaurosis, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Leber congenital amaurosis, a hereditary retinopathy that leads to vision loss early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leber congenital amaurosis. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Leber congenital amaurosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35992",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Leber Congenital Amaurosis, Mutation",
      "definition": ": Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Leber congenital amaurosis, a hereditary retinopathy that leads to vision loss early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leber congenital amaurosis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Leber congenital amaurosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35993",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with macular degeneration, a disease involving progressive damage to the macula. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with macular degeneration. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple macular degeneration-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35994",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration, Age-Related Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration, a disease involving progressive damage to the macula that occurs with increasing age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with age-related macular degeneration. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple age-related macular degeneration-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35995",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration, Age-Related Susceptibility, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration, a disease involving progressive damage to the macula that occurs with increasing age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with age-related macular degeneration. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple age-related macular degeneration-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35996",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration, Age-Related Susceptibility, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration, a disease involving progressive damage to the macula that occurs with increasing age. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with age-related macular degeneration. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple age-related macular degeneration-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35997",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with macular degeneration, a disease involving progressive damage to a region of the retina responsible for central vision known as the macula. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with macular degeneration. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of macular degeneration-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35998",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with macular degeneration, a disease involving progressive damage to a region of the retina responsible for central vision known as the macula. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with macular degeneration. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of macular degeneration-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35999",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with macular dystrophy, a collection of hereditary diseases involving progressive damage to a region of the retina responsible for central vision known as the macula. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with macular dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple macular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36000",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with macular dystrophy, a collection of hereditary diseases involving progressive damage to a region of the retina responsible for central vision known as the macula. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with macular dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of macular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36001",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with macular dystrophy, a collection of hereditary diseases involving progressive damage to a region of the retina responsible for central vision known as the macula. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with macular dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of macular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36002",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Stargardt Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Stargardt disease, a form of macular dystrophy typically characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin in cells underlying the macula, which leads to progressive central and night vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Stargardt disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Stargardt disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36003",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Stargardt Disease, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Stargardt disease, a form of macular dystrophy typically characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin in cells underlying the macula, which leads to progressive central and night vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Stargardt disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Stargardt disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36004",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Stargardt Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Stargardt disease, a form of macular dystrophy typically characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin in cells underlying the macula, which leads to progressive central and night vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Stargardt disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Stargardt disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36005",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Vitelliform",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy, a form of macular dystrophy typically characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin in cells underlying the macula, which leads to progressive central vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple vitelliform macular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36006",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Vitelliform, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy, a form of macular dystrophy typically characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin in cells underlying the macula, which leads to progressive central vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple vitelliform macular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36007",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Macular Dystrophy, Vitelliform, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy, a form of macular dystrophy typically characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin in cells underlying the macula, which leads to progressive central vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple vitelliform macular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36008",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Dominant",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa requiring only one mutant allele to be present). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36009",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Dominant, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa requiring only one mutant allele to be present). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36010",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Dominant, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa requiring only one mutant allele to be present). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36011",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Recessive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with autosomal recessive forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa requiring two mutant alleles to be present). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autosomal recessive forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36012",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Recessive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with autosomal recessive forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa requiring two mutant alleles to be present). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autosomal recessive forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36013",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Recessive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with autosomal recessive forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa requiring two mutant alleles to be present). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with autosomal recessive forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36014",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the majority of gene variants known to be associated with retinitis pigmentosa, a collection of eye disorders affecting the retina that lead to progressive vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36015",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with retinitis pigmentosa, a collection of eye disorders affecting the retina that lead to progressive vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36016",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with retinitis pigmentosa, a collection of eye disorders affecting the retina that lead to progressive vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36017",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, X-Linked",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with X-linked forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa associated with genes mapping to the X chromosome). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with X-linked forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple X-linked retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36018",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, X-Linked, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with X-linked forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa associated with genes mapping to the X chromosome). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with X-linked forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple X-linked retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36019",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, X-Linked, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with X-linked forms of retinitis pigmentosa (i.e., forms of retinitis pigmentosa associated with genes mapping to the X chromosome). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with X-linked forms of retinitis pigmentosa. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple X-linked retinitis pigmentosa-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36020",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa/Leber Congenital Amaurosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis, two related retinopathies that lead to vision loss beginning early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36021",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa/Leber Congenital Amaurosis, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis, two related retinopathies that lead to vision loss beginning early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36022",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa/Leber Congenital Amaurosis, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis, two related retinopathies that lead to vision loss beginning early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36023",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Vitreoretinopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with vitreoretinopathy, a hereditary disorder characterized by the failure of blood vessels to form properly at the edges of the retina. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vitreoretinopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple vitreoretinopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36024",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Vitreoretinopathy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with vitreoretinopathy, a hereditary disorder characterized by the failure of blood vessels to form properly at the edges of the retina. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vitreoretinopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple vitreoretinopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36025",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Eye Disorder, Retinopathy, Vitreoretinopathy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with vitreoretinopathy, a hereditary disorder characterized by the failure of blood vessels to form properly at the edges of the retina. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vitreoretinopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple vitreoretinopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39440",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Female Infertility",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with female infertility and/or conditions that may impact the ability to conceive. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with female infertility. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (i.e., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple female infertility-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36026",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hearing loss and deafness. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hearing loss/deafness. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hearing loss/deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36035",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss Syndromic, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with syndromic hearing loss and deafness, a collection of genetic hearing loss/deafness diseases that occur in parallel with signs and symptoms of syndromes affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with syndromic hearing loss and deafness. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple syndromic hearing loss and deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36027",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with hearing loss and deafness. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hearing loss/deafness. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of hearing loss/deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36028",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with hearing loss and deafness. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hearing loss/deafness. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of hearing loss/deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36029",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with hearing loss and deafness. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hearing loss/deafness. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of hearing loss/deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36030",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Nonsyndromic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness, a collection of genetic hearing loss and deafness disorders that are not associated with signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36031",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Nonsyndromic, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss/deafness, a collection of genetic hearing loss/deafness diseases that are not associated with signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss/deafness. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple nonsyndromic hearing loss/deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36032",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Nonsyndromic, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness, a collection of genetic hearing loss and deafness diseases that are not associated with signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple nonsyndromic hearing loss/deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36033",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with syndromic hearing loss and deafness, a collection of genetic hearing loss and deafness diseases that occur in parallel with signs and symptoms of syndromes affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with syndromic hearing loss and deafness. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple syndromic hearing loss and deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36034",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with syndromic hearing loss and deafness, a collection of genetic hearing loss and deafness diseases that occur in parallel with signs and symptoms of syndromes affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with syndromic hearing loss/deafness. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple syndromic hearing loss and deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36036",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Pendred Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Pendred syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with hearing loss and goiter (i.e., thyroid enlargement). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Pendred syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Pendred syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36037",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Pendred Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Pendred syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with hearing loss and goiter (i.e., thyroid enlargement). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Pendred syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Pendred syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36038",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Pendred Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Pendred syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with hearing loss and goiter (i.e., thyroid enlargement). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Pendred syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Pendred syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36039",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Usher Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Usher syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes both hearing and vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Usher syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Usher syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36040",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Usher Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Usher syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes both hearing and vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Usher syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Usher syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36041",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Usher Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Usher syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes both hearing and vision loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Usher syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Usher syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36042",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Waardenburg Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Waardenburg syndrome, a collection of genetic diseases characterized by hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation of the eyes, hair, and skin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Waardenburg syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Waardenburg syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36043",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Waardenburg Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Waardenburg syndrome, a collection of genetic diseases characterized by hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation of the eyes, hair, and skin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Waardenburg syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Waardenburg syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36044",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hearing Loss, Syndromic, Waardenburg Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Waardenburg syndrome, a collection of genetic diseases characterized by hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation of the eyes, hair, and skin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Waardenburg syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Waardenburg syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39493",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a hereditary syndrome associated with elevated numbers of activated lymphocytes that leads to chronic fevers and damage to the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39652",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Hyperparathyroidism",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hyperparathyroidism, a condition characterized by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) that may be caused by parathyroid hyperplasia or parathyroid neoplasms (i.e., primary hyperparathyroidism) or by increased PTH secretion in response to hypocalcemia (i.e., secondary hyperparathyroidism). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hyperparathyroidism. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hyperparathyroidism-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39490",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Immunodeficiency, Primary, Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a collection of primary immunodeficiencies characterized by defective lymphocyte homeostasis leading to non-malignant overproliferation of blood cells and autoimmune disease. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of ALPS. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple ALPS-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37464",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Inflammatory Bowel Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease, a collection of diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple inflammatory bowel disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37471",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease, a collection of diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple inflammatory bowel disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37470",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease, a collection of diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple inflammatory bowel disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36678",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Liver Disorder, Inherited Intrahepatic Cholestasis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with inherited intrahepatic cholestasis, a progressive liver disease that causes defects in bile secretion and may lead to liver failure. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with inherited intrahepatic cholestasis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple inherited intrahepatic cholestasis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36812",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Male Infertility",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with male infertility. Genetic variants at multiple loci and sex chromosome aneuploidies have been associated with male infertility. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., aneuploidies, deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple male infertility-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35758",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Malignant Hyperthermia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, a severe reaction to certain pharmaceuticals that leads to a rapid rise in body temperature and uncontrolled muscle contractions. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple malignant hyperthermia-susceptibility loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35760",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Malignant Hyperthermia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, a severe reaction to certain pharmaceuticals that leads to a rapid rise in body temperature and uncontrolled muscle contractions. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple malignant hyperthermia-susceptibility loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35759",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Malignant Hyperthermia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, a severe reaction to certain pharmaceuticals that leads to a rapid rise in body temperature and uncontrolled muscle contractions. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple malignant hyperthermia-susceptibility loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35583",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with metabolic disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by deficiencies in the synthesis or degradation of various chemicals used by the body (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metabolic disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple metabolic disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35628",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with abnormal mineralization disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by improper incorporation of minerals in bone. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with abnormal mineralization disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple abnormal mineralization disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35630",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": ": Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with abnormal mineralization disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by improper incorporation of minerals in bone. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with abnormal mineralization disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of abnormal mineralization disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35629",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with abnormal mineralization disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by improper incorporation of minerals in bone. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with abnormal mineralization disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of abnormal mineralization disorder-associated loci simultaneously"
    },
    {
      "code": "35631",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder, Rickets",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with rickets, a weakening of bones typically related to vitamin D deficiency. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rickets. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple rickets-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35632",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder, Rickets, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with rickets, a weakening of bones typically related to vitamin D deficiency. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rickets. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple rickets-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35633",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder, Rickets, Hypophosphatemic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with hypophosphatemic rickets, a form of rickets characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypophosphatemic rickets. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hypophosphatemic rickets-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35634",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder, Rickets, Hypophosphatemic, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with hypophosphatemic rickets, a form of rickets characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypophosphatemic rickets. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple hypophosphatemic rickets-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35636",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Abnormal Mineralization Disorder, Rickets, Hypophosphatemic, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hypophosphatemic rickets, a form of rickets characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypophosphatemic rickets. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hypophosphatemic rickets-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35682",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Albinism",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with albinism, a genetic disorder characterized by reduced production of melanin in the hair, skin, or eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with albinism. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple albinism-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35683",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Albinism, Oculocutaneous",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with oculocutaneous albinism, a form of albinism in which pigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes is affected. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with oculocutaneous albinism. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple oculocutaneous albinism-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35685",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Albinism, Oculocutaneous, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with oculocutaneous albinism, a form of albinism in which pigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes is affected. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with oculocutaneous albinism. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple oculocutaneous albinism-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35684",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Albinism, Oculocutaneous, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with oculocutaneous albinism, a form of albinism in which pigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes is affected. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with oculocutaneous albinism. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple oculocutaneous albinism-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35686",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Bone",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with metabolic disorders affecting the skeletal system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metabolic disorders affecting the skeletal system. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple metabolic disorders affecting the skeletal system-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35687",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Bone, Osteoporosis Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with susceptibility to osteoporosis, a condition in which bones become weak and brittle. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with susceptibility to osteoporosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple osteoporosis-susceptibility loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35584",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with metabolic disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by deficiencies in the synthesis or degradation of various chemicals used by the body (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metabolic disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of metabolic disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35586",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with metabolic disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by deficiencies in the synthesis or degradation of various chemicals used by the body (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metabolic disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of metabolic disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35585",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with metabolic disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by deficiencies in the synthesis or degradation of various chemicals used by the body (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metabolic disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of metabolic disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37441",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation, a collection of heritable disorders characterized by deficiencies in the addition of specific carbohydrate moieties to proteins and/or lipids (i.e., glycosylation). Genetic variants and multiple loci have been associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple congenital disorder of glycosylation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35644",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with diabetes, a disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with diabetes. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple diabetes-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35645",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with diabetes mellitus type 1, a condition in which the body is unable to produce insulin typically due to an autoimmune reaction affecting insulin-producing cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with diabetes mellitus type 1. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple diabetes mellitus type 1-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35647",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with diabetes mellitus type 1, a condition in which the body is unable to produce insulin typically due to an autoimmune reaction affecting insulin-producing cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with diabetes mellitus type 1. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple diabetes mellitus type 1-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35646",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with diabetes mellitus type 1, a condition in which the body is unable to produce insulin typically due to an autoimmune reaction affecting insulin-producing cells. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with diabetes mellitus type 1. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple diabetes mellitus type 1-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35649",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with diabetes mellitus type 2, a condition in which the body develops insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple diabetes mellitus type 2-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35651",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with diabetes mellitus type 2, a condition in which the body develops insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple diabetes mellitus type 2-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35650",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with diabetes mellitus type 2, a condition in which the body develops insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple diabetes mellitus type 2-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35655",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, a genetic condition characterized by the inability of the pancreas to generate sufficient levels of insulin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple maturity-onset diabetes of the young-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35657",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, a genetic condition characterized by the inability of the pancreas to generate sufficient levels of insulin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple maturity-onset diabetes of the young-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35656",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, a genetic condition characterized by the inability of the pancreas to generate sufficient levels of insulin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple maturity-onset diabetes of the young-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35652",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a form of diabetes characterized by a defect in the kidneys that leads to excessive urine production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35654",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a form of diabetes characterized by a defect in the kidneys that leads to excessive urine production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35653",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes, Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a form of diabetes characterized by a defect in the kidneys that leads to excessive urine production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35635",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Epilepsy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with forms of epilepsy related to a metabolic disorder. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with forms of epilepsy related to a metabolic disorder. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple forms of metabolic epilepsy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35637",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Epilepsy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with forms of epilepsy related to a metabolic disorder. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with forms of epilepsy related to a metabolic disorder. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple metabolic epilepsy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35618",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Hypermethioninemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with hypermethioninemia, a genetic disorder characterized by deficiencies in methionine metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypermethioninemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hypermethioninemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35620",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Hypermethioninemia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with hypermethioninemia, a genetic disorder characterized by deficiencies in methionine metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypermethioninemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple hypermethioninemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35619",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Hypermethioninemia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hypermethioninemia, a genetic disorder characterized by deficiencies in methionine metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypermethioninemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hypermethioninemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35588",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with lysosomal storage disorders, a collection of metabolic disorders associated with deficiencies in lysosomal function, which lead to the accumulation of various metabolites normally processed in these organelles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with lysosomal storage disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple lysosomal storage disorders-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35589",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with lysosomal storage disorders, a collection of metabolic disorders associated with deficiencies in lysosomal function, which lead to the accumulation of various metabolites normally processed in these organelles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with lysosomal storage disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of lysosomal storage disorders-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35597",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with lipidoses, a collection of lysosomal storage disorders that lead to defects in lipid metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with lipidoses. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple lipidoses-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35615",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Berardinelli-Seip Lipodystrophy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy, a genetic disorder affecting lipid metabolism and characterized by loss of adipose tissue. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35617",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Berardinelli-Seip Lipodystrophy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy, a genetic disorder affecting lipid metabolism and characterized by loss of adipose tissue. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35616",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Berardinelli-Seip Lipodystrophy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy, a genetic disorder affecting lipid metabolism and characterized by loss of adipose tissue. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35610",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a genetic disorder affecting lipid metabolism and characterized by the accumulation of sulfatides, which leads to progressive white matter loss throughout the nervous system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple metachromatic leukodystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35612",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a genetic disorder affecting lipid metabolism and characterized by the accumulation of sulfatides, which leds to progressive white matter loss throughout the nervous system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple metachromatic leukodystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35598",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Neimann-Pick Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Neimann-Pick disease, a collection of genetic disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in various tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Neimann-Pick disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Neimann-Pick disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35600",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Neimann-Pick Disease, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Neimann-Pick disease, a collection of genetic disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in various tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Neimann-Pick disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Neimann-Pick disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35599",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Neimann-Pick Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Neimann-Pick disease, a collection of genetic disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in various tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Neimann-Pick disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Neimann-Pick disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35601",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, a genetic disorder affecting the nervous system and characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35603",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, a genetic disorder affecting the nervous system and characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35602",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Lipidosis, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, a genetic disorder affecting the nervous system and characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35590",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Mucopolysaccharidoses",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with mucopolysaccharidoses, a collection of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the accumulation of sugars in tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mucopolysaccharidoses. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple mucopolysaccharidosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35592",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with mucopolysaccharidoses, a collection of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the accumulation of sugars in tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mucopolysaccharidoses. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of mucopolysaccharidosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35591",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with mucopolysaccharidoses, a collection of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the accumulation of sugars in tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mucopolysaccharidoses. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of mucopolysaccharidosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35593",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Sanfilippo",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Sanfilippo syndrome, a genetic disease caused by deficiencies in heparin sulfate metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Sanfilippo syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Sanfilippo syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35596",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Sanfilippo, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Sanfilippo syndrome, a genetic disease caused by deficiencies in heparin sulfate metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Sanfilippo syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Sanfilippo syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35594",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Lysosomal Storage Disease, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Sanfilippo, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Sanfilippo syndrome, a genetic disease caused by deficiencies in heparin sulfate metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Sanfilippo syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Sanfilippo syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35623",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Maple Syrup Urine Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with maple syrup urine disease, a genetic disease caused by deficiencies in branched-chain amino acid (i.e., isoleucine, leucine, and valine) metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with maple syrup urine disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple maple syrup urine disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35625",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with maple syrup urine disease, a genetic disease caused by deficiencies in branched-chain amino acid (i.e., isoleucine, leucine, and valine) metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with maple syrup urine disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple maple syrup urine disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35624",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with maple syrup urine disease, a genetic disease caused by deficiencies in branched-chain amino acid (i.e., isoleucine, leucine, and valine) metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with maple syrup urine disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple maple syrup urine disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35638",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Metal Accumulation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with metal accumulation disorders, a collection of genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in metal (e.g., copper, iron) metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metal accumulation disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple metal accumulation disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "41061",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Metal Accumulation, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with metal accumulation disorders (e.g., iron accumulation [hemochromatosis, ferroportin disease], copper accumulation [Wilson disease]). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with various forms of metal accumulation disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of the known metal accumulation disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35639",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Metal Accumulation, Hemochromatosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with hemochromatosis, a genetic disease characterized by the accumulation of iron in the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemochromatosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hemochromatosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35641",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Metal Accumulation, Hemochromatosis, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with hemochromatosis, a genetic disease characterized by the accumulation of iron in the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemochromatosis. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple hemochromatosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35640",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Metal Accumulation, Hemochromatosis, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hemochromatosis, a genetic disease characterized by the accumulation of iron in the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemochromatosis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hemochromatosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35688",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Methylmalonic Aciduria/Homocystinuria",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria, a genetic disease characterized by deficiencies in vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35690",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Methylmalonic Aciduria/Homocystinuria, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria, a genetic disease characterized by deficiencies in vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35689",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Methylmalonic Aciduria/Homocystinuria, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria, a genetic disease characterized by deficiencies in vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35621",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Myopathy, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with metabolic myopathies, a collection of genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in energy metabolism in muscles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metabolic myopathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of metabolic myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35622",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Myopathy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with metabolic myopathies, a collection of genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in energy metabolism in muscles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with metabolic myopathies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of metabolic myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35658",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with peroxisomal disorders, a collection of genetic diseases associated with deficiencies in peroxisome function or biogenesis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peroxisomal disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple peroxisomal disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35659",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with peroxisomal disorders, a collection of genetic diseases associated with deficiencies in peroxisome function or biogenesis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peroxisomal disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of peroxisomal disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35661",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with peroxisomal disorders, a collection of genetic diseases associated with deficiencies in peroxisome function or biogenesis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peroxisomal disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of peroxisomal disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35660",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with peroxisomal disorders, a collection of genetic diseases associated with deficiencies in peroxisome function or biogenesis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peroxisomal disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of peroxisomal disorders-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35671",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, a peroxisomal disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, abnormal facial features, intellectual disability, and respiratory problems. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35673",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, a peroxisomal disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, abnormal facial features, intellectual disability, and respiratory problems. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35672",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, a peroxisomal disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, abnormal facial features, intellectual disability, and respiratory problems. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35662",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Zellweger spectrum, a collection of peroxisomal disorders (including infantile Refsum disease, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and Zellweger syndrome) that affect many parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated Zellweger spectrum. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Zellweger spectrum-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35664",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with Zellweger spectrum, a collection of peroxisomal disorders (including infantile Refsum disease, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and Zellweger syndrome) that affect many parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Zellweger spectrum. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of Zellweger spectrum-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35663",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with Zellweger spectrum, a collection of peroxisomal disorders (including infantile Refsum disease, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and Zellweger syndrome) that effect many parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Zellweger spectrum. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of Zellweger spectrum-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35668",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Refsum Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Refsum disease, a genetic disease in the Zellweger spectrum characterized by vision loss, loss of sense of smell, and other symptoms. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Refsum disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Refsum disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35670",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Refsum Disease, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Refsum disease, a genetic disease in the Zellweger spectrum characterized by vision loss, loss of sense of smell, and other symptoms. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Refsum disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Refsum disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35669",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Refsum Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Refsum disease, a genetic disease in the Zellweger spectrum characterized by vision loss, loss of sense of smell, and other symptoms. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Refsum disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Refsum disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35665",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Zellweger Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Zellweger syndrome, a genetic disease in the Zellweger spectrum characterized by muscle weakness, feeding problems, hearing/vision loss, seizures, and other symptoms. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Zellweger syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Zellweger syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35667",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Zellweger Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Zellweger syndrome, a genetic disease in the Zellweger spectrum characterized by muscle weakness, feeding problems, hearing/vision loss, seizures, and other symptoms. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Zellweger syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Zellweger syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35666",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Peroxisomal Disorder, Zellweger Spectrum, Zellweger Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Zellweger syndrome, a genetic disease in the Zellweger specrum characterized by muscle weakness, feeding problems, hearing/vision loss, seizures, and other symptoms. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Zellweger syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Zellweger syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35674",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with porphyria, a collection of genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in heme production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35678",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria, Acute",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with acute porphyria, a form of porphyria that primarily affects the nervous system and is characterized by severe signs and symptoms that arise rapidly and are typically of short duration. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with acute porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple acute porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35680",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria, Acute, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with acute porphyria, a form of porphyria that primarily affects the nervous system and is characterized by severe signs and symptoms that arise rapidly and are typically of short duration. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with acute porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple acute porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35679",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria, Acute, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with acute porphyria, a form of porphyria that primarily affects the nervous system and is characterized by severe signs and symptoms that arise rapidly and are typically of short duration. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with acute porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple acute porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35675",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the majority of genetic variants known to be associated with porphyria, a collection of genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in heme production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35677",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with porphyria, a collection of genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in heme production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35676",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with porphyria, a collection of genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in heme production. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35681",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Porphyria, Cutaneous",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with cutaneous porphyria, a form of porphyria that primarily affects the skin and is characterized by a high degree of skin sensitivity to sun exposure. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cutaneous porphyria. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cutaneous porphyria-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35626",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Urea Cycle Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with urea cycle disorders, a collection of genetic disorders caused by deficiencies in waste nitrogen metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with urea cycle disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple urea cycle disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35627",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metabolic Disorder, Urea Cycle Disorder, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with urea cycle disorders, a collection of genetic disorders caused by deficiencies in waste nitrogen metabolism. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with urea cycle disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple urea cycle disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40631",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Metal Accumulation, Copper/Iron, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with errors in either copper or iron metabolism that lead to accumulation of these metals in tissues. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with copper/iron accumulation. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple copper/iron accumulation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35743",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Migraine",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with migraines, a condition characterized by recurrent headaches frequently accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and/or sensitivity to light and sound. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with migraines. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple migraine-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36045",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with mitochondrial disorders, a collection of conditions associated with deficits in the cellular organelle known as the mitochondria. Genetic variants at multiple loci in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome have been associated with mitochondrial disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple mitochondrial disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36046",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Anemia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with mitochondrial anemia, forms of hereditary anemia whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial anemia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple mitochondrial anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36047",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Anemia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with mitochondrial anemia, forms of hereditary anemia whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial anemia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple mitochondrial anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36048",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Anemia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with mitochondrial anemia, forms of hereditary anemia whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial anemia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple mitochondrial anemia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36049",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Cardiomyopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, forms of hereditary cardiomyopathy whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple mitochondrial cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36050",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, forms of hereditary cardiomyopathy whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple mitochondrial cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36051",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Cardiomyopathy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, forms of hereditary cardiomyopathy whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple mitochondrial cardiomyopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36052",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with mitochondrial disorders, a collection of conditions associated with deficits in the cellular organelle known as the mitochondria. Genetic variants at multiple loci in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome have been associated with mitochondrial disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of mitochondrial disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36053",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with mitochondrial disorders, a collection of conditions associated with deficits in the cellular organelle known as the mitochondria. Genetic variants at multiple loci in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome have been associated with mitochondrial disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of mitochondrial disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36054",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with mitochondrial disorders, a collection of conditions associated with deficits in the cellular organelle known as the mitochondria. Genetic variants at multiple loci in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome have been associated with mitochondrial disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of mitochondrial disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36055",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Encephalopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy, forms of encephalopathy whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple mitochondrial encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36059",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Encephalopathy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy, forms of encephalopathy whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of mitochondrial encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36060",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Encephalopathy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy, forms of encephalopathy whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of mitochondrial encephalopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36056",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Encephalopathy, Leigh Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Leigh syndrome, a form of mitochondrial encephalopathy characterized by psychomotor regression early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leigh syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Leigh syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36057",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Encephalopathy, Leigh Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Leigh syndrome, a form of mitochondrial encephalopathy characterized by psychomotor regression early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leigh syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Leigh syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36058",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Encephalopathy, Leigh Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Leigh syndrome, a form of mitochondrial encephalopathy characterized by psychomotor regression early in life. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leigh syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Leigh syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36061",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Hearing Loss",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with mitochondrial hearing loss/deafness, forms of hearing loss or deafness whose underlying cause is a deficit in mitochondrial function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with mitochondrial hearing loss/deafness. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple mitochondrial hearing loss/deafness-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36063",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, a mitochondrial disorder associated with a range of symptoms including vision and hearing loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Leber hereditary optic neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36064",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, a mitochondrial disorder associated with a range of symptoms including vision and hearing loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Leber hereditary optic neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36065",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, a mitochondrial disorder associated with a range of symptoms including vision and hearing loss. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Leber hereditary optic neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36066",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MELAS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), a mitochondrial disorder associated with defects in the nervous system and the musculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MELAS. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple MELAS-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36067",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MELAS, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), a mitochondrial disorder associated with defects in the nervous system and the musculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MELAS. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple MELAS-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36068",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MELAS, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), a mitochondrial disorder associated with defects in the nervous system and the musculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MELAS. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple MELAS-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36071",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MERRF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF), a mitochondrial disorder associated with defects in the nervous system and the musculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MERRF. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple MERRF-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36072",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MERRF, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF), a mitochondrial disorder associated with defects in the nervous system and the musculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MERRF. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple MERRF-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36073",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MERRF, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF), a mitochondrial disorder associated with defects in the nervous system and the musculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MERRF. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple MERRF-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36069",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MERRF/MELAS Overlap Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome, a mitochondrial disorder exhibiting signs and symptoms characteristic of both mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36070",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, MERRF/MELAS Overlap Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome, a mitochondrial disorder exhibiting signs and symptoms characteristic of both mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40379",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Disorder, Primary Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with primary coenzyme Q10 deficiencies, a collection of genetic diseases caused by loss of function of genes encoding proteins responsible for the synthesis of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with primary coenzyme Q10 deficiencies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetics changes (e.g. deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35774",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with multisystem disorder, a collection of diseases characterized by signs and symptoms affecting multiple body systems. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with multisystem disorder. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple multisystem disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35787",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Alagille Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Alagille syndrome, a multisystem disorder affecting the liver, heart, and other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alagille syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Alagille syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35789",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Alagille Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Alagille syndrome, a multisystem disorder affecting the liver, heart, and other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alagille syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Alagille syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35788",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Alagille Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Alagille syndrome, a multisystem disorder affecting the liver, heart, and other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alagille syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Alagille syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35781",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by vision loss, obesity, and additional signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Bardet-Biedl syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35783",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by vision loss, obesity, and additional signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Bardet-Biedl syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35782",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by vision loss, obesity, and additional signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Bardet-Biedl syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35790",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, CHARGE Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with the multisystem disorder CHARGE syndrome (i.e., coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital abnormality, and ear abnormality). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with CHARGE syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple CHARGE syndrome -associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35792",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, CHARGE Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with the multisystem disorder CHARGE syndrome (i.e., coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital abnormality, and ear abnormality). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with CHARGE syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple CHARGE syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35791",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, CHARGE Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with the multisystem disorder CHARGE syndrome (i.e., coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital abnormality, and ear abnormality). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with CHARGE syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple CHARGE syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35793",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Ectodermal Dysplasia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with ectodermal dysplasia, a collection of disorders affecting the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with ectodermal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple ectodermal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35794",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Ectodermal Dysplasia, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with ectodermal dysplasia, a collection of disorders affecting the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with ectodermal dysplasia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of ectodermal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35797",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Ectodermal Dysplasia, Hypohidrotic, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias, forms of ectodermal dysplasia characterized by reduced ability to perspire. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35796",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Ectodermal Dysplasia, Hypohidrotic, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias, forms of ectodermal dysplasia characterized by reduced ability to perspire. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35775",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Oculocutaneous Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with oculocutaneous disorders, a collection of disorders that affect the eyes, skin, and hair. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with oculocutaneous disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple oculocutaneous disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35777",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Oculocutaneous Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with oculocutaneous disorders, a collection of disorders that affect the eyes, skin, and hair. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with oculocutaneous disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of oculocutaneous disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35776",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Oculocutaneous Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with oculocutaneous disorders, a collection of disorders that affect melanin production in the eyes, skin, and hair. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with oculocutaneous disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of oculocutaneous disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35778",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Oculocutaneous Disorder, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding disorders. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35780",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Oculocutaneous Disorder, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding disorders. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35779",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Oculocutaneous Disorder, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding disorders. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35784",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Stickler Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with Stickler syndrome, a multisystem disorder that causes vision, hearing, and joint problems and is characterized by distinctive facial appearance related to abnormal development of bones in the middle of the face. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Stickler syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Stickler syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35786",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Stickler Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Stickler syndrome, a multisystem disorder that causes vision, hearing, and joint problems and is characterized by distinctive facial appearance related to abnormal development of bones in the middle of the face. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Stickler syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Stickler syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35785",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Stickler Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Stickler syndrome, a multisystem disorder that causes vision, hearing, and joint problems and is characterized by distinctive facial appearance related to abnormal development of bones in the middle of the face. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Stickler syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Stickler syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35800",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with xeroderma pigmentosum, a disorder caused by defects in DNA damage repair systems and characterized by sensitivity of the skin to ultraviolet light exposure. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with xeroderma pigmentosum. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple xeroderma pigmentosum-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35799",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Multisystem Disorder, Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with xeroderma pigmentosum, a disorder caused by defects in DNA damage repair systems and characterized by sensitivity of the skin to ultraviolet light exposure. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with xeroderma pigmentosum. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple xeroderma pigmentosum-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36074",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with neurodegenerative disorders, a collection of diseases associated with progressive loss of neuronal structure and/or function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple neurodegenerative disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36075",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons leading to paralysis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36076",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons leading to paralysis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36077",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons leading to paralysis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39704",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Basal Ganglia Calcification",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with basal ganglia calcification, a condition characterized by the accumulation of calcium in basal ganglia of the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with basal ganglia calcification. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetics changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple basal ganglia calcification-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36078",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Brain Iron Accumulation, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, a disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system caused by abnormal accumulation of iron in the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36079",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Brain Iron Accumulation, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, a disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system caused by abnormal accumulation of iron in the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36080",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with dementias, a collection of conditions characterized by forgetfulness, limited social skills, and/or impaired thinking. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dementias. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple dementia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36081",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Alzheimer",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Alzheimer's disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36082",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Alzheimer, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Alzheimer's disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36083",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Alzheimer, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Alzheimer's disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36084",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with dementias, a collection of conditions characterized by forgetfulness, limited social skills, and/or impaired thinking. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dementias. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of dementia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36085",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with dementias, a collection of conditions characterized by forgetfulness, limited social skills, and/or impaired thinking. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dementias. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of dementia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36086",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with dementias, a collection of conditions characterized by forgetfulness, limited social skills, and/or impaired thinking. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dementias. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of dementia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36087",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Frontotemporal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with frontotemporal dementias, a collection of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by atrophy of the frontal and temporal brain lobes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with frontotemporal dementias. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple frontotemporal dementia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36088",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Frontotemporal, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "olecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with frontotemporal dementias, a collection of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by atrophy of the frontal and temporal brain lobes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with frontotemporal dementias. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple frontotemporal dementia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36089",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dementia, Frontotemporal, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with frontotemporal dementias, a collection of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by atrophy of the frontal and temporal brain lobes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with frontotemporal dementias. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple frontotemporal dementia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39706",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Dystonia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with dystonia, a collection of movement disorders characterized by abnormal muscle contractions that affect movement and/or posture. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with dystonia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetics changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple dystonia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37532",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Hereditary Ataxias",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hereditary ataxias, a collection of neurodegenerative disorders associated with the progressive incoordination of gait, hand movement, eye movement, and/or speech. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary ataxias. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hereditary ataxia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37533",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Hereditary Ataxias, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with hereditary ataxias, a collection of neurodegenerative disorders associated with the progressive incoordination of gait, hand movement, eye movement, and/or speech. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary ataxias. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of hereditary ataxia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37534",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Hereditary Ataxias, Spinocerebellar",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with spinocerebellar ataxias, a collection of hereditary ataxias characterized by neurodegeneration within the cerebellum and or spinal cord. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxias. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple spinocerebellar ataxia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36090",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Parkinson",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia (slowness of movement), involuntary shaking/tremor, muscle stiffness, and trouble with balance. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Parkinson's disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Parkinson's disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36091",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Parkinson, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia (slowness of movement), involuntary shaking/tremor, muscle stiffness, and trouble with balance. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Parkinson's disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Parkinson's disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36092",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodegenerative Disorder, Parkinson, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia (slowness of movement), involuntary shaking/tremor, muscle stiffness, and trouble with balance. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Parkinson's disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Parkinson's disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39653",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, a collection of diseases associated with improper formation of the brain/nervous system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple neurodevelopmental disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36093",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Brain, Intellectual Disability",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with intellectual disability, a collection of disorders associated with limitations in mental capacity (e.g., learning, problem solving, reasoning) and adaptive behavior (e.g., conceptual skills, practical skills, social skills). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with intellectual disability. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple intellectual disability-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36094",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Brain, Intellectual Disability, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with intellectual disability, a collection of disorders associated with limitations in mental capacity (e.g., learning, problem solving, reasoning) and adaptive behavior (e.g., conceptual skills, practical skills, social skills). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with intellectual disability. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple intellectual disability-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36095",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Brain, Intellectual Disability, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with intellectual disability, a collection of disorders associated with limitations in mental capacity (e.g., learning, problem solving, reasoning) and adaptive behavior (e.g., conceptual skills, practical skills, social skills). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with intellectual disability. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple intellectual disability-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39654",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, a collection of diseases associated with improper formation of the brain/nervous system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of neurodevelopmental disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36096",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Nerve, Hirschsprung Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Hirschsprung disease, a disorder characterized by the failure of enteric nerves to develop properly leading to loss of intestinal peristalsis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Hirschsprung disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Hirschsprung disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36097",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Nerve, Hirschsprung Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Hirschsprung disease, a disorder characterized by the failure of enteric nerves to develop properly leading to loss of intestinal peristalsis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Hirschsprung disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Hirschsprung disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36098",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with neuromuscular disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by impairment of skeletal muscle function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neuromuscular disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple neuromuscular disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40383",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Collagen VI-Related Myopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with collagen VI-related disorders, a collection of myopathies caused by genetic variants in genes encoding components of type VI collagen. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with collagen VI-related myopathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple collagen VI-related myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36099",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with neuromuscular disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by impairment of skeletal muscle function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neuromuscular disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of neuromuscular disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36100",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with neuromuscular disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by impairment of skeletal muscle function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neuromuscular disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of neuromuscular disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36101",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with neuromuscular disorders, a collection of diseases characterized by impairment of skeletal muscle function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neuromuscular disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of neuromuscular disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36102",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with muscular dystrophies, a collection of neuromuscular diseases characterized by progressive weakening and degeneration of skeletal muscles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with muscular dystrophies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple muscular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36103",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with muscular dystrophies, a collection of neuromuscular diseases characterized by progressive weakening and degeneration of skeletal muscles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with muscular dystrophies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of muscular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36104",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with muscular dystrophies, a collection of neuromuscular diseases characterized by progressive weakening and degeneration of skeletal muscles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with muscular dystrophies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of muscular dystrophies-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36105",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with muscular dystrophies, a collection of neuromuscular diseases characterized by progressive weakening and degeneration of skeletal muscles. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with muscular dystrophies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of muscular dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36106",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Emery-Dreifuss syndrome, a form of muscular dystrophy affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles and characterized by contractures, a tightening of joints that can lead to joint rigidity and/or deformity. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Emery-Dreifuss syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Emery-Dreifuss syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36107",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Emery-Dreifuss syndrome, a form of muscular dystrophy affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles and characterized by contractures, a tightening of joints that can lead to joint rigidity and/or deformity. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Emery-Dreifuss syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Emery-Dreifuss syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36108",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Emery-Dreifuss syndrome, a form of muscular dystrophy affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles and characterized by contractures, a tightening of joints that can lead to joint rigidity and/or deformity. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Emery-Dreifuss syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Emery-Dreifuss syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36109",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with limb-girdle muscle dystrophy, a collection of muscular dystrophies mainly affecting the muscles of the arms and legs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with limb-girdle muscle dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple limb-girdle muscle dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36110",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with limb-girdle muscle dystrophy, a collection of muscular dystrophies mainly affecting the muscles of the arms and legs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with limb-girdle muscle dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple limb-girdle muscle dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36111",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with limb-girdle muscle dystrophy, a collection of muscular dystrophies mainly affecting the muscles of the arms and legs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with limb-girdle muscle dystrophy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple limb-girdle muscle dystrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36112",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Myofibrillar Myopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with myofibrillar myopathies, a collection of muscular dystrophies mainly affecting skeletal muscles whose signs and symptoms typically arise in mid-adulthood. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myofibrillar myopathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple myofibrillar myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36113",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Myofibrillar Myopathy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with myofibrillar myopathies, a collection of muscular dystrophies mainly affecting skeletal muscles whose signs and symptoms typically arise in mid-adulthood. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myofibrillar myopathies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple myofibrillar myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36114",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Myofibrillar Myopathy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with myofibrillar myopathies, a collection of muscular dystrophies mainly affecting skeletal muscles whose signs and symptoms typically arise in mid-adulthood. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with myofibrillar myopathies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple myofibrillar myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36115",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Walker-Warburg Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Walker-Warburg syndrome, a form of muscular dystrophy that also affects development of the brain and eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Walker-Warburg syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Walker-Warburg syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36116",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Walker-Warburg Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Walker-Warburg syndrome, a form of muscular dystrophy that also affects development of the brain and eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Walker-Warburg syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Walker-Warburg syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36117",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Muscular Dystrophy, Walker-Warburg Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Walker-Warburg syndrome, a form of muscular dystrophy that also affects development of the brain and eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Walker-Warburg syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Walker-Warburg syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36118",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Nemaline Myopathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with nemaline myopathy, a form of muscular dystrophy mainly affecting the muscles of the face, neck, and limbs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nemaline myopathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple nemaline myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36119",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Nemaline Myopathy, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with nemaline myopathy, a form of muscular dystrophy mainly affecting the muscles of the face, neck, and limbs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nemaline myopathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple nemaline myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36120",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Nemaline Myopathy, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with nemaline myopathy, a form of muscular dystrophy mainly affecting the muscles of the face, neck, and limbs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nemaline myopathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple nemaline myopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40377",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Periodic Paralysis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with periodic paralysis, a collection of heritable conditions characterized by recurring attacks of severe muscle weakness or paralysis that may be associated with elevated or reduced levels of blood potassium (i.e., hyperkalemia, hypokalemia). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary periodic paralysis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple periodic paralysis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36121",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Spinal Muscular Atrophy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with spinal muscular atrophy, a neuromuscular disorder caused by loss of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple spinal muscular atrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36122",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Basic Test, SMN1/SMN2 Genes, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the SMN1 and SMN2 genes simultaneously. Genetic variants at these loci have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36123",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Basic Test, SMN1/SMN2 Genes, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SMN1 and SMN2 genes simultaneously. Genetic variants at these loci have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36124",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with spinal muscular atrophy, a neuromuscular disorder caused by loss of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of spinal muscular atrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36125",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with spinal muscular atrophy, a neuromuscular disorder caused by loss of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of spinal muscular atrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36126",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorder, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with spinal muscular atrophy, a neuromuscular disorder caused by loss of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of spinal muscular atrophy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39756",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Neuromuscular Disorders, Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes/Arthrogryposis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with congenital myasthenic syndromes and/or arthrogryposis (i.e., congenital joint contracture). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with congenital myasthenic syndromes and arthrogryposis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple congenital myasthenic syndrome/arthrogryposis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35801",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Newborn Screening",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in screening of neonates for gene variants associated with genetic disease. Newborn screening may involve the detection of genetic variants at multiple loci. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple loci associated with congenital diseases simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35802",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Newborn Screening, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in screening of neonates for the majority of gene variants known to be associated with genetic disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of loci associated with congenital diseases simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35803",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Newborn Screening, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in screening of neonates for mutations in genes associated with genetic disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of loci associated with congenital diseases simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35761",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Overgrowth Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with overgrowth syndrome, a collection of disorders characterized by an abnormal increase in the size of the body or a particular body part. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with overgrowth syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple overgrowth syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35762",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Overgrowth Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with overgrowth syndrome, a collection of disorders characterized by an abnormal increase in the size of the body or a particular body part. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with overgrowth syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple overgrowth syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40813",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pancreatic Disorder, Pancreatitis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagent intended to identify gene variants associated with hereditary pancreatitis, a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of pancreatic inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary pancreatitis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in hereditary pancreatitis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "41062",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pancreatitis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with hereditary pancreatitis, a genetic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of pancreatic inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary pancreatitis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hereditary pancreatitis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35763",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Periodic Fever Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes, a collection of disorders characterized by repeated occurrences of elevated body temperature (i.e., fever) and localized inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hereditary periodic fever syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35764",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Periodic Fever Syndrome, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes, a collection of disorders characterized by repeated occurrences of elevated body temperature (i.e., fever) and localized inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hereditary periodic fever syndromes-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35766",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Periodic Fever Syndrome, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes, a collection of disorders characterized by repeated occurrences of elevated body temperature (i.e., fever) and localized inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple hereditary periodic fever syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35765",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Periodic Fever Syndrome, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes, a collection of disorders characterized by repeated occurrences of elevated body temperature (i.e., fever) and localized inflammation. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hereditary periodic fever syndromes. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hereditary periodic fever syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36864",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Periodontal Disease Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with susceptibility to periodontal disease (i.e., gum disease), a chronic infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with susceptibility to periodontal disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple periodontal disease susceptibility loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36127",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with peripheral neuropathy, a collection of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Hereditary peripheral neuropathies may affect motor, sensory, and/or autonomic nerve function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peripheral neuropathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple peripheral neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36128",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with peripheral neuropathy, a collection of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Hereditary peripheral neuropathies may affect motor, sensory, and/or autonomic nerve function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peripheral neuropathy. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of peripheral neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36129",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with peripheral neuropathy, a collection of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Hereditary peripheral neuropathies may affect motor, sensory, and/or autonomic nerve function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peripheral neuropathy. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of peripheral neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36130",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with peripheral neuropathy, a collection of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Hereditary peripheral neuropathies may affect motor, sensory, and/or autonomic nerve function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with peripheral neuropathy. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of peripheral neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36132",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Motor",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with motor neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that primarily affect motor functions (e.g., muscle weakness, muscle loss). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with motor neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple motor neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36133",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Motor, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with motor neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that primarily affect motor functions (e.g., muscle weakness, muscle loss). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with motor neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple motor neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36134",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Motor, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with motor neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that primarily affect motor functions (e.g., muscle weakness, muscle loss). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with motor neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple motor neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36135",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Motor/Sensory",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with motor and sensory neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that affect both motor functions (e.g., muscle weakness, muscle loss) and sensory functions (e.g., numbness, pain). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with motor and sensory neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple motor and sensory neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36136",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Motor/Sensory, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with motor and sensory neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that affect both motor functions (e.g., muscle weakness, muscle loss) and sensory functions (e.g., numbness, pain). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with motor and sensory neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple motor and sensory neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36137",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Motor/Sensory, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with motor and sensory neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that affect both motor functions (e.g., muscle weakness, muscle loss) and sensory functions (e.g., numbness, pain). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with motor and sensory neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple motor and sensory neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36138",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Sensory",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with sensory neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that primarily affect sensory functions (e.g., numbness, pain). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with sensory neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple sensory neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36139",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Sensory, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with sensory neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that primarily affect sensory functions (e.g., numbness, pain). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with sensory neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple sensory neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36140",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Peripheral Neuropathy, Sensory, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with sensory neuropathies, a collection of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that primarily affect sensory functions (e.g., numbness, pain). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with sensory neuropathies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple sensory neuropathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36680",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pharmacogenetic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with altered patient response to pharmaceuticals. Variants have been identified at multiple genetic loci that affect pharmacokinetics (i.e., drug metabolism) or pharmacodynamics (i.e., the interaction between a drug and its target). These pharmacogenetic tests are intended to be used as an aid in establishing proper pharmaceutical dosing, potentially avoiding adverse reactions or sub-therapeutic dosing in certain patients. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple pharmacogenetic loci simultaneously. In addition to general pharmacogenetic panel tests that detect genetic variants that affect the metabolism of many drugs, panel tests tailored to detecting pharmacogenetic variants affecting drugs used in specific clinical indications (e.g., mental health pharmaceuticals, pain pharmaceuticals) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36681",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pharmacogenetic, Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with altered patient response to cardiovascular pharmaceuticals (e.g., antithrombotics). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple cardiovascular pharmacogenetic loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37115",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pharmacogenetic, Chemotherapeutic",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with altered patient response to chemotherapeutic drugs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of chemotherapeutic drugs. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple chemotherapeutic drug loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36683",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pharmacogenetic, Pain",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with altered patient response to pain pharmaceuticals (i.e., analgesics). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of pain pharmaceuticals. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple pain pharmacogenetic loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36682",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pharmacogenetic, Psychiatric",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with altered patient response to psychiatric pharmaceuticals (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of psychiatric pharmaceuticals. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple psychiatric pharmacogenetic loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36684",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pharmacogenetic, Substance Abuse",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with altered patient response to substance abuse pharmaceuticals (i.e., anti-addiction medications). Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of substance abuse pharmaceuticals. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple substance abuse pharmacogenetic loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36820",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pregnancy Loss",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to assess the products of conception from patients who have experienced a spontaneous miscarriage for genetic alterations. Multiple genetic alterations have been associated with recurrent miscarriage, in particular changes in chromosomal copy number (i.e., aneuploidies). These reagents are capable of assessing multiple loci and/or chromosomes for miscarriage-associated genetic alterations simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36886",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Preimplantation Screening/Diagnosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to assess genetic material from either oocytes (i.e., polar body analysis) or embryos (e.g., blastomere analysis) before implantation into the uterus for genetic anomalies that could lead to pregnancy loss (e.g., aneuploidies) and/or lead to a genetic disorder in  a child. Genetic changes with the potential to cause pregnancy loss and/or genetic disorders have been identified at numerous loci. These reagents are intended to detect multiple genetic loci and/or chromosomes for disease-associated genetic anomalies simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35804",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Prenatal Screening",
      "definition": "IVD panels used in screening fetal genetic material collected in utero for variants associated with genetic disease. Prenatal screening may involve the detection of genetic variants at multiple loci. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., aneuploidies, deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple loci associated with congenital diseases simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36808",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Prenatal Screening, Fetal Aneuploidies",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify fetal aneuploidies (i.e., abnormal chromosome copy number), which can cause perinatal death and/or various genetic syndromes (i.e., Down, Edwards, Klinefelter, Patau, Turner). Fetal aneuploidies commonly tested for include autosomal trisomies (i.e., an additional copy of a single chromosome) and sex chromosome aneuploidies. These reagents are intended to assess two or more chromosomes for aneuploidy simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37586",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Proportionate Short Stature",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with proportionate short stature, a condition characterized by a height less than two standard deviations from the mean for a given age and gender and shortening of different body regions to a similar extent. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with genetic causes of proportionate short stature. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple proportionate short stature-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35495",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with pulmonary disorders, a collection of disorders affecting the structure and/or function of the lungs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple pulmonary disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35496",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with pulmonary disorders, a collection of disorders affecting the structure and/or function of the lungs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of pulmonary disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35498",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with pulmonary disorders, a collection of disorders affecting the structure and/or function of the lungs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary disorders. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of pulmonary disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35499",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with pulmonary disorders, a collection of disorders affecting the structure and/or function of the lungs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of pulmonary disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35501",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with pulmonary fibrosis, an interstitial lung disease that leads to scarring of lung tissue. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple pulmonary fibrosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35503",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with pulmonary fibrosis, an interstitial lung disease that leads to scarring of lung tissue. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple pulmonary fibrosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35505",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with pulmonary fibrosis, an interstitial lung disease that leads to scarring of lung tissue. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple pulmonary fibrosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35506",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis/Associated Disease",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with pulmonary fibrosis and diseases associated with developing pulmonary fibrosis (e.g., dyskeratosis congenita, familial pulmonary alveolar proteinosis). Susceptibility to pulmonary fibrosis and diseases associated with developing pulmonary fibrosis are known to be caused by genetic variants at multiple loci. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple loci pulmonary fibrosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35507",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis/Associated Disease, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with pulmonary fibrosis and diseases associated with developing pulmonary fibrosis (e.g., dyskeratosis congenita, familial pulmonary alveolar proteinosis). Susceptibility to pulmonary fibrosis and diseases associated with developing pulmonary fibrosis are known to be caused by genetic variants at multiple loci. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple pulmonary fibrosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35508",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis/Associated Disease, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with pulmonary fibrosis and diseases associated with developing pulmonary fibrosis (e.g., dyskeratosis congenita, familial pulmonary alveolar proteinosis). Susceptibility to pulmonary fibrosis and diseases associated with developing pulmonary fibrosis are known to be caused by genetic variants at multiple loci. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple pulmonary fibrosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35510",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis/Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with primary pulmonary fibrosis and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a genetic disorder that leads to signs and symptoms in multiple body systems including high rates of pulmonary fibrosis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple pulmonary fibrosis/Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35512",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis/Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with pulmonary fibrosis and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a genetic disorder that leads to signs and symptoms in multiple body systems including high rates of pulmonary fibrosis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple primary pulmonary fibrosis/Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35511",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Fibrosis/Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with pulmonary fibrosis and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a genetic disorder that leads to signs and symptoms in multiple body systems including high rates of pulmonary fibrosis. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple pulmonary fibrosis/Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35514",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Hypertension",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with pulmonary hypertension, a disorder in which blood pressure is elevated in the arteries of the lungs and the right side of the heart. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary hypertension. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple pulmonary hypertension-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35515",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Hypertension, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with pulmonary hypertension, a disorder in which blood pressure is elevated in the arteries of the lungs and the right side of the heart. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary hypertension. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple pulmonary hypertension-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35516",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Hypertension, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with pulmonary hypertension, a disorder in which blood pressure is elevated in the arteries of the lungs and the right side of the heart. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with pulmonary hypertension. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple pulmonary hypertension-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35517",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, a collection of genetic conditions caused by defects in cilia and/or flagella function, which leads to a range of defects including breathing problems, recurrent respiratory infections, abnormal location of internal organs, and infertility. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple primary ciliary dyskinesia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35518",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, a collection of genetic conditions caused by defects in cilia and/or flagella function, which leads to a range of defects including breathing problems, recurrent respiratory infections, abnormal location of internal organs, and infertility. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple primary ciliary dyskinesia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35519",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, a collection of genetic conditions caused by defects in cilia and/or flagella function, which leads to a range of defects including breathing problems, recurrent respiratory infections, abnormal location of internal organs, and infertility. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple primary ciliary dyskinesia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35520",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Surfactant Deficiency",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with surfactant deficiency, a collection of diseases caused by deficiencies in the phospholipids that line lung tissues, leading difficulties breathing. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with surfactant deficiency. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple surfactant deficiency-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35521",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Surfactant Deficiency, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with surfactant deficiency, a collection of diseases caused by deficiencies in the phospholipids that line lung tissues, leading difficulties breathing. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with surfactant deficiency. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple surfactant deficiency-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35522",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Pulmonary Disorder, Surfactant Deficiency, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with surfactant deficiency, a collection of diseases caused by deficiencies in the phospholipids that line lung tissues, leading difficulties breathing. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with surfactant deficiency. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple surfactant deficiency-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36141",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with rasopathies, a collection of genetic disorders caused by dysfunction in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and characterized by multiple signs and symptoms including facial abnormalities, developmental delays, cardiac defects, growth delays, neurologic symptoms, and gastrointestinal difficulties. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rasopathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple rasopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37463",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic variants associated with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, substitutions) in multiple cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36142",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with rasopathies, a collection of genetic disorders caused by dysfunction in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and characterized by multiple signs and symptoms including facial abnormalities, developmental delays, cardiac defects, growth delays, neurologic symptoms, and gastrointestinal difficulties. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rasopathies. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of rasopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36143",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with rasopathies, a collection of genetic disorders caused by dysfunction in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and characterized by multiple signs and symptoms including facial abnormalities, developmental delays, cardiac defects, growth delays, neurologic symptoms, and gastrointestinal difficulties. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rasopathies. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of rasopathy-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36144",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with rasopathies, a collection of genetic disorders caused by dysfunction in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and characterized by multiple signs and symptoms including facial abnormalities, developmental delays, cardiac defects, growth delays, neurologic symptoms, and gastrointestinal difficulties. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with rasopathies. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple rasopathies-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36145",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Multiple Lentigines Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with multiple lentigines syndrome, a form of rasopathy characterized by brown skin spots, cardiac defects, widely spaced eyes, sunken or protruding chest, and short stature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with multiple lentigines syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in more than one multiple lentigines syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36146",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Multiple Lentigines Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with multiple lentigines syndrome, a form of rasopathy characterized by brown skin spots, cardiac defects, widely spaced eyes, sunken or protruding chest, and short stature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with multiple lentigines syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in more than one multiple lentigines syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36147",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Multiple Lentigines Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with multiple lentigines syndrome, a form of rasopathy characterized by brown skin spots, cardiac defects, widely spaced eyes, sunken or protruding chest, and short stature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with multiple lentigines syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in more than one  multiple lentigines syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36148",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Neurofibromatosis Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with neurofibromatosis, a collection of genetic disorders characterized by the formation of tumors in the nervous system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurofibromatosis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple neurofibromatosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36149",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Neurofibromatosis Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with neurofibromatosis, a collection of genetic disorders characterized by the formation of tumors in the nervous system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurofibromatosis. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple neurofibromatosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36150",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Neurofibromatosis Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with neurofibromatosis, a collection of genetic disorders characterized by the formation of tumors in the nervous system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with neurofibromatosis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple neurofibromatosis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36151",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Noonan Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Noonan syndrome, a form of rasopathy characterized by multiple signs and symptoms including unusual facial features, short stature, cardiac defects, bleeding problems, and skeletal abnormalities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Noonan syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Noonan syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36152",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Noonan Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Noonan syndrome, a form of rasopathy characterized by multiple signs and symptoms including unusual facial features, short stature, cardiac defects, bleeding problems, and skeletal abnormalities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Noonan syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Noonan syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36153",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Rasopathies, Noonan Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Noonan syndrome, a form of rasopathy characterized by multiple signs and symptoms including unusual facial features, short stature, cardiac defects, bleeding problems, and skeletal abnormalities. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Noonan syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Noonan syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35474",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with renal disorders, a collection of conditions involving structural or functional deficits of the kidneys. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with renal disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple renal disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35480",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Alport Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with Alport syndrome, a heritable disorder affecting kidney function as well as hearing loss and abnormalities of the eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alport syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple Alport syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35482",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Alport Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with Alport syndrome, a heritable disorder affecting kidney function as well as hearing loss and abnormalities of the eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alport syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple Alport syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35481",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Alport Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with Alport syndrome, a heritable disorder affecting kidney function as well as hearing loss and abnormalities of the eyes. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with Alport syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple Alport syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35477",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, a disorder characterized by the formation of thrombi in the small blood vessels, particularly in the kidneys, which may lead to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or kidney failure. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35479",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, a disorder characterized by the formation of thrombi in the small blood vessels, particularly in the kidneys, which may lead to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or kidney failure. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35478",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, a disorder characterized by the formation of thrombi in the small blood vessels, particularly in the kidneys, which may lead to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or kidney failure. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35475",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with renal disorders, a collection of conditions involving structural or functional deficits of the kidneys. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with renal disorders. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of renal disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35476",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with renal disorders, a collection of conditions involving structural or functional deficits of the kidneys. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with renal disorders. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of renal disorder-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35492",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Nephronophthisis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with nephronophthisis, a renal disorder characterized by inflammation and scarring of the kidneys, which impairs kidney function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nephronophthisis. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple nephronophthisis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35494",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Nephronophthisis, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with nephronophthisis, a renal disorder characterized by inflammation and scarring of the kidneys, which impairs kidney function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nephronophthisis. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple nephronophthisis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35493",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Nephronophthisis, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with nephronophthisis, a renal disorder characterized by inflammation and scarring of the kidneys, which impairs kidney function. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nephronophthisis. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple nephronophthisis-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "36872",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Nephrotic Syndrome",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with nephrotic syndrome, a group of symptoms caused by kidney damage including proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with nephrotic syndrome. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple nephrotic syndrome-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35483",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Polycystic Kidney",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with polycystic kidney disease, a disorder characterized by the formation of multiple fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys and other organs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with polycystic kidney disease. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple polycystic kidney disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35485",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Polycystic Kidney, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with polycystic kidney disease, a disorder characterized by the formation of multiple fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys and other organs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with polycystic kidney disease. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple polycystic kidney disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35484",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Renal Disorder, Polycystic Kidney, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with polycystic kidney disease, a disorder characterized by the formation of multiple fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys and other organs. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with polycystic kidney disease. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple polycystic kidney disease-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40092",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Systemic Hypertension, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutation in genes associated with systemic hypertension, a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure in the arterial system. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with systemic hypertension. These reagents are intended to detect mutation in multiple systemic hypertension-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35691",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with vascular malformations, a collection of heritable disorders characterized by localized defects in the development of the vasculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vascular malformations. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple vascular malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "40378",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation, Cerebral Cavernous",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with familial cerebral cavernous malformations, vascular malformations in the central nervous system characterized by clusters of enlarged and abnormally structured capillaries. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with cerebral cavernous malformations. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple cerebral cavernous malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35692",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation, Comprehensive",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify variants in the majority of genes known to be associated with vascular malformations, a collection of heritable disorders characterized by localized defects in the development of the vasculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vascular malformations. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the majority of vascular malformations-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35694",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation, Comprehensive, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the majority of genes known to be associated with vascular malformations, a collection of heritable disorders characterized by localized defects in the development of the vasculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vascular malformations. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in the majority of vascular malformation-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35693",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation, Comprehensive, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the majority of genes known to be associated with vascular malformations, a collection of heritable disorders characterized by localized defects in the development of the vasculature. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with vascular malformations. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in the majority of vascular malformations-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35695",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation, Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify gene variants associated with hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a hereditary vascular disorder characterized by arteriovenous malformations (irregular connections between arteries and veins), which lead to hemorrhages. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemorrhagic telangiectasia. These reagents are intended to detect various types of genetic changes (e.g., deletions, duplications, insertions, single nucleotide polymorphisms) in multiple hemorrhagic telangiectasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35697",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation, Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, Del/Dup",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in genes associated with hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a hereditary vascular disorder characterized by arteriovenous malformations (irregular connections between arteries and veins), which lead to hemorrhages. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemorrhagic telangiectasia. These reagents are intended to detect deletions and duplications in multiple hemorrhagic telangiectasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "35696",
      "display": "IVD Panels, Human Genetics, Vascular Malformation, Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in genes associated with hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a hereditary vascular disorder characterized by arteriovenous malformations (irregular connections between arteries and veins), which lead to hemorrhages. Genetic variants at multiple loci have been associated with hemorrhagic telangiectasia. These reagents are intended to detect mutations in multiple hemorrhagic telangiectasia-associated loci simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "39380",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent Kits, Multimodal Assay, Gene Anomaly/Immunoassay/Immunohistochemistry-Immunocytochemistry",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis; determine the presence and/or levels of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunoassay; and determine the presence, levels, and/or sub-cellular localization of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these individual tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "17027",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits",
      "definition": "Substances intended to detect and/or measure, in some cases producing or modifying other substances, a specific analyte of interest (e.g., enzymes, hormones). Substances used as reagents must be sufficiently pure to appropriately perform a  specific analytical test. Reagents are typically used in the clinical laboratory for clinical chemistry, immunochemistry, hematology, microbiology (e.g., culture), infectious immunology, and molecular biology (e.g., nucleic acid technology) tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "17042",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Chromatography",
      "definition": "Reagents used in assays to separate mixtures of chemical compounds into individual components according to the different rates at which they are retarded by a stationary material (stationary phase) as they pass over it. These reagents include a solvent mixture (i.e., the mobile phase, a gas or liquid) that carries the sample, the adsorbing material (a thin layer or a column), and other auxiliary reagents (e.g., solvents for elution). Chromatography reagents are mostly used in the clinical laboratory to identify trace quantities of substances in body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "17043",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Chromatography, Gas",
      "definition": "Reagents intended for chromatography tests using a gas phase to carry the sample through the stationary material. Helium or nitrogen is typically used as the mobile phase to carry the sample. Gas chromatography reagents are frequently used in the clinical laboratory to identify trace quantities of substances (e.g., therapeutic or toxic drugs) in body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "17045",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Chromatography, Liquid",
      "definition": "Reagents intended for chromatography tests using a liquid phase to carry the sample through the stationary material. Water or solvents are typically used as the mobile phase to carry the sample. Liquid chromatography reagents are frequently used in the clinical laboratory to identify trace quantities of substances (e.g., therapeutic or toxic drugs) in body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "17044",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Chromatography, Liquid, High-Pressure",
      "definition": "Reagents intended for chromatography tests using a liquid phase forced by high pressure to carry the sample through the stationary material. Water or solvents are typically used as the mobile phase to carry the sample. High-pressure liquid chromatography reagents are frequently used in the clinical laboratory to identify trace quantities of substances (e.g., therapeutic or toxic drugs)  in body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "17046",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Chromatography, Thin-Layer",
      "definition": "Reagents intended for chromatography tests using a thin layer of the support particles spread on a flat glass or plastic plate; the mobile phase travels up the plate by capillary action. Thin-layer chromatography reagents are frequently used in the clinical laboratory to identify trace quantities of substances (e.g., therapeutic or toxic drugs) in body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "17091",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid as well as of feces and tissue, using either manual or automated procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18930",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Alcohol Level",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative chemical analysis of body fluids (e.g., blood, serum, saliva, urine) to determine the level of one or more of the most typically found alcohols, such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and acetone (a metabolite of isopropanol). Alcohols are considered toxic substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "28033",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Amino Acid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to be used in the performance of  qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in a sample of plasma or urine) to determine the level of one or more amino acids. Amino acids are organic compounds including both an amino group and a carboxyl group; alpha amino acids are the main components of proteins. The clinical significance of amino acid levels depends on the amino acid and body fluid chosen for analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "28034",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Amino Acid, Homocysteine, Total",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to be used in the performance of  quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically plasma or urine) to determine the total (i.e., the sum of protein bound, oxidized and reduced) level of homocysteine. Homocysteine (Hcy) is  a sulfur-containing amino acid that is a metabolic intermediary derived from the essential sulfur containing amino acid methionine. The clinical significance of total Hcy levels are is related to a variety of conditions (vitamin B deficiency, renal diseases, genetic defects, drug consumption, age, general health status); high levels of total Hcy may be indicators of atherosclerosis and of other cardiovascular diseases. The tests are also used in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria."
    },
    {
      "code": "17126",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Blood Gas/pH",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of blood to determine the pH value and the levels of gases commonly present in blood (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18985",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Buffer",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used to resist changes in the concentration of substances during a clinical chemistry assay performed to determine a product (e.g., enzymes, substrates, electrolytes) in body fluids, usually keeping the pH of the solution as constant as possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "18987",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Buffer, Electrolyte Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used as buffers in assays performed to determine the electrolyte (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride) content in body fluids, usually keeping the pH of the solution as constant as possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "18986",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Buffer, Enzyme Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used as buffers in assays performed to determine  enzyme (e.g., aldolase, creatine kinase) content in body fluids, usually keeping the pH of the solution as constant as possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "17031",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Calibration",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in chemical and/or enzymatic assays used in the determination of components in human specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "18980",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Calibration, Blood Gas/pH Test",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in clinical chemistry assays used in the determination of pH and gas content (e.g., carbon dioxide) in a sample of blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "18981",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Calibration, Cerebrospinal Fluid Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in chemical and/or enzymatic assays used in the determination of analyte content (e.g., proteins, lipids) in a sample of cerebrospinal fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18977",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Calibration, Electrolyte Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in chemical and/or enzymatic assays used in the determination of electrolyte (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride) content in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18976",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Calibration, Enzyme Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in chemical and/or enzymatic assays used in the determination of enzyme (e.g., aldolase, creatine kinase) content in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18978",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Calibration, Serum Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in chemical and/or enzymatic assays used in the determination of analyte content (e.g., proteins, lipids) in a sample of serum."
    },
    {
      "code": "17039",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Calibration, Urine Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in chemical and/or enzymatic assays used in the determination of analyte content (e.g., proteins, lipids) in a sample of urine."
    },
    {
      "code": "20002",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Catecholamine Metabolite",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine the level of catecholamine metabolites (e.g., vanillylmandelic and/or homovanillic acids). Increases levels of catecholamine metabolites in urine are associated with catecholamine secreting tumors. Determination of catecholamine metabolites is frequently performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "20004",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Catecholamine Metabolite, Homovanillic Acid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine homovanillic acid (HVA), a catecholamine metabolite from the hormone dopamine. Increased levels of urinary HVA are found in patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors, particularly neuroblastomas. Determination of vanillylmandelic acid is frequently performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "20003",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Catecholamine Metabolite, Vanillylmandelic Acid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine vanillylmandelic acid, a catecholamine metabolite derived from the hormone epinephrine and/or norepinephrine. Increased levels of urinary vanillylmandelic acid is found in patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors. Determination of vanillylmandelic acid is frequently performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "17058",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values used for quality control of  chemical or enzymatic assays. Some control reagents are used in multianalyte assays, while others are specific for a particular analyte determination."
    },
    {
      "code": "17128",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Blood Gas/pH",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents usually consisting of aqueous solutions with known pH and equilibrated with known levels of gases commonly present in blood (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide); they are used for quality control of assays of blood gases and pH performed in a sample of blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "18972",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Cerebrospinal Fluid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)  pooled from donors; stabilized CSF is used as a reagent for quality control of assays (e.g., glucose, protein) performed in a sample of CSF."
    },
    {
      "code": "18974",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Abnormal",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)  pooled either from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of specific metabolites or, less frequently, obtained by extracting some components from normal donor CSF (i.e., deficient CSF); they are used as  reagents for quality control of specific assays (e.g., glucose, protein) performed in a sample of CSF."
    },
    {
      "code": "18973",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Normal",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pooled from normal donors (i.e., donors with approximately normal levels of CSF constituents); they are used as reagents for quality control of assays (e.g., glucose, protein) performed in a sample of CSF."
    },
    {
      "code": "18991",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Electrolyte Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values used for quality control of assays performed to determine the electrolyte (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride) content in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18958",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Enzyme Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values used for quality control of an assay performed to determine the enzyme (e.g., aldolase, creatine kinase) content in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18960",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled from donors; control serum is used for quality control of assays  performed in a sample of body fluids. Control serum is usually aseptically filtered and frozen or lyophilized."
    },
    {
      "code": "18962",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Abnormal",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of specific metabolites or, less frequently, obtained by extracting some components from normal donor serum (i.e., deficient serum); abnormal serum control reagents are mostly used for quality control of specific clinical chemistry assays  performed in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18968",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Albumin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from donors with normal levels of albumin or from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of albumin; less frequently, they are obtained by extracting albumin from normal donor serum (i.e., albumin-deficient serum). These control reagents are mostly used for quality control of albumin assays  performed in a sample of serum or plasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "18966",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Bilirubin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from donors with normal levels of bilirubin or from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of bilirubin. Bilirubin control reagents are mostly used for quality control of bilirubin assays  performed in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18963",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Enzyme",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from donors with normal levels of enzymes or from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of specific enzymes; less frequently they are obtained by extracting some enzymes from normal donor serum (i.e., enzyme-deficient serum). Enzyme control reagents are mostly used for quality control of specific enzyme assays  performed in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18964",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Lipid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from donors with normal levels of lipids or from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of  total lipoproteins or of some specific lipids; less frequently, they are obtained by extracting some lipids from normal donor serum (i.e., lipid-deficient serum). Lipid control reagents are mostly used for quality control of specific lipid assays  performed in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18965",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from donors with normal levels of lipoproteins or from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of  total lipoproteins or of some specific lipoproteins; less frequently, they are obtained by extracting some lipoproteins from normal donor serum (i.e., lipoprotein-deficient serum). Lipoprotein control reagents are mostly used for quality control of specific lipoprotein assays  performed in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18961",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Normal",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled from normal donors (i.e., with approximately normal levels of serum constituents); normal serum control reagents are used for quality control of assays  performed in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18967",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Protein",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from donors with normal levels of proteins or from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of  total proteins or of some specific proteins; less frequently, they are obtained by extracting some proteins from normal donor serum (i.e., protein-deficient serum). Protein control reagents are mostly used for quality control of specific lipoprotein assays  performed in a sample of a body fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18969",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Serum, Triglyceride",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of serum pooled either from donors with normal levels of triglycerides or from disease-state donors with above-normal concentrations of triglycerides; less frequently, as they are obtained by extracting triglycerides from normal donor serum (i.e., triglyceride-deficient serum). Triglyceride control reagents are mostly used for quality control of albumin assays  performed in a sample of serum or plasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17067",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Control, Urine",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of urine pooled from donors; control urine is used as a reagent for quality control of assays  performed in a sample of urine. Control urine is usually aseptically filtered and frozen or lyophilized."
    },
    {
      "code": "18943",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, D-Xylose",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum and urine)  to determine the level of D-xylose. The measure of D-xylose recovered in both samples of blood and urine a specific time after its oral administration permits the determination of D-xylose clearance, which is associated with the mucosal absorption ability of the small intestine. Low absorption of D-xylose is usual in intestine malabsorption but not when malabsorption is due to pancreatic insufficiency; low absorption of D-xylose also occurs in other diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease, pellagra, AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20005",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Dehydroepiandrosterone Metabolite",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and/or DHEA-sulfate metabolites, including 17-ketosteroid sulfate and 17-ketosteroid glucoronides (17-KS-G). Determination of DHEA metabolites in urine is used to  assess the health status of patients (both physical and mental), especially under stress conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20006",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Dehydroepiandrosterone Metabolite, 17-Ketosteroid-Sulfate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine 17-ketosteroid sulfate (17-KS-S), a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-sulfate. Determination of DHEA metabolites in urine is used to assess the health status of patients (both physical and mental), especially under stress conditions. Most of these assays also include the simultaneous determination of the cortisol metabolite 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS); the ratio of 17-KS-S to 17-OHCS seems to be a good indicator of the health status."
    },
    {
      "code": "18947",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum or  plasma) to determine the level of substances that dissociate into ions capable of conducting electricity (i.e., electrolytes). The most common electrolytes measured in clinical chemistry assays are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-), but other electrolytes, such as magnesium (Mg++), are also frequently determined."
    },
    {
      "code": "18948",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Ammonia/Ammonium",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically plasma or serum) to determine the level of ammonia (NH3), which is usually in a pH-dependent equilibrium with the ammonium electrolyte (NH4+) in blood. A high level of ammonia (i.e., hyperammonemia) causes toxic effects in the central nervous system, and may be caused by inherited metabolic diseases (e.g., deficiency of urea cycle enzymes in children) or by acquired diseases, such as hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18949",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Bicarbonate",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically plasma or serum) to determine the level of bicarbonate electrolyte (HCO3-), conventionally defined to include plasma bicarbonate, carbonate, and carbon dioxide (CO2) bound in plasma carbamino compounds. The level of bicarbonate dissolved in plasma ,together with the pH and the values of other gases contained in blood, is used to determine the acid-base imbalance. A high level of bicarbonate is found in metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis; a low level is associated with metabolic acidosis,  respiratory alkalosis, and several disorders such as diarrhea and dehydration."
    },
    {
      "code": "18950",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Calcium",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum, but plasma can be used) to determine the level of free calcium electrolyte (Ca++), approximately 50% of the total calcium content in blood. A high level of calcium in serum (i.e., hypercalcemia) is mostly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism and/or malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "18951",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Chloride",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum, urine, or sweat) to determine the chloride electrolyte (Cl-) level. A high level of chloride in plasma (hyperchloremia) is associated with dehydration, renal tubular disease, diabetes insipidus and several intoxications; a low level (hypochloremia) is associated with chronic pyelonephritis, Addison's disease, and metabolic acidosis. The determination of the concentration of chloride and sodium in sweat is used as a diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18952",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Lithium",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum, plasma, or urine) to determine the lithium electrolyte (Li+) level. Lithium is administered as a drug for treatment of manic-depressive diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18953",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Magnesium",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum, plasma, or urine) to determine the magnesium electrolyte (Mg++) level. A low  level of magnesium in serum or plasma (i.e., hypomagnesemia) is associated with impairment of the neuromuscular functions (e.g., convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias) but is not a reliable marker of magnesium deficiency by itself."
    },
    {
      "code": "18954",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Phosphorus/Inorganic Phosphate",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum or plasma) to determine the levels of both monovalent (H2PO4-) and divalent (HPO4--) potassium phosphate, the free phosphate electrolytes in blood. High levels of phosphates in blood (hyperphosphatemia) are associated  with renal failure to excrete phosphates and with some diseases such as acromegaly and leukemia; low levels (hypophosphatemia) are associated with some renal diseases, decreased intestinal absorption, and intracellular loss."
    },
    {
      "code": "18955",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Potassium",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum, plasma, or urine) to determine the potassium electrolyte (K+) level. High levels of potassium in blood (hyperkalemia) are associated with renal diseases; low levels (hypokalemia) are associated with alkalosis, renal diseases, chronic starvation, and the use of diuretic drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18956",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Electrolyte, Sodium",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis in a sample of a body fluid (typically serum or plasma) to determine the sodium electrolyte (Na+) level. High levels of sodium in blood (hypernatremia) are associated with excessive loss of fluids caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating; some injuries of the brain; and several diseases (e.g., cardiac failure). Low levels of sodium in blood (hyponatremia) are associated with decreased intake of sodium and metabolic acidosis. The determination of the concentration of chloride and sodium in sweat is used as a diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18868",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids to determine the level of proteins that have catalytic properties (i.e., enzymes); frequently, a reagent is used to determine a particular form of the various structurally related forms of the enzyme (i.e., an isoenzyme) that may have different chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics. Assays for determination of enzymes/isoenzymes may measure either directly, measuring the enzyme itself, or indirectly, such as measuring the enzymatic activity. The characterization of enzymatic activity is a diagnostic tool in many diseases, including myocardial infarction, hepatitis, and cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "18887",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, 2-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of enzyme 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The level of 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is typically measured as an alternative to determination of levels of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; its value may be used to assess myocardial infarction and liver diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18869",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, 5'-Nucleotidase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme 5'ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase (abbreviated as 5'NT or NTP). NTP activity is increased two- to sixfold in hepatobiliary diseases in which there is interference with the secretion of bile, as occurs when the bile duct is obstructed by stones or tumors or with biliary cirrhosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18870",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Acid Phosphatase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine total content of the enzyme acid phosphatase (ACP), including both prostatic and nonprostatic forms. Total ACP concentration in serum may be elevated in Paget's disease, hyperparathyroidism, cancer metastasis of the bones, and other diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18871",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Acid Phosphatase, Prostatic",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the prostatic form of the enzyme acid phosphatase (ACP). The measure of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of carcinoma of the prostate."
    },
    {
      "code": "28035",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Adenosine Deaminase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to be used in the performance of qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine the level of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) produced following instruction given by the ADA genes. Low ADA levels in blood are related to systemic metabolic disorders; ADA deficiency may cause opportunistic infections associated with marked lymphocytopenia and the absence of both humoral and cellular immune function. Early onset of ADA deficiency, usually diagnosed before age six months, characterizes a disease known as severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18872",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Alanine Transferase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme alanine transferase (ALT), also known as alanine aminotransferase. ALT in serum is typically increased in liver diseases associated with hepatic necrosis, such as viral hepatitis and infectious mononucleosis with involvement of the liver."
    },
    {
      "code": "18873",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Aldolase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme aldolase (ALD). Aldolase in serum increases in a variety of diseases, but the assays are mostly performed to determine primary diseases of skeletal muscle (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18874",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Alkaline Phosphatase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase is present in serum in different forms according to its origin (e.g., liver, bones, intestine); its level is increased in a variety of diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18875",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Alkaline Phosphatase, Isoenzyme",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the relative levels of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in bones, liver, and placenta. These measurements are used in the differential diagnosis of several diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18876",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Amylase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (e.g., serum, urine, pleural fluid) to determine the level of the enzyme amylase. Amylase levels are transiently raised in acute pancreatitis, both in serum and in urine; they are also used to assess the development of complications (e.g., ascites, pleural effusion) following acute pancreatitis and in other diseases (e.g., some tumors of the lungs)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18877",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Angiotensin Converting",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses on a body fluid sample to determine the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase). This enzyme, usually found in the luminal surface of the lungs, converts angiotensin I into activated angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin also stimulates the zona glomerulosa to produce aldosterone as part of renal metabolism."
    },
    {
      "code": "18890",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Arylamidase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme arylamidase (also known as leucine aminopeptidase). The level of arylamidase is increased in several diseases, such as hepatic tumors, and in diseases of the common duct, including acute pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "18878",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Aspartate Aminotransferase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., whole blood, erythrocyte hemolysates) to determine vitamin B6 status by measuring the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST); this enzyme is typically measured indirectly (i.e., measuring the  pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent activity of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase).  Decreased levels of vitamin B6 are associated with epileptic-like convulsions in young patients, dermatitis with cheilosis and glossitis, some types of chronic anemias, and encephalographic abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18894",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase, Isoenzyme",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the levels of the isoenzymes of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (i.e., hexosaminidase A and B). A deficiency of  the enzyme hexosaminidase A is the cause of Tay-Sachs disease, a rare, genetically transmitted metabolic disease characterized by a progressive destruction  of nerve cells in the first years of life."
    },
    {
      "code": "18879",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Cholinesterase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme cholinesterase. Cholinesterase levels in serum are used to detect organophosphate poisoning and evaluate liver function."
    },
    {
      "code": "18880",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Chymotrypsin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme chymotrypsin, particularly chymotrypsin II, the more common of the two forms of chymotrypsin in blood. Chymotrypsin levels in serum are mostly determined to assess pancreatic diseases (e.g., acute pancreatitis) and renal failures in adults; elevated levels may be present  in cord blood of infants with cystic fibrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18881",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Creatine Kinase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the total content of  the enzyme creatine kinase (CK). CK levels are typically increased in response to disease or injury of all types of muscle, including skeletal muscles and the heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "18882",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Creatine Kinase, Isoenzyme",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to  determine the content of one or more of the creatine kinase isoenzymes, known as brain-brain, muscle-brain, and muscle-muscle (MM). Creatine kinase isoenzyme levels in serum are mostly determined to differentiate the origin and extent of several diseases (e.g., cardiac, cerebral, muscular, hepatic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18884",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Creatine Kinase, Isoenzyme, Muscle-Brain",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the creatine kinase muscle-brain (MB) isoenzyme; this isoenzyme is  typically measured indirectly (i.e., the MB isoenzyme activity). Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activity increases in response to severe muscle injury or necrosis, cardiac infarction, and other cardiac trauma, including surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18885",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Gamma Glutamyltransferase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). GGT in serum typically increases in all liver diseases; it is more sensitive and its levels elevate earlier than those of other enzymes in cases of obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, and cholecystitis; the level of GGT is highest in biliary obstructions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18896",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Glucose Phosphate Isomerase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase (also known as phosphohexose isomerase). A deficiency of  the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase is the cause of hemolytic anemia, a genetically transmitted metabolic disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35813",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Glucose-6-PhosphateDehydrogenase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluid (typically blood) samples to determine the level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may dispose patients to developing hemolytic anemia when exposed to certain drugs (e.g., primaquine, thiazide diuretics), foods (e.g., fava beans), or stress."
    },
    {
      "code": "18886",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Glutamate Dehydrogenase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD). GLD in serum typically increases in all liver-damaging diseases, such as chronic hepatitis; it also increases in response to hepatotoxic agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20149",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Glutathione Reductase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., whole blood, erythrocyte hemolysates) to determine the riboflavin (vitamin B2) status by measuring the enzyme glutathione reductase; this enzyme is typically measured indirectly (i.e., measuring the flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent activity of the enzyme glutathione reductase). Decreased levels of vitamin B2 are characterized by the presence of sore throat, hyperemia, stomatitis, and edema of the oral and pharyngeal membranes; deficiency of riboflavin may also cause seborrheic dermatitis and some types of anemias."
    },
    {
      "code": "18888",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Lactate Dehydrogenase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase; this enzyme is  typically measured indirectly (i.e., the enzyme \"activity\"). Methods used for lactate dehydrogenase determination may use either the forward reaction (i.e., the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate) or the reverse reaction (i.e., the reduction of pyruvate to L-lactate). Lactate dehydrogenase activity is typically increased in myocardial infarction, in liver diseases (especially toxic hepatitis with jaundice), and in some malignant diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18889",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Isoenzyme",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the content of one or more of the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase. At least five isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase have been characterized, usually  named LD-1 to LD-5 (LD-6 is an immunoglobulin). Changes in isoenzyme ratios are used to determine disease or injury, such as cardiac or pulmonary infarcts."
    },
    {
      "code": "18891",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Lipase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (e.g., serum, plasma, ascitic fluid) to determine the level of the enzyme lipase. Lipase level is typically measured to evaluate pancreatic disorders, including both acute and chronic pancreatitis; in some cases, serum lipase is also increased in acute and chronic renal diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18892",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Lysosyme",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme lysosyme (also known as muramidase and mucopeptide glycohydrolase). The level of lysosyme in serum is increased in several diseases, including monomyelocytic leukemia and granulomatous inflammation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18893",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Malate Dehydrogenase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase. The level of malate dehydrogenase in serum is increased in several diseases, including myocardial infarction, hepatic necrosis, neoplastic diseases, and megaloblastic anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "18895",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Pepsin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme pepsin. Increased pepsin levels are found in patients with disorders such as gastrinomas, duodenal ulcers, and superficial gastritis; decreased levels are found in patients with atrophic gastritis, gastric carcinoma, and Addison's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "18897",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Sorbitol Dehydrogenase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase (also known as L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase). A deficiency of  the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase is used as an indicator of parenchymal liver cell damage."
    },
    {
      "code": "18899",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically in bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood) to determine the level of the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The level of this enzyme is an adjunct in determining types of leukemia (e.g., acute lymphoblastic leukemia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20150",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Transketolase",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., whole blood, erythrocyte hemolysates) to determine the thiamine (vitamin B1) status by measuring the enzyme transketolase (TK); this enzyme is typically measured indirectly (i.e., measuring the thiamine-dependent activity of the enzyme transketolase). Decreased levels of thiamine  are used for diagnosis of vitamin B1 deficiency (a disease called beriberi); they are typically found in diets low in thiamine, chronic alcoholism, or some inborn metabolic diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18898",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Enzyme, Trypsin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the enzyme trypsin. Trypsin level is measured in gastrointestinal secretions to evaluate pancreatic function and to diagnose chronic pancreatitis and cystofibrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18931",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Hepatic Function",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of one or more substances metabolized and/or secreted by the liver (e.g., bile acids, bilirubin). Measurement of the level of liver-secreted substances is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of several hepatic disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "18932",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Hepatic Function, Bile Acid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in serum)  to measure the level of a single bile acid or total bile acid. Measurement of the level of bile acid in serum is useful to determine ileal dysfunction; increased levels in blood are common in disturbances of the hepatic excretory function and other liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18933",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Hepatic Function, Bilirubin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in serum)  to determine the total level of bilirubin, including both direct  (conjugated) bilirubin and indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin. The level of bilirubinin blood is commonly increased (i.e., hyperbilirubinemia) in newborns (physiological jaundice) and in patients with hepatic disorders that usually produce jaundice; the level is low in other diseases (e.g., Gilbert's syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18934",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Hepatic Function, Bilirubin, Direct",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in serum) to determine the level of direct (conjugated) bilirubin. Direct bilirubin is composed of both mono- and diconjugated bilirubin and the delta fraction tightly bound to albumin. The level of bilirubin in blood is commonly increased (i.e., hyperbilirubinemia) in several biliary-tree and hepatic disorders that usually produce jaundice."
    },
    {
      "code": "18944",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lactate",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (e.g., whole blood, serum) to determine the level of lactates and/or lactic acid, an intermediary in carbohydrate metabolism. Increased levels of lactate in serum are found in hypoxic states such as shock, hypovolemia, and cardiac failure and in metabolic states such as neoplasia and diabetes mellitus."
    },
    {
      "code": "18910",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in a sample of serum)  to determine the level of one or more lipids. The clinical significance of lipid levels depends on the lipid and body fluid chosen for analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18911",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Cholesterol",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis to determine the total  level of cholesterol in serum. Cholesterol is a lipid included in the core of lipoproteins and found in high-density and low-density lipoproteins. High levels of total cholesterol in serum (typically defined as greater than 240 mg/dL) are associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases"
    },
    {
      "code": "18912",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis  to determine the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum. High levels of HDL-C in serum (typically defined as greater than 35 mg/dL) are associated with low risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases; the absence of HDL-C is characteristic of a cerebrovascular disorder known as Tangier disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "18913",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis to determine the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum. High levels of LDL-C in serum (typically defined as more than 160 mg/dL) are associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18916",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Free Fatty Acid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically plasma or serum) to measure the level of fatty acid in plasma not bound to lipid esters (free fatty acids [FFAs]).  A high level of FFA in blood has been found in diabetic patients under acute stress; it is also associated with arrhythmias in patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18914",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Lecithin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically amniotic fluid) to determine the level of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), a lipid. The most frequently determined lecithin component is disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), the main surface active component of the lung surfactant that represents 85% of all lecithins. The levels of lecithin (or DSPC) in an amniotic-fluid sample are considered a measure of fetus lung maturity."
    },
    {
      "code": "18915",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Lecithin/Sphingomyelin Ratio",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically amniotic fluid) to determine the ratio of lipid lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) to sphingomyelin (L/S ratio). Sphingomyelin is a lipid derived from nonlung sources that is used as a marker against which lecithin is measured. An L/S ratio of 2.0 or greater in an amniotic fluid sample is considered a measure of  fetus lung maturity."
    },
    {
      "code": "18917",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Phospholipid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine the level of phospholipids, the major part of pulmonary surfactant lipids;  phospholipids are composed mostly of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine). Determination of total phospholipids in serum is of very limited clinical use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18919",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Total",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically feces) to determine the total level of lipids. Fecal lipids are usually composed of triglycerols, fatty acids, phospholipids and glycolipids, and sterols; most are dietary fats, but a significant part is derived from intestinal bacteria and/or from epithelial cells. The level of fecal lipids is determined in metabolic and fat-balance studies to assess pancreatic and intestinal diseases and to determine excessive amounts of fat in feces (steatorrhea). Determination of total lipids in serum is of very limited clinical use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18918",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipid, Triglyceride",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses to determine the level of triglycerides, the major lipid fraction of chylomicrons in serum.  Increased levels of triglycerides are associated with the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases; extremely high levels of triglycerides are present in an uncommon disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and pancreatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18920",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum)  to determine the total level of lipoproteins and/or to measure particular lipids (e.g., high-, intermediate-, and low-density lipoproteins; triglycerides). High levels of total lipoproteins and/or of one or several lipids are associated with atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), and sometimes with pancreatitis; low levels may be related to malabsorption, mental retardation, and increased or decreased risk of CAD."
    },
    {
      "code": "18939",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Nitrogen Metabolite",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum and urine) to determine the level of nonprotein nitrogen metabolites (e.g., urea, creatinine). Increased  levels of nitrogen metabolites are associated with several liver and renal diseases and with metabolic disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "18940",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Nitrogen Metabolite, Blood Urea Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically blood or serum)  to determine the level of urea in blood, usually referred to as blood urea nitrogen (BUN). An increase in BUN is referred as azotemia, typically caused by renal failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "18941",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Nitrogen Metabolite, Creatinine",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum and urine)  to determine the level of creatinine. Measurement of creatinine in both blood and urine in a specific time permits the determination of creatinine clearance, a measure of the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys, which is used to monitor renal function."
    },
    {
      "code": "18942",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Nitrogen Metabolite, Uric Acid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of uric acid. A high level of uric acid is associated with several diseases, including renal failure, gout, organic aciduria, and genetic disorders; hyperuricemia also occurs after administration of some drugs (e.g., diuretics) or as a product of intoxication (e.g., lead poisoning)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18946",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Oxalate",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine) to determine the level of oxalates. The presence of oxalic acid and oxalates in urine characterize an hereditary genetic disorder (oxalosis) that causes calcium deposits and stones in the kidneys."
    },
    {
      "code": "18935",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Porphyrin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine) to measure the total level of porphyrin. Analysis may include a profile of porphyrin components (e.g., uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin). Measurement of the total level of porphyrins is used in the diagnosis and management of one of a group of metabolic disorders, either inherited or acquired, usually known as porphyrias; measurement of the porphyrin-level profile in urine is used to characterize several specific diseases, such as porphyria cutanea tarda, that are associated with the presence of isocoproporphyrin. Some specific porphyrin analyses in whole blood are performed for screening purposes, such as zinc protoporphyrin for iron-deficiency anemia and free erythrocyteporphyrin determination for lead poisoning."
    },
    {
      "code": "18936",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Porphyrin Precursor",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine) to measure the level of one or more of the products (e.g., porphobilinogen) that are necessary to metabolize porphyrin. The presence of porphyrin precursors in urine is associated with porphyrin disorders (porphyrias); measurement of porphyrin precursor levels is used to differentiate among several types of porphyrias and other conditions that are clinically similar to porphyrias (e.g., lead poisoning)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18937",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Porphyrin Precursor, 5-Aminolevulinic Acid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine) to determine the level of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a porphyrin precursor. A high level of ALA in urine is found during episodes of the neurological forms of porphyrin disorders (i.e., porphyrias), both inherited and acquired. The measurement of the levels of both ALA and porphobilinogen (PBG), another porphyrin precursor, is used to differentiate among several types of porphyrias and other conditions that are clinically similar to porphyrias (e.g., lead poisoning, characterized by high levels of ALA but normal PBG)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18938",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Porphyrin Precursor, Porphobilinogen",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine) to measure the level of porphobilinogen (PBG), a porphyrin precursor. Measurement of the level of PBG in urine is the primary assay performed when an acute neurological porphyria is suspected. The measurement of the levels of both PBG and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), another porphyrin precursor, is used to differentiate among several types of porphyrias and other conditions that are clinically similar to porphyrias (e.g., lead poisoning, characterized by high levels of ALA but normal PBG)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18900",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in a sample of serum, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid)  to determine the level of one or more proteins. The clinical significance of protein levels depends on the protein and body fluid chosen for analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18901",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Albumin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum)  to determine the level of the protein albumin. Increased albumin levels  (hyperalbuminemia) are of little diagnostic value except in dehydration, while decreased levels (hypoalbuminemia) are found in many disorders affecting liver function, causing tissue damage, and/or protein loss in urine and /or feces, such as diabetes, burns, neoplasms, or kidney diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18902",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Albumin, Microalbuminaria",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform semiquantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine) to determine albumin levels greater than normal, but less that the levels than can be detected in routine screening tests. Urinary albumin excretion is a marker of microvascular disease, and it precedes and is highly predictive of diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "18903",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Glycated",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of blood to determine the level of sugar residues that are added to proteins as the result of an irreversible  nonenzymatic reaction (glycation). The level of glycated proteins in blood (e.g., hemoglobin) is a measure of the integrated values for glucose over a period of time, is free from daily fluctuations of glucose level, and provides additional criteria for glucose control."
    },
    {
      "code": "18904",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Glycated Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to be used in the performance of qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically human whole blood samples) to determine the level of  HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) with no significant interference from other hemoglobin (abnormal) variants such as HbC, HbS, HbE, or labile HbA1c. The level of glycated hemoglobin in blood is a measure of the integrated values for glucose over a period of two to three months, the level is free from daily fluctuations of glucose, and provides additional criteria for glucose control."
    },
    {
      "code": "18905",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Glycated, Fructosamine",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum or plasma) to determine the level of fructosamine, a generic name for plasma protein ketoamines. Fructosamine level is a measure of the average concentration of blood glucose for a period of three to four weeks. It is not used in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus but it does provide additional criteria for glucose control."
    },
    {
      "code": "18906",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Total",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in a sample of serum, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid)  to determine the total level of protein. The clinical significance of protein levels depends on the protein and body fluid chosen for analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17294",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Total, Cerebrospinal Fluid",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of a cerebrospinal fluid sample to determine the total level of protein. Increased levels of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid are typically found when the permeability of the blood-brain barrier is disrupted or whenprotein production in the brain or spinal cord."
    },
    {
      "code": "18907",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Total, Serum",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of a serum sample to determine the total level of protein. Total protein level in serum is usually high (i.e., hyperproteinemia) in dehydrated patients, with the concentrations of all the individual proteins increased to the same degree; in patients with low water intake or severe water loss caused by vomiting or diarrhea; and in patients with certain diseases (e.g., diabetic acidosis).  The level is low (i.e., hypoproteinemia) in cases of  increased plasma water volume as the result of intoxication, salt retention diseases, or a long period in a recumbent position. Hyperproteinemia may also occur as a result of malignant diseases. Low levels of albumin are a frequent cause of hypoproteinemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "18908",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Protein, Total, Urine",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of an urine sample to determine the total level of protein. Increased levels of protein in urine (i.e., proteinuria) have several causes; the most common and serious is kidney injury, common to several diseases (e.g., diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18945",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Pyruvate",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (e.g., whole blood) to determine the level of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. There are only a few clinical symptoms that require the determination of pyruvate level in blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "18988",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time (rapid tests),  typically several minutes. These reagents are mostly used in laboratory and point-of-care analysis, but some may be used in self-tests performed at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "20513",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Chemical Agent",
      "definition": "Rapid-test clinical chemistry reagents to detect and identify hazardous liquid and/or aerosol chemicals (i.e., chemical agents) such as nerve and blister agents. These reagents typically consist of several (e.g., three) indicator dyes suspended in cellulose fibers (i.e., a paper matrix). Some paper matrixes change to only one color in the presence of any of the agents (e.g., M9 paper), while other reagents (e.g., M8 and three-way paper) change color according to the agent, permitting agent identification (they work in a manner similar to that of pH paper strips). Typically, nerve agents of the G series turn the papers yellow, VX nerve agents turn them dark green, and blister agents turn them red. These paper-matrix reagents are available either in booklets containing many (e.g., 25) perforated sheets of a  small size (e.g., 5 x 7.5 cm/2 x 3 inch) or in rolls; roll papers (e.g., M9 paper) and some booklet papers (e.g., three-way papers) include adhesive backing. The usual procedure is to expose the paper to a surface suspected of contamination or to the agent itself by wiping it with the paper; some detection papers can be attached to a surface that may be exposed in the future (e.g., clothing, equipment). Rapid-test chemical agent reagent results should be verified because the papers also change color when contacted by interferents such as sodium hydroxide and petroleum products (e.g., brake fluid, antirepellents)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19007",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Feces",
      "definition": "Rapid-test clinical chemistry reagents used to perform tests in a sample of feces in a short period of time,  typically several minutes. Some of these reagents are impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. Most of these reagents are used for determination of occult blood in feces."
    },
    {
      "code": "17410",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Feces, Occult Blood",
      "definition": "Rapid-test clinical chemistry reagents used to determine occult blood  in a sample of feces in a short period of time,  typically several minutes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19009",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Feces, Occult Blood, Strip",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents  impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strips) used to determine occult blood  in a sample of feces in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20512",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, pH, Strip",
      "definition": "Rapid-test clinical chemistry reagents that consist of paper strips treated with dyes that change color according to the proton concentration in a liquid media; the color of the paper is an indicator of a solution's pH. These reagents are used to determine the acid/base status and/or for semiquantitative pH measurement of solutions in clinical laboratory work, including urinalysis. Both wide-range (e.g., 1 to 14) and short-range, more specific (e.g., 6.0 to 8.5) reagent strips are available. The reagents are available either as individual strips or in rolls."
    },
    {
      "code": "17480",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Urine",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform tests in a sample of urine in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). These reagents are typically in tablets or impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. Usually, urinary rapid-test reagents are used for determination of constituents of urine and/or  for sedimentation tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19004",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Urine, Multianalyte",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used to determine several components in a sample of urine in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). These reagents may be impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. Urinary rapid-test multianalyte reagents are mostly used for simultaneous determination of  two or more of the most important clinical substances in urine (e.g., protein, albumin, glucose, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19005",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Urine, Multianalyte, Strip",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents  impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) used to perform tests in a sample of urine in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests), to determine several analytes simultaneously. Urinary rapid-test reagent strips are mostly used for determination of  protein, albumin, glucose, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, and urobilinogen."
    },
    {
      "code": "19006",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Urine, Sediment",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used to perform tests in a sample of urine in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests), to determine specific chemical constituents  in the urine sediment. Urinary sediment rapid-test reagents are usually available in kits and are mostly used for determination of cells (e.g., erythrocytes, leukocytes, cells of the genitourinary tract), aggregates of material deposited in renal tubules (i.e., casts), and crystals (e.g., oxalate, urate, cystine)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19001",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Urine, Single Analyte",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used to perform tests in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests), to determine pH and/or a specific chemical constituent  in a sample of urine. These reagents are typically in tablets or impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. Urinary rapid-test reagents are mostly used for determination of  protein, albumin, glucose, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, or urobilinogen."
    },
    {
      "code": "19699",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Urine, Single Analyte, Strip",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (i.e., a reagent strip) that are intended to test urine samples and present results in a short period of time, typically a few minutes. The tests are usually performed to determine pH and/or one of the constituents in a urine sample, such as glucose, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, or urobilinogen."
    },
    {
      "code": "19003",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Urine, Single Analyte, Tablet",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents available in tablets that are used to perform tests in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests), to determine pH and/or a particular chemical constituent  in a sample of urine. Urinary rapid-test reagent tablets are mostly used for determination of  protein, albumin, glucose, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, or urobilinogen."
    },
    {
      "code": "18989",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used to perform tests in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). Frequently, these reagents are impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. They are typically used to determine cholesterol, glucose, and/or lactate."
    },
    {
      "code": "18994",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)  in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). High levels of HDL-C in blood (typically defined as more than 35 mg/dL) are associated with low risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases; the absence of HDL-C is characteristic of a cerebrovascular disorder known as Tangier disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "18995",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein, Strip",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). These reagents are impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. High levels of HDL-C in blood (typically defined as more than 35 mg/dL) are associated with low risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases; the absence of HDL-C is characteristic of a cerebrovascular disorder known as Tangier disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "18992",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Cholesterol, Total",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the total level of cholesterol in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). High levels of total cholesterol in serum (typically defined as more than 240 mg/dL) are associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17656",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Cholesterol, Total, Strip",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the total level of cholesterol in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). These reagents are impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. High levels of total cholesterol in serum (typically defined as more than 240 mg/dL) are associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18998",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Ethanol",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the level of ethanol in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). Ethanol has a pharmacological action as depressor of the central nervous system. High levels in blood result in disorientation and lack of coordination; increased levels may result in coma and death."
    },
    {
      "code": "18990",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Glucose",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to  determine the level of glucose in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). High levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) are typically caused by diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in which glucose is underutilized; decreased levels of glucose (hypoglycemia) are found in several diseases in children and adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "17419",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Glucose, Strip",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the level of glucose in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). These reagents are impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. High levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) are typically caused by diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in which glucose is underutilized; decreased levels of glucose (hypoglycemia) are found in several diseases in children and adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "19686",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Ketone",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended for semiquantitative determination of  ketones in in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). Increased blood concentration of ketones (ketonemia) is associated with diabetes mellitus, alcohol comsumption, frequent vomiting, and/or starvation. Semi-quantitative determination of ketones in blood is more accurate than their determination in urine."
    },
    {
      "code": "18996",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Lactate",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the level of lactate in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). Increased levels of lactate in serum are found in hypoxic states (associated with decreased tissue oxygenation), as in shock, hypovolemia, and cardiac failure, and in metabolic states, usually in diseases such as neoplasias and diabetes mellitus."
    },
    {
      "code": "18997",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Lactate, Strip",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to determine the level of lactate in a sample of whole blood in a short period of time, typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests). These reagents are impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that typically undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. Increased levels of lactate in serum are found in hypoxic states (associated with decreased tissue oxygenation), as in shock, hypovolemia, and cardiac failure, and in metabolic states, usually in diseases such as neoplasias and diabetes mellitus."
    },
    {
      "code": "18999",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Rapid Test, Whole Blood, Multianalyte",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents used to perform tests in a short period of time,  typically several minutes (i.e., rapid tests), to determine several constituents  in a sample of whole blood. These reagents may be impregnated in one or more areas of a paper strip (reagent strip) that undergo a color change when reacted with specific substances. Whole blood rapid-test multianalytic reagents are mostly used for simultaneous determination of  two or more of the most important clinical substances in blood (e.g., glucose, cholesterol, lactates)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18926",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Saccharide",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine or serum) to determine the level of saccharides, mostly of monosaccharides. Abnormal levels of saccharides in blood, particularly glucose, are characteristic of several diseases (e.g., diabetes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18927",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Saccharide, Fructose",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine or serum) to determine the level of fructose, a monosaccharide. The presence of fructose in urine is called fructosuria; the presence of fructose in blood is called fructosemia. Fructosuria may be caused by fructose intolerance, a hereditary disorder characterized by hypoglycemia that, if left untreated, may cause death."
    },
    {
      "code": "18928",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Saccharide, Galactose",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of galactose, a monosaccharide. The presence of galactose in blood (galactosemia) is caused by defective galactose metabolism. Galactosemia includes several hereditary disorders characterized by cataracts, liver disease, and mental retardation; classic galactosemia is often fatal in neonates."
    },
    {
      "code": "18929",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Saccharide, Glucose",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in serum or plasma) to determine the level of glucose, a monosaccharide. High levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) are typically caused by diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in which glucose is underutilized; decreased levels of glucose (hypoglycemia) are found in several diseases in children and adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "18982",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Standard",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of a substance (e.g., a solution) that is established as a norm (standard) to which similar reagents used in chemical or enzymatic assays are compared. These standards may be used to determine the purity  or performance of clinical chemistry reagents."
    },
    {
      "code": "18984",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Standard, Electrolyte Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of a substance (e.g., a solution) that is established as a norm to which similar reagents used in clinical chemistry assays are compared to determine the electrolyte (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride) content in a sample of a body fluid. These standards may be used to determine the purity  or performance of clinical chemistry reagents used in electrolyte determination."
    },
    {
      "code": "18983",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Standard, Enzyme Test",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents consisting of a substance (e.g., a solution) that is established as a norm (standard) to which similar reagents used in clinical chemistry assays are compared to determine the enzyme (e.g., aldolase, creatine kinase) content in a sample of a body fluid. These standards may be used to determine the purity  or performance of clinical chemistry reagents used in enzyme determination."
    },
    {
      "code": "18921",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Trace Metal",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically in serum)  to determine the level of one or more of the metals that are essential for human life. The role of each metal is different. Frequently, the accurate determination of metals in biological samples presents particular difficulties and requires special precautions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18922",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Trace Metal, Copper",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analyses of body fluids (typically serum or plasma)  to determine the level of copper. The role of copper in adult humans is not yet well established."
    },
    {
      "code": "18923",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Trace Metal, Iron",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of blood (typically serum) to determine the level of iron. An increase in iron concentration (hemochromatosis) is a disorder that may result either from excessive absorption of iron from the diet or from an inborn, genetically determined overabsorption of iron. Increased levels of iron are implicated in diabetes, arthritis, cardiac arrhythmias, and hepatic cirrhosis. Low levels of iron are typically caused by dietary deficiency, by chronic blood loss, or by a group of disorders known as  sideroblastic anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "18924",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Trace Metal, Iron, Total Binding Capacity",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of blood (typically serum) to determine the maximum concentration of iron that serum proteins (mostly transferrin) can bind. Total iron-binding capacity usually increases in patients with iron deficiency and decreases in patients with malignancies, inflammatory disorders, or hemochromatosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18925",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Clinical Chemistry, Trace Metal, Zinc",
      "definition": "Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically serum or plasma) to determine levels of zinc. Low levels of zinc in blood are associated with growth retardation in children and adolescents, mild dermatitis, delayed wound healing, mental lethargy, alopecia, and diarrhea. Zinc deficiency is also associated with genetic disorders such as acrodermatitis enteropathica and inherited sickle cell anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17092",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology",
      "definition": "Reagents used in qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of human cells and tissues, particularly their structure, function, and pathology. These reagents include those used for staining, cleaning, fixing, control, and calibration; they also include the appropriate media needed to perform cytology and/or histology procedures. Frequently, these reagents are available in kits that include all the necessary reagents for a particular test."
    },
    {
      "code": "19307",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Antisera",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents that include serum containing one or more antibodies. Serum containing several antibodies specific for more than one antigen or antigenic epitope is termed  polyclonal antiserum; serum that contains only one type of antibody specific for one antigen or antigenic epitope is known as monoclonal antiserum."
    },
    {
      "code": "19635",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Antisera, Monovalent",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents that include antibodies specific for one antigen or antigenic epitope (i.e., monovalent antisera). They are usually the result of a single clone or plasma cell line and are typically produced as the secretion of  hybrid cells formed by the fusion of lymphocytes and tumor cells (i.e., hybridomas) in a laboratory culture. Monovalent antisera are frequently used in cell typing."
    },
    {
      "code": "19636",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Antisera, Polyvalent",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents that include antibodies specific for two or more antigens or antigenic epitopes (i.e., polyvalent antisera). They are usually the result of the response of an animal host to immunogen administration. Polyvalent antisera are frequently used in immunoassays in the clinical laboratory, particularly in the determination of plasma protein concentrations."
    },
    {
      "code": "17033",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Calibration",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in cytology and/or histology assays performed for analyses of human cells and tissues, particularly their structure, function, and pathology."
    },
    {
      "code": "20152",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Calibration, Flow Cytometry",
      "definition": "Cytology/histology reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) for assays using flow cytometry techniques. These reagents typically consist of fluorescent labeled latex microspheres; they are usually available as calibration kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "19302",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Chromosome Culture Media",
      "definition": "Reagents, usually liquids, used as a medium capable of supporting the primary culture of cells, usually peripheral whole blood and/or bone marrow; amniotic fluid and/or chorionic villi cells are also used in cytologic diagnostic procedures. These reagents are typically supplied in kits containing all necessary substances for chromosome diagnostics."
    },
    {
      "code": "19631",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Chromosome Culture Media, Fragile X Chromosome",
      "definition": "Reagents used in cytologic diagnostic procedures as a specific medium capable of supporting the culture of peripheral blood, amniotic fluid, and/or chorionic villi cells for fragile X chromosome evaluation. Disorders in the long arms of this chromosome cause fragile X syndrome, a disease characterized by mental retardation, enlarged testes, high forehead, long ears, big jaw in males, and mild mental retardation in females"
    },
    {
      "code": "17060",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Control",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values used for quality control in cytology and/or histology assays performed for analyses of human cells and tissues, particularly their structure, function, and pathology."
    },
    {
      "code": "20153",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Control, Flow Cytometry",
      "definition": "Cytology/histology reagents intended for quality control for assays using flow cytometry techniques. These reagents typically consist of fluorescent labeled monoclonal antibodies of known values; they are usually available as control kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "19304",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Decalcifying",
      "definition": "Reagents used in cytology and/or histology assays to remove all calcium (i.e., decalcify) from samples being tested (e.g., bone, cartilage). These reagents are mostly used in calcified tissues before microscopic examination; decalcifying reagents may be specific for use either in light or electron microscopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17049",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Decalcifying, Electron Microscopy",
      "definition": "Reagents used for decalcifying samples for cytology/histology examinations performed with an electron microscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "17050",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Decalcifying, Light Microscopy",
      "definition": "Reagents used for decalcifying samples for cytology/histology examinations performed with a light microscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "17072",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Embedding Media",
      "definition": "Reagents used as a medium capable of surrounding and filling the spaces of a tissue so that thin sections can be cut with a microtome for histologic examination. Most embedding media consist of paraffin, synthetic polymers, or combinations of both. These media may be specific for light and/or electron microscopy examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "17073",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Embedding Media, Electron Microscopy",
      "definition": "Reagents used as an embedding media in cytology/histology examinations performed with an electron microscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "17074",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Embedding Media, Light Microscopy",
      "definition": "Reagents used as an embedding media in cytology/histology examinations performed with a light microscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "19305",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Fixative",
      "definition": "Reagents used for coagulation and/or precipitation of protoplasmatic substances (i.e., fixation), making them resistant to further changes either from the reagents to which they are subjected or from autolysis and putrefaction before microscopic sections can be prepared. Several substances are used as fixatives, including formaldehyde, mercury chloride, and glutaraldehyde solutions; some include decalcifier additives."
    },
    {
      "code": "17052",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Flow Cytometry",
      "definition": "Reagents used in cytologic assays performed by flow cytometers. They include labels for cell membranes and standards to normalize instrument setup, cell count, and proliferation. These reagents are frequently available in kits that allow the calibration, control, and standardization of flow cytometry analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "39404",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Mass Cytometry",
      "definition": "Reagents used in cytologic assays performed by mass cytometers. These reagents consist of one or more cellular stains or labels (e.g., antibodies, nucleic acid intercalators) conjugated to a stable heavy metal isotope typically derived from a rare-earth metal. Reagents designed to create heavy metal isotope-antibody conjugates are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19303",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Mounting Media",
      "definition": "Reagents used as a medium for mounting and long-term preservation of previously stained slides. These reagents must have optical and physical properties to avoid tissue alterations that cause  image distortion or color fading during storage and optical or microscopic examination. Mounting media frequently consist of synthetic resins."
    },
    {
      "code": "28043",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Seminal Fluid, DNA Fragmentation",
      "definition": "Reagents used in cytology and/or histology assays to determine sperm (i.e., spermatozoa) chromosome DNA strand fragmentation (i.e., lack of integrity) and/or other DNA damage present in the seminal fluid. Reagents used in sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) tests typically consist of a kit including devices such as Eppendorf tubes, slides, and reagents consisting of denaturing and lysing solutions, stains, and ethanol.  The DNA disruption is assessed on dried slides using a light microscope. Other methods of testing sperm DNA fragmentation are also available, such as those based on (1) sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA); (2) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase TdT-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (known as TUNEL assay); and (3) a single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (known as the COMET assay). All these methods use flow-cytometry and/or microscopes for assessing the results."
    },
    {
      "code": "19306",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Stain",
      "definition": "Reagents used for artificial coloration of the constituent parts of the cells and the intercellular material. They usually consist of natural or artificial dyes. Most cytology and histology stains are used for visual or microscopic differentiation between parts of the cell (e.g., nucleus, cytoplasm) and/or to differentiate between the different types of cells and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "19632",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Stain, Powder",
      "definition": "Reagents for use in staining during cytologic and/or histologic procedures and are available as powders that must be prepared adding water and/or other liquid additives in a preestablished quantity before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19633",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Stain, Solution",
      "definition": "Reagents available as ready-to-use solutions (e.g., aqueous, alcoholic) for use in staining during cytologic and/or histologic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "19634",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Stain, Solution, Papanicolaou",
      "definition": "Reagents available as ready-to-use solutions (e.g., hematoxylin) for use in staining gynecologic (e.g. vaginal) and/or non-gynecologic (e.g., prostatic) exfoliated cells using the Papanicolaou technique, allowing examination of nuclei and cytoplasmic components."
    },
    {
      "code": "19637",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Cytology/Histology, Standard",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, and that are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in cytology and/or histology assays are compared (i.e., standardized)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17079",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electron Microscopy, Stain",
      "definition": "Electron microscopy reagents used to provide better contrast (e.g., by artificial coloration) to the constituent parts of the cells and the intercellular material when magnifying an image using an electron beam instead of light. These stain reagents typically consist of positive heavy metal particles (e.g., gold) or substances that attach around the specimen, rather than to the specimen itself (i.e., negative stains) or by any other mean facilitating the differentiation of the cell and/or tissue constituents or products.  Electron microscopy stains are used in cytology and histology to identify and classify human cells, microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungi), and in other in-vitro clinical tests and/or for research."
    },
    {
      "code": "33031",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electron Microscopy, Stain, Gold",
      "definition": "Electron microscopy stains designed to bind a specific protein or other cell components using colloidal gold particles (also known as immunogold). These stains consist of a suspension of sub-micrometer-sized particles of gold in a fluid (e.g., water); the particles are often bound following an immunologic process to a specific protein or other cell component. Gold electron microscopy stains have high electron density providing high contrast dark spots; they are commonly used in electron microscopy to visualize more than one target simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "33033",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electron Microscopy, Stain, Osmium Tetroxide",
      "definition": "Electron microscopy stains designed for staining lipids to provide contrast to the specimen using osmium tetroxide. These electron microscopy stains dissolve in fats, and are reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium (i.e., an easily visible black substance). Osmium tetroxide stains should have excellent stability when kept cold and in the dark; they have also corrosive and irritant properties. Some of these stains can produce either a positive or a negative stain. Osmium tetroxide stains are used widely in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to provide contrast to the image, in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fixing biological samples, and in optical microscopy to stain lipids."
    },
    {
      "code": "33032",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electron Microscopy, Stain, Phosphotungstic Acid",
      "definition": "Electron microscopy stains designed for staining cell specimens using phosphotungstic acid. These electron microscopy stains are mild acidic irritants which have the appearance of small, colorless-grayish or slightly yellow-green crystals. Phosphotungstic acid electron microscopy stains are odorless, soluble in water, electron dense, and opaque for electrons; some can produce either a positive or a negative stain. They are used commonly in histology for binding fibrin, collagen, and fibers of connective tissues, and also for replacing dye anions  from these materials, selectively discoloring them."
    },
    {
      "code": "33034",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electron Microscopy, Stain, Ruthenium Tetroxide",
      "definition": "Electron microscopy stains designed to provide contrast to the specimen using ruthenium tetroxide. These electron microscopy stains are quite volatile and aggressive oxidants. Ruthenium tetroxide stains  saturated and unsaturated polymer materials as well as stabilizing thin sections under the bombardment of the electron beam; some can produce either a positive or a negative stain. They are used as fixation/staining agents for electron microscopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "33035",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electron Microscopy, Stain, Silver Nitrate",
      "definition": "Electron microscopy stains designed for staining histological sections using silver nitrate. These electron microscopy stains are an inorganic compound and a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds. Silver nitrate stains usually demonstrate proteins (e.g., type III collagen), DNA, and both substances inside and outside cells; some can produce either a positive or a negative stain. They are used widely in temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, in scanning electron microscopy, and in light microscopy; they also aid in the perception of reticular fibers and in the study of formation of calcium phosphate particles during bone growth."
    },
    {
      "code": "33036",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electron Microscopy, Stain, Uranyl Nitrate",
      "definition": "Electron microscopy stains designed to provide contrast to the specimen using uranyl nitrate. These electron microscopy stains are water soluble yellow uranium salts. Uranyl nitrate stains have oxidizing and highly toxic properties; some can produce either a positive or a negative stain. They are used as negative stains for viruses in electron microscopy and also in tissue samples for stabilizing nucleic acids and cell membranes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19308",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electrophoresis",
      "definition": "Reagents used in assays to separate ionic solutes based on differences in their rates of  migration  in a liquid medium under the influence of an electric field (i.e., electrophoresis assays). These reagents typically include a porous supporting medium (e.g., agarose gel film, cellulose acetate sheet), buffers, stains, and other auxiliary reagents. Electrophoresis assays are mostly used in clinical laboratories to separate proteins and lipoproteins in body fluids such as serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid; these assays are also used to separate proteins in tissues and erythrocites."
    },
    {
      "code": "19667",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electrophoresis, Buffer",
      "definition": "Reagents used in electrophoresis assays to carry the applied current and to prevent marked changes in the pH at which the process is carried out. They determine the kind of electrical charge on the solute and the extent of its ionization. The most frequently used buffers in electrophoresis are the barbital and Tris-boric-EDTA buffers."
    },
    {
      "code": "19668",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electrophoresis, Stain",
      "definition": "Reagents used in electrophoresis for artificial coloration of the separate fractions, permitting their visualization and location. Stains used in electrophoresis are frequently chosen according to the application (e.g., naphthol blue black and silver nitrate for proteins)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19669",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electrophoresis, Supporting Media",
      "definition": "Reagents used in electrophoresis as porous supporting media for the migration of the charged particles. These media include agarose gel films, cellulose acetate sheets, and cellulose paper."
    },
    {
      "code": "19670",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Electrophoresis, Supporting Media, Gel",
      "definition": "Supporting media consisting of gels (e.g., agarose gel) that are used in electrophoresis for supporting the migration of the charged particles."
    },
    {
      "code": "17094",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of the morphology of the blood, its components, and blood-forming tissues. These reagents include those used for blood cell counts, coagulation testing, other hematology tests, control, and calibration."
    },
    {
      "code": "19273",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Cell Count",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to count the number of red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leucocytes), and platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. Reagents used in blood cell counts may be specific either for manual use or for automated hematology analyzers."
    },
    {
      "code": "17028",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Cell Count, Automated Test",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in automated analyzers to count the number of red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leucocytes), and platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. Most reagents for automated complete blood cell counts are intended for use in a particular model of hematology analyzer; usually these analyzers can calculate the erythrocyte indexes ( mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19717",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Cell Count, Automated Test, Reticulocyte",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in automated analyzers to count the number of immature red blood cells containing remnant cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid and organelles (i.e., reticulocytes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19714",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Cell Count, Manual Test",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in manual procedures to count the number of red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leucocytes), and platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19715",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Cell Count, Manual Test, Reticulocyte",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in manual procedures to count the number of immature red blood cells containing remnant cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid and organelles (i.e., reticulocytes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19718",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Collection",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to maintain blood samples in appropriate conditions (e.g., avoiding clotting, keeping cell viability)  from blood drawing to laboratory analysis, including transport if necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "19719",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Collection, Anticoagulant",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to prevent clotting  of blood samples for laboratory analysis by inhibiting blood coagulation, they also maintain cell viability. Most of these anticoagulants act by making calcium unavailable for the clotting process; they include citrates, oxalates, and ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid (EDTA). Heparin is also used for this purpose; it prevents clotting by inactivating thrombin and/or other coagulation factors. Anticoagulants are frequently available in tubes as an internal coating."
    },
    {
      "code": "19720",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Blood Collection, Anticoagulant, Tube",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents (e.g., heparin, citrate) packaged in blood collection tubes; these reagents are designed to be used to prevent clotting of the blood samples that have been obtained for laboratory analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19771",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Buffer",
      "definition": "Reagents used to resist changes in the concentration of substances during analyses performed to determine  the morphology of the blood, its components, and blood-forming tissues, usually keeping the pH of the solution as constant as possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "19772",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Buffer, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Reagents used to resist changes in the concentration of substances during analyses performed to determine blood coagulation, usually keeping the pH of the solution as constant as possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "17035",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Calibration",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in assays for the determination of the morphology of blood, its components, and blood forming tissues (i.e., hematology assays). These reagents include those used for calibration in blood cell counts."
    },
    {
      "code": "17032",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Calibration, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in assays for determination of blood coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19766",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Calibration, Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in assays for determination of hemoglobin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19765",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Calibration, Whole Blood",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in hematology assays of whole blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19721",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Cellular Enzyme",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in the determination of enzymes that enter in serum or plasma from the cells, mostly as a consequence either of cell membrane deterioration and possible death or to altered rates of enzyme production. The increase of the level of enzymes may reflect cellular damage due to chemicals and drugs, physical agents, immune mechanisms, genetic defects, or nutritional disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "17048",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in tests of the sequential process by  which the multiple factors of the blood interact in a blood sample, resulting in  the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot (coagulation)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19277",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine one of the factors involved in a series of reactions that results in the formation of fibrin (i.e., formation of a visible coagulum). Coagulation factors are designated by Roman numerals, but frequently they are also designated by descriptive names such as fibrinogen (factor I), prothrombin (factor II), and thromboplastin (factor III); the activated forms of the factors are designated by adding a letter \"a\" to the factor (e.g., XIIa)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19300",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor Antibody",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for determination of  acquired plasma circulating antibodies specific to a coagulation factor; these antibodies directly inhibit the coagulation factor activity. Most of these antibodies are specific to coagulation factors VIII or IX; acquired antibodies to other coagulation factors are not frequently found."
    },
    {
      "code": "19740",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor Antibody, Factor IX",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for determination of  acquired plasma circulating antibodies specific to coagulation factor IX, these antibodies directly inhibit coagulation factor activity. Coagulation factor IX antibodies are mostly found in patients with hemophilia type B and rarely in previously normal persons."
    },
    {
      "code": "19739",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor Antibody, Factor VIII",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for determination of  acquired plasma circulating antibodies specific to the coagulation factor VIII. These antibodies directly inhibit coagulation factor activity. Coagulation factor VIII antibodies are found in some patients severely affected with hemophilia type A; they are also associated with inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), elderly persons, and drug reactions."
    },
    {
      "code": "19278",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor I (Fibrinogen)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine fibrinogen (i.e., coagulation factor I), a plasma protein that is converted into fibrin in the common pathway of coagulation. Deficiency of fibrinogen causes afibronogenemia or hypofibronogenemia, and is associated with inherited disorders, the presence of thrombin inhibitors, or with fibrin polymerization."
    },
    {
      "code": "19725",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor II (Prothrombin)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine prothrombin (i.e., coagulation factor II), a plasma protein that is the precursor of thrombin and functions mainly in the common pathway of coagulation. Two-stage assays for prothrombin and prothrombin consumption are the most accurate and specific tests, but are elaborate and time consuming. Deficiency of this factor is associated with hypoprothrombinemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19726",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor II, Activated (Thrombin)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine thrombin, the result of the calcium-dependent activation of  prothrombin. Thrombin is called activated coagulation factor II (factor IIa)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19280",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor IX (Plasma Thromboplastin Component)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine the plasma thromboplastin component (factor IX), a proenzyme involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Hereditary deficiency of  factor IX is associated with hemophilia B."
    },
    {
      "code": "19727",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor V (Proaccelerin)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine proaccelerin (coagulation factor V), a plasma protein that is involved in the activation of prothrombin in the common pathway of coagulation. Hereditary deficiency of factor V is associated with a rare hemorrhagic tendency known as Owren's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19728",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor VII (Proconvertin)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine proconvertin (coagulation factor VII), a proenzyme that functions together with thromboplastin (factor III) in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Hereditary or acquired deficiency of factor VII is associated with hemorrhagic tendency."
    },
    {
      "code": "19729",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor VII, Activated",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine the activated form of factor VII (i.e., factor VIIa), the result of an enzymatic cleavage of a single bond in factor VII with the formation of a two-chain protease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19279",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor VIII (Antihemolytic Factor)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine the antihemophilic factor (coagulation factor VIII), a trace protein involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Hereditary deficiency of  factor VIII is associated with hemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease.  Deficiency may also be caused by antibodies to factor VIII."
    },
    {
      "code": "19730",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor X (Stuart-Prower Factor)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine coagulation factor X, a proenzyme essential for the formation of prothrombinase in the common pathway of coagulation. Hereditary deficiency of factor X is associated  with systemic coagulation disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "19731",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor XI (Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine coagulation factor XI, a proenzyme essential in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Deficiency of factor XI is associated with a systemic blood-clotting defect called Hemophilia C or Rosenthal's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "19732",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor XII (Hageman Factor)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine  coagulation factor XII, a proenzyme important in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Deficiency of this factor is associated with prolonged in vitro clotting, but not likely with clinical disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "19733",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor XII, Activated",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine the activated form of coagulation factor XII (i.e., factor XIIa) as the result of a calcium-dependent activation under physiologic conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "19734",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor XIII (Fibrin Stabilizing Factor)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine coagulation factor XIII, a proenzyme that polymerizes fibrin monometers, enabling it to form firm clots. Factor XIII is involved in the common pathway of coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19741",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor XIII Subunit Antigen",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine one or both of the antigens to the  subunits of the coagulation factor XIII. The subunits are termed A and S (subunit S is also known as subunit B); the level of the factor XIII subunit A antigen is associated to the pathogenesis of vascular disease and Crohn's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19735",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor XIII, Activated",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine the activated form of  coagulation factor XIII (i.e., factor XIIIa) as the result of the combined action of thrombin and calcium in the final stage of the clotting cascade."
    },
    {
      "code": "19736",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor, High Molecular Weight Kininogen",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine the coagulation factor known as high- molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK, estimated molecular weight 110,000). The predominant version of kininogen in blood has lower molecular weight and is probably not involved in coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19281",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor, Multiple",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) for the simultaneous determination of several coagulation factors (e.g., II/V/VII/IX, VIII/IX/XI/XII). Most of these tests are based in the determination of prothrombin time using specific factor-deficient plasmas instead of a correction plasma or serum. Factor activity is determined by the amount of correction detected when patient plasma is added to the factor-deficient plasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19738",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor, Prekallikrein (Fletcher Factor)",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine both of two similar forms of the proenzyme prekallikrein (pre-K) present in plasma that are involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19737",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation Factor, Von Willebrand",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine a protein required for normal platelet adhesion that is aberrant or deficient in a disorder known as von Willebrand's disease. It is involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. This protein forms with the coagulation factor VIII, the so-called factor VIII von Willebrand complex."
    },
    {
      "code": "32962",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Activated Clotting Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to determine the intrinsic clotting activity of the whole blood (i.e., activated clotting time [ACT]). The test is usually performed by adding the whole blood to a test tube or cartridge containing a surface activator. The formation of a clot in a tube that is kept at normal body temperature (about 37 degrees Celsius/98.5 degrees Fahrenheit) determines the ACT value which depends on the activator. Both automated point-of-care analyzers and, less frequently, manual procedures are used to perform the test.  ACT coagulation tests are intended to monitor the effect and/or to regulate the administration of high-dose unfractionated heparin before, during, and shortly after procedures (usually surgical) that require intense anticoagulant administration. Dedicated ACT tests using particular reagent activators (e.g., Celite, kaolin, glass) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25113",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Activated Clotting Time, Celite",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to determine the intrinsic clotting activity of the whole blood (i.e., activated clotting time [ACT]) using the diatomaceous earth Celite (a naturally formed soft rock) as an activator. The test is usually performed by adding the whole blood to a test tube or cartridge containing Celite (i.e., the surface activator). The formation of a clot in a tube that is kept at normal body temperature (about 37 degrees Celsius/98.5 degrees Fahrenheit) determines the ACT value for Celite which should be in the range of 100 to 170 seconds. This test is intended to monitor the effect and regulate the administration of high-dose unfractionated heparin before, during, and shortly after procedures (usually surgical, such as cardiopulmonary bypass) that require intense anticoagulant administration."
    },
    {
      "code": "32965",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Activated Clotting Time, Glass",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to determine the intrinsic clotting activity of the whole blood (i.e., activated clotting time [ACT]) using glass as an activator. The test is usually performed by adding the whole blood to a test tube or cartridge containing glass balls (i.e., the surface activator). The formation of a clot in a tube that is kept at normal body temperature (about 37 degrees Celsius/98.5 degrees Fahrenheit) determines the ACT value for glass which should be in the range of 110 to 190 seconds. This test is intended to monitor the effect and regulate the administration of high-dose unfractionated heparin before, during, and shortly after procedures (usually surgical, such as cardiopulmonary bypass) that require intense anticoagulant administration."
    },
    {
      "code": "25112",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Activated Clotting Time, Kaolin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to determine the intrinsic clotting activity of the whole blood (i.e., activated clotting time [ACT]) using kaolin (a type of purified aluminum silicate clay) as an activator. The test is usually performed by adding the whole blood to a test tube or cartridge containing kaolin (i.e., the surface activator). The formation of a clot in a tube that is kept at normal body temperature (about 37 degrees Celsius/98.5 degrees Fahrenheit) determines the ACT value for kaolin which should be usually in the range of 90 to 150 seconds. This test is intended to monitor the effect and regulate the administration of high-dose unfractionated heparin before, during, and shortly after procedures (usually surgical, such as cardiopulmonary bypass) that require intense anticoagulant administration."
    },
    {
      "code": "19724",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Blood Clotting, Ecarin Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to determine the time required for thrombin to convert fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin clot when fibrin formation is triggered by the addition of ecarin (a snake venom) to the specimen. This test does not measure deficiencies in the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of coagulation; the test is only intended to measure the levels of recombinant hirudin (lepirudin), a direct thrombin inhibitor anticoagulant that is frequently used in cardiac surgery and as a general antithrombotic agent."
    },
    {
      "code": "19723",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Blood Clotting, Reptilase Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used  to determine the time required for thrombin to convert fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin clot when fibrin formation is triggered by the addition of  reptilase (a snake venom enzyme) to the specimen, therefore bypassing prior steps in the coagulation cascade. This test does not measure deficiencies in the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of coagulation; the test is only intended to measure levels of fibrinogen. The reptilase time is not affected by heparin and only slightly affected by fibrinogen degradation products."
    },
    {
      "code": "19282",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of substances that inhibit the coagulation process. Coagulation inhibitors include antithrombin III, proteins C and S, and lupus anticoagulant."
    },
    {
      "code": "19283",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor, Antithrombin III",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of antithrombin III (AT-III), a plasma protein that inhibits coagulation. AT-III inactivates thrombin and several other coagulation factors, including factor Xa, factor IXa, and kallikrein."
    },
    {
      "code": "19742",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor, Heparin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of heparin, a mixed polysaccharide that acts as a potent anticoagulant by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III and from inhibition of a number of anticoagulant factors. Heparin is released by the  mast cells and by basophils of the blood and present in many tissues. Heparin is frequently used as a therapeutic drug to prevent thrombosis; heparin therapy is frequently monitored using partial thromboplastin time tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19743",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor, Heparin Cofactor II",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of heparin cofactor II (HCF-II), a plasma antiprotease that resembles antithrombin III (AT-III). HCF-II inactivates thrombin and several other coagulation factors including factor IXa, but, unlike AT-III, is only a weak inhibitor of factor Xa."
    },
    {
      "code": "19744",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor, Hirudin/Recombinant Hirudin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of hirudin and/or recombinant hirudin, a  potent anticoagulant that acts as direct thrombin inhibitor; hirudin has the same active principle as the buccal gland secretion of leeches. Hirudin is used as a therapeutic drug to prevent thrombosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19286",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor, Lupus Anticoagulant",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of coagulation inhibitors of the lupus type, consisting of immunoglobulins of either the IgG or IgM class. These inhibitors inhibit various coagulation reactions involved in the intrinsic and common paths; they are not only present in systemic lupus erythematosus but in other, varied groups of disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, valvular heart disease, and benign prostatic hyperplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19284",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor, Protein C",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of protein C, a vitamin k-dependent plasma protein that inhibits coagulation. Protein C is likely to inactivate the active forms of the coagulation factors V and VIII."
    },
    {
      "code": "19285",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Inhibitor, Protein S",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of protein S, a vitamin-K-dependent plasma protein that apparently inhibits coagulation by serving as a necessary cofactor for the action of activated protein C."
    },
    {
      "code": "19276",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Screening",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in the most general (e.g., screening) tests of the process of coagulation, typically to determine the thrombin clotting time, the prothrombin clotting time, or the activated partial thromboplastin time. These tests are also used to monitor therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19691",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Screening, Partial Thromboplastin Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in  screening  tests to determine the time required to form a fibrin clot when calcium chloride, partial thromboplastin, and an activator (to ensure maximal activation of factor XII) are added to a sample of plasma. This assay is a measure of possible factor deficiencies of the intrinsic and a common pathway of coagulation; it is also used to monitor heparin therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19692",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Screening, Prothrombin Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in screening tests to determine the time required to form a fibrin clot when a sample of plasma is added to a thromboplastin-calcium mixture. Prothrombin time (PT) and the derived international normalized ratio (INR) are measures of possible factor deficiencies of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation; the reagents are used in tests to determine the clotting tendency of blood, vitamin K status, and to regulate warfarin dose."
    },
    {
      "code": "19722",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Screening, Thrombin Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in  screening  tests to determine the time required for thrombin to convert fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin clot. Fibrin formation is triggered by the addition of thrombin to the specimen, therefore bypassing prior steps in the coagulation cascade. This test does not measure deficiencies in the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of coagulation; the test is only intended to qualitatively measure the level of fibrinogen and/or circulating anticoagulants (e.g., heparin, plasmin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19287",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombophilia Marker",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for determination of the presence and/or concentration of one or more of the substances in plasma that may indicate a tendency for thrombosis (thrombophilia markers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19749",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombophilia Marker, Activated Protein C Resistance",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine the resistance to activated protein C (APC), usually defined as a low normalized sensitivity APC ratio (e.g., lower than 0.84 in functional testing). The most frequent cause by far of activated protein C resistance (APCR) is the presence of  a mutated coagulation factor V (known as factor V Leiden) that is resistant to degradation by activated protein C. APCR is a major risk factor for venous thrombosis and the most common known genetic cause of  thrombophilia; APCR may also occur in some diseases (e.g., cancer, diabetes, AIDS) and temporarily during pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19748",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombophilia Marker, Beta-Thromboglobulin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of thromboglobulin, a platelet-specific protein that is usually released simultaneously with platelet factor 4. Beta-thromboglobulin binds and inactivates heparin and blocks the release of prostacyclin; increased levels in  blood may indicate the occurrence of thrombosis (i.e., it is considered a thrombophilia marker)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19288",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombophilia Marker, Platelet Aggregation",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used to obtain aggregation patterns that are typically analyzed photometrically using a platelet aggregometer. These reagents usually include collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, and ristocetin. Platelet aggregation assays are mostly used to classify hereditary and acquired platelet disorders. Increased values of platelet aggregation may indicate thrombosis (i.e., it is considered a thrombophilia marker)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19745",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombophilia Marker, Platelet Factor 4",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of platelet factor 4, an intracellular platelet-specific protein that is usually released simultaneously with thromboglobulin. Platelet factor 4 inactivates heparin; increased levels in  blood may indicate the occurrence of thrombosis (i.e., it is considered a thrombophilia marker)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19746",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombophilia Marker, Prostacyclin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of prostacyclin, a prostaglandin synthesized by the vascular endothelial cells. Prostacyclin is a powerful vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation; increased levels in  blood may indicate the occurrence of thrombosis (i.e., it is considered a thrombophilia marker). Prostacyclin is also used as a therapeutic drug."
    },
    {
      "code": "19747",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombophilia Marker, Thromboxane",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used for qualitative and/or quantitative determination in plasma of thromboxane. Thromboxane A2, a product of the enzymatic conversion in platelets of prostaglandin G2, is a powerful vasoconstrictor and inducer of platelet aggregation; it is very unstable undergoing nonenzymatic hydrolysis to thromboxane B2, which is inactive. Increased levels of thromboxane in blood may indicate the occurrence of thrombosis (i.e., it is considered a thrombophilia marker)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19750",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombosis Marker",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically blood) to determine one of the substances that are present before thrombin is biologically available in blood. Increased levels of these substances are used as molecular markers of thrombosis; they are  present in disorders such as deep venous thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and  pulmonary emboli. Thrombosis markers can provide specific data for early diagnosis and management of coagulation disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "19754",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombosis Marker, Fibrin Monometer",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically blood) to determine fibrin monometer, a product of fibrinogen in the process of coagulation. Fibrin monometer is a sensitive marker of venous thromboembolism; it is used to rule out deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism on symptomatic patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19751",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombosis Marker, Fibrinopeptide A",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids (typically blood) to determine fibrinopeptide A, a product of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin monometer in the process of coagulation. Increased levels of fibrinopeptide A are used as markers of thrombosis; they provide specific data for early diagnosis and management of coagulation disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "19752",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombosis Marker, Prothrombin Fragment 1+2",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically blood) to determine the prothrombin fragment 1+2, a small inactive peptide resulting from the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Increased levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2 are used as a marker of thrombosis, in particular, disseminated intravascular coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19753",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Coagulation, Thrombosis Marker, Thrombin-Antithrombin III",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically blood) to determine the thrombin-antithrombin III complex, a bimolecular complex that is cleared rapidly from circulation by the hepatic cells. Increased levels of this complex are used as a marker of thrombosis"
    },
    {
      "code": "17062",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Control",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen. They are used for quality control in hematology assays for the determination of the morphology of blood, its components, and blood forming tissues (i.e., hematology assays). These reagents include those used for control in blood cell counts."
    },
    {
      "code": "17059",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Control, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen. They are used for quality control in blood coagulation testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "19764",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Control, Coagulation, Plasma",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of plasma pooled from normal donors (i.e., with approximately normal levels of plasma constituents) and including other appropriate substances (e.g., buffers, stabilizers); these reagents are used for quality control in blood coagulation testing. Some plasma control reagents may include above or below normal concentrations of specific metabolites (i.e., abnormal plasma controls)"
    },
    {
      "code": "19763",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Control, Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of samples of plasma with known values of hemoglobin and usually including other appropriate substances (e.g., buffers and stabilizers). They are used for quality control in hematology assays for determination of hemoglobin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19762",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Control, Whole Blood",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of samples with known values either of normal or abnormal (e.g. deficient) whole blood, these reagents usually include other appropriate substances (e.g., buffers and stabilizers); they are used for quality control in hematology assays of whole blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19289",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine one of the components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system. The fibrinolytic enzyme system converts an inert plasma proenzyme (plasminogen) into a proteolytic enzyme (plasmin) which is associated with the dissolution of fibrin. This system in blood includes plasminogen and plasmin, together with activators and inhibitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "17343",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Fibrinogen Degradation Product",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., plasma) to determine fragments of varying sizes that result from the action of plasmin on fibrin or fibrinogen. Increased quantities of these fragments are associated with diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) and fibrinolysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19290",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Fibrinogen Degradation Product, D-Dimer",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids (e.g., plasma) to determine D-dimer, an intermediate product in the process of degradation of fibrin or fibrinogen under the action of plasmin. The level of D-dimer in blood is associated with the activation of the fibrinolytic system."
    },
    {
      "code": "19755",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasmin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme that is one of the components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system in blood and that has strong affinity for fibrin. Plasmin levels are increased in several diseases, including fibrinogenolysis and severe liver diseases; congenital abnormalities are rare."
    },
    {
      "code": "19756",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasmin Inhibitor",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine plasmin inhibitors, a group of  serine protease inhibitors (serpins) that include alpha2-antiplasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin. Plasmin inhibitors limit the action of plasmin to the area of fibrin deposition, avoiding the circulation of fibrinogen in blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19757",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasmin-Alpha2-Antiplasmin Complex",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine plasmin-alpha2-antiplasmin, a complex that results from the binding of  the alpha2 plasmin inhibitor to the lysine binding site on plasmin. The level of these complexes in blood is associated with the activation of the fibrinolytic system."
    },
    {
      "code": "17322",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasminogen",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine plasminogen, a beta globulin that is one of the components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system in blood. Plasminogen levels are decreased in several diseases including intravascular coagulation, fibrinogenolysis, and severe liver diseases; congenital abnormalities are rare."
    },
    {
      "code": "17323",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasminogen Activator",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a sample of body fluids to determine plasminogen activators, a group of substances that convert plasminogen into plasmin. Plasminogen activators may be present in blood, vascular endothelium and other tissues, urine, and/or other body fluids. Several of these activators have therapeutic use in  the treatment of thrombosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19760",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasminogen Activator, Inhibitor 1",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a member of the family of serine protease inhibitors (serpins). PAI-1 can inhibit the activity of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activators; it can be isolated from vascular endothelium, platelets, and other tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "19758",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasminogen Activator, Tissue-Type",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine tissue-type plasminogen activators, a type of plasminogen activator that likely originates in  the endothelium and is present in normal plasma, but only in trace amounts. Tissue-type plasminogen activators are present in significant concentrations in the vascular endothelium, small veins, and the renal vasculature; they are also present in urine, tears, saliva, and bile."
    },
    {
      "code": "19759",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Fibrinolysis, Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine urokinase, a plasminogen activator. Urokinase is present in urine and in many tissues, including the vascular endothelium and renal cells; it is present in normal plasma in trace amounts."
    },
    {
      "code": "19274",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents used in the qualitative and quantitative determination of the conjugated protein in the blood that is responsible for the transport of oxygen (i.e., hemoglobin [Hb]). These reagents may be intended for determination of the total Hb concentration in the blood. Hb subtypes, also known as Hb variants, such as HbA (adult hemoglobin), HbF (fetal hemoglobin), HbC (abnormal hemoglobin), and HbS (Hb related to sickle-cell anemia) are mostly determined using electrophoresis analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19773",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Rapid Test",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time, typically several minutes. These reagents are mostly in coagulation tests performed at the point of care, operating rooms, or, less frequently, at home  by healthcare providers."
    },
    {
      "code": "19293",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Rapid Test, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to determine the time required to form a fibrin clot (i.e., blood coagulation) when calcium chloride, partial thromboplastin, and an activator are added to the plasma. This assay is a measure of possible factor deficiencies of the intrinsic and common pathway of coagulation, and is also used to monitor heparin therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19292",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Rapid Test, Prothrombin Time",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to determine the time required to form a fibrin clot (blood coagulation) when plasma is added to a thromboplastin-calcium mixture. This test is used for rapid screening of coagulation disorders and for therapeutic monitoring of both hemorrhagic and thrombotic diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17080",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Stain",
      "definition": "Reagents used in hematology for artificial coloration of thin blood films for microscopic study (blood smear), usually for the morphologic examination of blood using a microscope. Stains used in hematology are formulated from methylene blue and eosin, typically Romanovsky stains or its modifications, including Wright's and Giemsa stains."
    },
    {
      "code": "19291",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Standard",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, and that are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in assays for the determination of the morphology of blood, its components, and blood forming tissues (i.e., hematology assays) are compared (i.e., standardized)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19769",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Standard, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in blood coagulation testing  are compared (i.e., standardized)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19770",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Standard, Coagulation, Plasma",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of plasma pooled from normal donors (i.e., with approximately normal levels of plasma constituents) and other appropriate substances (e.g., buffers, stabilizers) that are established as a norm with which plasma used in blood coagulation testing is compared  (i.e., standardized). Plasma coagulation standard reagents are usually assayed and matched to international standards."
    },
    {
      "code": "19768",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Standard, Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Hematology reagents consisting of samples of human plasma with known values of  hemoglobin and usually including other appropriate substances (e.g., buffers and stabilizers); they are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in hematology assays for determination of hemoglobin are compared (i.e., standardized)"
    },
    {
      "code": "19767",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Hematology, Standard, Whole Blood",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in hematology assays of whole blood are compared (i.e., standardized)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19309",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay",
      "definition": "Reagents available as a set (kit) that permits the determination of one or more analytes of interest in a sample of body fluids, typically whole blood, urine, or feces. These kits are designed for rapid testing (typically a few minutes) that can be performed at home by the patient or other non-healthcare provider with minimum training. Many reagents available in kits for home use may be available without prescription. They permit patients to check and/or control the levels of substances (e.g., glucose) that characterize a specific illness, to follow the progress of medical treatments, or to identify particular conditions (e.g., pregnancy) ."
    },
    {
      "code": "19319",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Feces",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the rapid determination (typically a few minutes) of one or more analytes of interest and/or occult blood in a sample of feces."
    },
    {
      "code": "19687",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Feces, Occult Blood",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of occult blood (i.e., blood that cannot be detected with the naked eyes) in a sample of feces. Occult blood determination kits for home use are used to check for blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract and are particularly used for early detection of colon cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19315",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the rapid determination (typically in few minutes) of one or more analytes of interest in a sample of urine. Most urine test kits for home use may be available without prescription. They permit patients to check and/or control the levels of substances (e.g., bilirubin) that characterize a specific illness (e.g., hepatic diseases) or to follow the progress of medical treatments. Frequently these kits include a paper strip (reagent strip) that changes color when reacting with a particular analyte."
    },
    {
      "code": "19675",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Bilirubin",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of bilirubin in a sample of urine. Bilirubin determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of bilirubin during illness and/or medical treatments (e.g., hepatic disorders)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19685",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Catalase",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of catalase in a sample of urine. Catalase determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of catalase in urine, an indicator of the presence of bacteria. These kits may provide patients with an early detection of urinary tract infection ."
    },
    {
      "code": "19676",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Chloride",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of chlorides in a sample of urine. Chloride determination kits for home use permit patients to check and/or control the level of chloride during illness (e.g., adrenocortical) and/or medical treatments (e.g., diets)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19677",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Creatinine",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of creatinine in a sample of urine. Creatinine determination kits for home use permit patients to check and/or control on a routine basis the level of creatinine in their urine, frequently during clinical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "19317",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Drug-of-Abuse",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination in a sample of urine of one or more of a group of drugs that either are illegal or are frequently taken in excess for nonmedical purposes (i.e., have a high potential of abuse). They include amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, and morphine. Drug-of-abuse determination kits for home use permit patients, family members or healthcare providers to determine the presence/check the level of these drugs in their urine."
    },
    {
      "code": "19678",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Glucose",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of glucose in a sample of urine. Glucose determination kits for home use provide diabetic patients and/or care providers with a semiquantitative method to check glucose levels. Glucose tests using urine samples are less accurate than tests using whole blood samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "19679",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Ketone",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of ketones in a sample of urine. Ketone determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of ketones in their urine. Ketones tests using urine samples are less accurate than tests using whole blood samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "19318",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Multianalyte",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of several analytes (e.g., glucose and catalase) in a sample of urine. Multianalyte determination kits for home use permit patients to simultaneously check and/or control the level of several urine analytes during illness and/or medical treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "19680",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Nitrate",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of nitrates in a sample of urine. Nitrate determination kits for home use permit patients to check the levels of nitrates in their urine. They are used during some medical treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "19681",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Occult Blood",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of occult blood (i.e., blood that cannot be detected with the naked eyes) in a sample of urine. Occult blood determination kits for home use are used to check for the presence of intact erythrocytes (hematuria) and/or free hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19334",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Ovulation Prediction",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination in a sample of urine of one or more of the group of hormones that are released prior to human ovulation, typically luteinizing hormone (LH). Ovulation prediction (LH hormone determination) kits for home use may improve the chance of conception."
    },
    {
      "code": "19682",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, pH",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of the chemical potential of the hydrogen ions (pH) in a sample of urine. Home-test kits for the determination of pH permit patients to check the pH during illness (e.g., metabolic acidosis or alkalosis) and/or during medical treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "19316",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Pregnancy",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination in a sample of urine of one or more of the group of hormones that are related to the detection of human pregnancy, typically human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Pregnancy hormone determination (hCG hormone determination) kits for home use permit women to determine if they are pregnant."
    },
    {
      "code": "19683",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Protein",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of proteins in a sample of urine. Protein determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of proteins in urine during several illnesses (e.g., diabetes, chronic pyelonephritis) or after exposure to toxic agents (e.g., cadmium)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19684",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Urine, Urobilinogen",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of urobilinogen in a sample of urine. Urobilinogen determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of urobilinogen (a marker of biliary bilirubin excretion) during hepatic illness, medical treatments for liver diseases, or after exposure to toxic agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19310",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood",
      "definition": "Reagents available as a home-test kits that permit the rapid determination (typically a few minutes) of one or more analytes of interest in a sample of whole blood. Whole blood kits for home use permit patients to check and/or control the levels of substances (e.g., glucose) that characterize a specific illness (e.g., diabetes) or to follow the progress of medical treatments (e.g., lowering of cholesterol). Frequently these kits include a paper strip (reagent strip) that changes a color when reacting with a particular analyte."
    },
    {
      "code": "19311",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Cholesterol",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the rapid determination (typically a few minutes) of cholesterol in a sample of whole blood. Cholesterol determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of cholesterol in their blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19671",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in a sample of whole blood. HDL-C determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of HDL cholesterol in their blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19672",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Fructosamine",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of fructosamine, a generic name for plasma protein ketoamines, in a sample of whole blood. Fructosamine determination kits for home use permit patients to check the integrated values for glucose over a period of several weeks, free from daily fluctuations of glucose level, providing additional criteria for glucose control."
    },
    {
      "code": "19312",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Glucose",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of glucose in a sample of whole blood. Glucose determination kits for home use permit diabetic patients to check and/or control their level of glucose during illness and/or medical treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "19313",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Glycated Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of glycated hemoglobin, a result of an irreversible nonenzymatic addition of glucose residues to hemoglobin, in a sample of whole blood. Glycated hemoglobin determination kits permit patients to check the integrated values for glucose over a period of several weeks, free from daily fluctuations of glucose level, providing additional criteria for glucose control."
    },
    {
      "code": "19314",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Ketone",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the semiquantitative determination of ketones in a sample of whole blood. Ketone determination kits for home use permit patients to check the level of ketones in their blood; increased blood concentration of ketones (ketonemia) is associated with diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption, frequent vomiting, and/or starvation. Semiquantitative determination of ketones in blood is reportedly more accurate than test methods that use urine specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "19674",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Multianalyte",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of several analytes (e.g., glucose and cholesterol) in a sample of whole blood. Multianalyte determination kits for home use permit patients to simultaneously check the level of several blood analytes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24239",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Sampling",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home test kits that permit the rapid collection of sample (i.e., specimen) of whole blood. These kits usually include the necessary devices and materials to obtain a whole blood sample (e.g., lancets, blood collection cards, alcohol towelettes, gauze pads, bandage); the kit usually includes a unique personal identification code and booklets with sampling instructions and information appropriate to the intended test to be performed. Whole blood sampling kits for home use permit patients to collect specimens in the privacy of their home; the samples are intended for anonymous analysis in a qualified laboratory for primary detection of microorganisms (e.g., HIV, hepatitis C virus), which are not considered possible or convenient for home assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "19673",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Home Assay, Whole Blood, Triglyceride",
      "definition": "Reagents available as home-test kits that permit the determination of triglycerides, the major lipid fraction of chylomicrons, in a sample of whole blood. Triglycerides determination kits for home use permit patients to check and/or control the level of triglycerides in their blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19085",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay",
      "definition": "Reagents intended for use in a diverse range of sensitive and specific clinical assays using immunochemical reactions (immunoassays). The specificity and high affinity of antibodies for specific antigens, coupled with the ability of antibodies to cross-link antigens, allows the identification and quantification of specific substances using a variety of methods. Some of these reagents are available in kits that include an antibody or antigen, calibrators, and other specific reagents  (e.g., activator). Immunoassay  reagents may be specific for one or many different types of assays, such as electrophoresis, nephelometry, or microtiter assays. They are used in a variety of tests to determine levels of proteins, hormones, drugs of abuse, and many other substances, facilitating the diagnosis of allergies, autoimmune diseases, tumors, and other conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "39382",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Acute Kidney Injury",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically urine) to determine the presence and/or levels of one or more substances (e.g., proteins) for the purpose of evaluating whether a patient is at elevated risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19095",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Allergy",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., blood) to determine either one or more in the group of glycoproteins that are normally attached to mast cells (i.e., Immunoglobulin E) or the vasoactive amines (e.g., histamines) that are released by mast cells when an antigen (allergen) cross-links two attached IgE molecules; the presence of specific Immunoglobulin G subtypes may also be tested. These reagents are mostly used to characterize a patient's abnormal hypersensitivity to substances that are ordinarily harmless (allergens). Some reagents may be used to determine allergy mediators (e.g., leukotrienes, tryptase)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19825",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Allergy, Histamine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma or bronchial secretion) to determine the amine beta-imidazolylethylamine (histamine). Histamine is a powerful vasodilator causing a drop in blood pressure and constriction of the bronchial smooth muscles of the lungs. The determination of histamines is mostly used to characterize a patient's abnormal hypersensitivity to substances that are ordinarily harmless (allergens)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19827",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Allergy, Leukotriene",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., plasma) to determine a group of biologically active substances mostly found in leukocytes (i.e., leukotrienes) that cause bronchial and other smooth muscle contractions. Leukotrienes are identified by letters from A to E, followed by numbers that identify the quantity of double bounds in the molecule. Some leukotrienes (e.g., LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) are considered mediators of bronchial constriction and allergic reactions (e.g., allergic rhinitis, asthma). Reagents for leukotriene determination are mostly used in provocation tests (e.g., determination of LTC4 in nasal secretions after inhaling allergens); these reagents may also be used for monitoring severity and improvements in asthma attacks (e.g., LTE4 in urine) and to determine LTC4 release for venom (e.g., hymenoptera venom) allergy diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17254",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Allergy, Specific Immunoglobulin E",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine quantitatively a particular (i.e., specific) immunoglobulin E antibody. These assays are mostly performed to find a patient's abnormal hypersensitivity to one specific substance (i.e., an allergen), such as food  (e.g., milk, egg, peanut, fish) or inhalatory (e.g., cat hair, home dust,  mite) allergens. IgE specific assays are performed when history and skin (prick) tests provide conflicting information or skin tests can not be performed; they are also used when specific desensitization is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "37125",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Alzheimer Disease",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically urine or cerebrospinal fluid) to determine the presence and/or levels of one or more substances (e.g., proteins) for the purpose of evaluating and/or diagnosing Alzheimer disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "37126",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Alzheimer Disease, Neural Thread Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine or cerebrospinal fluid) to determine the presence and/or levels of neural thread protein. Detection of neural thread protein levels is used in the evaluation and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19136",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Anemia Test",
      "definition": "Reagents, Immunoassay, Anemia Test: Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma, urine) to determine one or more of a group of substances present  in the blood (e.g., erythropoietin, serum ferritin, folate) whose levels are usually changed in individuals with decreased  erythrocyte count and/or hemoglobin level (i.e., anemia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19137",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Anemia Test, Erythropoietin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine the level of erythropoietin, a polypeptide hormone produced in the kidneys that regulates the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow. Erythropoietin level is increased in most chronic anemias, but decreased in chronic anemias due to renal diseases. Determination of erythropoietin levels are also useful to differentiate disorders marked by overproduction of erythrocytes (polycythemias)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17342",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Anemia Test, Ferritin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the level of ferritin, an iron-apoferritin complex, one of the main forms of iron storage in the body. Ferritin is present in the blood in very low concentrations, but it usually reflects the variation in the total iron body stores. Decreased levels of ferritin are found very early in the development of iron deficiency in otherwise healthy patients; increased levels of ferritin are associated with chronic infections, rheumatoid arthritis, renal diseases, a variety of malignancies , viral hepatitis, and other diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19139",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Anemia Test, Iron Binding Capacity",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the maximum concentration of iron that serum proteins (mostly transferrin) can bind. Total iron binding capacity usually increases in iron deficiency anemia and decreases in malignancies, inflammatory disorders, and hemochromatosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20013",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Anemia Test, Serum Transferrin Receptor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the level of serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), a protein associated with the cellular uptake of transferrin iron. Levels of sTfR in serum are considered a sensitive and specific index of iron depletion, as sTfR  levels are raised in iron deficiency anemia but not in chronic inflammatory diseases. They may be used also to differentiate between both causes of anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19138",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Anemia Test, Transferrin-Bound Iron",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of blood (typically serum) to determine the level of iron bound to serum transferrin, but not the iron contained in serum as free hemoglobin. Low levels of iron in serum are found in many but not all patients with iron deficiency anemia caused by dietary deficiency, chronic blood loss, or by a group of disorders known as sideroblastic anemia. Decreased levels of iron are also associated with chronic infection and cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19173",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) to determine agents (e.g., antigens, antibodies) developed by the organism that cause an immune response against its own tissue constituents (I.e., autoimmune diseases). Autoimmune diseases may be systemic (e.g., lupus erythematosus, rheumatism) or specific against a particular organ (e.g., thyroid gland)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17274",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Anti-Parietal Cell Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., seminal plasma, serum) to determine circulating antibodies against the cells of the walls of body cavities (i.e., parietal cell antibodies [PCAs]). High levels of PCA, especially in diabetes type I patients, are associated with autoimmune gastric diseases, particularly to chronic atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19190",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Anti-Striated Muscle Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against the striated muscles (SMAs). High levels of SMA are frequently found in patients with local or generalized fatigue and exhaustion of the muscular system (i.e., myasthenia gravis); these antibodies are also found in patients with rheumatic fever and other cardiac diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19191",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against cytoplasmic constituents of neutrophil granulocytes (i.e., antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies [ANCA]), such as proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA), myeloperoxidase  (MPO-ANCA),  lactoferrin (LF-ANCA), and azurocidin. Increased circulating levels of ANCA are mostly associated with autoimmune systemic necrotizing vasculitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20114",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody, Myeloperoxidase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-ANCA). Increased circulating levels of MPO-ANCA are associated with chronic lesions and slow deterioration of renal function; they are also found in autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Many patients identified with perinuclear-ANCA using indirect immunofluorescence, a less specific method, have antibodies to MPO-ANCA."
    },
    {
      "code": "20113",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody, Proteinase 3",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies to proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA). Increased circulating levels of PR3-ANCA are used in the diagnostic of systemic vasculitis, they are also associated with extra-renal organ involvement (especially respiratory involvements), autoimmune connective tissue diseases, and Wegener's granulomatosis. Most patients identified with cytoplasmic-ANCA using indirect immunofluorescence, a less specific method, have antibodies to PR3-ANCA."
    },
    {
      "code": "20107",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Antiphospholipid Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against phospholipids (e.g., cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine) and/or their complexes with plasma proteins. Increased levels of antiphospholipid antibodies are found in some patients in a large spectrum of autoimmune diseases, including connective tissue diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and in an antiphospholipid syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus."
    },
    {
      "code": "20108",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Antiphospholipid Antibody, Cardiolipin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against cardiolipin (i.e., anti-CL antibodies), an anionic phospholipid present in mitochondrial and bacterial membranes. Increased levels of anti-CL antibodies are found in some patients in a large spectrum of autoimmune diseases, including connective tissue diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. These antibodies (particularly, some specific monoclonal antibodies) are also present in the serum of patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome; they are associated with increased risks of thrombosis and coronary and cerebral ischemic disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "20112",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Antisperm Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., seminal plasma, serum) to determine antibodies to the sperm surface (antisperm antibodies [ASAs]), these antibodies may produce sperm agglutinating and/or immobilizing activities, block sperm-egg interaction, or prevent implantation; ASA may be directed against antigens (e.g., rSMP-B, calpastin, HED-2) produced by different cells of the reproductive tract. The quantity and characteristics associated with one or more ASAs in men or women are associated with the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa (immunologic infertility); increased levels of ASA are found in men with sperm pathologies, varicocele, or vasectomy and also in prepubertal boys with testicular failures."
    },
    {
      "code": "19184",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Celiac Disease",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating immunoglobulin antibodies (e.g., antitissue transgluminase, antiendomysial, antigliadin) associated to an autoimmune disease characterized by a malabsorption syndrome (i.e., celiac disease) affecting both children and adults; this disease is promoted by ingestion of foods containing gluten, such as cereals. The antibodies detected are typically immunoglobulin A and G (IgA and IgG, respectively), indicating a nonallergic immune response to gluten proteins. Some of the antibodies present in celiac autoimmune diseases are also found in patients with other autoimmune diseases and/or certain malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20104",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Celiac Disease, Antiendomysial Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies against the sheath that surrounds muscular fibers (I.e., endomesium). These antibodies are highly specific and sensitive for an autoimmune disease characterized by a malabsorption syndrome (i.e., celiac disease) affecting both children and adults; this disease is promoted by ingestion of foods containing gluten, such as cereals."
    },
    {
      "code": "20103",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Celiac Disease, Antigliadin Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies against gliadin (GA), a protein found in wheat and rye gluten. Antibodies against GA are found in patients suffering from an autoimmune disease characterized by a malabsorption syndrome (i.e., celiac disease) affecting both children and adults; this disease is promoted by ingestion of foods containing gluten, such as cereals."
    },
    {
      "code": "20105",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Celiac Disease, Antitissue Transglutaminase Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies against the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG). These antibodies are highly specific and sensitive for an autoimmune disease characterized by a malabsorption syndrome (i.e., celiac disease) affecting both children and adults; this disease is promoted by ingestion of foods containing gluten, such as cereals."
    },
    {
      "code": "19175",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies associated  with autoimmune  connective-tissue diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19038",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Antinuclear Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies directed  against nuclear antigens (i.e., antinuclear antibodies [ANA]). Increased ANA circulating levels are associated with autoimmune connective-tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatoid arthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20074",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Centromere Protein Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antinuclear antibodies to centromere proteins (CENP). Increased circulating levels of CENP are found in CREST variant scleroderma and in some patients with Raynaud's disease and other autoimmune diseases (e.g., polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20075",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Double-Stranded DNA Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) antibodies. Increased ds-DNA antibody circulating levels are associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These reagents are mostly used in assays intended for detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of SLE patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19176",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Extractable Nuclear Antigen, Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA). Increased ENA antibodies levels are associated with autoimmune connective-tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. ENA determination is a screening test."
    },
    {
      "code": "20077",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Jo-1 Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine Jo-1 antibodies to (histidyl transfer RNA synthetase). Circulating Jo-1 antibodies are present in some autoimmune connective-tissue diseases, particularly in polymyositis, a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease of the skeletal muscles; polymyositis frequently occurs with inflammatory skin changes (i.e., dermatomyositis). Patients suffering polymyositis may have associated interstitial lung disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "20078",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Polymyositis-Scleroderma Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to polymyositis-scleroderma (PM-Scl) overlap syndrome antigens. Increased levels of PM-Scl antibodies are associated to scleroderma overlap syndromes, such as mixed connective-tissue disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "20081",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Ribonucleoprotein Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to ribonucleic proteins (anti-RNPs), one of the extractable nuclear antigens. These antibodies are found in autoimmune connective-tissue diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus."
    },
    {
      "code": "20079",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Scleroderma-70 Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine Scleroderma-70  ([Scl-70], DNA topoisomerase I) antibodies. Circulating Scl-70 antibodies are present in some autoimmune connective-tissue diseases, particularly in scleroderma and progressive systemic sclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20076",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Single-Stranded DNA Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine single- stranded DNA (ss-DNA) antibodies. Increased ss-DNA antibody circulating levels are associated with autoimmune connective-tissue and inflammatory rheumatic diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20080",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, Smith Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine Smith (Sm) antibodies, a part of a small nuclear RNA protein complex known as snRNA. Sm antigen is  a complex of several proteins; circulating Sm antibodies are sometimes present in autoimmune connective-tissue diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20082",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, SS-A/Ro Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies (termed SS-A or SS-A/ro) to an RNA/protein complex (an extractable nuclear antigen) . Circulating SS-A antibodies are present in autoimmune connective-tissue diseases, particularly in Sjogren's syndrome which is characterized by keratoconjunctivitis and xerostomia."
    },
    {
      "code": "20083",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, SS-B/La Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies (termed SS-B or SS-B/La) to an RNA/protein complex (an extractable nuclear antigen). Circulating SS-B antibodies are present in autoimmune connective-tissue diseases, particularly in Sjogren's syndrome which is characterized by keratoconjunctivitis and xerostomia."
    },
    {
      "code": "20084",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Connective Tissue, U1-snRNP Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to part of a small RNA protein complex known as snRNA (U1-snRNP antibodies). Circulating U1-snRNP antibodies are present in autoimmune connective-tissue diseases, particularly in systemic lupus erythematosus and other related diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19174",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Diabetes",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies commonly found in diabetic patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "20071",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Diabetes, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. GAD antibodies are found in patients during the development of diabetes mellitus caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cell. Measurement of anti-GAD antibodies level is mostly used as a preclinical screening test to predict the development of diabetes in close relatives of patients with type I (i.e., insulin dependent) diabetes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20069",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Diabetes, Insulin Autoantibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), which are commonly found in diabetic patients treated with exogenous (e.g., beef, pig) insulin. These antibodies are found in patients during the development of diabetes mellitus caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cell."
    },
    {
      "code": "20070",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Diabetes, Islet Cell Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICAs). These antibodies are found in patients during the development of diabetes mellitus caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cell. Measurement of ICA levels may be performed as a preclinical screening test to predict the development of diabetes in close relatives of patients with type I (i.e., insulin dependent) diabetes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20072",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Diabetes, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine protein tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (IA-2). These antibodies are found in patients during the development of diabetes mellitus caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cell. Measurement of IA-2 antibodies level is mostly used as a preclinical screen test to predict the development of diabetes in close relatives of patients with type I (i.e., insulin dependent) diabetes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20110",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Goodpasture Disease Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes (i.e., Goodpasture antibodies), specifically against the globular domain of type IV collagen. Reagents for determination of these antibodies in serum are used in the diagnostic of Goodpasture disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive glomerulonephritis and, frequently, pulmonary hemorrhage."
    },
    {
      "code": "19185",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Hepatitis",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies (e.g., anti-smooth muscle, liver/kidney microsomal) associated to autoimmune chronic hepatitis, a disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory reaction directed against the hepatocytes and, in, some cases, against the bile ducts. Autoimmune hepatitis is a syndrome that affects mainly women, and its histologic features are indistinguishable from chronic viral hepatitis, but there is an absence of viral serologic markers. Some of the antibodies present in this autoimmune disease are also found in patients with other autoimmune diseases and/or certain malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19330",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Hepatitis, Antimitochondrial Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against small, sphere-shaped components found in the cytoplasm of cells (i.e., mitochondria); they are generically known as antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Reagents for determination of AMAs in serum are used in the diagnostics of primary biliary cirrhosis, an organ-specific,  cholestatic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic progressive destruction of bile ducts, portal inflammation, and, ultimately, fibrosis. This disease predominantly affects women."
    },
    {
      "code": "17276",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Hepatitis, Antismooth Muscle Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine anti-smooth-muscle antibodies. These antibodies are frequently found in patients with chronic active hepatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19320",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Hepatitis, Liver/Kidney Microsomal Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against the cytochrome P450 2D6, specifically against the linear and conformational epitopes of the CYP2D6 protein. These antibodies are generically known as liver/kidney microsomal antibodies type 1 (LKM1); they are frequently found in patients with chronic hepatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20106",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Histone Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antinuclear histone proteins (e.g., H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4) antibodies. Increased circulating levels are associated with autoimmune connective tissue (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), chronic hepatitis, and inflammatory rheumatic diseases. High levels of histones are also found in response to long treatments with some therapeutic agents (e.g., procainamide, hydralazine)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20109",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neopterin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) to determine neopterin, a low-molecular-mass pteridine mostly produced by macrophages and monocytes. Increased concentrations of neopterin in serum and urine are associated with activation of the cellular immune system; they are found in patients with viral infections, malignant diseases, chronic infections, and other inflammatory diseases; determination of neopterin levels are also used for differential diagnosis of acute viral and bacterial infections and for monitoring the progress of autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus erythematosus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19177",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies associated with autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system."
    },
    {
      "code": "20093",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Anti-CAR Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies  to one or more of several retinal proteins found in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy (anti-CAR antibodies). This retinopathy is a rare disease characterized by retinal degeneration and a progressive loss of vision in association with cancer in the absence of metastatic, infectious, or metabolic complications (i.e., a paraneoplastic neurological disease). Reagents to determine anti-CAR antibodies are mainly used in assays intended for early diagnosis of cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20094",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Anti-CAR Antibody, Recoverin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to recoverin, a 23 kDalton retinal photoreceptor protein. These antibodies are found in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), a rare disease characterized by retinal degeneration and a progressive loss of vision in association with cancer, in the absence of metastatic, infectious, or metabolic complications (i.e., a paraneoplastic neurologic disease). Reagents used to determine recoverin are mainly used in assays intended for early diagnosis of cancer, frequently when only visual symptoms are present."
    },
    {
      "code": "20095",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Anti-Hu Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine anti-Hu antibodies. These antibodies are found in patients with diseases characterized by an association between neurological disorders and cancer in the absence of metastatic, infectious, or metabolic complications (e.g., paraneoplastic neurological diseases). Reagents to determine anti-Hu antibodies may be used in assays intended for early diagnosis of cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20097",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Anti-Ri Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine anti-Ri antibodies; these antibodies are found in patients with diseases characterized by an association between neurological disorders and cancer in the absence of metastatic, infectious, or metabolic complications (i.e., paraneoplastic neurological diseases). Reagents to determine anti-Ri antibodies may be used in assays intended for early diagnosis of cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20096",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Anti-Yo Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine anti-Yo antibodies; these antibodies are found in patients with diseases characterized by an association between neurological disorders and cancer in the absence of metastatic, infectious, or metabolic complications (i.e., paraneoplastic neurological  diseases). Reagents to determine anti-Yo antibodies may be used in assays intended for early diagnosis of cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19178",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antiganglioside Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to one or more of a group of glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) that occur predominantly in the tissues of the central nervous system (e.g., GM-1, GM-2, GQ1b, GD1b gangliosides).  Antiganglioside antibodies are associated with neuropathies; they may be a marker for the diagnosis of cerebral involvement in connective-tissue autoimmune diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20088",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antiganglioside Antibody, Asialo GM1",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluids sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to the Asialo ganglioside-monosialic acid (Asialo- GM1). These antibodies are associated with neuropathies, especially with multifocal motor neuropathies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20089",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antiganglioside Antibody, GD1b",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to the disialoganglioside acid (GD1b antibodies). These antibodies are associated to neuropathies, particularly to chronic sensory ataxic neuropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20086",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antiganglioside Antibody, GM1",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to the Asialo ganglioside-monosialic acid GM1 (i.e., anti-GM1 antibodies). These antibodies are associated with neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, its variant called Miller-Fisher syndrome, and chronic idiopathic neuropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20087",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antiganglioside Antibody, GM2",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies to the ganglioside GM2  (i.e., anti-GM2 antibodies). These antibodies are associated to neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS); they are frequently present in the serum from GBS patients with an antecedent infection with cytomegalovirus; antibodies to a rare form (i.e., variant B1) of  GM2 gangliosides are associated  with neurodegenerative disorders such as speech, gait, and seizures in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "20085",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antiganglioside Antibody, Total",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine total antiganglioside antibodies (e.g., anti-GM1, anti-GD1b). Total antiganglioside antibodies are associated with neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20090",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antimyelin Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antimyelin antibodies (e.g., antimyelin associated glycoprotein antibodies) in which activity is directed against peripheral nerve antigens. These antibodies are mostly found in neuropathies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20091",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antimyelin Antibody, MAG",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antimyelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies (anti-MAG antibodies) in which activity is directed against peripheral nerve antigens. These antibodies are mostly found in chronic demyelinating or inflammatory neuropathies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20092",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Neurologic, Antimyelin Antibody, SGPG",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antisulfated 3-glucuronyl paragloboside antibodies (anti-SGPG antibodies) in which activity is directed against peripheral nerve antigens. These antibodies are mostly found in demyelinating neuropathies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20111",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Nuclear Domain 10 Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies against nuclear substructures known as nuclear dots (ND10) that contain several cellular proteins (e.g., Sp100, promyelocytic leukemia protein, NDP52). These antibodies are associated to autoimmune diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, promyelocytic leukemia, other forms of neoplasias, and some viral infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19179",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Rheumatism",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies associated with autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the connective tissues (i.e., rheumatic diseases), especially the joints and related structures (e.g., muscle, bursae, tendons)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20099",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Rheumatism, Anti-RA33 Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies directed toward the A2hnRNP core protein, known as anti-RA33 antibodies. Determination of anti-RA33 antibodies, combined with the determination of rheumatoid factor antibodies, may be used in the identification of patients at risk of erosive arthritis, especially those patients who suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus."
    },
    {
      "code": "20100",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Rheumatism, Antikeratin Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies directed toward keratin (stratum corneum). Antikeratin antibodies (AKAs) are associated with erosive polyarthritis; its determination, frequently combined with the determination of rheumatoid factor antibodies, is used in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for early rheumatoid arthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20101",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Rheumatism, Antiperinuclear Factor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies against perinuclear antigens (i.e., antiperinuclear factor [APF)S. APFs appear to be sensitive but less specific in the determination of rheumatoid arthritis. Determination of APF may be used in combination with the determination of rheumatoid factor antibodies in the prognosis of early rheumatoid arthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17326",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Rheumatism, Circulating Immune Complex",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the presence of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in rheumatoid patients. CICs are heterogeneous in size, composition, and proinflammatory capacities and are associated with systemic inflammation processes including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; they may be related to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, stroke, and other cardiovascular disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "17379",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Rheumatism, Rheumatoid Factor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies against antigenic determinants frequently found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (i.e., rheumatoid  factors).  Determination of rheumatoid factors (RFs) is the most consistent prognostic of joint damage and functional disabilities in early rheumatoid arthritis; its determination is frequently used in combination with the determination of other autoimmune antibodies (e.g., cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies) to increase the levels of prediction."
    },
    {
      "code": "20102",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Streptokinase Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine circulating antibodies against streptokinase (i.e., antistreptokinase antibodies) produced by streptococcus pyogens. These antibodies are developed in response to, or as the result of, a preceding streptococcal infection and/or after streptokinase administration in patients who had suffered from myocardial infarction. Antistreptokinase antibodies may be associated with some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatism."
    },
    {
      "code": "17281",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Thyroid",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies associated with autoimmune diseases of the thyroid glands. Some of the antibodies present in thyroid autoimmune diseases are also found in other autoimmune diseases and in certain  malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "17282",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Thyroid, Microsomal Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies directed against a protein component of thyroid cell microsomes (i.e., antimicrosomal antibodies). These antibodies are found in almost all adult patients with a progressive autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland with lymphocytic infiltration (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), in more than 80% of patients with Grave's disease, and in patients with idiopathic myxedema (associated  with primary hypothyroidism)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20098",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Thyroid, Peroxidase Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies directed against thyroid peroxidase (TPO), the main and possibly only antigenic component of the thyroid epithelial cells. Antibodies against TPO (i.e., anti-TPO antibodies) provide a high sensitivity and specificity for microsomal antibodies of thyroid epithelial cells; anti-TPO antibodies are found in almost all adult patients with a progressive autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland with lymphocytic infiltration (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), in more than 80% of patients with Grave's disease, and in patients with idiopathic myxedema (associated with primary hypothyroidism). Reagents for anti-TPO are used for detecting, confirming, and monitoring autoimmune thyroid disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "17280",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Thyroid, Thyroglobulin Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine antibodies directed against thyroglobulin (i.e., antithyroglobulin antibodies), a large glycoprotein that is a major constituent of thyroid colloid. These antibodies are frequently found in a progressive autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland with lymphocytic infiltration (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), in other autoimmune diseases of the thyroid (e.g., Grave's disease), and in idiopathic myxedema (associated with primary hypothyroidism)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17283",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Autoimmune, Thyroid, Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine thyrotropin (also known as thyroid stimulating hormone) receptor antibodies (TRAb)  that bind to thyroid cell membranes at or near the thyrotropin receptor site. TRAbs are found in almost all adult patients with a progressive autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland with lymphocytic infiltration (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), in more than 80% of patients with Grave's disease, and in patients with idiopathic myxedema (associated with primary hypothyroidism)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19132",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses or a sample or body fluids (typically serum or urine) to determine either one or more of the group of hormones and/or their metabolites that regulate mineral and bone metabolism. These assays are mostly used in testing bone diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19882",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Hormone, Calcitonin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the presence of calcitonin, an amino acid peptide secreted by the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin secretion is primarily regulated by the level of ionized calcium in plasma; calcitonin lowers plasma calcium. Elevated calcitonin levels are found in patients with hypercalcemia, pulmonary diseases, and thyroidal and nonthyroidal carcinomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19133",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine the parathyroid hormone (PTH), the final product in the biosynthesis from a 115 amino acid peptide called  pre-PTH. PTH is synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid glands; its secretion is primarily regulated by the level of free calcium in plasma or extracellular fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "19884",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone, C-Terminal",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the inactive carboxyl-terminal fragment (amino acid sequence 53 to 84) of the parathyroid hormone (i.e., C-terminal PTH fragment). The level of C-terminal PTH in serum is useful in determining the cause of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia and the parathyroid function status in disorders such as bone and mineral metabolism and renal failure. Secretion of C-terminal PTH fragments persist even in hypercalcemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19883",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone, Intact",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the 84 amino acid intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Intact PTH is synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid glands. The level of PTH in serum is used to determine the cause of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia and also to assess the parathyroid function in disorders of bone and mineral metabolism and renal failure. Secretion of intact PTH is increased by hypocalcemia and reduced or absent in hypercalcemia. Two-site labeled antibody immunoassays for intact PTH are the most specific assays for PTH determinations; they are preferred over the assays used to determine fractions of PTH (e.g., C-terminal, N-terminal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19886",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone, M-Region",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the mid-region inactive fragment (amino acid sequence 44 to 68) of the parathyroid hormone ([PTH]; i.e., M-Region PTH fragment). The level of M-region PTH in serum is used to determine the cause of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia and the parathyroid function status in disorders such as bone and mineral metabolism and renal failure. Secretion of M-region PTH fragments persist even in hypercalcemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19885",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone, N-Terminal",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the active first third terminal fragment (amino acid sequence 1 to 34) of the parathyroid hormone ([PTH]; i.e., N-terminal PTH fragment). The level of N-terminal PTH in serum has been used to determine the cause of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia and he parathyroid function status in disorders such as bone and mineral metabolism and renal failure. These assays are not useful to measure PTH in normal people."
    },
    {
      "code": "19888",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine one or more of the group of substances that are indicators of bone turnover (i.e., bone metabolism markers), either bone formation (osteoblast activity) or bone resorption (osteoclast activity). These reagents are mostly used in testing bone diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19889",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Bone Alkaline Phosphatase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (AP) produced by the osteoblasts in the bones. These immunoassays provide the specificity and sensitivity needed to differentiate bone AP isoenzymes from the AP produced in the liver or kidneys. An increased level of AP bone isoenzymes in serum reflects increased osteoblast activity or bone formation (i.e., AP bone isoenzymes are a marker of bone formation); abnormal high  levels are frequently found in diseases characterized by inadequate or delayed mineralization of bone, such as rickets disease in children, osteomalacia in adults, Paget's disease, and osteitis deformans (a disease characterized by increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts of repair)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19897",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Collagen-I C-Telopeptide (ICTP)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the carboxyterminal telopeptide that originates from one of the two intermolecular sites of the pyridinoline, cross-linking with type I collagen (also known as  I-C telopeptide [ICTP]). Increased levels of ICTP are probably not an index of normal bone resorption; they are associated with bone resorption in diseases such as osteoporosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19898",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Cross-Linked C-Telopeptide (CTx)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine a fraction (known as CTx) of the carboxyterminal telopeptide that originates from one of the two intermolecular sites of the pyridinoline cross-linking with  type I collagen. Increased levels of CTx  are associated with bone resorption (CTx is a bone-resorption marker) in osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Some immunoassays are capable of determining independently the nonisomerized CTx (i.e., alpha-CTx) and isomerized CTx (i.e., beta-CTx) in urine; the ratio of both components seems to be useful in the characterization of some bone diseases, such as Paget's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19899",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Cross-Linked N-Telopeptide (NTx)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine a fraction (known as NTx) of the amino-terminal telopeptide that originates from one of the two intermolecular sites of the pyridinoline cross-linking with  type I collagen. Increased levels of NTx  are strongly associated with bone-resorption (NTx is a sensitive bone resorption marker) in osteoporosis and other bone diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19893",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine cyclic adenosin monophosphate (cAMP), a cyclic nucleotide that mediates the action of some hormones, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH). Decreased levels of cAMP in urine are found in most patients with hypercalcemia, with the exception of humoral hypercalcemia due to malignant tumors. The level of cAMP in urine is infrequently used as an index of PTH secretion; it is not considered a specific marker of bone metabolism."
    },
    {
      "code": "19892",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Deoxypyridinoline",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine free or protein-bound deoxypyridinoline (lysylpyridinoline), a nonreducible cross-link that stabilizes the mature collagen chains within the extracellular matrix. It is found in bone and dentine. Increased levels of deoxypyridinoline in urine occur during bone resorption (pyridinoline is a marker of bone resorption); they are associated with high-turnover osteoporosis, hypercalcemia due to malignancy, and other diseases with high bone resorption. Deoxypyridinoline in urine is a more specific marker of bone degradation than pyridinoline."
    },
    {
      "code": "19890",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Osteocalcin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the protein osteocalcin (also known as bone GLA protein), the major noncollagenous protein in human bones. Osteocalcin is synthesized in the skeleton by the osteoblasts; it binds both free calcium and hydroxyapatite. Increased levels of osteocalcin in serum reflect increased osteoblast activity or bone formation (osteocalcin is a marker of bone formation); abnormal high  levels are frequently found in diseases such as high-turnover osteoporosis, hyperthyroidism, and hyperparathyroidism."
    },
    {
      "code": "19894",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Procollagen Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the extension  (either amino- or carboxy- terminal) peptides of collagen type I, II, or III . Procollagen peptide extensions are cleaved from collagen during fiber formation and circulate in blood. The level of procollagen peptides in blood is not specific to  bone formation, thus they are not considered specific markers of bone formation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19895",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Procollagen-I C-Terminal Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the carboxyterminal (C) extension peptides of type I collagen (PICP). The level of PICP in blood is not specific to  bone formation, thus the PICP level is only used as an index of total bone-forming activity and not as a specific marker of bone formation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19896",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Procollagen-I N-Terminal Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the amino (N) extension peptides of type I collagen (PINP). The level of PINP in blood is not specific to bone formation, thus the PINP level is only used as an index of total bone-forming activity and not as a specific marker of bone formation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19891",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism Marker, Pyridinoline",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine free or protein-bound pyridinoline (hydroxylysylpyridinoline), a nonreducible cross-link that stabilizes the mature collagen chains within the extracellular matrix; it is found in bone, in hard connective tissues, and in cartilage. Increased levels of pyridinoline in urine occur during bone resorption and/or cartilage degradation (pyridinoline is a marker of bone resorption)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19887",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Bone Metabolism, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine peptides produced by some tumors that have the ability to bind to the parathyroid hormone receptors (i.e., parathyroid hormone related peptide [PTHrP]). The presence of PTHrPs is associated with abnormal bone and mineral metabolism; its determination in serum is used to diagnose hypercalcemia produced by a malignant tumor product (frequently from squamous carcinomas) that causes resorption of bone distal to the site of the tumor."
    },
    {
      "code": "40103",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Brain Trauma",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the presence and/or levels of one or more substances (e.g., proteins) for the purpose of evaluating whether a patient has experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19198",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in a diverse range of sensitive and specific clinical assays using immunochemical reactions (immunoassays) that are mostly used to determine substances in human samples. Reagents used for calibration may be either specific for some particular substance or more frequently appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar substances (e.g, proteins, lipids)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19957",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Allergy",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine either immunoglobulin E (IgE) or histamines released by mast cells when an antigen (allergen) cross-links two attached IgE molecules. These reagents may either be specific for calibration of an allergy-related substance or more frequently appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar allergy-related substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "20130",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Anemia Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in tests performed to determine one or more of a group of substances present in the blood (e.g., erythropoietin, serum ferritin) of which level may be used to characterize anemia disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "20135",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Autoimmune Disease",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine agents developed by the organism that cause an immune response against its own tissue constituents (I.e., autoimmune diseases)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19964",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Bone Metabolism Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine either one or more of the group of hormones (and/or their metabolites) that regulate the mineral and bone metabolism or some substances that are indicators of bone turnover. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a bone metabolism substance, or more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar bone metabolism substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "19956",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Cardiac Marker",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine substances liberated from the myocardium into the plasma (i.e., cardiac markers). These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a cardiac marker, or more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar cardiac markers."
    },
    {
      "code": "19962",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Diabetes",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of the group of hormones (e.g., insulin, C-peptide, glucogen) that modulate the regulation of the concentration of glucose in the blood. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a diabetes test hormone or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar diabetes test hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "20133",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Drug-of-Abuse",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a group of drugs that have a high potential of abuse, including amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, and marijuana."
    },
    {
      "code": "19966",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Endocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a group of endocrine hormones (e.g., human growth hormone, adenocortiotropic). These reagents may be either specific for calibration of an endocrine hormone or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar endocrine hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19960",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Fertility Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of the group of hormones that are vital for human reproduction. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a fertility hormone or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar fertility hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19968",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Gastrointestinal Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine either one or more of a group of gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a gastrointestinal hormone or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar gastrointestinal hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19955",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a group of lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a lipoprotein or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar lipoproteins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19965",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Liver Metabolism",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference in immunoassay tests performed to determine either one or more of the group of substances that are safely and almost completely metabolized by the liver. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a liver metabolic product or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar liver metabolic products."
    },
    {
      "code": "19967",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Neuroendocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine either one or more of a group of neuroendocrine hormones (e.g., bombesin, neurotensin). These reagents may either be specific for calibration of a neuroendocrine hormone or more frequently appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar endocrine hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19961",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Pregnancy Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of the group of hormones related to the detection, evaluation, and monitoring of human pregnancy. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a pregnancy hormone or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar pregnancy hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19969",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Prostaglandins",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a group of derivatives of fatty acids known as prostaglandins. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a prostaglandin or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar prostaglandins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19954",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Protein",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a variety of proteins and/or polypeptides. These reagents may be either specific for a protein or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins, transport proteins)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19970",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Radioimmunoassay",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in a diverse range of sensitive and specific clinical assays using radioimmunoassay tests. Reagents used for radioimmunoassay calibration may be specific for a substance or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar substances (e.g., proteins, lipids) that are found in human specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "19963",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Renal Metabolism Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of the group of hormones that are produced or degraded by the kidneys (e.g., renin, aldosterone). These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a renal metabolism hormone or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar renal metabolism hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "20132",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Therapeutic Drug",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to identify and/or measure levels (i.e., in a serum, plasma or whole blood specimen) of one or more of a group of therapeutic drugs that include pain relievers, antibiotics, and cardiovascular, nervous system, antiasthmatic, antineoplastic, and immunosuppressive agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19959",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Thyroid Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in tests performed to determine one or more of the group of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland , such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a thyroid hormone or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar thyroid hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "17038",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Toxicology",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a group of drugs, such as acetaminophen, alcohol, and salicylates that are toxic when taken in overdose, or other chemical agents that are accidentally or intentionally ingested."
    },
    {
      "code": "19958",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Tumor Marker",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine substances present in or secreted by neoplastic tumor cells  (i.e., tumor markers) that may be found in cells, tissues, or body fluids. These reagents may be either specific for calibration of a tumor marker or, more frequently, appropriate to calibrate a whole set of similar tumor markers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20131",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Calibration, Vitamin",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunoassay tests performed to determine some vitamins, including vitamin B12 and folate."
    },
    {
      "code": "19092",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine substances (i.e., cardiac markers)  liberated from the myocardium into the plasma. The type and level of liberated substances (typically proteins or enzymes) are used in the diagnosis of the occurrence and extent of heart damage, mostly as the result of myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "19704",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to detect and identify proteins released from the myocardial tissue into the plasma (i.e., cardiac markers). The type and level of proteins (typically enzymes) are used in the diagnosis of the occurrence and extent of heart damage, mostly as the result of ischemia/myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "19821",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a serum or plasma sample to determine atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a protein typically liberated from the myocardium into the blood as a result of atrial dilation or increased vascular fluid volume. ANP normalizes blood pressure and circulating blood volume by increasing the volume and the excretion of sodium in the urine (i.e., diuresis and natriuresis, respectively) and by regulating the concentrations of some hormones in blood (e.g., aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone). The level of liberated ANP is used in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20692",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Brain Natriuretic Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a serum, plasma, or whole blood sample to determine brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or pro-PNB (a PNB precursor). PNB is a protein typically liberated from the myocardium into the blood as a result of regional wall stress in the ventricles. Circulating BNP is associated with adverse ventricular remodeling and as an indicator of poor prognosis. The level of liberated BNP is used mainly in the diagnosis and treatment responsiveness of congestive heart failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "19093",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Creatine Kinase Muscle-Brain Isoenzyme",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of serum or plasma to determine the creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (i.e., muscle-brain isoenzyme, CKMB) level. This isoenzyme is mostly found in cardiac muscle. The level of CKMB is used in the diagnosis of heart damage as the result of myocardial infarction, pericarditis, or myocardial ischemia and also after cardiac surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "19822",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Fatty Acid Binding Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine the fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP), sometimes named heart FABP. The level of liberated FABP increases, both in blood and in urine, soon after the occurrence of  heart damage (e.g., as the result of myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery) and before the increase of creatine kinase activity, permitting its use as an early and specific cardiac marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19823",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Glycogen Phosphorylase BB",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a serum or plasma sample to determine the glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme GPBB (i.e., brain-brain isoenzyme). GPBB release into the extracellular fluids follows ischemia-induced structural alterations of the myocardium. The level of liberated GBPP is used in the diagnosis of the occurrence and extension of ischemic heart injuries, mostly as the result of myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "17314",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Myoglobin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g. serum, urine) to determine myoglobin, an oxygen binding protein found in small amounts in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The level of liberated myoglobin increases, both in blood and in urine, soon after the occurrence of  heart damage (e.g., as the result of myocardial infarction) and before the increase of creatine kinase activity, permitting its use as an early cardiac marker. Myoglobin levels also increase due to injuries in skeletal muscles and/or after vigorous physical exercise."
    },
    {
      "code": "19824",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Myosin Light Chain",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a serum or plasma sample to determine myosin light chain (MLC). The level of liberated MLC, in addition to evaluation with other cardiac markers, is used in the diagnosis of the occurrence of  heart damage, mostly as the result of myocardial infarction"
    },
    {
      "code": "19689",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Troponin I",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a serum or plasma sample to determine Troponin I, the circulating inhibiting subunit of cardiac troponin (cTnI) that prevents actin-myosin binding. Troponin is a complex of globular muscle proteins that inhibits contraction by blocking the interaction of actin and myosin; it is usually bound to tropomyosin. The level of liberated cTnI is a highly specific marker of the occurrence of ischemic heart injuries (as the result of myocardial infarction)"
    },
    {
      "code": "19094",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Cardiac Marker, Protein, Troponin T",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a serum or plasma sample to determine Troponin T, the circulating tropomyosin-binding subunit of cardiac troponin (cTnT). Troponin is a complex of globular muscle proteins that inhibits contraction by blocking the interaction of actin and myosin; it is usually bound to tropomyosin. The level of liberated cTnT is a highly specific marker of the occurrence of ischemic heart injuries (as the result of myocardial infarction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17061",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen. They are used for quality control in a diverse range of sensitive and specific clinical assays using immunochemical reactions (immunoassays) that are mostly used in the determination of components in human specimens. Reagents used for quality control may be either specific for some substance or more frequently appropriate for a whole set of similar substances (e.g., proteins, lipids)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19974",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Allergy",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more in a group of immunoglobulin E (IgE) proteins or histamines released by mast cells when an antigen (allergen) cross-links two attached IgE molecules. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of an allergy-related substance or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar allergy-related substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "20136",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Anemia Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of substances present  in the blood (e.g., erythropoietin, serum ferritin) in which the level may be used to characterize anemia disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "20141",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Autoimmune Disease",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed to determine agents developed by the organism that cause an immune response against its own tissue constituents (I.e., autoimmune diseases)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19981",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Bone Metabolism",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of either one or more of the group of hormones (and/or their metabolites) that regulate the mineral and bone metabolism or of substances that are indicators of bone turnover. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a bone metabolism substance, or more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar bone metabolism substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "19973",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Cardiac Marker",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of substances (i.e., cardiac markers) liberated from the myocardium into the plasma. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a cardiac marker or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar cardiac markers."
    },
    {
      "code": "19979",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Diabetes",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones (e.g., insulin, C-peptide, glucogen) that modulate the regulation of the concentration of glucose in the blood.  These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a diabetes test hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar diabetes test hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "20139",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Drug-of-Abuse",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of tests performed to determine one or more of a group of drugs that have a high potential of abuse, including amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, and marijuana."
    },
    {
      "code": "19983",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Endocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of endocrine hormones (e.g., adenocorticotropic, human growth hormone). These reagents may be either specific for quality control of an endocrine hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar endocrine hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19977",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Fertility Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones that are vital for human reproduction. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a fertility hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar fertility hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19985",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Gastrointestinal Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of either one or more of a group of gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a gastrointestinal hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar gastrointestinal hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19972",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a lipoprotein or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar lipoproteins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19982",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Liver Metabolism",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of either one or more of the group of substances that are safely and almost completely metabolized by the liver. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a liver metabolic product or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar liver metabolic products."
    },
    {
      "code": "19984",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Neuroendocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of either one or more of a group of neuroendocrine hormones (e.g., bombesin, neurotensin). These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a neuroendocrine hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar endocrine hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19978",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Pregnancy Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones related to the detection, evaluation, and monitoring of human pregnancy. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a pregnancy hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar pregnancy hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19986",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Prostaglandins",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of  derivatives of fatty acids known as prostaglandins. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a prostaglandin or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar prostaglandins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19971",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Protein",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of proteins and/or polypeptides. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a protein or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar proteins."
    },
    {
      "code": "17065",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Radioimmunoassay",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations intended for quality control in a diverse range of sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay tests. Reagents used for radioimmunoassay quality control may be specific for a substance or, more frequently, appropriate for quality control for a whole set of similar substances (e.g., proteins, lipids) that are found in human specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "19980",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Renal Metabolism Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones that are produced or degraded by the kidneys (e.g., renin, aldosterone). These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a renal metabolism hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar renal metabolism hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "20138",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Therapeutic Drug",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed to measure levels of one or more of a group of therapeutic drugs in a specimen (e.g., serum, plasma, whole blood) collected from a patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "19976",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Thyroid Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a thyroid hormone or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar thyroid hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "17066",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Toxicology",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of either one or more of a group of drugs such as acetaminophen, alcohol, and salicylates that are toxic when taken in overdose or of other chemical agents that are accidentally or intentionally ingested."
    },
    {
      "code": "19975",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Tumor Marker",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed for the determination of substances present in or secreted by neoplastic tumor cells  (i.e. tumor markers) that may be found in cells, tissues, or body fluids. These reagents may be either specific for quality control of a tumor marker or, more frequently, appropriate for control of a whole set of similar tumor markers (e.g., enzymes, hormones, carbohydrate antigens)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20137",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Control, Vitamin",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a group vitamins (e.g., vitamin B12, folate)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19125",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Diabetes",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of the group of hormones and other substances  (e.g., C-peptide, glucogen) that modulate the regulation of glucose concentration in blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19126",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Diabetes, C-Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) to determine C-peptide, a connecting (C) peptide chain that is removed when pro-insulin is cleaved to form insulin. C-peptide levels are better indicators of the beta cells  function of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas than insulin concentration because it is not extracted by the liver. C-peptide provides a useful index of insulin secretion in patients when insulin cannot be measured or is difficult to measure due to the presence of insulin antibodies. C-peptide determinations are also used to monitor patients with surgical resectomy of the pancreas and/or after pancreas transplant. Analysis of C-peptide is a better indicator of beta-cell function than peripheral insulin concentration;  C-peptide tests do not measure exogenous insulin and do not cross-react  with insulin antibodies. These tests are not used as general  diagnosis criteria of diabetes mellitus."
    },
    {
      "code": "19877",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Diabetes, Glucagon",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine glucagon, a polypeptide secreted by the alpha-cells of the pancreas. Glucagon stimulates the production of glucose and the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver. Increased levels of glucagon are present in patients with mild diabetes mellitus, and in other diseases such as cirrhosis and renal failure; high levels of glucagon (typically more than 500 ng/L) are also found in patients with pancreatic alpha-cell tumors (i.e., glucagonoma)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19712",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Diabetes, Glycated Hemoglobin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., whole blood) to determine the level of glycated hemoglobin, a result of an irreversible nonenzymatic addition of glucose residues to hemoglobin. The level of glycated hemoglobin in blood is a measure of the integrated values for glucose over a period of several weeks, free from daily fluctuations of glucose level, providing additional information about glucose control. Glycated hemoglobin tests are not used for the general  diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Liquid chromatography methods are more widely used for determination of glycated hemoglobin than immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19127",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Diabetes, Insulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum or urine) to determine insulin, a protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle, inhibits glucose production by the liver, inhibits protein breakdown, and promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen or fat for storage. Both isotopic and nonisotopic methods are used for insulin determinations. Insulin tests are primarily used in  the evaluation of patients with fasting hypoglycemia, but not for the general  diagnosis of diabetes mellitus."
    },
    {
      "code": "19878",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Diabetes, Proinsulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine the level of proinsulin, an amino acid polypeptide with low biological activity that is the major storage form of insulin. Increased levels of proinsulin may be sufficient to produce hypoglycemia; high levels of proinsulin are also found in patients with chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, or beta-cell tumors in the pancreas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19162",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine, but also serum, and plasma) to determine one or more of a group of drugs that either are illegal or are frequently taken in excess for nonmedical purposes (i.e., drugs with a high potential of abuse); they include amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, and morphine. Immunoassays for drugs of abuse are mainly used for initial screening; they may not be specific for the tested drug (pseudoephedrine may result in a positive test for amphetamine and methamphetamine). Forensic tests to confirm the results are usually performed using selective ion monitoring with gas chromatography/mass spectography (GC/MS) techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "19163",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Amphetamine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine amphetamine, a central nervous drug stimulant with little therapeutic use (e.g., treating of narcolepsy). Amphetamine produces an initial state of euphoria that creates a high potential for abuse. Reagents for amphetamines determination are used to identify those who have recently taken the drug; they cannot differentiate casual use from chronic drug abuse, degree of impairment, exact time of use, or dose of drug taken. Immunoassays for amphetamine have variable cross-reactivity with other sympathomimetic amines (e.g., ephedrine, pseudoephedrine), so confirmation of positive results are mandatory."
    },
    {
      "code": "19165",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Barbiturate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine barbiturates, central nervous system neuronal activity suppressor drugs with little therapeutic use (e.g., sedative, hypnotic). Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines for sedative and hypnotic purposes. Reagents for determination of barbiturates are used in tests intended to monitor drug levels in patients as a result of either an induced therapeutic coma (anesthetic doses) or to diagnose and manage barbiturate intoxication caused by intentional or, less frequently, accidental ingestion."
    },
    {
      "code": "19166",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Benzodiazepine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine benzodiazepines, a group of minor tranquilizers (e.g., diazepam) with similar molecular structure and pharmacological effects (i.e., sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant); they are used as tranquilizers, for muscle spasms, and for convulsions. Benzodiazepines, frequently in combination with alcohol, produce an initial state of euphoria that creates a high potential for abuse. Reagents for benzodoazepine determination are used in tests intended to diagnose and manage benzodiazepine intoxication caused by intentional or, less frequently, accidental ingestion."
    },
    {
      "code": "19167",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Cannabinoid/Cannabinoid Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine cannabinoids, a group of compounds found in the plant species cannabis sativa, and/or cannabinoid metabolites; the main psychoactive cannabinoid is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (TTH). Cannabinoids are central nervous system drug stimulants with little or no therapeutic use that produce an initial state of euphoria, relaxation, and well-being, creating a high potential for abuse. Cannabinoids are mostly consumed by smoking marijuana (usually a mixture of crushed leaves and flowers) or hashish (the dry resinous secretion of the plant). Reagents designed to screen urine samples for cannabinoids usually measure cannabinoid metabolites, typically THC-COOH; due to the cross-reactivity with other metabolites, the measurement is greater than the actual concentration of the metabolite. Thus, the results are typically expressed as THC-COOH equivalent. Cannabinoid metabolites can be detected in urine samples for several days after casual use; habitual smokers may remain positive for more than a month."
    },
    {
      "code": "19168",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Cocaine/Cocaine Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine cocaine, an alkaloid found in the leaves of the coca plant, and/or cocaine metabolites. Cocaine is a potent central nervous system stimulator that has therapeutic use as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor; it produces a state of euphoria and alertness creating a high potential for abuse. Cocaine is mostly consumed by nasal insufflation (snorting) as cocaine hydrochloride; it may also be smoked as a free base (crack).  Reagents designed to screen urine samples for cocaine usually measure inactive cocaine metabolites, typically benzoylecgonine or ecgonine methyl ester, since only small amounts of cocaine are excreted in the urine. Cocaine metabolites can be detected in urine samples for one to three days after casual use; habitual users may remain positive for more than a month."
    },
    {
      "code": "20048",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Cotinine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., urine, serum, saliva) to determine cotinine, the most frequently measured  metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine is present in people that smoke or consume other tobacco-related products; it may be also present in nonsmokers as a consequence of passive smoking. Both cotinine and another major metabolite of nicotine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine (THOC) may be measured using chromatographic methods."
    },
    {
      "code": "20049",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., urine, serum) to determine lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a synthetic hallucinogenic drug prepared from the alkaloids of a fungus. LSD produces mood changes, sensory distortions, hallucinations, delusions, and depersonalization. Physical or physiological dependence on LSD is rare. Both LSD and its metabolite 2-oxohydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD), which is the main metabolite and present for a longer time than LSD, can also be measured using chromatographic methods. Reagents for LSD determination are used to diagnose intoxication caused by intentional or, less frequently, accidental ingestion."
    },
    {
      "code": "19164",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Methamphetamine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids, (typically urine) to determine methamphetamine, a central nervous drug stimulant with little therapeutic use (e.g., treating narcolepsy). Methamphetamine produces an initial state of euphoria that creates a high potential for abuse. Reagents for methamphetamine determination are used to identify patients that have recently taken the drug; they cannot differentiate casual use from chronic drug abuse, degree of impairment, exact time of use, or dose of drug taken. Methamphetamine metabolizes partially as amphetamine; thus, a concurrent assay for amphetamines typically shows a concentration in urine that is approximately 10% that of methamphetamine. Immunoassays for methamphetamine have variable cross-reactivity with other sympathomimetic amines (e.g., ephedrine, pseudoephedrine), so confirmation of positive results are mandatory."
    },
    {
      "code": "20050",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Methaqualone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine methaqualone, a quinazoline derivative. Methaqualone has therapeutic use as a sedative and hypnotic drug; it  can produce drug dependence and therefore has the potential for being abused. Acute overdose may cause delirium and convulsions, followed by coma and death. Reagents for methaqualone determination are used in tests intended to diagnose and manage intoxication caused by intentional or, less frequently, accidental ingestion"
    },
    {
      "code": "19169",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Opiate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine natural or semisynthetic alkaloids derived from the unripe seeds of the poppy plant (i.e., opiates). Opiates are therapeutically useful due to their potent analgesic properties; they produce a state of sedation and/or euphoria, creating a high potential for abuse. Reagents for opiate determination (mostly their derivatives, such as morphine and codeine) in urine samples can detect drug metabolites  up to four days after use. The presence of morphine in urine due to the administration of ethylmorphine as an antitussive drug should be considered; poppy seeds can also create false-positive opiates."
    },
    {
      "code": "20051",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Drug-of-Abuse, Phencyclidine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine phencyclidine (PCP), a drug formerly used as a surgical anesthetic and that is still used in veterinary medicine. PCP has potent hallucinogenic properties, and it produces a state of euphoria, creating a high potential for abuse. Reagents for PCP determination in urine samples can detect drug metabolites for several days (typically more than seven) in frequent users."
    },
    {
      "code": "19134",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g, serum, plasma, urine) to determine one or more of a group of protein hormones (e.g., adenocortiotropic, human growth hormone) that are typically secreted by a specialized gland (i.e., an endocrine gland) in one location and directly released into the plasma or lymph to exert their specific effects in other organs. Most immunoassays of endocrine hormones are performed using nonisotopic labels and labeled-monoclonal antibodies (immunometric) assays. Radioimmunoassays are also used in some determinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "19903",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Adrenocorticotropin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the endocrine hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), also known as corticotropin. ACTH is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Its concentration in plasma is usually very low following a circadian rhythm. Increased concentrations of ACTH are found in diseases such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Addison's disease, ACTH-secreting tumors, and hypoglycemia. Determination of the ACTH level is also useful in differentiating primary from secondary adrenal insufficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "19907",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Antidiuretic Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma or urine) to determine the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin or arginine vasopressin. ADH is synthesized in the neurohypophyseal system and stored and secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The major physiological effects of ADH are on the reabsorption of water and concentration of urine by the kidneys and the induction of generalized vasoconstriction with a rise of blood pressure. Measurement of the levels of ADH are useful in the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidous, nephrogenic diabetes insipidous, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). ADH may be  determined using either isotopic or nonisotopic immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19135",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Catecholamine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum or urine) to determine one or more of a group of hormones that consist of biogenic amines attached to a benzene ring bearing two hydroxyl groups (i.e., catecholamines). Catecholamines are mostly produced in the brain, the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, and the sympathetic neurons. The main catecholamines are epinephrine, norepinephrine (also known as adrenalin and noradrenalin, respectively), and dopamine. Increased levels of catecholamines (most serum and urinary assays measure active, free catecholamines) are associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, low blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias; low levels are associated with idiopathic postural hypotension. Measurements of catecholamines and their metabolites are also used for the diagnosis of catecholamine-secreting tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "19913",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Catecholamine, Dopamine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine dopamine, a primary amine hormone in the catecholamine group. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter within the central nervous system; it also has a marked influence on the vascular system. Increased dopamine levels (most assays measure active, free dopamine) are associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, low blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias; low levels are associated with idiopathic postural hypotension and depression. Measurements of dopamine and its metabolites (e.g., homovanillic acid) are also used for the diagnosis of catecholamine-secreting tumors, particularly neuroblastomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19911",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Catecholamine, Epinephrine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), a secondary amine hormone in the  catecholamine group. Epinephrine is the major substance produced by the adrenal medulla, it is a potent stimulator of the nervous system and a powerful cardiac stimulant; epinephrine also influences metabolic processes. Increased epinephrine levels (most assays measure active, free epinephrine) are associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, low blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias. Measurements of epinephrine and its metabolites (e.g., urinary metanephrines, vanillylmandelic acid) are also used for diagnosis of some catecholamine- secreting tumors (e.g., pheochromocytoma)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19912",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Catecholamine, Norepinephrine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline), a primary amine hormone in the catecholamine group. Norepinephrine is the major substance liberated by the postganglionic sympathetic nerves; it is also the major catecholamine secreted in fetal life. Norepinephrine is an important neurotransmitter within the central nervous systems; it also has a marked influence on the vascular system. Increased norepinephrine levels (most assays measure active, free norepinephrine) are associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, low blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias; low levels are associated with idiopathic postural hypotension and depression. Measurements of norepinephrine and its metabolites (e.g., urinary metanephrines, vanillylmandelic acid) are also used for diagnosis of catecholamine- secreting tumors, including neuroblastomas and pheochromocytomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19908",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), a polypeptide hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. GHRH directly induces the release of gonadotropin hormones, both luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones (LH and FSH, respectively), by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Low levels of GHRH are associated with hypogonadism in males (e.g., Kallmann's syndrome) and with other diseases related to abnormal levels of LH and FSH."
    },
    {
      "code": "19904",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Growth Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine the endocrine growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin. GH is a heterogeneous mixture of single-chain polypeptide hormone isoforms secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The main effect of GH is to promote growth in many soft tissues, in cartilage, and in bone. Decreased levels of GH are found in undersized people (dwarfism), in patients with acute or chronic protein or caloric deprivation, and in adults with large pituitary adenomas; increased levels are characteristic in gigantism and acromegaly. GH determination may be performed using either isotopic or nonisotopic immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19905",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or plasma) to determine the endocrine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) hormone, also known generically as somatomedin C. IGF-I, the major insulin-like growth factor hormone, it is a peptide secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with structural similarities to insulin. The main effects of IGF-I are cartilage growth promotion and insulin-like activity in some tissues. Increased levels of IGF-I are associated with excessive growth (e.g., acromegaly); low levels are found in patients with growth hormone deficiency or with acute or chronic protein or calorie deprivation. IGF-I determination may be performed using either isotopic or nonisotopic immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19906",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor II",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or plasma) to determine the endocrine insulin-like growth factor II (IGD-II hormone), also known generically as somatomedin. IGF-II is a peptide secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with structural similarities to insulin. The main effects of IGF-II are cartilage growth promotion and insulin-like activity in some tissues. Increased levels of IGF-II are associated with excessive growth (e.g., acromegaly); low levels are found in patients with growth hormone deficiency or with acute or chronic protein or calorie deprivation. IGF-II determination is mostly used as a complement of IGF-I assays; it may be performed using either isotopic or nonisotopic immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19910",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Melatonin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or plasma) to determine melatonin, an amine secreted by the pineal gland that acts on the hypothalamus- suppressing gonadotropin and growth hormone release, thus inducing sleep. Melatonin is also associated with the regulation of puberty and ovarian cycles. Its secretion is induced by the exposure to light."
    },
    {
      "code": "19909",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Oxytocin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma or urine) to determine oxytocin, a hormone that is synthesized in the neurophypophyseal system and stored and secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The major physiological effects of oxytocin are uterine contraction and stimulation of milk ejection; the primary stimulus for its release is the stimulation of the tactile receptors around the nipple of the breast. Oxytocin determination may be performed using either isotopic or nonisotopic immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19914",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Serotonin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine serotonin, a hormone that is a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan; it is transported in the blood by the platelets. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is a neuron transmitter within the brain, with a marked influence on sleep, pain perception, social behavior, and depression. Low levels of serotonin are associated with some depressed patients (i.e., serotonin-deficient patients). High-pressure liquid chromatography assays are most widely used for determination of serotonin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19915",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine Hormone, Serotonin Uptake",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine the absorption of serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine, [5-HT]) by blood platelets (i.e., platelet serotonin uptake). The results are frequently expressed as maximal velocity uptake (Vmax) or as Michalis constant of platelet serotonin uptake (Km); results can also be expressed as platelet uptake index which is the ratio between platelet 5-HT and plasma 5-HT levels. Abnormal values of serotonin uptake are associated with depression, alcoholism, and some neuropsychiatric diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19916",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or plasma) to determine insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), a plasma protein that is bound to the insulin-like growth factors. Measurement of the levels of IGFBP-1 in circulation are useful  in the determination of growth hormone deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "19917",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Endocrine, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or plasma) to determine insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), a plasma protein that is bound to the insulin-like growth factors. IGFBP-3 is the major carrier of insulin-like growth factor hormones in circulation; its measurement is useful  in the determination of growth hormone deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "19113",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of the group of hormones that are vital for the human reproduction (e.g.,  androgens such as testosterone and androstenedione, estrogens such as estradiol,  progesterone). Hormones related to fertility function are mostly secreted by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands under control of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands."
    },
    {
      "code": "19868",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum saliva, whole blood) to determine 17-hydroxyprogesterone, a precursor of cortisol and aldosterone. Determination of the levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone are useful in the evaluation of women with infertility and/or excessive growth of terminal hair (hirsutism). Measurements in plasma are also used for the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in newborns."
    },
    {
      "code": "19867",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Androstenedione",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine androstenedione, an androgen mainly secreted by the adrenal glands that is an immediate precursor of testosterone. Androstenedione is a sex steroid vital for human reproduction. High levels of circulating androstenedione are found in diseases such as polycystic ovaries, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and adrenal tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "19114",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Dehydroepiandrosterone/Dehydroepiandrosterone-Sulfate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum or plasma) to determine dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and/or its sulfated conjugate dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). Both hormones are mainly secreted by the adrenal glands and constitute the main androgen precursors in women. Immunoassay analysis of DHEA is usually more difficult than DHEA-S and requires pretreatment of the serum samples due to the lower concentration of DHEA in relation to DHEA-S (typically 1000-fold lower). High levels of DHEA-S are found in patients with polycystic ovary diseases, in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in adrenal tumors, and in premature children; some contraceptives reduce DHEA-S levels. Decreased DHEA levels are also found during pregnancy and/or estrogen therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19115",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Estradiol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine estradiol (E2), the most potent natural estrogen, derived mainly from the ovaries. Typically both free and bound fractions are measured. Estradiol is a sex steroid vital for human reproduction. Its level varies during the menstrual cycle. Estradiol determination is used to evaluate the ovarian function. Levels of estradiol may be high in gynecomastia and cirrhosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19116",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum or urine) to determine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), one of the hormones that control the functional activity of the gonads (i.e., gonadotropins). FSH is vital for human reproduction, stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and contributes to ovum ripening in females, and stimulates spermatogenesis in males. The level of FSH is low in some women with polycystic ovary disease or hypothalamic dysfunction. Decreased FSH levels are also found in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anorexia, and in some cancers of the testes, ovaries, or adrenal glands."
    },
    {
      "code": "19117",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum or urine) to determine luteinizing hormone (LH), one of the hormones that control the functional activity of the gonads (i.e., gonadotropins). In females, LH causes release of the ovum from the ovarian follicle and, following ovulation, the transformation of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum (luteinization). In males LH is frequently called stimulating hormone or interstitial cell stimulating hormone because it stimulates testosterone production. High levels of LH in women are found in primary amenorrhea, ovariectomy, polycystic ovarian diseases, pituitary or hypothalamic tumors and after administration of oral contraceptives. High levels in men are caused by primary testicular failure and testicular feminization syndrome. LH is vital for human reproduction."
    },
    {
      "code": "19118",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Progesterone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine progesterone, a female sex hormone that in conjunction with estrogen regulates the accessory organs during the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is essential for maintaining pregnancy and human reproduction. Typically both free and bound fractions of progesterone are measured. Progesterone levels are associated with preparation and maintenance of pregnancy. Its level varies during the menstrual cycle and throughout pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19119",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Prolactin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine prolactin (PRL), a hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates and sustains lactation. High levels of prolactin (also known as lactogen) are found in pregnant women and also in women with minor alterations of fertility, such as absence of ovulation with or without menstrual irregularity or abnormal secretion of milk (galactorrhea). The level of prolactin also increases in some diseases, including pituitary adenoma, and after the administration of some drugs (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19120",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Testosterone, Dihydro/Total",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and/or total testosterone, the two main circulating androgens in men. Both testosterone and DHT circulate in plasma either freely (typically less than 3%) or bound to plasma proteins (e.g., tightly bound to sex hormone binding globulin, weakly bound to albumin). Testosterone is a sex steroid vital for human reproduction; lack or low levels of testosterone during fetal, prepubertal, and postpubertal life affect the normal male reproductive function, producing diseases such as male infertility and growth of glandular breast tissue (gynecomastia) in male adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "19869",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Hormone, Testosterone, Free",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine free testosterone (typically less than 3% of total testosterone), including both free testosterone and free dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Sometimes these assays include the determination of the active testosterone (i.e., bioavailable testosterone), including both the free testosterone and testosterone weakly bound to albumin, but not the fraction tightly bound to sex hormone binding globulin. Testosterone is a sex steroid vital for human reproduction; lack or low levels of free testosterone during fetal, prepubertal, and postpubertal life affect the normal male reproductive function, producing diseases such as male infertility and growth of glandular breast tissue (gynecomastia) in male adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "19870",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Fertility Protein, Sex Hormone Binding Globulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically in serum) to determine sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that closely resembles serum globulin. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone circulate mainly bound to SHBG in men; steroids bound to SHBG are biologically inactive. The level of SHBG in serum is useful for interpreting blood levels of its tightly bound testosterone, a sex steroid vital for human reproduction. Lack or low levels of testosterone during fetal, prepubertal, and postpubertal life affect the normal male reproductive function, producing diseases such as male infertility and growth of glandular breast tissue (gynecomastia) in male adults."
    },
    {
      "code": "19931",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Enzyme",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine one or more of a group enzymes that are secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, including a group of aspartate proteinases (i.e., the pepsinogens) and two other aspartate proteinases, cathepsin D and E. These enzymes can be determined using isotopic and nonisotopic immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19935",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Enzyme, Pancreatic Elastase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., pancreatic juice, serum) to determine the enzyme pancreatic elastase, a serine endopeptidase. There are two types of elastase: elastase I, which is anionic and is found in serum either free or as a complex with alpha-1-antitrypsin, and elastase II, which is cationic. Both free elastase and the elastase-alpha-1-antitrypsin complex may be determined using the same immunoassay procedure. The level of elastase 1 in serum is a specific indicator of pancreatitis; high levels are also associated with carcinoma of the pancreas. Measurements of elastase 1 in feces are also used for assessing the exocrine pancreatic function in cystic fibrosis patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19932",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Enzyme, Pepsinogen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine a group of proteolytic enzyme precursors (proenzymes) known as pepsinogens, usually found in the gastric mucosa; pepsinogens are converted by acid in the active enzyme (pepsin). There are two groups of pepsinogens according to their immunological characteristics; they are classified as group 1 pepsinogens  and group II pepsinogens. Pepsinogens can be determined using isotopic and nonisotopic immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19933",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Enzyme, Pepsinogen, Group I",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine a group (at least five) of  proteolytic enzyme precursors with similar immunologic characteristics classified as group I pepsinogens. Group I pepsinogens are only found in the chief and mucous neck cells of the oxyntic glands. Increased levels of pepsinogen group I are found in diseases associated with increased gastric output and related increased parietal mass, as well as in gastrinomas, duodenal ulcers, and superficial gastritis. Decreased levels are associated with decreased chief cell mass, gastric carcinoma, atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and Addison's disease. Only group I pepsinogens can be found in urine (i.e., uropepsinogen)"
    },
    {
      "code": "19934",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Enzyme, Pepsinogen, Group II",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine a group (at least two) of proteolytic enzyme precursors with similar immunologic characteristics called group II pepsinogens. Group II pepsinogens are found in the chief and mucous neck cells of the oxyntic glands; they are also found in the cardiac and pyloric glands and in the Brunner's glands in the duodenum. Increased levels of pepsinogen group II are found in diseases associated with superficial gastritis and indicate a high risk of gastric ulcer; group II pepsinogen levels are"
    },
    {
      "code": "19928",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma, urine) to determine either one or more of a group of protein hormones (e.g., vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) that are mostly  secreted by the endocrine cells found throughout the gut mucosa. Gastrointestinal hormones influence motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption in the gut; many of these hormones are also present in the central nervous system."
    },
    {
      "code": "19930",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Hormone, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), a hormone secreted by the K cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa. GIP hormone is related to the stimulation of insulin secretion, the reduction of intestinal motility, and also with gastric acid inhibition. Increased levels of GIP are found in GIP-dependent Cushing's syndrome, renal failure, and  in some diabetic patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19929",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Gastrointestinal Hormone, Gastrin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine gastrin, a generic name for a group of polypeptide hormones secreted by the endocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract and also by the brain. Gastrin stimulates gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion; it   exists at least in three molecular forms: big gastrin (G-34), little gastrin (G-17), and mini gastrin (G-14). All of these circulate in either sulfated or nonsulfated forms. Immunoassays for gastrin are typically specific for the C-terminal of gastrin; they react equally with all gastrin molecules either in sulfated or nonsulfated forms. Highly increased levels of gastrin in serum are associated with pancreatic and duodenal endocrine tumors (i.e., gastrinomas). High levels are found in patients with common peptic ulcers and other diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic renal failure, and rheumatoid arthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19331",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in laboratory analysis of the cellular and humoral immune function (i.e., laboratory immunology). They can determine substances  that constitute a challenge for the human body (antigens) or that are the result of the response of the body to such substances (antibodies). These reagents are used in tests to characterize tissues (i.e, tissue typing) and neoplastic cells (i.e., cell typing) and/or to determine proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of  an immune response (i.e., cytokines). Immunologic reagents are frequently  available in kits that include an antibody or antigen, calibrators, and other appropriate reagents (e.g., activators). Some immunologic reagents may be specific for immunoelectrophoresis or immunofixation electrophoresis tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19192",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents used for classification (i.e., typing) of human cells involved in humoral and/or cellular immunologic responses, frequently by determining the antigens (e.g., proteins) that are expressed on the cell surface. Cell typing is used to differentiate leukocytes from other cells, identify and quantify subsets of lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, and classify malignant cells for proper identification of neoplasms."
    },
    {
      "code": "19193",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Monoclonal Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents used in immunologic tests to identify cell surface markers expressed  by leukocytes and used to distinguish cell lineages, developmental stages, and functional subsets. Such markers are named cluster designation antigens and numbered CD1, CD2, etc. These reagents include chemical and immunological homogeneous antibodies (monoclonal antibodies) produced by the fusion of normal lymphocytes and tumor cells (hybridomas). These monoclonal antibodies are used to tag monoclonal cells so that they can be counted (e.g., using flow cytometers). Monoclonal cells are typically found in lymphoid neoplasms  (i.e., lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma), which are the product of a single transformed lymphocyte. They are also found in some myeloid neoplasms."
    },
    {
      "code": "19195",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Monoclonal Antibody, B Cell",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents including monoclonal antibodies that are used in immunologic tests for typing B lymphocytes by identifying their antigens (e.g., CD19, CD20, CD23 antigens). B-lymphocytes are typically associated with humoral immunity. These tests permit the differentiation between polyclonal processes and monoclonal neoplasms and also contribute to the classification among different types of lymphoid neoplasms."
    },
    {
      "code": "19644",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Monoclonal Antibody, Leukocyte",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents including monoclonal antibodies that are used in tests for differentiation of  leukocytes from other cells, usually by identifying the leukocyte common antigen (CD45) that is present in all leukocytes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19642",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Monoclonal Antibody, Macrophage",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents including monoclonal antibodies that are used in immunologic tests which contribute in typing macrophages, a type of cell of the mononuclear phagocyte system of bone marrow origin, by identifying their antigens (e.g., CD13, CD14, CD15, CD33). Macrophages are the result of the migration of the monocytes from the blood into various tissues, thus the antigens of both types of cells are similar. These tests are used to differentiate among a heterogeneous group of neoplasm."
    },
    {
      "code": "19641",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Monoclonal Antibody, Monocyte",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents including monoclonal antibodies that are used in immunologic tests which contribute in typing blood monocytes, a type of cell of the mononuclear phagocyte system of bone marrow origin, by identifying their antigens (e.g., CD13, CD14, CD33). Monocytes migrate from the blood into various tissues and transform in macrophages, thus the antigens of both types of cells are usually similar. These tests are used to differentiate among a heterogeneous group of neoplasms."
    },
    {
      "code": "19643",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Monoclonal Antibody, Natural Killer Cell",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents including monoclonal antibodies that  contribute to typing lymphocytes capable of killing target cells without prior exposure to them (natural killer cells). They identify the presence of some antigens (e.g., CD16, CD56) and the lack of other antigens on their surface, particularly CD3, CD4, and CD8. These tests are used to differentiate among a heterogeneous group of neoplasms having phenotypes resembling NK cells from other lymphomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19194",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Monoclonal Antibody, T Cell",
      "definition": "Immunology reagents including monoclonal antibodies that are used in immunologic tests for typing T lymphocytes by identifying their antigens (e.g., CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8). Frequently cells bearing the CD4+ receptor are termed helper cells and those with the CD8+ receptor are termed suppressor T cells. T-lymphocytes are typically associated with cellular immunity and are also involved in humoral immunity. These tests permit the differentiation between polyclonal processes and monoclonal neoplasms and also contribute in the classification among different types of lymphoid neoplasms. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of AIDS; an increase in this ratio is also considered  an early indicator in the diagnosis of transplanted organ rejection."
    },
    {
      "code": "19645",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Separation Media",
      "definition": "Reagents used in immunologic immunoassays as a liquid medium with appropriate components, additives, and density for cell separation. These media facilitate the classification of cells in different groups (i.e., cell typing)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19646",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Separation Media, Blood",
      "definition": "Reagents used in immunologic immunoassays as a liquid medium  that includes components and additives appropriate for separation and differentiation of groups of mononuclear cells (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes) from whole blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19647",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cell Typing, Stabilization Media",
      "definition": "Reagents used in immunologic immunoassays as a liquid medium  that includes components and additives appropriate for separation and differentiation of groups of mononuclear cells (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes) from whole blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19648",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cytokine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative immunologic tests of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine messenger proteins (i.e., cytokines) produced by the cells that regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response. These regulator proteins are named lymphokines when produced by T lymphocytes. Other groups of cytokines are the interleukins; the interferons, which play an important role in the enhancement of the immune response; and tumor necrosis factors, which have cytotoxic activity against tumor and virally infected cells. Cytokine determination reagents are frequently available in kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "19654",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cytokine, Colony Stimulating Factor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative immunologic tests of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of a group of cytokines known as colony stimulating factors (CSF). They are mostly derived from lymphocytes or stromal cells. CSF cytokines stimulate hematopoiesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19651",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cytokine, Interferon",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative immunologic tests on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the presence of one or more low-molecular-weight cytokines known as interferons (originally thought to interfere with viral replication). Interferons are grouped into three classes: alpha, beta, and gamma, according to their cell source and function."
    },
    {
      "code": "19649",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cytokine, Interleukin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative immunologic tests of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of a group of cytokines known as interleukins (literally \"between leukocytes,\" named IL-1, IL-2). At least 15 interleukins have been identified. Interleukins are produced by hematopoietic cells and act primarily on leukocytes; many of them are related to inflammatory responses and/or to lymphocyte growth, activation, and differentiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19650",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cytokine, Interleukin Receptor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative immunologic tests of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of a family of substances (interleukin receptors, abbreviated ILR) that bind one or more of the interleukins.  ILR's are involved with the activation of the immunologic response."
    },
    {
      "code": "19652",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cytokine, Tumor Necrosis Factor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative immunologic tests of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine either one of two different cytokines known as tumor necrosis factors (TNF alpha and beta). They conduct cytotoxic activity against tumors and virally infected cells. TNF alpha is secreted by macrophages while TNF beta is produced by both CD4 and CD9 lymphocytes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19653",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Cytokine, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative immunologic tests of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of a family of substances (tumor necrosis factor receptors, abbreviated as TNFR) that bind one or more of the cytokine tumor necrosis factors and other clinically significative ligands.  TNFRs may initiate apoptosis, cell proliferation, or both."
    },
    {
      "code": "17076",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Tissue Typing",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used for quantitative or qualitative analysis to characterize tissues according to the histocompatibility of their antigens. These reagents are mostly used in tests (lymphocytotoxicity tests)  to determine either total class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or total class II HLA. Some reagents for tissue typing are used to determine the degree of immune cellular stimulation of the recipient's T lymphocytes by donor cells (mixed lymphocyte reaction tests) in a culture that includes blood from both the donor and the recipient. Tests for tissue typing are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants. Certain HLA types are associated to specific diseases (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17301",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in immunologic tests to determine human leukocyte antigens, a group of cell surface proteins that regulate the immune response and that are found on white blood cells and also in all nucleated cells of the body. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19640",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Antibody",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in immunologic tests to determine antibodies to either class I, class II, or both  classes of human leukocyte antigens (HLA), a group of cell surface proteins that regulate the immune response and that are found on white blood cells and in all nucleated cells of the body. These tests may be used in conjunction  with HLA typing tests when matching donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19638",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class I",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in immunologic tests to determine class I human leukocyte antigens, a group of cell surface proteins coded in three different locations (loci) named A, B, and C of the major histocompatibility complex class I genes. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19639",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class II",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in immunologic tests to determine class II human leukocyte antigens, a group of cell surface proteins of the D region coded in three different locations (loci) named DR, DQ, and DP of the major histocompatibility complex class II genes. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g, kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19702",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine one or more of a group of lipid-protein complexes (micellar structures) in which lipids are transported in the blood. Lipoproteins usually include an outer monolayer of protein (apolipoprotein) surrounding polar lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17522",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein, Apolipoprotein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or several of a group of proteins (apolipoproteins) usually synthesized in the liver and/or intestines. Apolipoproteins are usually found surrounding polar lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol) forming a group of lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood. Apolipoproteins have been labeled and described in five major groups from A to E according to their functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "19816",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein, Apolipoprotein A",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine apolipoprotein A; this apolipoprotein is the main protein in high-density lipids (HDLs), forming a group of lipid-protein complexes in which HDLs are transported in the blood. Apolipoprotein A is found in at least four forms named A-I to A-IV; the major components are apolipoprotein A-I and A-II. Apolipoprotein A-III was formerly known as lipoprotein D. The levels of apolipoproteins in plasma are associated with the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19703",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein, Apolipoprotein A-I",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine apolipoprotein A-I, a component of a group of lipid-protein complexes in which HDLs are transported in the blood. Apolipoproteins A-I and A-II are nearly 90% of the high-density lipid protein complexes in plasma; the apolipoprotein A-I level is typically three times the level of apolipoprotein A-II. Levels of apolipoproteins in plasma are associated with atherosclerosis and risk of coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19817",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein, Apolipoprotein B",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine apolipoprotein B, the major protein in low-density lipids  (LDLs) and present in large amounts (approximately 4%) in both very-low-density lipids (VLDLs) and chylomicrons. Apolipoprotein B is found in at least two forms: B-100 (Apo B-100) synthesized in the liver, and B-48 (Apo B-48), probably synthesized in the intestines. Levels of apolipoproteins in plasma are associated with the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19818",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein, Apolipoprotein C",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine apolipoprotein C, a protein of very-low-density lipids (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), and chylomicrons; apolipoprotein C is also a minor protein constituent of high- and low-density lipids (HDLs and LDLs, respectively). Apolipoprotein C is a low-molecular-weight apolipoprotein found in at least three forms, named C-I, C-II, and C-III, differing from each other in their quantity of amino acids."
    },
    {
      "code": "19819",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein, Apolipoprotein E",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine apolipoprotein E, a protein of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), and chylomicrons. Apolipoprotein E is a glycoprotein found in at least four isoforms, named E-I to E-IV, differing from one another by one charge only. Levels of apolipoproteins in plasma are associated with risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19820",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein, Particle a",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine a protein known as \"a\" or \"Lp(a);\" this particle is usually attached to the apolipoprotein B-100 and is synthesized in the liver. Lp(a) exists in many different isoforms; the smaller form is found in higher concentrations in blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "32900",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Lipoprotein-Associated Enzyme Phospholipase A2",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically plasma or serum) to determine the level of the lipoprotein-associated enzyme phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). These tests are usually based on turbidimetric or ELISA tests that use specific antibodies to identify the level of (Lp-PLA2). They may be used as an aid to assess vascular inflammation and the risk for coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke associated with atherosclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19901",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Liver Metabolism",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine either one or more of the group of  substances (e.g., caffeine) that are safely and almost completely metabolized by the liver. These assays are mostly used in testing the function of the liver, either in the screening for liver disease or to assess liver donors and candidates for liver transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19902",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Liver Metabolism, Monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), a lidocaine metabolite that has nearly identical toxic equivalence as lidocaine. Determination of MEGX in serum after lidocaine injection is used in assessing hepatic function; high levels of MEGX in serum indicate good liver function. These assays are used either in the screening for liver disease or to assess liver donors and candidates for liver transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19918",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or plasma) to determine either one or more of a group of hormones (e.g., bombesin, neurotensin) secreted at nerve endings and released into extracellular space."
    },
    {
      "code": "19920",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone, Beta-Endorphin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma or cerebrospinal fluid) to determine beta-endorphin, an opioid peptide hormone that originates from the same precursor (proopiomelanocortin [POMC]) as adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Beta-endorphin is a potent analgesic; its action includes sedation, increase of pain threshold, and autonomic regulation of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure. Levels of beta-endorphin are very low in normal people. Increased levels in plasma are associated with some diseases such as depression; abnormal levels in cerebrospinal fluid are present in depression, schizophrenia, and chronic pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "19919",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone, Bombesin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine bombesin, a peptide hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract and also in the brain. Bombesin mostly stimulates the release of various hormones, smooth muscle contractions, and changes in cardiovascular and renal function. Increased levels of bombesin are found in certain pulmonary and thyroid tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "19921",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone, Melanocyte Stimulating",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), a neuroendocrine hormone. This hormone is a peptide that may be secreted by the middle lobe of the pituitary gland; it is identical to some residues of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). High levels of MSH are found in patients with abnormal adrenocortical activity (e.g., Addison's disease), producing dispersion of pigment granules and darkening of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19922",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone, Neurotensin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the neuroendocrine hormone neurotensin, a peptide secreted by the endocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract and also by the brain. Neurotensin acts in the brain as a neurotransmitter; its action includes gastrointestinal contraction, hypotension, and increased vascular permeability."
    },
    {
      "code": "19924",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone, Somatostatin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the neuroendocrine hormone somatostatin, also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone. Somatostatin is an amino acid peptide secreted by the hypothalamus and by the endocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a potent inhibitor of endocrine hormones such as growth hormone, insulin, glucogen, and neurotensin. The corresponding biological effects of somatostatin include gastric emptying, inhibition of gallbladder contraction, secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes, and hypotension."
    },
    {
      "code": "19923",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone, Substance P",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the neuroendocrine hormone substance P (SP), a peptide secreted by the endocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract and also by the brain. Substance P acts as a neurotransmitter and analgesic; its action includes gastrointestinal contraction, promotion of salivation, and release of histamine."
    },
    {
      "code": "19925",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine Hormone, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide hormone present throughout the body, particularly in the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. VIP is a regulator of embryonic brain growth and development; it likely has a role in menstrual cycle regulation, in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis secretion, and in pancreatic hormone secretion."
    },
    {
      "code": "19926",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine, Cortisol Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine cortisol metabolites, including 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid glucoronides (17-KS-G). Other cortisol metabolites include tetrahydro metabolites (e.g. tetrahydrocortisone), hexahydro metabolites (e.g., alpha and beta cortols, cortolones), and 11-oxygenated ketosteroids (e.g., 11-ketoandrosterone). Determination of cortisol metabolites in urine are used in tests of adrenal diseases such as nodular adrenocortical diseases and secondary adrenal insufficiency. The assays for determination of cortisol, both in urine and blood, have decreased the use of tests for cortisol metabolites in urine."
    },
    {
      "code": "19927",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Neuroendocrine, Cortisol Metabolite, 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS), a cortisol metabolite. Determination of 17-OHCS in urine is used in tests of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, secondary adrenal insufficiency, and other adrenal diseases. The assays for determination of cortisol, both in urine and blood, have decreased the use of urine cortisol metabolite testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "19121",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample or body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of the group of hormones (either steroid or protein hormones) that are related to the detection, evaluation, and monitoring of human pregnancy; the hormones related to pregnancy are mostly secreted by the ovaries and adrenal glands, usually under control from  the hypothalamus and pituitary glands."
    },
    {
      "code": "19122",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone, Estriol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) to determine the total steroid hormone estriol (E3), produced mostly by the placenta in pregnant women. Estriol levels are high during pregnancy. Measurement of E3 is used, combined with other markers, to improve the detection of fetal abnormalities such as Down's syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy. Low levels or a drop of E3 may indicate fetal distress."
    },
    {
      "code": "19871",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone, Estriol, Unconjugated",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the steroid hormone estriol (E3), produced mostly by the placenta in pregnant women, before it is metabolized (i.e., conjugated) by the liver as glucoronides and sulfates. Maternal serum concentrations of unconjugated estriol are probably a better indicator of fetoplacental function than total estriol."
    },
    {
      "code": "19872",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone, Estrone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine the total steroid hormone estrone (E1). Estrone determinations are used to identify menstrual dysfunctions caused by extra glandular estrone production and may be useful in the diagnosis of postmenopausal bleeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "19123",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids to determine the glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), composed of two glycoprotein subunits called alpha and beta. This hormone is  produced mostly by the placenta in pregnant women. Qualitative tests for HCG either in blood or urine are used for the confirmation of pregnancy. Quantitative determination of HCG levels in serum are used to establish estimates of fetal age, to determine abnormalities in pregnancy, and to diagnose and monitor neoplasms in pregnancy (e.g., trophoblastic neoplasms); these tests are also useful in detecting ectopic pregnancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19124",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Beta",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) to determine the beta subunit (free and/or core fragment) of the glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG). Quantitative tests for beta-HCG in serum are used to establish estimates of fetal age, and determine abnormalities in pregnancy (e.g., ectopic pregnancy, uncertain outcome of abortion, molar pregnancy) and are combined with other markers to improve the detection of fetal abnormalities such as Down's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "19873",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Hyperglycosylated",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine a oligosaccharide variant of  the glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hGC) (i.e., hyperglycosilated hCG), also known as invasive trophoblast antigen (ITA). This test is specifically used to improve the determination of Down syndrome during the second trimester of pregnancy, either by itself or combined with other tests (e.g., serum alpha-fetoprotein levels)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19874",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Hormone, Human Placental Lactogen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the polypeptide hormone human placental lactogen (hPL), very similar to growth hormone. This hormone is produced mostly by the placenta in pregnant women. The level of hPL in serum increases with gestational age and is directly correlated with the mass of placental tissue. The use of hPL levels to determine general fetal well-being is not frequently used in routine practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "17259",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Protein, Alpha-Fetoprotein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., maternal and fetal serum, amniotic fluid) to determine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a fetal glycoprotein secreted during pregnancy, initially by the fetal yolk sac and later by the fetal liver. Abnormally high levels of AFP in maternal serum are associated with many conditions, including fetal open neural tube defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida (meningomyelocele); low levels are found in conditions such as trisomy-21 (Down's syndrome) and trisomy-18 pregnancies. AFP is secreted after birth by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., a tumor marker). High levels (typically greater than 1,000 microgram/liter) are indicative of hepatocellular carcinoma; the level of AFP is used for prognosis and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19875",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Protein, Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), a protein mostly produced by the placenta in pregnant women. PAPP-A levels are elevated in maternal serum in trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) pregnancies and in degenerated or abnormal development of fertilized ova (i.e., molar pregnancy);  a low level in the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with trisomy 18."
    },
    {
      "code": "19876",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy Protein, Pregnancy Specific Beta-1-Glycoprotein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP-1 or PSG-1), also known as Schwangerschaft's protein 1. SP-1 levels in maternal serum are elevated in the second trimester of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) pregnancies, in degenerated or abnormal development of fertilized ova (i.e., molar pregnancy), and in other abnormal pregnancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20669",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Pregnancy, Phospholipid/Albumin Ratio",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on amniotic fluid samples obtained from pregnant women to determine the ratio of phospholipids (i.e., surfactants) to albumin. These tests are typically used to estimate fetal lung maturity and to assess the associated risk of respiratory distress syndrome if birth occurs. The predictive values are less than 40mg/g for immature lungs and more than 70mg/g for mature lungs, but values may change as pregnancy progresses."
    },
    {
      "code": "19936",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Prostaglandin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample of a series of unsaturated fatty acids containing a cyclopentane ring known generically as prostaglandin (PG). Prostaglandin classes are designated by a capital letter (A, B, E, F, G, H, and I), followed by a number; the F series is also divided into two groups, alpha and beta."
    },
    {
      "code": "19086",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on body fluids to determine the presence of one or more of a variety of specific complexes of nitrogenous polymer complexes formed from a chain of alpha-amino acids (i.e., protein/polypeptides)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17256",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), also known as orosomucoid. AAG is a plasma protein whose concentration rises significantly during acute inflammatory processes (i.e., it is an acute-phase reactant). Some causes of acute inflammatory responses include surgery, myocardial infarction, infections, and/or tumors. Increased levels of  AAG typically occur within 12 hours of the injury and decrease in 4 or 5 days."
    },
    {
      "code": "17257",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine the presence of protein alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT), also known as protease inhibitor. AAT is a plasma protein that acts as the major inhibitor of trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes. Its concentration rises significantly during acute inflammatory processes (i.e., it is an acute-phase reactant), including surgery, myocardial infarction, infections, and/or in the presence of tumors. Increased levels of AAT typically occur within 24 hours of the injury and decrease in 4 or 5 days. Reduced levels or the absence of AAT is associated with increased risk of emphysema, especially in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "19811",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Alpha-1-Microglobulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., plasma, serum, urine, amniotic fluid) to determine the protein alpha-1-microglobulin (A1MG), a low-molecular-weight protein. Increased ratios of alpha-1-microglobulin/creatinine in urine are associated with kidney tubule and/or glomerular damage, especially in children. High levels of placental A1MG in the serum of pregnant woman may be considered an indicator of intrauterine diseases (e.g., intrauterine hypoxia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17258",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically plasma) to determine the protein alpha-2 macroglobulin (A2MG), a high-molecular-weight protein whose major function is maintaining oncotic pressure during protein loss and that inhibits protease in a different way than other inhibitors. A2MG inhibits a wide variety of enzymes, including trypsin, plasmin, thrombin, and elastase. Increased  levels of A2MG in blood (hyperglobulinemia) are seen in nephrotic syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "19812",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Beta-2-Microglobulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) protein. High levels of B2M in serum is associated with disorders in renal function, immune function, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and neuroendocrine lung tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "17290",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, C-Reactive Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine circulating C-reactive protein (CRP), a protein of the family of pentraxins secreted by the liver in response to a variety of inflammatory cytokines. Levels of CRP increase rapidly in response to inflammation, infection, and trauma and decrease just as rapidly with the resolution of the condition. The levels are high in chronic inflammatory processes including rheumatic, cardiovascular, and hepatic disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "17330",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids to detect and/or measure the level of one or more of a group (at least 20) of immunologically distinct proteins found in blood and tissue fluids (complement components). These proteins are synthesized by the liver and are normally present in the blood as functionally inactive molecules.  Complement components of the classical and final pathway are numbered from C1 to C9  (except C4), and those of the alternative path are designated by single capitals (e.g., B, D), except C3, which is common to both paths. Lower-case suffixes (i.e., a, b, c) denote fragments into which a component has been split. In living organisms, complement components can interact with cell membranes to destroy viruses, bacteria, and cells; abnormal serum levels of complement components may be due to either inherited or acquired diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19799",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, C1 Inhibitor",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum; plasma is possible)  to detect and/or measure levels of alpha-2-globulin, an esterase inhibitor of the C1 protein  found in the classic pathway of the complement components proteins. The absence of this inhibitor is associated with an inherited disease (i.e., angioedema) that causes localized subcutaneous and visceral edema."
    },
    {
      "code": "19798",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, C1q",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the q fragment of the C1 protein (C1q) found in the classic pathway of the complement component proteins found in blood and other body fluids. C1q binds to IgG or IgM and initiates the classic pathway of complement activation. C1q level determination is used in diagnosis of immunocomplex diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19800",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, C3/C3c",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the C3 protein and its activation product fragment c (i.e., C3c). C3 is found in both the alternative and the classic pathway of the complement components proteins. Determination of the levels of C3 and/orC3c is used in diagnosis of diseases such as lupus erythematosus, shunt nephritis, and Gram-positive bacteremia; C3-deficient individuals suffer from recurrent bacterial infections and manifest immune complex diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19802",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, C4",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the protein C4 found in the classic pathway of complement activation. Determination of C4 levels is used in diagnosis of diseases such as lupus erythematosus, shunt nephritis, and Gram-positive bacteremia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19804",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, C5-C9",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to detect and/or measure levels of one or more of the proteins C5 to C9 found in the final complement pathway. Deficiency of complement components C5 to C9 are associated with several diseases, especially recurrent neisserial infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19803",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, C5a",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to detect and/or measure levels of C5a, a potent anaphylatoxin product of the complement component C5. C5 is found in the final complement pathway. Complement component C5a causes the release of histamine (edema); it is frequently found in infected tissues. C5 deficiency is associated with systemic Neisseria species; the presence of C5a is associated to inflammatory diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17374",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, Factor B",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to detect and/or measure levels of factor B, a proactivator of the C3 protein found in the alternative and classical pathway of  complement activation. Measurement of the levels of factor B is used in diagnosis of some diseases, including the early diagnosis of Gram-negative bacteremic shock."
    },
    {
      "code": "19090",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Complement Component, Total (CH 50)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids to measure levels associated with the total complement activity. These proteins are synthesized by the liver and are normally present in the blood as functionally inactive molecules. The values are usually expressed as hemolytic complement units per milliliter (known as CH50), representing the reciprocal of the dilution of serum required to lyse 50% of  a  standard preparation of erythrocytes previously coated with erythrocyte antibodies. This test is typically used for screening purposes; abnormal serum levels of complement components may be due to either inherited or acquired diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "28037",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Cystatin C",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to be used in the  performance  of  quantitative analysis of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the level of the protein Ccystatin C. Determination of cystatin C level in serum provides its greatest utility in the detection of small to moderate decrease in kidney function (e.g., by giving an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate, [GFR]).; hHigh levels of this protein in serum are also related to general health status and to a variety of cardiac and liver diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19813",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Elastase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine pancreatic elastase, a serine endopeptidase. There are two types of elastase: elastase I, which is anionic, and elastase II, which is cationic. The level of elastase 1 in serum is a specific indicator of pancreatitis; high levels are also associated with carcinoma of the pancreas. Measurements of elastase 1 in feces is also used for assessing the exocrine pancreatic function in cystic fibrosis patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19087",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Fibronectin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (e.g., plasma, cervicovaginal exudates) to determine fibronectin, an adhesive glycoprotein that circulates in plasma and is present in many cell surfaces. Fibronectin is related to the aggregation of platelets. Fibronectin levels are decreased in hepatocellular diseases; low levels in plasma of chronic diabetic patients are associated with hyperglycemia complications. The presence of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin in pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery. The presence of the oncofetal isoform of fibronectin from neoplastic tissues is a marker for angiogenesis, such as in intracranial meningiomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19700",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents to determine a group of glycoproteins normally found in serum that are synthesized in and secreted by plasma cells (immunoglobulins [Ig]);  these reagents include antigens with the capability of binding to the immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are classified in five general classes designated as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE; typically all immunoglobulins are present in serum (IgE that is found normally only in trace amounts). Increased levels of Ig in serum are associated with immune responses and infections. Low levels of Ig in serum are typically found in immunodeficiency diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17369",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin A",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine immunoglobulin A (IgA), approximately 10% to 15% of total immunoglobulin in normal serum. IgA is also found as secretory IgA (it includes two molecules of IgA) in tears, saliva, milk, and sweat. Increased levels of IgA in serum are associated with respiratory, renal, and skin infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19795",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin A, Subclass",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analysis on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine subdivisions (i.e., subclasses) of immunoglobulin A (IgA), based on structural and antigenic differences in its heavy chains. Two subclasses of IgA are currently determined, denoted by numerical subindexes as IgA1 and IgA2."
    },
    {
      "code": "17370",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin D",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine immunoglobulin D (IgD), less than 1% of total immunoglobulin in normal serum. The primary function of IgD is still unknown."
    },
    {
      "code": "17371",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin E",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma or bronchial secretion) to determine immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE is usually found in very low levels in the serum of most normal people. Laboratory assays for total IgE are mostly used for allergic screening diagnosis, while specific IgE assays are used when history and skin (prick) tests provide conflicting information, or skin when tests cannot be performed."
    },
    {
      "code": "17372",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin G",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (typically serum) to determine immunoglobulin G (IgG), approximately 70% to 75% of total immunoglobulin in normal serum. Increased levels of IgG in serum are associated with immune responses."
    },
    {
      "code": "19797",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin G, Subclass",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analysis on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine subgroups (subclasses) of immunoglobulin G (IgG), based on structural and antigenic differences in their heavy chains. Five subclasses of IgG are currently determined, denoted by numerical subindexes from IgG1 to IgG5."
    },
    {
      "code": "17373",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Immunoglobulin M",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of body fluids (typically serum) to determine immunoglobulin M (IgM), approximately 5% to 10% of total IgM in normal serum. Increased levels of IgM are associated with viral infections,  primary biliary cirrhosis, and malaria."
    },
    {
      "code": "17313",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Myelin Basic Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically in cerebrospinal fluid) to determine myelin basic protein (MBP), the protein component of fatty myelin sheath. The level of MBP in cerebrospinal fluid is probably an indicator of  the activity of demyelination because its levels are related to the advance or remission of multiple sclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "34224",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Platelet Factor 4/Polyanionic Compound",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to be used in the performance of quantitative analysis of body fluids (typically serum or plasma) to determine the level of antibodies related to the protein platelet factor 4 when complexed to polyanionic compounds (also known as heparin-PF4 complexes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25106",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Procalcitonin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids (e.g., plasma) to determine the level of the protein procalcitonin (PCT), a prohormone of the hormone calcitonin, that can be produced by several cell types and many organs and circulates in plasma. Procalcitonin levels increase rapidly (values in normal people are usually below 0.1 ng/mL) in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli, in particular those produced by bacterial products. The evaluation of PCT concentration facilitates the assessment of the patient's risk of progression to severe sepsis and septic shock; localized infections, allergic disorders, transplant rejection, and other diseases do not usually induce significant increases in the PCT value above 0.5 ng/mL."
    },
    {
      "code": "19091",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids to determine the presence of one or more of a group of plasma proteins that are usually bound to other substances, typically to specific hormones of low solubility,thus providing a transport system for them (transport or binding proteins). Transport proteins may be bound to a particular hormone (typically thyroid and steroid hormones) or to any low-soluble substance."
    },
    {
      "code": "19701",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Albumin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine albumin, the most abundant protein in human plasma. Albumin stores and transports various ligands (e.g., thyroxin, cortisol, aldosterone), maintains oncotic pressure, and serves as a source of endogenous amino acids. Increased albumin levels  (hyperalbuminemia) are of little diagnostic value except in dehydration, while decreased levels (hypoalbuminemia) are found in many diseases related to liver function, tissue damage, and/or protein loss in urine and/or feces due to diabetes, burns, neoplasms, or kidney diseases"
    },
    {
      "code": "17295",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Ceruloplasmin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids to determine ceruplasmin (CER), the principal copper-containing protein in human plasma and one of the acute-phase reactants. Decreased levels of ceruplasmin combined with increased copper concentration are associated with an inherited disease characterized by a defect in the metabolism of copper (Wilson's disease, also called hepatolenticular degeneration). Increased CER levels are common in infections, trauma, biliary duct obstruction, and Hodgkin's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "17351",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Haptoglobin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids to determine haptoglobin (HAP), a plasma glycoprotein that irreversibly binds to free hemoglobin. The hemoglobin/haptoglobin complex is removed by the parenchymal cells of the liver, preventing loss of hemoglobin and conserving iron. Haptoglobin is one of the acute-phase reactants. Increased levels of HAP in plasma occur in extensive tissue damage and necrosis; low levels are associated with hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, and malaria."
    },
    {
      "code": "17352",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Hemopexin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine hemopexin, a plasma glycoprotein that irreversibly binds to free heme (a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin into heme and globin); the combined product is removed by the liver. Decreased levels of hemopexin are found in plasma after hemolysis; as hemopexin is not a protein that reflects acute inflammation (i.e., it is not an acute-phase reactant). Its periodic determination is a better indicator of hemolysis when acute inflammation and hemolysis are concurrent."
    },
    {
      "code": "19806",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Lactoferrin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine lactoferrin (Lf), a plasma glycoprotein that irreversibly binds to iron. Its action-making activity prevents microbacterial access to iron. Lactoferrin levels are useful in determining pancreatic function; they may be also associated to chronic liver diseases and to the stage of AIDS patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17378",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Retinol Binding",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids to determine retinol binding protein (RBP), an alpha-globulin protein secreted by the liver that forms a complex with transthyretin. This complex binds and transports retinol (vitamin A) to the peripheral tissues. The level of RBP in plasma is a sensitive indicator of protein malnutrition or liver dysfunction due to their short half-life in healthy conditions; its level in serum also increases in chronic renal diseases and decreases in protein malnutrition and during liver diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19809",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Transcobalamin II",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine transcobalamin II (TC II), a beta-globulin protein that is the main plasma protein that binds and transports vitamin B12. Decreased levels of TC II are associated with megaloblastic anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17402",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Transferrin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of body fluids to determine transferrin (also known as siderophilin), a beta-globulin protein that is the main plasma protein that binds and transports iron. Transferrin (TRF) is also capable of binding other metals, such as copper, calcium, zinc, and cobalt. The level and degree of iron saturation of TRF is used as a differential diagnosis in anemia. High transferrin levels are associated with pregnancy or estrogen administration; low levels of TRF are found in the inherited disease atransferinemia, as well as in malnutrition, inflammation, and malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19807",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Transport, Transthyretin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample to determine transthyretin (also known as prealbumin), an alpha-globulin protein secreted by the liver that forms a complex with retinol binding protein; this complex binds and transports retinol (vitamin A). Transthyretin also binds to the hormones thyroxine and triidothyroxine but is not the principal carrier of them. The level of transthyretin in plasma is a sensitive indicator of protein malnutrition or liver dysfunction; its level in serum decreases in inflammation, malignancy, and cirrhosis of the liver."
    },
    {
      "code": "19814",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Protein, Trypsin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or feces) to determine the serine proteinase trypsin. There are two types of trypsin: trypsin I, which is cationic and is found in serum either as its precursor trypsinogen or in  complexed forms, and trypsin II, which is anionic and is only found in healthy people as its precursor trypsinogen II. Trypsin is used as an indicator of the type and severity of pancreatitis. The level of trypsin in feces and duodenal content is used as an aid in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis in neonates and children."
    },
    {
      "code": "19937",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents designed to perform tests on a body fluid sample, usually whole blood, in a short period of time (i.e., rapid tests), typically several minutes. These reagents are mostly used in point-of-care assays or less frequently in tests performed at home by healthcare providers; some of them are available in kits that include an antibody or antigen, a calibrator, and other specific (e.g., activator) reagents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19939",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Cardiac Marker",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a  body fluid sample (usually whole blood) in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to determine substances  liberated from the myocardium into the plasma (i.e., cardiac markers). The type and level of liberated substances (typically proteins or enzymes) are used in the diagnoses of the occurrence and extension of heart damage, mostly as the result of myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "19940",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Cardiac Marker, Creatine Kinase Muscle-Brain Isoenzyme",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood) in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to determine the presence and/or level of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (i.e., muscle-brain isoenzyme). The level of MB isoenzyme is used in the diagnosis of heart damage, the result of myocardial infarction, pericarditis, myocardial ischemia, and after cardiac surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "19941",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Cardiac Marker, Myoglobin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood and/or urine) in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to determine myoglobin and oxygen-binding protein. The level of liberated myoglobin increases soon after the occurrence of heart damage (e.g., as the result of myocardial infarction) both in blood and in urine before the increase of creatine kinase activity, permitting its use as an early cardiac marker. Myoglobin levels also increase due to injuries in skeletal muscles and/or after vigorous physical exercise."
    },
    {
      "code": "19942",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Cardiac Marker, Troponin I",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood)  in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to determine the circulating inhibiting subunit of cardiac troponin (cTnI). The level of liberated troponin I is used as a highly specific marker of ischemic heart injuries (e.g., as the result of myocardial infarction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19943",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Cardiac Marker, Troponin T",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, the circulating tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin (cTnT). The level of liberated troponin T is used as a highly specific marker of ischemic heart injuries (e.g., as the result of myocardial infarction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19196",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically urine, but also serum and plasma) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, one or more of a group of drugs that have a high potential of abuse,  including amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, morphine, and opiates. Reagents for rapid determination of drugs of abuse are especially useful in emergency situations. Forensic tests to confirm the results are usually performed using selective ion monitoring with gas chromatography/mass spectography (GC/MS) techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "20115",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Amphetamine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine amphetamines in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Reagents for rapid determination of amphetamines are used in tests intended to monitor the drug levels in patients as a result of a fairly recent drug use; they cannot differentiate casual use from chronic drug abuse, degree of impairment, exact time of use, or dose of drug taken. Immunoassays for amphetamine have variable cross-reactivity with other sympathomimetic amines (e.g. ephedrine, pseudoephedrine), so confirmation of positive results is mandatory."
    },
    {
      "code": "20116",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Barbiturate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine barbiturates in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Reagents for rapid determination of barbiturates are used in tests intended to monitor drug levels in patients as a result of either an induced therapeutic coma (anesthetic doses) or to diagnose and manage barbiturate intoxication caused by intentional, or less frequently, accidental ingestion, especially in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20117",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Benzodiazepine/Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum or urine) to determine benzodiazepines and/or their metabolites in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Reagents for rapid determination of benzodoazepines are used in tests intended to diagnose and manage benzodiazepine intoxication caused by intentional or, less frequently, accidental ingestion, especially in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20118",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Cannabinoid/Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to detect cannabinoid levels and/or cannabinoid metabolite levels in a short period of time, typically several minutes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20119",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Cocaine/Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine cocaine and/or cocaine metabolites in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Cocaine is mostly consumed by nasal insufflation (snorting) as cocaine hydrochloride; it may also be smoked as a free base (crack).  Immunoassay reagents designed for rapid screening of urine samples for cocaine usually measure inactive cocaine metabolites, typically benzoylecgonine, because only small amounts of cocaine are excreted in the urine. These tests are mostly used in emergency situations, especially before administration of anesthetics (e.g., during labor), due to the interaction between cocaine and anesthetic products."
    },
    {
      "code": "20120",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Opiate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine the presence/concentration of opiates in that sample within a short period of time, typically several minutes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20122",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Opiate, Codeine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine codeine in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Codeine, an alkaloid from opium or prepared from morphine with some analgesic properties because about 10% is converted into morphine, has therapeutic use as analgesic and to relieve or prevent cough. Codeine can cause drug dependence and therefore has the potential to be abused. Following codeine ingestion, both codeine and morphine can be detected in the urine. Codeine can be also detected after heroin use because codeine is a common contaminant of heroin.  Reagents for codeine determination in urine samples can detect its use for one to four days after use.  The consumption of foods that include poppy seeds, such as cakes, muffins, and bagels,  can result in urine excretion of codeine."
    },
    {
      "code": "20125",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Opiate, Meperidine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine meperidine in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Meperidine, a synthetic agent with morphine-like properties, has therapeutic use as a short-term analgesic. It is administered orally as meperidine hydrochloride. Meperidine produces a state of sedation and euphoria similar, but less intense than, natural opiates, creating a high potential for abuse. Reagents for meperidine determination in urine samples can detect its use typically for one to four days after use. They are especially useful in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20124",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Opiate, Methadone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine methadone in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Methadone, a synthetic agent with morphinelike properties, is a long-lasting opiate that has therapeutic use as an analgesic and in withdrawal from morphine addiction; it is mostly administered orally as methadone hydrochloride, but can be also administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Methadone produces a state of sedation and euphoria similar to, but less intensive than, natural opiates, creating a high potential for abuse. Reagents for methadone determination in urine samples can detect methadone metabolites typically for one to four days after use."
    },
    {
      "code": "20121",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Opiate, Morphine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine morphine levels in the sample within a short period of time, typically several minutes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20123",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Opiate, Propoxyphene",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine propoxyphen levels in that sample within a short period of time, typically several minutes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20126",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Drug-of-Abuse, Phencyclidine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine phencyclidine in a short period of time, typically several minutes. Phencyclidine is a drug formerly used as a surgical anesthetic and that is still used in veterinary medicine. Reagents for rapid determination of phencyclidine in urine samples can detect its use for several days (typically more than seven) after its last use in frequent consumers. They are especially useful in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "19949",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Fertility",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, one or more of the group of hormones that are vital for human reproduction (e.g., androgens such as testosterone and androstenedione, estrogens such as estradiol and progesterone); the hormones related to fertility function are mainly secreted by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands under control of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland."
    },
    {
      "code": "19950",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Fertility, Follicle Stimulating Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood or urine)  to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes) the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is one of the hormones that control the functional activity of the gonads (i.e., gonadotropins). The level of FSH is low in some women with polycystic ovary disease or hypothalamic dysfunction; decreased FSH levels are also found in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anorexia, and in some cancers of the testes, ovaries, or adrenal glands."
    },
    {
      "code": "19951",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Fertility, Luteinizing Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically whole blood or urine) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, the luteinizing hormone (LH). LH causes release of the ovum from the ovarian follicle and, following ovulation, the transformation of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum (luteinization). Rapid tests for LH are typically performed to determine ovulation for conception purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20129",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Parathyroid Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, the parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. Intraoperative tests for rapid determination of PTH in plasma provides angiographers with almost immediate feedback, facilitating accurate parathyroid adenoma localization and confirming complete removal in operations performed for management of persistent primary hyperparathyroidism."
    },
    {
      "code": "19690",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Pregnancy",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood or urine) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, one or more of the group of hormones (either steroid or protein hormones) that are related to the detection, evaluation, and monitoring of human pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19952",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Pregnancy, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood or urine) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, the glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Qualitative tests for hCG either in blood or urine are used for the confirmation of pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19953",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Pregnancy, Premature Ruptured Fetal Membrane",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a cervicovaginal secretion sample to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes) the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1). The determination of the presence of IGFBP-1 in the vagina (typically using a dipstick) is used to detect premature rupture of fetal membranes in symptomatic or asymptomatic women due to its higher concentration in amniotic fluid than in serum, cervical mucous, urine, and seminal plasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19938",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analysis on a  body fluid sample (usually whole blood) in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to determine the presence of one or more of a variety of specific proteins and/or polypeptides."
    },
    {
      "code": "19197",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Toxicology",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine, but also serum or plasma) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, one or more of a group of drugs that are toxic when taken in overdose (e.g., alcohol, acetaminophen, salicylates). They are also used to determined other chemical agents that may be accidentally or intentionally ingested. Rapid tests for toxic drug determination are mostly used in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20127",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Toxicology, Antidepressant",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine in a short period of time, typically several minutes, one or more of a group of drugs that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient (I.e., antidepressants). Reagents used for rapid determination of antidepressant concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose when these drugs are ingested either accidentally or intentionally. Rapid tests for antidepressant determination are mostly used in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "20128",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Toxicology, Antidepressant, Tricyclic",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes), one or more of a group of tricyclic antidepressant drugs, including amitryptiline, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, and nortriptyline. Reagents used for rapid determination of tricyclic antidepressant concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose when these drugs are ingested either accidentally or intentionally. The active metabolites of these antidepressants contribute to both therapeutic and adverse effects of these compounds. Rapid tests for tricyclic antidepressant determination are mostly used in emergency situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "19944",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Tumor Marker",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., whole blood, secretions) to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes) substances present in or secreted by neoplastic tumor cells  (i.e., tumor markers). Tumor markers include substances such as enzymes, hormones, and oncofetal antigens that may be found in cells, tissues, or body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "19945",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Tumor Marker, Prostate Specific Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually whole blood) to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes) the prostate specific antigen (PSA) enzyme, either total or free (fPSA). Measurements of PSA level are used in monitoring treatment of prostate carcinoma because it correlates with the stages of tumor extension and metastasis and indicates success of treatment. The level of total and/or free PSA, and the proportion of free to total PSA can be used to help differentiate benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19946",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Tumor Marker, Urinary Bladder",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes) substances present in or secreted by neoplastic urinary bladder tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers). These reagents include antibodies with the capability of binding to antigens associated with urinary bladder tumor, such as complement H-related protein, fragments of cytokeratin 8 and 18, or the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein NMP22. Urinary bladder tumor marker assays are used to obtain information in tumor grade and clinical stage of urothelial carcinomas of the bladder; they are also used to determine tumor reoccurrence."
    },
    {
      "code": "19947",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Tumor Marker, Urinary Bladder, Cytokeratin 8/18",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually urine) to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes) fragments of the cytokeratins 8 and 18 that are usually present in neoplastic urinary bladder tumor cells. These assays (usually known as urinary bladder cancer [UBC] antigen assays) are used to obtain information in tumor grade and clinical stage of urothelial carcinomas of the bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "19948",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Tumor Marker, Urinary Bladder, Tumor Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (usually urine) to determine in a short period of time (typically several minutes) the human complement factor H related protein that is secreted by neoplastic urinary bladder tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers). These assays (usually known as bladder tumor antigen [BTA] assays) are used to obtain information in tumor grade and clinical stage of urothelial carcinomas of the bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "41965",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Antibody",
      "definition": "Reagents used in rapid tests to detect antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a patient sample. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent (cause) of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "41964",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rapid Test, Virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Antigen",
      "definition": "Reagents used in rapid tests to detect antigens of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a patient sample. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent (cause) of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "19128",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Renal Metabolism",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum or urine) to determine one or more of the group of hormones (e.g., aldosterone) and/or other products that are produced or degraded by the kidneys (e.g., renin); these reagents are mostly used in testing the function (metabolism) of the kidneys and/or related diseases (e.g., hypertension)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19129",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Renal Metabolism, Aldosterone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) to determine the level of aldosterone, the major mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; its secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II. Very high levels of aldosterone (i.e., aldosteronism) are associated with plasma volume expansion, hypertension, and edema; they may occur due to overproduction of aldosterone (e.g., adrenal adenoma) or secondary due to extra adrenal diseases such as nephrotic syndrome or congestive heart failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "19879",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Renal Metabolism, Angiotensin I/II",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the level of one or both of the vasopressor hormones angiotensin I and/or angiotensin II. Angiotensin I, a decapeptide, is produced in the blood by the hydrolization of angiotensinogen (previously produced in the liver) by renin; it is rapidly converted into angiotensin II, an octapeptide, by a circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the cells of the zona glomerulosa to produce aldosterone."
    },
    {
      "code": "19131",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Renal Metabolism, Cortisol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum, urine ) to determine the level of cortisol, the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is transported in plasma mostly bound to transcortin and albumin (about 90%); the biologically active free form typically excreted by the kidneys is only about 10% of the total. Decreased values of free cortisol in urine are found in patients with renal diseases, and high levels are typically found during pregnancy. Determination of cortisol is also used in diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "19880",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Renal Metabolism, Renin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine plasma renin in terms of its enzymatic activity, known as plasma renin activity (PRA). PRA is evaluated according to the generation of angiotensin I. Renin activity is increased during salt-losing nephropathies, renin-secreting tumors, and adrenocortical insufficiency. Low levels are associated with adrenal carcinomas and primary aldosteronism."
    },
    {
      "code": "19881",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Renal Metabolism, Renin, Plasma Renin Activity",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine plasma renin in terms of its enzymatic activity, known as plasma renin activity (PRA). PRA is evaluated according to the generation of angiotensin I. Renin activity is increased during salt-losing nephropathies, renin-secreting tumors, and adrenocortical insufficiency. Low levels are associated with adrenal carcinomas and primary aldosteronism."
    },
    {
      "code": "36689",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Rheumatism",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to detect one or more of the group of substances (typically proteins such as cytokines and growth factors) that modulate the inflammatory process in rheumatic disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjogren's syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19199",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory. These substances are established as a norm with which similar substances used in a diverse range of sensitive and specific immunochemical clinical assays (e.g., immunoassays) are compared, usually to determine the purity or performance of those substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "20142",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Anemia Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of a substance that is established as a norm with which similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of substances, which may be used to characterize anemia disorders present in the blood (e.g., erythropoietin, serum ferritin, folate), are compared. Standard reagents may be used to determine the purity or performance of the reagents used in those tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "20147",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Autoimmune Disease",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of a substance that is established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed to determine agents developed by the organism that causes an immune response against its own tissue constituents (autoimmune diseases). Standard reagents may be used to determine the purity or performance of the reagents used in these tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19996",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Bone Metabolism Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones that regulate the mineral and bone metabolism."
    },
    {
      "code": "19997",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Bone Metabolism Marker",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of substances that are indicators of bone turnover (i.e., bone metabolism markers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19989",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Cardiac Marker",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of substances liberated from the myocardium into the plasma (i.e., cardiac markers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19994",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Diabetes",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones (e.g., insulin, C-peptide, glucogen) that modulate the regulation of the concentration of glucose in the blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "20145",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Drug-of-Abuse",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of a substance that is established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed to determine one or more of a group of drugs that have a high potential of abuse. Standard reagents may be used to determine the purity or performance of the reagents used in those tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19999",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Endocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of protein hormones that are typically secreted by an endocrine gland."
    },
    {
      "code": "19992",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Fertility Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones that are vital for human reproduction."
    },
    {
      "code": "20001",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Gastrointestinal Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of gastrointestinal hormones."
    },
    {
      "code": "19988",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Lipoprotein",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of lipoproteins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19998",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Liver Metabolism",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of substances that are safely and almost completely metabolized by the liver."
    },
    {
      "code": "20000",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Neuroendocrine Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of hormones secreted at nerve endings (i.e., neuroendocrine hormones)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19993",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Pregnancy Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones that are related to human pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19987",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Protein",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory. These substances are established as a norm and compared with similar substances used in a diverse range of sensitive and specific immunochemical clinical assays (i.e., immunoassays), usually to determine the purity or performance of those substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "19995",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Renal Metabolism Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones that are produced or degraded by the kidneys (e.g., renin, aldosterone)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20144",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Therapeutic Drug",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents consisting of a substance that is established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed to measure levels of one or more of a group of therapeutic drugs in a specimen (e.g., serum, plasma, whole blood) collected from a patient. Standard reagents may be used to determine the purity or performance of the reagents used in those tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19991",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Thyroid Hormone",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a normand compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of the group of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland."
    },
    {
      "code": "20146",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Toxicology",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of a substance that is established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of drugs that are toxic when taken in overdose. Standard reagents may be used to determine the purity or performance of the reagents used in these tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19990",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Tumor Marker",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory, that are established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of substances present in or secreted by neoplastic tumor cells  (i.e., tumor markers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20143",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Standard, Vitamin",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of a substance that is established as a norm and compared with similar reagents used in immunoassay tests performed for the determination of one or more of a group of vitamins (e.g., vitamin B12, folate). Standard reagents may be used to determine the purity or performance of the reagents used in those tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19145",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to identify and/or measure the levels of one or more of a group of chemical compounds administered to humans for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or other abnormal condition or for the relief of pain (i.e., therapeutic drugs) present in the sample. These reagents are used in tests intended to monitor therapeutic drugs such as antibiotics, drugs for the cardiovascular and nervous systems, antiasthmatic drugs, antineoplastic drugs, immunosuppressants, and pain relievers."
    },
    {
      "code": "19157",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antiasthma",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure the levels of one or more of a group of therapeutic drugs known as antiasthma agents (i.e., drugs administered to humans for treatment and/or alleviation of patients with asthma [a form of bronchial disorder associated with airway obstruction, marked by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, with wheezing due to spasmodic contraction of the bronchi]).  These reagents are used to monitor the antiasthmatic drug (e.g., theophylline) levels in the blood of patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19159",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antiasthma, Caffeine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of caffeine, a drug that relaxes bronchial smooth muscles to relieve or prevent asthma. Caffeine is used mostly in the treatment of neonatal apnea. Caffeine drug level reagents are typically used to monitor the therapeutic drug level in the blood of patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of drug treatment, to identify drug overdose, or to assess toxicity. Caffeine is a minor metabolite of theophylline in adults, but its long half-life in neonates makes necessary the concurrent determination of theophylline and caffeine in infants treated with theophylline."
    },
    {
      "code": "19158",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antiasthma, Theophylline",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to identify and/or measure levels of theophylline (a drug that relaxes bronchial smooth muscles to relieve or prevent asthma) or aminophylline (a drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine), present in the sample. Reagents for theophylline/aminophylline determination are used to monitor the therapeutic drug level in patients under treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment, or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Caffeine, an effective inhibitor of apnea, is a minor metabolite of theophylline in adults, but its long half-life in neonates makes necessary the concurrent determination of theophylline and caffeine in those patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19153",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure the levels of one or more of a group of therapeutic drugs that have the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms (i.e., antibiotics) present in the sample. Antibiotics (e.g., amikacin, gentamicin) sufficiently nontoxic to the host are administered to humans for treatment of infectious diseases typically caused by bacteria. These reagents are typically used in tests intended to measure the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or diagnose a drug overdose or antibiotic-related toxicity. Samples drawn late in the drug administration interval, e.g., immediately prior to the next dose (known as a \"trough\" sample) and/or samples drawn within a set interval based on the known half-life of the drug (e.g., within 1 hour) following the administration of a dose (known as a \"peak\" sample) are typically used when measuring therapeutic levels of antibiotic drugs in the blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "20039",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic, Amikacin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of amikacin, a semisynthetic aminoglycoside bactericidal agent present in the sample. Amikacin is used in the treatment of a wide variety of aerobic gram-negative bacteria and also for some gram-positive bacteria. Reagents for measuring amikacin levels are used monitor the therapeutic drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or antibiotic-related toxicity. Typical reference levels in blood, in micrograms per milliliter, are peak 20 to 25, predose (trough) 5 to 10, and toxic more than 35."
    },
    {
      "code": "20042",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic, Chloramphenicol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of chloramphenicol, an antibiotic that acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. Chloramphenicol is used in the treatment of a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria; it is used specifically in the treatment of typhus and other rickettsial infections. Reagents for chloramphenicol drug level determination must be able to differentiate between the pro-drug forms (i.e., chloramphenicol palmitate or succinate) and their active metabolite chloramphenicol. These reagents are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to ensure that a therapeutic drug level exists, or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Typical reference levels in blood, in micrograms per milliliter, are peak 20 to 30, predose (trough) 10, and toxic more than 50."
    },
    {
      "code": "19154",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic, Gentamicin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of gentamicin, an aminoglycoside bactericidal agent, present in the sample. Gentamicin is used in the treatment of a wide variety of aerobic gram-negative bacteria and also for some gram-positive bacteria. Reagents for gentamicin drug level measurement are used to monitor drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Typical reference levels in blood, in micrograms per milliliter, are peak 5 to 8, predose (trough) 1 to 2, and toxic more than 10."
    },
    {
      "code": "20040",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic, Kanamycin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside bactericidal agent. Kanamycin is used in the treatment of a wide variety of aerobic gram-negative bacteria and also for some gram-positive bacteria including mycobacteria. Reagents for kanamycin drug level measurement are used to monitor the therapeutic drug level in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Typical reference levels in blood, in microgram per milliliter, are: peak 20 to 25, predose (trough) 5 to 10, and toxic more than 35."
    },
    {
      "code": "20041",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic, Netilmycin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of netilmycin, a semisynthetic aminoglycoside bactericidal agent, present in the sample. Netilmycin is used in the treatment of a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria and also for some gram-positive bacteria. Reagents for netilmycin drug level measurement are used to monitor therapeutic drug levels in patients undergoing  treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. A prolonged netilmycin level of more than 16 micrograms per milliliter in blood is considered toxic."
    },
    {
      "code": "19155",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic, Tobramycin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of tobramycin, an aminoglycoside bactericidal agent. Tobramycin is used in the treatment of a wide range of aerobic gram-negative bacteria and also for some gram-positive bacteria. Reagents for tobramycin level measurement are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Typical reference levels in blood, in micrograms per milliliter, are peak 5 to 8, predose (trough) 1 to 2, and toxic more than 10."
    },
    {
      "code": "19156",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antibiotic, Vancomycin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of vancomycin, a tricyclic glycopeptide bactericidal agent, present in the sample. Vancomycin is used in the treatment of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative cocci; vancomycin is used in the treatment of severe staphylococcal infections resistant to other antibiotics. Reagents for vancomycin drug level measurement are used to monitor drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Typical reference levels in blood, in micrograms per milliliter, are peak 20 to 30, predose (trough) 10, and toxic more than 50."
    },
    {
      "code": "19149",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma, whole blood) to measure levels of one or more of a group of therapeutic drugs known as \"anticonvulsants\" (i.e., drugs intended to prevent seizures [clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells] or reduce their severity, or to treat related central nervous system disorders) present in the sample. These reagents are mostly used to measure drug levels in patients undergoing treatment with anticonvulsant agent to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19150",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Carbamazepine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of total carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant and antineuralgic drug mostly used in the treatment of tonic-clonic and partial seizures typical of epilepsy and in pain associated to trigeminal neuralgia. Carbamazepine in blood is highly bound (about 76%) to proteins in plasma, but only free carbamazepine and its metabolite carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide are bioactive. Reagents for measuring levels of total carbamazepine are intended to monitor therapeutic drug levels or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20032",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Carbamazepine, Free",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to measure levels of free carbamazepine, the bioactive component of carbamazepine, in the patient sample. Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and antineuralgic drug, but only free carbamazepine and its metabolite carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide are bioactive. Reagents for measuring levels of free carbamazepine can be used in tests intended to monitor drug levels in patients under treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20038",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Clonazepam",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of clonazepam (a benzodiazepine with a chemical structure closely related to diazepam that is used in the treatment of seizures and infantile spasms) present in the sample. Reagents for measuring levels of clonazepam are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20033",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Ethosuximide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of ethosuximide (a drug used in the treatment of a form of epilepsy known as petit mal) present in the sample. Reagents for measuring levels of ethosuximide are mostly used to monitor the adequacy of drug treatment and less frequently to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19151",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Phenobarbital",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of phenobarbital (a barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant) present in the sample. Reagents for mesuring levels of phenobarbital are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or a drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19152",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Phenytoin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of total phenytoin (an anticonvulsant agent that is used in a wide variety of seizures; it is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant) present in the sample. Reagents for measuring levels of total phenytoin are used to monitor drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20034",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Phenytoin, Free",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses of a sample of human serum or plasma to measure levels of free phenytoin (the bioactive component of phenytoin in blood) present in the sample. Reagents for measuring levels of free phenytoin are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20035",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Primidone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of primidone (an antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to phenobarbital in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite) present in the blood. Reagents for measuring levels of primidone are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20036",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Valproic Acid",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of total valproic acid (a fatty acid used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorders) present in the sample.  Valproic acid is highly bound (about 93%) to proteins in plasma, but only free valproic acid is bioactive. Reagents for measuring total valproic acid are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20037",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Anticonvulsant, Valproic Acid, Free",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to measure levels of free valproic acid, the bioactive component of valproic acid, present in the sample. Reagents for measuring free valproic acid are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19160",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antineoplastic",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels or otherwise analzye one or more antineoplastic agents (substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms) and/or their metabolites present in the sample. These reagents are used to measure the levels of the antineoplastic agent levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy the therapy, or to diagnose drug overdosing/drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19161",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Antineoplastic, Methotrexate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels and/or otherwise analyze methotrexate (Aan antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties). Reagents for measuring methotrexate levels are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, especially to avoid overdose and/or drug-related  toxicity (e.g., unwanted cytotoxic effects)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19146",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels and/or otherwise analyze one or more of a group of therapeutic drugs known as cardiovascular agents, i.e., drugs intended to affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. These reagents are mainly used in tests intended to measure the cardiovascular drug levels in patients undergoing treatment, either to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20029",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Amiodarone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic used to control supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, present in the sample. These reagents are used to measure amiodarone levels in patients undergoing treatment, to monitor the adequacy of therapy, and to establish the likelihood of drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20020",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Digitoxin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of digitoxin (a cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin; digitoxin is a digitalis medicine that is intended to be used to improve the strength and efficiency of the heart or as an antiarrhythmic agent to control the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat) present in the sample. These reagents are used to measure digitoxin levels in patients undergoing treatment, to monitor the adequacy of therapy, and to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19147",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Digoxin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of digoxin (a cardiotonic glycoside that has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity and is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation as well as in the management of congestive heart failure) present in the sample. These reagents are used in tests intended to measure digoxin drug levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of digoxin dosages or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20021",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Disopyramide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to measure levels of disopyramide (a class I antiarrhythmic agent [one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent] with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine) present in the sample. These reagents are used in tests intended to monitor disopyramide phosphate levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of therapy, and to diagnose drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19148",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Lidocaine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to measure levels of lidocaine (a local anesthetic and cardiac depressant typically used as an antiarrhythmia agent) present in the sample. These reagents are used in tests to monitor lidocaine drug levels in patients undergoine treatment to determine the adequacy of therapy and to diagnose drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20028",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Mexiletine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of mexiletine (an antiarrhythmia agent similar in structure and action to lidocaine that is typically used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, such as life-threatening ventricular tachycardias) present in the sample. These reagents are used in tests intended to monitor mexiletine drug levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of therapy or to diagnose a drug-overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20022",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, N-Acetylprocainamide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on body fluid samples (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) (also known as acecainide; NAPA is a metabolite of the antiarrhythmic drug procainamide) in the samples. These reagents are used to measure NAPA levels for therapeutic drug monitoring, or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. NAPA level analysis is typically performed simultaneously with the analysis of levels of procainamide."
    },
    {
      "code": "20025",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Nadolol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of nadolol (a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension, as well as migraine disorders and tremors) in the sample. Nadolol levels are seldom used in therapeutic drug monitoring as there is no close correlation between drug levels found in the blood and drug effects. These reagents are more typically used in the diagnosis of drug overdoses or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20023",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Procainamide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of procainamide (an antiarrhythmic drug used in the treatment of premature ventricular contractions [PVCs], ventricular tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation) in a sample. These reagents are used in tests to monitor procainamide levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of therapy and to diagnose drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Procainamide levels are typically measured in conjunction with levels of the procainamide metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20030",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Propafenone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of propafenone, an antiarrhythmic drug, in the sample. These reagents are used to monitor propafenone levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of therapy or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20024",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Propanolol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of propanolol (a non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety) in the sample. Propanolol drug levels are seldom used for therapeutic drug monitoring because there is no close correlation between blood concentration levels of propanolol and drug effects; these reagents are more often used to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20026",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Quinidine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure the level of quinidine, an optical isomer of quinine, present in the sample. Quinidine dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission. Quinidine drug level tests are used in the treatment/monitoring of certain cardiovascular conditions (e.g., atrial premature contraction, tachycardia). Quinidine is available either as quinidine sulfate or quinidine gluconate.  These reagents are used to measure quinidine levels in patients, e.g., to determine the adequacy of therapy, and in the diagnosis of a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20031",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Tocainide",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of tocainide (an antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of sodium channels) in the sample. These reagents are used to measure tocainide drug levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of therapy or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20027",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Cardiovascular, Verapamil",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of verapamil (a calcium channel blocker/class IV antiarrhythmia agent) in the sample. These reagents are used in tests intended to measure verapamil levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of therapy and to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20043",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Immunosuppressant",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to measure levels of one or more immunosuppressive agents (i.e., agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action) in the sample. These reagents are used to measure the immunosuppressant levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of drug treatment (i.e., therapeutic drug monitoring) or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring plays a key role in helping clinicians maintain immunosuppressants within therapeutic ranges in blood due to the narrow therapeutic index unique to each patient and to the variable absorption, distribution, and elimination that is characteristic of these agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20044",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Immunosuppressant, Cyclosporine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically whole blood) to measure levels of cyclosporine (immunosupressive agents with a specific action on T-lymphocytes that are typically used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation) and/or its metabolitesin the sample. Reagents for measuring cyclosporine levels are intended to be used to measure drug concentrations in patients undergoing treatment to monitor the efficacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20047",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Immunosuppressant, Mycophenolic Acid",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically whole blood) to measure levels of mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), in the sample. Mycophenolic acid is an antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species that blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid has selective effects on the immune system and prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. Reagents for measuring mycophenolic acid levels are used to monitor the drug levels in patients under treatment to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20046",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Immunosuppressant, Sirolimus",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically whole blood) to measure levels of sirolimus (also known as rapamycin), an immunosuppressive agent that possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties, in the sample. These reagents are designed for the selective measurement of sirolimus (i.e., specific reagents), but cross-reactivity with sirolimus metabolites may occur. Reagents for sirolimus drug level measurement are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20045",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Therapeutic Drug, Immunosuppressant, Tacrolimus",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically whole blood) to measure levels of tacrolimus (a macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro) in the sample. Reagents for measuring levels of tacrolimus (also known as FK 506) in the blood are used to monitor the drug levels in patients undergoing treatment to determine the adequacy of drug treatment or to diagnose a drug overdose or drug-related toxicity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19108",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine one or more of the group of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, including thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); their precursors, monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and iodotyrosine (DIT); and the biologically inactive reverse triiodothyronine (RT3). These reagents include antibodies (typically monoclonal antibodies) with the capability of binding to the specific thyroid hormone."
    },
    {
      "code": "19112",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone Binding Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses or a sample or body fluids (typically serum) to determine the total thyroid binding proteins (TBP), a group of proteins (albumin, prealbumin, and globulin) that binds both thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); individual TBPs are typically determined using electrophoresis. The level of TBPs is mostly determined in patients with normal thyroid hormones (i.e., euthyroid patients) to differentiate abnormalities in the concentration of normal T4 binding proteins (either congenital or drug induced) from abnormal binding proteins that have altered affinity for T4 (e.g., congenital variants of albumin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19866",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone Binding Protein, Globulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG), a protein that binds both thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).  Abnormal levels of TBG are found due to inherited diseases (e.g., congenital variants of albumin that have altered affinity for T4), in some nonthyroidal diseases (e.g., hepatitis, HIV), or as a consequence of drug use (e.g., estrogens, oral contraceptives)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19864",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Binding Ratio",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the unsaturated thyroid hormone (either triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxin (T4)), binding capacity (i.e., the number of unoccupied thyroid hormone binding sites on serum proteins). Usually these values (i.e. the \"uptake\" results) are determined in relation to values in serum from patients with normal thyroid hormones (i.e., euthyroid patients). The determinations of the relative free fraction of T3 or T4 are known as the thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17398",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroglobulin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine thyroglobulin (Tg), a large glycoprotein (a prohormone) that is stored in the follicular colloid of the thyroid gland and participates in the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and  thyroxin (T4). Increased levels of Tg are associated to thyroid papillary and follicular carcinomas, thyroid adenoma, and other diseases of the thyroid; its determination is particularly useful in monitoring recurrence of thyroid carcinoma following surgical resection. Determining the level of thyroglobulin in serum samples is difficult if antithyroglobulin antibodies are present, as frequently occurs in thyroid cancer patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19865",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Thyrotropin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine thyrotropin, also known as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyrotropin is a hormone that is synthesized and released by the pituitary thyrotropes under the action of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secreted by the hypothalamus. Both isotopic and nonisotopic methods (e.g., enzymatic) are used. High levels of thyrotropin are found in patients with primary hypothyroidism either inherited or acquired (i.e., when the thyroid gland is damaged); low levels of thyrotropin and high levels of the free component of thyroxin (FT4) are usually an indication of hyperthyroidism.  Determination of thyrotropin is also used in the early identification (screening tests) in newborns for congenital hypothyroidism, typically after the determination of an abnormal level of thyroxin (T4)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19110",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroxin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the hormone thyroxin (3,5,3',5'-L- tetraiodothyronine), commonly known as T4, the primary hormone secreted by normal thyroid glands. These assays determine the total circulating T4 in blood, an equilibrium mixture of  protein bound and free (typically 0.03% of total T4) hormone, either using isotopic or nonisotopic immunoassays. Determination of T4 is a useful test to assess thyroid hormone production, but the level of T4 may be abnormal without any thyroid disease because of changes in serum binding proteins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19111",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroxin, Free",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine the free component of thyroxin (FT4), one of the two main hormones secreted by normal thyroid glands. These assays are very sensitive and permit direct measurement of FT4 (typically only 0.03% of the total circulating T4 in blood) in undiluted serum after ultra filtration. The determination of FT4, the only fraction of T4 that is metabolically active, is more indicative of the clinical state of the thyroid than the total level of T4; thus, FT4 determinations are useful to establish both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism."
    },
    {
      "code": "19109",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Triiodothyronine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum) to determine triiodothyronine (3,5,3'-L- triiodothyronine), commonly known as T3, one of the two main hormones secreted by normal thyroid glands. These assays determine the total circulating T3 in blood, an equilibrium mixture of  protein bound and free (typically 0.03% of total T3) hormone, either using isotopic or automated nonisotopic immunoassays. Measuring of T3 is useful  to confirm hyperthyroidism in cases in which the level of thyroxin (T4) is only marginally elevated."
    },
    {
      "code": "19862",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Triiodothyronine, Free",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the  free component of triiodothyronine (FT3), one of the two main hormones secreted by normal thyroid glands. These assays are very sensitive and permit direct measurement of FT3 (typically only 0.3% of the total circulating T3 in blood) in undiluted serum after ultrafiltration. The determination of FT3, the only fraction of T3 that is metabolically active, is useful for adjusting the total T3 for variations in binding proteins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19863",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Thyroid Hormone, Triiodothyronine, Reverse",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine the  biologically inactive reverse triiodothyronine (3, 3', 5' triiodothyronine), commonly known as rT3, a hormone secreted by normal thyroid glands. The level of rT3 is mostly determined to differentiate between hypothyroidism and sick patients with normal thyroid (euthyroid patients) if the question cannot be solved with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) evaluation assays. High levels of rT3 are commonly found in serum in hyperthyroidism, hepatic and renal diseases, and in malnutrition or starvation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17408",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., urine, serum, plasma) to determine either one or more of a group of drugs, such as acetaminophen, catecholamines, alcohol, and salicylates, that are the most common cause of human toxicities when taken in overdose and/or other chemical agents that are accidentally or intentionally ingested. Toxicology determinations are also performed using chromatographic assays that can measure the level of many drugs simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "19170",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Acetaminophen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine acetaminophen, a drug commonly administered with analgesic and antipyretic use. Acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) may cause severe hepatic toxicity or death when consumed in overdose quantities. Reagents used to determine acetaminophen concentration in serum are used to assess the severity of overdose and to establish an appropriate therapy, due that the initial clinical findings of acetaminophen toxicity are mild and nonspecific."
    },
    {
      "code": "20052",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Antidepressant",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine one or more of a group of drugs that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient (i.e., antidepressants). The most frequently administered antidepressants contain three fused rings in their chemical structure (i.e., tricyclic antidepressants). They include amitryptiline, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, and nortriptyline. Some tetracyclic drugs are also used as antidepressants.  Reagents used to determine antidepressant concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose. Tricyclic antidepressant concentration in serum is directly related to therapeutic response, with the exception of nortriptyline which has a specific therapeutic window (typically 50 to 150 nanograms/milliliter). The metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants, especially their hydroxylation, results in the formation of active metabolites, which contribute to both the therapeutic and the adverse effects of these compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "20053",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Antidepressant, Amitriptyline",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine amitriptyline, an antidepressant tricyclic drug that also has sedative effects. Amitriptyline metabolism produces physiologically active metabolites (e.g., secondary tricyclic amines with antidepressant activity such as nortriptyline); these metabolites should be measured simultaneously. Reagents used to determine amitriptyline concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose."
    },
    {
      "code": "20054",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Antidepressant, Desipramine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine desipramine, an antidepressant secondary tricyclic amine drug that is administered orally in tablets or capsules as desipramine hydrochloride. Reagents used to determine antidepressant concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose."
    },
    {
      "code": "20055",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Antidepressant, Doxepin/Doxepin Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine doxepin and/or its metabolites. Doxepin is an tertiary tricyclic amine drug administered orally as doxepin hydrochloride. It has therapeutic use as an antidepressant and topically as an antipruritic agent. The action of doxepin is highly conditioned to the production of active metabolites, including secondary tricyclic amines with antidepressant activity, such as nordoxepin, and other metabolites such as E- and Z-N-desmethyldoxepin (desDOX); these metabolites must be measured too. Reagents used to determine antidepressant concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose."
    },
    {
      "code": "20056",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Antidepressant, Imipramine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine imipramine, a tertiary tricyclic amine drug with therapeutic use as an antidepressant and sedative. Imipramine is administered as imipramine hydrochloride for attention deficit disorder, enuresis, chronic pain, anxiety, and bulimia. Imipramine metabolism produces physiologically active metabolites (e.g., secondary tricyclic amines with antidepressant activity such as desipramine), these metabolites should be measured simultaneously.  Reagents used to determine antidepressant concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose."
    },
    {
      "code": "20057",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Antidepressant, Nortriptyline",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine nortriptyline, a secondary tricyclic amine drug of the dibenzocycloheptadiene class that is a metabolite of amitriptyline. Nortriptyline  has therapeutic use as an antidepressant and analgesic. It is administered as nortriptyline hydrochloride to treat symptoms of depression and chronic pain. Reagents used to determine nortriptyline concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose."
    },
    {
      "code": "20058",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Antidepressant, Protriptyline",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma) to determine protriptyline, an antidepressant secondary tricyclic amine drug. Protriptyline is administered as protriptyline hydrochloride to treat symptoms of depression, attention deficit disorder, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy.  Reagents used to determine antidepressant concentration in blood differentiate therapeutic levels (typically very low) from toxic levels due to overdose."
    },
    {
      "code": "19171",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Ethanol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma, urine) to determine ethanol, the most often used and abused chemical substance. Immunoassay reagents used to determine ethanol may have some interference from other alcohols, particularly from isopropanol, methanol, and ethylene glycol. Reagents used to determine ethanol concentration in blood can establish the degree of alcohol intoxication, frequently as legal supporting evidence. Inclusion of additional tests for other alcohols such as methanol, isopropanol, and acetone as a metabolite of isopropanol are sometimes needed for evaluation of intoxicated patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "20059",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Ethanol Consumption Marker",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine one or more of a group of substances, such as carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), which are considered markers of long-time high alcohol consumption (i.e., ethanol consumption markers). The sensitivity and  specificity of these markers are likely related to patient age, sex, and health conditions they are used as part of a group of tests for screening or monitoring of alcoholism."
    },
    {
      "code": "20060",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Ethanol Consumption Marker, Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). CDT is a highly sensitive and specific marker for long-term heavy alcohol consumption in men over 40 years, but it is not a good marker in young men and women. Generally CDT is a better marker than gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the identification of alcohol abuse among patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases. The sensitivity of the test can be enhanced using CDT and GGT combined."
    },
    {
      "code": "20061",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Ethanol Consumption Marker, Gamma-Glutamyltransferase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). GGT is a moderately sensitive and specific marker for long-term heavy alcohol consumption. In general, GGT is a worse marker than carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). The sensitivity of the test can be enhanced using CDT and GGT combined."
    },
    {
      "code": "20062",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Hydrocarbon Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine metabolites of aromatic hydrocarbons. These metabolites are usually synthesized in the liver and excreted in the urine. Some metabolites of interest and their main sources are phenol from benzene; hippuric acid and o-creosol from toluene; o-, m-, and p-methylhippuric acids from xylene; and mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid from styrene and ethylbenzene. Reagents used to determine the concentration of these metabolites in urine are mostly used to establish the degree of intoxication due to the exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons, frequently as the result of occupational exposure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20063",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Hydrocarbon Metabolite, Hippuric Acid",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine), to determine hippuric acid, a crystallizable acid synthesized in the liver (e.g., from benzoic acid) and excreted in the urine. Hippuric acid is the main human metabolite from toluene, an aromatic hydrocarbon of widespread use in printing, automotive, shoemaking, and speaker manufacturing industries. Reagents used to determine hippuric acid concentration in urine can establish the degree of intoxication with toluene, frequently as the result of occupational exposure. The analysis of the results should consider the dietary sources of the affected patients because they may include food or beverages that contain benzoic acid, increasing the level of hippuric acid in urine not related to toluene."
    },
    {
      "code": "20064",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Hydrocarbon Metabolite, Phenol",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine), to determine phenol (also known as carbolic acid) and/or one or more of a group of phenol-derivated compounds with the generic name of phenols characterized by a hydroxyl group directly attached to an aromatic ring. These products are usually metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine. Reagents used to determine phenol/phenol compounds  (e.g., o-, m-, p-cresol) concentration in urine are used to establish the degree of intoxication with phenol, cresol, and benzene and/or other hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene), frequently as the result of occupational exposure. It may also occur by accidental or intentional ingestion of phenol, creosol, or other related product. Phenol itself is considered a specific indicator of exposure to benzene."
    },
    {
      "code": "20065",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Porphyrin Derivative",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., blood, urine, bile, feces) to determine porphyrin derivatives (commonly abbreviated as porphyrins). There are many kinds of porphyrins, but only three (uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin, and protoporphyrin) are clinically important. The isomer protoporphyrin IX containing iron is known as heme; uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin type III isomers are the only ones that contribute to heme synthesis. High levels of porphyrins are found in toxic (acquired) porphyrias caused by one or more of a group of toxic agents (e.g., ethanol, hydrogenated hydrocarbons). Some dietary products, metabolic diseases, and hereditary deficiencies (i.e., inherited porphyrias) may also cause abnormal porphyrin levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "20068",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Porphyrin Derivative, Coproporphyrin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., urine, bile, feces) to determine coproporphyrin, a porphyrin derivative. Coproporphyrin is moderately water soluble, thus it is excreted both in feces and in urine. High levels of coproporphyrin are found in toxic (acquired) porphyrias caused by one or more of a group of toxic agents (e.g., chronic ethanol exposure, lead, mercury, arsenic). Some dietary products, diseases (e.g., malignancies), and hereditary deficiencies (i.e., inherited porphyrias) may also cause abnormal coproporphyrin levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "20066",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Porphyrin Derivative, Protoporphyrin IX",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., whole blood, bile, feces) to determine protoporphyrin IX, a porphyrin derivative that is usually called heme when it contains iron. Protoporphyrin is not water soluble and is not excreted in urine. Its determination usually requires whole blood and/or erythrocyte assays; analysis of protoporphyrin in feces also has diagnostic capabilities. High levels of protoporphyrin are found in toxic (acquired) porphyrias caused by one or more of a group of toxic agents (e.g., lead, aluminum in dialysis). Some dietary products, metabolic diseases, and hereditary deficiencies (i.e., inherited porphyrias) may also cause abnormal protoporphyrin levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "20067",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Porphyrin Derivative, Uroporphyrin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., urine) to determine uroporphyrin, a porphyrin derivative. Uroporphyrin is the most water soluble of all porphyrins. It is typically excreted in urine. High levels of uroporphyrin are found in toxic (acquired) porphyrias caused by one or more of a group of toxic agents (e.g., lead). Some dietary products, diseases (e.g., chronic renal failure), and hereditary deficiencies (i.e., inherited porphyrias) may also cause abnormal protoporphyrin levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "19172",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Toxicology, Salicylate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, plasma, urine) to determine salycilate, a product of the hydrolysis of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). Salicylate is the pharmacological agent of the action of aspirin (e.g., analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory), with the exception of platelet inhibition. Reagents for determination of salicylate concentration are used to assess the severity of overdose intoxication. The therapeutic level of salicylate in serum is lower than 60 mg/L for analgesic and/or antipyretic use and 150 to 300 mg/L for anti-inflammatory purposes; toxic effects are frequent when the level exceeds 300 mg/L."
    },
    {
      "code": "19096",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids to determine substances present in or secreted by neoplastic tumor cells  (i.e.,  tumor markers). Tumor markers include substances such as enzymes, hormones, and oncofetal antigens that may be found in cells, tissues, or body fluids. Ideally, tumor markers should be specific for a given type of cancer, sensitive for screening and/or early diagnosis, and proportional to tumor load thus permitting the assessment of the response to treatment and monitoring for recurrence of cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "36694",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Autoantibody, Lung Cancer",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid (typically serum) to detect the levels of one or more autoantibodies (i.e., antibodies that recognize epitopes of human origin) generated by the immune response to lung cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "37582",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Breast Cancer",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid (typically serum) to detect the levels of one or more substances (typically proteins) secreted by breast cancer or induced/repressed in surrounding tissues by the presence of breast cancers. These assays are typically used as an aid in determining the likelihood that a patient has breast cancer, particularly in patients with suspicious findings by diagnostic imaging (i.e., mammography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19101",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., blood) to determine carbohydrate-related, high-molecular-weight mucin antigens present on the surface or secreted by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers); these reagents include antibodies (typically monoclonal antibodies) with the capability of binding to these tumor markers. Carbohydrate antigen tumor markers are usually more tumor-specific (e.g., breast cancer) than hormones and enzymes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19104",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 125",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine CA 125, a carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 125 is mostly used in the prognosis of endometrial carcinoma; the level of CA 125 is also used for monitoring ovarian carcinoma because of its correlation with tumor size and staging. The level of CA 125 may also be used for differentiation of a malignant disease from a benign disease in patients with palpable ovarian masses and for diagnosis and monitoring of primary fallopian tube carcinoma. CA 125 is not useful for screening for ovarian cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19102",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 15-3",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine CA 15, a  carbohydrate-related antigen tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 15 is mostly used in monitoring therapy and disease progression in metastatic breast cancer, but not to diagnose primary breast cancer. High levels of CA 15 are also found in pancreatic, ovarian, colorectal, and hepatic malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19103",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 19-9",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g, serum) to determine CA 19-9, a blood-group carbohydrate-related  tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 19-9  is mostly in diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas; this assay has also been used for diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19844",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 195",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine CA 195, a blood group carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 195 is mostly used in diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19845",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 242",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine CA 242, a blood group carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 242 is mostly used in diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas; this assay has been also used for diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19841",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 27.29",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine CA 27.29, a carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 27.29 is mostly used in monitoring therapy and disease progression in metastatic breast cancer, but not to diagnose primary breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19842",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 50",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine CA 50, a carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 50 is mostly in diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19846",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 549",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine CA-549, a  carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 549 is mostly used in monitoring therapy, disease progression, recurrence, and metastases of breast cancer, but not to diagnose primary breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19843",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen CA 72-4",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine CA 72-4, a carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker CA 72-4 is mostly used in diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian and/or gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastric, colorectal) cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19848",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen Du-Pan-2",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine Du-pan-2, a  carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker Du-pan-2 is used for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. It is also detected in many patients with biliary tract and hepatocellular carcinomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19847",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Carbohydrate Antigen MCA",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine MCA (i.e., mucinlike carcinoma-associated antigen), a carbohydrate-related tumor marker. The detection of the tumor marker MCA is mostly used in monitoring therapy and disease progression in metastatic breast cancer and not to diagnose primary breast cancer. The levels of MCA typically correlate to those of the CA 15-3 tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19097",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., blood, secretions) to determine enzymes secreted by neoplastic tumor cells  (i.e., tumor markers); these reagents include antibodies with the capability of binding to the tumor marker enzyme. Enzyme tumor markers include prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), neuron-specific enolase, and thymidine kinase."
    },
    {
      "code": "19705",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme, Alkaline Phosphatase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine alkaline phosphatase (AP), an enzyme secreted by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., a tumor marker) of the liver and/or biliary tract. High levels of AP are found in primary or secondary liver cancer. They are correlated to the extent of liver and bone metastasis (e.g., prostatic cancer with bone metastasis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19831",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme, Cathepsin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, tumor tissue extracts) to determine one or more of the cathepsin aspartate proteinases (i.e., cathepsin B, D, H, L) , a group of enzymes secreted by some specific cells (e.g., mucous neck cells, pyloric gland cells). Cathepsins are associated with processes of tumor growth, revascularization, and metastasis. They are used in the prognostic and monitoring of several types of malignancies, including breast, lung, colorectal, brain, and head and neck cancers."
    },
    {
      "code": "19832",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme, Cathepsin D",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, tumor tissue extracts) to determine the cathepsin-D aspartate proteinase, an enzyme. Cathepsin-D is used as a prognostic marker in breast cancer; its overexpression is used as a predictor of breast cancer metastasis (e.g., lymph node metastasis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19829",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme, Neuron Specific Enolase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) enzyme (also known as phosphopyruvate hydratase) as a tumor marker. A high level of NSE is associated with tumors of neuroendocrine origin. It may be used as a moderately sensitive and specific marker for monitoring pediatric neuroblastoma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18127",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme, Prostate Specific Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine the prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) enzyme, either total or free (fPSA); these reagents include antibodies (typically monoclonal antibodies) with the capability of binding to this tumor marker. PSA level is used to monitor treatment of prostate carcinoma because it correlates with the stages of tumor extension and metastasis; the level of total and/or free PSA and the proportion of free to total PSA are also used in diagnosis of prostate carcinoma and its differentiation from benign prostatic hyperplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19828",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme, Prostatic Acid Phosphatase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the  prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzyme, an enzyme secreted by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., a tumor marker) of the prostate. Use of PAP as a tumor marker is being replaced by the determination of prostatic-specific antigens (PSA). But, PAP is still used because its level is associated with metastasis of prostate carcinomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19830",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Enzyme, Thymidine Kinase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the thymidine kinase (TK) enzyme as a tumor marker. A high level of TK is associated with leukemia, lymphomas, and small cell lung cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19861",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Fecal Occult Blood",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a feces sample to determine the presence of hidden (occult) blood. Occult blood in feces is a marker of a bleeding ulcer or malignant diseases in the gastrointestinal tract; tests for occult test in feces are mostly used for screening patients for colorectal carcinomas. Immunological tests reduce the false positive rate with respect to chemical test for occult blood in feces."
    },
    {
      "code": "19098",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Hormone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., blood) to determine hormones secreted by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers), either as a result of an excess production by the endocrine tissue that normally produces the hormone or as a product of nonendocrine tissues that normally do not produce the hormone. Hormone tumor markers include adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin, growth hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19707",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Hormone Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine metabolites of hormones secreted by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers), either as a result of an excess production by the endocrine tissue that normally produces the hormone or produced by nonendocrine tissues that normally do not produce the hormone."
    },
    {
      "code": "19835",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Hormone Metabolite, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the most significant metabolite of the hormone serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5HT). High levels of 5-HIAA are found in the urine from the secretion of carcinoid tumors, which vary according to the tissue of the tumor. The highest levels occur in tumors from mid-gut cells (e.g., ileal carcinoid tumors); high levels of 5-HIAA are also detected in the urine from bronchial, pancreatic, duodenal, and biliary cancers. For specific measurement of very small quantities, liquid chromatography methods are preferred."
    },
    {
      "code": "19834",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Hormone Metabolite, Metanephrine",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine metanephrines, both normetanephrine and metanephrine, products from the metabolization of  the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine, respectively. Increased levels of urinary metanephrines are found in patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "19833",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Hormone, Calcitonin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., blood) to determine calcitonin, a hormone normally secreted by the C cells of the thyroid, as a tumor marker. Calcitonin is usually secreted  to decrease the calcium release from bone, thus lowering the calcium level in serum. High levels of calcitonin are associated with medullar carcinoma of the thyroid; their level in serum correlates with tumor progress and metastases. Determination of the level of calcitonin is also used for screening of inherited familial medullar carcinoma of the thyroid. High levels of calcitonin are also found in other malignancies (e.g., lung, breast, and renal cancer) and sometimes in nonmalignant diseases (e.g., pancreatitis, pernicious anemia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19706",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Hormone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., blood) to determine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone normally secreted by the placenta, as a tumor marker. The highest levels of hCG are caused by trophoblastic tumors; high levels of hCG are also found in germ cell tumors (e.g., nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma). The levels of hCG are mostly useful in monitoring the progress of trophoblastic tumors; its presence in cerebrospinal fluid may indicate brain metastasis. Elevated levels of hCG are normal during pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "19099",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., blood) to determine proteins normally produced during fetal life (oncofetal antigens); the reappearance of these proteins after birth in cancer patients demonstrate that a malignant transformation of cells has reactivated one or more genes. Oncofetal antigens are used as tumor markers; they include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen, and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19100",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal, Alkaline Phosphatase",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine the placenta-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) enzyme, an enzyme synthesized by the trophoblast that is typically found in high levels in serum of pregnant women. High levels of PLAP are also found in serum as the result of several malignancies, such as ovarian, lung, and gastrointestinal cancer as well as in Hodgkin's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "17293",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal, Carcinoembryonic Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine the oncofetal antigen human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a family of related cell-surface glycoproteins secreted after birth by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., a tumor marker). The level of CEA is elevated in many types of malignancies, especially in colorectal cancer, but also includes lung, gastric, breast, and pancreatic cancer. Its determination is mostly used as an adjunct for clinical staging of cancer. CEA is also used for detecting metastasis of breast cancer and for monitoring cancer of several different organs. The family of CEA glycoproteins also includes CEACAM6 (also known as nonspecific cross-reacting antigen, or NCA) and  CEACAM1 (also known as biliary glycoprotein or BGP)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19839",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal, CYFRA 21-1",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine the oncofetal antigen soft keratin (i.e., cytokeratin) fragment 19, referred to as CYFRA 21-1, typically found in the serum of patients with malignant tumors. The detection of the tumor marker CYFRA 21-1 (cytokeratin 19) is used in monitoring of non-small cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinomas; its presence in pleural effusion is considered an aid for discriminating benign from malignant diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19836",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal, Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, respiratory secretions) to determine the oncofetal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen, a glycoprotein secreted by neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., a tumor marker). Measurement of the SCC antigen level is used in the monitoring of treatment and progression of malignancy in several squamous cell carcinomas, such as lung, cervix, skin, neck, urogenital, and gastrointestinal; it is also used for prediction of recurrence."
    },
    {
      "code": "17397",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal, Tennessee Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., serum) to determine a glycoprotein known as the Tennessee antigen. Tennessee antigens are associated with cancers of the colon, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "19837",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal, Tissue Polypeptide Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, bronchoalveolar lavage) to determine oncofetal soft keratin (i.e., cytokeratin) antigens, referred to as tissue polypeptide antigens (TPAs). They are frequently found in the serum of patients with malignant tumors. These reagents include antibodies (either monoclonal or polyclonal) capable of binding to cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19.  The determination of the TPA (tumor markers) level is used in treatment monitoring and prognosis evaluation of several types of malignancies, including lung, breast, and colorectal cancer; the level of TPA can also be used to differentiate cholangiocarcinomas from hepatocellular carcinomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19838",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Oncofetal, Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, bronchoalveolar lavage) to determine an oncofetal soft keratin (i.e., cytokeratin) fragment 18 antigen, referred to as tissue polypeptide specific (TPS) antigen, frequently found in the serum of patients with malignant tumors.  The determination of the level of the TPS marker (cytokeratin 18) is used in treatment monitoring and prognosis evaluation of several types of malignancies, including bladder and thyroid cancer; the level of TPS can also be used to differentiate cholangiocarcinomas from hepatocellular carcinomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "36690",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Ovarian Cancer",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid (typically serum) to detect the levels of one or more substances (typically proteins) secreted by ovarian cancers or induced/repressed in surrounding tissues by the presence of ovarian cancers. These assays are typically used to obtain information on a pelvic mass to aid in determining the likelihood of the mass being malignant."
    },
    {
      "code": "36691",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Prostate Cancer",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid (typically serum) to detect the levels of one or more substances (typically proteins) secreted by prostate cancers or induced/repressed in surrounding tissues by the presence of prostate cancers. These assays are typically used as an aid in determining the likelihood that a patient has prostate cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19105",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (e.g., blood, secretions) to determine specific proteins secreted by neoplastic tumor cells  (i.e., tumor markers). Protein tumor markers include beta-2-microglobuline, ferritin, and monoclonal immunoglobulins."
    },
    {
      "code": "19854",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Chromogranin A",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine chromogranin A (CgA), a soluble protein secreted by the adrenal medulla. CgA is a sensitive and specific tumor marker for various types of neuroendocrine tumors, its determination is mostly used as a general tumor marker in some carcinoid and endocrine pancreatic tumors without clinical hormone-related symptoms (i.e.,  nonfunctioning tumors). The determination of the CgA level  is also used as a serum marker for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in patients with neuroendocrine tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "19853",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Laminin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine laminin, an adhesive glycoprotein. The determination of laminin is associated with invasive carcinomas (e.g., cervical cancer); its level in serum is used in the prediction of metastasis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19708",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig (Immunoglobulin)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum) to determine immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules with identical structures as a product of a single clone of plasma cells (i.e., monoclonal immunoglobulins, also called paraproteins). They may be polymers, monomers, or fragments of immunoglobulin molecules. The presence of monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum is used to diagnose  some malignant neoplasms such as multiple myeloma or plasmacytoma; high levels of them are also found in patients with lymphomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "19849",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig, Heavy Chain",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum, but also urine) to determine heavy chain (alpha, gamma, or mu) fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins). Heavy-chain related diseases are less frequent than light chain diseases. They are associated  with lymphoid infiltration, causing severe malabsorption in the intestines."
    },
    {
      "code": "19850",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig, Heavy Chain, Alpha",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum, but also urine) to determine alpha heavy chain fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins). Alpha heavy chain diseases are associated with lymphoid infiltration, typically causing severe malabsorption in the intestines."
    },
    {
      "code": "19851",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig, Heavy Chain, Gamma",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum, but also urine) to determine gamma heavy chain fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins). Gamma heavy chain diseases are associated with lymphoid infiltrations."
    },
    {
      "code": "19852",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig, Heavy Chain, Mu",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically serum, but also urine) to determine mu heavy chain fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins). Mu heavy chain diseases are associated with lymphoid infiltration, typically causing severe malabsorption in the intestines."
    },
    {
      "code": "19709",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig, Light Chain",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analysis on a body fluid sample (typically serum, but also urine) to determine light chain (either kappa or lambda) fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulins. The presence of light chain Ig in serum is used to diagnose  some malignant neoplasms such as multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma, and amyloid disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19088",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig, Light Chain, Kappa",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically in serum, but also in urine) to determine kappa light chains, as fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins). The presence of kappa light chains Ig in serum is used in the diagnosis of some malignant neoplasms, such as multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma, and amyloid disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19089",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Monoclonal Ig, Light Chain, Lambda",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically in serum, but also in urine) to determine lambda light chains as fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins). The presence of lambda light chain Ig in serum is used in the diagnosis of some malignant neoplasms, such as multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma, and amyloid disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19855",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Nuclear Matrix Protein (NMP22)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NMP), a protein that makes up the internal structure of the nucleus (i.e., a nuclear matrix protein) and is  usually known as NMP22. Increased levels of NMP22 are found in urine of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "19856",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, Oncogene",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine proteins. The presence or level of these proteins is altered by activation or mutation of genes associated with malignancies, either hematologic (e.g., leukemia) or with solid tumors. The determination of these proteins (e.g., ErbB-2, c-Abl, bcl-2) may be used for diagnosis, assessment   of progress, monitoring of treatment, or differentiation of cancers (e.g., larynx, prostatic adenocarcinoma). Unlike other tumor markers oncogenes and their encoded protein products can be identified with specific biological processes regulating cell growth, such as cell cycle, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell adhesion."
    },
    {
      "code": "34210",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Protein, S 100B",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses in a body fluid (e.g., serum, cerebrospinal fluid) sample to determine the presence and/or levels of the protein S-100B. Elevated S-100B levels may be used as a biomarker for various central nervous system pathologies or malignant melanoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19106",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Receptor Assay",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses in tissue preparations to determine molecular structures (i.e., receptors) within or on the surface of the cells (typically some specific proteins) that permit selective binding with high affinity and great specificity to particular substances (e.g., hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone). These reagents are mostly used in monoclonal antibodies-based assays that act on direct antigenic recognition."
    },
    {
      "code": "19107",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Receptor Assay, Estrogen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses in tissue preparations to determine a cellular regulatory protein that binds estrogenic hormones (i.e., cytoplasmic estrogen receptors). These receptors are especially found in estrogen sensitive tissues (e.g., breast and uterus tissues). The assays are performed in surgically removed samples, and determination of the level of estrogen receptors is used as a marker of the response to endocrine therapy in diseases such as breast carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19710",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Receptor Assay, Progesterone",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses in tissue preparations to determine the presence of a cellular regulatory protein that binds progesterone hormones (i.e., cytoplasmic progesterone receptors). These receptors are especially found in progesterone-sensitive tissues (e.g., breast, uterus, pituitary gland). The assays are usually performed in surgically removed samples; determination of the level of progesterone receptors is used in the prognosis of the response to endocrine therapy (i.e., it is a marker) in diseases such as breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19858",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Urinary Bladder",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine substances present in or secreted by neoplastic urinary bladder tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers); these reagents include antibodies capable of binding to the urinary bladder tumor associated antigens such as complement factor H related protein, fragments of cytokeratines 8 and 18, or nuclear mitotic apparatus protein NMP22. These assays are used to obtain information on tumor grade and clinical stage of urothelial carcinomas of the bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "19859",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Urinary Bladder, Cytokeratin 8/18 Fragment",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically urine) to determine fragments of cytokeratins 8 and 18 secreted by neoplastic urinary bladder tumor cells (i.e., cancer antigens). These reagents are used in assays known as urinary bladder cancer (UBC) antigen determination assays to obtain information on tumor grade and clinical stage of urothelial carcinomas of the bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "19860",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Tumor Marker, Urinary Bladder, Tumor Antigen",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a urine sample to determine human complement factor H related protein, a protein secreted by neoplastic urinary bladder tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers). These assays (typically known as bladder tumor antigen or BTA assays) are used to obtain information on tumor grade and clinical stage of urothelial carcinomas of the bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "19140",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine one or more of a group of organic compounds (frequently described as coenzymes)  (I.e., vitamins) required in trace amounts (microgram or milligram) in  the daily diet for health, growth, and reproduction. Vitamins are classified in groups using capital letters (e.g., A, B, C), frequently followed by an Arabic number subscript; some vitamins are identified by common chemical names (e.g., folacin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20014",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, B1 (Thiamin)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine thiamine (vitamin B1), a pyrimidyl-substituted thiazole, and/or some of its metabolites. Thiamine (and some metabolites) are excreted into the urine by the renal tubules. Measurement of thiamine levels is used to diagnose vitamin B1 deficiency (a disease called beriberi), typically found in diets poor in thiamine, chronic alcoholism, or some inborn metabolic diseases. The functional status of thiamine is usually determined by measuring the vitamin-dependent activity of the enzyme transketolase (TK)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19141",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, B12 (Cyanocobalamin)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine vitamin B12, the generic descriptor of a group of biologically active substances known as cobalamins. Vitamin B12 is frequently identified with cobalamins that have similar biological activity as cyanocobalamin. Decreased levels of vitamin B12 are associated with pernicious anemia. Deficiency of vitamin B12 may cause neurologic disorders such as pain and loss of sensation of the limbs, weakness, paralysis, and even dementia that may occur without apparent hematologic changes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20015",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, B2 (Riboflavin)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine riboflavin (vitamin B2), a yellow compound that is an integral part of numerous naturally occurring flavins. Riboflavin and some of its metabolites are excreted into the urine. Decreased levels of vitamin B2 are characterized by the presence of sore throat, hyperemia, stomatitis, and edema of the oral and pharyngeal membranes; deficiency of riboflavin may also cause seborrheic dermatitis and some types of anemias. The functional status of riboflavin is usually determined by measuring the vitamin-dependent activity of the enzyme glutathione reductase (GTR)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20016",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, B6 (Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphate)",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum, urine) to determine vitamin B6, its metabolites, and/or pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the coenzyme form that participates in B6-dependent reactions. Vitamin B6 is a group of three natural forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal. Decreased levels of vitamin B6 are associated with epileptic-like convulsions in young patients, dermatitis with cheilosis and glossitis, some types of chronic anemias, and encephalographic abnormalities. The functional status of vitamin B6 is usually determined by measuring the vitamin-dependent activity of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Vitamin B6 may be also measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography."
    },
    {
      "code": "20017",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, D",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine two families of secosteroids (known as Vitamin D), the ergocalciferols and cholecalciferols (vitamins D2 and D3, respectively). Cholecalciferols are produced naturally in humans, while ergocalciferols are ingested from foods manufactured by irradiation of ergosterol produced by yeasts. Regardless of the slight chemical differences, it is likely that both forms have the same biological effects. A large number of bone and mineral metabolism disorders are associated with abnormal levels of vitamin D and/or its metabolites."
    },
    {
      "code": "20018",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, D Metabolite",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine metabolites of vitamin D, both of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or D3 (cholecalciferol). These assays are not designed to differentiate between D2 and D3 metabolites because both produce dihydroxylated metabolites of similar if not equal biological activity. Determination of circulating vitamin D metabolites (e.g., 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) is easier and likely reflects the vitamin D status better than the assays of vitamin D itself. A large number of bone and mineral metabolism disorders are associated with abnormal levels of vitamin D and/or its metabolites."
    },
    {
      "code": "19143",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, D Metabolite, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, also known as 1,25-(OH)2-D, a metabolite of both vitamin D2 and D3. These assays are not designed to differentiate between D2 and D3 metabolites. Decreased levels of this metabolite are associated with renal failure, hypercalcemia, or malignancy and other diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19142",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, D Metabolite, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (e.g., serum) to determine 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), a metabolite of both vitamin D2 and D3. These assays are not designed to differentiate between D2 and D3 metabolites; a large number of bone and mineral metabolism disorders are associated with abnormal levels of 25-OH-D, including hypocalcaemia and osteomalacia"
    },
    {
      "code": "19144",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, Folate",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine one or more of a family of compounds (folates) generically known as folacin vitamin. Folates are related to the pteroyl glutamic acid. Their principal form in human serum and other body fluids is N5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Folate levels are decreased in anemia characterized by the presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow (i.e., megaloblastic anemia), in some psychiatric disorders, and during pregnancy. Simultaneous low levels of folate and iron typically occur in malnourished people."
    },
    {
      "code": "20019",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunoassay, Vitamin, Folate/Vitamin B12",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a body fluid sample (typically plasma) to determine both folate and vitamin B12. Folate levels are decreased in megaloblastic anemia, in some psychiatric disorders, and during pregnancy. Decreased levels of vitamin B12 are associated with  pernicious anemia, neurologic disorders, and dementia. The simultaneous determination of folates and vitamin B12 is important because deficiency of either one or both cause megaloblastic anemia, and an inappropriate treatment of B12 deficiency with folate can cause irreversible nerve degeneration."
    },
    {
      "code": "20010",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry, Tumor Marker, Receptor Assay (Retired)",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on tissue preparations to determine molecular structures (i.e., receptors) within or on the surface of the cells (typically some specific proteins) that permit selective binding with high affinity and great specificity to particular substances (e.g., hormones such as estrogen and progesterone). These reagents are mostly used in monoclonal antibody based assays that act on direct antigenic recognition."
    },
    {
      "code": "20007",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry",
      "definition": "Reagents that include labeled antibody substances intended for use as specific probes for protein and peptide antigens. These reagents permit the examination of single cells for specific markers to identify cell lines and/or to determine the cells synthetic capability. Labels may be either fluorescent or enzymatic; enzymatic labels make possible the test of fixed tissues embedded in paraffin. Light microscopy is usually employed to identify labeled features, but electron microscopy is also used in some methods. Immunocytochemistry reagents are widely used to determine substances (e.g., proteins) present in various tissue samples (e.g., frozen tissue, paraffin-embedded tissue, fine-needle aspirations), especially in neoplastic tumor cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "32974",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Stain",
      "definition": "Reagents designed for artificial coloration of cells and/or tissues that have been labeled with a primary antibody during immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry tests. Typically, these reagents are intended to allow chromogenic or fluorescent detection of antibody binding. Chromogenic detection methods typically use a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase). When the enzyme is provided the appropriate substrate (e.g., nitro-blue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3'-indolyphosphate [BCIP/NBT], diaminobenzidine [DAB]), it will form colored precipitates that stain the cells. Slides stained using chromogenic methods are typically visualized using light microscopy. Fluorescent detection methods typically use a secondary antibody conjugated to a fluorophore (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC], rhodamine) that re-emits light at a specific wavelength when exposed to light. Slides stained with flourophores are typically visualized using fluorescence or confocal microscopy. Simultaneous staining of multiple primary antibodies can be accomplished by appropriate selection of secondary antibodies that are able to discriminate between the used primary antibodies. In the case of chromogenic detection methods, secondary antibodies conjugated to enzymes specific for different substrates and producing different colored pigments are used. In the case of fluorescent methods, secondary antibodies conjugated to fluorophores with non-overlapping excitation and emission spectra are used."
    },
    {
      "code": "20008",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of antigens (e.g., proteins) characteristic of neoplastic tumor cells (i.e., tumor markers). Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry analysis to assess the expression of tumor markers may be performed in a wide diversity of tissue sample types, including frozen tissue, paraffin-embedded tissue, and fine-needle aspirations."
    },
    {
      "code": "36716",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, ALK",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of the protein anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Analysis of ALK expression may be used to characterize various cancers. In particular, ALK expression levels aid in determining whether patients in whom lung cancer has been diagnosed are eligible for treatment with ALK inhibitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "37119",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, AR",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of the androgen receptor (AR). Analysis of AR expression may be used to characterize various cancers. In particular, AR expression levels may be used in the determination of appropriate therapy for patients in whom prostate cancer has been diagnosed."
    },
    {
      "code": "36717",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, C-KIT",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. Analysis of c-Kit expression may be used to characterize various cancers. In particular, c-Kit expression levels aid in diagnosing certain cancers (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia, Ewing sarcoma, mast cell diseases, small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36718",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, EGFR",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR. Analysis of EGFR expression may be used to characterize various cancers. In particular, EGFR expression levels aid in determining whether patients in whom lung cancer has been diagnosed are eligible for treatment with drugs targeting EGFR."
    },
    {
      "code": "20011",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, ER",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on tissue preparations to determine a cellular regulatory protein that binds estrogenic hormones (i.e., cytoplasmic estrogen receptors). These receptors are especially found in estrogen-sensitive tissues (e.g., breast and uterus tissues). The assays are performed in surgically removed samples. Determination of the level of estrogen receptors is used as a marker of the response to endocrine therapy in diseases such as breast carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36719",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, HER2",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase HER2. Analysis of HER2 expression may be used to characterize various cancers. In particular, HER2 expression levels aid in determining whether patients in whom breast or gastric cancer has been diagnosed are eligible for treatment with drugs targeting HER2."
    },
    {
      "code": "20009",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, p53",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses on a tissue sample (typically paraffin embedded) to determine the protein p53, a nuclear phosphoprotein codified by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The accumulation of p53 protein, a consequence of suppressor gene p53 inactivation, is considered a poor prognostic indicator in invasive breast cancer. The expression of protein p53 is also associated with poor survival in patients either with oral squamous cell carcinoma or with moderately differentiated, early stage, or residual epithelial ovarian cancer.  The level of p53 protein is a marker of progression in classic Kaposi's sarcoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36720",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, PD-L1",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of the protein programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). Analysis of PD-L1 expression may be used to characterize various cancers. In particular, PD-L1 expression levels aid in determining whether patients in whom lung cancer has been diagnosed are eligible for treatment with PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20012",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry, Tumor Marker, PR",
      "definition": "Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative assessment of the expression of the progesterone receptor (PR). Analysis of PR expression may be used to characterize various cancers. In particular, PR expression levels aid in determining whether patients in whom breast cancer has been diagnosed are eligible for treatment with endocrine therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17095",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology",
      "definition": "Reagents intended for use in antigen-antibody reactions performed for red blood cell grouping (typing), antibody detection and identification, and cross-matching of donor and recipient prior to blood component transfusion (known as compatibility testing). These reagents are also intended for use in antigen-antibody reactions performed during evaluations of adverse reactions to blood component transfusion and red blood cell autoimmunity (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19297",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents used for detection and/or identification of antibodies in the blood (typically in serum) of one individual that react with antigens on the red blood cells of another person (alloantibodies). Usually, the unexpected antibodies of clinical significance in immunohematology are those that shorten the survival of transfused red cells or are associated with the hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Antibody detection reagents are mostly used in pretransfusion testing and in prenatal testing to evaluate the likelihood of HDN."
    },
    {
      "code": "19299",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Antiglobulin",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents, including antiglobulin serum (e.g., polyspecific antihuman serum), that may react with the alloantibodies bound to the red cells under test. Antiglobulin serum is obtained either by the injection of an animal with human globulin or through hybridoma technology. Antiglobulin reagents used for detection and/or identification of  antibodies in blood may be specific to detect gamma globulin (monospecific), or for detection of both gamma globulin antibodies and complement components (polyspecific)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19779",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Antiglobulin, Monospecific",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents including antiglobulin serum (i.e., monospecific antihuman serum) that may react with immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific alloantibodies bound to the red blood cells being tested. Monospecific antiglobulin serum is mostly obtained through hybridoma technology. Tests performed with monospecific reagents avoid in vitro binding with antibodies that are not usually of clinical significance (e.g., cold reactive antibodies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19780",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Antiglobulin, Polyspecific",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents including antiglobulin serum with  both antihuman immunoglobulin G and anticomplement activity (i.e., polyspecific antihuman serum). Polyspecific antiglobulin serum is obtained either by the injection of an animal with human globulin or through hybridoma technology. These reagents, unlike monospecific antiglobulin serum antibodies,  may detect antibodies that bind complements to the red blood cells being tested."
    },
    {
      "code": "19298",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Cell Panel",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents available as a panel of vials (i.e., cell panels) used for identification of alloantibodies to red cell antigens. These panels are group O erythrocytes with known antigen composition in each cell panel;  the erythrocytes are drawn from different individuals for each panel cell. The pattern of positive and negative reactions in the cells of the panel permit identification of the most frequently found antibodies of clinical significance. Cell-panel tests are performed on serum in which antibodies have been detected during screening."
    },
    {
      "code": "19781",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Enhancement Media",
      "definition": "Reagents that consist of substances that facilitate the antigen antibody reactions (i.e., enhancement media) that occur in antibody detection and identification immunohematologic assays. These reagents may potentiate the agglutination (end point) reactions, shorten the period of incubation, and/or change the electric charge of the red cells. Enhancement media include low ionic strength saline  (LISS) media, polyethylene glycol (PEG),  and several proteolytic enzymes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19784",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Enhancement Media, Enzyme",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents that consist of proteolytic enzymes that act as enhancing media in antigen-antibody reactions that occur in alloantibody detection assays. These enzymes typically act by removing sialic acid from the red cell membrane thus diminishing its negative charge. Enhancement media enzymes include trypsin, papain, ficin, and bromelain T."
    },
    {
      "code": "19782",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Enhancement Media, Low Ionic Strength Saline",
      "definition": "Reagents that consist of low ionic strength saline (LISS) solutions that iare used as enhancing media in antigen-antibody reactions that occur in immunohematologic alloantibody detection assays.  LISS solutions increase the rate of antibody association when volume proportions are correct."
    },
    {
      "code": "19783",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Enhancement Media, Polyethylene Glycol",
      "definition": "Reagents that consist of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a water-soluble linear polymer that is used as enhancing media in antigen-antibody reactions that occur in alloantibody detection assays. PEG solutions remove water, taking up more space around the red blood cell and thereby concentrating antibody, promoting antibody uptake, and enhancing reaction strength."
    },
    {
      "code": "19778",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Three Cell Screening",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents available as a three-vial set (i.e., three-cell test) that are used for detection of alloantibodies to red cell antigens. These reagents are group O red blood cells, either from a single source when used in patient testing or from pooled sources when used in donor testing. Red blood cells used for screening must express the antigens associated with the most clinically relevant antibodies, such as those related to the Rh (e.g., C, D, E), Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood groups."
    },
    {
      "code": "19777",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Antibody Detection/Identification, Two Cell Screening",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents available as a two-vial set (i.e., two-cell test) that are used for detection of alloantibodies to red cell antigens. These reagents are group O red blood cells, either from a single source when used in patient  testing or from pooled sources when used in donor testing. Red blood cells used for screening must express the antigens associated with the most clinically relevant antibodies, such as those related to the Rh (e.g., C, D, E), Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood groups."
    },
    {
      "code": "19294",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Blood Grouping",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents used for antigen detection on human red blood cells that permit its characterization into different types (i.e., typing or blood grouping). The most important blood groups are ABO and Rh; other blood groups with less clinical significance include Lewis, Lutheran, MN, and Ss groups. Blood grouping is frequently performed on donors and patients in the process of selecting red cells for transfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "19295",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Blood Grouping, ABO Typing",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents used to characterize human  blood in types A, B, AB, or O. There are two types of tests for ABO grouping: The forward grouping test in which cells from a person of an unknown group are reacted with known anti-A and anti-B sera and the reverse test  (confirmatory) that involves testing the reaction of serum of  the unknown type with cells of known A and B reactivity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19775",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Blood Grouping, ABO Typing, Cell",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents used in ABO blood grouping that consist of red blood cells of known A and B reactivity. Serum from a person of an unknown group is reacted with red cells of known A and B reactivity. Cells with A antigens are agglutinated by serum of group B persons and cells with B antigens are agglutinated by serum of group A persons,  while serum of group AB persons fails to agglutinate both A and B cells. Serum of  type O agglutinates both groups of cells. These cells may be used either in manual or automated tests as reversed (confirmatory) tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19774",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Blood Grouping, ABO Typing, Sera",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents used in ABO blood grouping that consist of  known anti-A and/or anti-B sera. Cells from a person of an unknown group are reacted with known sera. Cells agglutinated only with anti-A serum are group A, those agglutinating only with anti-B serum are group B, and those agglutinating with both antiserum are AB.  Cells which fail to agglutinate with either antiserum are group O. Monoclonal antibodies of human or mouse origin are frequently used in ABO grouping. These sera may be used either in manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19296",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Blood Grouping, Rhesus Typing",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents used to characterize human  blood according to a complex group of immunogenic antigens known as Rhesus antigens. Rhesus antigens are classified according to either the genetic constituent of the blood (e.g., C, D, E) or numbered following the order of discovery (Rh1, Rh2, and so on). The major Rhesus antigen is Rh1 (D antigen), a highly immunogenic antigen that is the only Rh antigen matched in routine transfusion practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "19776",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Blood Grouping, Rhesus Typing, D Antisera",
      "definition": "Immunohematology reagents used to characterize human  blood according to the presence of the D antigen, the major antigen (also called Rh1) of the Rhesus group. D antigen is highly immunogenic and is the only Rh antigen that is matched in routine transfusion practice; red blood cells that possess this antigen are frequently termed Rh positive. Anti-D reagents may be polyclonal, monoclonal, or a blend of each."
    },
    {
      "code": "19785",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Calibration",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in immunohematology assays performed for blood grouping (typing), antibody detection and identification, and/or compatibility testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "17063",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Control",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control in immunohematology assays performed for blood grouping (typing), antibody detection and identification, and/or compatibility testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "19301",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Control, Coombs Cell",
      "definition": "Control reagents that consist of  immunoglobuli-G-coated cells  that are added after negative antiglobulin tests to provide verification that the antiglobulin reagent (i.e., antihuman globulin) was functional."
    },
    {
      "code": "19786",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Immunohematology, Standard",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition. The value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm (I.e., standardized) and compared with similar reagents used in immunohematology assays performed for blood grouping (typing), antibody detection, and/or other immunohematology analyses."
    },
    {
      "code": "36692",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Mass Spectrometry, Lung Cancer",
      "definition": "In vitro diagnostic test reagents designed to perform mass spectrometry (typically using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) serum samples from lung cancer patients. These tests use a preprogrammed algorithm to assess the mass spectrometry-generated proteomic signature. Algorithm output may aid in assessing patient prognosis and/or the likelihood of patient response to certain drug classes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41071",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Mass Spectrometry, Preeclampsia",
      "definition": "In vitro diagnostic test reagents designed to perform mass spectrometry on blood samples from pregnant women for the purpose of assessing risk of preeclampsia. These tests use a predetermined algorithm to assess the mass spectrometry-generated proteomic signature of the patient's blood. Algorithm output may aid in assessing the likelihood that the patient will develop preeclampsia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17096",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology",
      "definition": "Reagents used in biochemical assays for laboratory (in vitro) cultivation and identification of microorganisms; some reagents are used to determine the susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. Microbiology reagents include culture media, stains, buffers, antibiotics, calibrators, controls, and standards. Most tests are based on biochemical identification (e.g., agglutination procedures, with detection either directly or using fluorescent techniques)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19200",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to induce the propagation (culture) and identification of bacteria and/or determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents under laboratory conditions (in vitro); these reagents include buffers, stains, controls, and the laboratory media capable of supporting bacteria growth."
    },
    {
      "code": "19493",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Blood Culture Media",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents, either in liquids or in plates, used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms, particularly bacteria that may be present in the circulating blood. These media typically contain formulations appropriate for enhancing the growth of a particular type of bacteria, the basic components include a nutrient broth and an anticoagulant; blood culture media may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19497",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Blood Culture Media, Automated Test",
      "definition": "Blood culture media that are appropriate for use in automated assays; some media include only basic components, such as broth and an anticoagulant. More elaborate media, usually supplied in ready-to-use bottles, include other components (e.g., supplemented peptone) and osmotic additives (i.e., hypertonic media). These media are frequently used for fungi culture too."
    },
    {
      "code": "19498",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Blood Culture Media, Automated Test, Bottle",
      "definition": "Blood culture media that are available in ready-to-use bottles. Most blood culture bottles contain trypticase soy broth, brain-heart infusion agar, supplemented peptone, or thioglycolate broth. These media are available in bottles that are appropriate for the volume of the sample and level of bacteremia found either in adults or in children; they may need supplementation of some other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19494",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Blood Culture Media, Manual Test",
      "definition": "Blood culture media that are appropriate for use in manual assays; some media include only basic components, such as broth and an anticoagulant. More elaborate media used in manual tests may include other components (e.g., supplemented peptone), but they usually do not include osmotic additives that make visual evaluation more difficult."
    },
    {
      "code": "19496",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Blood Culture Media, Manual Test, Biphasic",
      "definition": "Blood culture media used in manual assays consisting of a bottle that contains an agar slant partially immersed in a broth (biphasic media). These media, with appropriate ventilation, are also used for fungi cultures."
    },
    {
      "code": "19495",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Blood Culture Media, Manual Test, Broth",
      "definition": "Blood culture media used in manual assays that include only a nutrient broth and an anticoagulant. These media are available in bottles that are appropriate for the volume of the sample and level of bacteremia found either in adults or in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "19483",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of bacteria. These culture media are used for the isolation and identification of bacteria and also in assays to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19489",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Bottle",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media that are available in ready-to-use bottles. These media may need supplementation with other reagents (e.g., enrichment) before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19490",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Bottle, Agar",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media that include a solidifying agent derived from red seaweeds (i.e., agar) and that are available in ready-to-use bottles. These media may need supplementation with other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19491",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Bottle, Broth",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media reagents in liquid state (e.g., broth) that are available in ready-to-use bottles. These media may need supplementation with other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19484",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Dehydrated",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media with a very low content of water (typically less than 2%). These media are usually available as powders that must be prepared by adding a preestablished quantity of water and/or other liquid additives before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "17016",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Differential",
      "definition": "Culture media microbiology reagents in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used to differentiate closely related organisms or groups of organisms. The presence of specific dyes or chemicals in the media will result in the organisms producing characteristic changes or growth patterns that are used for identification or differentiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17451",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Enrichment",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids that include additional nutritional components (i.e., enriched media) used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of specific bacteria. These culture media consist of a relatively simple basal medium enriched by the addition of nutritional components (e.g., blood, blood serum, vitamins, plant extracts, animal tissues) required to support the growth and identify of a wide variety of fastidious bacteria, including those having complex nutritional requirements. Enriched culture media are used in the identification and diagnoses of disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "17017",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Enrichment, Mycobacteria",
      "definition": "Enriched culture media in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of specific mycobacteria. These culture media consist of a base whose physiological mixture is enriched by the addition of nutritional components (e.g., blood, blood serum, vitamins, extracts of plant or animal tissues, hyaluronic acid) required to support the growth of, identify, and study specific mycobacteria. The culture media usually include an antibiotic (e.g., potassium penicillin G) in an amount effective to inhibit growth of contaminating microorganisms. Mycobacteria enriched culture media are used in the diagnosis of disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "19492",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Plate",
      "definition": "Culture media reagents that are available in ready-to-use plates. These media may need supplementation with other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "17021",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Selective",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a selective medium capable of supporting the growth of certain types of bacteria, while inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms. These selective culture media consist of particular substances including dyes (e.g., methylene blue, crystal violet) or high (e.g., 7%) salt concentration products that inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms, and allow the specified bacteria to be isolated from a mixed culture. Bacteria selective culture media are typically used in laboratories to ensure the survival or proliferation of bacteria with certain properties (e.g., antibiotic resistance, the ability to synthesize a certain metabolite)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17019",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Selective, Mycoplasma",
      "definition": "Selective culture media in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of mycoplasma, while inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms. These selective culture media combine a rich nutritive base usually containing peptones, serum (e.g. horse serum, swine serum), growth factors favoring the growth of mycoplasmas and an antibiotic mixture inhibiting the growth of most antagonistic associated bacteria. Mycoplasma selective culture media are often used for the isolation and identification of mycoplasma in pharmaceutical products, especially in bulk vaccines, cell banks, and virus cultures."
    },
    {
      "code": "19485",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Tube",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media that are available either as liquid or semisolids in ready-to-use tubes. Some of these media may need supplementation with other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19487",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Tube, Agar",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media that include a solidifying agent derived from red seaweeds (e.g., agar) and that are available in ready-to-use tubes. Some of these media may need supplementation with other reagents before use"
    },
    {
      "code": "19486",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Tube, Broth",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media that are available in liquid state (e.g., broth) in ready-to-use tubes. Some of these media may need supplementation with other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19488",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Culture Media, Tube, Transport",
      "definition": "Bacteria culture media that are available in ready-to-use tubes specially designed to transport the sample to the clinical laboratory, avoiding contamination and/or leakage."
    },
    {
      "code": "19201",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify of one or more of the unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that multiply by cell division (e.g., bacteria); the cell of a bacterium is typically contained within a wall. These reagents are typically used in tests performed on bacteria cultures and include additives, solutions, and selective media that promote the growth of some species of bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others."
    },
    {
      "code": "21724",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Aeromonas Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Aeromonas, a genus of bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. Some species of these bacteria may infect humans, causing furunculosis or ulcer disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "17261",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Anaerobe",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify bacteria that can multiply only in the absence of oxygen (i.e., anaerobic bacteria); many anaerobic bacteria are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, colon, and vagina. Anaerobic bacteria include several pathologic species, such as Clostridium perfringens (causing gas gangrene) and C. tetani (etiologic agent of tetanus). Anaerobic identification reagents may be specific for either manual or automated tests; reagents for identification of particular species of anaerobes are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21728",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Bartonella Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Bartonella, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. Some species of these bacteria cause human infections, including benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease); they are also associated with endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21729",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Bordetella Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Bordetella, a genus of gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures.  Some species of these bacteria may cause infections in the human respiratory tract, including whooping cough."
    },
    {
      "code": "21730",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Borrelia Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Borrelia, a genus of  bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. A species of these bacteria is the etiologic agent of Lyme disease; these bacteria may also cause other human infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21732",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Brucella Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Brucella, a genus of coccobacillus bacteria, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. A species of these bacteria is the etiologic agent of brucellosis; these bacteria may also cause respiratory tract infections in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19202",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Campylobacter Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Campylobacter, family Spirillaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. Some species of Campylobacter bacteria may cause diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis; these bacteria may also cause proctitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17296",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Chlamydia Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Chlamydia, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on cell-line cultures. Species of Chlamydia cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a significant number of genital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19501",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Clostridium difficile",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Clostridium difficile, a bacterium of the family Bacillaceae. Clostridium difficile bacteria are part of the normal colon flora in humans; they grow in large numbers and produce a protein exotoxin in sufficient amounts to cause pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving certain antibiotic (e.g., lincomycin) treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "17338",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Enterobacteriaceae",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify a family of interrelated gram-negative, non-spore-forming anaerobic bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae); many of these bacteria are part of the normal flora of the large intestine in humans and other vertebrates. Enterobacteriaceae family also includes some pathologic types of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella. These reagents may be specific for either manual or automated tests; reagents for identification of particular genera, types, and/or subtypes (e.g., Salmonella, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21733",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Enterococcus Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Enterococcus, a spherical-to-ovoid coccus of the family Streptococcaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. Some members of the Enterococcus genus are part of the normal flora of the intestinal tract of humans, but some (e.g., E. faecalis) can cause urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and bacteremia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21734",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Enterococcus Species, Antimicrobial-Resistant",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify antimicrobial-resistant species of Enterococcus, a spherical-to-ovoid coccus of the family Streptococcaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. Some members of the Enterococcus genus are part of the common flora of the intestinal tract of humans, but some (e.g., E. faecalis) can cause urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and bacteremia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19203",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Escherichia coli",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Escherichia coli (E. coli), the principal species of the genus Escherichia, family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are a common inhabitant of the large intestine of humans, but pathogenic strains cause diarrhea and may cause infections in the urinary tract, as well as conjunctivitis and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19502",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Francisella tularensis",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Francisella tularensis, a species of gram-negative bacterium. These bacteria cause tularemia, a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21737",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Gardnerella vaginalis",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Gardnerella vaginalis, the only species of a genus of bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. These bacteria may cause genital tract bacteremia (vaginitis) in females."
    },
    {
      "code": "19214",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Genital Bacteria",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to detect and identify bacteria in the genitourinary tract (e.g., cervix, vagina, urethra). These tests may detect one or more of the most frequently found bacteria in the tract, including the species Gardnerella vaginalis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21739",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Haemophilus ducreyi",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Haemophilus ducreyi, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. These bacteria may cause chancroids or chancres on the genitals."
    },
    {
      "code": "17349",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Haemophilus Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of bacteria of the genus Haemophilus; many species of Haemophilus family Pasteurellaceae; bacteria are part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract. Haemophilus bacteria include several pathologic species, such as H. influenzae (bacterial meningitis), H. parainfluenzae (bacterial endocarditis), and H. aegyptius (purulent conjunctivitis). Haemophilus identification reagents may be specific for either manual or automated tests; frequently, these tests are combined with tests to identify Neisseria bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19204",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Helicobacter pylori",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori, a bacterium of the genus Helicobacter, family Spirillaceae. These bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17297",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Legionella pneumophila",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterium of the genus Legionella, family Legionellaceae. These bacteria cause legionellosis, a pneumonia-like disease in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21740",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Legionella Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Legionella, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Legionellaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. These bacteria may cause legionellosis, a pneumonia-like disease in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19208",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Leptospira Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Leptospira, a genus of finely coiled, motile bacteria of the family Leptospiraceae. Leptospira interrogans bacteria are the pathogenic species to humans causing leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is acquired by direct contact with the urine or tissue of an infected animal (e.g., rodents, dogs) or indirectly by contact with contaminated water, soil, or vegetation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19500",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Listeria monocytogenes",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium of the genus Listeria. Listeria monocytogenes bacteria are the cause of listeriosis and in utero infections resulting in abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth. Infections acquired during birth cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis; infection in adults produces meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21741",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Listeria Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Listeria, a genus of bacteria closely resemble bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. A species of these bacteria (i.e., Listeria monocytogenes) is the cause of listeriosis and in utero infections; infections acquired during birth cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis. Infection in adults produces meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21742",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Mycobacterium avium Complex",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium avium complex, a group of slow-growing bacteria (including, but not limited to, M. avium and M. intracellulare) of the family Mycobacteriaceae. These bacteria may cause pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic illness in immunocompromised people (e.g., AIDS patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19210",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Mycobacterium Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Mycobacterium, a genus of slow-growing bacteria of the family Mycobacteriaceae, including the highly pathogenic organisms that cause tuberculosis and leprosy (M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, respectively)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19211",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Mycobacterium tuberculosis",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a species of slow-growing bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae. These bacteria are highly pathogenic microorganisms that may cause pulmonary tuberculosis or, less frequently, nonpulmonary tuberculosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21743",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Antimicrobial-Resistant",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify antimicrobial-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae. These bacteria are highly pathogenic microorganisms that may cause pulmonary tuberculosis or, less frequently, nonpulmonary tuberculosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17310",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Mycoplasma pneumoniae",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a species of bacterium of the genus Mycoplasma, family Mycoplasmataceae. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19209",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Mycoplasma Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, family Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasma bacteria are etiologic agents of several diseases, especially the species Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17312",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Mycoplasma hominis and/or Ureaplasma urealyticum bacteria in a sample (e.g., urethral or cervical sample, semen, infant cephalospinal fluid). These bacteria may cause infections in the male and female reproductive tract; they are also associated with respiratory diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17316",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Neisseria gonorrhoeae",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Neisseria gonorrhoeae (also known as gonococcus). These bacteria are the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually."
    },
    {
      "code": "17317",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Neisseria meningitidis",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Neisseria meningitidis (also known as meningococcus). These bacteria are an etiologic agent of meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17315",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Neisseria Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Neisseria, a genus of bacteria of the family Neisseriaceae. The genus Neisseria includes several pathologic species, such as N. gonorrhoeae (i.e., gonococci) and N. meningitidis. Neisseria identification reagents may be specific for either manual or automated tests; frequently, these tests are combined with tests to identify Haemophilus bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19205",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Nonfermenter",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify bacteria that do not ferment sugars (i.e., nonfermentative) when cultured under specified conditions; these bacteria are typically gram-negative; many of them are part of the normal flora on the mucous membranes in humans and animals. Nonfermenting bacteria also include bacteria that may become pathologic under certain conditions, including Pseudomonas (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and some genera (e.g., Moraxella) of the family Neisseriaceae. These reagents may be specific for either manual or automated tests; reagents for identification of particular genera, types, and/or subtypes (e.g., P. aeruginosa) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17376",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium of the family Pseudomonadaceae. These bacteria are a major agent of nosocomial infection involving the urinary tract, wounds, abscesses, or the bloodstream, especially in debilitated patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19212",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Rickettsia Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Rickettsia, a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Rickettsia bacteria that are pathologic to humans are usually divided into three groups on the basis of antigenic relationships. The typhus group includes the species R. typhi and R. prowazekii. Spotted-fever-group species, which cause several similar diseases widely distributed geographically (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Kenya tick typhus, Siberian tick typhus), include R. rickettsii, R. conorii, and R. siberica. The group that causes scrub fever includes R. tsutsugamushi."
    },
    {
      "code": "19499",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Salmonella Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Salmonella, a genus of motile bacteria with petrichous flagella of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Salmonella bacteria that are pathologic to humans include S. typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, and S. choleraesuis, an etiologic agent of paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17386",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Staphylococcus aureus",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used for identification of Staphylococcus aureus, a coccoid bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of serious suppurative infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24245",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial Resistant",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify antimicrobial-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of suppurative infections, especially in immunodepressed patients, neonates, and the elderly, through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19207",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Staphylococcus Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Staphylococcus, a genus of coccoid bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae: Staphylococci bacteria grow in pairs or irregular clusters and include several pathologic species, such as S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus; the most important is S. aureus because of its ability to cause serious suppurative infections especially in immunodepressed patients, neomates, and the elderly. Bacteria identification reagents may be specific for either manual or automated tests; reagents for identification of particular species of staphylococci (e.g., S. aureus) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17388",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Streptococcus Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Streptococcus, a genus of coccoid bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae with a tendency to grow in pairs or chains; they are divided into many serogenic groups according to their cell wall (e.g., A, B, C). Streptococcus bacteria include many pathologic species, such as S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes, that cause a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever). These reagents may be specific for either manual or automated tests; reagents for identification of particular groups (e.g., A, B) of streptococci are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17390",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Streptococcus, Group A",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify group A Streptococcus (typically Streptococcus pyogenes), a species of spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcacaea. Group A streptococci produce a wide array of serious infections, including pharyngitis, impetigo, endocarditis, meningitis, and arthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17391",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Streptococcus, Group B",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify group B Streptococcus species (e.g., Streptococcus agalactiae). Group B streptococci are associated with serious neonatal infections characterized by sepsis and meningitis, as well as with postpartum infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19206",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Treponema pallidum",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Treponema pallidum, a bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. Treponema pallidum bacteria are the etiologic agent of syphilis, a disease transmitted sexually or acquired in utero."
    },
    {
      "code": "21747",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Vibrio Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Vibrio, a genus of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae, by detecting the target bacteria, usually through tests performed on bacteria cultures. Some species of these bacteria may cause human infections; these species include V. cholerae, which causes Asiatic cholera, and several species that may cause diarrhea."
    },
    {
      "code": "21751",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Yersinia pestis",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Yersinia pestis, an ovoid-shaped bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia pestis is the etiologic agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19213",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Identification, Yersinia Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Yersinia, a genus of intracellular, ovoid-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia bacteria species that are pathologic to humans include Y. pestis, which causes bubonic plague; Y. enterocolitica, which causes acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis; and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which causes mesenteric lymphadenitis without gastroenteritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19215",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics). Most susceptibility tests are based on the determination of the inhibition of bacterial growth due to antibiotic-impregnated disks or in the determination of the minimum concentration of antibiotic at which there is no visible growth of the bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) in a dilution. These reagents may be specific  either for manual or automated procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "19332",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Automated Test",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics) using automated  analyzers. There are two types of automated susceptibility tests available: the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, based on the determination of the minimum concentration at which there is no visible growth of the bacteria in a dilution and the break-point tests that differentiate between the categories of susceptible, moderately susceptible, or resistant."
    },
    {
      "code": "19506",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Automated Test, Break-Point",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used in automated analyzers to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics) by differentiating between the categories of susceptible, moderately susceptible, or resistant (called break-point tests)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19505",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Automated Test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used in automated analyzers to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics) by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibacterial in a solution (e.g., agar, broth) at which there is no visible growth of the bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19218",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Automated Test, Mycobacteria",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to assess the susceptibility of mycobacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics). Mycobacteria susceptibility tests are based on the determination of the inhibition of bacteria growth, using either direct methods (i.e., esting a patient's sample) or indirect methods (i.e., testing organisms isolated from the clinical specimen). These reagents may be specific either for  manual tests or for automated analyzers with slow-growing bacteria capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "19216",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Manual Test",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics) using manual procedures. Manual susceptibility tests are based on the determination of the inhibition of bacteria growth by  antibiotic-impregnated disks or the minimum concentration at which there is no visible growth of the bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration) in a dilution."
    },
    {
      "code": "19504",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Manual Test, Disk",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used in manual tests to determine the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics) by determining the zones of inhibition around antibiotic-containing disks applied to agar plates inoculated with a standardized suspension of bacteria after several hours. The inhibition zone diameters are classified as susceptible, moderately susceptible (also known as indeterminate), or resistant."
    },
    {
      "code": "19503",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Manual Test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used in manual analyses to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics) by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration  (MIC) of antibacterial agents in a solution (e.g., agar, broth) at which there is no visible growth of the bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "33457",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Manual Test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Strip/Disc",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents impregnated in one or more areas of a paper disc or strip (i.e., reagent discs or strips) used in laboratory analyses to assess the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics). Susceptibility tests are typically based on the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibacterial agents in an inoculated agar plate on which there is no visible growth of the bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19217",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Manual Test, Mycobacteria",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used in manual tests to assess the susceptibility of mycobacteria to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics). Mycobacteria susceptibility tests are based on the determination of the inhibition of bacteria growth, using either direct methods (i.e., using the patient's sample) or indirect methods (i.e., using organisms isolated from the clinical specimen)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19233",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Buffer",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to prevent marked changes in the pH and/or in the concentration of a particular chemical substance during a microbiology test (i.e, buffers). These reagents are typically available in solutions, concentrated solutions, or powders in ready-to-use packs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19532",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Buffer, Bacteria Test",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to prevent marked changes in the pH and/or the concentration of a particular chemical substance during a bacteria identification or susceptibility test (i.e., buffers). These reagents are typically available in solutions, concentrated solutions, or powders in ready-to-use packs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19531",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Buffer, Culture Media",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to prevent marked changes in the pH and/or the concentration of a particular chemical substance in a culture media, either for bacteria, fungi, or tissue culture. These reagents are typically available in solutions, concentrated solutions, or powders in ready-to- use packs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19534",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Buffer, Fungi/Yeast Test",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to prevent marked changes in the pH and/or the concentration of a particular chemical substance during a fungi and/or yeast identification or susceptibility test (i.e., buffers). These reagents are typically available in solutions, concentrated solutions, or powders in ready-to-use packs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19535",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Buffer, Parasite Test",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to prevent marked changes in the pH and/or the concentration of a particular chemical substance during a parasite identification or susceptibility test (i.e., buffers). These reagents are typically available in solutions, concentrated solutions, or powders in ready-to- use packs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19533",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Buffer, Virus Test",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to prevent marked changes in the pH and/or the concentration of a particular chemical substance during a virus identification test (i.e., buffers). These reagents are typically available in solutions, concentrated solutions, or powders in ready-to-use packs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17036",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in a diverse range of biochemical assays that include cultivation and identification of microorganisms and/or  determination of their  susceptibility to antimicrobial agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19538",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration, Bacteria Test",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of bacteria and/or  determination of their susceptibility to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics); these calibrators may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19537",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration, Blood Culture Media",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) of a liquid medium capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms, particularly bacteria that may be present in the circulating blood; these calibrators may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19536",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration, Culture Media",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) of a group of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria); these calibrators may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19541",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration, Fungi/Yeast Test",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of fungi and yeasts and/or  determination of their susceptibility to antifungicidal agents (e.g., antibiotics); these calibrators may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19542",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration, Parasite Test",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of parasites and/or  determination of their susceptibility to treatment agents (e.g., chloroquine)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19540",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration, Tissue Culture",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) of a group of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of tissue; these calibrators may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19539",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Calibration, Virus Test",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate) in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of viruses; these calibrators may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "17064",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents consisting of  samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control in a diverse range of biochemical assays that include cultivation and identification of microorganisms and/or  determination of their  susceptibility to antimicrobial agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19545",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control, Bacteria Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of bacteria and/or  determination of their susceptibility to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics); these controls may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19544",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control, Blood Culture Media",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of a liquid medium capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms, particularly bacteria that may be present in the circulating blood; these controls may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19543",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control, Culture Media",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of a group of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of bacteria; these controls may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19548",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control, Fungi/Yeast Test",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of fungi and yeasts and/or  determination of their susceptibility to antifungicidal agents (e.g., antibiotics); these controls may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19549",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control, Parasite Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of parasites and/or  determination of their susceptibility to treatment agents (e.g., chloroquine)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19547",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control, Tissue Culture",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of a group of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a medium capable of supporting the growth of tissue; these controls may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19546",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Control, Virus Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control in a diverse range of biochemical assays for identification of viruses; these controls may be specific either for manual or automated tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19228",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Environmental Test Culture Media",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a prepared medium capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms (e.g., coliforms) that are present in the clinical environment and that are available in ready-to-use slides or glass containers. These media are used to assess the level of contamination in places such as surfaces and liquids."
    },
    {
      "code": "19222",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to induce the propagation (culture) and identification of any of the eukaryotic organisms that live as parasites or feed on dead or decaying organic matter and reproduce either sexually or asexually (fungi), including molds and monocellular fungi (yeasts); some reagents are used to determine fungi susceptibility to antimicrobial agents under laboratory conditions (in vitro). Fungi/yeast  reagents include buffers, stains, controls, and the laboratory media capable of supporting fungi growth. Most fungi known as pathogenic to man belong to the group, Deuteromycotina."
    },
    {
      "code": "19514",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Culture Media",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as media capable of supporting the growth of multicellular and monocellular fungi (yeast). These culture media are used for the isolation and identification of fungi and or yeasts and also in assays to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19517",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Culture Media, Bottle",
      "definition": "Fungi/yeast culture media that are available in ready-to-use bottles. These media may need supplementation with other reagents (e.g., enrichment) before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19515",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Culture Media, Dehydrated",
      "definition": "Fungi/yeast culture media with a very low content of water (typically less than 2%) that are usually available as powders that must be prepared by adding water and/or other liquid additives in a pre-established quantity before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19519",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Culture Media, Dip Slide",
      "definition": "Fungi/yeast culture media that are available as a component of ready-to-use slides."
    },
    {
      "code": "19518",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Culture Media, Plate",
      "definition": "Fungi/yeast culture media reagents that are available in ready-to-use plates. These media may need supplementation with other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27687",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Culture Media, Selective",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents in the form of liquids, solids, or semisolids used as a selective medium capable of supporting the growth of certain types of fungi/yeast, while inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms. These selective culture media usually contain a source of carbon (e.g., glucose, fructose, mannose), nitrogen (e.g., peptone, yeast extract, malt extract, amino acids, ammonium), and vitamins. Fungi/yeast selective culture media successfully isolate specific fungi by either slowing down or inhibiting the growth of antagonistic associated fungi, bacteria and/or actinomycetes. These selective culture media are used for the isolation and identification of particular fungi/yeast."
    },
    {
      "code": "19516",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Culture Media, Tube",
      "definition": "Fungi/yeast culture media that are available either as liquid or semisolids in ready-to-use tubes. Some of these media may need supplementation of some other reagents before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "19223",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify fungi, including molds and monocellular fungi (yeasts). Most fungi known to be pathogenic to man belong to a group known as Deuteromycotina."
    },
    {
      "code": "19522",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Aspergillus Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Aspergillus species (e.g., fumigatun, flavus) are opportunistic pathogens causing aspergillosis, a disease characterized by inflammatory granulomatosis, lesions in the skin, lungs, and ears; these fungi may also affect the bones and meninges."
    },
    {
      "code": "22464",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Blastomyces dermatitidis",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Blastomyces dermatitidis, a species of imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Blastomyces dermatitidis may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions (blastomycosis); affected immunocompromised patients may develop a chronically progressive illness in the skin and/or organs (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19224",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Blastomyces Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of fungi of Blastomyces, a species of imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Some species of Blastomyces may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions (blastomycosis); affected immunocompromised patients may develop a chronically progressive illness in the skin and/or organs (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17291",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Candida albicans",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Candida albicans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. These fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; Candida albicans is the Candida species that most frequently causes superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body (i.e., candidiasis). The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22465",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Candida Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of the genus Candida, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Candida species fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; some species may cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body (i.e., candidiasis). The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19523",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Coccidioides immitis",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17332",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Cryptococcus neoformans",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae, which usually has a capsule. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus that may infect (cryptococcosis) the brain membranes, the skin and the lungs, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "36556",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Dermatophyte",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify a collection of fungal species known as dermatophytes. Dermatophytes are able to use keratin as a nutrient source and cause infections of the skin, hair, and nails (e.g., ringworm, tinnea)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19524",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Histoplasma capsulatum",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Histoplasma capsulatum, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Histoplasma capsulatum infection (histoplasmosis) is frequently asymptomatic, but may cause influenza-like illness or pneumonia. These fungi can affect the lungs, meninges, heart, and other organs of immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22468",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Multifungi",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify fungi of more than one genera and/or species in clinical laboratory tests. The tests can typically detect fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Histoplasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22469",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Multifungi, Automated Test",
      "definition": "Multifungi microbiology reagents intended to identify a variety of genera and/or species of fungi/yeast in clinical laboratory tests using automated analyzers. The tests can typically detect fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Histoplasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22470",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Multifungi, Manual Test",
      "definition": "Multifungi microbiology reagents intended to identify a variety of genera and/or species of fungi/yeast in clinical laboratory tests using manual analyzers. The tests can typically detect fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Histoplasma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22467",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Pneumocystis jiroveci",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii sp. hominis), a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Pneumocystidaceae, that parasitize the human respiratory tract. P. jiroveci is an opportunistic pathogen of the respiratory tract, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22466",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Pneumocystis Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended identify species of the genus Pneumocystis, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Pneumocystidaceae. Pneumocystis jiroveci are opportunistic pathogens of the respiratory tract, especially in immunocompromised patients. Pneumocystis carinii is another species of this genus, but it is not believed to parasitize humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19225",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Identification, Sporothrix schenckii",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Sporothrix schenckii, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Sporothrix schenckii causes a chronic fungal infection (sporotrichosis) that may remain localized as nodules of the cutaneous and/or subcutaneous tissues or may be disseminated by the blood stream to other organs (e.g., viscera, mucous membranes, musculoskeletal tissues)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19525",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to assess the susceptibility of fungi and/or yeast to antifungal agents (e.g., polyene macrolide antibiotics). Most susceptibility tests are based on the determination of the minimum concentration at which there is no visible growth of the fungi (i.e., minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) in a dilution. Tests for fungi/yeast susceptibility are similar to those performed to determine bacteria susceptibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "33463",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Fungi/Yeast, Susceptibility, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Strip/Disc",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents impregnated in one or more areas of a paper disc or strip (i.e., reagent discs or strips) used in laboratory analyses to assess the susceptibility of fungi and/or yeast to antifungal agents (e.g., polyene macrolide antibiotics). Susceptibility tests are typically based on the determination of the minimum concentration on which there is no visible growth of the fungi (i.e., minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) in an inoculated agar plate. MIC tests for fungi/yeast susceptibility are similar to those performed to determine bacteria susceptibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "19226",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and identify parasitic microorganisms and multicellular animals typically from the phyla Protozoa (e.g., Entamoeba), helminthes (e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides), and Arthropods (either true parasites or parasite vectors) in humans. Reagents used for parasite detection and/or identification include preservatives, additives, and stains."
    },
    {
      "code": "19530",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Helminth",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and/or identify worms that parasitize humans. Helminthes include trematodes (e.g., flukes), cestodes (e.g., tapeworms), roundworms, and filariae that parasitize the intestines. They are typically diagnosed by detection of larvae or eggs in feces."
    },
    {
      "code": "19526",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used detect and/or identify unicellular organisms of the subkingdom protozoa that parasitize humans. These parasites include Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and various species of Plasmodium (e.g., P. vivax, P. falciparum) that may be found in the blood, tissue, intestines, or urogenital system of the host."
    },
    {
      "code": "19528",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa, Amoeba",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and/or identify one or more of the Amoebae species that parasitize human intestines. Entamoeba histolytica is the only known pathological species of Amoebae, causing amebiasis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17779",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa, Cryptosporidium Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used detect and/or identify one or more of the Cryptosporidium species that parasitize human intestines. Cryptosporidium parvum is the only known pathologic species, causing profuse, watery diarrhea usually limited to several days. In immunocompromised patients the disease may persist indefinitely."
    },
    {
      "code": "17780",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa, Giardia lamblia",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used for detection and/or identification of Giardia lamblia that parasitize human intestines. Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a common infection of the small intestines."
    },
    {
      "code": "22154",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa, Giardia Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify species of Giardia, a genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa that parasitize human intestines. Some species of Giardia cause infection of the small intestines."
    },
    {
      "code": "19529",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa, Leishmania Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and identify species of protozoa of the genus Leishmania, suborder Trypanosomatina. Leishmania parasite infection (leishmaniasis) characteristics depend on the species or subspecies. They are usually classified according to their effects as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral.  These parasites are usually transmitted through sand flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19527",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa, Plasmodium Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and/or identify one or more of the species of Plasmodium that parasitize human blood. Plasmodium is the etiological cause of malaria; the most common species that infect humans are P. vivax and P. falciparum, but P. malariae and P. ovale also infect humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "17404",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Protozoa, Trichomonas Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and/or identify one or more of the species of the genus Trichomonas, especially the species Trichomonas vaginalis that parasitize the human reproductive system. Trichomonas vaginalis is the only known pathological species, causing a profuse vaginal discharge in women; in men, infection is usually asymptomatic."
    },
    {
      "code": "22155",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Toxoplasma gondii",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and/or identify Toxoplasma gondii, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoa parasite. These parasites may cause toxoplasmosis, a mild and self-limited infection, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, mostly in immunocompromised patients or through transplacental transmission to a fetus. They are usually transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat."
    },
    {
      "code": "22156",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Identification, Trypanosoma Species",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to detect and/or identify one or more of the species of Trypanosoma, a genus of flagellated protozoa parasites. Some species of these parasites are the etiologic agent of trypanosomosis (sleeping sickness); they are transmitted to humans via the bites of tsetse flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19227",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Parasite, Susceptibility",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to assess the susceptibility of parasites to antimicrobial agents. These reagents may be specific  either for manual or automated procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "19235",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Rapid Test",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time to detect microorganisms in a patient's sample. Methods using biochemistry assays to determine microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi) are only relatively rapid; most rapid tests to determine pathogenic microorganisms are based on immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "19333",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Rapid Test, Urine Screening",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used for rapid and qualitative determination (screening) of bacteria in urine samples. These reagents are frequently included in strips that can provide simultaneous information about the urine chemistry (e.g., bilirubin, ketone, glucose). Reagents for urine screening of bacteria (bacteriuria determination) could be appropriate either for manual procedures using visual evaluation, for automated analyzers, or for both."
    },
    {
      "code": "19557",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Rapid Test, Urine Screening, Automated",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used for rapid and qualitative determination (screening) of bacteria in urine samples using automated analyzers. The reagents may be liquid or included in sticks (e.g., dip sticks) that frequently can provide simultaneous information about the urine chemistry (e.g., bilirubin, ketone, glucose) and the presence of pus (pyuria)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19558",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Rapid Test, Urine Screening, Manual",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used for rapid and qualitative determination (i.e., screening) of bacteria in urine samples, using manual procedures. The reagents may be liquid or included in sticks (e.g., dip sticks) that frequently can provide simultaneous information about the urine chemistry (e.g., bilirubin, ketone, glucose) and the presence of pus (pyuria)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17085",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Stain",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used for artificial coloration of microorganisms such as bacteria and parasites, mostly for visual or microscopic differentiation. Staining is typically performed using dyes. This procedure may be used to characterize big groups of microorganisms or species in particular."
    },
    {
      "code": "19229",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Stain, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Microbiology stains used for artificial coloration of bacteria, mostly for direct visual or microscopic identification. Staining is typically performed using dyes that permit the classification of  bacteria in big groups (i.e., differentiation stains, such as Gram's and acid-fast stains) or to identify species in particular"
    },
    {
      "code": "17348",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Stain, Bacteria, Gram",
      "definition": "Microbiology stains used for coloration of bacteria, differentiating between two groups termed gram negative and gram positive. This is usually the primary and most general classification performed on pathogenic bacteria. The difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria depends on the cell-wall thickness and structure of bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19231",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Stain, Fungi/Yeast",
      "definition": "Microbiology stains used for artificial coloration of fungi and/or yeasts, mostly for direct visual or microscopic identification. Staining is typically performed using dyes that permit the classification of  bacteria in  big groups (e.g., potassium hydroxide) or to identify species in particular (e.g., toluidine blue)"
    },
    {
      "code": "19232",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Stain, Parasite",
      "definition": "Microbiology stains used for artificial coloration of parasites, mostly for direct visual or microscopic identification. Staining is typically performed using dyes that permit the identification of a particular species of parasite (e.g., amebas using iron hematoxylin, P. carinii using toluidine blue)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19230",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Stain, Virus",
      "definition": "Microbiology stains used for artificial coloration of cultured cells, typically using direct or indirect immunostaining. Positive virus identification is characterized by the presence of dark staining under light microscopes (enzymatic assays) or bright fluorescence using a fluorescence microscope (immunofluorescence)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19234",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used in biochemical assays that include cultivation and identification of microorganisms and/or  determination of their  susceptibility to antimicrobial agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "19552",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard, Bacteria Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used in a diverse range of microbiology assays for identification of bacteria and/or  determination of their susceptibility to antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19551",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard, Blood Culture Media",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used as liquid media capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms, particularly bacteria that may be present in the circulating blood."
    },
    {
      "code": "19550",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard, Culture Media",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used as media capable of supporting the growth of bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19555",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard, Fungi/Yeast Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used in a diverse range of microbiology assays for identification of fungi and yeasts and/or  determination of their susceptibility to antifungicidal agents (e.g., antibiotics)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19556",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard, Parasite Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used in a diverse range of microbiology assays for identification of parasites and/or  determination of their susceptibility to treatment agents (e.g., chloroquine)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19554",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard, Tissue Culture",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used as media capable of supporting the growth of tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "19553",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Standard, Virus Test",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm to compare similar substances used in a diverse range of microbiology assays for identification of viruses."
    },
    {
      "code": "19219",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to induce the propagation and identification in tissue or serum culture media of one or more of a group of minute microorganisms (e.g., viruses) characteristically consisting of a core of a single type of nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA) and that multiply only within living host cells.  Most of these reagents are used for identification of pathogenic viruses."
    },
    {
      "code": "19220",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Cell/Tissue Culture Media",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents that permit the explantation of cells and/or tissues from living organisms into a chemically defined basal media. They include all major ions, sugars, amino acids, and other substances needed for cellular survival and growth; tissue cultures differ from cell cultures in the level of organization maintained in the explanted cultures. Cell and tissue cultures are mostly used for isolation and identification of viruses that cannot replicate apart from living cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "19688",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Cell/Tissue Culture Media, Serum",
      "definition": "Cell/tissue culture media, including blood serum (e.g., from fetal bovine origin) and supplements capable of supporting cellular survival and growth, and that are appropriate for virus propagation. These cultures are mostly used for isolation and identification of viruses because a virus cannot replicate apart from living cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "41628",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Cell/Tissue Culture Media, Tube, Transport",
      "definition": "Viral culture media that are available in ready-to-use tubes specially designed to transport the sample to the clinical laboratory, avoiding contamination and/or leakage. These reagent/kits may include collection/transportation swabs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19221",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify unicellular microorganisms that are not resolved in light microscopy and that are characterized by the lack of an independent metabolism, replicating only within living cells (i.e., viruses). These reagents are typically used to identify a virus, typically in a serum or tissue culture; they include additives, solutions, and selective media that promote the growth of specific viruses."
    },
    {
      "code": "22346",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Adenovirus",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae. Some types of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children. Many species are likely to induce malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19513",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Cytomegalovirus",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents used to identify Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. This virus can cause a variety of diseases  (i.e., cytomegalic inclusion diseases) depending on the immune status and age of the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "17362",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Herpes Simplex",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV may cause a variety of conditions, including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22347",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Human Papilloma Virus",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify human papilloma virus (HPV), a member of the family Papovaviridae. Some HPV genotypes cause mucosal infections (especially anogenital diseases) and are associated with malignancy; other genotypes may cause cutaneous infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19509",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Influenza",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify the serogenic types (i.e., A, B, C) of the human Influenza viruses, single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Some types of this virus are the etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis; these viruses may be transmitted through the air or from one human to another."
    },
    {
      "code": "19511",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Parainfluenza",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify the serogenic types (i.e., 1, 2, 3) of the human Parainfluenza viruses. Most of these RNA viruses belong to the genus Paramyxovirus. Some types of this virus are the etiologic agents of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19508",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Respiratory Syncytial Virus",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify respiratory syncytial virus, an enveloped RNA species of virus of the family Paramyxovirus. Several types of this virus are the etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections; they are the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "19512",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Rotavirus",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify Rotavirus, a genus of nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus with a wheel-like appearance of the family Reoviridae. Several types of Rotavirus may cause diseases in humans, including gastroenteritis and diarrhea; it is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children."
    },
    {
      "code": "19507",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Microbiology, Virus, Identification, Varicella-Zoster",
      "definition": "Microbiology reagents intended to identify varicella-zoster virus, a DNA virus of the genus Varicellovirus, family Herpesviridae. These viruses cause chickenpox (varicella), an infectious disease typically transmitted by direct contact or through the respiratory route and characterized by the appearance of vesicular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Activation of varicella-zoster virus from a previous chickenpox (varicella) infection may cause herpes zoster (also called shingles), a self-limited infection that affects ganglia and their areas of innervation, producing severe neuralgic pain and vesicles on the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19236",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay",
      "definition": "Reagents designed for use in a diverse range of sensitive and specific clinical assays primarily based on the principles of the chemistry and structure of  nucleic acid molecules. These assays rely on a thorough knowledge of the DNA and/or RNA sequences relevant to each diagnostic system. Molecular reagents are used in one or more of  many different assays that manipulate nucleic acids (e.g., nucleic acid hybridization), using either amplification (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, self-sustained replication) or nonamplification (e.g., Southern blotting of DNA, restriction fragment-length polymorphisms) techniques. Molecular reagents are mostly used in assays to detect infectious agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses) and/or to identify genetic disorders either inborn or acquired (e.g., tumor markers). Frequently, these reagents are available in kits that include the nucleic acid probe (e.g., cloned, oligonucleotide, genomic) and all other reagents (e.g., primers, buffers, salts, denaturants) needed to perform the assay."
    },
    {
      "code": "24028",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to for use in identifying stable and usually irreversible modifications of normal chromosomes that may cause disorders in humans, including uniparental disomy, in which both members of a chromosome pair are inherited from one parent, and trisomy, in which three copies of a chromosome are present rather than the normal two; changes (inversions, deletions) in the sequence of the genetic order; and translocations of different chromosomes or parts of the same chromosome. Chromosome anomalies may be de novo or inherited (familial)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24077",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Deletion",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying stable and usually irreversible chromosome deletions in inborn (i.e., congenital) cell samples (e.g., fetal cells from amniotic fluid, infant cells).  Pathologic chromosome deletions are typically characterized by physical and developmental disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "24080",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Deletion, 15q11.2-q13",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying deletions in the Angelman syndrome/Prader-Willi syndrome (AS/PWS) region, located in 15q11.2-q13. This genetic deletion is the most frequent and severe genetic abnormality in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24078",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Deletion, 22q11.2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying deletions in chromosome 22 band q11.2. These genetic deletions are present in patients with an inherited autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital heart disease (in 3/4 of individuals), velopharyngeal incompetence, cleft palate, learning difficulties, and immunodeficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24079",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Deletion, 22q13.3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying deletions in chromosome 22 band q13.3. These genetic deletions are present in patients with a disorder that may be the result of a de novo chromosome deletion or of an inherited chromosome abnormality, characterized by neonatal hypotonia, normal-to-accelerated growth, absent or delayed speech, and anatomic abnormalities (e.g., face, hands, toenails)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36688",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Deletion, 5q",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying deletions in the long arm of chromosome 5 (i.e., 5q). 5q deletions have been observed in patients with certain hematologic malignancies and may be associated with poor prognosis in certain hematologic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19270",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Inversion",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying stable and irreversible rearrangements in the sequence (i.e., inversion) of one of the normal chromosomes (46 in human beings, including the pair that determines the sex).  An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end."
    },
    {
      "code": "19271",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Inversion 16 [inv (16)(p13q22)] CBFB/MYH11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying stable and irreversible rearrangements in the sequence (i.e., inversion) of chromosome 16 [inv(16)(p13q22)]. This inversion is often present in patients with a subgroup of acute myeloid leukemias that have a favorable prognosis. In these cases, the inversion is usually the result of the fusion of the CBF and MYH11 genes."
    },
    {
      "code": "36723",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Loss of Heterozygosity",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying a genetic abnormality known as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in which one of the two copies of a given chromosomal region is lost in a subset of cells. LOH occurs in two forms: (1) copy-loss LOH, which typically involves deletion of a large chromosomal region (e.g., deletion of a chromosome arm) and (2) copy-neutral LOH, which typically involves gene conversion/mitotic recombination, in which DNA repair mechanisms result in the transfer of genetic sequence information from one chromosome copy to the other. These tests are typically used in the genetic analysis of tumor cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "19614",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Sexual",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the presence of atypical sex chromosomes, such as an altered number of sex chromosomes in a patient sample resulting in abnormalities in sexual differentiation and, in some cases, physical and/or mental abnormalities. Some common sexual chromosome disorders are Klinefelter and Turner syndromes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19615",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Sexual, Klinefelter",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the presence of two or more X chromosomes in combination with one Y chromosome in a male patient sample, rather than the normal XY combination. Variants include combinations such as XXXY, XXXXY, and mosaic patterns. These chromosomal aberrations cause Klinefelter syndrome, in which sterile phenotype males have small testes, may be developmentally disabled, and tend to be tall with long legs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19616",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Sexual, Turner",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the absence of the second sexual chromosome in a female patient sample (i.e., XO rather than the normal XX). Variants may include mosaic combinations such as XO/XX and XO/XXX. These chromosome aberrations cause Turner syndrome, in which phenotype women are usually sterile with short stature, sparse pubic hair, webbing of the neck, and sexual infantilism."
    },
    {
      "code": "19265",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) in one or more of the normal chromosomes (46 in human beings, including the pair that determines the sex) included in the human genome. A chromosome translocation is a rearrangement between nonhomologous (e.g., 9, 22) chromosomes; detection of specific translocations may be used as tumor markers."
    },
    {
      "code": "36695",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, 2p23 ALK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying translocations (i.e., exchanges of chromosomal material) involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene at chromosomal location 2p23. Translocations involving ALK may result in the generation of fusion genes, which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple cancers (e.g., anaplastic large cell lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma). Multiple fusion partners for ALK have been identified in human cancers, including EML4, KIF5B, NPM1, SQSTM1, and TPM3. These reagents are intended to identify translocations involving the ALK gene and any gene fusion partner."
    },
    {
      "code": "24038",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(1;13)(p36;q14) PAX7/FOXO1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 1 band p36 and chromosome 13 band q14, usually involving the fusion of PAX7 and FKHR genes. This translocation is present in some patients with soft-tissue malignant tumors (e.g., alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma). Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24039",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(1;19)(q23;p13) PBX1/E2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 1 band q23 and chromosome 19 band p13, usually involving genes PBX1 and E2A, respectively. This translocation is present in some patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker.  This chromosome anomaly is associated with adverse prognoses."
    },
    {
      "code": "24054",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(11;14)(q13;q32) CCND1/IGH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations)between chromosome 11 band q13 and chromosome 14 band q32, usually involving genes BCL-1 and IGH, respectively. This translocation is present mainly in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), but it is also associated with other types of leukemia and multiple myeloma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24055",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(11;19)(q23;p13.1)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 11 band q23 and chromosome 19 band p13.1, usually involving genes MLL and ELL, respectively. This translocation is associated with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) in adults and, less often, in children; congenital cases are rare. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24056",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(11;19)(q23p13.3)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 11 band q23 and chromosome 19 band p13.3, usually involving genes MLL and ENL, respectively. This translocation is present in patients with both acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ALL and ANLL, respectively); most cases are found in infants (congenital leukemia). Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24057",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(11;22)(p13;q12) EWSR1/WT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 11 band p13 and chromosome 22 band q12, usually involving genes WT1 and EWS, respectively. This translocation is present in patients with desmoplastic small-cell tumors and Wilms' tumors. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24058",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(11;22)(q24;q12) FLI1/EWSR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 11 band q24 and chromosome 22 band q12, usually involving genes FLI1 and EWSR1, respectively. This translocation is present in sarcomas (e.g., Ewing's sarcomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors); it is also associated with peripheral neuroepithelioma and esthesioneuroblastomas. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19268",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(12;15)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying stable and irreversible exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 12 and 15. The detection of these translocations (e.g., involving the genes ETV6 and NTRK3) may be used as a tumor marker. The translocation is associated with infantile fibrosarcoma and is found in a subset of patients with multiple myeloma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24059",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(12;15)(p13;q25) ETV6/NTRK3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges between chromosome 12 band p13 and chromosome 15 band q25, usually involving genes ETV6 and NTRK3, respectively. This translocation is characteristic of infantile fibrosarcoma; the mutation is also associated with mesoblastic nephroma and found in a subset of patients with multiple myeloma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24060",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(12;16)(p13;p11) DDIT3/FUS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 12 band p13 and chromosome 16 band p11, usually involving genes FUS and DDIT3, respectively. This translocation is characteristic of myxoid and round-cell liposarcomas. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19630",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(12;21)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 12 and 21. The translocation is most frequently found in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24062",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(12;21)(p12;q22) ETV6/RUNX1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 12, band p12 and chromosome 21 band q22; usually involving genes ETV6 and AML1 (acute myeloid leukemia 1 gene) respectively. This translocation is one of the most frequent translocations found in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia of children and is associated with a long disease-free survival. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24063",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(12;22)(q13;q12) ATF1/EWSR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 12 band q13 and chromosome 22 band q12, usually involving genes ATF1 and EWSR1, respectively. This translocation is present in some cases of malignant melanoma and soft-tissue clear-cell sarcoma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19267",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(14;18)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying stable and irreversible exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 14 and 18, usually involving the exchange of the BCL2 gene with the joining region of the immunoglobin heavy chain of chromosome 14. The detection of these translocations may be used as a tumor marker. The translocation is present in most patients with follicular lymphomas and in some patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24066",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(14;18)(q32;q21) IGH/BCL2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying stable and irreversible exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 14 band q32 and 18 band q21, usually involving the exchange of the BCL2 gene with the joining region of the immunoglobin heavy chain of chromosome 14. The detection of these translocations may be used a tumor marker. This translocation is present in most patients with follicular lymphomas and in some patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19269",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(15;17)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 15 and 17. The detection of these translocations (e.g., a fusion gene from the PML gene from chromosome 15 and the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene from chromosome 17) may be used as a tumor marker. The translocation is associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia and found in a subset of patients with multiple myeloma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24067",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(15;17)(q22;q21)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 15 band q22 and chromosome 17 band q21, usually involving genes PML and RAPa, respectively. This translocation is characteristic of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24042",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(2;13)(q36;q14) PAX3/FOXO1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 2 band q35 and chromosome 13 band q14, usually involving the fusion of the PAX3 and FKHR genes. This translocation characterizes alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24040",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(2;5)(p23;q35) NPM1/ALK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 1 band p23 and chromosome 5 band q35, usually involving genes ALK and NPM1, respectively. This translocation is present in more than half the cases of anaplasic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), a high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24041",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(2;8)(p12;q24)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 2 band p12 and chromosome 8 band q24, usually involving gene C-MYC on chromosome 8 juxtaposed with gene IGK at the immunoglobulin locus on chromosome 2. Other translocations involving the MYC locus include t(8:22)(q24:q11) and t(8:14)(q24:q32); C-MYC gene translocations are associated with Burkitt's lymphoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19628",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(4;11)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying stable and irreversible exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 4 and 11. The translocation is found in most children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24043",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(4;11)(q21;p15)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 4 band q21 and chromosome 11 band p15, usually involving the NUP 98 gene on chromosome 11, which rearranges with the RAP1GDS1 gene in chromosome 4. This translocation is most frequently found in children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24044",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(4;11)(q21;q23) AFF1/KMT2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 4 band q21 and chromosome 11 band q23, usually involving genes AF4 and MLL, respectively. This translocation is present in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and some patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19629",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(4;14)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 4 and 14. This translocation typically leads to an apparent deregulation of FGFR3 and WHSC1/MMSET genes. This translocation is typically found in patients with congenital fibrosarcoma, plasma cell leukemia, or multiple myeloma. Its detection can be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24045",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(4;14)(p16;q32)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 4 band p16 and chromosome 14 band q32, usually involving genes FGFR3 and IGH, respectively. This translocation is present in patients with plasma cell leukemia and multiple myeloma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24046",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(5;12)(q33;p13)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 5 band q33 and chromosome 12 band p13, usually involving genes PDGFRB and ETV6, respectively. This translocation is characteristic of myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic syndromes with eosinophilia. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24047",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(6;9)(p23;q34)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 6 band p23 and chromosome 9 band q34, usually involving genes DEK and CAN, respectively. This translocation is present in some patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and myleodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19627",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(8;14)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 8 and 14. These translocations usually involve the MYC oncogene on chromosome 8 and the immunoglobulin loci on chromosome 14. This translocation is present in most patients with Burkitt's cell leukemia or Burkitt's lymphoma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24048",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(8;14)(q24;q11)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 8 band q24 and chromosome 14 band q11, usually involving genes C-MYC on chromosome 8 juxtaposed with gene IGH at the immunoglobulin locus on chromosome 14. Other translocations involving the MYC locus include t(8:22)(q24:q11) and t(2;8)(p12;q24); C-MYC gene translocations are associated with Burkitt's lymphoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24049",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(8;21)(q22;q22) RUNX1/RUNX1T1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 8 band q22 and chromosome 21 band q22, usually involving genes RUNX1T1 (aka as ETO) and RUN XW (aka as AML1), respectively. This translocation is the most frequent anomaly in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL); it is also present in other patients with ANLL. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24050",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(8;22)(q24;q11)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 8 band q24 and chromosome 22 band q11, usually involving gene C-MYC on chromosome 8 juxtaposed with gene IGL at the immunoglobulin locus on chromosome 22. This translocation is characteristic of most patients with Burkitt's cell leukemia or Burkitt's lymphoma; other translocations involving the MYC locus and associated with Burkitt's lymphoma include t(8:14)(q24:q32) and t(2;8)(p12;q24). Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24052",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(9:22)(q22;q12)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 9 band q22 and chromosome 22 band q12. This translocation is characteristic of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker. Other less-common translocations involving the genes RBP 56 and TCF12 also characterize this disorder."
    },
    {
      "code": "24051",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(9;11)(p22;q23) KMT2A/MLL3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 9 band p22 and chromosome 11 band q23, usually involving genes AF9 and MLL, respectively. This translocation is present in patients with de novo and therapy-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Its detection may be used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "19266",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(9;22)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosomes 9 and 22 (e.g., involving exchanges and/or fusion of genes). This translocation is present in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and in some patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. In detection maybe used as a tumor marker."
    },
    {
      "code": "24053",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11) ABL1/BCR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges (i.e., translocations) between chromosome 9 band q34 and chromosome 22 band q11. This translocation is characteristic of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker. Other less-common translocations involving the genes RBP 56 and TCF12 also characterize this disorder."
    },
    {
      "code": "24068",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the presence of three homologous chromosomes rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy) in a patient sample. Congenital trisomies are typically characterized by physical and developmental disorders (e.g., trisomy in chromosome 21 is known as Down syndrome); acquired trisomies are usually the result of malignancy, tumors, and/or other disorders (e.g., trisomy in chromosome 12 is associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia). Some individuals show mosaicism, a condition in which normal and three-chromosome cells are present in the same person."
    },
    {
      "code": "24073",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 12, Acquired",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the acquired presence of three copies of chromosomes 12 (i.e., trisomy 12) in a patient's sample (e.g., cells obtained from peripheral blood lymphocytes), rather than the normal two. Acquired trisomy 12 is the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a disease characterized by the presence in the blood of an increased number of mature lymphocytes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19613",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 13, Congenital (Patau's)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the inborn (i.e., congenital) presence of three copies of chromosome 13 in a patient sample (e.g., fetal cells from amniotic fluid), rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 13). Trisomy 13 causes Patau's syndrome. Molecular tests for Patau's syndrome are typically used for prenatal diagnosis in pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19612",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 18, Congenital (Edwards')",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the inborn (i.e., congenital) presence of three copies of chromosome 18 in a patient sample (e.g., fetal cells from amniotic fluid), rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 18). Trisomy 18 causes Edwards' syndrome. Molecular tests for Edwards' syndrome are typically used for prenatal diagnosis in pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19611",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 21, Congenital (Down)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the inborn (i.e., congenital) presence of three copies of chromosome 21 in a patient sample (e.g., fetal cells from amniotic fluid), rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 21). Trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome. Molecular tests for Down syndrome are typically used for prenatal diagnosis in pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "24074",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 7, Acquired",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the acquired presence of three copies of chromosomes 7 in a patient sample, rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 7). Trisomy 7 is associated with various carcinomas, including those of the bladder, brain, and prostate."
    },
    {
      "code": "24069",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 7, Congenital",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the inborn (i.e., congenital) presence of three or more copies of chromosome 7 in a patient sample, rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 7). Individuals with trisomy 7 are usually mosaic, a condition in which normal and three-chromosome cells are present in the same person. To date, complete congenital trisomy 7 has never been reported in live-born infant."
    },
    {
      "code": "24075",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 8, Acquired",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the acquired presence of three copies of chromosome 8 in a patient sample, rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 8). Acquired trisomy 8 is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia and other chronic myeloproliferative diseases (e.g., polycythemia vera, idiopathic myelofibrosis), myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemias."
    },
    {
      "code": "24070",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 8, Congenital",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the inborn (i.e., congenital) presence of three copies of chromosome 8 in a patient sample, rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 8). Some individuals with trisomy 8 are mosaic, a condition in which normal and three-chromosome cells are present in the same person. Congenital trisomy 8 is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia and other chronic myeloproliferative diseases (e.g., polycythemia vera, idiopathic myelofibrosis), myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemias."
    },
    {
      "code": "24076",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 9, Acquired",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the acquired presence of three copies of chromosome 9 in a patient sample, rather than the normal two (i.e, trisomy 9). Acquired trisomy 9 is most frequently observed in patients with myeloid hematopoietic diseases, including acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), and myelodysplastic syndromes (i.e. myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24071",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy 9, Congenital",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the inborn (i.e., congenital) presence of three copies of chromosome 9 in a patient sample, rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy 9). Trisomy 9 is associated with eye anomalies (e.g., anophthalmia, microphthalmia), congenital heart disease, kidney anomalies, and growth and developmental disorders. Many individuals with trisomy 9 are mosaic, a condition in which normal and three-chromosome cells are present in the same person."
    },
    {
      "code": "24072",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy, Acquired",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the acquired presence of three chromosomes  in a patient sample (e.g., cells obtained from peripheral blood lymphocytes), rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy). Acquired trisomies may occur in chromosome 12 (associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia), chromosome 9 (associated with myeloid hematopoietic disease and myelodysplastic syndromes), and less frequently, in other chromosomes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19610",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Trisomy, Congenital",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the inborn (i.e., congenital) presence of three chromosomes in a patient sample (e.g., fetal cells from amniotic fluid), rather than the normal two (i.e., trisomy). Congenital trisomies are typically characterized by physical and developmental disorders. The most common congenital trisomies occur in chromosome 21 (i.e., Down syndrome), chromosome 18 (i.e., Edwards' syndrome), and chromosome 13 (i.e., Patau's syndrome); but trisomies may occur in other chromosomes (e.g., 8, 11, 22)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24030",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the abnormal situation in which both members of a chromosome pair are inherited from one parent (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the other parent's chromosome for that pair is missing. UPD for some chromosomes is without consequence but, for a few chromosomes, can result in serious conditions including syndromes affecting growth and development. To date, only maternally derived chromosomes 7, 14, and 15 and paternally derived chromosomes 6, 11, 14, and 15 have been shown to have a definite phenotypic effect."
    },
    {
      "code": "24031",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy 11, Paternal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the abnormal situation in which both members of the chromosome pair 11 are inherited from the father (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the mother's chromosome for that pair is missing (i.e., UPD of chromosome 11). Paternally inherited disomy 11 is associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24032",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy 14, Maternal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the abnormal situation in which both members of the chromosome pair 14 are inherited from the mother (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the father's chromosome for that pair is missing. Maternally inherited disomy 14 is associated with short stature, hypotonia, hyperextensible joints, scoliosis, minor facial dysmorphic features, mild developmental delay, and precocious puberty."
    },
    {
      "code": "24033",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy 14, Paternal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the abnormal situation in which both members of the chromosome pair 14 are inherited from the father (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the mother's chromosome for that pair is missing. Paternally inherited disomy 14 is characterized by developmental disability, skeletal abnormalities that result in short-limb dwarfism with narrow thorax, decreased survival due to respiratory difficulties, dysmorphic facies, and scoliosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24035",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy 15, Maternal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the abnormal situation in which both members of the chromosome pair 15 are inherited from the mother (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the father's chromosome for that pair is missing. Maternally inherited disomy 15 results in Prader-Willi syndrome, which is characterized by neonatal hyponia, poor suck and failure to thrive, developmental delay and/or disability, childhood onset obesity, short stature, hypogonadism, and severe behavior problems. 25% of Prader-Willi syndrome patients have maternal UPD15, and 70% have a partial deletion of 15q."
    },
    {
      "code": "24034",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy 15, Paternal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the abnormal situation in which both members of the chromosome pair 15 are inherited from the father (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the mother's chromosome for that pair is missing. Paternally inherited disomy 15 results in Angelman's syndrome, which is characterized by developmental disability with absent speech, ataxic movements and gait, seizures, and paroxysmal laughter. 2-3% of Angelman's syndrome patients have paternal UPD15, and 70% have a deletion in 15q11-15q13."
    },
    {
      "code": "24036",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy 6, Paternal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the presence of the abnormal situation in which both members of the chromosome pair 6 are inherited from the father (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the mother's chromosome for that pair is missing. Paternally inherited disomy 6 is associated with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, a rare form of diabetes that usually resolves by 6 months of life. Macroglossia and other anomalies, in addition to the transient diabetes mellitus, are also frequent in individuals with paternal UPD6."
    },
    {
      "code": "24037",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Uniparental Disomy 7, Maternal",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying the abnormal situation in which both members of the chromosome pair 7 are inherited from the mother (i.e., uniparental disomy [UPD]) and the father's chromosome for that pair is missing. Maternally inherited disomy 7 results in Russell-Silver syndrome. Approximately 10% of Russell-Silver individuals have maternal UPD7."
    },
    {
      "code": "39384",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Donor-Derived Cell-Free Nucleic Acid, Organ Transplant Rejection",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed to detect the quantity of cell-free nucleic acid derived from a donated organ (e.g., transplanted heart, transplanted kidney) circulating in a transplant recipient's blood stream. Donor-derived cell-free nucleic acids release into the bloodstream may be caused by graft rejection-induced transplant injury and, therefore, quantification of these nucleic acid species may be used as a marker of acute transplant rejection and/or for monitoring effectiveness of immunosuppressive treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "36949",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying epigenetic modifications of chromatin (i.e., the DNA and proteins of which chromosomes are comprised). Epigenetic changes do not alter the primary nucleotide sequence of DNA but rather involve chemical modification of the DNA (e.g., methylation of certain nucleotides) or DNA-associated proteins (e.g., histone acetylation, histone methylation). These epigenetic modifications affect chromatin structure and function and are one mechanism by which gene expression is regulated. Epigenetic changes at specific genetic loci may be involved in the etiology of certain diseases or may be induced by the presence of certain diseases and, therefore, tests for the presence of these epigenetic modifications may have diagnostic utility."
    },
    {
      "code": "36721",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting DNA methylation, a form of epigenetic modification. The most common form of DNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group to cytosine nucleotides, and these tests typically use a methodology known as bisulfite sequencing that can discriminate between methylated and non-methylated cytosine residues. In brief, DNA of interest is first subjected to bisulfite conversion, which converts methylated cytosine to uracil. Following, bisulfite conversion, the sample is subjected to one of a number of sequence determination methods (e.g., dideoxynucleotide sequencing, restriction-length polymorphism analysis, sequence-specific primer extension) to detect any cytosine to uracil conversions. Additional, bisulfite-free, methylation detection reagents are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36959",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Panel",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting DNA methylation at multiple genetic loci (i.e., genes) simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "37334",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Panel, Colorectal Cancer",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting DNA methylation at multiple genetic loci (i.e., genes) which has a methylation status (e.g., hypomethylation, hypermethylation) associated with colorectal cancer. Assessment of the methylation status of certain genes may be used as an aid in detecting the presence of colorectal cancer or in assessing the aggressiveness of colorectal cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "42099",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Panel, Coronary Disorders",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting DNA methylation at multiple genetic loci (i.e., genes) which has a methylation status (e.g., hypomethylation, hypermethylation) associated with coronary disorders. Assessment of the methylation status of certain genes may be used as an aid in detecting the risk of coronary disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "39437",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Panel, Male Fertility",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting DNA methylation at multiple genetic loci (i.e., genes) whose methylation status is associated with male fertility status (e.g., sperm quality). Assessment of the methylation status of certain genes may be used as an aid in assessing the ability of a patient's sperm to accomplish fertilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "36687",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Panel, Prostate Cancer",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting DNA methylation at multiple genetic loci (i.e., genes) whose methylation status is associated with prostate cancer. Assessment of the methylation status of certain genes may be used as an aid in diagnosing prostate cancer in assessing aggressiveness of prostate cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "36953",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Single-Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying DNA methylation at a single genetic locus (i.e., gene)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36686",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Single-Gene, MGMT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting methylation of DNA encoding the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, located at chromosome 10p26, which encodes the protein methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase. Methylation of MGMT DNA has been associated with response of cancers (in particular glioblastoma) to treatment with alkylating agents (e.g., temozolomide) and radiation therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36685",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Epigenetic Modification, DNA Methylation, Single-Gene, SEPT9",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended for use in detecting methylation of DNA encoding the septin 9 (SEPT9) gene, located at chromosome 17q25, which encodes the protein septin-9. Methylation of SEPT9 DNA has been associated with the presence of colorectal cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "24169",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify stable and usually irreversible anomalies (e.g., mutations, deletions, trinucleotide repeats) in the genes that may cause disorders in humans; genetic anomalies many be de novo or inherited (familial), frequently in x-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive form. Genetic anomalies are common in many hereditary disorders and/or associated with tumor development."
    },
    {
      "code": "24170",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify stable and usually irreversible deletions in the genes that may cause disorders in humans; genetic deletions many be de novo or inherited (familial), frequently in X-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive form. Genetic deletions are common in many hereditary disorders (e.g., Menkes' syndrome, skeletal muscle dysfunctions) and tumor development."
    },
    {
      "code": "24174",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, AGPAT2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the AGPAT2 gene (formerly Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 1, BSCL1 gene), located in 9q34.3, that encodes for the enzyme lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (beta), which catalyzes the conversion of lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid, thus metabolizing lipids/lipoproteins. Inherited deletions are the cause of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL1), also known as Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24171",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, ATP7A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the copper-transporting alpha polypeptide (ATP7A) gene, located in Xq13.2-q13.3, which encodes for a protein that regulates copper levels. Inherited deletions are present in males with disorders of copper transport such as Menkes' syndrome and, less frequently, with occipital horn syndrome (formerly Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IX)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24172",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, AZF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the azoospermia factor (AZF1) region of the long arm of the Y chromosome, located in Yq11.2, that encodes for an RNA binding protein important in spermatogenesis. Inherited deletions are present in most male patients with Y chromosome infertility, a spectrum of diseases characterized by total absence of sperm (azoospermia) or decreased number of spermatozoa in the semen (oligospermia, also known as oligozoospermia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24176",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, ELN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the elastin (ELN) gene, located in 7q11.23, which encodes for elastin, a major structural protein of tissue that must expand quickly and contract completely (e.g., the aorta). Inherited genetic deletions are present in most patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome; some deletions may cause only connective tissue abnormalities and supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24179",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, FSHMD1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy-1A (FSHMD1A) gene, located in 4q35, which may have a role in the processing of pre-rRNA (ribosomal RNA) or in the assembly of rRNA ribosomal subunits. It is expressed in adult muscle and lymphocytes and also in fetal muscle, brain tissue, and placenta. Inherited genetic deletions are present in most patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1A."
    },
    {
      "code": "24180",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, GALC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene, located in 14q31, which encodes for the enzyme galactosylceramidase that hydrolyzes several galactolipids, important in the production of myelin, kidney, and epithelial cells of the colon and small intestine. Inherited genetic deletions are present in patients with early (infant) onset of Krabbe's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24181",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, JAG1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the jagged 1 (JAG1) gene, located in 20p12, which encodes for the jagged 1 protein, the ligand for the receptor NOTCH 1. Inherited genetic deletions are associated with patients with Alagille syndrome; mutations in JAG1 are involved in hematopoiesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24182",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, Mitochondrial",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mitochondrial deletions. These maternally inherited or de novo genetic deletions are present in all tissues of patients with several pathologic diseases, including Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), and Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome (PMPS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24183",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, Mitochondrial, MT-KSS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mitochondrial deletions in the Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) gene. Maternally inherited genetic mitochondrial deletions are present in all tissues of patients with KSS."
    },
    {
      "code": "24184",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, Mitochondrial, MT-PEO1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mitochondrial deletions in the progressive external ophthalmoplegia 1 (PEO1) gene, located in 10q23.3-24.3, that is involved in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) metabolism. The gene could function as an adenine nucleotide-dependent DNA helicase; its function is considered critical for lifetime maintenance of mtDNA integrity. Maternally inherited genetic mitochondrial deletions are usually confined to the skeletal muscles of patients with PEO1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24185",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, Mitochondrial, MT-PMPS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mitochondrial DNA deletions in the Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome (PMPS) gene. Maternally inherited or de novo genetic deletions are usually more abundant in hematopoietic tissue than in other tissue of patients with PMPS."
    },
    {
      "code": "24186",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, NR0B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1 (NR0B1) gene, located in Xp21.3-p21.2. Inherited genetic deletions are present in male patients with adrenal hypoplasia congenita. Most males are infertile; carrier females may have symptoms of adrenal insufficiency and/or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism."
    },
    {
      "code": "24187",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, NSD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) gene, located in 5q35.2-q35.3, which encodes for a protein whose exact function is unknown.  Inherited genetic deletions are present in most patients with Sotos and Weaver syndromes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24188",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, OCA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2) gene, located in 15q11.2-q12, these genes are involved in producing a pigment called melanin, which is the substance that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. When associated with Angelman's and Prader-Willi syndromes, clinical effects are a result of the deletion of one copy of OCA2 and a mutation in the other copy of OCA2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24189",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion, PAX6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the paired box gene 6 (PAX6) gene, located in 11p13, which encodes for a transcriptional regulator involved in oculogenesis and other development processes; the gene is expressed in the eye and brain. Inherited genetic deletions are present in patients with isolated aniridia; deletions involving both the PAX6 gene and the adjacent WT1 locus are present in patients with WAGR syndrome, which includes Wilms' tumor, aniridia/genital abnormalities, and developmental disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34758",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ABCA4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 4 (ABCA4) gene, located at chromosome 1p22, which encodes the protein retinal-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with age-related macular degeneration 2, retinitis pigmentosa 19, Stargardt disease 1, and cone-rod dystrophy 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "34759",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ABCC8",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8 (ABCC8) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.1, which encodes the protein ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus 2, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus, persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, leucine-induced hypoglycemia, and diabetes mellitus type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "34760",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ABCD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 (ABCD1) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes the protein ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with adrenoleukodystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34761",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ACADM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain (ACADM) gene, located at chromosome 1p31, which encodes the protein mitochondrial medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34762",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ACADS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain (ACADS) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.31, which encodes the protein mitochondrial short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with deficiency of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase."
    },
    {
      "code": "34763",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ACADVL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain (ACADVL) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which encodes the protein mitochondrial very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34764",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ACE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene, located at chromosome 17q23.3, which encodes the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with microvascular complications of diabetes 3, renal dysplasia, susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage, risk of cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34769",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ACTA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta (ACTA2) gene,   located at chromosome 10q23.3, which encodes the protein aortic smooth muscle actin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with moyamoya disease 5, multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome, and familial thoracic aortic aneurysm 6."
    },
    {
      "code": "34771",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ACTC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1 (ACTC1) gene, located at chromosome 15q14, which encodes the protein cardiac muscle alpha actin 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy 1R, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11, atrial septal defect 5, and primary dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34774",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ACVR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) gene, located at chromosome 2q23-q24, which encodes the protein activin receptor type-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with progressive myositis ossificans."
    },
    {
      "code": "34777",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AFF2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the AF4/FMR2 family member 2 (AFF2) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes the protein AF4/FMR2 family member 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with FRAXE."
    },
    {
      "code": "34779",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AFG3L2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the AFG3 like matrix AAA peptidase subunit 2 (AFG3L2) gene, located at chromosome 18p11, which encodes the protein AFG3-like protein 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia 5 and spinocerebellar ataxia 28."
    },
    {
      "code": "34781",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AGL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the amylo-alpha-1, 6-glucosidase, 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (AGL) gene, located at chromosome 1p21, which encodes the protein glycogen debranching enzyme. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glycogen storage disease type III."
    },
    {
      "code": "34784",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AHI1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene, located at chromosome 6q23.3, which encodes the protein jouberin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Joubert syndrome 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "34786",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AIRE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes the protein autoimmune regulator. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "34788",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ALDH7A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 (ALDH7A1) gene, located at chromosome 5q31, which encodes the protein alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34790",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ANG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5 (ANG) gene, located at chromosome 14q11.1-q11.2, which encodes the protein angiogenin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 9."
    },
    {
      "code": "34793",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ANO5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the anoctamin 5 (ANO5) gene, located at chromosome 11p14.3, which encodes the protein anoctamin-5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 3, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2L, and osteogenesis imperfecta levin type."
    },
    {
      "code": "34794",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, APC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, located at chromosome 5q21-q22, which encodes the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial adenomatous polyposis 1, hepatocellular carcinoma, hereditary desmoid disease, carcinoma of the colon, and neoplasm of the stomach."
    },
    {
      "code": "34796",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, APP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) gene, located at chromosome 21q21.3, which encodes the protein amyloid beta A4 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with APP-related cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34797",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, APTX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the aprataxin (APTX) gene, located at chromosome 9p13.3, which encodes the protein aprataxin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with adult onset ataxia with oculomotor apraxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34798",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AQP2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the aquaporin 2 (AQP2) gene, located at chromosome 12q13.12, which encodes the protein aquaporin-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal nephrogenic diabetes insipidus."
    },
    {
      "code": "34799",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, located at chromosome Xq12, which encodes the androgen receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with X-linked hypospadias 1, X-linked bulbo-spinal atrophy, malignant tumor of prostate, Reifenstein syndrome, and androgen resistance syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34801",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ARSA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.33, which encodes the protein arylsulfatase A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34803",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ARX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the aristaless related homeobox (ARX) gene, located at chromosome Xp21.3, which encodes the protein homeobox protein ARX. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 1, X-linked lissencephaly 2, X-linked ARX-related mental retardation with or without seizures, Partington X-linked mental retardation syndrome, and Proud Levine Carpenter syndrome"
    },
    {
      "code": "34804",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ASPA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.3, which encodes the protein aspartoacylase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spongy degeneration of central nervous system."
    },
    {
      "code": "34848",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ASPM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the abnormal spindle microtubule assembly (ASPM) gene, located at chromosome 1q31, which encodes the protein abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly 5."
    },
    {
      "code": "34806",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ASS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.1, which encodes the protein argininosuccinate synthase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with citrullinemia type I."
    },
    {
      "code": "34807",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ATL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the atlastin GTPase 1 (ATL1) gene, located at chromosome 14q22.1, which encodes the protein atlastin-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1d and spastic paraplegia 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "34809",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ATM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM) gene, located at chromosome 11q22-q23, which encodes the protein serine-protein kinase ATM. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial breast cancer and ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34811",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ATP1A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2) gene, located at chromosome 1q23.2, which encodes the alpha-2 subunit of the sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with alternating hemiplegia of childhood 1 and familial hemiplegic migraine type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "34812",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ATP7B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ATPase copper transporting beta (ATP7B) gene, located at chromosome 13q14.3, which encodes the protein copper-transporting ATPase 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Wilson disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34815",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, AVPR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes the vasopressin V2 receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis and X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus."
    },
    {
      "code": "34816",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BBS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 (BBS1) gene, located at chromosome 11q13, which encodes the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34820",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BBS10",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10 (BBS10) gene, located at chromosome 12q21.2, which encodes the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10."
    },
    {
      "code": "34818",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BBS2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 (BBS2) gene, located at chromosome 16q21, which encodes the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa 74 and Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "34821",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BCKDHA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (BCKDHA) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1-q13.2, which encodes the alpha subunit of mitochondrial 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with maple syrup urine disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34822",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BCKDHB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, beta polypeptide (BCKDHB) gene, located at chromosome 6q14.1, which encodes the beta subunit of mitochondrial 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with maple syrup urine disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34824",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BCS1L",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the BCS1 homolog, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone (BCS1L) gene, located at chromosome 2q33, which encodes the mitochondrial chaperone BCS1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with GRACILE syndrome, mitochondrial complex III deficiency, pili torti-deafness syndrome, and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34825",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BEST1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the bestrophin 1 (BEST1) gene, located at chromosome 11q13, which encodes the protein bestrophin-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa 50, autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy, autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy, and vitelliform dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34826",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BLM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Bloom syndrome RecQ like helicase (BLM) gene, located at chromosome 15q26.1, which encodes the Bloom syndrome protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bloom syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34828",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BMPR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) gene, located at chromosome 2q33-q34, which encodes the protein bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with primary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34830",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BRAF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) gene, located at chromosome 7q34, which encodes the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome 1, leopard syndrome 3, lung cancer, melanoma, and Noonan syndrome 7."
    },
    {
      "code": "34831",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BRCA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene, located at chromosome 17q21, which encodes breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with pancreatic cancer, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, and familial breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "34832",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BRCA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) gene, located at chromosome 13q12.3, which encodes breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with pancreatic cancer, Wilms tumor 1, glioma susceptibility, tracheoesophageal fistula, Fanconi anemia, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, prostate cancer, familial breast cancer, and medulloblastoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24173",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BSCL2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2 (BSCL2) gene, located in 11q13, which encodes for seipin, an amino acid protein that is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. Inherited deletions are associated with Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "34833",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BTD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the biotinidase (BTD) gene, located at chromosome 3p25, which encodes the protein biotinidase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with biotinidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34834",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, BTK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene, located at chromosome Xq21.33-q22, which encodes the tyrosine-protein kinase BTK. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with X-linked agammaglobulinemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34836",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CACNB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2 (CACNB2) gene, located at chromosome 10p12, which encodes the beta-2 subunit of the voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Brugada syndrome 4."
    },
    {
      "code": "34837",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CAPN3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the calpain 3 (CAPN3) gene, located at chromosome 15q15.1, which encodes the protein calpain-3. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2A."
    },
    {
      "code": "34841",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CASQ2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) gene, located at chromosome 1p13.1, which encodes the protein calsequestrin-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "34839",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CASR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) gene, located at chromosome 3q13, which encodes the protein extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy 8, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type 1, neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism, and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "34850",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CAV3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the caveolin 3 (CAV3) gene, located at chromosome 3p25, which encodes the protein caveolin-3. familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, Tateyama distal myopathy, long QT syndrome 9, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1c, rippling muscle disease, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase."
    },
    {
      "code": "34851",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CBS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with homocystinuria due to CBS deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34853",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CD40LG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the CD40 ligand (CD40LG) gene, located at chromosome Xq26, which encodes the protein CD40 ligand. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with immunodeficiency with hyper IgM type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "34854",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CDH1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cadherin 1 (CDH1) gene, located at chromosome 16q22.1, which encodes the protein cadherin-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial carcinoma, and familial breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "34856",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CDH23",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cadherin-related 23 (CDH23) gene, located at chromosome 10q22.1, which encodes the protein cadherin-23. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal recessive deafness 12 and Usher syndrome, type 1D."
    },
    {
      "code": "34858",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CDKL5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cyclin dependent kinase like 5 (CDKL5) gene, located at chromosome Xp22, which encodes the protein cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 2 and Angelman syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34860",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CDKN2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene, located at chromosome 9p21, which encodes the protein cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma 2, melanoma astrocytoma syndrome, and melanoma-pancreatic cancer syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34862",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CEBPA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1, which encodes the protein CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with acute myeloid leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34866",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CEP290",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the centrosomal protein 290kDa (CEP290) gene, located at chromosome 12q21.32, which encodes the protein centrosomal protein of 290 kDa. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Meckel syndrome type 4, Bardet-Biedl syndrome 14, Senior-Loken syndrome 6, Joubert syndrome 5, and Leber congenital amaurosis 10."
    },
    {
      "code": "34868",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CFH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the complement factor H (CFH) gene, located at chromosome 1q32, which encodes the protein complement factor H. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 1, age-related macular degeneration 4, basal laminar drusen, and factor H deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34926",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CFTR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, located at chromosome 7q31.2, which encodes the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This protein functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. Transport of chloride ions helps control the movement of water in tissues and maintains the fluidity of mucus and other secretions. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary pancreatitis, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. Additionally, specific genetic variants have been associated with response to the drugs ivacaftor and lumacaftor in patients in whom cystic fibrosis has been diagnosed."
    },
    {
      "code": "34928",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CHD7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) gene, located at chromosome 8q12.2, which encodes the protein chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Kallmann syndrome 5, tracheoesophageal fistula, and CHARGE association."
    },
    {
      "code": "34929",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CHRNA4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit (CHRNA4) gene, located at chromosome 20q13.33, which encodes the alpha-4 subunit of the neuronal acetylcholine receptor. This receptor mediates fast signal transmission at synapses. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with susceptibility to tobacco addiction and nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "34931",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CLCN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the chloride voltage-gated channel 1 (CLCN1) gene, located at chromosome 7q35, which encodes the protein chloride channel protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive congenital myotonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34933",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CLCNKB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the chloride voltage-gated channel Kb (CLCNKB) gene, located at chromosome 1p36, which encodes the protein chloride channel protein ClC-Kb. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bartter syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34935",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CLRN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the clarin 1 (CLRN1) gene, located at chromosome 3q25, which encodes the protein clarin-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa 61 and Usher syndrome, type 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "34938",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CNTNAP2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the contactin associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene, located at chromosome 7q35, which encodes the protein contactin-associated protein-like 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autism 15 and cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34939",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COL1A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.33, which encodes type I collagen alpha-1 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, infantile cortical hyperostosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and osteoporosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "34940",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COL1A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the collagen type I alpha 2 (COL1A2) gene, located at chromosome 7q22.1, which encodes type I collagen alpha-2 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and osteoporosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "34942",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COL4A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the collagen type IV alpha 4 (COL4A4) gene, located at chromosome 2q35-q37, which encodes collagen type IV alpha-4 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34944",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COL6A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the collagen type VI alpha 1 (COL6A1) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes collagen VI alpha- chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with collagen VI-related myopathy, Bethlem myopathy, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34946",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COL6A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the collagen type VI alpha 2 (COL6A2) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes collagen VI alpha-2 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal recessive myosclerosis, Bethlem myopathy, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34948",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COL6A3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the collagen type VI alpha 3 (COL6A3) gene, located at chromosome 2q37, which encodes collagen VI alpha-3 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dystonia 27, Bethlem myopathy, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34950",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COX10",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the COX10 heme A:farnesyltransferase cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor (COX10) gene, located at chromosome 17p12, which encodes the mitochondrial protein protoheme IX farnesyltransferase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome-c oxidase deficiency and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34952",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COX15",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the COX15 cytochrome c oxidase assembly homolog (COX15) gene, located at chromosome 10q24, which encodes the protein cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with fetal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy due to cytochrome C oxidase deficiency 2 and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34954",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, COX6B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 (COX6B1) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1, which encodes the 6B1 subunit of cytochrome C oxidase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome C oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34956",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CPT1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) gene, located at chromosome 11q13.2, which encodes the liver isoform of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34957",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CPT2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) gene, located at chromosome 1p32, which encodes mitochondrial carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency and susceptibility to infection-induced acute encephalopathy 4."
    },
    {
      "code": "34958",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CRB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the crumbs 1, cell polarity complex component (CRB1) gene, located at chromosome 1q31.3, which encodes the protein crumbs homolog 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Leber congenital amaurosis 8, pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa 12."
    },
    {
      "code": "34959",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CREBBP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the CREB binding protein (CREBBP) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3, which encodes the protein CREB-binding protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34960",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CRX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cone-rod homeobox (CRX) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.3, which encodes the cone-rod homeobox protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Leber congenital amaurosis 7, cone-rod dystrophy 2, and retinitis pigmentosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "34964",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CYP17A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (CYP17A1) gene, located at chromosome 10q24.3, which encodes the enzyme steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with deficiency of steroid 17-alpha-monooxygenase."
    },
    {
      "code": "34965",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CYP1B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1 (CYP1B1) gene, located at chromosome 2p22.2, which encodes the protein cytochrome P450 1B1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital glaucoma and irido-corneo-trabecular dysgenesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "34966",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CYP21A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A member 2 (CYP21A2) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.3, which encodes the enzyme steroid 21-hydroxylase. Cytochrome P450 family members are involved in the processing of ingested drugs and the synthesizing of cholesterol, steroid hormones, and lipids. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with 21-hydroxylase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34967",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, CYP2D6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6 (CYP2D6) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.1, which encodes the protein cytochrome P450 2D6. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in drug metabolism and genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to various drugs including amitriptyline, codeine, desipramine, doxepin, fluvoxamine, imipramine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tamoxifen, and trimipramine."
    },
    {
      "code": "34971",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DAZ1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the deleted in azoospermia 1 (DAZ1) gene, located at chromosome Yq11.223, which encodes deleted in azoospermia protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spermatogenic failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "34972",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DBT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 (DBT) gene, located at chromosome 1p31, which encodes the lipoamide acyltransferase component of the mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with maple syrup urine disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34974",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DCX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the doublecortin (DCX) gene, located at chromosome Xq22.3-q23, which encodes the neuronal migration protein doublecortin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with lissencephaly."
    },
    {
      "code": "34976",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DES",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the desmin (DES) gene, located at chromosome 2q35, which encodes the protein desmin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, neurogenic scapuloperoneal syndrome, and myofibrillar myopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34979",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DGUOK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) gene, located at chromosome 2p13, which encodes the protein mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA-depletion syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34980",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DHCR7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene, located at chromosome 11q13.4, which encodes the protein 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34982",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DLAT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) gene, located at chromosome 11q23.1, which encodes the dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34984",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DLD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) gene, located at chromosome 7q31-q32, which encodes the protein mitochondrial dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with maple syrup urine disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24175",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DMD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions in the dystrophin muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, located in Xp21.2, which encodes for the protein dystrophin that may anchor the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane and stabilize the muscle during contractions. X-linked recessive inherited deletions are present in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and also in a somewhat milder disease known as Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34988",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DSC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the desmocollin 2 (DSC2) gene, located at chromosome 18q12.1, which encodes the protein desmocollin-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, type 11."
    },
    {
      "code": "34990",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DSG2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the desmoglein 2 (DSG2) gene, located at chromosome 18q12.1, which encodes the protein desmoglein-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy 1bb, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, type 10, and primary dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34992",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DSP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the desmoplakin (DSP) gene, located at chromosome 6p24, which encodes the protein desmoplakin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy with woolly hair and keratoderma; dilated cardiomyopathy with woolly hair, keratoderma, and tooth agenesis; lethal acantholytic epidermolysis bullosa; skin fragility woolly hair syndrome; keratosis palmoplantaris striata; and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34993",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, DYSF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the dysferlin (DYSF) gene, located at chromosome 2p13.3, which encodes the protein dysferlin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, Miyoshi muscular dystrophy, distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset."
    },
    {
      "code": "34995",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EGFR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, located at chromosome 7p12, which encodes the protein epidermal growth factor receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with inflammatory skin and bowel disease and lung cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "34996",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EGR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the early growth response 2 (EGR2) gene, located at chromosome 10q21.1, which encodes the protein E3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, and Dejerine-Sottas disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34997",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EIF2B2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B beta subunit (EIF2B2) gene, located at chromosome 14q24.3, which encodes the beta subunit of protein translation initiation factor eIF-2B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter."
    },
    {
      "code": "34998",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EIF2B3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B gamma subunit (EIF2B3) gene, located at chromosome 1p34.1, which encodes the gamma subunit of translation initiation factor eIF-2B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter."
    },
    {
      "code": "34999",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EIF2B4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B delta subunit (EIF2B4) gene, located at chromosome 2p23.3, which encodes the delta subunit of translation initiation factor eIF-2B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter."
    },
    {
      "code": "35000",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EIF2B5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B epsilon subunit (EIF2B5) gene, located at chromosome 3q27.1, which encodes the epsilon subunit of translation initiation factor eIF-2B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter."
    },
    {
      "code": "35001",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EMD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the emerin (EMD) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes the protein emerin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "35002",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ENG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the endoglin (ENG) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.11, which encodes the protein endoglin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Osler hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35004",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EPCAM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) gene, located at chromosome 2p21, which encodes the protein epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital tufting enteropathy and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "35006",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EPM2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the epilepsy, progressive myoclonus type 2A, Lafora disease (laforin) (EPM2A) gene, located at chromosome 6q24, which encodes the protein laforin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Lafora disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35008",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, EYA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the EYA transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase 1 (EYA1) gene, located at chromosome 8q13.3, which encodes the protein eyes absent homolog 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with branchiootic syndrome, otofaciocervical syndrome, and Melnick-Fraser syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35011",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, F11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the coagulation factor XI (F11) gene, located at chromosome 4q35, which encodes the protein coagulation factor XI. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary factor XI deficiency disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35009",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, F9",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the coagulation factor IX (F9) gene, located at chromosome Xq27.1-q27.2, which encodes the protein coagulation factor IX. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thrombophilia, hereditary factor IX deficiency disease and response to warfarin."
    },
    {
      "code": "35015",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FAH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, located at chromosome 15q25.1, which encodes the protein fumarylacetoacetase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with tyrosinemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35016",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FANCC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Fanconi anemia complementation group C (FANCC) gene, located at chromosome 9q22.3, which encodes the Fanconi anemia group C protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Fanconi anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35018",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FASTKD2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the FAST kinase domains 2 (FASTKD2) gene, located at chromosome 2q33.3, which encodes the protein FAST kinase domain-containing protein 2, mitochondrial. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome-c oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "35019",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FBN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene, located at chromosome 15q21.1, which encodes the protein fibrillin-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Marfan lipodystrophy syndrome, geleophysic dysplasia, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, stiff skin syndrome, MASS syndrome, isolated ectopia lentis, acromicric dysplasia, and Marfan syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35022",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FGF23",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) gene, located at chromosome 12p13.3, which encodes the protein fibroblast growth factor 23. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets."
    },
    {
      "code": "35023",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FGFR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene, located at chromosome 8p11.23-p11.22, which encodes the protein fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Pfeiffer syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, trigonocephaly, and osteoglophonic dysplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35024",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FGFR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene, located at chromosome 10q26, which encodes the protein fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with bent bone dysplasia syndrome; isolated coronal synostosis; Antley-Bixler syndrome without genital anomalies or disordered steroidogenesis; Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome; scaphocephaly, maxillary retrusion, and mental retardation; Pfeiffer syndrome; Jackson-Weiss syndrome; Levy-Hollister syndrome; Saethre-Chotzen syndrome; gastric cancer; acrocephalosyndactyly; and crouzon syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35025",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FGFR3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, located at chromosome 4p16.3, which encodes the protein fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with isolated coronal synostosis; Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans; severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans; thanatophoric dysplasia; camptodactyly, tall stature, and hearing loss syndrome; Muenke syndrome; colon cancer, hypochondroplasia; cervical cancer; epidermal nevus; Levy-Hollister syndrome; testicular cancer, urinary bladder cancer, and achondroplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35027",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene, located at chromosome 1q42.1, which encodes the protein mitochondrial fumarate hydratase, mitochondrial. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with fumarase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "35030",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FIG4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the FIG4 phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase (FIG4) gene, located at chromosome 6q21, which encodes the protein polyphosphoinositide phosphatase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 11, polymicrogyria, bilateral occipital, charcot-marie-tooth disease, type 4j, and yunis varon syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35032",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FKRP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fukutin related protein (FKRP) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.32, which encodes the protein fukutin-related protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "35033",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FKTN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fukutin (FKTN) gene, located at chromosome 9q31.2, which encodes the protein fukutin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "35037",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FMR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, located at chromosome Xq27.3, which encodes the protein synaptic functional regulator FMR1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with premature ovarian failure, fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome, and fragile X syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35039",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FOXG1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) gene, located at chromosome 14q13, which encodes the protein forkhead box protein G1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Rett syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35046",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, FTSJ1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the FtsJ RNA methyltransferase homolog 1 (FTSJ1) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.23, which encodes the putative tRNA (cytidine(32)/guanosine(34)-2'-O)-methyltransferase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with X-linked mental retardation."
    },
    {
      "code": "35050",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, G6PC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) gene, located at chromosome 17q21, which encodes the protein glucose-6-phosphatase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glycogen storage disease type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "35051",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GAA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the glucosidase alpha, acid (GAA) gene, located at chromosome 17q25.2-q25.3, which encodes the protein lysosomal alpha-glucosidase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glycogen storage disease type II."
    },
    {
      "code": "35054",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GABRG2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor gamma2 subunit (GABRG2) gene, located at chromosome 5q34, which encodes the protein gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial febrile seizures and childhood absence epilepsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "35055",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GALT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) gene, located at chromosome 9p13, which encodes the protein galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with galactosemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35057",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GARS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene, located at chromosome 7p15, which encodes the protein glycine--tRNA ligase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with distal hereditary motor neuronopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35058",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GCDH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.2, which encodes the protein mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glutaric aciduria."
    },
    {
      "code": "35059",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GCH1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) gene, located at chromosome 14q22.1-q22.2, which encodes the protein GTP cyclohydrolase 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with DOPA-responsive dystonia and GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "35060",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GCK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the glucokinase (GCK) gene, located at chromosome 7p15.3-p15.1, which encodes the protein glucokinase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus, familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, and diabetes mellitus type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "35061",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GDAP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ganglioside induced differentiation associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene, located at chromosome 8q21.11, which encodes ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35063",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GH1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene, located at chromosome 17q24.2, which encodes the protein somatotropin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with isolated growth hormone deficiency, Kowarski syndrome, isolated somatotropin deficiency, and ateleiotic dwarfism."
    },
    {
      "code": "35065",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GHR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, located at chromosome 5p13-p12, which encodes the protein growth hormone receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Laron-type isolated somatotropin defect and familial hypercholesterolemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35067",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GJB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the gap junction protein beta 1 (GJB1) gene, located at chromosome Xq13.1, which encodes the protein gap junction beta-1 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with x-linked hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "35068",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GJB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the gap junction protein beta 2 (GJB2) gene, located at chromosome 13q11-q12, which encodes the gap junction beta-2 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with deafness, hystrix-like ichthyosis with deafness, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, keratoderma palmoplantar deafness, Bart-Pumphrey syndrome, and mutilating keratoderma."
    },
    {
      "code": "35069",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GJB6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the gap junction protein beta 6 (GJB6) gene, located at chromosome 13q12, which encodes gap junction beta-6 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with deafness and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35070",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GLA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the galactosidase alpha (GLA) gene, located at chromosome Xq22, which encodes the protein alpha-galactosidase A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Fabry disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35072",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GNE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, located at chromosome 9p13.3, which encodes the protein bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Nonaka myopathy and sialuria."
    },
    {
      "code": "35074",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GP1BB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the glycoprotein Ib platelet beta subunit (GP1BB) gene, located at chromosome 22q11.21, which encodes the protein platelet glycoprotein Ib beta chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bernard Soulier syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35076",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, GRN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the granulin (GRN) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.32, which encodes the protein granulins. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and frontotemporal dementia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36668",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, HER2/NEU",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the HER2/NEU gene, located at chromosome 17q12, which encodes the protein receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with susceptibility to glioma and response to the drugs pertuzumab and trastuzumab. Somatic mutations in HER2 have been observed in breast, gastric, and lung cancers."
    },
    {
      "code": "37472",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, HTT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions and duplications in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, located at chromosome 4p16.3, which encodes the huntington disease protein. Genetic alterations in the HTT gene have been associated with Huntington's disease. While the vast majority of pathogenic HTT mutations involve expansions of CAG trinucleotide repeats, these reagents may be used to analyze the HTT gene for deletions or duplications in patients with Huntington-like symptoms lacking CAG repeat expansion."
    },
    {
      "code": "36990",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, PROC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the protein C, inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa (PROC) gene, located at chromosome 2q13-q14, which encodes the protein vitamin K-dependent protein C. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary thrombophilia due to protein C deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36993",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, PROS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions/duplications of the protein S (alpha) (PROS1) gene, located at chromosome 3q11.2, which encodes vitamin K-dependent protein S. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36287",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RAF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (RAF1) gene, located at chromosome 3p25.2, which encodes the protein RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, LEOPARD syndrome, and Noonan syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36289",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RAI1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1) gene, located at chromosome 17p11.2, which encodes the protein retinoic acid-induced protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36291",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, REEP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the receptor accessory protein 1 (REEP1) gene, located at chromosome 2p11.2, which encodes the protein receptor expression-enhancing protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with distal hereditary motor neuronopathy and spastic paraplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36200",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RET",
      "definition": ":  Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ret proto-oncogene (RET) gene, located at chromosome 10q11.21, which encodes the protein proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital central hypoventilation, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, Hirschsprung disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia, pheochromocytoma, and renal adysplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36201",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RHO",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the rhodopsin (RHO) gene, located at chromosome 3q22.1, which encodes the protein rhodopsin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital stationary night blindness, pigmentary retinal dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, and slowed nerve conduction velocity."
    },
    {
      "code": "36202",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the RP1, axonemal microtubule associated (RP1) gene, located at chromosome 8q11.23-q12.1, which encodes the protein oxygen-regulated protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "36203",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RPE65",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the RPE65, retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65) gene, located at chromosome 1p31.3, which encodes the protein retinoid isomerohydrolase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Leber congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "36294",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RPS19",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.2, which encodes the protein 40S ribosomal protein S19. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36296",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RRM2B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ribonucleotide reductase regulatory TP53 inducible subunit M2B (RRM2B) gene, located at chromosome 8q22.3, which encodes the protein ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36299",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RUNX1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.12, which encodes the protein runt-related transcription factor 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36204",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RYR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.2, which encodes the protein ryanodine receptor 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with central core disease, congenital myopathy with fiber type disproportion, minicore myopathy with external ophthalmoplegia, statin-induced myopathy, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36205",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, RYR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) gene, located at chromosome 1q43, which encodes the protein ryanodine receptor 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36302",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SCN1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1 (SCN1A) gene, located at chromosome 2q24.3, which encodes the protein sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial hemiplegic migraine, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, and severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36304",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SCN1B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 1 (SCN1B) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.11, which encodes the protein sodium channel subunit beta-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Brugada syndrome, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, familial atrial fibrillation, and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures."
    },
    {
      "code": "36206",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SCN4A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4 (SCN4A) gene, located at chromosome 17q23.3, which encodes the protein sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonia congenita of Von Eulenburg, and potassium aggravated myotonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36207",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SCN5A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (SCN5A) gene, located at chromosome 3p22.2, which encodes the protein sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Brugada syndrome, dilated cardiomyopathy, familial atrial fibrillation, long QT syndrome, paroxysmal familial ventricular fibrillation, progressive familial heart block, sick sinus syndrome, and sudden infant death syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36310",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SCO1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SCO1, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein (SCO1) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which encodes the mitochondrial protein SCO1 homolog. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36312",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SCO2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SCO2, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein (SCO2) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.33, which encodes the mitochondrial protein SCO2 homolog. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with fetal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and myopia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36314",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SDHA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA) gene, located at chromosome 5p15.33, which encodes the mitochondrial protein succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, Leigh syndrome, mitochondrial complex II deficiency, and paragangliomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "36208",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SDHB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B (SDHB) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.13, which encodes the mitochondrial protein succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Cowden syndrome; gastrointestinal stromal tumors; paraganglioma and gastric stromal sarcoma; paragangliomas; and pheochromocytoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36316",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SDHC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC) gene, located at chromosome 1q23.3, which encodes the mitochondrial protein succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors; paraganglioma and gastric stromal sarcoma; and paragangliomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "36209",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SDHD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD) gene, located at chromosome 11q23.1, which encodes the mitochondrial protein succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with carcinoid tumor of the intestine; Cowden syndrome; mitochondrial complex II deficiency; paraganglioma and gastric stromal sarcoma; paragangliomas; and pheochromocytoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36318",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SEPT9",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the septin 9 (SEPT9) gene, located at chromosome 17q25.3, which encodes the protein septin-9. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36210",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SERPINA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the serpin family A member 1 (SERPINA1) gene, located at chromosome 14q32.13, which encodes the protein alpha-1-antitrypsin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36997",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SERPINC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions/duplications of the serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade C (antithrombin), member 1 (SERPINC1) gene, located at chromosome 1q25.1, which encodes the protein antithrombin-III. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thrombophilia due to antithrombin III deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36322",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SETX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the senataxin (SETX) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.13, which encodes the protein probable helicase senataxin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinocerebellar ataxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36211",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SGCA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sarcoglycan alpha (SGCA) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.33, which encodes the protein alpha-sarcoglycan. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36212",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SGCB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sarcoglycan beta (SGCB) gene, located at chromosome 4q12, which encodes the protein beta-sarcoglycan. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36213",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SGCD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sarcoglycan delta (SGCD) gene, located at chromosome 5q33.2-q33.3, which encodes the protein delta-sarcoglycan. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36214",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SGCE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sarcoglycan epsilon (SGCE) gene, located at chromosome 7q21.3, which encodes the protein epsilon-sarcoglycan. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with myoclonic dystonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36215",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SGCG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sarcoglycan gamma (SGCG) gene, located at chromosome 13q12.12, which encodes the protein gamma-sarcoglycan. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36216",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SH2D1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SH2 domain containing 1A (SH2D1A) gene, located at chromosome Xq25, which encodes the protein SH2 domain-containing protein 1A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36324",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SH3TC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (SH3TC2) gene, located at chromosome 5q32, which encodes the protein SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and mild mononeuropathy of the median nerve."
    },
    {
      "code": "36326",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SHOC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SHOC2, leucine rich repeat scaffold protein (SHOC2) gene, located at chromosome 10q25.2, which encodes the protein leucine-rich repeat protein SHOC-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair."
    },
    {
      "code": "36217",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SHOX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene, located at chromosome Xp22.33 and Yp11.2, which encodes the protein short stature homeobox protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Langer mesomelic dysplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36328",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SIL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SIL1 nucleotide exchange factor (SIL1) gene, located at chromosome 5q31.2, which encodes the protein nucleotide exchange factor SIL1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36218",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC12A3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 12 member 3 (SLC12A3) gene, located at chromosome 16q13, which encodes the protein solute carrier family 12 member 3. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial hypokalemia-hypomagnesemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36331",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC16A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 16 member 2 (SLC16A2) gene, located at chromosome Xq13.2, which encodes the protein monocarboxylate transporter 8. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36333",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC22A5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5) gene, located at chromosome 5q31.1, which encodes the protein solute carrier family 22 member 5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with renal carnitine transport defect."
    },
    {
      "code": "36337",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC25A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 25 member 4 (SLC25A4) gene, located at chromosome 4q35.1, which encodes the protein ADP/ATP translocase 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome and progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions."
    },
    {
      "code": "36219",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC26A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 26 member 4 (SLC26A4) gene, located at chromosome 7q22.3, which encodes the protein pendrin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome and Pendred syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36220",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC2A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) gene, located at chromosome 1p34.2, which encodes the protein solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects."
    },
    {
      "code": "36339",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC37A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 37 member 4 (SLC37A4) gene, located at chromosome 11q23.3, which encodes the protein glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with phosphate transport defect and glucose-6-phosphate transport defect."
    },
    {
      "code": "36341",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLC9A6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier family 9 member A6 (SLC9A6) gene, located at chromosome Xq26.3, which encodes the protein sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Christianson syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36343",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SLCO1B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene, located at chromosome 12p12.1, which encodes the protein solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to simvastatin, statin-induced myopathy, and Rotor syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36345",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SMAD4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) gene, located at chromosome 18q21.2, which encodes the protein mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with juvenile polyposis syndrome, juvenile polyposis/hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome, Myhre syndrome, pancreatic cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "36221",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SMN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric (SMN1) gene, located at chromosome 5q13.2, which encodes the protein survival motor neuron protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spinal muscular atrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36347",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SMN2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the survival of motor neuron 2, centromeric (SMN2) gene, located at chromosome 5q13.2, which encodes the protein survival motor neuron protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Kugelberg-Welander disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36349",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SMPD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.4, which encodes the protein sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Niemann-Pick disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36351",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SNRPN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN) gene, located at chromosome 15q11.2, which encodes the protein small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein N. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Prader-Willi syndrome and autistic disorder of childhood onset."
    },
    {
      "code": "36222",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SOD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.11, which encodes the protein superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36353",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SOS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (SOS1) gene, located at chromosome 2p22.1, which encodes the protein son of sevenless homolog 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with gingival fibromatosis and noonan syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36223",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SPAST",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the spastin (SPAST) gene, located at chromosome 2p22.3, which encodes the protein spastin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spastic paraplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36355",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SPG11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SPG11, spatacsin vesicle trafficking associated (SPG11) gene, located at chromosome 15q21.1, which encodes the protein spatacsin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and spastic paraplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36224",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SPG7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SPG7, paraplegin matrix AAA peptidase subunit (SPG7) gene, located at chromosome 16q24.3, which encodes the protein paraplegin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spastic paraplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36225",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SPINK1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene, located at chromosome 5q32, which encodes the protein serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with tropical calcific pancreatitis and hereditary pancreatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36357",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SPRED1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sprouty related EVH1 domain containing 1 (SPRED1) gene, located at chromosome 15q14, which encodes the protein sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Legius syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36226",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SPTBN2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 2 (SPTBN2) gene, located at chromosome 11q13.2, which encodes the protein spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36227",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SRY",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene, located at chromosome Yp11.2, which encodes the protein sex-determining region Y protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with various genetic disorders related to sex determination."
    },
    {
      "code": "36228",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, STK11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.3, which encodes the protein serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with pancreatic cancer, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and testicular cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "36360",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, STXBP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the syntaxin binding protein 1 (STXBP1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.11, which encodes the protein syntaxin-binding protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36362",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, SURF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the SURF1 , cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor (SURF1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.2, which encodes the protein surfeit locus protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36364",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TACO1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the translational activator of cytochrome c oxidase I (TACO1) gene, located at chromosome 17q23.3, which encodes the protein translational activator of cytochrome c oxidase 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36366",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TARDBP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.22, which encodes the protein TAR DNA-binding protein 43. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36368",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TAZ",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the tafazzin (TAZ) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes the protein tafazzin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria and primary dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36229",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TBX5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the T-box 5 (TBX5) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.21, which encodes the protein T-box transcription factor TBX5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Holt-Oram syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36371",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TCF4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the T-box 5 (TBX5) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.21, which encodes the protein T-box transcription factor TBX5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Holt-Oram syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36373",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TGFBR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) gene, located at chromosome 9q22.33, which encodes the protein TGF-beta receptor type-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection and multiple self healing squamous epithelioma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36375",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TGFBR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2) gene, located at chromosome 3p24.1, which encodes the protein TGF-beta receptor type-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with esophageal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection."
    },
    {
      "code": "36230",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.5, which encodes the protein tyrosine 3-monooxygenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Segawa syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36379",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TK2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) gene, located at chromosome 16q21, which encodes the mitochondrial protein thymidine kinase 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36381",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TMEM43",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43) gene, located at chromosome 3p25.1, which encodes the protein transmembrane protein 43. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36383",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TMEM67",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the transmembrane protein 67 (TMEM67) gene, located at chromosome 8q22.1, which encodes the protein meckelin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, COACH syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Meckel syndrome, and nephronophthisis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36385",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TNNC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type (TNNC1) gene, located at chromosome 3p21.1, which encodes the protein troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36387",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TNNI3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the troponin I3, cardiac type (TNNI3) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.42, which encodes the protein troponin I, cardiac muscle. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, familial restrictive cardiomyopathy, and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36389",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TNNT2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the troponin T2, cardiac type (TNNT2) gene, located at chromosome 1q32.1, which encodes the protein troponin T, cardiac muscle. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial restrictive cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular noncompaction, and primary dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36671",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TOP2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha (TOP2A) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.2, which encodes the protein DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been observed in breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "36391",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TOR1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the torsin family 1 member A (TOR1A) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.11, which encodes the protein torsin-1A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dystonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36231",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TP53",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the tumor protein p53 (TP53) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which encodes the protein cellular tumor antigen p53. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome and many types of cancers."
    },
    {
      "code": "36393",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TPM1",
      "definition": ":  Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) gene, located at chromosome 15q22.2, which encodes the protein tropomyosin alpha-1 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36232",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TSC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the TSC complex subunit 1 (TSC1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.13, which encodes the protein hamartin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with tuberous sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, and lymphangiomyomatosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36233",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TSC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the TSC complex subunit 2 (TSC2) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3, which encodes the protein tuberin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with tuberous sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, and lymphangiomyomatosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36234",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TTPA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the alpha tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) gene, located at chromosome 8q12.3, which encodes the protein alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with ataxia with vitamin E deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36235",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TTR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the transthyretin (TTR) gene, located at chromosome 18q12.1, which encodes the protein transthyretin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dystransthyretinemic euthyroidal hyperthyroxinemia, amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis, and carpal tunnel syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36236",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TWIST1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST1) gene, located at chromosome 7p21.1, which encodes the protein twist-related protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with craniosynostosis, Robinow Sorauf syndrome, and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36399",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TYMP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.33, which encodes the protein thymidine phosphorylase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36237",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, TYR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, located at chromosome 11q14.3, which encodes the protein tyrosinase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with various forms of albinism."
    },
    {
      "code": "36238",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, UBE3A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) gene, located at chromosome 15q11.2, which encodes the protein ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Angelman syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36239",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, UGT1A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 (UGT1A1) gene, located at chromosome 2q37.1, which encodes the protein UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome, Gilbert syndrome, and altered response to various pharmaceuticals."
    },
    {
      "code": "36403",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, UMOD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the uromodulin (UMOD) gene, located at chromosome 16p12.3, which encodes the protein uromodulin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial juvenile gout; glomerulocystic kidney disease with hyperuricemia and isosthenuria; and medullary cystic kidney disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36405",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, USH1C",
      "definition": ":  Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the USH1 protein network component harmonin (USH1C) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.1, which encodes the protein harmonin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hearing loss/deafness and Usher syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36407",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, USH1G",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the USH1 protein network component sans (USH1G) gene, located at chromosome 17q25.1, which encodes the protein Usher syndrome type-1G protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Usher syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36240",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, USH2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the usherin (USH2A) gene, located at chromosome 1q41, which encodes the protein usherin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36241",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, VHL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) gene, located at chromosome 3p25.3, which encodes the protein von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial erythrocytosis, pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36409",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, VPS13B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog B (VPS13B) gene, located at chromosome 8q22.2, which encodes the protein vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Cohen syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36411",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, VWF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene, located at chromosome 12p13.31, which encodes the protein von Willebrand factor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with von Willebrand disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36413",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, WAS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.23, which encodes the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked severe congenital neutropenia, and X-linked thrombocytopenia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36414",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, WDR62",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.12, which encodes the protein WD repeat-containing protein 62. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly."
    },
    {
      "code": "36242",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, WT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene, located at chromosome 11p13, which encodes the Wilms tumor protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with aniridia, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, Drash syndrome, Frasier syndrome, Meacham syndrome, mesothelioma, and Wilms tumor."
    },
    {
      "code": "36416",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Deletion/Duplication, ZEB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify deletions or duplications of the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene, located at chromosome 2q22.3, which encodes the protein zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Mowat-Wilson syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "39386",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Hexanucleotide Repeats, GGGGCC, C9orf72 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify GGGGCC repeat expansions in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene, located at chromosome 9p21.2. Normal alleles of C9orf72 contain between 2 and 22 GGGGCC repeats; however, repeat expansion (up to 700 to 1600 GGGGCC repeats) may impair gene function and have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24263",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify stable and usually irreversible modifications (anomalies) of the normal genetic message (i.e., gene mutations) that may cause disorders in humans; genetic mutations many be de novo or inherited (familial), frequently in X-linked, autosomal dominant, or autosomal recessive form. Most mutations are the result of gene rearrangements or small changes in the number or type of bases (e.g., trinucleotide repeats). Genetic mutations are common in many hereditary disorders (e.g., cerebellar ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa); they are also associated with many types of nonhereditary diseases (e.g., lymphomas, leukemia, carcinomas)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24275",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ABCA4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A (ABC1), member 4  (ABCA4) gene, located at chromosome 1p22.1-p21, which encodes for a membrane-associated protein that is a member ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa type 19 (RP19), Stargardt's disease, and age-related macular degeneration."
    },
    {
      "code": "24276",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ABCC8",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 8 (ABCC8) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.1. Autosomal recessive mutations have been identified in patients with early-onset (neonatal) severe familial hyperinsulinism (FHI). Mutation of ABCC8 is associated with deficiencies in insulin secretion."
    },
    {
      "code": "24277",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ABCD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily D, member 1 (ABCD1) gene, located at chromosome Xq28. X-linked recessive inherited genetic mutations have been identified in most patients with adrenoleukodystrophy, an early-onset (childhood to young adult) continuum spectrum of diseases affecting the nervous system white matter and the adrenal cortex. Three main diseases have been characterized in males: a childhood (onset at four to eight years of age is typical) \"cerebral\" form; a second form (adrenomyeloneuropathy [AMN]) with typical onset in the third decade of age; and a third form (Addison's disease) with variable (frequently in childhood) onset that may progress to AMN. Carrier females may develop milder late-onset neurological manifestations resembling AMN."
    },
    {
      "code": "24278",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACADM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight-chain (ACADM) gene, located at chromosome 1p31. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with medium-chain acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34765",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACADS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the acyl  -CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain (ACADS) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.31, which encodes the protein mitochondrial short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with deficiency of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase."
    },
    {
      "code": "34767",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACADVL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain (ACADVL) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which encodes the protein mitochondrial very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24279",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACAT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (acetoacetyl Coenzyme A thiolase) (ACAT1) gene, located at chromosome 11q22.3-q23.1, which encodes for a mitochondrial enzyme that is specific for processing isoleucine and ketones. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with 3-ketothiolase deficiency (3ktd) also known as alpha-methylacetoacetic aciduria and with beta-ketothiolase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34766",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene, located at chromosome 17q23.3, which encodes the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with microvascular complications of diabetes 3, renal dysplasia, susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage, risk of cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24280",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACTA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the actin, alpha 1, skeletal muscle (ACTA1) gene, located at chromosome 1q42.13-q42.2, which encodes for skeletal muscle actin, a component of muscle tissue and a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with nemaline myopathy (NEM), congenital myopathy, and various cardiomyopathies; a genetic interaction between ACTA1 mutations and nonmuscle myosin mutations is also associated with deafness."
    },
    {
      "code": "34768",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACTA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta (ACTA2) gene, located at chromosome 10q23.3, which encodes the protein aortic smooth muscle actin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with moyamoya disease 5, multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome, and familial thoracic aortic aneurysm 6."
    },
    {
      "code": "34770",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACTC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1 (ACTC1) gene, located at chromosome 15q14, which encodes the protein cardiac muscle alpha actin 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy 1R, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11, atrial septal defect 5, and primary dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34772",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACTN4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the actinin alpha 4 (ACTN4) gene, located at chromosome 19q13, which encodes the protein alpha-actinin-4. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "34773",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACVR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) gene, located at chromosome 2q23-q24, which encodes the protein activin receptor type-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with progressive myositis ossificans."
    },
    {
      "code": "24281",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ACVRL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the activin A receptor type II-like 1 (ACVRL1) gene, located at chromosome 12q11-q14, which encodes for activin receptor-like kinase-1, a protein found on cell surfaces that acts as a receptor serine/threonine kinase. These receptors bind transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and, possibly, activin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2), also known as Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome (ORW2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34775",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ADRB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRB2) gene, located at chromosome 5q31-q32, which encodes the protein beta-2 adrenergic receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with susceptibility to obesity and susceptibility to asthma."
    },
    {
      "code": "34776",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AFF2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the AF4/FMR2 family member 2 (AFF2) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes the protein AF4/FMR2 family member 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with FRAXE."
    },
    {
      "code": "34778",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AFG3L2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the AFG3 like matrix AAA peptidase subunit 2 (AFG3L2) gene, located at chromosome 18p11, which encodes the protein AFG3-like protein 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia 5 and spinocerebellar ataxia 28."
    },
    {
      "code": "34780",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AGL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the amylo-alpha-1, 6-glucosidase, 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (AGL) gene, located at chromosome 1p21, which encodes the protein glycogen debranching enzyme. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glycogen storage disease type III."
    },
    {
      "code": "34782",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AGTR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) gene, located at chromosome 3q24, which encodes the protein type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with essential hypertension and renal dysplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24282",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AGXT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT) gene, located at chromosome 2q36-q37, which encodes for a liver enzyme called alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase found inside the peroxisomes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), an early-onset disease with recurrent nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and renal calculi."
    },
    {
      "code": "34783",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AHI1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene, located at chromosome 6q23.3, which encodes the protein jouberin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Joubert syndrome 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "24283",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AIPL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which appears to be involved in protein trafficking and or protein folding and stabilization. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis, an early-onset disease, and also in a pigmentary retinopathy similar to retinitis pigmentosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "34785",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AIRE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes the protein autoimmune regulator. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "37871",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ALDH3A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2 (ALDH3A2) gene, located at chromosome 17p11.2, which encodes the protein fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24284",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ALDH5A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family, member A1 (succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) (ALDH5A1) gene, located at chromosome 6p22.2-p22.3, which is involved in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency and 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria."
    },
    {
      "code": "34787",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ALDH7A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 (ALDH7A1) gene, located at chromosome 5q31, which encodes the protein alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "37911",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ALDOB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB) gene, located at chromosome 9q31.1, which encodes the protein fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary fructosuria."
    },
    {
      "code": "24285",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ALMS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Alstrom syndrome 1 (ALMS1) gene, located at chromosome 2p13, which encodes for a protein of unknown function that has been shown to localize to the centrosomes and the basal bodies of cilia and may play a role in hearing, sight, obesity, and function of the heart, kidney and liver; it might also affect the pancreatic regulation of insulin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Alstrom syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24286",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ALX4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aristaless-like homeobox 4 (ALX4) gene, located at chromosome 11p11.2, which is believed to be a transcription factor involved in skull and limb development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with enlarged parietal foramina type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "34789",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ANG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5 (ANG) gene, located at chromosome 14q11.1-q11.2, which encodes the protein angiogenin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 9."
    },
    {
      "code": "34791",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ANKRD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ANKRD1) gene, located at chromosome 10q23.31, which encodes the protein ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34792",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ANO5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the anoctamin 5 (ANO5) gene, located at chromosome 11p14.3, which encodes the protein anoctamin-5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 3, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2L, and osteogenesis imperfecta levin type."
    },
    {
      "code": "24287",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, APC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene, located at chromosome 5q21, which encodes for a tumor suppressor protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP); Gardner's syndrome (GS); hereditary desmoid disease (HDD), which is also known as familial infiltrative fibromatosis (FIF); and Turcot's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34795",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, APOB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene, located at chromosome 2p24-p23, which encodes the protein apolipoprotein B-100. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia 1 and autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia type b."
    },
    {
      "code": "24290",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, APOE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.2, which encodes for apolipoprotein E, a major component of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), key to removing excess cholesterol from the blood and transfering it to the liver for processing. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with cardiovascular disorders and especially with hyperlipoproteinemia type 3 (also known as familial dysbetalipoproteinemia) and to late-onset Alzheimer's disease type 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "24291",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, APP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (protease nexin-II) (APP) gene, located at chromosome 21q21, which functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiologic functions on the surface of neurons. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with familial (early onset) Alzheimer's disease (AD) type 1, Flemish-type AD, and cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (HCHWAD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24292",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, APTX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aprataxin (APTX) gene, located at chromosome 9p13.3, which encodes for a member of the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily, whose members have nucleotide-binding and diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase activities. This gene is probably involved in the repair of or response to DNA single-strand breaks. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) syndrome and hypoalbuminemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24293",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AQP2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aquaporin 2 (collecting duct) (AQP2) gene, located at chromosome 12q12-q13, which encodes for a collecting duct water channel protein located in the collecting tubule of the kidney. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset nephrogenic diabetes insipidus type I."
    },
    {
      "code": "24295",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the androgen receptor (dihydrotestosterone receptor) (AR) gene, located at chromosome Xq11.21-q12.1, which encodes for a protein that functions as a steroid-hormone-activated transcription factor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome (formerly testicular feminization syndrome), including Reifenstein's syndrome, and X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24297",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ARG1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the arginase, liver (ARG1) gene, located at chromosome 6q23, which encodes for arginase isoform A1 or liver arginase, the catalytic agent in the last step of the urea cycle. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with arginase deficiency and early-onset hyperargininemia and hyperammoniemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24298",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ARG2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the arginase, type II (ARG2) gene, located at chromosome 14q24.1-q24.3, which may be essential in the regulation of nitric acid synthesis isoform A2 or mitochondrial arginase, and is found primarily in the kidney. Mutations at this locus have not been definitively linked to any specific disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34800",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ARMS2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) gene, located at chromosome 10q26.13, which encodes the protein age-related maculopathy susceptibility protein 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with age-related macular degeneration 8."
    },
    {
      "code": "24299",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ARSA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.33, which encodes for the enzyme lysosomal arylsulfatase A that hydrolyzes ester bonds in cerebroside sulfates. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34802",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ARX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aristaless related homeobox (ARX) gene, located at chromosome Xp21.3, which encodes the homeobox protein ARX. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 1, X-linked lissencephaly 2, X-linked ARX-related mental retardation with or without seizures, Partington X-linked mental retardation syndrome, and Proud Levine Carpenter syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24300",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ASL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) gene, located at chromosome 7cen-q11.2, which encodes for a protein which catalyzes the cleavage of argininosuccinate, which is vital in detoxifying ammonia via the urea cycle. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset argininosuccinic aciduria, also known as argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24301",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ASPA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the aspartoacylase (aminoacylase 2) (ASPA) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.3, which encodes for an enzyme that breaks down N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (NAA) into aspartic acid and acetic acid. NAA is critical for maintaining the white matter of the brain and may also play a role in transporting water molecules out of nerve cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with a type of leukodystrophy known as Canavan's disease (CD). The disease is also known as Canavan-van-Bogaert Bertrand disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34805",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ASPM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the abnormal spindle microtubule assembly (ASPM) gene, located at chromosome 1q31, which encodes the protein abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly 5."
    },
    {
      "code": "24302",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ASS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34, which encodes for the enzyme argininosuccinate that is responsible for the third step in the urea cycle. The urea cycle transforms excess nitrogen into urea, which is excreted. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early- and late-onset citrullinemia type I (CTLN1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36725",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATG16L1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the A autophagy-related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1) gene, located at chromosome 2q37.1, which encodes autophagy-related protein 16-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34808",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the atlastin GTPase 1 (ATL1) gene, located at chromosome 14q22.1, which encodes the protein atlastin-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1d and spastic paraplegia 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "24303",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, located at chromosome 11q22-q23, which encodes for a member of the protein PI3/PI4-kinase family that functions as a regulator of a wide variety of downstream proteins. This protein functions as a signal transducer and cell cycle controller and as a factor in DNA repair. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar's syndrome, also called Boder-Sedgwick syndrome) and cancers of the blood-forming tissue (leukemia) and of immune system cells (lymphoma)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34810",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATP1A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2) gene, located at chromosome 1q23.2, which encodes the alpha-2 subunit of the sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with alternating hemiplegia of childhood 1 and familial hemiplegic migraine type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24305",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATP7B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the copper-transporting, beta polypeptide (ATP7B) gene, located at chromosome 13q14.3, which encodes for a protein that transports copper out of cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Wilson's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24304",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATPT7A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the copper-transporting, alpha polypeptide (ATP7A) gene, located at chromosome Xq13.2-q13.3, which encodes for a protein that regulates copper levels in the body. Mutations at this locus have been identified in male patients with Menke's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24306",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATRX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene, located at chromosome Xq13, which takes part in the global transcriptional regulation function, modifies gene expression by affecting chromatin, and may be involved in brain development and face morphogenesis. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with X-linked alpha-thalassemia, repining syndrome 1 (reno 1), Carpenter-Waziri syndrome (CWS), and alpha-thalassemia myelodysplasia syndrome (ATMDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34814",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ATXN8OS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ATXN8 opposite strand (non-protein coding) (ATXN8OS) gene, located at chromosome 13q21. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 8."
    },
    {
      "code": "24308",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, AVPR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) (AVPR2) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes for vasopressor receptor type 2 (V2). Mutations at this locus have been identified in male patients with early-onset nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (AVRP2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24309",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BBS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS1) gene, located at chromosome 11q13, which encodes for a protein that may be involved in eye, limb, cardiac, and reproductive system development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 1 (BBSI), a heterogeneous disorder linked to various other loci."
    },
    {
      "code": "34819",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BBS10",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10 (BBS10) gene, located at chromosome 12q21.2, which encodes the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10."
    },
    {
      "code": "34817",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BBS2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 (BBS2) gene, located at chromosome 16q21, which encodes the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa 74 and Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24310",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BCKDHA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (BCKDHA) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1-q13.2, which encodes for the E1-alpha subunit of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid (BCAA) dehydrogenase complex. This enzyme is responsible for one step in the breakdown of three amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine; the breakdown products of these amino acids are used for energy. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24313",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BCKDHB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase E1, beta polypeptide (BCKDHB) gene, located at chromosome 6q13-q15, which encodes for the E1-beta subunit of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid (BCAA) dehydrogenase complex. This enzyme is responsible for one step in the breakdown of three amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine; the breakdown products of these amino acids are used for energy. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24314",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BCL2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) gene, located at chromosome 18q2, which encodes for an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that suppresses apoptotic cell death. Genetic mutations (rearrangements) involving the BCL2 gene are indicators of follicular lymphoma type II, chronic lymphatic leukemia, and/or B-cell lymphoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24315",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BCL6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the B-cell/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) gene, located at chromosome 3q27, which functions as a transcription regulator involved in lymphogenesis. Genetic mutations (rearrangements) involving the BCL6 gene are indicators of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), B-cell leukemia, CLL/lymphoma 6, or B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24316",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BCOR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the BCL6 corepressor (BCOR) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.4, which functions as a corepressor of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)/lymphoma 6 (BCL6). Genetic mutations in BCOR are associated with B-CLL, microphthalmia, and oculofaciocardiodental (OFCD) syndrome, also known as Lenz syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34823",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BCS1L",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the BCS1 homolog, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone (BCS1L) gene, located at chromosome 2q33, which encodes the mitochondrial chaperone BCS1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with GRACILE syndrome, mitochondrial complex III deficiency, pili torti-deafness syndrome, and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "25009",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BEST1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the vitelliform macular dystrophy protein 2 (Best disease, bestrophin) (BEST1) (formerly VMD2) gene, located at chromosome 11q13, which encodes for a protein whose exact function is not known but that appears to be critical to normal vision. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with vitelliform macular dystrophy type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24317",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BLM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Bloom syndrome RecQ helicase-like (BLM) gene, located at chromosome 15q26.1, which encodes for a protein involved in DNA strand separation and replication. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Bloom syndrome, a cancer-prone anomaly."
    },
    {
      "code": "24318",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BMPR1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA (BMPR1A) gene, located at chromosome 10q22.3, which functions as a receptor protein in cellular processes mediated by BMPs. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset juvenile polyposis syndrome, but the exact role of this gene in juvenile polyposis is not clear."
    },
    {
      "code": "34827",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BMPR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) gene, located at chromosome 2q33-q34, which encodes the protein bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with primary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34829",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BRAF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) gene, located at chromosome 7q34, which encodes the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome 1, leopard syndrome 3, lung cancer, melanoma, and Noonan syndrome 7."
    },
    {
      "code": "24319",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BRCA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene, located at chromosome 17q21; these mutations facilitate cellular response to DNA repair. BRCA1 functions with BRCA2 in the repair of damaged DNA. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with familial breast cancer and genetic susceptibility to familial breast and/or breast-ovarian cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "24321",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BRCA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) gene, located at chromosome 13q12.3; these mutations facilitate cellular response to DNA repair. BRCA1 functions with BRCA2 in the repair of damaged DNA. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with increased risk of breast cancer, Fanconi anemia, and ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "24322",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BSCL2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2 (sepin) (BSCL2) gene, located at chromosome 11q13, which encodes for the protein sepin, found in the endoplasmic reticulum, whose function is not well known. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with early-onset Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2, Charcot-Marie-tooth syndrome type 2, distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 5, and Silver's syndrome (also known as spastic paraplegia 17)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24323",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BTD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the biotinidase (BTD) gene, located at chromosome 3p25, which encodes for the enzyme biotinase that facilitates the use and regulation of B vitamin (biotin). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with biotinidase deficiency (also called late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24324",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, BTK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase gene (BTK), located at chromosome Xq22.1-q22.2, which is crucial in B-cell differentiation and activation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with agammaglobulinemia type 1 (XLA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24657",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, C10orf2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the chromosome 10 open reading frame C10orf2 (formerly PEO, PEO1, PEOA3) gene, located at chromosome 10q23.3-q24.3, which encodes for a mitochondrial protein that colocalizes with mtDNA in mitochondrial nucleoids and is thought to be necessary for lifetime maintenance of mtDNA integrity. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of the eye muscles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "39582",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, C19orf12",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12) gene, located at chromosome 19q12, which encodes the protein C19orf12. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and spastic paraplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24325",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CACNA1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit (CACNA1A) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.2-13.1, which encodes for the alpha-1A subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels, with predominant expression in neuronal tissue. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with several diseases with clinical overlaps, including spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, familial hemiplegic 1 (MHP1), and episodic ataxia type 2 (EA-2), also known as acetazolamide-responsive hereditary paroxysmal cerebellar ataxia (APCA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24326",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CACNA1S",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit (CACNA1S), located at chromosome 1q32, which encodes for the alpha-1S subunit of L-type calcium channels that are involved in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HKPP) and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility 5 (MHS5)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34835",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CACNB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2 (CACNB2) gene, located at chromosome 10p12, which encodes the beta-2 subunit of the voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Brugada syndrome 4."
    },
    {
      "code": "24327",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CAPN3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the calpain 3 (CAPN3) gene, located at chromosome 15q15.1-q21.1, which encodes for a muscle-specific calpain, a calcium-activated, neutral proteinase. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (calpainopathy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34840",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CASQ2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) gene, located at chromosome 1p13.1, which encodes the protein calsequestrin-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "34838",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CASR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) gene, located at chromosome 3q13, which encodes the protein extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy 8, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type 1, neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism, and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "34849",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CAV3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the caveolin 3 (CAV3) gene, located at chromosome 3p25, which encodes the protein caveolin-3. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, Tateyama distal myopathy, long QT syndrome 9, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1c, rippling muscle disease, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase."
    },
    {
      "code": "24329",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CBS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes for a protein involved in the transsulfuration pathway. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with homocystinuria."
    },
    {
      "code": "24331",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CCND1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene, located at chromosome 11q13.3, which is essential for control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) transition. Genetic rearrangements or amplifications that increase the expression of this gene have been identified in patients with B-cell lymphocytic malignancies, particularly mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and parathyroid adenomatosis type 1 (PRAD1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24332",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CCR5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) gene, located at chromosome 3p21, which encodes for a member of the beta-chemokine receptor family, which is expressed by T cells and macrophages. Mutations in this gene are associated with HIV infection resistance."
    },
    {
      "code": "34852",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CD40LG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the CD40 ligand (CD40LG) gene, located at chromosome Xq26, which encodes the protein CD40 ligand. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with immunodeficiency with hyper IgM type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24333",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CDH1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cadherin 1, type 1, E-cadherin (epithelial) (CDH1) gene, located at chromosome 16q22.1, which encodes for a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "34855",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CDH23",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cadherin-related 23 (CDH23) gene, located at chromosome 10q22.1, which encodes the protein cadherin-23. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal recessive deafness 12 and Usher syndrome, type 1D."
    },
    {
      "code": "34857",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CDKL5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cyclin dependent kinase like 5 (CDKL5) gene, located at chromosome Xp22, which encodes the protein cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 2 and Angelman syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24334",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CDKN1C",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (CDKN1C) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.5, which encodes for a protein that is a negative regulator of cell proliferation and may be involved in maintenance of the nonproliferative state throughout life. Mutations at this locus have been identified in many patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Wilms' tumor, adrenocortical carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "34859",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CDKN2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene, located at chromosome 9p21, which encodes the protein cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma 2, melanoma astrocytoma syndrome, and melanoma-pancreatic cancer syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34861",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CEBPA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1, which encodes the protein CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with acute myeloid leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34865",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CEP290",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the centrosomal protein 290kDa (CEP290) gene, located at chromosome 12q21.32, which encodes centrosomal protein of 290 kDa. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Meckel syndrome type 4, Bardet-Biedl syndrome 14, Senior-Loken syndrome 6, Joubert syndrome 5, and Leber congenital amaurosis 10."
    },
    {
      "code": "34867",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CFH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the complement factor H (CFH) gene, located at chromosome 1q32, which encodes the protein complement factor H. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 1, age-related macular degeneration 4, basal laminar drusen, and factor H deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24335",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CFTR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, located at chromosome 7q31.2, which encodes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein. This protein functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. Transport of chloride ions helps control the movement of water in tissues and maintains the fluidity of mucus and other secretions. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with cystic fibrosis and congenital bilateral aplasia of the vas deferens."
    },
    {
      "code": "34927",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CHD7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) gene, located at chromosome 8q12.2, which encodes chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Kallmann syndrome 5, tracheoesophageal fistula, and CHARGE association."
    },
    {
      "code": "24338",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CHM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the choroideremia (CHM) gene, located at chromosome Xq21.2, which encodes for the Rab escort protein-1 (REP1) that is involved in membrane trafficking. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with choroideremia (X-linked blindness) and other hereditary eye diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "24339",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CHRNA4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 4 (CHRNA4) gene, located at chromosome 20q13.2-q13.3, which encodes for a subunit of a receptor that mediates fast signal transmission at synapses. Mutations at this locus have been identified in many patients with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) and other forms of epilepsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24340",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CHRNB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta polypeptide 2 (neuronal) (CHRNB2) gene, located at chromosome 1q21.3, which encodes for a subunit of a receptor that mediates fast signal transmission at synapses. Mutations at this locus have been identified in many patients with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy type 3 (ADNFLE type 3) and other forms of epilepsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24341",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CKN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Cockayne syndrome 1 (CKN1) gene, located at chromosome 5q12.1, which is involved in transcription-coupled DNA repair. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early onset of classical Cockayne's syndrome symptoms, including retinitis pigmentosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "24342",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cerebellar ataxia 2 (X-linked) (CLA2) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.21-q21.3, which encodes for a little-understood protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with cerebellar ataxia type 2 (also called spinocerebellar ataxia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34930",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLCN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the chloride voltage-gated channel 1 (CLCN1) gene, located at chromosome 7q35, which encodes chloride channel protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive congenital myotonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34932",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLCNKB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the chloride voltage-gated channel Kb (CLCNKB) gene, located at chromosome 1p36, which encodes the protein chloride channel protein ClC-Kb. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bartter syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24343",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 1(CLN1) gene, located at chromosome 1p32, which encodes for nonspecific lysosomal peptidase that generates tripeptides. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "24344",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLN2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 2 (CLN2) gene, located at chromosome 11p15, which encodes for nonspecific lysosomal peptidase that generates tripeptides. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with infantile late-onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24345",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLN3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 3 (CLN3) gene, located at chromosome 16p12.1, which encodes for a polypeptide that may function as a chaperone involved in the folding/unfolding or assembly/disassembly of other proteins, specifically subunit C of the ATP synthase complex. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Batten disease and infantile early-onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) type 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "24346",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLN5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal 5 (CLN5) gene, located at chromosome 13q21.1-q32, whose function is uncertain but has been associated with a putative lysosomal membrane protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) type 5."
    },
    {
      "code": "24347",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLN6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal 6, late infantile, variant (CLN6) gene, located at chromosome 15q23, whose function is not well known. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with a variant of infantile late-onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) type 6."
    },
    {
      "code": "24348",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLN8",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal 8 (epilipsy, progressive with mental retardation) (CLN8) gene, located at chromosome 8p23, which encodes for a transmission protein localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) type 8, associated with progressive epilepsy with mental retardation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34934",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CLRN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the clarin 1 (CLRN1) gene, located at chromosome 3q25, which encodes the protein clarin-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa 61 and Usher syndrome, type 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "24349",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CMT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy 1B (CMT1B) gene (also known as the myelin protein zero gene [MPZ]), located at chromosome 1q22, which encodes for myelin protein zero, a major structural protein of peripheral myelin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with various forms of hereditary mutant sensory neuropathy (HMSN1-3), such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "34936",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CNBP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the CCHC-type zinc finger, nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) gene, located at chromosome 3q21, which encodes cellular nucleic acid-binding protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with myotonic dystrophy type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24350",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CNGA3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 3 (CNGA3) gene, located at chromosome 2q11, which encodes for a protein essential to visual and olfactory signal transduction; the gene is essential to the generation of light-evoked electrical potential responses in the red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with achromatopsia (total color blindness)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24351",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CNGB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 1 (CNGB1) gene, located at chromosome 16q13, which encodes for cyclic guanine nucleotide-gated channel (cGMP) rod photoreceptor that plays a role in photoreceptor cell generation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "24352",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CNGB3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3 (CNGB3) gene, located at chromosome 8q21-q22, which encodes for a protein that produces a beta subunit essential to the generation of light-evoked electrical potential response in red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with achromatopsia 3 (Pingelapese achromatopsia), which is distinct from total color blindness due to consistent concurrent myopia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34937",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CNTNAP2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the contactin associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene, located at chromosome 7q35, which encodes the protein contactin-associated protein-like 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autism 15 and cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24353",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COCH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the coagulation factor C homologue (COCH) gene, located at chromosome 14q12-q13, which encodes for a protein called cochlin that is involved in the structure of the inner ear. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural 9 deafness (DFNA9); the exact effects of COCH mutations are unclear."
    },
    {
      "code": "24354",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL11A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen type XI, alpha1 (COL11A1) gene, located at chromosome 1p21, which encodes for the pro alpha 1 polypeptide chain of collagen XI that adds structure and strength to the connective tissues that support the body's muscles, organs, and skin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset Stickler syndrome type II and Marshall syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24355",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL11A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type XI, alpha 2 (COL11A2) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.3, which encodes for the pro-alpha 2 polypeptide chain of collagen XI that adds structure and strength to the connective tissues that support the body's muscles, organs, and skin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Stickler syndrome type III, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness, otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED), and Weissenbacher-Zweymulller syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24356",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL1A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type I, alpha 1 (COL1A1) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.3-q22.1, which provides instructions to make type I collagen, pro-alpha 1 (I) chain. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with diseases that include osteogenesis imperfecta (types I to IV) and Ehlers-Danos syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24359",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL1A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type XI, alpha 2 (COL11A2) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.3, which encodes for the pro-alpha 2 polypeptide chain of collagen XI that adds structure and strength to the connective tissues that support the body's muscles, organs, and skin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Stickler syndrome type III, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness, otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED), and Weissenbacher-Zweymulller syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24360",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL2A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type 2, alpha 1 (COL2A1) gene, located at chromosome 12q13.11-q13.2, which provides instructions to make collagen type II alpha 1 chain found in cartilage and vitreous humor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with of diseases that include osteogenesis imperfecta (types I to IV) and Ehlers-Danos syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24361",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL3A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type III, alpha 1 (COL3A1) gene, located at chromosome 2q31, which encodes for type III fibrillar collagen, found in the connective tissue of the lungs, skin, and vascular system. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV (EDS4, vascular type)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34941",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL4A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) gene, located at chromosome 13q34, which encodes type IV collagen alpha-1 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial porencephaly; hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps; brain small vessel disease with hemorrhage; tortuosity of retinal arteries; and susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage."
    },
    {
      "code": "24362",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL4A3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (COL4A3) gene, located at chromosome 2q36-q37, which encodes for a component of type IV collagen and makes the alpha III (4) chain of type IV collagen that composes a large portion of the basement membranes of the kidney, eye, cochlea, brain, and lungs. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with diseases that include Alport's syndrome, basement membrane nephropathy, and Goodpasture's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24363",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL4A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type IV, alpha 4 (COL4A4) gene, located at chromosome 2q35-37, which encodes for alpha 4 (IV) chain of type IV collagen. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with diseases that include Alport's syndrome and basement membrane nephropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24364",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL4A5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type IV, alpha 5 (COL4A5) gene, located at chromosome Xq22, which encodes for the alpha 5 (IV) chain of type IV collagen that makes up a large portion of basement membranes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with diseases that include Alport's syndrome and hereditary nephritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24365",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL5A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type V, alpha 1 (COL5A1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.2-q34.3, which encodes for the alpha 1 (V) chain of collagen type V (pro alpha 1 [V] chain). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with diseases that include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome types I and II."
    },
    {
      "code": "34943",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL6A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen type VI alpha 1 (COL6A1) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes collagen VI alpha-1 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with collagen VI-related myopathy, Bethlem myopathy, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34945",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL6A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen type VI alpha 2 (COL6A2) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes collagen VI alpha-2 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal recessive myosclerosis, Bethlem myopathy, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34947",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL6A3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen type VI alpha 3 (COL6A3) gene, located at chromosome 2q37, which encodes collagen VI alpha-3 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dystonia 27, Bethlem myopathy, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24366",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL9A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type IX, alpha 2 (COL9A1) gene, located at chromosome 6q12-q14, which encodes for one of three chains of type IX collagen, the structural component of hyaline cartilage and vitreous of the eye. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24367",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL9A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type IX, alpha 2 (COL9A2) gene, located at chromosome 1p33-p32, which encodes for collagen type IX alpha 2, the major collagen component of hyaline cartilage. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type II."
    },
    {
      "code": "24368",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COL9A3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the collagen, type IX, alpha 3 (COL9A3) gene, located at chromosome 20q13.3, which encodes for the alpha 3 subunit of collagen type IX, a major subunit of hyaline cartilage. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type III."
    },
    {
      "code": "24369",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COMP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.1, which encodes for an noncollagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with childhood early-onset multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) and have also been associated with pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34949",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COX10",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the COX10 heme A:farnesyltransferase cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor (COX10) gene, located at chromosome 17p12, which encodes the mitochondrial protein protoheme IX farnesyltransferase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome-c oxidase deficiency and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34951",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COX15",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the COX15 cytochrome c oxidase assembly homolog (COX15) gene, located at chromosome 10q24, which encodes the protein cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with fetal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy due to cytochrome C oxidase deficiency 2 and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34953",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, COX6B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 (COX6B1) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1, which encodes the 6B1 subunit of cytochrome C oxidase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome C oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24370",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) (CP) gene, located at chromosome 3q23-q25, which encodes for the protein ceruloplasmin (a plasma metalloprotein) responsible for binding copper in plasma. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with aceruloplasminemia and Wilson's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24371",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CPS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1, mitochondrial (CPS1) gene, located at chromosome 2q35, which encodes for carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1, a rate-limiting enzyme in the hepatic urea cycle that plays a role in removing ammonia from the cell. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with infantile early-onset carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34955",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CPT1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) gene, located at chromosome 11q13.2, which encodes the liver isoform of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24372",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CPT2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT2) gene, located at chromosome 1p32, which encodes for carnitine palmitoyltransferase II that participates in transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT2) deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24373",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CRB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the crumbs homologue 1 (CRB1) gene, located at chromosome 1q31-q32.1, which encodes for a protein that is involved in photoreceptor morphogenesis in the retina. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with infantile early-onset Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24374",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CREBBP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the CREB binding protein (CREBBP) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3, which encodes for CBP, a transcriptional coactivator involved in embryogenesis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24375",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CRX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cone-rod homeobox (CRX) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.3, which encodes for a protein that is a photoreceptor-specific transcription factor involved in the differentiation of photoreceptor cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis and cone-rod dystrophy 2 (CORD2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34961",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CSTB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cystatin B (CSTB) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.3, which encodes the protein cystatin-B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24376",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CTNNB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa (CTNNB1) gene, located at chromosome 3p21, which encodes for an adherens junction protein critical for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial layers and for signal transduction. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with several types of adenomatous and carcinomatous lesions, including colorectal cancer, hepatoblastoma, and pilomatricoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24377",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CTNS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cystinosis, nephropathic (CTNS) gene, located at chromosome 17p13, which encodes for the protein cystinosin that transports cystine out of the lysosomes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with several types of cystinosis, including nephropathic cystinosis (CTNS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34962",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP11B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 1 (CYP11B1) gene, located at chromosome 8q21, which encodes the mitochondrial protein cytochrome P450 11B1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 and deficiency of steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase."
    },
    {
      "code": "34963",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP17A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (CYP17A1) gene, located at chromosome 10q24.3, which encodes the enzyme steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with deficiency of steroid 17-alpha-monooxygenase."
    },
    {
      "code": "36983",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP1A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2 (CYP1A2) gene, located at chromosome 15q24.1, which encodes the protein cytochrome P450 1A2. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in drug metabolism and genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to various drugs including clozapine."
    },
    {
      "code": "24378",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP1B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1) gene, located at chromosome 2p21, which provides instructions for producing a form of cytochrome P450 protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24379",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP21A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450, family 21, subfamily A, polypeptide 2 (CYP21A2) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.3, which encodes for the manufacture of an enzyme steroid 21 hydroyxlase that belongs to the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes. P450 cytochrome is involved in the processing of ingested drugs and synthesizing of cholesterol, steroid hormones, and lipids. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with several types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), including salt wasting (SW) and simple virilizing (SV) types."
    },
    {
      "code": "36985",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP2B6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6 (CYP2B6) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.2, which encodes the protein cytochrome P450 2B6. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in drug metabolism and genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to various drugs including efavirenz."
    },
    {
      "code": "36667",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP2C19",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19 (CYP2C19) gene, located at chromosome 10q24, which encodes the protein cytochrome P450 2C19. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in drug metabolism and genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to various drugs including amitriptyline, citalopram, clopidogrel, doxepin, escitalopram, esomeprazole, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sertraline, and trimipramine."
    },
    {
      "code": "26996",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP2C9",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9 (CYP2C9) gene, located at chromosome 10q24, which encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. P450 cytochrome is involved in the processing of ingested drugs and synthesizing of cholesterol, steroid hormones, and lipids. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients who have a slower rate of warfarin metabolism. Determination of the patient's CYP2C9 genotype may guide the choice of the initial warfarin dose, potentially reducing the period of time before the standard method of measuring the extrinsic pathway of coagulation (i.e., prothrombin time and/or the international normalized ratio [INR]) stabilizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24380",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP2D6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 6 (CYP2D6) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.1, which is responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. The gene is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoreceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with poor metabolism of drugs, early-onset Parkinson's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34968",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP3A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 (CYP3A4) gene, located at chromosome 7q21.1, which encodes the protein cytochrome P450 3A4. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in drug metabolism and genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to esomeprazole."
    },
    {
      "code": "34969",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, CYP3A5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 5 (CYP3A5) gene, located at chromosome 7q21.1, which encodes the protein cytochrome P450 3A5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with essential hypertension. Additionally, the protein encoded by this gene is involved in drug metabolism and genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to tacrolimus."
    },
    {
      "code": "34970",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DAZ1",
      "definition": ":  Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the deleted in azoospermia 1 (DAZ1) gene, located at chromosome Yq11.223, which encodes deleted in azoospermia protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with spermatogenic failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "24381",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DBT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 (DBT) gene, located at chromosome 1p31, which encodes for a protein that catalyzes the conversion of alpha keto acids into acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) and carbon dioxide. Mutations at this locus have been identified in infants with early-onset maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) type II."
    },
    {
      "code": "34973",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DCX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the doublecortin (DCX) gene, located at chromosome Xq22.3-q23, which encodes the neuronal migration protein doublecortin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with lissencephaly."
    },
    {
      "code": "34975",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DES",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the desmin (DES) gene, located at chromosome 2q35, which encodes the protein desmin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, neurogenic scapuloperoneal syndrome, and myofibrillar myopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34977",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DFNB59",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the autosomal recessive deafness 59 (DFNB59) gene, located at chromosome 2q31.2, which encodes the protein pejvakin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hearing disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "24382",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DGCR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 2 (DGCR2) gene, located at chromosome 22q11, which putatively encodes for an adhesion receptor protein that may play a role in neural crest cell migration. This adhesion cell receptor could be involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions required for normal cell differentiation and migration. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with a disease characterized by cardiac abnormality, T-cell defect, clefting, and hypocalcaemia (CATCH 22); DiGeorge syndrome; conotruncal anomaly face syndrome; and Shprintzen's syndrome (also known as velocardiofacial syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34978",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DGUOK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) gene, located at chromosome 2p13, which encodes the protein mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA-depletion syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24383",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DHCR7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene, located at chromosome 11q13.2-q13.5, which encodes for the enzyme 7-dehyrocholesterol reductase, responsible for the final step in cholesterol production in many types of cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in infants with early-onset congenital Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34981",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DLAT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) gene, located at chromosome 11q23.1, which encodes the dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "34983",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DLD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) gene, located at chromosome 7q31-q32, which encodes the protein mitochondrial dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with maple syrup urine disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24384",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DMD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the dystrophin (muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker types) (DMD) gene, located at chromosome Xp21.2, which encodes for the protein dystrophin, part of a protein complex that strengthens muscle fibers and protects them from injury as the muscle contracts and relaxes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with several types of skeletal muscle dysfunctions; the two main types are Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and a somewhat milder disease known as Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24385",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DMPK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase (DMPK) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.3, which encodes for the protein myotonic dystrophy protein kinase whose exact function is unknown. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34985",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DNMT3A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) gene, located at chromosome 2p23, which encodes the protein DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34986",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DPYD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene, located at chromosome 1p22, which encodes the protein dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and response to the drugs capecitabine, fluoropyrimidine, and tegafur."
    },
    {
      "code": "34987",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DSC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the desmocollin 2 (DSC2) gene, located at chromosome 18q12.1, which encodes the protein desmocollin-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34989",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DSG2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the desmoglein 2 (DSG2) gene, located at chromosome 18q12.1, which encodes the protein desmoglein-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "34991",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DSP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the desmoplakin (DSP) gene, located at chromosome 6p24, which encodes the protein desmoplakin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy with woolly hair and keratoderma; dilated cardiomyopathy with woolly hair, keratoderma, and tooth agenesis; lethal acantholytic epidermolysis bullosa; skin fragility woolly hair syndrome; keratosis palmoplantaris striata; and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24386",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, DYSF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene, located at chromosome 2p13.3-p13.1, which encodes for a skeletal muscle protein belonging to the ferlin family that is associated with sarcolemma and involved with muscle contraction. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset dysferlinopathy (dysferlin deficiency dystrophy) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24387",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ECGF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the endothelial cell growth factor 1 (platelet-derived) (ECGF1) gene, located at chromosome 22q13, which plays a role in maintaining blood vessel integrity and promotes growth of endothelial cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36726",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ECM1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) gene, located at chromosome 1q21, which encodes extracellular matrix protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with lipid proteinosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24388",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EDA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ectodysplasin A (EDA) gene, located at chromosome Xq12-q13.1, which is involved in epidermal-mesenchymal signaling during morphogenesis of ectodermic organs. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most children with early-onset X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermic dysplasia (XLHED)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24389",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EDAR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) gene, located at chromosome 2q11-q13, which encodes for a protein that acts as a receptor for EDA isoform A1. This interaction is responsible for critical chemical signaling pathways controlling interactions between the ectoderm and mesoderm in embryos. Other reports suggest a role in caspase-independent cell death. Mutations at this locus have been identified in children with early-onset hypohidrotic ectodermic dysplasia (HED)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34994",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EFHC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the EF-hand domain containing 1 (EFHC1) gene, located at chromosome 6p12.3, which encodes EF-hand domain-containing protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and juvenile absence epilepsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24390",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EGFR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, located at chromosome 7p12.3-p12.1. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and adenocarcinoma of the lung and may be associated with other carcinomas (e.g., glioblastoma)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24391",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EGR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the early growth response 2 (EGR2) gene, located at chromosome 10q21.1-q22.1, which encodes for a member of the early growth response family of proteins. The gene activates genes involved in the formation and maintenance of myelin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with recessive congenital hypomyelination neuropathy (CHN), also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4E (CMT4E) and type ID (Dejerine-Sottas syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24392",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EIF2B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 1 alpha, 26kDa (EIF2B1) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.2-q24.31, that catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24393",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EIF2B2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 2 beta, 39kDa (EIF2B2) gene, located at chromosome 14q24.3, which catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with leukoencephalopathy and ovarioleukodystrophy (vanishing white matter leukodystrophy with ovarian failure)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24394",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EIF2B3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 3 gamma, 58kDa (EIF2B3) gene, located at chromosome 1p34.1, that catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24395",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EIF2B4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 4 delta, 67kDa (EIF2B4) gene, located at chromosome 2p23.3, that catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with leukoencephalopathy and ovario-leukodystrophy (vanishing white matter leukodystrophy with ovarian failure)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24396",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EIF2B5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 5 epsilon, 82kDa (EIF2B5) gene, located at chromosome 3q27, which encodes for a subunit of EIF2B.  EIF2B catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with leukoencephalopathy and ovarioleukodystrophy (vanishing white matter leukodystrophy with ovarian failure) and Cree leukoencephalopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24397",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ELA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the elastase 2, neutrophil (ELA2) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.3, which is involved in the destruction of tissue at the sites of inflammation and is a target for protease inhibition by alpha-1-antitrypsin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most patients with cyclic hematopoiesis and congenital neutropenia (ELA2-related neutropenia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24398",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ELN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the elastin (ELN) gene, located at chromosome 17q11.23, which encodes for the protein elastin, a major component of elastic fibers that provide strength and flexibility to connective tissues. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis and Williams-Beuren syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24399",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EMD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the emerin (EMD) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which mediates membrane anchorage to the cytoskeleton. Mutations at this locus have been identified in almost all patients with X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24400",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ENG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the endoglin (ENG) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.1, which encodes for the protein endolase found on the surface of cells, especially in the lining of newly formed arteries. This complex is involved in the specialization of new blood vessels into arteries or veins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35003",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EPCAM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) gene, located at chromosome 2p21, which encodes the protein epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital tufting enteropathy and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "35005",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EPM2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the epilepsy, progressive myoclonus type 2A, Lafora disease (laforin) (EPM2A) gene, located at chromosome 6q24, which encodes the protein laforin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Lafora disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24401",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ERCC6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 6 (ERCC6) gene, located at chromosome 10q11, which is involved in two cell activities: repair of damaged DNA and assisting with transcription. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Cockayne's syndrome type 2 (also known as cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) and xeroderma pigmentosum."
    },
    {
      "code": "35007",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ESRI",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene, located at chromosome 6q25.1, which encodes the protein estrogen receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with estrogen resistance, susceptibility to migraine, and susceptibility to myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "24402",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ETM1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the essential tremor 1 (ETM1) gene, located at chromosome 3q13. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with essential tremor type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24403",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ETM2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the essential tremor 2 (ETM2) gene, located at chromosome 2p25-p22. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with essential tremor type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24404",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EXT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the exostoses (multiple) 1 (EXT1) gene, located at chromosome 8q24.11-q24.13, which may act as a tumor suppressor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with multiple exostoses type 1, alpha Langer-Giedion syndrome, and chondrosarcoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24405",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EXT2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the exostoses (multiple) 2 (EXT2) gene, located at chromosome 11p12-p11, which may act as a tumor suppressor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with multiple exostoses type 2 and Potocki-Shaffer syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24406",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, EYA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the eyes absent homolog 1 (EYA1) gene, located at chromosome 8q13.3, which is thought to play a role in organogenesis through its intrinsic protein phosphatase activity. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, also known as Melnick-Fraser syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35010",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the coagulation factor XI (F11) gene, located at chromosome 4q35, which encodes the protein coagulation factor XI. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary factor XI deficiency disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35012",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F12",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the coagulation factor XII (F12) gene, located at chromosome 5q35.3, which encodes the protein coagulation factor XII. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary angioedema and factor XII deficiency disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35013",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F13B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the coagulation factor XIII B chain (F13B) gene, located at chromosome 1q31-q32.1, which encodes the protein coagulation factor XIII B chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with factor XIII B subunit deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24407",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the coagulation factor II (thrombin) (F2) gene, located at chromosome 11p11-q12, which encodes for the protein thrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with dysprothrombinemia and as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemic disease, deep vein thrombosis, and idiopathic portal vein thrombosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24410",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify genetic mutations in the proaccelerin, labile factor (F5) gene, located at chromosome 1q23, which encodes for coagulation factor V. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with factor V Leiden thrombophilia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24415",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (F7) gene, located at chromosome 13q34, which encodes for coagulation factor VII. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary factor VII deficiency (hypoproconvertinemia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24416",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F8",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the procoagulant component VIII (F8) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes for deficiency in coagulation factor VIII gene. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hemophilia A, also known as classic hemophilia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24421",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, F9",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the plasma thromboplastic component (F9) gene, located at chromosome Xq27.1-q27.2, which encodes for a deficiency in coagulation factor IX gene. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hemophilia B, also known as Christmas disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35014",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FAH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, located at chromosome 15q25.1, which encodes the protein fumarylacetoacetase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with tyrosinemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24422",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FANCA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Fanconi anemia complementation group A (FANCA) gene, located at chromosome 16q24.3, which encodes for a protein that functions in the Fanconi anemia core complex, in interstrand DNA cross-link repair, and in the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24423",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FANCC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Fanconi anemia, complementation group C, (FANCC) gene, located at chromosome 9q22.3, which encodes for a protein involved in delaying the onset of apoptosis and promotes homologous recombination repair of damaged DNA. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24424",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FANCF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Fanconi anemia, complementation group F (FANCF) gene, located at chromosome 11p15, which encodes for a DNA repair protein that may operate in a postreplication repair or cell cycle checkpoint function and may also be implicated in interstrand DNA cross-link repair and in the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24425",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FANCG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Fanconi anemia, complementation group G (FANCG) gene, located at chromosome 9p13, which encodes for a DNA repair protein that may operate in a postreplication repair or cell cycle checkpoint function and may also be implicated in interstrand DNA cross-link repair and in the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. The gene may be also a candidate for a tumor suppressor gene. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35017",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FASTKD2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the FAST kinase domains 2 (FASTKD2) gene, located at chromosome 2q33.3, which encodes mitochondrial FAST kinase domain-containing protein 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24426",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FBN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene, located at chromosome 15q21.1, which encodes for fibrillin, a structural component of 10-12 mm extracellular calcium-binding microfibrils. Fibrillin-1 contains micro bundles that are involved in the maintenance of elastic fibers and in anchoring epithelial cells to the interstitial matrix. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Marfan syndrome and Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36970",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FCGR3A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIIA (FCGR3A) gene, located at chromosome 1q23, which encodes the protein low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with a primary immunodeficiency, immunodeficiency 20."
    },
    {
      "code": "24427",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FCMD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (fukutin) (FCMD) gene, located at chromosome 9q31-9q33, which encodes for fukutin, a secretory protein expressed in the extracellular matrix that interacts with muscle membranes and could be involved with brain development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD); they are also associated with Walker-Warburg syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35020",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FGB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fibrinogen beta chain (FGB) gene, located at chromosome 4q28, which encodes the protein fibrinogen beta chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital afibrinogenemia and congenital dysfibrinogenemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35021",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FGF23",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) gene, located at chromosome 12p13.3, which encodes the protein fibroblast growth factor 23. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hypophosphatemic rickets."
    },
    {
      "code": "24428",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FGFR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene, located at chromosome 8p11.2-p11.1, which encodes for a basic fibroblast growth factor receptor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary defects in the normal ossification of fetal cranial cartilages (craniofacial dysostosis) and are associated with the three types of Pfeiffer's syndromes (i.e., variants 1, 2, and 3); they are also the cause of Kallmann's syndrome 2 (KAL2) and may be associated with Jackson-Weiss syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24429",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FGFR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene, located at chromosome 10q26, which encodes for acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor receptors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary defects in the normal ossification of fetal cranial cartilages (craniofacial dysostosis), including several different but related diseases such as Apert's syndrome, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, Crouzon syndrome,  Pfeiffer's syndrome (variants 1, 2, and 3), and Jackson-Weiss syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24430",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FGFR3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, located at chromosome 4p16.3, that encodes for acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor receptors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary defects in the normal ossification of fetal cranial cartilages (craniofacial dysostosis), including patients with Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigrican and Muenke syndrome. Mutations in this gene may cause also disorders such as achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, and neonatal thanatophoric dwarfism."
    },
    {
      "code": "35026",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene, located at chromosome 1q42.1, which encodes the protein mitochondrial fumarate hydratase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with fumarase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "35028",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FHL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the four and a half LIM domains 1 (FHL1) gene, located at chromosome Xq26, which encodes the protein four and a half LIM domains protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with scapuloperoneal myopathy, myopathy with postural muscle atrophy, and reducing body myopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "35029",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FIG4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the FIG4 phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase (FIG4) gene, located at chromosome 6q21, which encodes the protein polyphosphoinositide phosphatase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, bilateral occipital polymicrogyria, Charcot-Marie-tooth disease, and Yunis Varon syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24431",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FKRP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fukutin-related protein (FKRP) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.3, which possibly encodes for a transferase involved in the modification of glycan moieties of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG-1). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset (neonatal) congenital muscular dystrophy type 1C (MDC1C) and type 21 (LDMG21)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35031",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FKTN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fukutin (FKTN) gene, located at chromosome 9q31.2, which encodes the protein fukutin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "35034",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FLG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene, located at chromosome 1q21.3, which encodes the protein filaggrin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with atopic dermatitis and ichthyosis vulgaris."
    },
    {
      "code": "24432",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FLNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the filamin A, alpha (actin binding protein 280) (FLNA) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which functions by promoting branching of actin filaments and links actin filaments to membrane glycoproteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in male patients with periventricular heterotopia; they are also associated with otopalatodigital syndrome type I and Type II and periventricular nodular heterotopia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35035",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FLT3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the FMS related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene, located at chromosome 13q12, which encodes the protein receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with acute lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35036",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FMR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, located at chromosome Xq27.3, which encodes the protein synaptic functional regulator FMR1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with premature ovarian failure, fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome, and fragile X syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35038",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FOXG1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) gene, located at chromosome 14q13, which encodes the protein forkhead box protein G1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Rett syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24433",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FOXL2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) gene, located at chromosome 3q23, a probable transcription regulator. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with classic blepharophimosis syndrome (BPES); they are also associated with infertility caused by premature ovarian failure (POF)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24434",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FRDA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Freidreich's ataxia (FRDA) gene, located at chromosome 9q13-q21.1, which encodes for a mitochondrial protein that belongs to the fraxin family. The protein regulates mitochondrial iron transport and respiration. Mutations at this locus have been identified in some patients with Friedreich's ataxia and Babinski's reflex; these mutations are also associated with cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus."
    },
    {
      "code": "35047",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FTSJ1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the FtsJ RNA methyltransferase homolog 1 (FTSJ1) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.23, which encodes the putative tRNA (cytidine(32)/guanosine(34)-2'-O)-methyltransferase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with X-linked mental retardation."
    },
    {
      "code": "35048",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, FUS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the FUS RNA binding protein (FUS) gene, located at chromosome 16p11.2, which encodes the RNA-binding protein FUS. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary essential tremor and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "35049",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, G6PC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) gene, located at chromosome 17q21, which encodes the protein glucose-6-phosphatase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glycogen storage disease type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24435",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, G6PD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes for the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with congenital hemolytic anemia caused by G6PD deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "35052",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GAA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glucosidase alpha, acid (GAA) gene, located at chromosome 17q25.2-q25.3, which encodes the protein lysosomal alpha-glucosidase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glycogen storage disease type II."
    },
    {
      "code": "35053",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GABRG2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor gamma2 subunit (GABRG2) gene, located at chromosome 5q34, which encodes the gamma-2 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial febrile seizures and childhood absence epilepsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24436",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GALC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene, located at chromosome 14q31, which encodes for the enzyme galactosylceramidase. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Krabbe disease, characterized by low activity of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme."
    },
    {
      "code": "24437",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GALT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) gene, located at chromosome 9p13, which encodes for the manufacture of the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme that converts modified sugar galactose-1-phosphate to an active form that can be further used by the body. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with galactosemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35056",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GARS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene, located at chromosome 7p15, which encodes the protein glycine-tRNA ligase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with distal hereditary motor neuronopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24438",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GBA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene, (also known as glucosidase, beta, acid gene), located at chromosome 1q21, which encodes for beta-glucocerebrosidase, an enzyme that is active in lysosomes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with galactosemia and Gaucher-like disease; the mutations may be also linked to Parkinson's or Parkinson's-like disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "24439",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GCDH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (GCDH) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.2, which provides instructions for the protein glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, formed in the mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset neonatal glutaricaciduria type I (GA1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24440",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GCH1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) gene, located at chromosome 14q22.1-q22.2, which encodes for the enzyme guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase, important in the manufacture of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is essential for the normal function of several enzymes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in more than half of patients with early childhood onset of a severe form of dystonia type 5 (DYT5)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24441",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GCK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glucokinase (hexokinase 4) (GCK) gene, located at chromosome 7p15.3-p15.1, which catalyzes the first step in glucose utilization by the beta cells and liver at physiologic glucose concentrations; the specific role of GCK is to provide glucose-6-phosphate for the synthesis of glycogen. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset (neonatal) mild familial hyperinsulinism (FHI); they are also associated with adult-onset diabetes type II."
    },
    {
      "code": "24442",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GDAP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene, located at chromosome 8q13.3-q21.1, which encodes for the production of a ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1. This protein is made in several different types of cells throughout the body, particularly in cells of the nervous system. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy types 4A (CMT4A) and 2K."
    },
    {
      "code": "24443",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GFAP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene, located at chromosome 17q21, which encodes for one of the major intermediate filament proteins of mature astrocytes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with both early-onset neonatal and infant forms of Alexander's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "35062",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GH1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene, located at chromosome 17q24.2, which encodes the protein somatotropin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with isolated growth hormone deficiency, Kowarski syndrome, isolated somatotropin deficiency, and ateleiotic dwarfism."
    },
    {
      "code": "35064",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GHR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, located at chromosome 5p13-p12, which encodes the protein growth hormone receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Laron-type isolated somatotropin defect and familial hypercholesterolemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "35066",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GHRHR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) gene, located at chromosome 7p14, which encodes the protein growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with isolated growth hormone deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24444",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GJB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the gap junction protein, beta 1, 32kDa (connexin 32) (GJB1) gene, located at chromosome Xq13.1, which encodes for the gap junction protein, beta 1 (also known as connexin 32) that plays a role in cell communication. Mutations at this locus have been identified in 90% of patients with hereditary X-linked dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24445",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GJB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the gap junction protein, beta 2 (26kDa connexin 26)  (GJB2) gene, located at chromosome 13q11-q12, which encodes for a gap juniction pprotein, beta 2 (connexin 26) forms channels called gap junctions between neighboring cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with neurosensory nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness type 3 (NSHLD3); they are also associated with Vohwinkel's syndrome, palmoplantar keratoderma with deafness; Bart-Pumphrey syndrome, and keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24446",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GJB6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the gap junction protein, beta 6 (connexin 30) (GJB6), located at chromosome 13q12, which encodes for the protein connexin 30 that forms channels called gap junctions between neighboring cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with both neurosensory nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness type 3 (NSHLD3); they are also present in patients with hydrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Clouston's syndrome, HED2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24448",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GLA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the galactosidase, alpha (GLA) gene, located at chromosome Xq22, which encodes for the enzyme alpha-galactosidase active in lysosomes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in male patients with diffuse angiokeratoderma (Fabry's disease), caused by alpha-galactosidase A deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24447",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GLI3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the GLI-Kruppel family member 3 (GLI3) gene, located at chromosome 7p13, which is involved in the normal shaping of many tissues and organs during embryonic development. The protein made by this gene helps control gene expression. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome; they are also present in patients with Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24449",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GLUD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) gene, located at chromosome 10q23.3, which regulates the elevation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity and may induce glutamine-stimulated insulin secretion. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset infantile hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "35071",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GNAQ",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the G protein subunit alpha q (GNAQ) gene, located at chromosome 9q21, which encodes the alpha subunit of guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q). Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with congenital capillary malformations and Sturge-Weber syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36722",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GNAS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in GNAS complex locus (GNAS), located at chromosome 20q13.3, which encodes multiple transcripts. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Cushing's syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, progressive osseous heteroplasia, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and somatotroph adenoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24450",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GNE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, located at chromosome 9p13.3, which encodes for the bifunctional enzyme UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine 2 epimerase. The enzyme regulates and initiates biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc), a precursor of sialic acids. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most adult patients with inclusion body myopathy type 2 (IBM2), Nonaka myopathy (NM), and early-infant-onset sialuria."
    },
    {
      "code": "35073",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GP1BB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glycoprotein Ib platelet beta subunit (GP1BB) gene, located at chromosome 22q11.21, which encodes the protein platelet glycoprotein Ib beta chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bernard Soulier syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24451",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GPC3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glypican 3 (GPC3) gene, located at chromosome Xq26.1, which may be involved in the suppression or modulation of growth in tissue and organs of mesodermal origin and may also regulate growth and tumor predisposition. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with encephalo-tropho-schisis syndrome, also known as Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24645",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GPR143",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ocular albinism GPR143 (formerly OA1) gene, located at chromosome Xp22.3, which encodes for a protein that is involved in the coloring (pigmentation) of the eyes and skin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with congenital (newborn) ocular albinism type 1 (also known as Nettleship-Falls type ocular albinism)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24452",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GPR56",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) gene, located at chromosome 16q12.2-q21, which encodes for a protein involved in cell-to-cell interactions. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP) but not in patients with other forms (e.g., unilateral, bilateral generalized, bilateral perisylvian) of polymicrogyria."
    },
    {
      "code": "37880",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GRHPR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) gene, located at chromosome 9p13.2, which encodes the protein glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with primary hyperoxaluria type II."
    },
    {
      "code": "35075",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GRN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the granulin (GRN) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.32, which encodes the protein granulins. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and frontotemporal dementia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24453",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, GUCY2D",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the guanylate cyclase 2D, membrane (retina-specific) (GUCY2D) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which encodes for a protein that may function in the rods and/or cones of photoreceptors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-infant-onset Leber's congenital amaurosis and cone-rod dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24454",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, H19",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the H19 gene (imprinted maternally expressed untranslated mRNA), located at chromosome 11p15.5, which putatively functions as a tumor suppressor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS); they are also associated with Silver-Russell syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24455",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HADHA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit (HADHA) gene, located at chromosome 2p23, which encodes for part of an enzyme complex called the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, producing the alpha subunit. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (trifunctional protein deficiency, type 1); they are also present in patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy and with a disease characterized by simultaneous hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and a low number of platelets (HELLP syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24456",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HADHB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit (HADHB) gene, located at chromosome 2p23, which produces beta subunit of mitochondrial trifunctional protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (trifunctional protein deficiency, type 2); they are also present in patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy and with a disease characterized by simultaneous hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and a low number of platelets (HELLP syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24457",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HAMP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1, which is involved in the production of hepcidin protein. Hepcidin protein plays a role in maintaining iron balance in the body. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset adult (juvenile) hemochromatosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24459",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HBA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hemoglobin, alpha 1 (HBA1) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3, which is involved in the transport of oxygen from the lung to the peripheral tissues. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinopathy H (alpha) types, erythrema alpha, thalassemia alpha, and Heinz body anemia alpha."
    },
    {
      "code": "24461",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HBB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hemoglobin, beta (HBB) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.5, which encodes for beta chain of hemoglobin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with a group of symptomatic disorders characterized by the presence of hemoglobin S (Hb S), especially sickle cell anemia (Hb SS); they are also associated with sickle-hemoglobin C disease (Hb SC) and with two types of sickle beta-thalassemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19625",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HER2/NEU",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/NEU) gene (also known as ERBB2), located at chromosome 17q11.2-q12, which encodes for growth factor receptors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with breast cancer; they are also associated with other cancer tumors, including primary lung tumors and non-small cell lung cancer (adenocarcinomas) and gastric, ovarian, brain, and testicular tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "24465",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HEXA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hexosaminidase A (alpha polypeptide) (HEXA) gene, located at chromosome 15q23-q24, which encodes for a subunit of the enzyme beta hexose aminidase A in lysosomes. In the lysosome, beta aminidase A forms part of a complex that breaks down fatty acids. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hexosaminidase A (HEXA) deficiency in three variants: acute infantile (Tay-Sachs disease), juvenile (subacute), and adult onset/chronic; mutations are also present in several forms of GM2 gangliosidosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24468",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HFE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hemochromatosis (HFE) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.3, which encodes instructions for producing a protein located on the cell surface that helps to regulate iron metabolism. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with late adult onset of hereditary hemochromatosis and X-linked sideroblastic anemia; they are also associated with severe variants of porphyria variegate and porphyria cutanea tarda."
    },
    {
      "code": "24469",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HJV",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hemojuvelin (HJV) gene, located at chromosome 1q21, which encodes instructions for producing a hemojuvelin protein that helps to regulate iron metabolism. Mutations at this locus have been identified in most adult patients with early-onset juvenile hemochromatosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36998",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HLA-A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the major histocompatibility complex, class I, A (HLA-A) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.3, which encodes the major histocompatibility complex class I antigen HLA-A heavy chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity and susceptibility to severe cutaneous adverse reaction."
    },
    {
      "code": "37001",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HLA-B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the major histocompatibility complex, class I, B (HLA-B) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.3, which encodes the major histocompatibility complex class I antigen HLA-B heavy chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with increased risk of ankylosing spondylitis and hypersensitivity to various drugs including abacavir, allopurinol, and carbamazepine."
    },
    {
      "code": "24471",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HMCGL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A lyase (hydroxymethylglutaricaciduria) (HMGCL) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.1-p35, which produces an enzyme found in the mitochondria that is involved in breaking down dietary fat and proteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset infantile hydroxymethylglutaric aciduria coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase deficiency and Reye's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24472",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HPRT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) gene, located at chromosome Xq26.1, which encodes for the HPRT1 enzyme that allows recycling of purine building blocks of RNA and DNA. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early infant onset of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, gout, and acute renal failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "24473",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HPS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 1 (HPS1) gene, located at chromosome 10q23.1-q23.3, which encodes for a transmembrane protein that is a component of multiple cytoplasmic organelles and may be involved in intracellular protein sorting. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24474",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HPS3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 3 (HPS3) gene, located at chromosome 3q24, which is involved in early stages of melanosome biogenesis and maturation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "24475",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HRAS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (HRAS) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.5, an oncogene that encodes for a protein involved in cell division. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with solid tumor cancers, including bladder cancer, invasive breast cancer, and differentiated liposarcoma; they are also associated with Costello syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "37920",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HSD17B4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the alpha-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.43, which encodes the enzyme alpha-1B-glycoprotein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with D-bifunctional protein deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24476",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HSPB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the heat shock 27kDa protein 1 (HSPB1) gene, located at chromosome 7q11.23, which encodes for a heat-shock protein beta 1 or protein 27. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2F (CMT2F) and distal hereditary motor neuropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "37446",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HTT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, located at chromosome 4p16.3, which encodes the Huntington disease protein, which is highly expressed in the brain and thought to play a role in nerve cell function."
    },
    {
      "code": "24477",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, HYAL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the hyaluronoglucosaminidase 1 (HYAL1) gene, located at chromosome 3p21.3-p21.2, which may have a role in tumor progression. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type IX (also called hyaluronidase deficiency)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24478",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, IDUA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the iduronidase, alpha-L- (IDUA) gene, located at chromosome 4p16.3, which is involved in the hydrolysis of unsulfated alpha-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate; ultimately the gene is involved in breakdown of muccopolysaccarides. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS1); patients may be classified according to the severity of the disease: mild, intermediate, or severe (known as Scheie's, Hurler-Scheie, and Hurler's syndromes, respectively)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24479",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, IKBKAP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated protein (IKBKAP) gene, located at chromosome 9q31, which provides instructions to make IKAP protein found in variety of cells. The gene function is not fully known; it is probably involved in transcription. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset familial dysautonomia (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III, HSAN-III)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24480",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, IKBKG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase gamma (IKbKG) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes for a protein involved in regulating the nuclear factor kappa B, which controls the activity of other genes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with incontinentia pigmenti (IP); mutations are also present in males with a type of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36863",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, IL1B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) gene, located at chromosome 2q14, which encodes a cytokine involved in mediating inflammatory responses. Variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary gastric cancer and susceptibility to periodontal disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24575",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, IL2RG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the interleukin 2 receptor, gamma (IL2RG) gene, located at chromosome Xq13.1, which encodes for the protein common gamma chain that partners with other proteins to direct blood-forming cells to form lymphocytes. The receptor also directs the growth and maturation of lymphocyte subtypes: T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID), also called agammaglobulinemia, Swiss type."
    },
    {
      "code": "24576",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, IRF6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene, located at chromosome 1q32.3-q41, which encodes for a transcription factor of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Van der Woude's syndrome (VWS) and popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS), also known as lip-pit syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24577",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, JAG1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the jagged 1 (JAG1) gene, located at chromosome 20p12.1-p11.23, which encodes for a protein that acts as a ligand to Notch proteins, a family of transmembrane receptors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Alagille syndrome, a disorder characterized by highly clinically variable complex multisystem disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "24586",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KAL 1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Kallmann syndrome 1 sequence (KAL1) gene, located at chromosome Xp22.3, which encodes for the protein anosmin. The protein anosmin is important in the migration of neurons and olfactory nerves to the hypothalamus. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Kallmann's syndrome, a form of hypothalamic hypogonadism."
    },
    {
      "code": "24578",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KCNE1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related family, member 1 (KCNE1) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.1-q22.2, which is involved in the formation and activation of potassium ion channels in cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome (JLNS), a long QT Syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24579",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KCNE2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related family, member 2 (KCNE2) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.12, which encodes for a protein that regulates the activity of potassium ion channels. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Romano-Ward syndrome and familial atrial fibrillation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24580",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KCNH2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily H, member 2 (KCNH2) gene, located at chromosome 7q35-q36, which belongs to a family of genes that provide instructions for making potassium channels. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Romano-Ward, short QT syndrome, and are long QT syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24581",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KCNJ11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.1, which encodes for a protein that an is integral membrane protein and inward-rectifier type potassium channel. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24582",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KCNJ2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 2 (KCNJ2) gene, located at chromosome 17q23.1-q24.2, that encodes for a protein that may participate in establishing action potential waveform and excitability of neuronal and muscle tissues. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Andersen-Tawil syndrome, short QT syndrome, and familial atrial fibrillation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24583",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KCNQ1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1 (KCNQ1) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.5, which encodes for a protein involved in potassium-channel formation and function and  helps move potassium out of the cell. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with familial atrial fibrillation, JLNS, Romano-Ward syndrome, and short QT syndromes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24584",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KCNQ4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 4 (KCNQ4) gene, located at chromosome 1p34, which encodes for a protein that forms potassium channels thought to be critical in the regulation of neuronal excitability, particularly in the sensor cells of the cochlea. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness, type 2 (DFNA2)"
    },
    {
      "code": "24585",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KIF21A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the kinesin family member 21A (KIF21A) gene, located at chromosome 12q12, which encodes for a protein involved in the transport of essential cellular components along neuronal microtubules. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with congenital fibrosis of extra-ocular muscles (CFEOM1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36669",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KIF6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the kinesin family member 6 (KIF6) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.2, which encodes the kinesin-like protein KIF6. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19619",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KRAS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Kirsten (K-ras) oncogene; these mutations are frequently detected in  malignancies of  the pancreas (up to 95% of patients), colon, and lung."
    },
    {
      "code": "24587",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KRAS2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homologue (KRAS2), located at chromosome 12p12.1, which encodes proteins that play a role in normal tissue signaling, including proliferation, differentiation and senescence. This is an oncogene. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with lung, pancreatic, endometrial, and colorectal cancers."
    },
    {
      "code": "24481",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KRIT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ankyrin repeat containing (KRIT1) gene, located a chromosome 7q21-q22, which encodes for a protein that is involved in the formation of blood vessels during embryo development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in many patients with cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), also known as familial cavernous angioma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24588",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KRT14",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the keratin 14 (KRT14) gene, located at chromosome 17q12-q21, which provides instructions for making keratin 14. The protein product of the gene works with keratin 5 to provide resiliency to the outer layers of skin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex."
    },
    {
      "code": "24589",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, KRT5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the keratin 5 (KRT5) gene, located at chromosome 12q12-q13, which encodes for the protein keratin 5 that works with keratin 14 to provide resiliency to the outer layers of skin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex."
    },
    {
      "code": "24590",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, L1CAM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes for an integral membrane glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion; it is found primarily in the nervous system. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with L1 syndrome, which is associated with a wide range of neurologic abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24591",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LAMA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the laminin, alpha 2 (LAMA2) gene, located at chromosome 6q22-q23, which encodes for merosin or laminin M, a striated muscle-specific basal-lamina-associated protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "37899",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LAMB3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the laminin subunit beta 3 (LAMB3) gene, located at chromosome 1q32.2, which encodes the beta-3 subunit of laminin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfect and junctional epidermolysis bullosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "24592",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LARGE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the like-glycosyltransferase (LARGE) gene, located at chromosome 22q12.3-q13.1, which encodes for a protein that is a key determinant in the biosynthetic pathway to produce mature and functional dystroglycan. mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy type 1D."
    },
    {
      "code": "24624",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LGMD2B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B) gene, located at chromosome 2p13.3-p13.1, which encodes for the dysferlin protein that is located in muscle fibers.  Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24593",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LITAF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF factor (LITAF) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3-p12, which encodes for a protein that causes secretion of TNF-alpha. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1C (CMT1C)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24594",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LMNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene, located at chromosome 1q21.2-q21.3, which provides instructions for making several different lamin proteins. Lamin A and lamin C are made in most cells of the body. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2B and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24595",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LMX1B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the LIM homeobox transcription factor 1, beta (LMXIB) gene, located at chromosome 9q34, which encodes for a protein necessary for proper limb development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with nail-patella syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24596",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LPL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene, located at chromosome 8p22, which encodes for lipoprotein lipase. Lipoprotein lipase carries out a step in the breakdown of lipoproteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with lipoprotein lipase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "37890",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, LRPPRC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing (LRPPRC) gene, located at chromosome 2p21, which encodes the mitochondrial leucine-rich PPR motif-containing protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Leigh syndrome, French Canadian type."
    },
    {
      "code": "24597",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MADH4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 4 (MADH4) gene, located at 18q21.1, which encodes for a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor. Mutations at the locus have been identified in patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24598",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MAN2B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mannosidase, alpha, class 2B, member 1 (MAN2B1) gene, located at chromosome 19cen-q12, which encodes for an alpha-mannosidase enzyme that works in lysosomes. Within the lysosome, the enzyme breaks down oligosaccharides attached to glycoproteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with alpha mannosidosis (lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase deficiency)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24599",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MAPT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.1, which encodes for the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT). The MAPT transcript undergoes complex, regulated alternative splicing, giving rise to several mRNA species. MAPT transcripts are differentially expressed in the nervous system, depending on stage of neuronal maturation and neuron type. Mutations at this locus have been identifed in patients with a variety of frontotemporal dementias."
    },
    {
      "code": "24600",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MATN3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the matrilin 3 (MATN3) gene, located at chromosome 2p24-p23, which encodes for matrilin-3 protein found in cartilage extracellular matrix. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with multiple epiphyseal dysplasias."
    },
    {
      "code": "40094",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MCM6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6) gene, located at chromosome 2q21.3, which encodes the protein DNA replication licensing factor MCM6. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with non-persistence of intestinal lactase (i.e., lactose intolerance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24601",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MCOLN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mucolipin 1 (MCOLN1) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.3-13.2, which encodes a cation channel involved in lysosome exocytosis. Mutations at this locus have been identifed in patients with mucolipidosis type IV, a lysosomal storage disorder with an early onset on infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "24602",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MECP2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes for a protein essential for normal brain development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Rett syndrome, an early-onset, almost exclusively female, disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24603",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MEFV",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3, which encodes for the protein pyrin (also known as Marenostrin), produced in certain white blood cells involved inflammation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24604",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MEN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN1) gene, located at chromosome 11q13, which encodes for menin that acts as a tumor suppressor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I, hyperparathyroidism, Wermer syndrome (MEN1 defect), and carcinoid tumors of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "24606",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MFN2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitofusin 2 (MFN2) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.22, which encodes for mitofusin 2 protein, that helps determine the morphology of mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A2 (CMT2A2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24605",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MLC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 (MLC1) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.33, which encodes for a protein whose functions are not fully understood, but it is suspected to be a transport protein. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24607",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MLH1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mutL homologue 1 (MLH1) gene, located at chromosome 3p22.3, which encodes for a protein essential for DNA repair. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (NPCC) type 2, including Turcot's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24609",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MMAA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) type A (MMAA) gene, located at chromosome 4q31.21, which encodes for a protein involved in the formation of adenosylcobalamin. Adenosylocoalamin is required for the normal function of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which breaks down certain proteins, fats, and cholesterol. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset methylmalonic acidemia (MMA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24610",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MMAB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) type B (MMAB) gene, located at chromosome 12q24, which encodes for a protein involved in the formation of adenosylcobalamin, required for methylmalonyl CoA mutase to break down certain proteins, fats, and cholesterol. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset methylmalonic acidemia (MMA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24611",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MPZ",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the myelin protein zero (MPZ) gene, located at chromosome 1q22, which encodes for the myelin protein zero made in the Schwann cells. Myelin protein zero is required for the proper formation and maintenance of myelin. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy 1B (HMSN Ib)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24612",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MSH2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mutS homologue 6 (E. coli) (MSH6) gene, located at chromosome 2p16, which encodes for a protein essential to repairing simple DNA replication errors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal (NPCC) cancer type 5."
    },
    {
      "code": "24613",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MSH6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mutS homologue 6 (E. coli) (MSH6) gene, located at chromosome 2p16, which encodes for a protein essential to repairing simple DNA replication errors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal (NPCC) cancer type 5."
    },
    {
      "code": "24614",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MSX2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the muscle segment homeo box homologue 2 (MSX2) gene, located at chromosome 5q34-q35, which encodes for a transcription factor protein presumed to be critical for skull development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with parietal foramina type 1 and craniosyostosis type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24616",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-ATP6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 (MT-ATP6) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which encodes for a protein that is essential for normal mitochondrial function. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mitochondrial disorders, including mitochondrial DNA associated Leigh syndrome; neurogenic muscle weakness; ataxia; and neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24608",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-CO2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the MT-CO2 gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which encodes for the protein cytochrome C oxidase II. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mitochondrial myopathy (MM)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24617",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-CYB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b (MT-CYB) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which encodes for a protein involved in the production of energy within the mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24621",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-ND1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 (MT-ND1) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which encodes for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 protein that is part of complex 1, a large enzyme complex active in mitochondria. Mutations at ths locus have been identified in patients with early onset of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24622",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-ND4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the NADH dehydrogenase 4 (MTND4) gene, located in the mitochondria, which encodes for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 protein that is complex 1, part of a large enzyme complex active in mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24623",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-ND5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT-ND5) gene, located in the mitochondria, which encodes for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 protein that complex 1, is part of a large enzyme complex active in mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24625",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-ND6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 6 (MT-ND6) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome which encodes for NADH dehydrogenase 6 protein that is part of complex 1, a large enzyme complex active in mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early onset of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24626",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-RNR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded 12S, RNA (MT-RNR1) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which provides instructions for making ribosomal 12S RNA present only in mitochondria. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mitochondrial nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness."
    },
    {
      "code": "24627",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-TK",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded tRNA lysine (MTTK) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which encodes for tRNA lysine found in the mitochondria and is important in protein synthesis. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mitochondrial disorders and myoclonic epilepsy associated with ragged red fibers (MERRF)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24628",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-TL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 1 (UUA/G) (MTTL1) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which encodes for a specific form of transfer RNA, tRNA Leu, that attaches to the amino acid leucine (Leu) and inserts it into the appropriate locations in many different proteins during translation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mitochondrial disorders, including a disease characterized by mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). The entry terms include deafness and hearing loss."
    },
    {
      "code": "24629",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MT-TS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrially encoded tRNA serine 1 (MT-TS1) gene, located in the mitochondrial genome, which encodes for a specific form of transfer RNA , tRNASer, that attaches to the amino acid serine (ser) and inserts it into the appropriate locations in many different proteins during translation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with mitochondrial nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness."
    },
    {
      "code": "24618",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MTHFR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.3, which encodes for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme involved in processing amino acids. Mutations at ths locus have been identified in patients with homocystinuria due to MTHFR deficiency and with premature atherosclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24620",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MTM1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the myotubular myopathy 1 (MTM1) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes for a lipid phosphatase required for muscle cell differentiation. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with X-linked myotubular myopathy type 1 (also called X-linked centronuclear myopathy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24630",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MUT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) gene, located at chromosome 6p21, which encodes for the methylmalonyl Coenzyme A (CoA) mutase enzyme that is active in mitochondria. Methylmalonyl CoA mutase is responsible for the breakdown of isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and valine as well as lipids and cholesterol. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with methylmalonic acidemia (MMA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24631",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MXI1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the MAX interacting protein 1 (MXI1) gene, located at chromosome 10q24-25, which encodes for a protein that is a transcriptional repressor, thought to negatively regulate Myc function. This gene is a potential tumor suppressor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with neurofibrosarcoma and susceptibility to prostate cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19623",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MYC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homologue (MYC, also known as c-Myc) gene, located at chromosome 8q24, which encodes for a multifunctional, nuclear phosphoprotein that is involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cellular transformation. It functions as a transcription factor that regulates transcription of specific target genes. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with hematopoietic tumors, leukemias, and lymphomas, including Burkitt's lymphoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24632",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, MYOC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the myocilin, trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response (MYOC) gene, located at chromosome 1q23-24, which encodes for the protein myocilin found in  the trabecular meshwork and the ciliary body of the eye. Myocilin may help to control the intraocular pressure of the eye through its action in the muscle tissue of the ciliary body. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with primary open-angle type 1A glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24633",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NAGS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.31, which encodes for the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, needed for the urea cycle. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency, an early-onset (newborn) urea cycle disorder characterized by severe hyperammonemia, spasticity, seizures, and loss of mental development."
    },
    {
      "code": "24634",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NBN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (nibrin) (NBN) gene, located at chromosome 8q21, which encodes for the protein nibrin that is involved in several critical cellular functions, including the repair of damaged DNA. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Nijmegen breakage syndrome type 1, aplastic anemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24635",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NDP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Norrie's disease (pseudoglioma) (NDP) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.4, which encodes for the protein norrin that participates in the Wnt cascade, a signaling pathway that affects the way cells and tissues develop. Norrin seems to play critical roles in the specialization of the cells of the retina. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Norrie's disease and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24636",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NEFL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the neurofilament, light polypeptide 68kDa (NEFL) gene, located at chromosome 8p21, which encodes for a protein component (the light subunit) of neurofilaments. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1F and type 2E."
    },
    {
      "code": "24637",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene, located at chromosome 17q11.2, which encodes for the protein neurofibromin, produced in many cells, including nerve cells (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells). Neurofibromin acts as a tumor suppressor protein. Mutations at this locus have identified in patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen's disease); it is also associated with related diseases including Watson syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24638",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NF2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the neurofibromin 2 (NF2) gene, located at chromosome 22q12.2, which encodes for the protein merlin (also known as schwannomin), made in Schwann cells. Merlin plays a role in controlling cell shape, cell movement, and communication between cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), a young adult onset disease characterized by bilateral vestibular neoplasms of the Schwann cells of neurons (i.e., schwannomas) causing tinnitus, hearing loss, and loss of balance."
    },
    {
      "code": "24639",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NOTCH3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Notch homologue 3 (NOTCH3) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.2-p13.1, which encodes for the Notch3 receptor protein is located on the surface of the muscle cells that surround blood vessels. Notch3 receptors play a key role in the function and survival of vascular smooth muscle cells. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with inherited cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a disease characterized by migraine headaches linked to hemodynamic abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24641",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NPC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) gene, located in at chromosome 18q11-q12, which encodes for the protein NPC1 that is located on the surface of enodosomes and lysosomes. The NPC1 protein binds to cholesterol and plays a role in moving cholesterol and certain other lipids (fats) out of the lysosomes to other parts of the cell. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C1, a fatal lipid storage disorder."
    },
    {
      "code": "24640",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NPC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Niemann-Pick disease, type C2 (NPC2) gene, located at chromosome 14q24.3, which encodes for the protein NPC2 that is located inside lysosomes. The NPC2 protein binds to cholesterol and plays a role in moving cholesterol and certain other lipids (fats) out of the lysosomes to other parts of the cell. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24642",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NPHS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the nephrosis 1, congenital, Finnish type (nephrin) (NPHS1) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1, which encodes for the protein nephrin that is a kidney glomerular filtration barrier protein. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type."
    },
    {
      "code": "24643",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NR0B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1 (NR0B1) gene, located at chromosome Xp21.3-p21.2, which encodes for the protein DAX1 that is involved in the development and function of several hormone-producing (endocrine) tissues in the body. This genetic mutation causes congenital adrenal hypoplasia, X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenital, and Swyer syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "19620",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NRAS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homologue (NRAS) gene, located at chromosome 1p13.2, which encodes for a membrane-linked protein that moves between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. The protein is a small GTPase. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with juvenile myleomonocytic leukemia (JMML), colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, and follicular cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "24644",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, NSD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) gene, located at chromosome 5q35.2-q35.3, which encodes for a protein whose exact function is unknown but is believed to regulate the transcription of genes involved in growth and development. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Soto's syndrome and childhood acute myeloid leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24646",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, OCA2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2) gene, located at chromosome 15q11.2-q12, which is involved in producing the pigment melanin, the substance that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. Mutations at this locus have been identified in individuals with light-colored hair and fair skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "24647",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, OCRL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) gene, located at chromosome Xq26.1, which encodes for an enzyme that helps modify membrane phospholipids known as phosphoinositides. Mutations at this locus have been identified in male patients with early-onset (newborn) Lowe syndrome; carrier females develop opacities in the eye lens that may progress to cataracts."
    },
    {
      "code": "24648",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, OTC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC) gene, located at chromosome Xp21.1, which encodes for the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase that participates in the urea cycle. Mutations at this locus have been identified in male patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD); carrier females may suffer vomiting, lethargy, and seizures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24649",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PABPN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the poly(A)-binding protein, nuclear 1 (PABPN1), gene, located at chromosome 14q11.2-q13, which encodes for a nuclear protein that binds to nascent poly(A) tails. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24650",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PAH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, located at chromosome 12q22-q24.2, which encodes for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. The enzyme is responsible for the first step in processing phenylalanine, an amino acid obtained through the diet. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24651",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PANK2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the neurodegeneration, pantothenate kinase-associated (PANK2) gene, located at chromosome 20p13, which encodes for the enzyme pantothenate kinase 2 that is active in mitochondria. Pantothenate kinase 2 regulates the formation of Coenzyme A. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome) and with HARP (hypoprebetalipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration) syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24652",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PARK2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the parkin 2 (PARK2) gene, located at chromosome 6q25.2-q27, which encodes for the protein parkin that is involved in degrading unwanted proteins by attaching ubiquitin to damaged and excess proteins. Parkin may also act as a tumor suppressor protein and regulate the supply and release of synaptic vesicles from nerve cells. This genetic mutation is associated with early onset (juvenile) Parkinson's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24653",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PAX3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the paired box gene 3 (PAX3) gene, located at chromosome 2q35-q37, which encodes for a transcription factor. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Waardenburg's syndrome type 1 (WS1), a disease characterized by partial albinism and severe hearing loss or deafness, and Waardenburg's syndrome type 3 (Klein-Waardenburg syndrome) and craniofacial-deafness-hand syndrome (CDHS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24654",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PAX6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the paired box gene 6 (PAX6) gene, located at chromosome 11p13, which encodes for a transcriptional regulator involved in oculogenesis and other development processes; the gene is  expressed in the eye and brain. Inherited mutations are present in patients with isolated aniridia. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early onset of isolated aniridia, a disease characterized by complete or partial iris and foveal hypoplasia with reduced visual acuity and nystagmus progressing to cataract, glaucoma, and corneal opacification with vascularization."
    },
    {
      "code": "24655",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PCCA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, alpha polypeptide (PCCA) gene, located at chromosome 13q32, which encodes for the alpha subunit of the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase that is involved in the normal processing of proteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with propionic acidemia and early-onset organic aciduria."
    },
    {
      "code": "24656",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PCCB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, beta polypeptide (PCCB) gene, located at chromosome 3q21-q22, which encodes for the beta subunit of the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase that is involved in the normal processing of proteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with propionic acidemia and early-onset organic aciduria."
    },
    {
      "code": "24658",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PEX1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peroxisome biogenesis factor 1 (PEX1) gene, located at chromosome 7q21-q22, which encodes for a member of the AAA ATPase family. This protein is cytoplasmic but is also associated with the peroxisomal membrane and plays a role in the import of proteins into peroxisomes and peroxisome biogenesis. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset Zellweger syndrome spectrum, a continuum of peroxisome biogenesis disorders including three well differentiated forms, from severe to mild."
    },
    {
      "code": "24659",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PEX10",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 (PEX10) gene, located in 1p36.32 which encodes for a protein involved in import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset Zellweger syndrome spectrum, a continuum of peroxisome biogenesis disorders that include three well-differentiated forms, from severe to mild."
    },
    {
      "code": "24660",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PEX12",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peroxisomal biogenesis factor 12 (PEX12) gene, located at chromosome 17q12, which encodes for a protein involved in import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset Zellweger syndrome spectrum, a continuum of peroxisome biogenesis disorders that include three well-differentiated forms, from severe to mild."
    },
    {
      "code": "24932",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PEX5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 targeting signal 1 receptor (PEX5) (formerly PXR1) gene, located at chromosome 12p13.3, which encodes for a protein involved in peroxisomal protein import. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Zellweger syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24661",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PEX6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peroxisomal biogenesis factor 6 (PEX6) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.1, which encodes for a protein involved in import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Zellweger syndrome (ZS), infantile Refsum disease (IRD), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and classic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata."
    },
    {
      "code": "24662",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PEX7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7 (PEX7) gene, located at chromosome 6q21-q22.2, which encodes for a protein involved in import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24663",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PHOX2B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the paired-like homeobox 2b (PHOX2B) gene, located at chromosome 4p12, which encodes for a  DNA-associated protein and is a member of the paired family of homeobox proteins localized to the nucleus that function as transcription factors. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with congenital hypoventilation syndrome and predisposition to hereditary neuroblastoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "41064",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PIK3CA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene, located at chromosome 3q26.32, which encodes the protein serine/threonine protein kinase PIK3CA. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with various diseases, including breast cancer, colon cancer; congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, and epidermal nevi; congenital macrodactylia; Cowden syndrome 5; epidermal nevus; hepatocellular carcinoma; lung cancer; megalencephaly cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita; ovarian cancer; seborrheic keratosis; and stomach cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "24664",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PKD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the polycystic kidney disease 1 (autosomal dominant) (PKD1) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3-p13.12, which encodes for the protein polycystin-1 that with polycystin-2, regulates cell growth and division, cell movement and cellular interactions. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with late-onset polycystic kidney disease type 1 (PKD1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24667",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PKD2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the polycystic kidney disease type 2 (autosomal dominant) (PKD2) gene, located at chromosome 4q21-q23, which encodes for the protein polycystin-2 that with polycystin-1, regulates cell growth and division, cell movement and cellular interactions. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with late-onset polycystic kidney disease type 2 (PKD2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24668",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PKHD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.1-p12, which encodes for the protein fibrocystin (also known as polyductin) that may act as a receptor, interacting with molecules outside the cell and receiving signals that help the cell respond to its environment. Fibrocystin may be involved in connecting cells together (adhesion), keeping cells apart (repulsion), and promoting the growth and division of cells (proliferation). Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with early-onset polycystic kidney and hepatic disease type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24669",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PLP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene, located at chromosome Xq22, which encodes for 2 protein isoforms: the  proteolipid protein 1 and DM20. Proteolipid protein 1 and DM20 are the main proteins found in myelin of the central nervous system. Mutations at this locus have been identified in male patients with a PLP1 gene-related disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) myelination, resulting in a spectrum of diseases from the severe connatal Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) to the milder uncomplicated spastic paraplegia 2  (SPG2); intermediate severity disorders are classic PMD, PLP1 null syndrome, and complicated SPG2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24670",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PMM2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.2, which encodes for phosphomannomutase 2, an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of GDP-mannose. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with a congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1A caused by a phosphomannomutase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24671",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PMP22",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene, located at chromosome 17p12-p11.2, which encodes for the protein peripheral myelin protein 22, crucial to development and maintenance of myelin. The PMP22 gene may also be involved in regulating cell division and maturation, cell shape, and cell death. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1A (CMT1A), Dejerine-Sottas syndrome, hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy III (HMSNIII), and Roussy-Levy syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24672",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, POMGNT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protein O-mannose N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1) gene, located at chromosome 1p34.1, which encodes for a protein involved in o-mannosyl glycan synthesis. Mutations at this locus have been identified in patients with muscle-eye-brain muscular dystrophy (MEB), ocular abnormalities, and brain malformation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24913",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, POMT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 (POMT1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.1, which encodes for a protein involved in o-mannosylation, an important protein modification, that may be required for normal structure and function of alpha-dystroglycan in muscle and the brain. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) muscular dystrophy, and muscular dystrophy limb-girdle, type 2K."
    },
    {
      "code": "24914",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, POU3F4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the POU class 3 homeobox 4 (POU3F4) gene, located at chromosome Xq21.1, which encodes for a protein that helps regulate the activity of other genes (transcription factor). This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with X-linked nonsyndromic deafness type 3 (i.e., DFN3)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24915",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PPT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) gene, located at chromosome 1p32, which encodes for a glycoprotein that removes palmitate groups from cysteine residues in lipid-modified proteins. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (CLN)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24916",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the perforin 1 (pore forming protein) (PRF1) gene, located at chromosome 10q22, which encodes for a protein that can create transmembrane tubules and is a component of cytolytic granules that can cause apoptosis in a variety of target cells. This protein is known to be a key effector molecule for T-cell- and natural killer-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24917",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRKAR1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type I, alpha (tissue specific extinguisher 1) (PRKAR1A) gene, located at chromosome 17q23-q24, which encodes for a regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA is activated by the second messenger cAMP and has a variety of important functions. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with familial myxoma (Carney complex type 1, CNC1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24918",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRKCG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protein kinase C, gamma (PRKCG) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.4, which encodes for a calcium-activated and phospholipid-dependent enzyme and is known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. The enzyme of this gene is expressed solely in the brain and spinal cord, and its localization is restricted to neurons. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 14; mutations are also associated with axial myoclonus, cerebellar atrophy, cognitive deficit, tremor, and sensory loss."
    },
    {
      "code": "24919",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRNP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the prion protein (PRNP) gene, located at chromosome 20pter-p12, which encodes for the prion protein that has been implicated in various types of transmissible neurodegenerative spongiform encephalopathies. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with genetically transmitted prion diseases such as familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia (FFI)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36987",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PROC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protein C, inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa (PROC) gene, located at chromosome 2q13-q14, which encodes the protein vitamin K-dependent protein C. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary thrombophilia due to protein C deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24920",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PROP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the prophet of Pit1, paired-like homeodomain transcription factor (PROP1) gene, located at chromosome 5q35.3, which encodes for a protein with both DNA-binding and transcriptional activation activity. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36991",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PROS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protein S (alpha) (PROS1) gene, located at chromosome 3q11.2, which encodes vitamin K-dependent protein S. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24921",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRP3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the PRP3 pre-mRNA processing factor 3 homologue (S. cerevisiae)  gene, located at chromosome 1q21.1, which encodes for a protein that participates in premessenger RNA splicing. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa type 18 (RP18)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24922",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRP8",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the PRP8 pre-mRNA processing factor 8 homologue (S. cerevisiae) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.3, which encodes for a protein that is essential for the catalytic step in pre-mRNA splicing process. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa type 13 (RP13)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24935",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRPH2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peripherin 2 (retinal degeneration, slow) (PRPH2) (formerly RDS) gene, located at chromosome 6p21.2-p12.3, which encodes for a protein that mediates signal transduction events involved in photoreceptor disk morphogenesis. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, progressive macular degeneration, macular dystrophy, and digenic retinitis pigmentosa."
    },
    {
      "code": "24923",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRSS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1) (PRSS1) gene, located at chromosome 7q35, which encodes for an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with trypsinogen deficiency and hereditary (chronic) pancreatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24924",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PRX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the periaxin (PRX) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1-q13.2, which encodes for the protein periaxin, required for the maintenance of myelin; research suggests that it helps to stabilize the myelin. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with demyelinating peripheral neuropathy (demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4) and with Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24925",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PSAP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the prosaposin (PSAP) gene, located at chromosome 10q21-q22, which encodes for a protein involved in multiple biologic functions of the nervous and reproductive systems. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with variants of (i.e., atypical) Gaucher's disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy; mutations are also present in complex sphingolipidosis with fatal infantile glycogen storage disorder."
    },
    {
      "code": "24926",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PSEN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene, located at chromosome 14q24.3, which encodes for the protein presenilin 1 that helps process certain proteins important for transmitting biochemical signals from the cell membrane into the nucleus of the cell. Genetic mutations are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease type 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "24927",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PSEN2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene, located at chromosome 1q31-q42, which encodes for the protein presenilin 2, involved in processing certain proteins important for transmitting biochemical signals from the cell membrane into the nucleus of the cell. Genetic mutations are associated with familial Alzheimer's disease type 4."
    },
    {
      "code": "24928",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PTCH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the patched homologue (PTCH) gene, located at chromosome 9q22.3, which encodes for a protein implicated in the formation of embryonic structures and in tumorigenesis and that functions as a tumor suppressor.  This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with holoprosencephaly-7 and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCSS), also known as Gorlin's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24929",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PTEN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) gene, located at chromosome 10q23.3, which encodes for a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), a family of diseases that includes Cowden syndrome (CS), Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), Proteus syndrome (PS), and Proteus-like syndrome, which is characterized by similar but not all Proteus syndrome features."
    },
    {
      "code": "24930",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PTPN11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11 ( PTPN11) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.1, which encodes for a protein that generates signals within a cell that affect how those cells function and how often they divide. This is an oncogene. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Noonan's syndrome type 1, Noonan-like/multiple giant-cell lesion syndrome, and with a disease characterized by multiple lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, and pulmonary stenosis (LEOPS) syndrome (also known as LEOPARD syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24931",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PXMP3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the peroxisomal membrane protein 3, 35kDa (PXMP3) gene, located at chromosome 8q21.1, which encodes for a protein required for peroxisome biogenesis. The protein is thought to be involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Zellweger syndrome spectrum, including three well-differentiated forms: Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum's disease (IRD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24933",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, PYGM",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) gene, located at chromosome 11q12-q13.2, which encodes for a protein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of intracellular glycogen. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with hereditary glycogen storage disease type V (McArdle's disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36284",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RAB7A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the RAB7A, member RAS oncogene family (RAB7A) gene, located at chromosome 3q21.3, which encodes the protein RAS-related protein RAB-7A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36286",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RAF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (RAF1) gene, located at chromosome 3p25.2, which encodes the protein RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, LEOPARD syndrome, and Noonan syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36288",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RAI1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1) gene, located at chromosome 17p11.2, which encodes the protein retinoic acid-induced protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24934",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) gene, located at chromosome 13q14.2, a key regulator of cell division initiation that acts as a tumor suppressor. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with retinoblastoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24936",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RECQL4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the RecQ protein-like 4 (RECQL4) gene, located at chromosome 8q24.3, whose exact function is not known but appears to maintain the stability of cellular DNA in replication and repair. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Rothmund-Thompson syndrome and Baller-Gerold syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36290",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, REEP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the receptor accessory protein 1 (REEP1) gene, located at chromosome 2p11.2, which encodes the protein receptor expression-enhancing protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with distal hereditary motor neuronopathy and spastic paraplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19622",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RET",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) gene, located at chromosome 10q11.2, which encodes for a receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals for cell growth and differentiation. It is essential for the development of several kinds of nerve cells, kidney development, and sperm production. These genetic mutations have been identified in patients with several diseases, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), both type II A (MEN 2A, Sipple's syndrome) and type II B (MEN 2B), and Hirschsprung's disease1."
    },
    {
      "code": "36670",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RHD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Rh blood group D antigen (RHD) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.11, which encodes the protein blood group Rh(D) polypeptide. Incompatibility between maternal and fetal RHD genotype has been associated with hemolytic disease of the fetus or newborn due to isoimmunization."
    },
    {
      "code": "24938",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RHO",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the rhodopsin (opsin 2, rod pigment) (RHO) gene, located at chromosome 3q21-q24, which encodes for a rod photoreceptor-specific protein that, when photo-excited, initiates the visual transduction cascade. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa type 4 (RP4)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24939",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RLBP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the retinaldehyde binding protein 1 (RLBP1) gene, located at chromosome 15q26, which encodes for a protein that may be a functional component of the visual cycle. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with inherited retinitis pigmentosa of Bothnia type."
    },
    {
      "code": "24940",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RNASEL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ribonuclease L (2',5'-oligoisoadenylate synthetase-dependent) (RNASEL) gene, located at chromosome 1q25, which encodes for a component of the interferon response that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative roles of the interferon response. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with familial prostate cancer type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "36292",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ROS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) gene, located at chromosome 6q22.1, which encodes the protein proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROS."
    },
    {
      "code": "24941",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa 1 (RP1) gene, located at chromosome 8q11-q13, which encodes for a protein that has an important but unknown role in photoreceptor biology. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa type 1 (RP1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24942",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RPE65",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65kDa (RPE65) gene, located at chromosome 1p31. These genetic mutations have been indentified in patients with Leber's, congenital amaurosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24943",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RPGRIP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator interacting protein 1 (RPGRIP1) gene, located at chromosome 14q11, which encodes for a protein involved in normal disk morphogenesis. These genetic mutations have been identified in patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36293",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RPS19",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.2, which encodes the protein 40S ribosomal protein S19. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24944",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RPS6KA3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3 (RPS6KA3) gene, located at chromosome Xp22.13, which encodes for ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 that helps regulate the activity of other genes and signaling within the cell. These proteins are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These genetic mutations have been identified in patients with X-linked inherited Coffin-Lowry syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36295",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RRM2B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ribonucleotide reductase regulatory TP53 inducible subunit M2B (RRM2B) gene, located at chromosome 8q22.3, which encodes the protein ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia with progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24945",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the retinoschisin 1 (RS1) gene, located at chromosome Xp22.2-p22.1, which encodes for a secreted protein crucial to the cellular organization of the retina. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with X-linked inherited juvenile retinoschisis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36297",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RTN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the reticulon 1 (RTN1) gene, located at chromosome 14q23.1, which encodes the protein reticulon-1."
    },
    {
      "code": "36298",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RUNX1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.12, which encodes the protein runt-related transcription factor 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36300",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RUNX1T1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the RUNX1 translocation partner 1 (RUNX1T1) gene, located at chromosome 8q21.3, which encodes protein CBFA2T1."
    },
    {
      "code": "24946",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RYR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ryanodine receptor 1 (skeletal) (RYR1) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1, which encodes for a receptor found in skeletal muscle. The encoded protein functions as a calcium-release channel. Inherited genetic mutations are associated with congenital myopathies, including central core disease (CCD) and multiminicore diseases (MmD); mutations are also associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "24947",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, RYR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ryanodine receptor 2 (cardiac) (RYR2) gene, located at chromosome 1q42.1-q43, which encodes for a receptor found in cardiac muscle. The encoded protein is one of the components of a calcium channel. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24948",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SACS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sacsin (SACS) gene, located at chromosome 13q12, which encodes for a protein found in the brain, skin cells, skeletal muscle, and pancreas that may function in chaperone-mediated protein folding, but its exact function is unknown. These inherited genetic mutations have been identified in patients with spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24949",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SALL4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sal-like 4 (SALL4) gene, located at chromosome 20q13.13-q13.2, which is part of a gene family that encodes for proteins involved in formation of tissue and organs in embryogenesis. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with SALL4-related disorders, a spectrum of diseases that include Duane and anomaly radial-ray malformation (DARRM/Okihiro syndrome), acro-renal-ocular syndrome, and, less frequently, Holt-Oram syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36301",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCN1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1 (SCN1A) gene, located at chromosome 2q24.3, which encodes the protein sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial hemiplegic migraine, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, and severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24950",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCN4A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sodium channel, voltage-gated, type IV, alpha subunit (SCN4A) gene, located at chromosome 17q23-q25.3, which encodes for the alpha subunit of a voltage-gated sodium channel. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, and paramyotonia congenita."
    },
    {
      "code": "24951",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCN5A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sodium channel, voltage-gated, type V, alpha subunit (SCN5A) gene, located at chromosome 3p21, which encodes for a protein that encodes the alpha subunit of a voltage-gated sodium channel found primarily in cardiac muscle. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Brugada (long QT syndrome 3) syndrome and Romano-Ward syndrome (RWS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36305",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCNN1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sodium channel epithelial 1 alpha subunit (SCNN1A) gene, located at chromosome 12p13.31, which encodes the protein amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit alpha. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with bronchiectasis with bronchiectasis and pseudohypoaldosteronism."
    },
    {
      "code": "36307",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCNN1B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sodium channel epithelial 1 beta subunit (SCNN1B) gene, located at chromosome 16p12.2, which encodes the protein amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit beta. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with bronchiectasis, pseudohypoaldosteronism, and pseudoprimary hyperaldosteronism."
    },
    {
      "code": "36308",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCNN1G",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sodium channel epithelial 1 gamma subunit (SCNN1G) gene, located at chromosome 16p12.2, which encodes the protein amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit gamma. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with bronchiectasis, pseudohypoaldosteronism, and pseudoprimary hyperaldosteronism."
    },
    {
      "code": "36309",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCO1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SCO1, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein (SCO1) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which encodes the mitochondrial protein SCO1 homolog. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36311",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SCO2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SCO2, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein (SCO2) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.33, which encodes the mitochondrial protein SCO2 homolog. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with fetal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and myopia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36313",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SDHA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA) gene, located at chromosome 5p15.33, which encodes the mitochondrial protein succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, Leigh syndrome, mitochondrial complex II deficiency, and paragangliomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "24952",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SDHB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B, iron sulfur (IP) (SDHB) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.1-p35, which encodes for succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit, involved in the oxidation of succinate. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with succinate dehydrogenase complex B deficiency, associated with carotid body tumors, pheochromocytoma, and early-onset renal cell carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36315",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SDHC",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC) gene, located at chromosome 1q23.3, which encodes the mitochondrial protein succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors; paraganglioma and gastric stromal sarcoma; and paragangliomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "24953",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SDHD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein (SDHD), located at chromosome 11q23, which encodes for succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D, an integral membrane protein. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with carcinoid tumor, somatic Merkel cell carcinoma, paraganglioma and gastric stromal sarcoma, and pheochromocytoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36317",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SEPT9",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the septin 9 (SEPT9) gene, located at chromosome 17q25.3, which encodes the protein septin-9. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24955",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SERPINA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, class A, member 1 (SERPINA1) gene, located at chromosome 14q32.1, which encodes for a protein that controls trypsin and neutrophil elastase activity. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with alpha-1-antitypsin deficiency, associated with emphysema, neonatal hepatitis, chronic cirrhosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36994",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SERPINC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade C (antithrombin), member 1 (SERPINC1) gene, located at chromosome 1q25.1, which encodes the protein antithrombin-III. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thrombophilia due to antithrombin III deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36320",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SERPINE1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) gene, located at chromosome 7q22.1, which encodes the protein plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36321",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SETX",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the senataxin (SETX) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.13, which encodes the protein probable helicase senataxin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinocerebellar ataxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24956",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SGCA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sarcoglycan, alpha (50kDa dystrophin-associated glycoprotein) (SGCA) gene, located at chromosome 17q21, which encodes for a member of a multisubunit protein complex necessary for the stability of muscle fiber membranes and to link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "24957",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SGCB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sarcoglycan, beta (43kDa dystrophin-associated glycoprotein) (SGCB) gene, located at chromosome 4q12, which encodes for a member of a multisubunit protein complex that provides structural linkage between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix of muscle cells. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E."
    },
    {
      "code": "24958",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SGCD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sarcoglycan, delta (35kDa dystrophin-associated glycoprotein) (SGCD) gene, located at chromosome 5q33-q34, which encodes for part of a multisubunit protein complex that forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. The protein encoded by this gene is expressed most often in skeletal and cardiac muscle. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy type 1L and muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle type 2F."
    },
    {
      "code": "24959",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SGCE",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sarcoglycan, epsilon (SGCE) gene, located at chromosome 7q21, which encodes for a member of a multisubunit protein complex necessary for the stability of muscle fiber membranes and to link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with myoclonus dystonia (dystonia type 11, DYT11)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24960",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SGCG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sarcoglycan, gamma (35kDa dystrophin-associated glycoprotein) (SGCG) gene, located at chromosome 13q12, which encodes for a member of a multisubunit protein complex necessary for the stability of muscle fiber membranes and to link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle type 2C."
    },
    {
      "code": "24961",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SH2D1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SH2 domain protein 1A (SH2D1A) gene, located at chromosome Xq25-q26, which encodes for a protein with a major role in bidirectional stimulation of T and B cells. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with X-linked type 1 lymphoproliferative syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36323",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SH3TC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (SH3TC2) gene, located at chromosome 5q32, which encodes the protein SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and mild mononeuropathy of the median nerve."
    },
    {
      "code": "24962",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SHH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sonic hedgehog homologue (SHH) gene, located at chromosome 7q36, which encodes for a protein that is important in embryonic development and differentiation. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with ocular coloboma, holoprosencephaly type 3."
    },
    {
      "code": "36325",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SHOC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SHOC2, leucine rich repeat scaffold protein (SHOC2) gene, located at chromosome 10q25.2, which encodes the protein leucine-rich repeat protein SHOC-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair."
    },
    {
      "code": "36327",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SIL1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SIL1 nucleotide exchange factor (SIL1) gene, located at chromosome 5q31.2, which encodes the protein nucleotide exchange factor SIL1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24965",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SIX3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sine oculis homeobox homologue 3 (SIX3) gene, located at chromosome 2p16-p21, which encodes for a protein involved in the regulation of eye development. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with holoprosencephaly-2."
    },
    {
      "code": "36329",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC12A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 12 member 1 (SLC12A1) gene, located at chromosome 15q21.1, which encodes the protein solute carrier family 12 member 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bartter syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24966",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC12A3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 12 (sodium/chloride transporters), member 3 (SLC12A3) gene, located at chromosome 16q13, which encodes for a protein that acts as a cotransporter, mediating sodium-chloride reabsorbtion in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with familial hypokalemia-hypomagnesemia (Gitelman's syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37927",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC12A6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 12 member 6 (SLC12A6) gene, located at chromosome 15q14, which encodes the protein solute carrier family 12 member 6. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Andermann syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36330",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC16A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 16 member 2 (SLC16A2) gene, located at chromosome Xq13.2, which encodes the protein monocarboxylate transporter 8. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24967",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC17A5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter) member 5 (SLC17A5) gene, located at chromosome 6q14-q15, which encodes for a protein that moves free sialic acid out of the lysosomes to other parts of the cell. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with free sialic acid storage disorders, including early-onset (neonatal) severe infantile free sialic acid storage disease (ISSD) and a milder form, Salla disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24968",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC22A1L",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 18 (SLC22A1L) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.5, which may be involved in malignancies and disease that involve the 11p15.5 tumor suppressor gene region as well as the transport of chloroquine- and quinidine-related compounds in the kidney. Anomalies in this gene are associated with several malignances and diseases, including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36332",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC22A5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5) gene, located at chromosome 5q31.1, which encodes the protein solute carrier family 22 member 5. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with renal carnitine transport defect."
    },
    {
      "code": "24969",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC25A19",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial thiamine deoxynucleotide carrier), member 19 (SLC25A19) gene, located at chromosome 17q25.3, which encodes for a protein that transports thiamine pyrophosphate into the mitochondria. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Amish lethal microcephaly."
    },
    {
      "code": "36334",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC25A20",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 25 member 20 (SLC25A20) gene, located at chromosome 3p21.31, which encodes the protein mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with carnitine acylcarnitine translocase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36336",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC25A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 25 member 4 (SLC25A4) gene, located at chromosome 4q35.1, which encodes the protein ADP/ATP translocase 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome and progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions."
    },
    {
      "code": "24970",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC26A2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 26 (sulfate transporter), member 2 (SLC26A2) gene, located at chromosome 5q31-q34, which encodes for a protein that transports ions, particularly sulfate ions, across cell membranes. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) and atelosteogenesis type 2 (AO2, also known as neonatal osseous dysplasia type I)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24971",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC26A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 26, member 4 (SLC26A4) gene, located at chromosome 7q31, which encodes for a transport protein that is a sodium-independent transporter of chloride and iodide and is active in the thyroid, kidney, and inner ear. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with nonsyndromic deafness."
    },
    {
      "code": "24972",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC2A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 (SLC2A1) gene, located at chromosome 1p35-p31.3, which encodes for a major glucose transporter in the mammalian blood-brain barrier. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36338",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC37A4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 37 member 4 (SLC37A4) gene, located at chromosome 11q23.3, which encodes the protein glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with phosphate transport defect and glucose-6-phosphate transport defect."
    },
    {
      "code": "36340",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLC9A6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier family 9 member A6 (SLC9A6) gene, located at chromosome Xq26.3, which encodes the protein sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Christianson syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36342",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SLCO1B1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene, located at chromosome 12p12.1, which encodes the protein solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to simvastatin, statin-induced myopathy, and Rotor syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36344",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SMAD4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) gene, located at chromosome 18q21.2, which encodes the protein mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with juvenile polyposis syndrome, juvenile polyposis/hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome, Myhre syndrome, pancreatic cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "24973",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SMN1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric (SMN1) gene, located at chromosome 5q12.2-q13.3, which is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13 that contains at least 4 genes and is prone to rearrangements. The gene encodes for a protein that localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. This inherited genetic mutation is associated with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a continuum range of early-onset (neonatal to young adult) disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "36346",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SMN2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the survival of motor neuron 2, centromeric (SMN2) gene, located at chromosome 5q13.2, which encodes the protein survival motor neuron protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Kugelberg-Welander disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36348",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SMPD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.4, which encodes the protein sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Niemann-Pick disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24974",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SNCA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) (SNCA) gene, located at chromosome 4q22, which encodes for a protein that may integrate presynaptic signaling and membrane transport of dopamine. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with familial Parkinson's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36350",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SNRPN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN) gene, located at chromosome 15q11.2, which encodes the protein small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein N. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Prader-Willi syndrome and autistic disorder of childhood onset."
    },
    {
      "code": "24975",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SOD1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) gene, located at chromosome 21q22.1, which encodes for a protein that is one of two isozymes responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36352",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SOS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (SOS1) gene, located at chromosome 2p22.1, which encodes the protein son of sevenless homolog 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with gingival fibromatosis and Noonan syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24976",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPAST",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the spastin (SPAST) gene, located at chromosome 2p24-p21, which encodes for a protein that is involved many cell activities, including membrane transport, intracellular motility, organelle biogenesis, protein folding, and proteolysis. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36354",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPG11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SPG11, spatacsin vesicle trafficking associated (SPG11) gene, located at chromosome 15q21.1, which encodes the protein spatacsin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and spastic paraplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24977",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPG20",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the spastic paraplegia 20, spartin (SPG20) gene, located at chromosome 13q13.3, which encodes for a protein that may be involved in endosomal transport, microtubule dynamics, or both. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Troyer syndrome (hereditary spastic paraplegia type 20)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24978",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPG3A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the spastic paraplegia 3A, atlastin (SPG3A) gene, located at chromosome 14q22.1, which encodes for a protein that may be involved in axonal maintenance. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with spastic paraplegia type 3A."
    },
    {
      "code": "24979",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPG7",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the spastic paraplegia 7, paraplegin (SPG7) gene, located at chromosome 16q24.3, which encodes for a subunit of the m-AAA protease that is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions as a chaperone to facilitate protein folding as well as proteolytic degradation of unfolded proteins. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with spastic paraplegia type 7 (HSP7)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24980",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPINK1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene, located at chromosome 5q32, which encodes for a trypsin inhibitor that may prevent trypsin-catalyzed premature activation of zymogens. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with chronic pancreatitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36356",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPRED1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sprouty related EVH1 domain containing 1 (SPRED1) gene, located at chromosome 15q14, which encodes the protein sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Legius syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24981",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SPTLC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 (SPTLC1) gene, located at chromosome 9q22.1-q22.3, which encodes for a subunit of the primary enzyme responsible for sphingolipid synthesis. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 (HSN1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24982",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SRY",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene, located at chromosome Yp11.3, which encodes for a transcription regulator protein that is the controlling genetic \"switch\" in male development. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with gonadal dysgenesis XY female type (Swyer syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36358",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, STAT3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene, located at chromosome 17q21.2, which encodes the protein signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome and infantile-onset multisystem autoimmune disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "24983",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, STK11",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene, located at chromosome 19p13.3, which encodes for a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, regulates cell polarity, and functions as a tumor suppressor. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36359",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, STXBP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the syntaxin binding protein 1 (STXBP1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.11, which encodes the protein syntaxin-binding protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36361",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, SURF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the SURF1 , cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor (SURF1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.2, which encodes the protein surfeit locus protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leigh syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36363",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TACO1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the translational activator of cytochrome c oxidase I (TACO1) gene, located at chromosome 17q23.3, which encodes the protein translational activator of cytochrome c oxidase 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "36365",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TARDBP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP) gene, located at chromosome 1p36.22, which encodes the protein TAR DNA-binding protein 43. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36367",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TAZ",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tafazzin (TAZ) gene, located at chromosome Xq28, which encodes the protein tafazzin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria and primary dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36369",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TBP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) gene, located at chromosome 6q27, which encodes the protein TATA-box-binding protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Parkinson disease and spinocerebellar ataxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "24984",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TBX5",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the T-box 5 (TBX5) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.1, which encodes for a protein that is involvd in the formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development. The T-box proteins function as transcription factors. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Holt-Oram syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24986",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TCB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the T-cell receptor beta locus (TCB2) (formerly known as TCRB) gene, located at chromosome 7q34, which encodes for a protein T-cell receptor beta chain. These genetic mutations have been identified in patients with and are used as markers of lymphomas and leukemias."
    },
    {
      "code": "36370",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TCF4",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene, located at chromosome 18q21.2, which encodes the protein transcription factor 4. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with diabetes mellitus, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "24988",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TCG2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the T cell receptor gamma locus (TCG2) (formerly TCRG) gene, located at chromosome 7p15-p14, which encodes for the protein T-cell receptor gamma chains. These genetic mutations have been identified in patients with and are used as markers of lymphomas and leukemias."
    },
    {
      "code": "24985",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TCOF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome 1 (TCOF1) gene, located at chromosome 5q32-q33.1, which encodes for a nucleolar protein that is involved in ribosomal DNA gene transcription and may be fundamental in early embryonic development, particularly in development of the craniofacial complex. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients who have Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24989",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TGFB1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transforming growth factor, beta 1 (TGFB1) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.1-q13.2, which encodes for a multifunctional protein that controls proliferative differentiation and other functions in many types of cell. This inherited genetic mutation is associated with progressive diaphyseal dysplasia type 1 (Camurati-Engelmann disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36372",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TGFBR1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) gene, located at chromosome 9q22.33, which encodes the protein TGF-beta receptor type-1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection and multiple self healing squamous epithelioma."
    },
    {
      "code": "36374",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TGFBR2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2) gene, located at chromosome 3p24.1, which encodes the protein TGF-beta receptor type-2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with esophageal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection."
    },
    {
      "code": "24990",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TGIF1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the TGFB-induced factor homeobox 1) (TGIF1)(formerly TGIF) gene, located at chromosome 18p11.3, which encodes for a protein that is a transcription regulator. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with early-onset holoprosencephaly-4."
    },
    {
      "code": "24992",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TGM1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transglutaminase 1 (K polypeptide epidermal type I, protein-glutamine-gamma-glutamyltransferase) (TGM1) gene, located at chromosome 14q11.2, which encodes for a membrane protein that catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins and the conjugation of polyamines to proteins. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24993",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TH",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, located in 11p15.5 which encodes for a protein which is involved in the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with autosomal recessive Segawa syndrome, a DOPA responsive dystonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36376",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, THAP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the THAP domain containing 1 (THAP1) gene, located at chromosome 8p11.21, which encodes the protein THAP domain-containing protein 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dystonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "36377",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, THRB",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) gene, located at chromosome 3p24.2, which encodes the protein thyroid hormone receptor beta. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with thyroid hormone resistance."
    },
    {
      "code": "24994",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TIMM8A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homologue A (yeast) (TIMM8A) gene, located at chromosome Xq22.1, which is a mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multipass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. This X-linked inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome, also known as dystonic-deafness syndrome or X-linked recessive deafness type 1."
    },
    {
      "code": "36378",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TK2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) gene, located at chromosome 16q21, which encodes the mitochondrial protein thymidine kinase 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36380",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TMEM43",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43) gene, located at chromosome 3p25.1, which encodes the protein transmembrane protein 43. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36382",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TMEM67",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transmembrane protein 67 (TMEM67) gene, located at chromosome 8q22.1, which encodes the protein meckelin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, COACH syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Meckel syndrome, and nephronophthisis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36384",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TNNC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type (TNNC1) gene, located at chromosome 3p21.1, which encodes the protein troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36386",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TNNI3",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the troponin I3, cardiac type (TNNI3) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.42, which encodes the protein troponin I, cardiac muscle. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, familial restrictive cardiomyopathy, and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36388",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TNNT2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the troponin T2, cardiac type (TNNT2) gene, located at chromosome 1q32.1, which encodes the protein troponin T, cardiac muscle. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with familial restrictive cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular noncompaction, and primary dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "36390",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TOR1A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the torsin family 1 member A (TOR1A) gene, located at chromosome 9q34.11, which encodes the protein torsin-1A. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dystonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19618",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TP53",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tumor protein p53 (TP53) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, that encodes for a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor and induces cellular apoptosis. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with many types of cancers"
    },
    {
      "code": "36392",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TPM1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) gene, located at chromosome 15q22.2, which encodes the protein tropomyosin alpha-1 chain. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "24995",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TPMT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tumor protein p53 (TP53) gene, located at chromosome 17p13.1, which encodes for a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor and induces cellular apoptosis. This inherited genetic mutation and/or genetic anomalies have been identified in patients with many types of cancers."
    },
    {
      "code": "24996",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TPP1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) gene, located at chromosome 6p22.3, which encodes for an enzyme that metabolizes thiopurine drugs. Genetic polymorphisms that affect this enzymatic activity are correlated with variations in sensitivity and toxicity to such drugs within individuals. This genetic mutation has been identified in patients with thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "24954",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TRAPPC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the trafficking protein particle complex 2 (TRAPPC2) (formerly SEDL) gene, located at chromosome Xp22, which encodes for a protein thought to be part of a large multisubunit complex involved in the targeting and fusion of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport vesicles with their acceptor compartment."
    },
    {
      "code": "24987",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TRB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the T cell receptor delta locus (TRB2) (formerly TCRD) gene, located at chromosome 14q11.2, which encodes for the protein T-cell receptor delta chains. These genetic mutations have been identified in patients with and are used as markers of lymphomas and leukemias."
    },
    {
      "code": "36397",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TRPC6",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 6 (TRPC6) gene, located at chromosome 11q22.1, which encodes the protein short transient receptor potential channel 6. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24997",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TSC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP1) gene, located at chromosome 11p15, which encodes for an enzyme that acts as a nonspecific lysosomal peptidase. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24998",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TSC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) gene, located at chromosome 9q34, which is implicated as a tumor suppressor. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with tuberous sclerosis type 1; it is also associated with focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor balloon cell subtype (epilepsy-associated) and lymphangiomyomatosis in females."
    },
    {
      "code": "24999",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TTN",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) gene, located at chromosome 16p13.3, which is implicated as a tumor suppressor and may be involved in cell growth, arrest, and transcription mediated by steroid receptors. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with tuberous sclerosis type 2."
    },
    {
      "code": "25000",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TTPA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the titin (TTN) gene, located at chromosome 2q31, which encodes for a key component in the assembly and function of striated muscle. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with udd distal myopathy; it is also associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy type 9 (CMH9)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25001",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TTR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the transthyretin (prealbumin) (TTR) gene, located at chromosome 18q12.1, which encodes for the protein transthyretin that transports thyroxine and retinol throughout the body. These inherited genetic mutations have been identified in patients with transthyretin"
    },
    {
      "code": "25002",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TWIST1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the twist homologue 1 (TWIST1) gene, located at chromosome 7p21.2, which encodes for a probable transcription factor that may be involved in the negative regulation of cellular determination and in the differentiation of several lineages including myogenesis, osteogenesis, and neurogenesis. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with acrocephalosyndactyly type III syndrome (also known as Chotzen's or Saethre-Chotzen syndrome); it is also associated with craniosynostosis combined with radial aplasia (Baller-Gerold syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36398",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TYMP",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) gene, located at chromosome 22q13.33, which encodes the protein thymidine phosphorylase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 1 (mngie type)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36400",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TYMS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the thymidylate synthetase (TYMS) gene, located at chromosome 18p11.32, which encodes the protein thymidylate synthase. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with altered response to chemotherapy drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "25003",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, TYR",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA) (TYR) gene, located at chromosome 11q14-q21, which encodes for a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with oculocutaneous albinism (tyrosinase negative) types 1A (OCA1A) or 1B (OCA1B)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36401",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, UBA1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.3, which encodes the protein ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with X-linked distal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita."
    },
    {
      "code": "25004",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, UBE3A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (human papilloma virus E6-associated protein) (UBE3A) gene, located at chromosome 15q11-q13, which encodes for an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. UBE3A is one of many E3 ubiquitin ligases that provide target specificity for the polyubiquitination-initiated proteasomal degradation pathway.  This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Angelman's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "25005",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, UGT1A1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the UDP glycosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1 (UGT1A1) gene, located at chromosome 2q37, which encodes for an enzyme that is important in the conjugation and elimination of toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II."
    },
    {
      "code": "36402",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, UMOD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the uromodulin (UMOD) gene, located at chromosome 16p12.3, which encodes the protein uromodulin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with glomerulocystic kidney disease with familial juvenile gout; glomerulocystic kidney disease with hyperuricemia and isosthenuria; and medullary cystic kidney disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "25006",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, UROD",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) gene, located at chromosome 1p34.1, which encodes for an enzyme that is responsible for one step in the heme biosynthetic pathway. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with familial porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), also known as porphyria cutanea tarda type II."
    },
    {
      "code": "36404",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, USH1C",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the USH1 protein network component harmonin (USH1C) gene, located at chromosome 11p15.1, which encodes the protein harmonin. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with hearing loss/deafness and Usher syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36406",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, USH1G",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the USH1 protein network component sans (USH1G) gene, located at chromosome 17q25.1, which encodes the protein Usher syndrome type-1G protein. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Usher syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "25007",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, USH2A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Usher syndrome 2A (USH2A) gene, located at chromosome 1q41, which encodes for a protein that is an important component of basement membranes and whose function is not well established. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with Usher's syndrome type 2; it is also associated with nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa (type 15)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25008",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, VHL",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) gene, located at chromosome 3p26-p25, a tumor which makes a protein that is part of a complex (VCB) that targets other proteins to be broken down in the cell. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with clear cell renal cancer and Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome; it is also associated with hereditary renal cell carcinoma and polycythemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "26997",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, VKORC1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 gene, located at chromosome 16p11.2, which encodes the enzyme that is responsible for reducing vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to the enzymatically activated form. Fatal bleeding can be caused by vitamin K deficiency and by the vitamin K antagonist warfarin, and it is the product of this gene that is sensitive to warfarin. Mutations at this locus, such as the presence of the sensitive AA genotype, can be associated with a high sensitivity to the effects of warfarin; on the contrary, the presence of a GG genotype usually is associated with a high resistance to the effects of warfarin."
    },
    {
      "code": "36408",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, VPS13B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog B (VPS13B) gene, located at chromosome 8q22.2, which encodes the protein vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13B. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Cohen syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "36410",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, VWF",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene, located at chromosome 12p13.31, which encodes the protein von Willebrand factor. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with von Willebrand disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "25010",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, WAS",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.4-p11.21, which encodes for one of a family of proteins involved in the transduction of signals from receptors on cell surfaces to the actin cytoskeleton. This X-linked inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with WAS-related disorders, a spectrum of early (infant) onset disorders of the hematopoietic cells in males."
    },
    {
      "code": "36412",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, WDR62",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.12, which encodes the protein WD repeat-containing protein 62. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly."
    },
    {
      "code": "25011",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, WFS1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Wolfram syndrome 1 (wolframin) (WFS1) gene, located at chromosome 4p16, which encodes for a transmembrane protein that participates in the regulation of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by modulating the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) store. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with nonsyndromic deafness; it is also associated with Wolfram syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "25012",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, WT1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene, located at chromosome 11p13, which encodes for a transcription factor essential to the normal development of the urogenital system. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with predisposition to Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) type 1 (WT1); it is also associated with Denys-Drash and Frasier syndromes."
    },
    {
      "code": "36415",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ZEB2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene, located at chromosome 2q22.3, which encodes the protein zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with Mowat-Wilson syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "25013",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ZIC2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the Zic family member 2 (ZIC2) gene, located at chromosome 13q32, which encodes for a protein that functions as a transcriptional repressor and may regulate tissue-specific expression of the dopamine receptor D1. This inherited genetic mutation has been identified in patients with early-onset holoprosencephaly-5."
    },
    {
      "code": "36417",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Mutation, ZNF41",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify mutations in the zinc finger protein 41 (ZNF41) gene, located at chromosome Xp11.3, which encodes zinc finger protein 41. Genetic variants at this locus have been associated with X-linked intellectual disability."
    },
    {
      "code": "25014",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a sequence of three-letter words known as trinucleotide repeats in a gene's DNA. A variation from the normal number of trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Mutations in specific genes are related to one or more particular diseases, including spinocerebellar ataxia, fragile X syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "25018",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in a gene's DNA. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeats produces altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. CAG trinucleotide repeats in specific genes are related to particular diseases, including spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and Huntington's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "25022",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, AR Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, located at chromosome Xq11-q12. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioniing, resulting in full mutation. Normal alleles have from10 to 36 CAG repeats. Alleles with from 38 to more than 60 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinobulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's syndrome)"
    },
    {
      "code": "25020",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, ATN1 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the atropin 1 (ATN1) gene, located at chromosome 12p13.31, which provides instructions for making a protein called atropin 1. Normal alleles have from 6 to 35 CAG trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with 43 to 93 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (dyssynergia cerebellaris progressiva)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25023",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, ATXN1 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the ataxin 1 (ATXN1) gene, located at chromosome  6p23. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Normal alleles have from 6 to 44 CAG repeats which are interrupted with 1 to 3 CAG trinucleotide repeats. Alleles with more than 39 uninterrupted CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25024",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, ATXN2 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the ataxin 2 (ATXN2) gene, located at chromosome 12q24.1. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Normal alleles have 31 or fewer CAG trinucleotide repeats. Alleles with more than 32 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25025",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, ATXN3 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the ataxin 3 (ATXN3) gene, located at chromosome 14q24.4-q32.1. Normal alleles have from 13 to 36 CAG trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with from 68 to 79 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25026",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, ATXN7 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the ataxin 7 (ATXN7) gene, located at chromosome 3p21.1-p12. Normal alleles have from 7 to 17 CAG trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation.  Alleles with from 38 to 100 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinocerebellar type 7 (SCA7)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25021",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, CACNA1A Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit (CACNA1A) gene, located at chromosome 19p13. Normal alleles have from 4 to 18 CAG repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with 20 to 30 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25027",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, HTT Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, located at chromosome 4p16.3. Normal alleles have from 10 to 35 CAG trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with 36 to more than 120 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with Huntingdon's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "25028",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, PPP2R2B Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), regulatory subunit B (PR 52), beta isoform (PPP2R2B) gene, located at chromosome 5q31-q33. Normal alleles have from 7 to 28 CAG trinucleotide repeats.A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation.  Alleles with from 66 to 78 CAG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25029",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Anomaly, Trinucleotide Repeats, CAG, TBP Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG repeats in the TATA box binding protein (TBP) gene, located at chromosome 6q27. Normal alleles have from 25 to 42 CAG/CAA trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with from 43 to 66 CAG/CAA trinucleotide repeats have been associated with spinocerebellar type 17 (SCA17)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25048",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Pentanucleotide Repeats",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a sequence (code) of five-letter words known as pentanucleotide repeats in a gene's DNA. A variation from the expected number of normal pentanucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in a full mutation. Mutations in specific genes are related to particular diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "25049",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Pentanucleotide Repeats, ATTCT",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in a gene's DNA. A variation from the expected number of normal ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats produces altered DNA with improper gene functioning, resulting in a full mutation. ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats in specific genes are related to particular diseases, including spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25050",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Pentanucleotide Repeats, ATTCT, ATXN10 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify ATTCT repeats in the ataxin 10 (ATXN10) gene, located at chromosome 22q13. Normal alleles have from 10 to 29 ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal ATTCT trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with from 800 to 4,500 ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats are present in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10), a slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia. The repeats are also associated with seizures, peripheral neuropathy, and behavioral disturbances."
    },
    {
      "code": "25030",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, CGG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a CGG trinucleotide repeat in a gene's DNA. A variation from the normal number of CGG trinucleotide repeats produces altered DNA with improper gene functioning, resulting in a full mutation CGG trinucleotide repeats in specific genes are related to particular diseases, including fragile X syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "25035",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, CGG, AFF2 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CGG repeats in the fragile X mental retardation 2 (AFF2) (formerly FMR2) gene, located at chromosome Xq28. The absence of CGG repeats causes an expansion of GCC repeats, which are associated with mental retardation, including X-linked mental retardation fragile site (FRAXE)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25032",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, CGG, FMR1 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CGG repeats in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, located at chromosome Xq27.3. Normal alleles have from10 to 40 CGG trinucleotide repeats and are typically interrupted by AGG trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CGG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with from 200 to 1,000 CGG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with fragile X-associated mental retardation (FRAXE). Alleles with from 55 to 200 CGG repeats have been associated with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Women that have alleles with from 35 to 54 CGG trinucleotide repeats have an increased risk of developing premature ovarian failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "25036",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, CTG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a CTG trinucleotide repeat in a gene's DNA. A variation from the expected number of normal CTG trinucleotide repeats produces altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. CTG trinucleotide repeats in specific genes are related to particular diseases, including dystrophia myotonica (Steinert's disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25038",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, CTG, DMPK Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CTG repeats in the dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase (DMPK) gene, located at chromosome 19q13.3  Normal alleles have from 5 to 35 CTG trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CTG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with from 50 to 5000  CTG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with dystrophia myotonica type 1 (DM1 Steinert's disease)"
    },
    {
      "code": "25039",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, CTG, JPH3 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CTG repeats in the junctophilin 3 (JPH3) gene, located at chromosome 16q24.3. Normal alleles have from 6 to 28 CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation.  Alleles with from 44 to 59 CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats have been associated with Huntingdon's disease type 2 (HDL2); however, individuals with from 29 to 43 CAG/CTG repeats may not develop symptoms."
    },
    {
      "code": "25041",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, CTG, KLHL1AS Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify CAG/CTA repeats in the kelch-like 1 antisense (KLHL1AS) gene, located at chromosome 13q21. The expansion of the allele with a TAC/TGC trinucleotide repeats interferes with anti-sense transcription and is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25042",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, GAA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a GAA trinucleotide repeat in a gene's DNA. A variation from the expected number of normal GAA trinucleotide repeats produces altered DNA with improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. GAA trinucleotide repeats in specific genes are related to particular diseases, including Friedreich's ataxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "25044",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, GAA, FRDA Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify GAA repeats in the frataxin (FRDA) gene, located at chromosome 9q13, 9p23-p11. Normal alleles have from 5 to 33 GAA trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal GAA trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with from 66 to 1,000 GAA trinucleotide repeats disrupt the production of frataxin, which severely reduces the amount of this protein in cells; they are associated with Friedreich's ataxia."
    },
    {
      "code": "25045",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, GCG",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the number of copies of a GCG trinucleotide repeat in a gene's DNA. A variation from the expected number of normal GCG trinucleotide repeats produces altered DNA with improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. GCG trinucleotide repeats in specific genes are related to particular diseases, including oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "25047",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Disorder, Trinucleotide Repeats, GCG, PABPN1 Gene",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify GCG repeats in the poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1 (PABPN1) gene, located at chromosome 14q11.2-q13. Normal alleles have 6 or 7 CGC trinucleotide repeats. A variation from the expected number of normal CGC trinucleotide repeat copies may produce altered DNA and improper gene functioning, resulting in full mutation. Alleles with 8 to 13 GCG trinucleotide repeats are associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy."
    },
    {
      "code": "26998",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Expression (Retired)",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in a tissue sample. The tissue sample is analyzed to determine the presence or levels of nucleic acids, proteins, and/or other molecular products by one or more of a variety of methods, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), or microarray analysis. The overexpression or underexpression of these genes may be associated with the likelihood of certain patient outcomes. Gene expression tests are frequently used to determine appropriate (e.g., drug-specific) treatment, identify the tissue of origin for tumors with unclear pathology, and/or to obtain a more precise estimate of the risk of disease recurrence."
    },
    {
      "code": "27000",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Expression, Cancer Recurrence, Breast (Retired)",
      "definition": "Cancer recurrence gene expression molecular assay reagents intended to determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in a breast cancer tumor tissue sample. The tissue sample is analyzed to determine the presence or levels of nucleic acids, proteins, and/or other molecular products by one or more of a variety of methods, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), or microarray analysis. The overexpression or underexpression of these genes may be associated with the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence. Breast cancer recurrence expression analysis tests also may be used to determine appropriate (e.g., drug-specific) treatment and/or identify the tissue of origin for tumors with unclear pathology. Some tests give a recurrence score that predicts the chance of the cancer returning within a given period (e.g., 10 years) of the original diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "27001",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Gene Expression, Cancer Recurrence, Colon (Retired)",
      "definition": "Cancer recurrence gene expression molecular assays reagents intended to determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in a colon cancer tumor tissue sample. The tissue sample is analyzed to determine the presence or levels of nucleic acids, proteins, and/or other molecular products by one or more of a variety of methods, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), or microarray analysis. The overexpression or underexpression of these genes may be associated with the likelihood of colon cancer recurrence. Colon cancer recurrence expression analysis also may be used to determine appropriate (e.g., drug-specific) treatment and/or identify the tissue of origin for tumors with unclear pathology. Some tests give a recurrence score that predicts the chance of the cancer returning within a given period (e.g., 10 years) of the original diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "39651",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immune Cell Receptor Rearrangement",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to determine the sequence of nucleotides composing the variable region of mature B-cell or T-cell receptor genes following completion of VDJ recombination in immune cells. VDJ recombination is responsible for the generation of immune cell receptor diversity during immune cell maturation, and creates a genetic sequence unique to each B- or T-cell clone. Identification and/or detection of this unique genetic sequence may be used in the diagnosis and/or monitoring of diseases involving clonal expansion of immune cells such as leukemias, lymphomas, and other hematologic malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19655",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in laboratory analysis of the cellular and humoral immune function (i.e., laboratory immunology). They can determine substances  that constitute a challenge for the human body (i.e., antigens) or that are the result of the response of the body to such substances (i.e., antibodies). These reagents are  used in molecular immunologic tests to characterize tissues (i.e., tissue typing), frequently to match donor and recipient in transplants."
    },
    {
      "code": "19272",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunology tests to determine human leukocyte antigens (HLAs); their classes (e.g., I, II) and/or locations (loci), such as A, DR. These reagents are also capable of determining slightly different variants of the same protein (i.e.,  allotypes) that may be located in each loci (alleles) and that are characterized by antigenic differences. Tests for tissue typing are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants. Several  alleles  are associated with specific immune diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19656",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), a group of cell-surface proteins that regulate the immune response found on the white blood cells and on all other nucleated cells. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19657",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class I",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine class I human leukocyte antigens, a group of cell-surface proteins coded in three different locations (loci), named A, B, and C, of the major histocompatibility complex class I genes. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19658",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class I, A Loci",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine one or more of the slightly different alleles of cell-surface proteins coded in the locus A of the class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19659",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class I, B Loci",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine one or more of the slightly different alleles of cell-surface proteins coded in the locus B of the class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow). Several alleles (e.g., B27) are associated with immune diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19660",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class I, B Loci, B27",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine the allele B27 coded in the locus B of the class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex. The presence of the allele B27 is strongly associated to ankylosing spondylitis, an inflammatory disease of the vertebral column."
    },
    {
      "code": "19661",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class I, C Loci",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine one or more of the slightly different alleles of cell-surface proteins coded in the locus C of the class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19662",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class II",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine class II human leukocyte antigens, a group of cell-surface proteins of the D region coded in three different loci, named DR, DQ, and DP, of the major histocompatibility complex class II genes. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19665",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class II, DP Loci",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine one or more of the alleles of the cell-surface proteins (alleles) coded in the locus DP of the class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, medulla)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19664",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class II, DQ Loci",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine one or more of the alleles of the cell-surface proteins coded in the locus DQ of the class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, medulla). Several alleles (e.g., DQ7) are associated with immune diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19663",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Immunology, Tissue Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen, Class II, DR Loci",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents used in immunological tests to determine one or more of the alleles of  the cell-surface proteins coded in the locus DR of the class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These tests are mostly used to match donor and recipient tissues before transplants (e.g., kidney, bone marrow). Several alleles (e.g., DR3, DR4) are associated with immune diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "39662",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, In Situ Hybridization",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed to allow detection of the localization and/or level of expression of a nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] or ribonucleic acid [RNA] in a biologic sample through hybridization of a nucleic acid probe to the target of interest. These in vitro diagnostic test/kits may include reagents appropriate for nucleic acid probe synthesis and/or detection of hybridized probes. In situ hybridization reagents are typically based on fluorescent or chromogenic detection methods, which use fluorescent dyes visualized by fluorescence microscopy or enzymatic conversion of chromogenic substrates visualized by bright-field microscopy, respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "19237",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites) by detecting specific genetic information (e.g., ribosomal RNA, plasmids, specific DNA sequences) of the target microorganism. These tests are typically used when an in vitro culture is not possible or useful."
    },
    {
      "code": "19238",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify bacteria by detecting specific genetic information of their nucleic acids; they usually detect either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. Infection bacteria are the etiologic agent of, are the cause of, or are associated with human or human/animal diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "21444",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Aeromonas salmonicida, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Aeromonas salmonicida, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause furunculosis and/or ulcer disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "21443",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Aeromonas Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Aeromonas, a genus of bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria may cause human infections, including furunculosis and/or ulcer disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "21587",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophilum), a bacterium of the genus Anaplasmataceae, family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (i.e., they attack the granulocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21447",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bartonella henselae, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Bartonella henselae, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease) and regional lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21448",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bartonella quintana, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Bartonella quintana, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. This bacterium may cause trench fever and is associated with endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21445",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bartonella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Bartonella, a genus of bacteria of the family Bartonellaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria may cause human infections, including benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease); they are also associated with endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21446",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bartonella Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Bartonella, a genus of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Bartonellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria may cause human infections, including benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease); they are also associated with endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21451",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bordetella parapertussis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Bordetella parapertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of whooping cough."
    },
    {
      "code": "21452",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bordetella pertussis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the usual etiologic agent of whooping cough."
    },
    {
      "code": "21449",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bordetella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Bordetella, a genus of gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria may cause infections in the human respiratory tract, including whooping cough."
    },
    {
      "code": "21450",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Bordetella Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Bordetella, a genus of gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria may cause infections in the human respiratory tract, including whooping cough."
    },
    {
      "code": "19563",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Borrelia burgdorferi, an intracellular bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the target bacteria. Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria cause Lyme disease (i.e., Lyme borreliosis), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and erythema chronicum migrans. These bacteria are typically transmitted by a parasitic tick of the genus Ixodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21484",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Borrelia burgdorferi, an intracellular bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria cause Lyme disease (i.e., Lyme borreliosis), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and erythema chronicum migrans. These bacteria are typically transmitted by a parasitic tick of the genus Ixodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21453",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Borrelia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Borrelia, a genus of bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. A species of these bacteria is the etiologic agent of Lyme disease; these bacteria may also cause other human infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21488",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Brucella abortus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Brucella abortus, a coccobacillus bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21489",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Brucella melitensis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Brucella melitensis, a coccobacillus bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21485",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Brucella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Brucella, a genus of nonmotile coccobacillus bacteria of uncertain family affiliation, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agent, a disease characterized by intermittant (i.e., undulant) fever of brucellosis; they may also cause respiratory-tract infections in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21486",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Brucella Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Brucella, a genus of nonmotile coccobacillus bacteria of uncertain family affiliation, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittant (i.e. undulant) fever; they may also cause respiratory tract infections in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21487",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Brucella Species, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Brucella, a genus of nonmotile coccobacillus bacteria of uncertain family affiliation, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittant (i.e., undulant) fever; they may also cause respiratory tract infections in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21490",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Brucella suis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Brucella suis, a coccobacillus bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21503",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Campylobacter coli, RRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Campylobacter coli, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21504",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Campylobacter jejuni, RRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Campylobacter jejuni, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21505",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Campylobacter lari, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Campylobacter lari, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause diarrhea, bacteremia in immunocompromised patients, urinary tract infections, reactive arthritis, and prosthetic-joint infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19571",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Campylobacter Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of bacterium of the genus Campylobacter, family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Some species of Campylobacter bacteria cause diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis; they may also cause proctitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21502",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Campylobacter Species, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Campylobacter, a genus of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria species may cause diarrhea, bacteremia in immunocompromised patients, urinary tract infections, proctitis, reactive arthritis, and prosthetic-joint infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19239",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Chlamydia, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribonucleic acid of the target bacteria. Chlamydia bacteria cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a variety of urogenital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21512",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydia Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Chlamydia, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria species may cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, conjunctivitis, atypical pneumonia, encephalomyelitis, and a variety of urogenital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21513",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a variety of urogenital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21514",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a variety of urogenital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21515",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of one of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, and gonorrhea."
    },
    {
      "code": "21527",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Chlamydophila pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause respiratory infections and mild atypical pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21528",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, RRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Chlamydophila pneumoniae, a bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause respiratory infections and mild atypical pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21529",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydophila pneumoniae/Chlamydophila psittaci, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Chlamydophila pneumoniae and/or Chlamydophila psittaci, both bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the DNA of one of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause respiratory infections, mild atypical pneumonia, and/or psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21530",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydophila psittaci, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Chlamydophila psittaci, a bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause human psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21526",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Chlamydophila Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Chlamydophila, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribonucleic acid of the target bacteria. Chlamydophila may cause respiratory infections, mild atypical pneumonia, and/or psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "34229",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Clostridium difficile, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Clostridium difficile, a species of bacterium of the family Bacillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or a DNA region that is common to all toxin-producing strains of the target bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "21537",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of Q fever, an acute infection characterized by fever and chills and frequently complicated by pneumonitis, hepatitis, and endocarditis; in humans, it is typically acquired by inhalation of airborne organisms derived from infected animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21536",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Coxiella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Coxiella, a genus of bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. A species of these bacteria is the etiologic agent of Q fever, an acute infection characterized by fever and chills and frequently complicated by pneumonitis, hepatitis, and endocarditis in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21543",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Ehrlichia canis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Ehrlichia canis, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of a human disease with symptoms similar to spotted fever (these bacteria are also the etiologic agent of canine ehrlichiosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21544",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (i.e., they attack monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21542",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Ehrlichia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Ehrlichia, a genus of bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are etiologic agents of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (i.e., they attack monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19575",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Enterococcus Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Enterococcus, a genus of spherical-to-ovoid bacteria (cocci) of the family Streptococcaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of the Enterococcus genus are part of the common flora of the intestinal tract of humans, but some (e.g., E. faecalis) can cause urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and bacteremia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21551",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Enterococcus Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Enterococcus, a genus of spherical-to-ovoid bacteria (cocci) of the family Streptococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of the Enterococcus genus are part of the common flora of the intestinal tract of humans, but some (e.g., E. faecalis) can cause urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and bacteremia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21552",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Enterococcus Species, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Enterococcus, a genus of spherical-to-ovoid bacteria (cocci) of the family Streptococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of the Enterococcus genus are part of the common flora of the intestinal tract of humans, but some (e.g., E. faecalis) can cause urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and bacteremia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19570",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Escherichia coli",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Escherichia coli, the principal species of the genus Escherichia, family Enterobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria (or of a particular strain). Escherichia coli bacteria commonly inhabit the large intestine of humans, but pathogenic strains cause diarrhea and may cause infections in the urinary tract, conjunctivitis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21555",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Francisella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Francisella, a genus of gram-negative coccoid or rodlike bacteria, by detecting specific information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agents of tularemia, a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21556",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Francisella tularensis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative coccoid or rodlike bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. This bacterium is an etiologic agent of tularemia (type A strains frequently result in pulmonary tularemia), a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21557",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Francisella tularensis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative coccoid or rodlike bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. This bacterium is an etiologic agent of tularemia (type A strains frequently results in pulmonary tularemia), a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21560",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Gardnerella vaginalis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Gardnerella vaginalis, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, the only species of the genus Gardnerella, family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause genital tract bacteremia (vaginitis) in females."
    },
    {
      "code": "21561",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Gardnerella vaginalis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Gardnerella vaginalis, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, the only species of the genus Gardnerella, family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause genital tract bacteremia (vaginitis) in females."
    },
    {
      "code": "21562",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Gardnerella vaginalis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Gardnerella vaginalis, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, the only species of the genus Gardnerella, family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause genital tract bacteremia (vaginitis) in females."
    },
    {
      "code": "21568",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Haemophilus ducreyi, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Haemophilus ducreyi, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause chancroids or chancres in the genitals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21570",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae A, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Haemophilus influenzae type A, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may induce an inflammatory response that causes diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "21571",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae B, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Haemophilus influenzae type B, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria induce an inflammatory response that causes diseases. Encapsulated (polysaccharide) organisms of Haemophilus influenzae type B cause bacteremia and acute bacterial meningitis; occasionally they may also cause epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis), cellulitis, osteomyelitis, joint infections, and bacterial pneumonia in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "21569",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria induce an inflammatory response that causes diseases. Encapsulated (polysaccharide) organisms of Haemophilus influenzae type B cause bacteremia and acute bacterial meningitis; occasionally, they may cause epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis), cellulitis, osteomyelitis, joint infections, and bacterial pneumonia in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "21567",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Haemophilus Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Haemophilus, a genus of bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are normally found in the human upper respiratory tract, but some may cause bacteremia, acute bacterial meningitis, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, joint infections, and bacterial pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19561",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori, a bacterium of the family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria.  Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "21584",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori, a bacterium of the family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "21583",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Helicobacter Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Helicobacter, a genus of bacteria of the family Spirillaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Some species of Helicobacter cause colitis, proctitis, chronic gastritis, and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "21591",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Legionella pneumophila, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Legionella pneumophila, a bacterium of the family Legionellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Legionella pneumophila bacteria cause pneumonia-like disease (i.e., legionellosis) in humans, either as a serious illness (Legionnaire's disease) or in a milder form (Pontiac fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21592",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Legionella pneumophila, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Legionella pneumophila, a bacterium of the family Legionellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. Legionella pneumophila bacteria cause pneumonia-like disease (i.e., legionellosis) in humans, either as a serious illness (Legionnaire's disease) or in a milder form (Pontiac fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19562",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Legionella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Legionella, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Legionellaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of Legionella bacteria may cause pneumonia-like diseases (i.e., legionellosis) in humans, either as a serious illness (Legionnaire's disease) or in a milder form (Pontiac fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21589",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Legionella Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Legionella, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Legionellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of Legionella bacteria may cause pneumonia-like diseases (i.e., legionellosis) in humans, either as a serious illness (Legionnaire's disease) or in a milder form (Pontiac fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21590",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Legionella Species, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Legionella, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Legionellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of Legionella bacteria may cause pneumonia-like diseases (i.e., legionellosis) in humans, either as a serious illness (Legionnaire's disease) or in a milder form (Pontiac fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21597",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Leptospira Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Leptospira, a genus of finely coiled, motile bacteria of the family Leptospiraceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agents of leptospirosis, a disease acquired directly by contact with the urine or tissue of an infected animal (e.g., rodents, dogs) or indirectly by contact with contaminated water, soil, or vegetation."
    },
    {
      "code": "21598",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Leptospira Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Leptospira, a genus of finely coiled, motile bacteria of the family Leptospiraceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agents of leptospirosis, a disease acquired directly by contact with the urine or tissue of an infected animal (e.g., rodents, dogs) or indirectly by contact with contaminated water, soil, or vegetation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19568",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium closely resembling bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Listeria monocytogenes bacteria are the cause of listeriosis, which may cause in utero infections that can result in abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infections acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis. Infection in adults produces meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21601",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium closely resembling bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of listeriosis, which may cause in utero infections that can result in abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infections acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis. Infection in adults can produce meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21600",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Listeria Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Listeria, a genus of bacteria that closely resemble bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. A species of Listeria (i.e., Listeria monocytogenes) is the cause of listeriosis, which may cause in utero infections that can result in abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infections acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis. Infection in adults can produce meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21607",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium avium Complex, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium avium complex, a group of slow-growing bacteria (e.g., M. avium, M. intracellulare) of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic illness in immunocompromised people (e.g., AIDS patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21608",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium avium Complex, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium avium complex, a group of slow-growing bacteria (including, but not limited to, M. avium and M. intracellulare) of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic illness in immunocompromised people (e.g., AIDS patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21606",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium avium, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Mycobacterium, a genus of slow-growing bacteria of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agents of human tuberculosis and leprosy; other species may cause pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic illness in immunocompromised people (e.g., AIDS patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21609",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium intracellulare",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium intracellulare, a species of slow-growing bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause pulmonary diseases with symptoms similar to those of tuberculosis, but requiring different treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "19240",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Mycobacterium, a genus of slow-growing bacteria of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Mycobacteria are etiologic agents of several diseases and include the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, which cause human tuberculosis and leprosy respectively; other species may cause human infections, including lymphadenitis in children and systemic illness in immunocompromised people (e.g., AIDS patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21605",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Mycobacterium, a genus of slow-growing bacteria of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agents of human tuberculosis and leprosy; other species may cause pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic illness in immunocompromised people (e.g., AIDS patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19564",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a species of slow-growing bacterium of the genus Mycobacterium, family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21610",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a species of slow-growing bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21612",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, DNA, Antimicrobial-Resistant",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that have developed a highly antimicrobial resistance (e.g., to rifampin, a semisynthetic antibiotic derivative of rifamycin), by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the particular strain of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of antimicrobial-resistant human tuberculosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21611",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a species of slow-growing bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21622",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a species of bacterium of the genus Mycoplasma, family Mycoplasmataceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of mycoplasmosis, primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia), and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21623",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a species of bacterium of the genus Mycoplasma, family Mycoplasmataceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of mycoplasmosis, primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia), and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19241",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycoplasma Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Mycoplasma, a genus of bacteria of the family Mycoplasmataceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Species of these bacteria are the etiologic agents of several diseases (mycoplasmosis); the species Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21621",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Mycoplasma Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Mycoplasma, a genus of bacteria of the family Mycoplasmataceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Species of these bacteria are the etiologic agents of several diseases (mycoplasmosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19559",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify bacteria of the species Neisseria gonorrhoeae (also known as gonococci) by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. These bacteria cause gonorrhea, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually."
    },
    {
      "code": "21628",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agents of gonorrhea, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually."
    },
    {
      "code": "21629",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agents of gonorrhea, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually."
    },
    {
      "code": "21630",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Neisseria meningitidis, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agents of meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21627",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Neisseria Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Neisseria, a genus of bacteria of the family Neisseriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Species of these bacteria are the cause of meningococcal meningitis and gonorrhea."
    },
    {
      "code": "21635",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Pasteurella multocida, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Pasteurella multocida, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause pneumonia, meningitis, and septicemia and are transmitted typically by cat and dog bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "21633",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Pasteurella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Pasteurella, a genus of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria may cause human infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and septicemia; these bacteria are typically transmitted by cat and dog bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "21634",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Pasteurella Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Pasteurella, a genus of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria may cause human infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and septicemia; these bacteria are typically transmitted by cat and dog bites."
    },
    {
      "code": "19569",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium of the family Pseudomonadaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. These bacteria are a major agent of hospital-acquired (i.e., nosocomial) infections, mostly those occurring in the urinary tract and in wounds, especially in immunodepressed or debilitated patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "21641",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium of the family Pseudomonadaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of hospital-acquired (i.e., nosocomial) infections, mostly those occurring in the urinary tract and in wounds, especially in immunodepressed or debilitated patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "21639",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Pseudomonas Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Pseudomonas, a genus of bacteria of the family Pseudomonadaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are a major agent of hospital-acquired (i.e., nosocomial) infections, mostly those occurring in the urinary tract and in wounds, especially in immunodepressed or debilitated patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "21640",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Pseudomonas Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Pseudomonas, a genus of bacteria of the family Pseudomonadaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are an etiologic agent of hospital-acquired (i.e., nosocomial) infections, mostly those occurring in the urinary tract and in wounds, especially in immunodepressed or debilitated patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "21646",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Rickettsia prowazekii, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Rickettsia prowazekii, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of epidemic typhus; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus."
    },
    {
      "code": "21647",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Rickettsia rickettsii, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Rickettsia rickettsii, a gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of spotted fever (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21644",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Rickettsia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Rickettsia, a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus and spotted fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21645",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Rickettsia Species, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Rickettsia, a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria are the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus and spotted fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "19565",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Salmonella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Salmonella, a genus of motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella of the family Enterobacteriaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Salmonella bacteria that are pathologic to humans include S. typhi, the cause of typhoid fever and S. choleraesuis, an etiologic agent of paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21661",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Salmonella Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Salmonella, a genus of motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella of the family Enterobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Species of Salmonella are the etiologic agents of typhoid fever, paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, septicemia, and other bacterial diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "21665",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunodepressed patients, neonates, and the elderly, through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "21666",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, DNA, Antimicrobial-Resistant",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Staphylococcus aureus strains that have developed a high antimicrobial resistance (e.g., to methicillin, a semisynthetic antibiotic), by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunodepressed patients, neonates, and the elderly, through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "21664",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunodepressed patients, neonates, and the elderly, through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19567",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Staphylococcus Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Staphylococcus, a genus of coccoid bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Staphylococci grow in pairs or irregular clusters and include several pathologic species such as S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus; the most important is S. aureus because of its ability to cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunodepressed patients, neonates, and the elderly, through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "21662",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Staphylococcus Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Staphylococcus, a genus of coccoid bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. Staphylococci grow in pairs or irregular clusters and include several pathologic species; the most important is S. aureus because of its ability to cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunodepressed patients, neonates, and the elderly through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "21663",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Staphylococcus Species, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Staphylococcus, a genus of coccoid bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. Staphylococci bacteria grow in pairs or irregular clusters and include several pathologic species; the most important species is S. aureus because of its ability to cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunodepressed patients, neonates, and the elderly through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19572",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify group A Streptococcus (typically Streptococcus pyogenes), a species of coccoid bacterium, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. S. pyogenes is one of the most important bacterial pathogens for humans, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21672",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus A, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify group A Streptococcus (typically Streptococcus pyogenes), a species of coccoid bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. S. pyogenes is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in humans, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19573",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify group B Streptococcus (typically Streptococcus agalactiae), a species of coccoid bacterium, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Streptococcus agalactiae is a bacterial pathogen in humans, causing urinary tract and wound infections and otitis media."
    },
    {
      "code": "21673",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus B, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Streptococcus group B (Streptococcus agalactiae), a species of coccoid bacterium, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria may cause urinary tract and wound infections and otitis media."
    },
    {
      "code": "21674",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus C",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify group C Streptococcus (e.g., S. equisimilis, S. zooepidemicus, S. dysgalactiae) a species of coccoid bacterium by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Group C Streptococcus may cause endocarditis, bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, and mild upper respiratory tract infections; S. equisimilis is the most common group C bacterial pathogen in humans, but other group C species such as S. zooepidemicus and S. dysgalactiae may also cause infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21675",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus D",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify group D Streptococcus (e.g., S. faecalis, S. faecium, S. durans, S. avium, and S. bovis) a species of coccoid bacterium by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. S. faecalis and S. faecium are the most common bacterial pathogens in humans in this group; group D streptococci may cause endocarditis and biliary or urinary tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21676",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus F",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify group F Streptococcus (e.g., S. anginosus, also known as S. milleri), a species of coccoid bacterium, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target group of bacteria. Group F streptococci are bacterial pathogens in humans that may cause subcutaneous or organ abscesses, endocarditis, and mild upper respiratory tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21677",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus G",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify group G Streptococcus, a heterogeneous collection of coccoic bacteria (large-colony beta-hemolytic and minute beta-hemolytic colony group G strains) by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target group of bacteria. Group G Streptococci are bacterial pathogens in humans that are associated with pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infections, septicemia, endocarditis, and arthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19574",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus) bacteria, a species of the genus Streptococcus, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the most common cause of lobar pneumonia and can also cause other serious diseases (e.g., meningitis, septicemia, peritonitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21678",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, RRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium of the family Streptococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the most common cause of lobar pneumonia and can also cause other serious diseases (e.g., meningitis, septicemia, peritonitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19566",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Streptococcus, a genus of spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. Streptococci tend to grow in pairs or chains and are divided into serogenic types according to their cell wall (e.g., groups A, B, C). Streptococci that are pathologic to humans include S. pneumoniae, a major respiratory tract pathogen and the most common cause of pneumonia, and S. pyogenes, which one of the most important bacterial human pathogens and causes a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19560",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Treponema pallidum",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Treponema pallidum, a bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. These bacteria cause syphilis, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually or acquired in utero."
    },
    {
      "code": "21702",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Treponema Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Treponema, a genus of bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. Some species of these bacteria cause syphilis; others may cause oral infections or pinta (carate)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21706",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Tropheryma Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Tropheryma, a genus of gram-positive bacteria of the family Cellulomonadaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. A species of these bacteria causes intestinal lipodystrophy (Whipple's disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21707",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Tropheryma whippelii, a gram-positive bacterium of the family Cellulomonadaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria cause intestinal lipodystrophy (Whipple's disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21715",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Yersinia pestis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to Yetsinia pestis, an intracellular bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of bubonic and pneumonic plagues."
    },
    {
      "code": "21716",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Yersinia pestis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Yersinia pestis, an intracellular bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of bubonic and pneumonic plagues."
    },
    {
      "code": "21714",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Bacteria, Yersinia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Yersinia, a genus of intracellular, ovoid=shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target bacteria. A species of these bacteria is the etiologic agent of bubonic and pneumonic plagues; other species may cause gastroenteritis and lymphadenitis in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19592",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify fungi or yeast by detecting specific nucleic-acid information (e.g., ribosomal RNA, DNA sequences) of pathogenic fungi including molds and monocellular fungi (yeasts). These tests provide supplemental information for the diagnosis of mycotic infections and, in some instances, provide the only means of diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19597",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Blastomyces dermatitidis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Blastomyces dermatitidis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acids of the target microorganism. These fungi may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions; immunocompromised patients may develop chronically progressive illnesses affecting the skin or organs (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22453",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Blastomyces dermatitidis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Blastomyces dermatitidis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target microorganism. These fungi may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions; immunocompromised patients may develop chronically progressive illnesses affecting the skin or (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19593",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Candida albicans",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Candida albicans, a species of a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of nucleic acids of the target microorganism. These fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; they can cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body. The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22455",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Candida albicans, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Candida albicans, a species of a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of  deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target microorganism. Candida albicans fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; they may cause candidiasis, a mycotic superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body. The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22454",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Candida Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the genus Candida, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information (e.g., DNA, RNA) of the target microorganism. Some species of Candida may cause candidiasis, a superficial mycotic infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body. The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22456",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Candida Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of the genus Candida, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of  deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target microorganism. Candida fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; they may cause candidiasis, a mycotic superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body. The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19594",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information (e.g., DNA, RNA) of the target microorganism. These fungi may cause coccidiomycosis, a mycotic infection of the respiratory tract characterized by allergic manifestations; it may progress to a virulent, severe, chronic granulomatous disease involving tissue, viscera, and the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22457",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target microorganism. These fungi may cause coccidiomycosis, a mycotic infection of the respiratory tract characterized by allergic manifestations; it may progress to a virulent, severe, chronic granulomatous disease involving tissue, viscera, and the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22458",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target microorganism. These fungi may cause coccidiomycosis, a mycotic infection of the respiratory tract characterized by allergic manifestations; it may progress to a virulent, severe, chronic granulomatous disease involving tissue, viscera, and the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19595",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information (e.g., DNA, RNA) of the target microorganism. These fungi may cause cryptococcosis, a mycotic infection of the brain and meninges, which may also involve other organs such as the skin and lungs. The disease may progress by invading the central nervous system, lungs, liver, and spleen of immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22459",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target microorganism. These fungi may cause cryptococcosis, a mycotic infection of the brain and meninges, which may also involve other organs such as the skin and lungs. The disease may progress by invading the central nervous system, lungs, liver, and spleen of immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19596",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Histoplasma capsulatum",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Histoplasma capsulatum, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information (e.g., DNA, RNA) of the target microorganism. Histoplasma capsulatum fungi may cause histoplasmosis, a mycotic influenza-like infection or pneumonia; the disease may progress by invading the lungs, meninges, heart, and peritoneum of immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22460",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Histoplasma capsulatum, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Histoplasma capsulatum, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target microorganism. Histoplasma capsulatum fungi may cause histoplasmosis, a mycotic influenza-like infection or pneumonia; the disease may progress by invading the lungs, meninges, heart, and peritoneum of immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22461",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Histoplasma capsulatum, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Histoplasma capsulatum, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target microorganism. Histoplasma capsulatum fungi may cause histoplasmosis, a mycotic influenza-like infection or pneumonia; the disease may progress by invading the lungs, meninges, heart, and peritoneum of immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22462",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Pneumocystis jiroveci",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii sp. hominis), a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Pneumocystidaceae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information (e.g., DNA, RNA) of the target microorganism. P. jiroveci fungi are opportunistic pathogens of the respiratory tract, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22463",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Fungi/Yeast, Pneumocystis jiroveci, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii sp. hominis), a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Pneumocystidaceae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target microorganism. P. jiroveci fungi are opportunistic pathogens of the respiratory tract, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22130",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify parasites by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target parasite. These parasites are the etiologic agent of, or are associated with, human and/or animal diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "22134",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Amoeboid Protozoa",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Amoeboid protozoa, a genus of hematozoan protozoa, by detecting specific nucleic acid information of the target parasite. Some species of these parasites may cause amebiasis (typically in the intestines, but potentially extending to the liver and lungs); they are transmitted to humans through water or cysts in contaminated food."
    },
    {
      "code": "22133",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Babesia microti, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Babesia microti, a species of hematozoan protozoon, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. These parasites may cause babesiosis (piroplasmosis), a disease characterized by malaria-like fever, chills, sweats, and myalgia. The parasite is typically transmitted to humans by rodent ticks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22131",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Babesia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Babesia, a genus of hematozoan protozoa, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target parasite. Some species of these parasites may cause babesiosis (piroplasmosis), a disease characterized by malaria-like fever, chills, sweats, and myalgia. The parasite is typically transmitted to humans by rodent ticks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22132",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Babesia Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Babesia, a genus of hematozoan protozoa, by detecting genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. Some species of these parasites may cause babesiosis (piroplasmosis), a disease characterized by malaria-like fever, chills, sweats, and myalgia. The parasite is typically transmitted to humans by rodent ticks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22135",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Entamoeba histolytica, a species of the genus Amoeboid protozoa, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. These parasites may cause amebiasis (typically in the intestines, but potentially extending to the liver and lungs); they are transmitted through water or cysts in contaminated food."
    },
    {
      "code": "22136",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Giardia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Giardia, a genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa, by detecting specific nucleic acid information of the target parasite. Most species are nonpathogenic, but Giardia lamblia may cause giardiasis in humans, a disease characterized by diarrhea and nausea."
    },
    {
      "code": "22137",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Leishmania Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Leishmania, protozoa of the suborder Trypanosomatina, by detecting specific nucleic acid information of the target parasite. These parasites are the etiologic agent of leishmaniasis; the characteristics of the disease depend on the species or subspecies. They are usually transmitted to humans by sand flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22138",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Leishmania Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Leishmania, protozoa of the suborder Trypanosomatina, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. These parasites are the etiologic agent of leishmaniasis; the characteristics of the disease depend on the species or subspecies. They are usually transmitted to humans by sand flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22141",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Taenia saginata, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Taenia saginata, a large tapeworm parasite of the family Taeniidae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite and/or its eggs. Taenia saginata may cause cysticercosis; these parasites live in adult form in human intestines and in larval form (forming cysts) in the muscles and the central nervous system. Taenia saginata parasites are usually transmitted to humans via inadequately cooked beef."
    },
    {
      "code": "22142",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Taenia solium, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Taenia solium, a large tapeworm parasite of the family Taeniidae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite and/or its eggs. Taenia solium is the most frequent cause of cysticercosis; taenia parasites live in adult form in human intestines and in larval form (forming cysts) in the muscles and the central nervous system. These parasites are usually transmitted to humans via inadequately cooked pork."
    },
    {
      "code": "22139",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Taenia Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Taenia, a large tapeworm parasite of the family Taeniidae, by detecting specific nucleic acid information of the target parasite and/or its eggs. Several species of Taenia are parasitic to the human intestines; Taenia solium and, less frequently, Taenia saginata, may cause cysticercosis; Taenia parasites live in adult form in human intestines and in larval form (forming cysts) in the muscles and the central nervous system. These parasites are usually transmitted to humans via inadequately cooked pork or beef."
    },
    {
      "code": "22140",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Taenia Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Taenia, a large tapeworm parasite of the family Taeniidae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite and/or its eggs. Several species of Taenia are parasitic to the human intestines; T. solium and, less frequently, T. saginata may cause cysticercosis. Taenia parasites live in adult form in human intestines and in larval form (forming cysts) in the muscles and the central nervous system. These parasites are mostly transmitted to humans via inadequately cooked pork or beef."
    },
    {
      "code": "22145",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Toxoplasma gondii, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoa parasite, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. These parasites may cause toxoplasmosis, a mild and self-limited infection, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, mostly in immunocompromised patients or through transplacental transmission to a fetus. The parasites are usually transmitted via feces of cats or through tissue cysts in infected meat."
    },
    {
      "code": "22143",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Toxoplasma Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Toxoplasma, a genus of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoa parasites, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target parasite. Some species of these parasites may cause toxoplasmosis, a mild and self-limited infection, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, mostly in immunocompromised patients or through transplacental transmission to a fetus."
    },
    {
      "code": "22144",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Toxoplasma Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Toxoplasma, a genus of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoa parasites, by detecting genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. Some species of these parasites may cause toxoplasmosis, a mild and self-limited infection, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, mostly in immunocompromised patients or through transplacental transmission to a fetus."
    },
    {
      "code": "22146",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trichinella Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Trichinella, a genus of nematode parasites, by detecting specific nucleic acid information of the target parasite. Species of these parasites may cause intestinal infections in humans; the species Trichinella spiralis is the etiologic agent of trichinosis, a disease characterized in early stages by diarrhea, nausea, and colic that may progress to stiffness, fever, pain, and swelling of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22147",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trichinella Species, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Trichinella, a genus of nematode parasites, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. Species of these parasites may cause intestinal infections in humans; the species Trichinella spiralis is the etiologic agent of trichinosis, a disease characterized in early stages by diarrhea, nausea, and colic that may progress to stiffness, fever, pain, and swelling of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22148",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trichomonas Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Trichomonas, a genus of flagellated protozoa, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target parasite. Some species of these parasites may cause trichomoniasis, profuse vaginal discharges, in females and urethritis and/or prostate enlargement in males."
    },
    {
      "code": "22149",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Trichomonas vaginalis, a species of flagellated protozoon, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. These parasites may cause trichomoniasis profuse vaginal discharge, in females and urethritis and/or prostate enlargement in males."
    },
    {
      "code": "22150",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Trichomonas vaginalis, a species of flagellated protozoon, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target parasite. These parasites may cause trichomoniasis, profuse vaginal discharge, in females and urethritis and/or prostate enlargement in males."
    },
    {
      "code": "22152",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Trypanosoma brucei, a species of flagellated protozoon, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. These parasites are the etiologic agent of trypanosomosis (sleeping sickness) and Chagas' disease; they are transmitted via the bites of tsetse flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22153",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Trypanosoma cruzi, a species of protozoon of the suborder Trypanosomatina, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target parasite. Trypanosoma cruzi parasites cause Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) in humans, characterized by an erythematous nodule (i.e., chagoma) appearing within a few days at the site of the inoculation. These parasites are transmitted to humans via insects, either from other humans or from animals (e.g., cats, dogs, rodents)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22151",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Parasite, Trypanosoma Species",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify species of Trypanosoma, a genus of flagellated protozoa, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target parasite. Some species of these parasites are the etiologic agent of trypanosomosis (sleeping sickness); they are transmitted to humans via the bites of tsetse flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19242",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify viruses by detecting specific nucleic-acid sequences infomration (e.g., DNA, RNA, rRNA sequences) of the target virus. Pathogenic viruses are the etiologic agent of or are associated with human and/or animal diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "22260",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Adenovirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Some species of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children. Many species are likely to induce malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22261",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Adenovirus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. Some species of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "22262",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Adenovirus, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae, by detecting the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target virus. Some species of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children. Many species are likely to induce malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22263",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Astrovirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify viruses of the genus Astrovirus, the sole genus of the family Astroviridae, a family of RNA viruses having a nonenveloped spherical virion, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. These viruses may cause gastroenteritis and mild watery diarrhea in children; the disease can be more serious in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22264",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Astrovirus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify viruses of the genus Astrovirus, the sole genus of the family Astroviridae, a family of RNA viruses having a nonenveloped spherical virion, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. These viruses may cause gastroenteritis and mild watery diarrhea in children; the disease can be more serious in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22265",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, BK Virus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify BK virus, a DNA virus of the subfamily Polyomavirinae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause cystitis and nephritis in immunocompromised patients; the virus is also associated with cancer tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "41460",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coronavirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify coronaviruses, RNA viruses of the family coronaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Coronaviruses may cause respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in humans. In addition to detecting coronavirus infection, these reagents may also be capable of determining which specific coronavirus (e.g., Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV], severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV], 2019 novel coronavirus [2019-CoV]) is present."
    },
    {
      "code": "22339",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify a coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (i.e., SARS-associated Coronavirus), an RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae that is genetically and antigenically distinct from other human coronaviruses, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is the etiologic agent of SARS and viral pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "41573",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae that is genetically and antigenically distinct from other human coronaviruses, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is the etiologic agent of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "22266",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coxsackievirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coxsackievirus, a group of single-stranded RNA viruses of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. These viruses may cause diseases resembling poliomyelitis, febrile illness, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22268",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coxsackievirus A Subtype, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coxsackievirus group A subtypes, single-stranded RNA viruses of a subgroup of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause diseases resembling poliomyelitis, febrile illness, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22267",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coxsackievirus A, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coxsackievirus group A, a single-stranded RNA virus of a subgroup of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause diseases resembling poliomyelitis, febrile illness, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22270",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coxsackievirus B Subtype, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coxsackievirus group B subtypes, single-stranded RNA viruses of a subgroup of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting specific genetic information of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause diseases resembling poliomyelitis, febrile illness, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22269",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Coxsackievirus B, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Coxsackievirus group B, a single-stranded RNA virus of a subgroup of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause diseases resembling poliomyelitis, febrile illness, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19246",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Cytomegalovirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. CMV may cause a variety of diseases (e.g., cytomegalic inclusion diseases, leukemia) depending on the immune status and age of the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22271",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Cytomegalovirus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. CMV may cause a variety of diseases (e.g., cytomegalic inclusion diseases, leukemia) depending on the immune status and age of the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22272",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Dengue",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify dengue virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Several different types of this virus are the etiologic agent of dengue and hemorrhagic dengue. Dengue is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22273",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Dengue 1/2/3/4, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify any of the four types of the dengue virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. These viruses are the etiologic agent of dengue and hemorrhagic dengue. Dengue is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22274",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify eastern equine encephalitis virus, a virus of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. This virus may cause subclinical infections with a low-grade fever in humans; in some cases this fever may be followed by encephalitis, characterized by increasing drowsiness, neck rigidity, confusion, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. The virus is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22275",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify eastern equine encephalitis virus, a virus of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause subclinical infections with a low-grade fever in humans; in some cases this fever may be followed by encephalitis or and encephalomyelitis, characterized by increasing drowsiness, neck rigidity, confusion, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. The virus is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and other species (e.g., culex mosquitoes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22276",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Ebola, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Ebola virus, a virus of the genus Filovirus, family Filoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is an etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever, characterized by chills, anorexia, and myalgia, followed by a maculopapular rash and mucous membrane hemorrhage associated with abnormalities in coagulation parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "22277",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Echovirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify echovirus, a group of viruses of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. This virus may have a wide range of clinical presentations; echoviruses may cause acute febrile illness in infants and young children, echoviruses are also associated with rashes, diarrhea, respiratory infections (e.g., sore throat, bronchitis), pericarditis, and aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22279",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Echovirus Subtype, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify subtypes of echovirus, a group of viruses of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Some subtypes of this virus may cause acute febrile illness in infants and young children, specific subtypes are associated with rashes, diarrhea, respiratory infections (e.g., sore throat, bronchitis), pericarditis, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22278",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Echovirus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify echovirus, a group of viruses of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may have a wide range of clinical presentations. Echoviruses may cause acute febrile illness in infants and young children; they are also associated with rashes, diarrhea, respiratory infections (e.g., sore throat, bronchitis), pericarditis, and aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22280",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Enterovirus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Enterovirus, a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Picornaviridae that includes polio and nonpolio (e.g., coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) enteroviruses, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. These viruses may cause a wide range of diseases, including poliomyelitis (the etiologic agents are wild type polioviruses), aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis (caused by several types of coxsackieviruses and echoviruses), as well as chronic meningoencephalitis (caused by several types of echoviruses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22281",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps), RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify epidemic parotitis (mumps) virus, an RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is the etiologic agent of epidemic parotitis (also known as mumps), an infection characterized by swelling of one or both parotid glands that may also affect the pancreas, cause inflammation of the testes (orchitis) and affect the ovaries."
    },
    {
      "code": "19248",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Epstein-Barr",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22282",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Epstein-Barr, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22283",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hantavirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Hantavirus, the only member of the Bunyaviridae family that is not arthropod transmitted, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Some particular strains of this virus (Hantaan, Dobrava, Puumala) may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; other strains (Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, New York) are the etiologic agents of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "22284",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hantavirus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Hantavirus, the only member of the Bunyaviridae family that is not arthropod transmitted, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Some particular strains of this virus (Hantaan, Dobrava, Puumala) may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; other strains (Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, New York) are the etiologic agents of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "19576",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis viruses by detecting the nucleic acid of the target viruses. The most common viruses that cause hepatitis belong to the families Picornaviridae (hepatitis A virus), Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus), and Flaviviridae (hepatitis C virus). These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22285",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis A virus, a member of the family Picornaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Hepatitis A virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses are almost exclusively transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water, although parenteral transmission is possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "22286",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis A, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis A virus, a member of the family Picornaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Hepatitis A virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses are almost exclusively transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water, although parenteral transmission is possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "19243",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis B",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis B virus, a DNA virus of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19577",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis B, Core",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis B virus, a DNA virus of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae, by detecting the core of the target virus. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22287",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis B, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis B virus, a DNA virus of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, and from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22288",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis B, Genotype",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis B virus, a DNA virus of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae, by detecting the specific genetic constitution (i.e., the genotype) of the target virus. Hepatitis B virus genotypes may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22289",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis B, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis B virus, a DNA virus of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae, by detecting the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target virus. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19244",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis C",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis C virus, an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, by detecting specific genetic information of the target virus. Hepatitis C virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses are transmitted frequently parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22290",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis C, Genotype",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis C virus, an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, by detecting the specific genetic constitution (i.e., the genotype) of the target virus. Hepatitis C virus genotypes may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses are transmitted parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22291",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis C, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis C virus, an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Hepatitis C virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses are transmitted parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22292",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis C, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis C virus, an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target virus. Hepatitis C virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses are transmitted frequently parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19580",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis D",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis D virus, an unclassified defective RNA virus (delta agent) that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for viral replication to occur, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Hepatitis D virus may occur as a simultaneous acute hepatitis infection or may be superimposed upon a case of chronic HBV. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22293",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis D, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis D virus, an unclassified defective RNA virus (delta agent) that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for viral replication to occur, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Hepatitis D virus may occur as a simultaneous acute hepatitis infection or may be superimposed upon a case of chronic HBV. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19581",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis E",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis E virus, an RNA virus of the genus Calicivirus, family Caliciviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Hepatitis E virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water and are endemic in some geographic areas.  Hepatitis E virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19582",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis G",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis G virus, an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Hepatitis G virus may cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, diseases characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted parenterally, perinatally, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22294",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis G, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis G virus, an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Hepatitis G virus may cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, diseases characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted parenterally, perinatally, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "22295",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Hepatitis-Associated TT Virus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify hepatitis-associated TT virus, a single-stranded DNA virus of the family Circoviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. TT viruses are associated with hepatitis viruses. Liver injury is likely associated with TT virus infection but these viruses are not a main cause of hepatitis of unknown origin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19247",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Simplex",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HSV may cause a variety of conditions, including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22297",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. HSV1 is transmitted mainly by infected saliva. This virus may cause a variety of diseases, typically nongenital infections, but it may be the cause of sexually transmitted genital infections. Activation of latent HSV1 is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22298",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1/2, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes simplex virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2, respectively), DNA viruses of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target viruses. HSV1 is typically transmitted by infected saliva and causes nongenital infections; HSV2 is sexually transmitted and is the main etiologic agent of herpes genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22299",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Simplex 2, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. HSV2 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is sexually transmitted; it is an etiologic agent of a variety of diseases including genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22296",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Simplex, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. HSV may cause a variety of conditions, including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22300",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Virus 6, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes virus type 6, a beta-herpesvirus of the genus Roseolovirus, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause roseola infantum; it is also associated with bone marrow suppression, pneumonitis, encephalitis, encephalopathy, hepatitis, fever, and skin rash in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22301",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Virus 7, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes virus type 7, a beta-herpesvirus of the genus Roseolovirus, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. This virus is associated with roseola infantum and may be useful in the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome, especially when Herpes virus type 7 is acting simultaneously with Herpes virus type 6."
    },
    {
      "code": "22302",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Herpes Virus 8, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Herpes virus type 8, a double-stranded DNA herpesvirus found only in humans, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. This virus is associated with all types of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), including classic, endemic, post transplant, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related KS, all of which have identical histological features."
    },
    {
      "code": "22303",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human metapneumovirus (hMPV), an RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. A wide spectrum of acute respiratory infections, especially in pediatric patients, is associated with hMPV."
    },
    {
      "code": "19249",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Papilloma Virus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human papilloma virus (HPV), a member of the family Papovaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Some HPV genotypes cause mucosal infections (especially anogenital diseases) and are associated with malignancy; other genotypes may cause cutaneous infections.  Dedicated reagents can identify the DNA of specific genotypes of HPV (e.g., 6/11, 16/18)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22304",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human papilloma virus (HPV), a member of the family Papovaviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. Some HPV genotypes cause mucosal infections (especially anogenital diseases) and are associated with malignancy; other genotypes may cause cutaneous infections.  Dedicated reagents can identify the DNA of specific genotypes of HPV (e.g., 6/11, 16/18)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22306",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, High-Risk Type, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify high cancer risk types of human papilloma virus (HPV), of the family Papovaviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target viruses. High-risk HPV types usually infect the anogenital tract epithelium, but they can also be found in the oral mucosa, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract; the most common high-risk types include HPV types 16 and 18, but types 45 and 56 are usually included in this test. These HPV genotypes cause mucosal infections and are associated with malignancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "22308",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, Intermediate-Risk Type, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify intermediate cancer risk types of human papilloma virus (HPV), of the family Papovaviridae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target viruses. Intermediate-risk HPV types usually infect the anogenital tract epithelium, but they can also be found in the oral mucosa, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract; intermediate-risk types include HPV types 31, 33, and 35. These HPV genotypes cause mucosal infections and are occasionally associated with malignancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "22309",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, Low-Risk Type, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify low cancer risk types of human papilloma virus (HPV), of the family Papovaviridae, by detecting specific genetic information of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target viruses. Low-risk HPV types usually infect the skin (e.g., forehead, arms, soles of feet); the most common low-risk types include HPV types 6 and 11, but types 42, 43, and 44 are usually included in this test. These HPV genotypes cause cutaneous infections and are almost never associated with malignancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "22305",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, rRNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human papilloma virus (HPV), of the family Papovaviridae, by detecting the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of the target virus. Some HPV genotypes cause mucosal infections (especially anogenital diseases) and are associated with malignancy; other genotypes may cause cutaneous infections.  Dedicated reagents can identify the rRNA of one or more specific genotypes of HPV (e.g., 6/11, 16/18)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22307",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, Type 16/18, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify types 16 and/or 18 of human papilloma virus (HPV), of the family Papovaviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target viruses. HPV types 16 and 18 are the most common high cancer risk types and usually infect the anogenital tract epithelium causing mucosal infections and may be associated with malignancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "22310",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Influenza",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Influenza virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, by detecting specific genetic information of the nucleic acid of the target virus. Some species of this virus are the etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis.  Dedicated reagents can identify specific types and/or subtypes of Influenza viruses (e.g., A, B, C)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22311",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Influenza A",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Influenza virus type A, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Influenza A virus may cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headaches, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. Subtypes of Influenza virus that known to affect humans are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; other subtypes such as H5N1 and H7N2 (i.e., avian influenza) affect birds and may affect humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22313",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Influenza A, Avian Subtype, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify subtypes of Influenza virus type A (single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae) that affect birds, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Influenza A virus subtypes that cause avian influenza usually include the surface glycoproteins H5 or H7 (i.e., subtypes H5N1 and H7N2); these viruses may occasionally cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22312",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Influenza A, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Influenza virus type A, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Influenza A virus may cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headaches, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. The subtypes of influenza known to affect humans are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; other subtypes such as H5 and H7 (i.e., avian influenza) affect birds and may affect humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22314",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Influenza A/B, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Influenza virus type A and/or type B, single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target viruses. Influenza type A and B viruses are etiologic agents of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22315",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Influenza B, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Influenza virus type B, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Influenza type B virus is an etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22316",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Japanese Encephalitis, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Japanese encephalitis virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22317",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, JC Virus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify JC (i.e., John Cunningham) virus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the subfamily Polyomavirinae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a demyelinating disease of the human brain, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22318",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, La Crosse, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify La Crosse virus, a single-stranded with helical and enveloped nucleocapsid RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause encephalitis (California encephalitis) and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22319",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Measles",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify measles virus, a single-stranded RNA enveloped virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. This virus is the etiologic agent of measles, an acute, usually benign infection characterized by coryza, cervical lymphoid hyperplasia, conjunctivitis, harassing cough, malaise, fever, and, finally, skin eruption (rash)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22320",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Measles, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify measles virus, a single-stranded RNA enveloped virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is the etiologic agent of measles, an acute, usually benign infection characterized by coryza, cervical lymphoid hyperplasia, conjunctivitis, harassing cough, malaise, fever, and, finally, skin eruption (rash)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22321",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Norwalk/Norwalk-Like Virus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Norwalk and/or Norwalk-like viruses, human RNA nonenveloped viruses of the genus Calicivirus, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. These viruses are the etiologic agent of acute, self-limited gastroenteritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22322",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Parainfluenza",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify parainfluenza viruses, a group of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting specific nucleic-acid information of the target viruses. Parainfluenza viruses affecting humans are classified into the genera Paramyxovirus (including human Parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3) and Rubulavirus (including human Parainfluenza virus types 2 and 4). These viruses are the etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity. Dedicated molecular assay reagents are available to identify specific types of Parainfluenza viruses."
    },
    {
      "code": "22323",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Parainfluenza 1, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Parainfluenza type 1 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22324",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Parainfluenza 2 RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Parainfluenza type 2 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Rubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22325",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Parainfluenza 3, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Parainfluenza type 3 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22326",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Parvovirus B19, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human parvovirus B19, a single-stranded DNA virus of the family Parvoviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and chronic bone marrow failure in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22327",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Rabies, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify rabies virus, a bullet-shaped, single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is the etiologic agent of rabies, a disease characterized by the infection of the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy, convulsions, paralysis, and coma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22328",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped RNA species of virus of the family Paramyxovirus, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Several types of RSV are etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections; they are the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "19583",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify viruses of the family Retroviridae by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. The subfamilies of pathogenic retroviruses are Oncovirinae, Spumavirinae, and Lentivirinae; lentiviruses are the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); oncoviruses are associated with human T-cell lymphomas and leukemia; and viruses of the genus Spumaviruses are considered nonpathogenic to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19245",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HIV is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19584",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HIV is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22329",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HIV-1 virus is the most common etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22331",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, Genotype",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify the specific genetic constitution (i.e., genotype) of human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus. HIV-1 virus genotypes are the most common etiologic agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22330",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. HIV-1 is the most common etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19586",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1/2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 and/or serotype 2 by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Human immunodeficiency viruses belong to the genus Lentivirus; these retroviruses are the etiologic agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19585",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-2",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human immunodeficiency virus serotype 2 (HIV-2), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HIV-2 is an etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22332",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-2, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human immunodeficiency virus serotype 2 (HIV-2), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. HIV-2 an etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19588",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV; also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HTLV is a tumor-producing RNA retrovirus of the subfamily Oncovirinae, family Retroviridae; it may cause chronic infection, adult leukemia, tropical paraparesis, and other hematological diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19589",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human T-cell lymphotropic virus, also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I), by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HTLV-I retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae; it may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, and tropical paraparesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22333",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human T-cell lymphotropic virus, also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I), by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. HTLV-I retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae; it may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, and tropical paraparesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19590",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-II",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human T-cell lymphotropic virus, also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II), by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. HTLV-II retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae; it may cause leukemia and other hematological diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "22334",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-II, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify human T-cell lymphotropic virus, also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II), by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target viruses. HTLV-II retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae; it may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, and tropical paraparesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22335",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Rhinovirus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify rhinovirus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus is the etiologic agent of common cold; it may cause also acute otitis media and/or sinusitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22336",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Rotavirus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Rotavirus, a genus of nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus with a wheel-like appearance of the family Reoviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Several types of Rotavirus may cause diseases in humans, including gastroenteritis and diarrhea; it is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children."
    },
    {
      "code": "19591",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Rubella",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify rubella virus, an RNA virus of the family Togaviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Rubella virus is the cause of an acute, usually benign infection, often affecting children. Transplacental infection of the fetus may occur. Called also German measles and, in French and Spanish, rubeola."
    },
    {
      "code": "22337",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Rubella, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify rubella virus, an RNA virus of the family Togaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. Rubella virus is the cause of an acute, usually benign infection, often affecting children; the disease is characterized by a pink rash beginning on the head and spreading to become generalized. Transplacental infection of the fetus may occur. Rubella is also called also German measles and, in French and Spanish, rubeola."
    },
    {
      "code": "22338",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Saint Louis Encephalitis, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Saint Louis Encephalitis virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22340",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Vaccinia Virus, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify vaccinia virus, a virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus that does not occur in nature (being propagated only in the laboratory for use as an active vaccine against smallpox), by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. Vaccinia viruses only cause mild reactions in healthy persons when used as a live-virus inoculator against smallpox; vaccinia smallpox vaccine does not contain and cannot cause smallpox, but approximately one in one million individuals will develop a acute (and even fatal) response to the vaccination."
    },
    {
      "code": "19250",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Varicella-Zoster",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify varicella-zoster virus, a DNA virus of the genus Varicellavirus, family Herpesviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. Varicella-zoster viruses cause chickenpox (varicella), an infectious disease typically transmitted by direct contact or through the respiratory route and characterized by the appearance of vesicular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Activation of varicella-zoster virus from a previous chickenpox (varicella) infection may cause herpes zoster (also called shingles), a self-limited infection that affects ganglia and their areas of innervation, producing severe neuralgic pain and vesicles on the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "22341",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Varicella-Zoster, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify varicella-zoster virus, a DNA virus of the genus Varicellavirus, family Herpesviridae, by detecting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the target virus. Varicella-zoster viruses cause chickenpox (varicella), an infectious disease typically transmitted by direct contact or through the respiratory route and characterized by the appearance of vesicular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Activation of varicella-zoster virus from a previous chickenpox (varicella) infection may cause herpes zoster (also called shingles), a self-limited infection that affects ganglia and their areas of innervation, producing severe neuralgic pain and vesicles on the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "22342",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, an Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause mild flu-like illness, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22343",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, West Nile Virus, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify West Nile virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22344",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Western Equine Encephalitis, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify western equine encephalitis virus, an Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus may cause mild flu-like illness, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22345",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Yellow Fever, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify yellow fever virus, a single-stranded RNA arbovirus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, by detecting the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the target virus. This virus causes yellow fever, an acute infection, which in severe form is characterized by fever, liver damage and jaundice, hemorrhage, and kidney damage; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "37128",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Infection, Virus, Zika",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify zika virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, by detecting the nucleic acid of the target virus. This virus may cause acute febrile illness, neurologic complications (e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome), and adverse fetal outcomes (e.g., microcephaly) in cases of maternal infection during pregnancy. The virus is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "36693",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Intergenic Polymorphism, 9p21",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to identify specific genetic variants within chromosome location 9p21. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in this chromosomal region (rs10757278 and rs1333049) are not associated with a known gene; however, certain alleles at these loci are purportedly markers for elevated risk of coronary heart disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "37192",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Microsatellite Instability",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed to detect a change in the length of one or more microsatellite loci, short stretches (10 to 250 base pairs) of DNA made up of repeated two- to five-letter motifs. Microsatellite instability testing typically compares DNA from a patient's tumor to DNA from normal cells of that patient. Changes in the length of (i.e., number of repeats present in) one or more microsatellites may be indicative of a defect in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR)."
    },
    {
      "code": "39647",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing, Human",
      "definition": "In vitro diagnostic tests intended to determine the sequence of nucleotides comprising the mitochondrial genome of an individual or individuals. Sequence data generated by these reagents may be derived from portions of the mitochondrial genome encoded in mitochondrial DNA and/or nuclear DNA. These tests typically use a shotgun sequencing approach consisting of a series of steps including DNA sample fragmentation; library creation consisting of tagging and amplification; sequence generation; and computational analysis (i.e., mapping, alignment, and variant calling)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19666",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Probe",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents consisting of a known fragment of nucleic acid, typically labeled with a tag. Probes may be classified according to their chemical  structure as DNA or RNA probes, strandedness as double- or single-stranded (ds and ss, respectively), and origin as cloned (recombinant), genomic, or synthesized (oligonucleotides). Probes may be radioactively or nonradioactively (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) labeled. Nucleic acid probes are used in tests to obtain information about the genetic characteristics of a sample; these procedures are generically known as nucleic acid assays and include hybridization assays, amplification methods  (e.g., polymerase chain reaction), and electrophoretic separation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17919",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Probe, DNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents consising of a nucleic acid probe with a DNA chemical structure. DNA probes may be radioactively or nonradioactively (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) labeled. DNA probes are used in tests to obtain information about the genetic characteristics of a sample; these procedures are generically known as nucleic acid assays and include hybridization assays, amplification methods  (e.g., polymerase chain reaction), and electrophoretic separation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17921",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Probe, RNA",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents consising of a nucleic acid probe with an RNA chemical structure. RNA probes may be radioactively or nonradioactively (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) labeled. RNA probes are used in tests to obtain information about the genetic characteristics of a sample; these procedures are generically known as nucleic acid assays and include hybridization assays, amplification methods  (e.g., polymerase chain reaction), and electrophoretic separation."
    },
    {
      "code": "27219",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Processing",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed for use in processing high-molecular-weight nucleotide polymers (i.e., nucleic acids), the most common of which are DNA and RNA. These reagents are intended to perform one of many processes on nucleic acids. These processes may include purification, replication, or amplification (i.e., increasing copy number through repetitive cycles using polymerase chain reaction), or sequencing (i.e., determining the order of the nucleic acid component base pairs)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24196",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Processing, Purification",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA) purification, usually from samples obtained from body fluid specimens. The reagents are intended to isolate the desired nucleic acids (e.g., viral nucleic acids) without cross-contamination; the reagents are usually supplied as kits intended for a specific type of test. The separation of particular nucleic acids from other constituents of the primary sample may be achieved using a variety of technologies such as magnetic beads. Nucleic acid purification reagents are used in clinical laboratories to isolate nucleic acids for further procedures, such as replication (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, [PCR]), either for analysis as a diagnostic tool or for research."
    },
    {
      "code": "24198",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Processing, Replication",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA) amplification (i.e., replication). Samples are obtained from body fluid specimens and follow a repetitive process that increases the target nucleic acid copy number in each cycle. These reagents may be applied directly to DNA samples; however, RNA samples usually require preprocessing through a reverse transcription procedure. Reagents that can perform the replication either at constant temperature or through a thermal cycle are available. Nucleic acid replication reagents are used in clinical laboratories to generate large amounts of nucleic acid from a previously purified nucleic acid sample; the amplified sample is usually used for subsequent diagnostic or research."
    },
    {
      "code": "27233",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Processing, Replication, Thermal Cycle",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA) replication, usually from samples obtained from body fluid specimens, following a temperature controlled repetitive process (thermal cycle) that multiplies the number of samples in each cycle. The reagents are commonly used in a process known as polymerase chain reaction, which is performed in a vial containing  template or target nucleic acid  (i.e., the DNA or RNA to be copied), short (i.e., 15 to 50 nucleotide) nucleic acid primers  that specify the boundaries of the amplified nucleic acid(s), a salt buffer, and a thermostable DNA polymerase. Reagents for thermal cycle nucleic acid replication are used in clinical laboratories to generate large amounts of nucleic acid from a previously purified nucleic acid sample, which is usually used for subsequent diagnostic or research analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "24197",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Nucleic Acid Processing, Sequencing",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents designed for the determination of the precise sequence of the nucleotides (e.g., adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine for DNA) in a sample of nucleic acid. These reagents are intended mainly to process nucleic acid samples to prepare them for sequence detection and to perform the actual detection steps of nucleotide sequence determination. Typically, the sequence of nucleotides for the analyzed portion of the sample (i.e., read lengths as long as several hundred base pairs) is determined and then displayed and/or printed after computer-based interpretation. Nucleic acid sequencing reagents are used in clinical laboratories to obtain the actual sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acid samples either for diagnosis or research."
    },
    {
      "code": "36701",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression",
      "definition": "Molecular assay reagents intended to determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) by cells in various sample types (e.g., biopsy, blood, tumor tissue, urine). These reagents are designed to analyze such samples to determine the presence or levels of ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene products (typically messenger RNA) by one or more of a variety of methods, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or microarray analysis. Identifying gene expression patterns (i.e., overexpression or underexpression of certain genes) may be used as an aid in determining disease diagnosis, disease prognosis, and/or treatment monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "36702",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to aid in the determination of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment efficacy. These molecular assay reagents determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in various sample types (e.g., cancer tumor tissue sample; biopsy sample from a lesion of unknown or indeterminate pathology; blood/urine sample, lymph node specimen). These tests typically use predetermined analytic algorithms to assess the RNA expression profile for patterns consistent with specific diagnoses, prognoses, or treatment effects."
    },
    {
      "code": "37372",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Bladder",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom bladder cancer has been diagnosed or in whom bladder cancer is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36703",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Breast",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom breast cancer has been diagnosed or in whom breast cancer is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36704",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Colon",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom colon cancer has been diagnosed or in whom colon cancer is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36707",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Cutaneous Melanoma",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom cutaneous melanoma has been diagnosed or in whom cutaneous melanoma is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36705",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Glioblastoma",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom glioblastoma has been diagnosed or in whom glioblastoma is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36706",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Lung",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom lung cancer has been diagnosed or in whom lung cancer is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36709",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Multiple Myeloma",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom multiple myeloma has been diagnosed or in whom multiple myeloma is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36710",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Neuroendocrine Tumor",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom a neuroendocrine tumor has been diagnosed or who are suspected of having a neuroendocrine tumor."
    },
    {
      "code": "36711",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Prostate",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom prostate cancer has been diagnosed or in whom prostate cancer is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36712",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Thyroid",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom thyroid cancer has been diagnosed or in whom thyroid cancer is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36713",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Unknown Primary",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom a cancer of unknown primary origin (i.e., metastatic cancer for which the tissue from which the cancer arose is undetermined)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36708",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Cancer, Uveal Melanoma",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to detect and analyze gene expression profiles in samples from patients in whom uveal melanoma has been diagnosed or in whom uveal melanoma is suspected."
    },
    {
      "code": "36714",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Coronary Artery Disease",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to aid in the determination of coronary artery disease diagnosis. These molecular assay reagents determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in peripheral blood samples. These tests typically use predetermined analytic algorithms to assess the RNA expression profile for patterns consistent with the presence or absence of coronary artery disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "36715",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Heart Transplant Rejection",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to aid in the determination of the likelihood of cardiac transplant rejection. These molecular assay reagents determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in peripheral blood samples. These tests typically use predetermined analytic algorithms to assess the RNA expression profile for patterns consistent with elevated likelihood of acute graft rejection in heart transplant recipients."
    },
    {
      "code": "37443",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Interstitial Lung Disease",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to aid in the differentiation among various forms of interstitial lung disease (e.g., asbestosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis). These molecular assay reagents determine the levels at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity ) in lung biopsy samples. These tests typically use predetermined analytic algorithms to assess the RNA expression profile for patterns consistent with specific forms of interstitial lung disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "39579",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Irritable Bowel Syndrome/Inflammatory Bowel Disease",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to aid in diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These molecular assay reagent determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in peripheral blood samples. These tests typically use predetermined analytic algorithms to assess the RNA expression profile for patterns consistent with the presence or absence of IBS or IBD."
    },
    {
      "code": "39577",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, RNA Expression, Multiple Sclerosis",
      "definition": "RNA expression reagents intended to aid in diagnosing multiple sclerosis. These molecular assay reagent determine the level at which certain genes are expressed (i.e., the gene activity) in peripheral blood samples. These tests typically use predetermined analytic algorithms to assess the RNA expression profile for patterns consistent with the presence or absence of multiple sclerosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "37606",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Whole Exome Sequencing, Human",
      "definition": "In vitro diagnostic tests intended to determine the sequence of nucleotides comprising the protein-coding portion of the human genome (i.e., the exome) of an individual or individuals, which encompasses approximately 1.5% of the genome. These tests consist of a series of steps including fragmentation of the genomic DNA to be sequenced; library creation consisting of amplification of fragmented DNA and capture of exomic targets (typically by array-based or in-solution hybridization); sequence generation; and computational analysis (i.e., mapping, alignment, and variant calling)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37603",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Molecular Assay, Whole Genome Sequencing, Human",
      "definition": "In vitro diagnostic tests intended to determine the sequence of nucleotides comprising the complete human genome (approximately 3 billion base pairs) of an individual or individuals. These tests typically use a shotgun sequencing approach consisting of a series of steps including fragmentation of the genomic DNA to be sequenced; library creation consisting of fragment tagging and amplification; sequence generation; and computational analysis (i.e., mapping, alignment, and variant calling)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36696",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay",
      "definition": "Reagents intended to generate data for multiple analytes using two or more in vitro diagnostic test types (e.g., DNA sequence analysis, protein expression analysis, RNA expression analysis). These tests typically employ a predetermined analytic algorithm. The algorithm uses the results of the in vitro diagnostic tests as inputs and generates a score as output. Some multimodal assays may also include as algorithm inputs additional data (e.g., patient age, patient menopausal status, previously generated cytology results). Depending on the multimodal assay, the algorithm-generated score may be reported as a binary output (e.g., positive or negative for disease of interest) or as a probability (e.g., likelihood of disease progression/recurrence)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41063",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Chromosome Anomaly/Gene Anomaly",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to assess variation in chromosomal anomalies (e.g., copy number variants)   and gene anomalies (e.g., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these separate tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37588",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Chromosome Anomaly/Gene Anomaly/Microsatellite Instability",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to assess variation in chromosomal copy number, gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis and assess the fidelity of DNA repair mechanisms by microsatellite instability testing. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "36698",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Cytology/DNA Quality/Gene Anomaly/Loss of Heterozygosity",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to assess DNA quality; detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis; and detect loss of heterozygosity at specific genetic loci. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests along with separately generated cytology results into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid in clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37589",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, DNA Methylation/Gene Anomaly",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to assess epigenetic modification of specific genes by DNA methylation analysis and gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these individual tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "36697",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, DNA Methylation/Gene Anomaly/Immunoassay",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to assess epigenetic modification of specific genes by DNA methylation analysis; detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis; and determine the presence and/or levels of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunoassay. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid in clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37248",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, DNA Methylation/Gene Anomaly/Immunocytochemistry-Immunohistochemistry/Microsatellite Instability",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to detect epigenetic modification of specific genes by DNA methylation analysis; detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis; determine the presence, levels, and/or sub-cellular localization of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry; and assess the fidelity of DNA repair mechanisms by microsatellite instability testing. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid in clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "36699",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Gene Anomaly/Immunoassay/Immunocytochemistry-Immunohistochemistry/Serology",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis; determine the presence, levels, and/or sub-cellular localization of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunoassay and/or immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry; and detect markers of microbial infection using serologic assays. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid in clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37252",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Gene Anomaly/Immunocytochemistry-Immunohistochemistry",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis and determine the presence, levels, and/or sub-cellular localization of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37250",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Gene Anomaly/RNA Expression/Immunocytochemistry-Immunohistochemistry",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis; assess the expression of specific genes by RNA expression analysis; and determine the presence, levels, and/or sub-cellular localization of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid in clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37246",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Gene Anomaly/RNA Expression/Mass Spectrometry",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis; assess the expression of specific genes by RNA expression analysis; and assess protein expression by mass spectrometry. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37255",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Gene Anomaly/Serology",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to detect gene anomalies (i.e., mutations) in specific genes by DNA sequence analysis and determine the levels of multiple serologic markers (i.e., antibodies). These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "37253",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, Loss of Heterozygosity/Telomeric-Allele Imbalance/Large-Scale State Transitions",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to determine whether a patient exhibits homologous repair deficiency (HRD) by assessing multiple HRD markers: loss of heterozygosity (LOH), telomeric-allelic imbalance (TAI), and large-scale state transitions (LST). These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid  clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "36700",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Multimodal Assay, RNA Expression/Immunoassay",
      "definition": "Multimodal assay reagents intended to assess the expression of specific genes by RNA expression analysis and determine the presence and/or levels of specific analytes (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) by immunoassay. These multimodal assays incorporate the results of these tests into a predetermined algorithm that produces a score intended to aid in clinicians in determining disease diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment options."
    },
    {
      "code": "41572",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Rapid Test, Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2",
      "definition": "Reagents used in rapid tests to detect antigens of or antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a patient sample. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent (cause) of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "19040",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology",
      "definition": "Reagents used in tests (i.e., serologic tests) to measure serum antibody titers, antigens, or toxins due to pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites) through in vitro reactions of immune sera (e.g., agglutination, complement fixation, precipitin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19041",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers, antigens, or toxins of pathogenic bacteria through in vitro reactions. These reagents are typically performed on immune sera (e.g., agglutination, complement fixation, precipitin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21809",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophilum), a bacterium of the genus Anaplasmataceae, family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria may cause human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a disease characterized by the attack on granulocytes, a type of white blood cell."
    },
    {
      "code": "21810",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophilum), a bacterium of the genus Anaplasmataceae, family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria may cause human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a disease characterized by the attack on granulocytes, a type of white blood cell."
    },
    {
      "code": "21811",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophilum), a bacterium of the genus Anaplasmataceae, family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria may cause human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a disease characterized by the attack on granulocytes, a type of white blood cell."
    },
    {
      "code": "21752",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella bacilliformis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Bartonella bacilliformis, a species of bacterium of the genus Bartonella, family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause a type of bartonellosis known as Carrion's disease, characterized by an acute anemic stage (Oraya fever) followed by chronic benign skin eruption (verruga peruana)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21753",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella elizabethae, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Bartonella elizabethae, a species of bacterium of the genus Bartonella, family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause bacterial endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21754",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella henselae, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Bartonella henselae, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease) and regional lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21755",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella henselae, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Bartonella henselae, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease) and regional lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21756",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella henselae, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Bartonella henselae, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease) and regional lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21757",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella quintana, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Bartonella quintana, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause trench fever and are associated with endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21758",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella quintana, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Bartonella quintana, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause trench fever and are associated with endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21759",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bartonella quintana, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Bartonella quintana, a rod-shaped bacterium of the family Bartonellaceae. These bacteria may cause trench fever and are associated with endocarditis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21763",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bordetella parapertussis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Bordetella parapertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of whooping cough."
    },
    {
      "code": "21762",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bordetella parapertussis, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Bordetella parapertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of whooping cough."
    },
    {
      "code": "17288",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bordetella pertussis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus. These bacteria may cause pertussis (whooping cough)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21764",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bordetella pertussis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus. These bacteria may cause pertussis (whooping cough)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21765",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Bordetella pertussis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus. These bacteria may cause pertussis (whooping cough)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19046",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi, a species of intracellular bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. These bacteria cause Lyme disease (i.e., Lyme borreliosis), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and erythema chronicum migrans; they are typically transmitted by a parasitic tick of the genus Ixodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19356",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, a species of intracellular bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. These bacteria cause Lyme disease (i.e., Lyme borreliosis), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and erythema chronicum migrans; they are typically transmitted by a parasitic tick of the genus Ixodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19357",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, a species of intracellular bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. These bacteria cause Lyme disease (i.e., Lyme borreliosis), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and erythema chronicum migrans; they are typically transmitted by a parasitic tick of the genus Ixodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19358",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, a species of intracellular bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. These bacteria cause Lyme disease (i.e., Lyme borreliosis), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and erythema chronicum migrans; they are typically transmitted by a parasitic tick of the genus Ixodes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21768",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella abortus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Brucella abortus, a coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21769",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella abortus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Brucella abortus, a coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21770",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella abortus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Brucella abortus, a coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21771",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella melitensis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Brucella melitensis, a coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21772",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella melitensis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Brucella melitensis, a coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21773",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella melitensis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Brucella melitensis, a coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "17289",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Brucella, a genus of nonmotile bacteria of uncertain family affiliation. Brucella bacteria of several species (e.g., B. abortus, B. suis) are pathologic in humans, causing brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21766",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Brucella, a genus of nonmotile bacteria of uncertain family affiliation. Brucella bacteria of several species (e.g., B. abortus, B. suis) are pathologic in humans, causing brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21767",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Brucella, a genus of nonmotile bacteria of uncertain family affiliation. Brucella bacteria of several species (e.g., B. abortus, B. suis) are pathologic in humans, causing brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "21774",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Brucella suis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Brucella suis, a coccobacillus bacterium. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of brucellosis, a disease characterized by intermittent (i.e., undulant) fever."
    },
    {
      "code": "19052",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Campylobacter Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of the genus Campylobacter, family Spirillaceae. Campylobacter bacteria of some species cause diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis; these bacteria may also cause proctitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19335",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens species of Chlamydia, a genus of intracellular bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae. Chlamydia bacteria cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a significant number of genital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "17325",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. These bacteria cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a significant number of genital infections; this test is typically used to detect systemic infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19336",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of species of bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. Chlamydia bacteria cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a significant number of genital infections; this test is typically used to detect nonsystemic infections (e.g., trachoma)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19337",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. These bacteria cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a significant number of genital infections; this test is typically used to detect systemic infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19338",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. These bacteria cause a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a significant number of genital infections; this test is typically used to detect systemic infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21775",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of trachoma, a disease characterized by chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea; they are also associated with genital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21776",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of trachoma, a disease characterized by a chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea; they are also associated with genital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21777",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of trachoma, a disease characterized by chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea; they are also associated with genital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21778",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause respiratory infections and mild atypical pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21779",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause respiratory infections and mild atypical pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21780",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause respiratory infections and mild atypical pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21781",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause respiratory infections and mild atypical pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21782",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila psittaci, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci, a bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause human psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21786",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila psittaci, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Chlamydophila psittaci, a bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause human psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21783",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila psittaci, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci, a bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause human psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21784",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila psittaci, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci, a bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause human psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21785",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Chlamydophila psittaci, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci, a bacterium of the family Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria may cause human psittacosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21788",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Clostridium botulinum, Toxin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect toxins from Clostridium botulinum, a species of bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Clostridium botulinum bacteria produce a neurotoxin in sufficient amounts to cause poisoning (i.e., botulism) in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21789",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Clostridium difficile",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect toxins from or antigens or antibodies to Clostridium difficile, a species of bacterium of the family Bacillaceae. Clostridium difficile bacteria are part of the normal colon flora in humans; they grow in large numbers and produce a protein exotoxin in sufficient amounts to cause pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving certain antibiotic (e.g., lincomycin) treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "17327",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Clostridium difficile, Toxin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect exotoxins from Clostridium difficile, a species of bacterium of the family Bacillaceae. Clostridium difficile bacteria are part of the normal colon flora in humans; they grow in large numbers and produce a protein exotoxin in sufficient amounts to cause pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving certain antibiotic (e.g., lincomycin) treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "21790",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, Toxin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect exotoxins from Clostridium perfringens, a species of bacterium of the family Bacillaceae. Clostridium perfringens bacteria grow in large numbers and produce a protein exotoxin in sufficient amounts to cause gas gangrene and/or necrotizing colitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21787",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Clostridium Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect toxins from or antigens or antibodies to species of Clostridium, a genus of bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. These bacteria are part of the normal colon flora in humans; some species may grow in large numbers and produce a protein exotoxin in sufficient amounts to cause gas gangrene and/or necrotizing colitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19373",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. C. burnetii causes an acute infection (i.e., Q fever), characterized by fever and chills, that is frequently complicated by pneumonitis, hepatitis, and endocarditis; in humans it is typically acquired by inhalation of airborne organisms derived from infected animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21795",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. C. burnetii causes an acute infection (i.e., Q fever), characterized by fever and chills, that is frequently complicated by pneumonitis, hepatitis, and endocarditis; in humans it is typically acquired by inhalation of airborne organisms derived from infected animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21796",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. C. burnetii causes an acute infection (i.e., Q fever), characterized by fever and chills, that is frequently complicated by pneumonitis, hepatitis, and endocarditis; in humans it is typically acquired by inhalation of airborne organisms derived from infected animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21800",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (they attack the monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21801",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (they attack the monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21802",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (they attack the monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21797",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Ehrlichia Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Ehrlichia, a genus of bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Some species of these bacteria are an etiologic agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (they attack the monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21798",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Ehrlichia Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Ehrlichia, a genus of bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Some species of these bacteria are an etiologic agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (they attack the monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21799",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Ehrlichia Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Ehrlichia, a genus of bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Some species of these bacteria are an etiologic agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in humans (they attack the monocytes, a type of white blood cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19042",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Escherichia coli",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect toxins from or antigens or antibodies to Escherichia coli, the principal species of the genus Escherichia, family Enterobacteriaceae. E. coli is a common inhabitant of the large intestine in humans, but pathogenic strains cause diarrhea and may cause urinary tract infections, conjunctivitis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19339",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Escherichia coli, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Escherichia coli, the principal species of the genus Escherichia, family Enterobacteriaceae.  E. coli is a common inhabitant of the large intestine in humans, but pathogenic strains cause diarrhea and may cause urinary tract infections, conjunctivitis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19340",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Escherichia coli, Toxin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect toxins produced by Escherichia coli. E. coli is a common inhabitant of the large intestine in humans, but pathogenic strains cause diarrhea and may cause urinary tract infections, conjunctivitis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17344",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Francisella tularensis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Francisella tularensis, a species of gram-negative bacterium. These bacteria cause tularemia, a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21803",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Francisella tularensis, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Francisella tularensis, a species of gram-negative bacterium. These bacteria cause tularemia, a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21804",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Francisella tularensis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Francisella tularensis, a species of gram-negative bacterium. These bacteria cause tularemia, a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21805",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Francisella tularensis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Francisella tularensis, a species of gram-negative bacterium. These bacteria cause tularemia, a disease characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and weakness; these bacteria are typically transmitted by wild animals."
    },
    {
      "code": "21807",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae B, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type B, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. These bacteria induce an inflammatory response that causes diseases. Encapsulated (polysaccharide) organisms of Haemophilus influenzae type B cause bacteremia and acute bacterial meningitis; they may occasionally cause epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis), cellulitis, osteomyelitis, joint infections, and bacterial pneumonia in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "21808",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae B, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type B, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. These bacteria induce an inflammatory response that causes diseases. Encapsulated (polysaccharide) organisms of Haemophilus influenzae type B cause bacteremia and acute bacterial meningitis; they may occasionally cause epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis), cellulitis, osteomyelitis, joint infections, and bacterial pneumonia in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "21806",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. These bacteria induce an inflammatory response that causes diseases. Encapsulated (polysaccharide) organisms of Haemophilus influenzae type B cause bacteremia and acute bacterial meningitis; they may occasionally cause other diseases (e.g., obstructive laryngitis, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, bacterial pneumonia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19045",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori, a species of bacteria of the family Spirillaceae. These bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19348",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Helicobacter pylori bacteria. These bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19347",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Helicobacter pylori bacteria. These bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19349",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Helicobacter pylori bacteria. These bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19350",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Helicobacter pylori bacteria. These bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19351",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Helicobacter pylori bacteria. These bacteria cause chronic gastritis and pyloric ulcer and could be an etiologic agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17298",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Legionella Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterium of the family Legionellaceae. These bacteria cause a pneumonia-like disease in humans (legionellosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19353",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Legionella Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Legionella pneumophila bacteria. These bacteria cause a pneumonia-like disease in humans (legionellosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19352",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Legionella Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Legionella pneumophila bacteria. These bacteria cause a pneumonia-like disease in humans (legionellosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19354",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Legionella Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Legionella bacteria. These bacteria cause a pneumonia-like disease in humans (legionellosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19355",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Legionella Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Legionella bacteria. These bacteria cause a pneumonia-like disease in humans (legionellosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19374",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Leptospira Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Leptospira, a genus of finely coiled, motile bacteria of the family Leptospiraceae. Leptospira interrogans is typically the species that is pathologic to humans, causing leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is acquired directly by contact with the urine or tissue of infected animals (e.g., rodents, dogs) or indirectly by contact with contaminated water, soil, or vegetation."
    },
    {
      "code": "21814",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Leptospira Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Leptospira, a genus of finely coiled, motile bacteria of the family Leptospiraceae. Leptospira interrogans is typically the species that is pathologic to humans, causing leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is acquired directly by contact with the urine or tissue of infected animals (e.g., rodents, dogs) or indirectly by contact with contaminated water, soil, or vegetation."
    },
    {
      "code": "21812",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Leptospira Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Leptospira, a genus of finely coiled, motile bacteria of the family Leptospiraceae. Leptospira interrogans is typically the species that is pathologic to humans, causing leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is acquired directly by contact with the urine or tissue of infected animals (e.g., rodents, dogs) or indirectly by contact with contaminated water, soil, or vegetation."
    },
    {
      "code": "21813",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Leptospira Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Leptospira, a genus of finely coiled, motile bacteria of the family Leptospiraceae. Leptospira interrogans is typically the species that is pathologic to humans, causing leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is acquired directly by contact with the urine or tissue of infected animals (e.g., rodents, dogs) or indirectly by contact with contaminated water, soil, or vegetation."
    },
    {
      "code": "19051",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Listeria monocytogenes, a species of bacterium closely resembling bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae. Listeria monocytogenes bacteria are the cause of listeriosis. In utero infection can result in abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infection acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis; and infection in adults can produce meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "19372",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes, a species of bacterium closely resembling bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae. Listeria monocytogenes bacteria are the cause of listeriosis. In utero infection can result in abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infection acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis; and infection in adults can produce meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21816",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes, a species of bacterium closely resembling bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae. Listeria monocytogenes bacteria are the etiologic agent of listeriosis, which may cause in utero infections, that can result in abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infections acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis. Infection in adults can produce meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21817",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes, a species of bacterium closely resembling bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae. Listeria monocytogenes bacteria are the cause of listeriosis. In utero infection can result in abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infection acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis; and infection in adults can produce meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21815",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Listeria Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Listeria, a genus of bacteria closely resembling bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae. A species of these bacteria (i.e., Listeria monocytogenes) is the etiologic agent of listeriosis, which causes in utero infection that can cause abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth; infections acquired during birth can cause cardiorespiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting, and meningitis. Infection in adults can produce meningitis, endocarditis, and disseminated granulomatous lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "21818",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycobacterium avium Complex, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Mycobacterium avium complex (Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, based on antigenic specificity), a group of slow-growing bacteria of the family Mycobacteriaceae. These bacteria may cause pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic illness in immunocompromised people (e.g., AIDS patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19047",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycobacterium Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of species of Mycobacterium, a genus of slow-growing bacteria of the family Mycobacteriaceae. Mycobacteria are etiologic agents of several diseases and include the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19364",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a species of bacterium of the family Mycoplasmataceae. M. pneumoniae is the etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "17311",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21819",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21820",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19048",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of species of Mycoplasma, a genus of bacteria of the family Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasma bacteria are etiologic agents of several diseases. The species Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19361",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Mycoplasma bacteria. Mycoplasma bacteria are etiologic agents of several diseases. The species Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19362",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Mycoplasma bacteria. Mycoplasma bacteria are etiologic agents of several diseases. The species Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19363",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Mycoplasma Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Mycoplasma bacteria. Mycoplasma bacteria are etiologic agents of several diseases. The species Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes primary atypical pneumonia (i.e., mycoplasmal pneumonia) and other febrile upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19043",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (i.e., gonococci), a spherical species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria cause gonorrhea, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually; these bacteria are found primarily in purulent venereal diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19342",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect antibodies to Neisseria gonorrhoeae (i.e., gonococci), a spherical species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria cause gonorrhea, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually."
    },
    {
      "code": "19341",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (i.e., gonococci), a spherical species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria cause gonorrhea, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually."
    },
    {
      "code": "19343",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect serum antibody titers or antigens of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci), a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. Meningococci are frequently found in the nasopharynx of asymptomatic carriers; their dissemination from the nasopharynx may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21822",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis A, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type A, a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21823",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis A, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci), a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21824",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis B, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type B, a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21826",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis C, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type C, a species of bacteria of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacterium may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21825",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis C, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type C, a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21829",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis W135, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type W135, a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21830",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis W135, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type W135, a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21828",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis Y, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type Y, a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21827",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis Y, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci) type Y, a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21821",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci), a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19044",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Neisseria meningitidis (i.e., meningococci group specific antigens), a species of bacterium of the family Neisseriaceae. These bacteria may cause meningococcemia and/or meningococcal meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17393",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Reagin Antibody, Syphilis Screening",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect reagin, an antibody to the cardiolipin-lecithin complex, as a screening test for diagnosis of syphilis.  These reagents are used in tests that are inexpensive and simple but that are subject to false positives in the presence of several other diseases such as hepatitis, herpes, and mononucleosis. Syphilis tests that detect reagin are also used in monitoring the progress of syphilis and in determining the outcome of treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "21838",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia prowazekii, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Rickettsia prowazekii, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of epidemic typhus; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus."
    },
    {
      "code": "21839",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia prowazekii, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Rickettsia prowazekii, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of epidemic typhus; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus."
    },
    {
      "code": "21840",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia prowazekii, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Rickettsia prowazekii, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of epidemic typhus; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus."
    },
    {
      "code": "21841",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia rickettsii, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, transmitted by ticks from rodents, dogs, and foxes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21842",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia rickettsii, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, transmitted by ticks from rodents, dogs, and foxes."
    },
    {
      "code": "21843",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia rickettsii, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, a gram-negative bacterium of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, transmitted by ticks from rodents, dogs, and foxes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17380",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Rickettsia, a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Rickettsia bacteria that are pathologic in humans are usually divided into three groups based on antigenic relationships. The typhus group includes the species R. typhi and R. prowazekii. Spotted-fever-group species, which cause several similar diseases that are widely distributed geographically (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Kenya tick typhus, Siberian tick typhus), include R. rickettsii, R. conorii, and R. siberica. The group of species causing scrub fever includes R. tsutsugamushi."
    },
    {
      "code": "21836",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Rickettsia, a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Rickettsia bacteria that are pathologic to humans are usually divided into three groups based on antigenic relationships. The typhus group includes the species R. typhi and R. prowazekii. Spotted-fever-group species, which cause several similar diseases that are widely distributed geographically (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Kenya tick typhus, Siberian tick typhus), include R. rickettsii, R. conorii, and R. siberica. The group of species causing scrub fever includes R. tsutsugamushi."
    },
    {
      "code": "21837",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Rickettsia, a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Rickettsia bacteria that are pathologic to humans are usually divided into three groups based on antigenic relationships. The typhus group includes the species R. typhi and R. prowazekii. Spotted-fever-group species, which cause several similar diseases that are widely distributed geographically (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Kenya tick typhus, Siberian tick typhus), include R. rickettsii, R. conorii, and R. siberica. The group of species causing scrub fever includes R. tsutsugamushi."
    },
    {
      "code": "21844",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia typhus Group, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of the typhus group of Rickettsia (including R. typhi and R. prowazekii), a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of epidemic typhus, usually transmitted through fleas and lice from rats and other mammals; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus."
    },
    {
      "code": "21845",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia typhus Group, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of the typhus group of Rickettsia (including R. typhi and R. prowazekii), a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of epidemic typhus, usually transmitted through fleas and lice from rats and other mammals; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus."
    },
    {
      "code": "21846",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Rickettsia typhus Group, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of the typhus group of Rickettsia (including R. typhi and R. prowazekii), a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. These bacteria are an etiologic agent of epidemic typhus, usually transmitted through fleas and lice from rats and other mammals; they may also cause recrudescent (latent) typhus."
    },
    {
      "code": "19365",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Salmonella Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of species of Salmonella, a genus of motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Salmonella bacteria that are pathologic to humans include S. typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, and S. choleraesuis, an etiologic agent of paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17384",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Salmonella Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella bacteria that are pathologic to humans are classified based on their constituent antigens (serotypes) in three types: S. typhi, the cause of typhoid fever; S. choleraesuis, associated with paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, and septicemia; and S. enteritidis (which includes all other serotypes except the first two), also associated with paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19366",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Salmonella Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of species of Salmonella bacteria; some reagents may detect surface antigens external to the cell wall (capsular antigens). Salmonella bacteria that are pathologic to humans are classified based on their constituent antigens (serotypes) in three types: S. typhi, the cause of typhoid fever; S. choleraesuis, associated with paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, and septicemia; and S. enteritidis (which includes all other serotypes except the first two), also associated with paratyphoid, gastroenteritis, and septicemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "21848",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae. These bacteria may cause serious suppurative infections, mostly in immunosuppressed patients, neonates, and the elderly, through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19050",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Staphylococcus Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers, antigens, or toxins of species of Staphylococcus, a genus of coccoid bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae. Staphylococci grow singly, in pairs, or in irregular clusters; species that are pathologic to humans include, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. The most important species is S. aureus because of its ability to cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunosuppressed patients, neonates, and the elderly through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "19370",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Staphylococcus Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of species of Staphylococcus a genus of coccoid bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae. Staphylococci that are pathologic to humans include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. The most important species is S. aureus because of its ability to cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunosuppressed patients, neonates, and the elderly through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs. These reagents are used mostly in epidemiology tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19371",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Staphylococcus Species, Toxin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect exotoxins (staphylotoxins) produced by species of Staphylococcus, a genus of coccoid bacteria, family Micrococcaceae. Staphylococci that are pathologic humans include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. The most important is S. aureus because of its ability to cause serious suppurative infections, especially in immunosuppressed patients, neonates, and the elderly,through damaged skin or in viral infections of the lungs. These reagents are used mostly in epidemiology tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19039",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus A, Antibody, Hyaluronidase",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to hyaluronidase (i.e., Antihyaluronidase, [AHT]) produced by Streptococcus group A (typically Streptococcus pyogenes), a spherical bacterium of the family Streptococcaceae. S. pyogenes is one of the most important bacterial human pathogens, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever).  AHT antibodies are associated with some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20151",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus A, Antibody, M Protein",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to the M protein produced by Streptococcus group A (typically Streptococcus pyogenes), a spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae.  Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most important bacterial human pathogens, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever). These antibodies identify specific groups of S. and may be associated with some autoimmune diseases (such as acute rheumatic fever) idiopathic mitral regurgitation, and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19183",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus A, Antibody, Pyogen Toxin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to exotoxins produced by several antigenically distinct types of Streptococcus group A (typically Streptococcus pyogenes), spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae.  S. pyogenes is one of the most important bacterial human pathogens, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever). These antibodies are associated with some rheumatic autoimmune diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "21850",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus A, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus group A (typically Streptococcus pyogenes), spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae.  St. pyogenes is one of the most important bacterial human pathogens, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever). These antigens are associated with some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21851",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus B, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus group B (i.e., Streptococcus agalactiae), spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. S. agalactiae is a bacterial pathogen of humans causing urinary tract and wound infections and otitis media.These antigens are associated with some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21852",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus C, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus group C (including S. equisimilis, S. zooepidemicus, and S. dysgalactiae), spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococcus group C bacteria may cause endocarditis, bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, and mild upper respiratory tract infections. S. equisimilis is the most common group C bacterial pathogen of humans, but other group C species such as S. zooepidemicus and S. dysgalactiae may also cause infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21853",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus D, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus group D (i.e., S. faecalis, S. faecium, S. durans, S. avium, S. bovis), spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaea. S. faecalis and S. faecium are the most common bacterial pathogens of humans in this group; group D streptococci may cause endocarditis and biliary or urinary tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21854",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus F, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus group F (e.g., Streptococcus anginosus, also known as Streptococcus milleri), spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. Group F streptococci are bacterial pathogens of humans that may cause subcutaneous or organ abscesses, endocarditis, and mild upper-respiratory-tract infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "21855",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus G, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus group G, a heterogeneous collection of microorganisms (that include, but are not limited to, the large-colony beta-hemolytic and the minute-colony beta-hemolytic group G strains of coccoid bacteria), spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococcus group G bacteria are associated with pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infections, septicemia, endocarditis, and arthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17392",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus) bacteria. These bacteria are the most common cause of lobar pneumonia; they can also cause other serious diseases (e.g., meningitis, septicemia, peritonitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19369",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. These bacteria are the most common cause of lobar pneumonia; they can also cause other serious diseases (e.g., meningitis, septicemia, peritonitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19049",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of species of Streptococcus, a genus of spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococci tend to grow in pairs or chains and are divided into many serogenic types according to their cell wall (e.g., groups A, B, C). Streptococci that are pathologic to humans include S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus), a major respiratory tract pathogen and the most common cause of pneumonia, and S. pyogenes, which is one of the most important bacterial human pathogens, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19180",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Streptococcus, a genus of spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococci tend to grow in pairs or chains and are divided into many serogenic types according to their cell wall (e.g., groups A, B, and C). Streptococci that are pathogenic in humans include many species, such as S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus), a major respiratory tract pathogen and the most common cause of pneumonia, and S. pyogenes, which causes a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19181",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species, Antibody, Deoxyribonuclease B",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to deoxyribonuclease B (Dnase B antibodies) that develop in response to or as the result of a preceding Streptococcal infection; streptococcus is a genus of spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococci that are pathologic to humans include S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus), a major respiratory tract pathogen and the most common cause of pneumonia, and S. pyogenes, which is one of the most important bacterial human pathogens, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever). Dnase B antibodies are associated with some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic disorders (e.g., poststreptococcal reactive arthritis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19182",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species, Antibody, Streptolysin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to deoxyribonuclease streptolysin (both type S and O), an antigenic exotoxin produced mostly by certain strains of group A streptococci. These antibodies develop in response to or as the result of a preceding streptococcal infection and are associated with some autoimmune diseases such as rheumatic fever and Tourette's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "19329",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species, Antibody, Streptolysin O",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to deoxyribonuclease streptolysin O, an antigenic hemolysin produced mostly by group A streptococci but also by some group C and G streptococci. These antibodies develop in response to or as the result of a preceding streptococcal infection and are associated with some autoimmune diseases such as acute rheumatic fever, Tourette's syndrome, and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19367",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Streptococcus, a genus of spherical bacteria of the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococci that are pathologic in humans include S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus), a major respiratory tract pathogen and the most common cause of pneumonia, and S. pyogenes, which is one of the most important bacterial human pathogens, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17396",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Teichoic Acid, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to teichoic acid, a polymer found in the cell wall and cell membrane of some bacteria. High levels of teichoic acid antibodies in serum indicate the possible presence of bacteria, especially occult Staphylococcus aureus infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "21863",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Thermoactinomyces candidus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Thermoactinomyces candidus, a thermophilic bacterium of the family Micromonosporaceae. These bacteria may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21864",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Thermoactinomyces sacchari, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Thermoactinomyces sacchari, a thermophilic bacterium of the family Micromonosporaceae. These bacteria may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21861",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Thermoactinomyces Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Thermoactinomyces, a genus of thermophilic bacteria of the family Micromonosporaceae. Species that are pathologic in humans include T. vulgaris, T. candidus, and T. sacchari; these species of bacteria may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21862",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Thermoactinomyces Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Thermoactinomyces, a genus of thermophilic bacteria of the family Micromonosporaceae. Species that are pathologic in humans include T. vulgaris, T. candidus, and T. sacchari; these species of bacteria may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21865",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, a thermophilic bacterium of the family Micromonosporaceae. These bacteria may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21866",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, a thermophilic bacterium of the family Micromonosporaceae. These bacteria may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19002",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Treponema pallidum",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Treponema pallidum, a bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. These bacteria cause syphilis, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually or acquired in utero."
    },
    {
      "code": "19008",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Treponema pallidum, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect total antibodies to Treponema pallidum bacteria in a patient's sample. Treponema pallidum bacteria cause syphilis, a disease that is mostly transmitted sexually or acquired in utero."
    },
    {
      "code": "19345",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Treponema pallidum, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Treponema pallidum, a bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. These bacteria cause syphilis, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually or acquired in utero."
    },
    {
      "code": "19346",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Treponema pallidum, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Treponema pallidum, a bacterium of the family Spirochaetaceae. These bacteria cause syphilis, a disease that is usually transmitted sexually or acquired in utero."
    },
    {
      "code": "21858",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Treponema Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Treponema, a genus of spiral gram-negative bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae. Species that are pathologic to humans include T. pallidum (causing syphilis), T. pertenue (causing yaws), and T. carateum (causing pinta)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21859",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Treponema Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Treponema, a genus of spiral gram-negative bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae. Species that are pathologic to humans include T. pallidum (causing syphilis), T. pertenue (causing yaws), and T. carateum (causing pinta)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21860",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Treponema Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Treponema, a genus of spiral gram-negative bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae. Species that are pathologic to humans include T. pallidum (causing syphilis), T. pertenue (causing yaws), and T. carateum (causing pinta)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21872",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Vibrio Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of species of Vibrio, a genus of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae. Some species of these bacteria may cause diarrhea; others are the etiologic agent of human (Asiatic) cholera, an endemic acute enteritis infection that may be fatal."
    },
    {
      "code": "21875",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica, an ovoid-shaped bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria may cause acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21876",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica, an ovoid-shaped bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria may cause yersiniosis, characterized by acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21877",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica, an ovoid-shaped bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria may cause yersiniosis, characterized by acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21878",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia pestis, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Yersinia pestis, an ovoid-shaped bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are the etiologic agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "21879",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, an ovoid-shaped bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria may cause acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21880",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, an ovoid-shaped bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria may cause acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19375",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Yersinia, a genus of ovoid-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia species that are pathologic to humans include Y. pestis, which causes bubonic plague; Y. enterocolitica, which causes acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis; and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which causes mesenteric lymphadenitis without gastroenteritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21873",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia Species, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to species of Yersinia, a genus of ovoid-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia species that are pathologic to humans include Y. pestis, which causes bubonic plague; Y. enterocolitica, which causes acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis; and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which causes mesenteric lymphadenitis without gastroenteritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "21874",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria, Yersinia Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Yersinia, a genus of ovoid-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia species that are pathologic to humans include Y. pestis, which causes bubonic plague; Y. enterocolitica, which causes acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis; and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which causes mesenteric lymphadenitis without gastroenteritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17368",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Bacteria/Fungi, Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect antibodies to bacteria and/or fungi that may cause a respiratory hypersensitivity reaction  when repeatedly inspired (i.e., hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as allergic alveolitis). These tests can usually detect antibodies to any of several fungi (e.g., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aureobasidium pullulans) or bacteria (e.g., Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17034",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Calibration",
      "definition": "Serology reagents consisting of a substance intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate); they are used in tests performed for the determination of antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, parasites)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19459",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Calibration, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate); they are used in serologic tests performed for the determination of antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19460",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Calibration, Parasite",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate); they are used in serologic tests performed for the determination of antibodies in human specimens due to pathogenic parasites that cause infectious diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17040",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Calibration, Virus",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances intended to establish points of reference (i.e., calibrate). They are used in serologic tests performed for the determination of antigens and/or antibodies that cause infectious diseases in human specimens due to a pathogenic virus."
    },
    {
      "code": "19081",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Control",
      "definition": "Serology reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of tests performed for the determination of antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, parasites)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19461",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Control, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of serologic tests performed for the determination of antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19462",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Control, Parasite",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of substances of known concentrations that are assayed by the usual clinical laboratory methods and that resemble the unknown specimen; they are used for quality control of serologic tests performed for the determination of antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic parasites that cause infectious diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17068",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Control, Virus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents consisting of samples of substances with known values; they are used for quality control of tests performed for the determination of antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic viruses that cause infectious diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19074",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to measure serum antibody titers or antigens in human body fluids due to the presence of pathogenic fungi including molds and monocellular fungi (yeasts). Frequently, these tests provide supplemental information for the diagnosis of mycotic infections and, in some instances, they provide the only means of diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19440",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Aspergillus Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens to species of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Aspergillus species (e.g., fumigatun, flavus) are opportunistic pathogens that cause aspergillosis, a disease characterized by inflammatory granulomatous lesions in the skin, lungs, and ears; they may also affect the bones and meninges."
    },
    {
      "code": "17284",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Aspergillus Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Aspergillus species (e.g., fumigatun, flavus) are opportunistic pathogens that cause aspergillosis, a disease characterized by inflammatory granulomatous lesions in the skin, lungs, and ears; they may also affect the bones and meninges."
    },
    {
      "code": "19441",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Aspergillus Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Aspergillus species (e.g., fumigatun, flavus) are opportunistic pathogens that cause aspergillosis, a disease characterized by inflammatory granulomatous lesions in the skin, lungs, and ears; they may also affect the bones and meninges."
    },
    {
      "code": "19075",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Blastomyces Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of fungi of the genus Blastomyces, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Some species of Blastomyces may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions (blastomycosis); affected immunocompromised patients may develop a chronically progressive illness in the skin and/or organs (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22473",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Blastomyces Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to strains of species of the genus Blastomyces, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Some species of Blastomyces may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions (blastomycosis); affected immunocompromised patients may develop a chronically progressive illness in the skin and/or organs (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22471",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Blastomyces Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of fungi of the genus Blastomyces, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Some species of Blastomyces may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions (blastomycosis); affected immunocompromised patients may develop a chronically progressive illness in the skin and/or organs (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22472",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Blastomyces Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of fungi of the genus Blastomyces, imperfect fungi of the class Hyphomycetes. Some species of Blastomyces may cause self-limited or localized pulmonary lesions (blastomycosis); affected immunocompromised patients may develop a chronically progressive illness in the skin and/or organs (e.g., lungs, genitourinary tract, central nervous system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19439",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Candida albicans",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect serum antibody titers or antigens to Candida albicans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. These fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; they can cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body. The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), frequently in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17292",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Candida albicans, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Candida albicans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the genus Candida, family Cryptococcaceae. These fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; they can cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body. The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), frequently in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22474",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Candida Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect toxins, antigens, or antibodies to species of the genus Candida, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Candida species fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; some species may cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body (i.e., candidiasis). The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), frequently in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22478",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Candida Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to strains of species of the genus Candida, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Candida fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; some species may cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body (i.e., candidiasis). The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), frequently in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22475",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Candida Species, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to species of the genus Candida, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Candida fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; some species may cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body (i.e., candidiasis).  The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), frequently in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22476",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Candida Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of the genus Candida, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Candida fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; some species may cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body (i.e., candidiasis).  The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), frequently in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22477",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Candida Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of the genus Candida, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Candida fungi are part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; some species may cause superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body (i.e., candidiasis). The fungi may also infect the blood stream (i.e., deep candidiasis), frequently in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19442",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect serum antibody titers or antigens to Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17329",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19445",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, Exoantigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect soluble cell-free antigens (exoantigens) extracted from cultures of Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "22479",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "22480",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, IgE Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19443",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19444",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Coccidioides immitis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Coccidioides immitis, a species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Coccidioides immitis is a pathogen of the respiratory tract, frequently causing allergic manifestations; these fungi may also cause coccidiomycosis and/or fungal pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19446",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens to Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus; infection may involve the skin, lungs, and, more typically, brain membranes, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17333",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus; infection may involve the skin, lungs, and, more typically, brain membranes, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19447",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to identify strains of Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus; infection may involve the skin, lungs, and, more typically, brain membranes, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22481",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens or antibodies to species of the genus Cryptococcus, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Some Cryptococcus species fungi are pathogenic; infection may involve the skin, lungs, and, more typically, brain membranes, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22482",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of the genus Cryptococcus, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Some Cryptococcus species fungi are pathogenic; infection may involve the skin, lungs, and, more typically, brain membranes, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22483",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Cryptococcus Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to strains of species of the genus Cryptococcus, yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Cryptococcaceae. Some Cryptococcus species fungi are pathogenic; infection may involve the skin, lungs, and more typically, brain membranes, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19448",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Histoplasma capsulatum",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens to Histoplasma capsulatum, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic fungus, and infection (histoplasmosis) is frequently asymptomatic but can cause an influenza-like illness or pneumonia. These fungi can affect the lungs, meninges, heart, and other organs in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17366",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Histoplasma capsulatum, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Histoplasma capsulatum infection (histoplasmosis) is frequently asymptomatic, but can cause an influenza-like illness or pneumonia. These fungi can affect the lungs, meninges, heart, and other organs in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19449",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Histoplasma capsulatum, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to strains of Histoplasma capsulatum, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Histoplasma capsulatum infection (histoplasmosis) is frequently asymptomatic, but can cause an influenza-like illness or pneumonia. These fungi can affect the lungs, meninges, heart, and other organs in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22484",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Histoplasma capsulatum, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to strains of Histoplasma capsulatum, a yeast-like species of imperfect fungi of the family Moniliaceae. Histoplasma capsulatum infection (histoplasmosis) is frequently asymptomatic, but can cause an influenza-like illness or pneumonia. These fungi can affect the lungs, meninges, heart, and other organs in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22485",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Pneumocystis jiroveci",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens to Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii sp. hominis), yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Pneumocystidaceae. P. jiroveci is an opportunistic pathogen of the respiratory tract, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22486",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to of Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii sp. hominis), yeast-like imperfect fungi of the family Pneumoncystidacae. P. jiroveci is an opportunistic pathogen of the respiratory tract, especially in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "36724",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Fungi/Yeast, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a commensal microbe that often colonizes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts."
    },
    {
      "code": "19076",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect antibody titers or antigens present in human blood due to pathogenic organisms that are parasitic to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22157",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Babesia microti, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect antibodies to Babesia microti, a hematozoan protozoon. These parasites may cause babesiosis (piroplasmosis), a disease characterized by malaria-like fever, chills, sweats, and myalgia. The parasite is typically transmitted to humans by ticks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22158",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Babesia microti, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Babesia microti, a hematozoan protozoon. These parasites may cause babesiosis (piroplasmosis), a disease characterized by malaria-like fever, chills, sweats, and myalgia. The parasite is typically transmitted to humans by ticks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22159",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Babesia microti, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Babesia microti, a hematozoan protozoon. These parasites may cause babesiosis (piroplasmosis), a disease characterized by malaria-like fever, chills, sweats, and myalgia. The parasite is typically transmitted to humans by ticks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22160",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Babesia Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect antibodies to species of Babesia, a hematozoan protozoon. Several species of these parasites may cause   babesiosis (piroplasmosis), a disease characterized by malaria-like fever, chills, sweats, and myalgia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19453",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Cryptosporidium Species",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of species of Cryptosporidium, a genus of parasites of the human intestines. Cryptosporidium parvum is the only known pathologic species, causing a profuse, watery diarrhea limited to several days; in immunocompromised patients the disease may persist indefinitely."
    },
    {
      "code": "19077",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Cryptosporidium Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Cryptosporidium, a genus of parasites of the human intestines. Cryptosporidium parvum is the only known pathological species, causing a profuse, watery diarrhea that may persist indefinitely in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19454",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Cryptosporidium Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Cryptosporidium species, a genus of parasites of human intestines. Cryptosporidium parvum is the only known pathological species, causing a profuse, watery diarrhea that may persist indefinitely in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19457",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Echinococcus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in tests to measure serum antibody titers of Echinococcus parasites (small tapeworms), a genus of the family Taeniidae. These parasites are pathogenic in humans (e.g., Echinococcus granulosus), causing tumors or cysts in organs such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys (i.e., echinococciasis); they are transmitted by ingestion of the eggs."
    },
    {
      "code": "22169",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Entamoeba (ameba) histolytica parasites, a species of the genus Amoeboid protozoa. Entamoeba may cause amebiasis (typically in the intestines, but potentially extending to the liver and lungs); these parasites are transmitted via water or cysts in contaminated food."
    },
    {
      "code": "22172",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Entamoeba (ameba) histolytica parasites, a species of the genus Amoeboid protozoa. Entamoeba may cause amebiasis (typically in the intestines, but potentially extending to the liver and lungs); these parasites are transmitted via water or cysts in contaminated food."
    },
    {
      "code": "22170",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Entamoeba (amoeba) histolytica parasites, a species of the genus Amoeboid protozoa. Entamoeba may cause amebiasis (typically in the intestines, but potentially extending to the liver and lungs); these parasites are transmitted via water or cysts in contaminated food."
    },
    {
      "code": "22171",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Entamoeba (ameba) histolytica parasites, a species of the genus Amoeboid protozoa. Entamoeba may cause amebiasis (typically in the intestines, but potentially extending to the liver and lungs); these parasites are transmitted via water or cysts in contaminated food."
    },
    {
      "code": "17337",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Entamoeba Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Entamoeba (amoeba) parasites, a genus of Amoeboid protozoa. Several species of Entamoeba are parasitic to humans, including E. coli and E. histolytica, causing intestinal disorders and amebiasis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22168",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Entamoeba Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of species of Entamoeba (ameba) parasites, a genus of Amoeboid protozoa. Several species of Entamoeba are parasitic to humans, including E. coli and E. histolytica, causing intestinal disorders and amebiasis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22173",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Fasciola hepatica, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Fasciola hepatica, a species of trematode (i.e., fluke) parasite of the bile ducts and the liver. Fasciola hepatica parasites may obstruct the biliary passages and affect the liver parenchyma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22176",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Giardia lamblia, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Giardia lamblia, a flagellated protozoon that parasitizes human intestines. Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a common infection of the small intestines."
    },
    {
      "code": "19078",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Giardia lamblia, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of Giardia lamblia, a flagellated protozoon characterized by the presence of a large sucking disk in the ventral surface, that parasitizes human intestines. The species Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a common infection of the small intestines characterized by diarrhea and nausea."
    },
    {
      "code": "22177",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Giardia lamblia, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Giardia lamblia, a flagellated protozoon that parasitizes human intestines. Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a common infection of the small intestines."
    },
    {
      "code": "22178",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Giardia lamblia, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Giardia lamblia, a flagellated protozoon that parasitizes human intestines. Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a common infection of the small intestines characterized by diarrhea and nausea."
    },
    {
      "code": "22179",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Giardia lamblia, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Giardia lamblia, a flagellated protozoon, characterized by the presence of a large sucking disk in the ventral surface, that parasitizes human intestines. Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a common infection of the small intestines chracterized by diarrhea and nausea."
    },
    {
      "code": "22174",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Giardia Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Giardia, a genus of flagellate protozoa, characterized by the presence of a large sucking disk in the ventral surface, that parasitize human intestines. Most species are nonpathogenic, but Giardia lamblia may cause giardiasis in humans, a common infection of the small intestines characterized by diarrhea and nausea."
    },
    {
      "code": "22175",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Giardia Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of species of Giardia, a genus of flagellated protozoa characterized by the presence of a large sucking disk in the ventral surface, that parasitize human intestines. The species Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a common infection of the small intestines characterized by diarrhea and nausea."
    },
    {
      "code": "19079",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Leishmania Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Leishmania, a genus of protozoa of the suborder Trypanosomatina. The characteristics of Leishmania parasite infections (leishmaniasis) depend on the species or subspecies. Infections are usually classified according to their effects as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral.  These parasites are usually transmitted by sand flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22161",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Leishmania Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Leishmania, a genus of protozoa of the suborder Trypanosomatina. The characteristics of Leishmania parasite infections (leishmaniasis) depend on the species or subspecies. Infections are usually classified according to their effects as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral.  These parasites are usually transmitted by sand flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22162",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Leishmania Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Leishmania, a genus of protozoa of the suborder Trypanosomatina. The characteristics of Leishmania parasite infections (leishmaniasis) depend on the species or subspecies. Infections are usually classified according to their effects as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral.  These parasites are usually transmitted by sand flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22163",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Leishmania Species, K39 Antigen, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to K39 antigens of Leishmania donovani parasites, a species of the genus Leishmania, a genus of protozoa of the suborder Trypanosomatina. These parasites cause black fever (also known as kala-azar), an endemic visceral Leishmania disease usually transmitted by sand flies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22164",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Paragonimus Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of the genus Paragonimus, a trematode (i.e., fluke) parasite of the lungs. Species of this parasite, and in particular Paragonimus westermani (Oriental lung fluke), may cause paragonimiasis and hemoptysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19080",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Schistosoma Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Schistosoma, a genus of trematode parasites (blood flukes), a class of Platyhelminthes (flat worms). Schistosoma of several species (e.g., haematobium, indicum, japonicum) are pathogenic to humans; the parasites typically enter through the skin of humans who come in contact with infected water. The adult worms are usually found in the veins, causing hematuria, dysentery, and bladder irritation."
    },
    {
      "code": "22165",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Schistosoma Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Schistosoma, a genus of trematode parasites (blood flukes), a class of Platyhelminthes. Schistosoma of several species (e.g., haematobium, indicum, japonicum) are pathogenic to humans; the parasites typically enter through the skin of humans who come in contact with infected water. The adult worms are usually found in the veins, causing hematuria, dysentery, and bladder irritation."
    },
    {
      "code": "22166",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Taenia saginata, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Taenia saginata, a large tapeworm parasite of the family Taeniidae. Taenia saginata may cause cysticercosis; these parasites live in adult form in human intestines and in larval form (forming cysts) in the muscles and the central nervous system. These parasites are mostly transmitted to humans via inadequately cooked beef."
    },
    {
      "code": "19455",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Taenia solium, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), a large tapeworm parasite of the family Taeniidae. Taenia solium is the most frequent cause of cysticercosis; taenia parasites live in adult form in human intestines and in larval form (forming cysts) in the muscles and the central nervous system, causing cysticercosis. These parasites are usually transmitted to humans via inadequately cooked pork."
    },
    {
      "code": "22167",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Taenia Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Taenia, large tapeworm parasites of the family Taeniidae. Several species of Taenia parasitize human intestines; T. solium and, less frequently, T. saginata may cause cysticercosis; Taenia parasites live in adult form in human intestines and in larval form (forming cysts) in the muscles and the central nervous system. These parasites are usually transmitted to humans via inadequately cooked pork or beef."
    },
    {
      "code": "19450",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens of Toxoplasma gondii, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoon parasite. These parasites cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, especially in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "17400",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoon parasite. These parasites cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, especially in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22181",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoon parasite. These parasites cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, especially in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22182",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, IgE Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoon parasite. These parasites cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, especially in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "19451",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii parasites, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoon parasite. These parasites cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, especially in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "17401",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, a species of obligate intracellular coccidian protozoon parasite. These parasites cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, especially in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22180",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Toxoplasma, a genus of coccidian protozoa of the suborder Eimeriina. Toxoplasma species (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii) cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, usually in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22183",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma Species, IgA Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Toxoplasma, a genus of coccidian protozoa of the suborder Eimeriina. Toxoplasma species (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii) cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, usually in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22184",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma Species, IgE Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to species of Toxoplasma, a genus of coccidian protozoa of the suborder Eimeriina. Toxoplasma species (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii) cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, especially in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22193",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma Species, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to species of Toxoplasma, a genus of coccidian protozoa of the suborder Eimeriina. Toxoplasma species (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii) cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, usually in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22194",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Toxoplasma Species, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to species of Toxoplasma, a genus of coccidian protozoa of the suborder Eimeriina. Toxoplasma species (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii) cause toxoplasmosis, an acute or chronic disease transmitted by the feces of cats or via tissue cysts in infected meat. Most infections are mild and self-limited, but extensive damage (e.g., to the brain, eyes, cardiac muscle) may occur, usually in immunocompromised patients or in fetuses infected by transplacental transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "22195",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trichinella Species, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to species of Trichinella, a genus of nematode parasites. Species of these parasites may cause intestinal infections in humans; the species Trichinella spiralis is the etiologic agent of trichinosis, a disease characterized in early stages by diarrhea, nausea, and colic; advanced stages produce stiffness, fever, pain, and swelling of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "17403",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trichinella spiralis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, one of the smallest parasitic nematodes. These parasites are the etiologic agent of trichinosis, a disease characterized in early stages by diarrhea, nausea, and colic; advanced stages produce stiffness, fever, pain, and swelling of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22196",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trichinella spiralis, IgE Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, one of the smallest parasitic nematodes. These parasites are the etiologic agent of trichinosis, a disease characterized in early stages by diarrhea, nausea, and colic; advanced stages produce stiffness, fever, pain, and swelling of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22197",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trichinella spiralis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, one of the smallest parasitic nematodes. These parasites are the etiologic agent of trichinosis, a disease characterized in early stages by diarrhea, nausea, and colic; advanced stages produce stiffness, fever, pain, and swelling of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22198",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trichinella spiralis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, one of the smallest parasitic nematodes. These parasites are the etiologic agent of trichinosis, a disease characterized in early stages by diarrhea, nausea, and colic; advanced stages produce stiffness, fever, pain, and swelling of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "19458",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trichomonas Species, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of strains of species of Trichomonas, a genus of flagellated protozoa. The only known human pathologic species of the genus is Trichomonas vaginalis; found in the vagina and the prostate. This parasite causes trichomoniasis, profuse vaginal discharge in females and urethritis and/or prostate enlargement in males."
    },
    {
      "code": "19452",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect serum antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi, a species of protozoon of the suborder Trypanosomatina. Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) in humans, characterized by an erythematous nodule (i.e., chagoma) appearing within a few days at the site of the inoculation. These parasites are transmitted to humans by insects from other humans or from animals (e.g., cats, dogs, rodents)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22199",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi, a species of protozoon of the suborder Trypanosomatina. Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) in humans, characterized by an erythematous nodule (i.e., chagoma) appearing within a few days at the site of the inoculation. These parasites are transmitted to humans by insects from other humans or from animals (e.g., cats, dogs, rodents)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22200",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi, a species of protozoon of the suborder Trypanosomatina. Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) in humans, characterized by an erythematous nodule (i.e., chagoma) appearing within a few days at the site of the inoculation. These parasites are transmitted to humans by insects from other humans or from animals (e.g., cats, dogs, rodents)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19466",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test",
      "definition": "Serology reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to detect antigens, antibodies, and/or toxins due to pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites) in a patient's sample ."
    },
    {
      "code": "19083",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Serology reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to detect antigens, antibodies, and/or toxins due to pathogenic bacteria in a patient's sample."
    },
    {
      "code": "19467",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria, Chlamydia",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in rapid tests to detect Chlamydia, a genus of intracellular bacteria, in a patient's sample. Chlamydia causes a variety of diseases in humans, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and a significant proportion of genital infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "19037",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria, Febrile Agglutinin",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antibodies in a patient's sample to gram-negative bacteria causing  fever of unknown origin. Typically, these reagents include either antigens (e.g., Salmonella O and H, Brucella abortus, and Proteus OX-19) to detect antibodies caused by typhoid fever, brucellosis, and tularemia and/or other Proteus antigens (e.g., Proteus OX2 and OX-K) to detect antibodies to Rickettsia diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19468",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria, Helicobacter pylori",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori bacteria in a patient's sample. Helicobacter pylori bacteria causes chronic gastritis, pyloric ulcer, and could be an etiological agent for gastric cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19469",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria, Streptococci A",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect Streptococcus class A (Streptococcus pyogenes), a species of coccoid bacteria, in a patient's sample. Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most important bacterial pathogens of humans, causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19470",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria, Streptococci B",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect Streptococcus class B (Streptococcus agalactiae), a species of of coccoid bacteria, in a patient's sample. Streptococcus agalactiae  is a bacterial pathogen of humans causing urinary tract and wound infections and also otitis media."
    },
    {
      "code": "17377",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria, Streptococcus Species",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in rapid tests to detect Streptococcus, a species of coccoid bacteria, in a patient's sample. Streptococcus is one of the most important bacterial pathogens of humans causing a wide range of suppurative diseases (e.g., pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis) and nonsuppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19471",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Bacteria, Syphilis",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect Treponema pallidum, a genus of bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae, in a patient's sample. Treponema pallidum bacteria cause syphilis, a disease that is mostly transmitted sexually or acquired in uterus."
    },
    {
      "code": "19084",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents designed to perform tests in a short period of time, typically several minutes, to detect antigens or antibodies in a patient's sample to viruses that may cause infections in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19479",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Cytomegalovirus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antibodies  to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a patient's sample. This virus can cause a variety of diseases  (i.e., cytomegalic inclusion diseases) depending on the immune status and age of  the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "19472",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Hepatitis",
      "definition": "Immunoassay reagents used in rapid tests to detect viruses that cause hepatitis infection; hepatitis is characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19473",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antigens in a patient's sample identified as the outer coat (i.e., surface) of hepatitis B viruses. Hepatitis B surface antigens typically appear in serum before any clinical signal of hepatitis and persist throughout the clinical course of the disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "19474",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Hepatitis C Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antibodies in a patient's sample to hepatitis type C viruses.. Hepatitis C viruses are transmitted parenterally and probably also by intimate contact (e.g., sexual contact)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20460",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Influenza",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect influenza virus (either type A, B, or both) antigens or influenza virus enzyme activity. Influenza viruses are the etiologic agent of influenza, an acute infection of the respiratory tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "19475",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Retrovirus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antigens or antibodies in a patient's sample to viruses belonging to the family Retroviridae. The most common subfamilies of pathogenic retroviruses are Oncovirinae, Spumavirinae, and Lentivirinae. Lentiviruses are the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and oncoviruses are associated with human T-Cell  lymphomas and leukemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "19476",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antigens or antibodies in a patient's sample to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1). HIV is the cause (etiologic agent) of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19478",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1/2",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antigens or antibodies in a patient's sample to human immunodeficiency viruses of either serotype 1 (HIV-1),  serotype 2 (HIV-2), or both. HIV is the cause (etiologic agent) of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19477",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Rapid Test, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-2",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used in rapid tests to detect antigens or antibodies in a patient's sample to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 2 (HIV-2). HIV is the cause (etiologic agent) of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-2  is less common than the serotype 1 (HIV-1)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19082",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Standard",
      "definition": "Serology reagents consisting of a substance (e.g., a solution) that is established as a norm with which similar reagents used in tests performed to determine antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, parasites) are compared. These standards may be used to determine the purity or performance of immunoassay reagents used in infection tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "19463",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Standard, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in serologic tests performed to determine antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic bacteria are compared. These standards may be used to determine the purity or performance of immunoassay reagents used in infection tests to determine bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19465",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Standard, Parasite",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and that are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in serologic tests performed to determine antibodies in human specimens due to infection by pathogenic parasites are compared. These standards may be used to determine the purity or performance of immunoassay reagents used in infection tests to determine parasites."
    },
    {
      "code": "19464",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Standard, Virus",
      "definition": "Reagents consisting of  substances of known composition, the value of which is established by an analytic procedure different from that used in the clinical laboratory and  that are established as a norm with which similar reagents used in serologic tests performed to determine antigens and/or antibodies in human specimens due to infection by a pathogenic virus are compared. These standards may be used to determine the purity or performance of immunoassay reagents used in infection tests to determine viruses."
    },
    {
      "code": "17077",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibody titers or antigens to pathogenic viruses through in vitro diagnostic tests. These viruses may cause infectious diseases in humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19389",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Adenovirus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae. Some species of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children. Many species are likely to induce malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19390",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Adenovirus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae. Some species of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children. Many species are likely to induce malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22348",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Adenovirus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae. Some species of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children. Many species are likely to induce malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22349",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Adenovirus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to adenovirus, a DNA virus of the family Adenoviridae. Some species of these viruses may cause acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract diseases; adenoviruses also cause latent infections of the tonsils and adenoids in children. Many species are likely to induce malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "22357",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arbovirus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Arbovirus, a pathogenic class of viruses that replicates in blood-feeding arthropods; they usually belong to the families Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, or Togaviridae. Some types of this virus may cause encephalitis (e.g., Saint Louis encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, California encephalitis group, eastern equine encephalitis). The test is used as an aid in the diagnosis of arboviral infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "22358",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arbovirus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Arbovirus, a pathogenic class of viruses that replicates in blood-feeding arthropods; they usually belong to the families Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, or Togaviridae. Some types of this virus may cause encephalitis (e.g., Saint Louis encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, California encephalitis group, eastern equine encephalitis). The test is used as an aid in the diagnosis of arboviral infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "22350",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arenavirus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Arenavirus, a genus of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Arenaviridae. Some types of this virus may cause acute hemorrhagic fever in humans (e.g., Lassa, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, Sabia); other types may rarely infect humans infrequently causing mild diseases (e.g., Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus may cause aseptic meningitis or an influenza-like illness). Each type of arenavirus is usually associated with a particular rodent species by which diseases are transmitted to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22352",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arenavirus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Arenavirus, a genus of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Arenaviridae. Some types of this virus may cause acute hemorrhagic fever (e.g., Lassa, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, Sabia) in humans; other types may rarely infect humans, infrequently causing mild diseases (e.g., Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus may cause aseptic meningitis or an influenza-like illness). Each type of Arenavirus is usually associated with a specific rodent species by which the virus is transmitted to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22351",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arenavirus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Arenavirus, a genus of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Arenaviridae. Some types of this virus may cause acute hemorrhagic fever (e.g., Lassa, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, Sabia) in humans; other types may rarely infect humans, infrequently causing mild diseases (e.g., Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus may cause aseptic meningitis or an influenza-like illness). Each type of Arenavirus is usually associated with a specific rodent species by which the virus is transmitted to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22355",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arenavirus, Lassa Virus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Lassa fever virus, an enveloped RNA virus of the old world group of Arenaviruses (i.e., LCM/Lassa complex) of the family Arenaviridae. This virus may cause acute hemorrhagic fever in humans (known as Lassa fever); it is usually associated with multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) by which the virus is transmitted to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22353",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arenavirus, Lassa Virus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Lassa fever virus, an enveloped RNA virus of the old world group of Arenaviruses (i.e., LCM/Lassa complex) of the family Arenaviridae. This virus may cause acute hemorrhagic fever in humans (known as Lassa fever); it is usually associated with multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) by which the virus is transmitted to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22354",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arenavirus, Lassa Virus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Lassa fever virus, an enveloped RNA virus of the old world group of Arenaviruses (i.e., LCM/Lassa complex) of the family Arenaviridae. This virus may cause acute hemorrhagic fever in humans (known as Lassa fever); it is usually associated with multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) by which the virus is transmitted to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22356",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Arenavirus, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCV), an enveloped RNA virus of the old world group of Arenaviruses (i.e., LCM/Lassa complex) of the family Arenaviridae. This virus causes a mild disease (e.g., aseptic meningitis, influenza-like illness); the virus may rarely cause hemorrhagic fever in humans, but it may be pathogenic to a fetus. LCV is usually transmitted to humans by rodents."
    },
    {
      "code": "22359",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Astrovirus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Astrovirus, the sole genus of the family Astroviridae, RNA viruses with nonenveloped spherical virion. These viruses may cause gastroenteritis and mild watery diarrhea in children; the disease can be more serious in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22360",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, BK Virus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to BK virus, a DNA virus of the subfamily Polyomavirinae. This virus may cause cystitis and nephritis in immunocompromised patients; the virus is also associated with cancer tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22361",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Cache Valley, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Cache Valley virus, a pathogenic class of viruses that replicates in blood-feeding arthropods (i.e., an arbovirus), that belongs to the genus Bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae. This virus may cause congenital defects of the central nervous system (e.g., neural tube defects) and, rarely, encephalitis. The virus is usually transmitted to humans by mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22362",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, California Encephalitis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to California encephalitis virus, a pathogenic class of viruses of the California serogroup that replicates in blood-feeding arthropods (i.e., an arbovirus) and belongs to the genus Bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis; it is usually transmitted to humans by mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22363",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, California Encephalitis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to California encephalitis virus, a pathogenic class of viruses of the California serogroup that replicates in blood-feeding arthropods (i.e., an arbovirus) and belongs to the genus Bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis; it is usually transmitted to humans by mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22364",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, California Encephalitis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to California encephalitis virus, a pathogenic class of viruses of the California serogroup that replicates in blood-feeding arthropods (i.e., an arbovirus) and belongs to the genus Bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis; it is usually transmitted to humans by mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22365",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Coxsackievirus A, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to coxsackievirus group A, a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Picornaviridae. This virus may cause diseases resembling poliomyelitis, febrile illness, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22366",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Coxsackievirus B, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Coxsackievirus group B, a single-stranded RNA virus of a subgroup of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. This virus may cause diseases resembling poliomyelitis, febrile illness, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19379",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Cytomegalovirus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. Some types of CMV may cause a variety of diseases (i.e., cytomegalic inclusion diseases, leukemia) depending on the immune status and age of the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "17334",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Cytomegalovirus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. Some types of CMV may cause a variety of diseases (i.e., cytomegalic inclusion diseases, leukemia) depending on the immune status and age of the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "19381",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Cytomegalovirus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. Some types of CMV may cause a variety of diseases (i.e., cytomegalic inclusion diseases, leukemia) depending on the immune status and age of the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "17336",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Cytomegalovirus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. Some types of CMV may cause a variety of diseases (i.e., cytomegalic inclusion diseases, leukemia) depending on the immune status and age of the host; persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22367",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Dengue, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to dengue virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Several different types of this virus are the etiologic agent of dengue and hemorrhagic dengue. Dengue is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22368",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Dengue, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to dengue virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Several different types of this virus are the etiologic agent of dengue and hemorrhagic dengue. Dengue is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22369",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Dengue, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to dengue virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Several different types of this virus are the etiologic agent of dengue and hemorrhagic dengue. Dengue is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22370",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis virus, a virus of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. This virus may cause subclinical infections in humans, with only a low-grade fever; in some cases this fever may be followed by encephalitis, characterized by increasing drowsiness, neck rigidity, confusion, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. The virus is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22371",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis virus, a virus of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. This virus may cause subclinical infections in humans, with only a low-grade fever; in some cases this fever may be followed by encephalitis, characterized by increasing drowsiness, neck rigidity, confusion, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. The virus is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22372",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis virus, a virus of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. This virus may cause subclinical infections in humans, with only a low-grade fever; in some cases this fever may be followed by encephalitis, characterized by increasing drowsiness, neck rigidity, confusion, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. The virus is typically transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Aedes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22373",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Ebola, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Ebola virus, a virus of the genus Filovirus, family Filoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever, characterized by chills, anorexia, and myalgia followed by a maculopapular rash and mucous membrane hemorrhage associated with abnormalities in coagulation parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "22374",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Ebola, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Ebola virus, a virus of the genus Filovirus, family Filoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever, characterized by chills, anorexia, and myalgia followed by a maculopapular rash and mucous membrane hemorrhage associated with abnormalities in coagulation parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "22375",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Ebola, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Ebola virus, a virus of the genus Filovirus, family Filoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever, characterized by chills, anorexia, and myalgia followed by a maculopapular rash and mucous membrane hemorrhage associated with abnormalities in coagulation parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "22377",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Echovirus Subtype, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to echovirus (enterocytopathic human orphan virus) subtypes, a group of viruses of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Some particular subtypes of this virus (e.g., 4, 7, 11) may cause acute febrile illness in infants and young children; specific subtypes are associated with rashes, diarrhea, respiratory infections (e.g., sore throat, bronchitis), pericarditis, and/or aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22376",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Echovirus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to echovirus (enterocytopathic human orphan virus), a group of viruses of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. These viruses may have a wide range of clinical presentations; echoviruses may cause acute febrile illness in infants and young children, they are also associated with rashes, diarrhea, respiratory infections (e.g., sore throat, bronchitis), pericarditis, and aseptic meningitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19055",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Enterovirus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Enterovirus, a genus of single-stranded viruses of the family Picornaviridae that includes polio and nonpolio (e.g., coxsackieviruses, echoviruses) enteroviruses.  Enteroviruses typically inhabit the intestinal tract, and most infections are subclinical; but some types may cause a wide range of diseases, including poliomyelitis (the etiologic agents are wild type polioviruses), aseptic meningitis and encephalitis (caused by several types of coxsackieviruses and echoviruses), and chronic meningoencephalitis (caused by several types of echoviruses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22378",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Enterovirus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Enterovirus, a genus of single-stranded viruses of the family Picornaviridae that includes polio and nonpolio (e.g., coxsackieviruses, echoviruses) enteroviruses.  Enteroviruses typically inhabit the intestinal tract, and most infections are subclinical; but some types may cause a wide range of diseases, including poliomyelitis (the etiologic agents are wild type polioviruses), aseptic meningitis and encephalitis (caused by several types of coxsackieviruses and echoviruses), and chronic meningoencephalitis (caused by several types of echoviruses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19391",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Enterovirus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Enterovirus, a genus of single-stranded viruses of the family Picornaviridae that includes polio and nonpolio (e.g., coxsackieviruses, echoviruses) enteroviruses.  Enteroviruses typically inhabit the intestinal tract, and most infections are subclinical; but some types may cause a wide range of diseases, including poliomyelitis (the etiologic agents are wild type polioviruses), aseptic meningitis and encephalitis (caused by several types of coxsackieviruses and echoviruses), and chronic meningoencephalitis (caused by several types of echoviruses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22379",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Enterovirus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Enterovirus, a genus of single-stranded viruses of the family Picornaviridae that includes polio and nonpolio (e.g., coxsackieviruses, echoviruses) enteroviruses.  Enteroviruses typically inhabit the intestinal tract, and most infections are subclinical; but some types may cause a wide range of diseases, including poliomyelitis (the etiologic agents are wild type polioviruses), aseptic meningitis and encephalitis (caused by several types of coxsackieviruses and echoviruses), and chronic meningoencephalitis (caused by several types of echoviruses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19398",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps)",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to epidemic parotitis (mumps) virus, an RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of epidemic parotitis (also known as mumps), an infection characterized by swelling of one or both parotid glands that may also affect the pancreas, cause inflammation of the testes (orchitis), and affect the ovaries."
    },
    {
      "code": "17309",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps), Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to epidemic parotitis (mumps) virus, an RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of epidemic parotitis (also known as mumps), an infection characterized by swelling of one or both parotid glands that may also affect the pancreas, cause inflammation of the testes (orchitis), and affect the ovaries."
    },
    {
      "code": "22380",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps), IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to epidemic parotitis (mumps) virus, an RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of epidemic parotitis (also known as mumps), an infection characterized by swelling of one or both parotid glands that may also affect the pancreas, cause inflammation of the testes (orchitis), and affect the ovaries."
    },
    {
      "code": "22381",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps), IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to epidemic parotitis (mumps) virus, an RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of epidemic parotitis (also known as mumps), an infection characterized by swelling of one or both parotid glands that may also affect the pancreas, cause inflammation of the testes (orchitis), and affect the ovaries."
    },
    {
      "code": "17339",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epstein-Barr",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19385",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epstein-Barr, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17340",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epstein-Barr, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22382",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epstein-Barr, Nuclear Antigen, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigens; EBV is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22383",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epstein-Barr, Viral Capsid, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear capsid antigens; EBV is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22384",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Epstein-Barr, Viral Capsid, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear capsid antigens; EBV is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22385",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hantavirus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Hantavirus, the only member of the Bunyaviridae family that is not arthropod transmitted. Some particular strains of this virus (Hantaan, Dobrava, Puumala) may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; other strains (Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, and New York) are the etiologic agents of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Rodents are the usual carriers of Hantavirus."
    },
    {
      "code": "22386",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hantavirus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Hantavirus, the only member of the Bunyaviridae family that is not arthropod transmitted. Some particular strains of this virus (Hantaan, Dobrava, Puumala) may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; other strains (Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, and New York) are the etiologic agents of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Rodents are the usual carriers of Hantavirus."
    },
    {
      "code": "22387",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hantavirus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Hantavirus, the only member of the Bunyaviridae family that is not arthropod transmitted. Some particular strains of this virus (Hantaan, Dobrava, Puumala) may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; other strains (Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, New York) are the etiologic agents of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Rodents are the usual carriers of Hantavirus."
    },
    {
      "code": "19402",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis viruses. The most common viruses that cause hepatitis belong to the families Picornaviridae (hepatitis A), Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B), and Flaviviridae (hepatitis C). These viruses cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19403",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis A",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis A viruses, typically RNA viruses of the genus Picornavirus, family Picornaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); hepatitis A viruses are almost exclusively transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water, although parenteral transmission is possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "17353",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis A, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to hepatitis A viruses, RNA viruses of the genus Picornavirus, family Picornaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); hepatitis A viruses are almost exclusively transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water, although parenteral transmission is possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "19404",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis A, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to hepatitis A viruses, typically RNA viruses of the genus Picornavirus, family Picornaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); hepatitis A viruses are almost exclusively transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water, although parenteral transmission is possible. Tests using these reagents currently are not widely utilized; easier or less expensive tests are available, and tests using the reagent may have questionable clinical usefulness."
    },
    {
      "code": "19405",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis A, Antigen, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of hepatitis A antigens. Hepatitis A virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skill. Tests using these reagents currently are not widely utilized; easier or less expensive tests may be available, and these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness."
    },
    {
      "code": "19406",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis A, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect  immunoglobulin  G (IgG) antibodies to hepatitis A viruses in a patient's serum sample. IgG antibodies are produced in the late phase of infection and may persist indefinitely in patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17354",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis A, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis A viruses, typically RNA viruses of the genus Picornavirus, family Picornaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); hepatitis A viruses are almost exclusively transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water, although parenteral transmission is possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "19407",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis B viruses, DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17355",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, Core Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin antibodies (both IgG and IgM) to hepatitis B virus core antigens. These antibodies typically appear in serum at the onset of disease, usually two or three months after exposure. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17357",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, Core Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect core antigens to hepatitis B viruses, DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19408",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, IgG Core Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigens. These antibodies typically appear in serum at the onset of disease, usually two or three months after exposure. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17356",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, IgM Core Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigens. These antibodies typically appear in serum at the onset of disease, usually two or three months after exposure, and are commonly detected in high levels for five or more months. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17359",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, Surface Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to hepatitis B virus surface antigens. These antibodies typically appear in serum during the resolution and convalescent phases of the disease. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17360",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, Surface Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to the outer coat (i.e., surface) of hepatitis B viruses. These antigens usually appear in serum before any clinical sign of hepatitis and persist throughout the clinical course of the disease. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17361",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, Surface Antigen, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigens. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact. Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skill."
    },
    {
      "code": "19409",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis B, X Protein",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis B virus X protein. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae; the X protein may have a function in the life cycle of Hepadnaviruses and in the carcinogenic process related to them. Hepatitis B virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17358",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis Be",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect in a patient's sample either soluble antigens closely associated to surface antigens of hepatitis B or antibodies to those soluble antigens. These soluble antigens are known as Be (or early) antigens"
    },
    {
      "code": "19061",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis Be, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to early soluble antigens (i.e., Be antigens), closely associated with surface antigens of hepatitis B viruses. These antibodies typically appear in serum after Be antigens disappear and may persist indefinitely. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19060",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis Be, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect early soluble antigens (i.e., Be antigens), closely associated with surface antigens of hepatitis B viruses. These antigens typically appear in serum shortly after appearance of the surface antigens; they also disappear shortly after disappearance of surface antigens. Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses of the genus Hepadnavirus, family Hepadnaviridae. These viruses may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); these viruses may be transmitted percutaneously (e.g., via body piercing, tattooing), parenterally, from mother to child at birth, or by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19410",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis C",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis C virus, an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis C virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); this virus is transmitted frequently parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "17914",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis C, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to hepatitis C virus, an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis C virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); this virus is transmitted frequently parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19411",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis C, Antibody, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of hepatitis C antibodies. Hepatitis C virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); this virus is transmitted frequently parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact. Confirmatory assays usually use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skill."
    },
    {
      "code": "19062",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis C, Core Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect core antigens to hepatitis C virus, an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis C virus may cause hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase); this virus is transmitted frequently parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact. Tests using these reagents currently are not widely utilized; tests using these reagents have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19412",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis D",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis D virus, an unclassified defective RNA virus (delta agent) that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for viral replication to occur. Hepatitis D virus may occur as a simultaneous acute hepatitis infection or may be superimposed on a case of chronic HBV. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis D viruses are transmitted parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19413",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis D, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to hepatitis D virus, an unclassified defective RNA virus (delta agent) that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for viral replication to occur. Hepatitis D virus may occur as a simultaneous acute hepatitis infection or may be superimposed on a case of chronic HBV. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis D viruses are transmitted parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19063",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis D, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to hepatitis D virus, an unclassified defective RNA virus (delta agent) that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for viral replication to occur. Hepatitis D virus may occur as a simultaneous acute hepatitis infection or may be superimposed on a case of chronic HBV. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis D viruses are transmitted parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19414",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis D, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis D virus, an unclassified defective RNA virus (delta agent) that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for viral replication to occur. Hepatitis D virus may occur as a simultaneous acute hepatitis infection or may be superimposed on a case of chronic HBV. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis D viruses are transmitted parenterally and possibly by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19415",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis E",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis E virus, an RNA virus of the genus Calicivirus, family Caliciviridae. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis E viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water; this virus is endemic in some geographic areas. Hepatitis E virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19064",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis E, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to hepatitis E virus, an RNA virus of the genus Calicivirus, family Caliciviridae. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis E viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water; this virus is endemic in some geographic areas. Hepatitis E virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19416",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis E, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to hepatitis E virus, an RNA virus of the genus Calicivirus, family Caliciviridae. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis E viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water; this virus is endemic in some geographic areas. Hepatitis E virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19417",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis E, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to hepatitis E virus, an RNA virus of the genus Calicivirus, family Caliciviridae. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis E viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water; this virus is endemic in some geographic areas. Hepatitis E virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19418",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis E, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis E virus, an RNA virus of the genus Calicivirus, family Caliciviridae. Hepatitis is a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatitis E viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food or water; this virus is endemic in some geographic areas. Hepatitis E virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women."
    },
    {
      "code": "19419",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis G",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis G virus, an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis G viruses may cause acute and chronic hepatitis, a disease characterized by jaundice and the increase of some enzymes in serum (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase). The virus can be transmitted parenterally, perinatally, and by intimate (e.g., sexual) contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "19420",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Hepatitis-Associated TT Virus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to hepatitis-associated TT virus, a single-stranded DNA virus of the family Circoviridae. TT viruses are associated with liver injury but are probably not a main cause of hepatitis of unknown origin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19382",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV may cause a variety of conditions including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22388",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotype 1 (HSV1), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is transmitted mainly by infected saliva. HSV1 causes a variety of diseases, typically nongenital infections, but may cause sexually transmitted genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22391",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Herpes simplex virus serotype 1 (HSV1), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is mainly transmitted by infected saliva. HSV1 causes a variety of diseases, typically nongenital infections, but may cause sexually transmitted genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22389",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotype 1 (HSV1), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is mainly transmitted by infected saliva. HSV1 causes a variety of diseases, typically nongenital infections, but may cause sexually transmitted genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22390",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotype 1 (HSV1), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is mainly transmitted by infected saliva. HSV1 causes a variety of diseases, typically nongenital infections, but may cause sexually transmitted genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22396",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1/2, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2, respectively), DNA viruses of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is transmitted mostly by infected saliva and typically causes nongenital infections; HSV2 is frequently sexually transmitted and is the main etiologic agent of herpes genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22399",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1/2, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Herpes simplex virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2, respectively), DNA viruses of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is mostly transmitted by infected saliva and typically causes nongenital infections; HSV2 is frequently sexually transmitted and is the main etiologic agent of herpes genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22397",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1/2, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2, respectively), DNA viruses of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is transmitted mostly by infected saliva and typically causes nongenital infections; HSV2 is frequently sexually transmitted and is the main etiologic agent of herpes genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22398",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 1/2, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2, respectively), DNA viruses of the family Herpesviridae. HSV1 is transmitted mostly by infected saliva and typically causes nongenital infections; HSV2 is frequently sexually transmitted and is the main etiologic agent of herpes genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22392",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 2, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotype 2 (HSV2), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV2 is mainly sexually transmitted; it is an etiologic agent of a variety of conditions including genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22395",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 2, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Herpes simplex virus serotype 2 (HSV2), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV2 is mainly sexually transmitted; it is an etiologic agent of a variety of conditions including genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22393",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 2, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotype 2 (HSV2), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV2 is mainly sexually transmitted; it is an etiologic agent of a variety of conditions including genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22394",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex 2, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus serotype 2 (HSV2), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV2 is mainly sexually transmitted; it is an etiologic agent of a variety of conditions including genital infections. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "17363",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV may cause a variety of conditions, including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "19383",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV may cause a variety of conditions, including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "19384",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV may cause a variety of conditions, including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "17364",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Simplex, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. HSV may cause a variety of conditions, including gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, keratitis, conjunctivitis, skin eruptions, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Activation of latent herpesvirus is associated with some malignancies. Persistence of the virus for the lifetime of the host is common."
    },
    {
      "code": "22400",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Virus 6, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Herpesvirus 6, a beta-herpesvirus of the genus Roseolovirus. This virus may cause roseola infantum; it is also associated with bone marrow suppression, pneumonitis, encephalitis, encephalopathy, hepatitis, fever, and skin rash in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22401",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Virus 6, IgG/IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Herpesvirus 6, a beta-herpesvirus of the genus Roseolovirus  This virus may cause roseola infantum; it is also associated with bone marrow suppression, pneumonitis, encephalitis, encephalopathy, hepatitis, fever, and skin rash in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22402",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Virus 7, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Herpesvirus 7, a beta-herpesvirus of the genus Roseolovirus. This virus is associated with roseola infantum and may be useful in the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome, especially when it is acting simultaneously with Herpesvirus type 6."
    },
    {
      "code": "22403",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Virus 7, IgG/IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) and/or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Herpesvirus 7, a beta-herpesvirus of the genus Roseolovirus. This virus is associated with roseola infantum and may be useful in the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome, especially when it is acting simultaneously with Herpesvirus type 6."
    },
    {
      "code": "22404",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Herpes Virus 8, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Herpesvirus 8, a double-stranded DNA herpesvirus found only in humans. This virus is associated with all types of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (including classic, endemic, post transplant, and AIDS-related KS), all of which have identical histological features."
    },
    {
      "code": "17365",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Heterophile (Infectious Mononucleosis), Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies that nonspecifically react to different proteins and are useful in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis is a viral infection causing fevers, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands, especially in the neck. It is typically caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, but can also be caused by other organisms such as cytomegalovirus. Both viruses are members of the herpesvirus family. Most patients (typically 85% to 90%) will have a detectable Heterophile antibody level within three weeks of infection, but Heterophile antibodies are not specific for infectious mononucleosis; they have been occasionally associated with disease states other than infectious mononucleosis (e.g., leukemia, cytomegalovirus, Burkitt's lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, viral hepatitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22405",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human metapneumovirus (hMPV), an RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae. A wide spectrum of acute respiratory infections, especially in pediatric patients, is associated with hMPV."
    },
    {
      "code": "19392",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Influenza virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Human influenza viruses are usually  divided into three serogenic types: A, B, and C.  Some subtypes of this virus are the etiologic agents of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22406",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza A",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Influenza virus type A, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses may cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. Known subtypes of influenza that affect humans are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; other subtypes such as H5 and H7 (i.e., avian influenza) affect birds but may affect occasionally humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19393",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza A, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Influenza virus type A, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses may cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. Known subtypes of influenza that usually affect humans are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; other subtypes such as H5 and H7 (i.e., avian influenza) affect birds but may occasionally affect humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22409",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza A, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Influenza virus type A, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses may cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. Subtypes of influenza known to affect humans are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; other subtypes such as H5 and H7 (i.e., avian influenza) affect birds and may occasionally affect humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22407",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza A, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Influenza virus type A, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses may cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. The subtypes of influenza known to affect humans are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; other subtypes such as H5 and H7 (i.e., avian influenza) affect birds but may occasionally affect humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22408",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza A, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Influenza virus type A, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses may cause human influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. The subtypes of influenza known to affect humans are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; other subtypes such as H5 and H7 (i.e., avian influenza) affect birds but may occasionally affect humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "22410",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza B",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Influenza virus type B, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza type B virus is an etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19394",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza B, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Influenza virus type B, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza type B virus is an etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22413",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza B, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Influenza virus type B, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza type B virus is an etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22411",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza B, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Influenza virus type B, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza type B virus is an etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22412",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza B, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Influenza virus type B, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza type B virus is an etiologic agent of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "19056",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Influenza, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Influenza virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Human influenza viruses are usually divided into three serogenic types: A, B, and C.  Some subtypes of this virus are the etiologic agents of influenza, a disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache, severe malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "22414",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Japanese Encephalitis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22415",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, La Crosse, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to La Crosse virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis (California encephalitis) and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22416",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, La Crosse, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to La Crosse virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis (California encephalitis) and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22417",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, La Crosse, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to La Crosse virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis (California encephalitis) and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17307",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Measles",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to measles virus, a single-stranded RNA enveloped virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of measles, an acute, usually benign infection characterized by coryza, cervical lymphoid hyperplasia, conjunctivitis, harassing cough, malaise, fever, and, finally, skin eruption (rash)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19377",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Measles, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to measles virus, a single-stranded RNA enveloped virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of measles, an acute, usually benign infection characterized by coryza, cervical lymphoid hyperplasia, conjunctivitis, harassing cough, malaise, fever, and, finally, skin eruption (rash)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19378",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Measles, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to measles virus, a single-stranded RNA enveloped virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of measles, an acute, usually benign infection characterized by coryza, cervical lymphoid hyperplasia, conjunctivitis, harassing cough, malaise, fever, and, finally, skin eruption (rash)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19395",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to Parainfluenza viruses, a group of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae. Parainfluenza viruses affecting humans are classified into the genera Paramyxovirus (including human Parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3) and Rubulavirus (includes human Parainfluenza virus types 2 and 4). These viruses are the etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity. Dedicated reagents are available to identify particular types of Parainfluenza viruses."
    },
    {
      "code": "22420",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 1, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens that permit the identification of Parainfluenza type 1 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22418",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 1, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Parainfluenza type 1 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22419",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 1, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Parainfluenza type 1 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22423",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 2, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Parainfluenza type 2 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Rubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22421",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 2, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Parainfluenza type 2 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Rubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22422",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 2, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Parainfluenza type 2 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Rubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22426",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 3, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Parainfluenza type 3 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22424",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 3, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Parainfluenza type 3 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "22425",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza 3, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Parainfluenza type 3 virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is an etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity."
    },
    {
      "code": "19057",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parainfluenza, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Parainfluenza viruses, a group of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae. Parainfluenza viruses affecting humans are classified into the genera Paramyxovirus (including human Parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3) and Rubulavirus (includes human Parainfluenza virus types 2 and 4). These viruses are the etiologic agent of parainfluenza and several upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia) of varying severity. Dedicated reagents are available to identify particular types of Parainfluenza viruses."
    },
    {
      "code": "22427",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parvovirus B19, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human Parvovirus B19, a single-stranded DNA virus of the family Parvoviridae. This virus may cause fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and chronic bone marrow failure in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22428",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parvovirus B19, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to human Parvovirus B19, a single-stranded DNA virus of the family Parvoviridae. This virus may cause fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and chronic bone marrow failure in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22429",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Parvovirus B19, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to human Parvovirus B19, a single-stranded DNA virus of the genus Parvovirus, family Parvoviridae. This virus may cause fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and chronic bone marrow failure in immunocompromised patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22431",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Poliovirus 1, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to poliovirus type 1, a virus of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Poliovirus type 1 is the most common cause of poliomyelitis and poliomyelitis epidemics. Poliomyelitis may be nonparalytic, characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, and sometimes stiffness of the neck and back; or paralytic, characterized by involvement of the central nervous system."
    },
    {
      "code": "22432",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Poliovirus 2, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to poliovirus type 2, a virus of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Poliovirus type 2 may cause poliomyelitis and poliomyelitis epidemics. Poliomyelitis may be nonparalytic, characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, sometimes stiffness of the neck and back; or paralytic, characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiffness, and paralysis with subsequent atrophy of several groups of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22433",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Poliovirus 3, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to poliovirus type 3, a virus of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Poliovirus type 3 may cause poliomyelitis and poliomyelitis epidemics. Poliomyelitis may be nonparalytic, characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, sometimes stiffness of the neck and back; or paralytic, characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiffness, and paralysis with subsequent atrophy of several groups of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22430",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Poliovirus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to poliovirus, a species of viruses of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Some types of polioviruses are the most common cause of poliomyelitis and poliomyelitis epidemics. Poliomyelitis may be nonparalytic, characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, and sometimes stiffness of the neck and back; or paralytic, characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiffness, and paralysis with subsequent atrophy of several groups of muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22434",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Rabies, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to rabies virus, a bullet-shaped RNA virus of the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of rabies, a disease characterized by the infection of the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy, convulsions, paralysis, and coma."
    },
    {
      "code": "22435",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Rabies, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to rabies virus, a bullet-shaped RNA virus of the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. This virus is the etiologic agent of rabies, a disease characterized by the infection of the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy, convulsions, paralysis, and coma."
    },
    {
      "code": "19058",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped RNA species of the genus Pneumovirus, family Paramyxovirus. Several types of RSV are etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections; they are the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "19397",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped RNA species of the genus Pneumovirus, family Paramyxovirus. Several types of RSV are etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections; they are the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "19396",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped RNA species of the genus Pneumovirus, family Paramyxovirus. Several types of RSV are etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections; they are the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "22436",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped RNA species of the genus Pneumovirus, family Paramyxovirus. Several types of RSV are etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections; they are the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "22437",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped RNA species of the genus Pneumovirus, family Paramyxovirus. Several types of RSV are etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections; they are the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "19065",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to viruses of the family Retroviridae. The subfamilies of pathogenic retroviruses are Oncovirinae, Spumavirinae, and Lentivirinae; lentiviruses are the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); oncoviruses are associated with human T-cell lymphomas and leukemia; spumaviruses are considered nonpathogenic to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "19429",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV, P24 Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to a specific protein with a molecular weight 24 (i.e., P24) present in the surface of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus of the family Retroviridae. Antibodies to protein P24 are usually the earliest to appear in blood after infection, but they tend to decrease or become undetectable with onset or progression of clinical symptoms. HIV is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19428",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV, P24 Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to a specific protein with a molecular weight 24 (i.e., P24) present in the surface of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus of the family Retroviridae. Tests to detect antigens to protein P24 are useful in the first period (usually between one and three weeks) after infection, before HIV antibodies are present in blood. HIV is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19421",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-1 is the most common etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17367",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-1 is the most common etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19425",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, Antibody, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1) antibodies. HIV-1 is retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, that may cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skills."
    },
    {
      "code": "19066",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-1 is the most common etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19422",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, Antigen, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1) antigens. HIV-1 is retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, that may cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skills. Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19423",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-1 is the most common etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19424",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-1 is the most common etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19430",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1/2",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), and/or serotype 2 (HIV-2). Human immunodeficiency viruses are retroviruses of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae; they are the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19070",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1/2, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1), serotype 2 (HIV-2), or both. Human immunodeficiency viruses are retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae; they are the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19431",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1/2, Antibody, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1) and/or serotype 2 (HIV-2). Human immunodeficiency viruses are retroviruses of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, that may cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skills."
    },
    {
      "code": "19069",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-1/2, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1) and/or serotype 2 (HIV-2). Human immunodeficiency viruses are retroviruses of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, that may cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these regents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19426",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-2",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 2 (HIV-2), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-2 is an etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19068",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-2, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 2 (HIV-2), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-2 is an etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19427",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-2, Antibody, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus serotype 2 (HIV-2) antibodies. HIV-2 is a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, that may cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skills."
    },
    {
      "code": "19067",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, HIV-2, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to human immunodeficiency virus serotype 2 (HIV-2), a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. HIV-2 is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19432",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type I (HTLV-I). HTLV-I retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae; it may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, and tropical paraparesis (chronic progressive myelopathy). Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19071",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type I (HTLV-I). HTLV-I retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae; it may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, and tropical paraparesis (chronic progressive myelopathy). Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19434",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I, Antibody, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test for the presence of antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type I (HTLV-I). HTLV-1 retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily oncavirinae; it may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemai, and tropical paraparesis (chronic progressive myelopathy). Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skills."
    },
    {
      "code": "19433",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type I (HTLV-I). HTLV-I retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae; it may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, and tropical paraparesis (chronic progressive myelopathy). Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19438",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I/II",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type I (HTLV-I) and/or type 2 (HTLV-II). Human T-cell lymphotropic retroviruses are tumor-producing RNA viruses of the subfamily Oncovirinae that may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, tropical paraparesis (chronic progressive myelopathy), and other hematological diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19073",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-I/II, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type I (HTLV-I) and/or type 2 (HTLV-II). Human T-cell lymphotropic retroviruses are tumor-producing RNA viruses of the subfamily Oncovirinae that may cause chronic infection, T-cell leukemia, tropical paraparesis (chronic progressive myelopathy), and other hematological diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "19435",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-II",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type II (HTLV-II). HTLV-II retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae that may cause leukemia and other hematological diseases. Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19072",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-II, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type II (HTLV-II). HTLV-II retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae that may cause leukemia and other hematological diseases. Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; tests using these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and other tests may be easier or less expensive."
    },
    {
      "code": "19437",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-II, Antibody, Confirmatory",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to corroborate (i.e., confirm) the results of a previous test to detect human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type II (HTLV-II) antibodies. HTLV-II retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae that  may cause leukemia and other hematological diseases. Confirmatory assays frequently use a different approach or a more specific methodology than the original test; they typically cost more and/or require more sophisticated devices or greater skills. Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19436",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-II, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (also called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus) type II (HTLV-II). HTLV-II retrovirus is a tumor-producing RNA virus of the subfamily Oncovirinae that may cause leukemia and other hematological diseases. Tests using these reagents are not widely utilized; these reagents may have questionable clinical usefulness, and easier or less expensive tests may be available."
    },
    {
      "code": "19059",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Rotavirus, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens to Rotavirus, a genus of nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus with a wheel-like appearance, of the family Reoviridae. Several types of Rotavirus may cause diseases in humans, including gastroenteritis and diarrhea; it is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children."
    },
    {
      "code": "19376",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Rubella",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to rubella virus, an RNA virus of the genus Rubivirus, family Togaviridae. Rubella virus is the cause of an acute, usually benign infection, often affecting children; the disease is characterized by a pink rash beginning on the head and spreading to become generalized. Transplacental infection of a fetus may occur. Rubella is also called German measles and, in French and Spanish, rubeola."
    },
    {
      "code": "17382",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Rubella, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to rubella virus, an RNA virus of the genus Rubivirus, family Togaviridae. Rubella virus is the cause of an acute, usually benign infection, often affecting children; the disease is characterized by a pink rash beginning on the head and spreading to become generalized. Transplacental infection of a fetus may occur. Rubella is also called German measles and, in French and Spanish, rubeola."
    },
    {
      "code": "19053",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Rubella, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to rubella virus, an RNA virus of the genus Rubivirus, family Togaviridae. Rubella virus is the cause of an acute, usually benign infection, often affecting children; the disease is characterized by a pink rash beginning on the head and spreading to become generalized. Transplacental infection of a fetus may occur. Rubella is also called German measles and, in French and Spanish, rubeola."
    },
    {
      "code": "17383",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Rubella, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to rubella virus, an RNA virus of the genus Rubivirus, family Togaviridae. Rubella virus is the cause of an acute, usually benign infection, often affecting children; the disease is characterized by a pink rash beginning on the head and spreading to become generalized. Transplacental infection of a fetus may occur. Rubella is also called also German measles and, in French and Spanish, rubeola."
    },
    {
      "code": "22438",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Saint Louis Encephalitis, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to Saint Louis encephalitis virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22439",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Saint Louis Encephalitis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Saint Louis encephalitis virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22440",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Saint Louis Encephalitis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Saint Louis encephalitis virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41570",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens of or antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family coronaviridae that is genetically and antigenically distinct from other human coronaviruses. This virus is the etiologic agent (cause) of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "41674",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family coronaviridae that is genetically and antigenically distinct from other human coronaviruses. This virus is the etiologic agent (cause) of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "41618",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antigens from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family coronaviridae that is genetically and antigenically distinct from other human coronaviruses. This virus is the etiologic agent (cause) of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "41619",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family coronaviridae that is genetically and antigenically distinct from other human coronaviruses. This virus is the etiologic agent (cause) of the respiratory disease COVID-19."
    },
    {
      "code": "22441",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated Coronavirus, an RNA Coronavirus of the family Coronaviridae that is genetically and antigenically distinct from other human coronaviruses. This virus is the etiologic agent of SARS and viral pneumonia."
    },
    {
      "code": "22442",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Vaccinia, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to vaccinia virus, a virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus that does not occur in nature (it is propagated only in the laboratory for use as an active vaccine against smallpox). Vaccinia viruses cause mild reactions in healthy persons when used as a live-virus inoculator against smallpox; vaccinia smallpox vaccine does not contain and cannot cause smallpox, but approximately one in one million individuals will develop an acute (and even fatal) response to the vaccination."
    },
    {
      "code": "19054",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Varicella-Zoster",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect and/or identify antigens or serum antibody titers to varicella-zoster virus, a DNA virus of the genus Varicellavirus, family Herpesviridae. These viruses cause chickenpox (varicella), an infectious disease typically transmitted by direct contact or through the respiratory route and characterized by the appearance of vesicular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Activation of varicella-zoster virus from a previous chickenpox (varicella) infection is likely to cause herpes zoster (also called shingles), a self-limited infection that affects ganglia and their areas of innervation, producing severe neuralgic pain and vesicles on the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19386",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Varicella-Zoster, Antigen",
      "definition": "Serology reagents used to detect antigens of  varicella-zoster virus. These viruses cause chickenpox (varicella). Activation of varicella-zoster virus from a previous chickenpox (varicella) infection is likely to cause herpes zoster (also called shingles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19387",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Varicella-Zoster, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to varicella-zoster virus, a DNA virus of the genus Varicellavirus, family Herpesviridae. These viruses cause chickenpox (varicella), an infectious disease typically transmitted by direct contact or through the respiratory route and characterized by the appearance of vesicular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Activation of varicella-zoster virus from a previous chickenpox (varicella) infection is likely to cause herpes zoster (also called shingles), a self-limited infection that affects ganglia and their areas of innervation, producing severe neuralgic pain and vesicles on the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "19388",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Varicella-Zoster, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to varicella-zoster virus, a DNA virus of the genus Varicellavirus, family Herpesviridae. These viruses cause chickenpox (varicella), an infectious disease typically transmitted by direct contact or through the respiratory route and characterized by the appearance of vesicular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Activation of varicella-zoster virus from a previous chickenpox (varicella) infection is likely to cause herpes zoster (also called shingles), a self-limited infection that affects ganglia and their areas of innervation, producing severe neuralgic pain and vesicles on the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "22443",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, an Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. This virus may cause mild flu-like illness, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22444",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, an Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. This virus may cause mild flu-like illness, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22445",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, West Nile Virus, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to West Nile virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22446",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, West Nile Virus, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to West Nile virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. This virus may cause encephalitis and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22447",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Western Equine Encephalitis, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to western equine encephalitis virus, an Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. This virus may cause mild flu-like illness, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22448",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Western Equine Encephalitis, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to western equine encephalitis virus, an Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. This virus may cause mild flu-like illness, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22449",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Yellow Fever, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to yellow fever virus, a single-stranded RNA Arbovirus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. This virus causes yellow fever, an acute infection, which in severe form is characterized by fever, liver damage and jaundice, hemorrhage, and kidney damage; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22450",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus, Yellow Fever, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to yellow fever virus, a single-stranded RNA Arbovirus of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. This virus causes yellow fever, an acute infection, which in severe form is characterized by fever, liver damage and jaundice, hemorrhage, and kidney damage; it is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17399",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus/Parasite, ToRCH, Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect antibodies to the Toxoplasma gondii parasite and/or rubella, cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex viruses. Detection of any of these antibodies may indicate current, recent, or previous exposure to any of these microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "22451",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus/Parasite, ToRCH, IgG Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the Toxoplasma gondii parasite and/or rubella, cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex viruses. Detection of any of these antibodies may indicate current, recent, or previous exposure to any of these microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "22452",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Serology, Virus/Parasite, ToRCH, IgM Antibody",
      "definition": "Serology reagents intended to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to the Toxoplasma gondii parasite and/or rubella, cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex viruses. Detection of any of these antibodies may indicate current, recent, or previous exposure to any of these microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "22597",
      "display": "IVD Test Reagent/Kits, Skin Test, Allergy",
      "definition": "Reagents used in tests performed on the skin to identify substances that produce an allergic reaction in a patient (i.e., allergens). Typically, a small amount of the suspected allergy substance (i.e., the allergen or \"test reagent\") is placed on the skin (usually on the forearm or back) and introduced under the skin by scratching or pricking the skin with a sterile needle. The skin is observed for about 20 minutes; the test is considered positive (probable allergy) if redness or, more importantly, swelling is present. These reagents may be also injected under the skin (intracutaneous), using a small syringe, or applied to the skin, usually mixed with a nonallergenic material in aluminum discs that are typically placed on the upper back and covered with tape for longer periods (typically 48 hours) to determine allergic contact dermatitis (i.e., patch testing). Skin test reagents are used mainly to determine specific substances that cause respiratory (e.g., dust, pollen) and food (e.g., seafood) allergies, but they are also used to test for allergies to drugs (e.g., penicillin) or to products (e.g., latex)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15586",
      "display": "Jars",
      "definition": "Cylindrical containers with no handles that usually have a wide mouth and a lid. These devices are either disposable (i.e., single-use) or reusable containers made of plastic, glass, porcelain, or metal; the lid may be made of the same or different material or a combination of materials (e.g., glass container and a stainless steel lid); they are supplied in a variety of sizes according to the dimensions and/or use of the objects to be preserved. Jars are typically used as clean containers to store disposable instruments (e.g., blades, applicators, tongue depressors) and/or other products (e.g., dressings) that are frequently used in diagnostic, treatment, and/or surgical procedures performed in hospitals, doctors' offices, and at home, minimizing the possibility of contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "10171",
      "display": "Jars, Applicator",
      "definition": "Jars used as containers to store manual applicators (e.g., swabs, towelettes) free from contamination. These devices are either disposable (e.g., single-use) or reusable cylindrical containers with no handles made of stainless steel or, less frequently, plastic or glass with a tight lid that is usually made of the same material; they are supplied in a variety of sizes according to the applicator dimensions. Applicator jars are used to keep applicators intended for cleaning, disinfecting, or collecting of samples and/or for applying medications in a closed environment, minimizing the possibility of contamination; they are frequently used to store applicators used in procedures performed in the ear, nose, throat, mouth, eyes, and/or vagina. Medicated applicators are usually stored in single-use jars."
    },
    {
      "code": "10408",
      "display": "Jars, Blade",
      "definition": "Jars used as clean containers to store blades (the cutting part of a surgical instrument such as a knife or razor) free from contamination. These devices are either disposable (e.g., single-use) or reusable cylindrical containers with no handles made of stainless steel or, less frequently, plastic or glass with a tight lid that is usually made of the same material; they are supplied in a variety of sizes according to the blade dimensions. Blade jars are used to store disposable blades intended for use (attached to a handle) in treatment and/or surgical procedures performed in hospitals, doctors' offices, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "11313",
      "display": "Jars, Dressing",
      "definition": "Jars used as clean containers to store dressings and bandages free from contamination. These devices are either disposable (e.g., single-use) or reusable cylindrical containers with no handles made of stainless steel or, less frequently, plastic or glass with a tight lid that is usually made of the same material; they are supplied in a variety of sizes according to the dressing and/or bandage dimensions. Dressing jars are used to store dressings and/or bandages that are intended to be placed over a wound or diseased tissue during examination, treatment, and/or surgical procedures performed in hospitals, doctors' offices, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "15801",
      "display": "Jaw Fracture Fixation Devices",
      "definition": "Devices used to keep fractured mandibular bones stabilized and in alignment. These devices can provide rigid fixation or functionally stable fixation. They include implantable devices such as screws, bolts, pins, metal plates, and rods, or they can be surgically placed threaded pins and different types of external connectors that can be manipulated to optimize the reduction of fractures. Jaw fracture fixation devices can be made of metal such as titanium or of biodegradable polymers."
    },
    {
      "code": "39526",
      "display": "Juicers",
      "definition": "Appliances for extracting juice from whole or prepared fruits and vegetables. Most juicers are either a centrifugal juicer that spins the produce at a high speed to separate the juice from the pulp or a masticating juicer that crush the produce to remove the juice from the pulp. Centrifugal juicers typically are upright with a rapidly spinning chamber with sharp teeth on its floor. The teeth shred the food into pulp while the spinning chamber separates the juice from the pulp and forces it through a metal filter. Masticating juicers usually have a horizontal design in which a tube containing an auger extends out of a motorized base. Produce is pushed into the top of the tube where it is crushed and squeezed by the auger. The juice then drains out of the bottom while the pulp is pushed out the end of the tube. Other juicers include citrus juicers that include a revolving conical section that is attached to a motor and automatically spins to extract the juice and manual juicers that uses manual force to press the juice out of citrus fruit."
    },
    {
      "code": "12222",
      "display": "Keratomes",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed for incision of the cornea, often for shaving the outer layer of the cornea. These instruments typically consist of devices that are either manually operated or electrically powered and include appropriate blades and mechanisms; some instruments use a high-pressure waterjet to shave sections of the cornea. Keratomes are used mainly during corneal grafting procedures (e.g., keratoplasty), especially for partial-thickness implants. Dedicated knives are also used for incision of the cornea."
    },
    {
      "code": "16347",
      "display": "Keratoscopes",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed for objectively determining the curvature of the anterior corneal surface and refractive error (astigmatism) by projecting concentric rings on the cornea. These devices typically consist of a circular disk with a series of concentric rings (also known as Placido's disk) whose images are projected onto the cornea.  The reflected images of the rings are viewed by the examiner and/or are recorded using a video camera (videokeratoscope) or a still film camera (photokeratoscope) for later examination. Keratoscopes are used mainly for preassessment for refractive corneal surgery, contact lens fitting, or diagnosis of some corneal disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "23170",
      "display": "Keypads",
      "definition": "Devices designed for alphabetic, numeric, alphanumeric, symbol, and/or function data input. Keypads typically consist of a separate mechanical and/or electromechanical grid of keys arranged for efficient data entry that are struck by the user to enter data. A variety of keypads are available according to the intended use; applications of specific keypads include data input for computers, workstations, and computerized systems (directly or using remote control) often as integral components of equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "23434",
      "display": "Keypads, Access Control",
      "definition": "Keypads designed to control access to cabinets and/or rooms. These devices typically consist of a sturdy, mechanical and/or electromechanical wall- or door-mounted grid of keys arranged for efficient entry of data (alphabetic, numeric, alphanumeric, symbol), that are pressed by the user; the keypads are usually coupled to locking mechanisms. Keypads intended to permit access to rooms (e.g., through electric-controlled doors) and/or other enclosures (e.g., cabinets) have a different entry code for each user; they are frequently part of identification and security and/or automation (e.g., pharmacy, laboratory, radiology) systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "22858",
      "display": "Keypads, Computer/Computerized System, Remote Control",
      "definition": "Computer/computerized system keypads designed for remote entry of data in a computer, workstation, or other computerized equipment (e.g., physiologic monitoring system). These keypads typically consist of a mechanical and/or electromechanical grid of keys arranged for efficient data entry that may include alphabetic, numeric, alphanumeric, symbol, and/or function keys and a remote wireless or cable connection with the equipment receiving the input data. A variety of dedicated keypads are available according to the intended use; applications of remote keypads include the introduction of data in medical devices such as monitors, recorders, and workstations."
    },
    {
      "code": "14427",
      "display": "Kick Buckets",
      "definition": "Buckets mounted in frames on wheels or casters that can be moved easily by the foot (i.e., kick) around the health facility or operating room. Kick buckets are tip resistant and include removable stainless steel basins placed in frames surrounded by rubber bumpers. The basins typically include handles at the top to facilitate lifting from the frame for emptying. Kick buckets are used as receptacles for medical and / or surgical waste, such as sponges, used during medical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27039",
      "display": "Kilovoltmeters",
      "definition": "Voltmeters designed to measure voltage (i.e., alternating, AC, and/or direct current, DC, electric potential difference) in the order of thousands of volts. These instruments typically consist of portable or handheld instruments that can determine voltage levels (from a few to hundreds of thousands volts) without physical contact with the measured equipment; some instruments should be physically connected to the measured equipment using a resistive voltage divider. The instrument usually includes an integral or attached display to show the results of voltage measurements. Kilovoltmeters are used mainly for testing radiographic and fluoroscopic units and systems for quality assurance purposes; dedicated instruments intended to measure voltage in mammographic or dental units are also available. The instruments may be used also to calibrate high-voltage power supplies and other high voltage equipment. Kilovoltmeters included in integrated units intended for tests during quality control of radiologic equipment that can also measure other values (e.g., time, exposure rate) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41955",
      "display": "Knee Joint Prosthesis Spacers",
      "definition": "Inserts designed to fit between the tibial and femoral components of a knee prosthesis. This spacer is made of medical-grade plastic (polyethylene) and is intended to act as an articulation. The spacer can be placed cemented or uncemented in the tibial tray or cemented to the tibial cut surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "16475",
      "display": "Knife Test Drums, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Devices designed for testing the sharp penetrating point of surgical knives used in ophthalmic procedures. These devices typically consist of two concentric cylinders made of materials such as wood or plastics; the external cylinder is large enough to slip over the smaller internal one. When properly placed, a piece of soft material is adjusted on the outer cylinder in the same way as the raw skin is drawn upon a drum head. The knives are tested by pressing the point gently against the surface of the soft material (e.g., kidskin, sheepskin). The point will penetrate easily and smoothly without any sound if the knife is sharp; imperfect cutting and a popping sound are signs that the knife needs sharpening or should be discarded."
    },
    {
      "code": "12235",
      "display": "Knife/Scalpel Handles",
      "definition": "Surgical instrument (i.e., knife or scalpel) handles designed to hold and manipulate a compatible cutting or dissecting blade. These devices typically consist of a straight, reusable handheld instrument made of either metal or plastic, with an appropriate shape for easy manipulation and a distal tip that can hold a disposable blade with a mechanism for rapid blade exchange. The combination of the handle and the attached blade results in a surgical knife/scalpel."
    },
    {
      "code": "27624",
      "display": "Knife/Scalpel Handles, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Knife/scalpel handles designed to hold and manipulate a very small cutting or dissecting blade appropriate for microsurgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a straight, reusable handheld instrument made of either metal or plastic, with an appropriate shape for easy manipulation and a distal tip that can hold a microsurgical disposable blade with a mechanism for rapid blade exchange. The combination of the handle and the attached blade results in a microsurgical knife/scalpel."
    },
    {
      "code": "12239",
      "display": "Knives",
      "definition": "Instruments designed with a blade that is appropriate for cutting objects, tissues, and other anatomic structures. These devices typically consist of manual, handheld instruments including a proximal handle and a distal blade with one or more sharp edges. Knives are available in a variety of shapes and sizes and these may vary depending on their intended purpose. Dedicated knives are used in surgical (e.g., ophthalmic, orthopedic, middle ear, plastic), dental (e.g., periodontic, prosthodontic), biopsy (e.g., uterine) and postmortem (e.g., autopsy) procedures. Some knives may be also intended to cut specific materials (e.g., paraffin). Small knives known as scalpels that are designed for easy cutting or dissection of soft tissue are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16583",
      "display": "Knives, Adenotome (Retired)",
      "definition": "Surgical blades designed for mounting in an adenotome, providing the cutting component for the excision of the adenoids in the nasopharynx. These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one or both sharp edges at the working end; the blade is configured at its proximal end to permit its attachment to a particular type of adenotome. Adenotome blades may be intended for reuse or for single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27481",
      "display": "Knives, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Knives designed to cut in-vivo a sample of tissue from an anatomic structure of the body that is intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy). These knives are typically manual, handheld instruments with a straight handle and a blade with a sharp convex edge. Biopsy knives include instruments of a variety of shapes and sizes according to the tissue to be cut and/or the biopsy procedure to be performed. Dedicated biopsy knives (known as cone knives) are used to collect tissue specimens from the uterine cervix"
    },
    {
      "code": "27482",
      "display": "Knives, Biopsy, Uterine, Cervical",
      "definition": "Biopsy knives (also known as cone knives) designed to cut a conical sample of tissue from the uterine cervix. These knives are typically manual, handheld instruments with a straight handle and a conical distal blade with sharp convex edges. The biopsy is performed as a surgical procedure; it is performed only when there is evidence or suspicion of abnormal cells in the cervix."
    },
    {
      "code": "27489",
      "display": "Knives, Dental",
      "definition": "Knives designed to cut and dissect oral tissues during dental procedures and/or cut dental prosthetic materials used in the dental laboratory. These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a handle and an integral cutting blade at the distal end. They are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the procedure to be performed. Dental knives are used mainly during oral surgical procedures of teeth and/or gums; dedicated dental knives are also available for particular periodontal and/or prosthodontic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27490",
      "display": "Knives, Dental, Periodontic",
      "definition": "Dental knives designed to cut tissues around the teeth (i.e., periodontic). These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a handle and an integral cutting blade at one or both of the distal ends (i.e., single or double ended). They are available in a variety of blade shapes (e.g., flat, triangular) and sizes according to the periodontal procedure to be performed. Dedicated periodontal knives are available for particular procedures such as interdental gum cutting and/or removal; they can also be used for gingival contouring."
    },
    {
      "code": "27492",
      "display": "Knives, Dental, Periodontic, Gingivectomy",
      "definition": "Periodontal knives designed for surgical excision of the gingiva (i.e., gum) at the level of its attachment (i.e., gingivectomy). These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a handle and an angled shaft with a sharp pointed integral cutting blade at the distal end; some gingivectomy knives have a long narrow triangular blade. Gingivectomy knives are used mainly in dental procedures intended to eliminate periodontal or gingival problems; they can also be used for other surgeries of the gums."
    },
    {
      "code": "27495",
      "display": "Knives, Dental, Periodontic, Interdental",
      "definition": "Periodontal knives designed to cut tissues between contiguous teeth (i.e., interdental). These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a handle and a long, flat, and very thin integral cutting blade at the distal end. Some interdental knives have a pear-like cutting blade at the distal end. Interdental periodontal knives are used mainly during localized gum (i.e., gingival) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27497",
      "display": "Knives, Dental, Prosthodontic",
      "definition": "Dental knives designed to cut dental prosthetic materials. These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a handle and an integral strong cutting blade at the distal end. These knives are available in a variety of blade shapes and sizes according to the material to be cut or trimmed. Dedicated prosthodontic knives are mainly used in dental laboratories and they are also available for cutting and/or trimming plaster products (i.e., gypsum) or compound materials including plastics compounds and wax."
    },
    {
      "code": "27503",
      "display": "Knives, Dental, Prosthodontic, Compound",
      "definition": "Prosthodontic knives designed to cut and trim dental compounds. These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a large handle and a detachable very sharp and strong cutting blade at the distal end. The blades are available in a variety of sizes and should be replaced as soon as they become dull. Compound prosthodontic knives are used mainly to trim dental plastic, impression compounds, and dental wax."
    },
    {
      "code": "27498",
      "display": "Knives, Dental, Prosthodontic, Plaster",
      "definition": "Prosthodontic knives designed to cut dental and model plasters obtained from gypsum. These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a sturdy handle at the proximal end and an integral strong flat cutting blade at the distal end. They are available in a variety of blade shapes. Plaster prosthodontic knives are intended to cut and/or cut excess (i.e., trim) plaster models."
    },
    {
      "code": "12247",
      "display": "Knives, Keratome (Retired)",
      "definition": "Blades designed to be attached as a component to a manually operated or electrically powered surgical keratome to cut (shave) corneal tissue. These blades typically consist of a flat piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with a beveled, sharp edge at the working end; the blade is configured at its proximal end to permit its attachment to only a particular type of keratome. Keratome blades typically are supplied sterile and are intended for single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "12251",
      "display": "Knives, Orthopedic Cast",
      "definition": ": Knives designed to cut plaster cast while it is in situ on the patient's body. These knives typically consist of manual handheld instruments with a straight (e.g., wood, metal, ebonite) long handle and a curved sharp blade ending in a pointed distal tip. Cast knives are mainly used to remove orthopedic casts."
    },
    {
      "code": "12250",
      "display": "Knives, Paraffin",
      "definition": "Knives designed to cut paraffin blocks. These knives usually consist of a sturdy blade made of a hard metal (e.g., beryllium copper) that retains heat well and a shank that is permanently attached to a handheld heat source. The heat from the heat source (e.g., thermoelectrical) travels through the shank and penetrates the blade. Usually, the temperature may be controlled from room temperature to 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). Paraffin knives are used to handle paraffin in clinical laboratories (e.g., for histology and pathology embedding) and also for other paraffin applications (e.g., physical therapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27507",
      "display": "Knives, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Knives designed to cut and dissect tissues during procedures performed on the body following death (i.e., postmortem procedures). These knives typically consist of sturdy handheld, manual instruments with a proximal handle and an integral cutting blade at the distal end. Postmortem knives are used mainly during autopsy and cadaver dissection. Dedicated postmortem knives are available for a variety of procedures, including grossing, organ dissection, and trimming procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27511",
      "display": "Knives, Postmortem, Dissection",
      "definition": "Postmortem knives designed for dissection of organ and tissues during autopsy. These knives typically consist of handheld, manual instruments with a handle at the proximal end and an integral sharp cutting blade at the distal end. Blades are available in a variety of sizes and shapes according to the organs and tissues to be dissected. Dedicated dissecting postmortem knives intended for general autopsy and/or for particular dissection of the lung, cartilage, brain, and trimming dissections are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27509",
      "display": "Knives, Postmortem, Grossing",
      "definition": "Postmortem knives designed for gross cutting and preliminary dissection of tissues during autopsy. These knives typically consist of sturdy handheld, manual instruments with a handle at the proximal end and an integral sharp cutting blade at the distal end; the blades are available in a variety of sizes and shapes. Some blades include a heavy edge on the opposite side of the cutting edge to permit hitting with a mallet when necessary. Grossing postmortem knives are used mainly in the first steps of autopsy and cadaver dissection."
    },
    {
      "code": "27516",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical",
      "definition": "Knives designed for cutting tissues and/or other anatomic structures during surgical procedures. These devices consist of manual, handheld instruments of a variety of shapes and sizes according to the site and/or the tissue or organ to be cut. Surgical knives may consist of a cutting blade integral to a handle (usually single-use, disposable instruments) while other knives (e.g., scalpels) are two-part instruments with disposable blades that can be attached to a common reusable handle. Dedicated surgical knives are available for ophthalmic, orthopedic, middle ear, plastic, and other operative procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12240",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Amputation",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting tissues, bone, and/or other anatomic structures during amputation procedures. These devices consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments of a variety of geometric shapes and sizes. They usually have a straight or curved handle and a single or double edge, are frequently serrated with a cutting blade at its distal tip. Amputation surgical knives are used for amputation of the limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "27598",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Blood Vessel, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting and/or dissecting blood vessels during microsurgical procedures. These knives usually consist of manual, needle-like handheld instruments, usually with a straight tubular handle and a straight or curved shaft ended in a pointed cutting blade that is curved upward or downward at its distal tip. Microsurgery blood vessel knives are mainly used in neurosurgical procedures, especially  to treat aneurisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "27520",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting bones and/or other hard tissue structures during surgical procedures. These devices consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments of a variety of geometric shapes and sizes usually with a straight or curved handle and a wide cutting blade. Bone surgery knives are mainly used in orthopedic procedures. Dedicated bone knives intended for interosseous or periostium procedures are available; knives intended to cut particular bone structures (e.g., sternum) and acetabular joint procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27522",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Bone, Acetabular",
      "definition": "Bone surgery knives designed for cutting bones and/or other hard tissue structures at the articulation between the hip and the femoral head during surgical procedures. These devices consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments of a variety of geometric shapes and sizes. They usually have a straight handle and a wide curved cutting blade at its distal tip that conforms to the surface of the pelvis which articulates to the femoral head.  Acetabular bone surgical knives are used in hip and/or femur orthopedic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "27524",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Bone, Interosseous",
      "definition": "Bone surgery knives designed for cutting tissue between two adjacent bones. These devices consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments usually with a straight handle and a wide double cutting blade at the distal tip that conforms to the bone surfaces. Interosseous bone surgical knives are mainly used in orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16805",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Cartilage",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting fibrous connective tissue (i.e., cartilage). These knives consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments usually with a wide straight tubular handle and a long, flat, stiff cutting blade at the distal tip. These knives frequently have concave U-shaped guards. The handle may be finished in a perpendicular plate at the proximal end to facilitate hitting with a mallet. Cartilage knives are mainly used in orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12244",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Dura Mater",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting the dura mater. These knives consist of manual, handheld instruments, usually with a slender, straight, flat, or triangular handle and a flat cutting blade. These blades typically end in a sharp concave or hook-like shape at the distal tip. Dural knives are used mainly to incise the dura mater in neurosurgical procedures with minimum damage to the meninges."
    },
    {
      "code": "27559",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting the anatomical structures of the eye. These devices consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments that may have a variety of different geometric shapes and sizes. They usually include a cylindrical or flat handle attached to a very fine tapered straight or curved metallic, diamond, or silicon blade that ends in a millimetric sharp or semi-sharp cutting edge. Dedicated eye surgery knives both reusable and disposable are available for surgical and microsurgical procedures such as cornea and lens capsule cutting, cataract surgery, and eye tendon cutting (i.e., tenotomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27571",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Eye, Capsulotomy",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery knives designed to make incisions that open the capsule of the eye lens (also known as capsulotomy, cystitomy, and cystotomy). These devices typically consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments that include a hollow cannula with a sharp point and sharp cutting edges (either straight, curved, or angled) at the distal end. These knives usually include an adapter at the proximal end that permits irrigation and/or aspiration through the cannula using a syringe. Lens capsule eye knives are used mainly for posterior capsulotomy performed after cataract surgery. Anterior capsulotomy knives are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12241",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Eye, Cataract",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery knives designed to make incisions in eye tissue during procedures intended to extract lenses with opacity (i.e., cataract) and/or to implant artificial intraocular lenses. These knives may have different shapes and sizes according to the surgical procedure used to extract the lens (e.g., phacoemulsification, sutureless nonphacoemulsification cataract extraction). Because each procedure includes the incision of tissue in different eye locations and the use of different cutting techniques, more than one type of knife is used in a given procedure. Cataract knives are available as reusable devices with diamond blades that permit a smooth cut, causing little refraction distortion or injury to adjacent tissues, and as single-use stainless steel devices with advantages regarding cost and transmission of infection, but with poorer performance. Use of disposable silicon blades with a performance similar to diamond blades is emerging. A wide variety of blade edge shapes, including phaco (blunt and sharp), crescent, straight, and micro-phaco (for micro incision cataract surgery) are available. Most cataract surgery knives are specific to a particular procedure (e.g., phacoemulsification, tunneling, bimanual phacoemulsification), but some cataract knives may be used in other ophthalmic surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27566",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Eye, Cataract, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Cataract eye (ophthalmic) surgery knives designed to make micro incisions in the eye capsule during the procedures. These knives typically consist of a straight handle at the proximal end and a straight or angled trapezoid double beveled blade at the distal end. Microsurgery cataract knives are used to make a micro (usually a little more than 1.0 mm) incision that is larger at the external than at the internal corneal margin during the lens extraction (e.g., phacoemulsification) procedure. These knives are also used to enlarge the incision before intraocular lens implantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "27569",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Eye, Corneal Splitting",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery knives designed to make incisions in the cornea (i.e., corneal splitting). These devices typically consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments that have a straight handle and a small blade that can be either thin or wide and straight or angled. Corneal splitting knives are used mainly for anterior flap sclerotomy in the treatment of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "12242",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Heart Valve",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut heart-valve tissue. These knives are typically handheld, manual instruments with a flat, straight or curved, sharp metal (e.g., stainless steel) blade at the distal end. There is usually a handle that can be attached to the surgeon's finger. They are appropriate to perform resections in the heart valves. The blades may be an integral part of the knife or detachable (disposable). Heart-valve surgical knives are used mainly to relieve valve stenosis in valve repair procedures (i.e., commissurotomy); dedicated knives designed for a particular heart valve (e.g., mitral) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27585",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut through a surgical sheath located in the abdominal wall during laparoscopic procedures. These knives typically consist of a long shaft instrument with a blade at its distal tip and a handle at the proximal end that remains outside the patient. Some laparoscopic knives include detachable (e.g., using a screwing mechanism) blades at the distal tip. Laparoscopic surgical knives are intended for a few particular uses (e.g., incision of the hepatic duct or common bile duct during exploration for stones); they are not frequently used due the inherit risks."
    },
    {
      "code": "12248",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Meniscus",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting the crescent-shaped disks of fibrocartilage attached to bones (i.e., meniscus). These knives typically consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments with a wide, straight handle.  Often attached to the proximal end is a small perpendicular plate which permits application of pressure.  The blade is long, flat, and tapered and may have a straight or concave, U-shaped distal end.  Meniscus knives are mainly used in orthopedic procedures such as orthopedic meniscectomy of the tibia at the knee joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "12245",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting the anatomical structures of the middle ear and the external auditory canal. These knives typically consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments that may have a variety of different geometric shapes and sizes. They frequently include a straight, swivel, or bayonet-shaped handle and a small thin blade with a concave, sharp, cutting distal end. Middle-ear surgical knives are used mainly in middle-ear surgery procedures; dedicated middle-ear knives with a revolving cutting component are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27539",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Middle Ear, External Canal, Revolving",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical knives designed to cut the bony structures of the external auditory canal (i.e.,  the canal between the middle ear structures and the exterior of the ear).  These devices consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments with a flat handle and a long, curved shaft ending in a sharp cutting rotatory component. Knives that cut parallel or perpendicular to the main shaft are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27548",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Middle Ear, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgery knives designed to dissect tissue during endaural microsurgical procedures. These knives are typically very small handheld, manual instruments with a flat or rounded handle and a long, extremely fine shaft which ends in a sharp cutting edge. Middle-ear microsurgery knives are used to cut soft tissue in procedures involving middle-ear structures such as the stapes and/or to repair the tympanic membrane (i.e., tympanoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27541",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Middle Ear, Myringotomy",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical knives designed to incise the tympanic membrane by creating a small hole (i.e., myringotomy or tympanometry).  These knives consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments with a flat or rounded handle and a long, extremely fine curved shaft which ends in a sharp, frequently triangular cutting edge. Myringotomy knives are used in surgical procedures performed for treatment of otitis media; they are intended to relieve pressure caused by the excessive buildup of fluid or to drain pus."
    },
    {
      "code": "12252",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Multipurpose, Scalpel",
      "definition": "Multipurpose small surgical knives designed to cut or dissect tissue. These scalpels may consist of manual, handheld knives with a straight handle and an integral blade with a sharp convex edge. They are available as reusable or single-use instruments. Scalpels may also consist of a combination of a reusable handle and a detachable single-use or reusable blade placed at the distal end. Multipurpose scalpels are used in general, plastic, and in a variety of other types of surgical procedures. Dedicated scalpels intended for microsurgical procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17705",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Multipurpose, Scalpel, Electrothermal Cautery",
      "definition": "Multipurpose surgical scalpels designed with a blade that can be resistively (i.e., electrothermally) heated through the scalpel handle using an external source of electric power. These scalpels consist of an electrothermally heated blade and an appropriate handle with electrodes. The instrument is externally attached through cables to a dedicated electric power source that may include controls for the electric power supplied to the scalpel and also for the blade temperature. Electrothermal cautery scalpels are used to provide simultaneous hemostasis to the cutting action of the scalpel."
    },
    {
      "code": "27600",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Multipurpose, Scalpel, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Surgical multipurpose scalpels smaller than standard scalpels that are designed to cut or dissect tissue during microsurgical procedures. These scalpels typically consist of manual, handheld knives with a straight handle and a small blade located at the distal tip. The blades are of one of a variety of shapes (e.g., pointed, crescent, trapezoid) and may be placed at straight or angled positions related to the handle. Microsurgery scalpels are available as reusable or single-use instruments. Microsurgery scalpels may also consist of a combination of a reusable handle and a detachable single-use blade placed at the distal end. They are used in a great variety of microsurgical procedures (e.g., neurosurgery, middle ear, ophthalmic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18909",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Multipurpose, Scalpel, Protective",
      "definition": "Multipurpose surgical scalpels designed to provide sharp protection (safety). Protective scalpels include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield or recess the blade after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp blade. Most protective scalpels use retractable blade or sheath mechanisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "27554",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the nose and/or the nasal sinuses. These devices consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments that may have one of a variety of different geometric shapes and sizes. They frequently include a straight, swivel, or bayonet handle and a small blade with a sharp cutting distal end. Nasal surgical knives are used mainly in nasal reconstruction and cosmetic (i.e., rhinoplasty) procedures. Dedicated nasal knives intended to cut the nasal septum, as well as those that include a revolving cutting component (e.g., to cut the nasal cartilage) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27557",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Nasal, Septum",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical knives designed to cut the nasal septum. These devices consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments that usually include a straight handle and a D-shaped (half-moon) sharp cutting blade at the shaft's distal end. Nasal septum surgical knives are used mainly for nasal reconstruction and cosmetic (i.e., rhinoplasty) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27589",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Nerve",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting and/or dissecting nerves. These knives consist of manual, needle-like handheld instruments, usually with a straight tubular handle and a shaft with a flat cutting blade at its distal tip. Nerve knives are mainly used in neurosurgical procedures; dedicated knives intended for dissection of particular nerves (e.g., trigeminus) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12253",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Skin Grafting",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut uniform skin strips of predetermined thickness at the donor site for grafting. These knives typically consist of a handheld instrument that has a single-use blade with a sharp edge that is laterally attached to a special handle. Skin-graft knives are used to obtain grafts used to cover damaged or lost skin in several treatment types and/or surgical procedures (e.g., plastic surgery, burn treatment)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27592",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Spinal",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the vertebral column. These devices consist of manual handheld instruments that usually have a sturdy flat or rounded straight handle and a long blade with a sharp cutting edge at the distal end. Spinal surgery knives are used in a variety of surgical procedures. Dedicated knives intended for discectomy procedures and to interrupt the lateral spinothalamic tract (i.e., cordotomy) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12254",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Sternum",
      "definition": "Bone surgery knives designed for cutting the long bone plate forming the anterior wall of the thorax (i.e., sternum).  These knives typically consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments usually with a tubular T-shaped handle at the proximal end. This  facilitates grasping and application of pressure. At the distal end there is a wide cutting blade which is perpendicular to the shaft. Sternum knives are used mainly in surgical procedures that require opening the thoracic cavity (e.g., cardiothoracic surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27579",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Throat",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the throat. These devices consist of manual handheld instruments that usually have a sturdy, straight handle and a long, wide blade with a sharp cutting edge at the distal end. Throat surgery knives are used in a variety of surgical procedures; dedicated throat knives intended to cut the tonsils (i.e., tonsillectomy), incision of the larynx (i.e., laryngotomy), and to resect small tumors are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12255",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Throat, Tonsil",
      "definition": "Throat surgical knives designed to cut and excise the lymphoid almond-shape masses located in the oropharynx (i.e., palatine tonsils). These knives are typically handheld, manual instruments with a straight, flat handle and a long, narrow sharp angled or curved blade with a blunt distal end. Tonsil surgical knives are used in tonsillectomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16409",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Throat, Trachea",
      "definition": "Throat surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the trachea. These knives consist of manual, slender, handheld instruments that usually have a straight handle and a long, narrow, sharp blade with a blunt distal end. Tracheal surgery knives are used in a variety of surgical procedures in the trachea, including abscess and tumor resection and incision of fistulas."
    },
    {
      "code": "27611",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Thyroid",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting and/or dissecting the thyroid gland. These knives typically consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments, usually with a flat handle. This  facilitates grasping at the proximal end. They also may have a straight or concave blade that has a hole with sharp cutting edges along its center at the distal end. Thyroid knives are used mainly in surgical procedures intended to resect thyroid gland tissue and/or associated tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "27596",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Tumor, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed for cutting and/or dissecting tumors during microsurgical procedures. These knives usually consist of manual, needle-like handheld instruments, usually with a straight tubular handle and a shaft with a straight or curved cutting blade (e.g., ovoid, round) at its distal tip. Microsurgery tumor knives are mainly used in neurosurgical procedures; dedicated knives intended for dissection of particular tumors (e.g., acoustic neurinomas, also known as schwannomas) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27614",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Urinary Tract",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the urinary tract including the bladder. These devices usually consist of manual handheld instruments that usually have a straight handle and a long narrow blade with a sharp cutting edge at the distal end. Urinary tract knives are frequently appropriate for use through the working channels of endoscopes. Urinary tract surgery knives are used in a variety of endoscopic minimal access surgical procedures for both the lower and upper urinary tract. Dedicated urinary tract knives used for percutaneous incision of the ureters are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27615",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Bladder/Urethra, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the lower urinary tract (i.e., bladder and urethra) during endoscopic procedures. These knives typically consist of manual handheld instruments with a handle and a long shaft finished in a cutting end (e.g., straight, half-moon-shaped) at the distal end. These knives are usually intended for use through the working channels of urinary tract resectoscopes, urinary tract endoscopes, and/or cystoscopes. Endoscopic urinary bladder/urethra surgery knives are used in a variety of endoscopic minimal access surgical procedures performed in the lower urinary tract (e.g., treatment of strictures, resection of tumors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "14285",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Ureter",
      "definition": "Surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the upper urinary tract (i.e., ureters) during percutaneous (open surgery) procedures. These devices may consist of manual handheld instruments that usually have a straight handle and a long narrow blade with a sharp cutting edge at the distal end. Ureter surgery knives are used mainly for incisions in the ureter to open a temporary external passage during treatment of strictures and/or benign polyps. Dedicated endoscopic ureter surgical knives are also used in a variety of minimal access procedures in the upper urinary tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "27619",
      "display": "Knives, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Ureter, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgical knives designed to cut the anatomical structures of the upper urinary tract (i.e., ureters) during endoscopic procedures. These knives typically consist of manual handheld instruments with a handle and a long shaft finished in a cutting end at the distal tip. These knives are usually intended for use through the working channels of urinary tract ureteroscopes and urinary tract endoscopes. Endoscopic ureter surgery knives are used in a variety of endoscopic minimal-access surgical procedures performed in the upper urinary tract  (e.g., the treatment of strictures and resection of tumors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41670",
      "display": "Laboratory Coats",
      "definition": "Overcoats worn by laboratory and medical personnel and designed to protect clothing from accidental splashes and spills as well as dust, dirt, and other contamination. These laboratory coats are usually knee-length and loose-fitting; they may have pockets. They can be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "16456",
      "display": "Laboratory Concentrators, Specimen",
      "definition": "Dedicated laboratory concentrators designed to increase the relative content of substances in a sample (i.e., specimen) to facilitate their analysis. These concentrators may use several technologies such as evaporation; a filtration mechanism including a filtration chamber, a pump (e.g., a syringe pump), and collection tubes; or filtration membranes and a high-capacity absorbent. Most concentrators include a dead stop to prevent samples from drying out. Specimen concentrators are used mainly in clinical laboratories to concentrate proteins in body fluid samples (e.g., urine) before immunoelectrophoresis or immunofixation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23461",
      "display": "Laboratory Concentrators, Specimen, Centrifugal/Vacuum",
      "definition": "Specimen concentrators designed to increase the relative content of substances in a sample (i.e., specimen) using a combination of centrifugal force, vacuum, and heat to speed evaporation. Vacuum concentrators usually consist of a tabletop device that includes a centrifugation mechanism capable of using several interchangeable rotors, a vacuum pump, speed and time controls, a display, and vacuum relief valves. Vacuum specimen concentrators are used mainly in clinical laboratories to concentrate biochemistry and/or microbiology samples when maximum throughput is required."
    },
    {
      "code": "23530",
      "display": "Laboratory Degassers, Flowing Liquid",
      "definition": "Laboratory degassers designed to extract gases from flowing liquids. These devices typically work by passing the liquids through a membrane that is permeable to gases but not to liquids; the process is usually performed at constant vacuum pressures. Flowing liquid degassers intended for high- and low-flow (e.g., a few mL/min) are available; degassers are frequently used in combination with or as a component of laboratory pumps in procedures such as high-pressure liquid chromatography."
    },
    {
      "code": "34666",
      "display": "Laboratory Equipment Holders",
      "definition": "Holders designed to secure, store, or hold laboratory equipment in a certain position. These holders may be made of metal, wood, plastic, or a combination of these materials and may be reusable or disposable. Laboratory equipment holders are usually sized and shaped to hold specific laboratory equipment (e.g., bottles, microscope slides, pipettes, and thermometers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28497",
      "display": "Laboratory Equipment Holders, Bottle",
      "definition": "Holders designed to store or hold bottles (e.g., rinse bottles, reagent bottles) in an upright position to prevent tipping of the bottles and spillage of their contents. Bottle holders usually hold more than one bottle and may be made of wood, plastic, metal, or a combination of these materials. The shape of the holder usually conforms to the shape of the type of bottle it is designed to hold."
    },
    {
      "code": "16926",
      "display": "Laboratory Equipment Holders, Microscope Slide",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold and protect a large number of microscope slides in an organized fashion in a vertical or horizontal position. These slide holders can be made of metal, wood, plastic, or a combination of these materials but all have special slots or sleeves for holding and storing standard slides that are used with light microscopes. Some microscope slide holders hold slides flat in a sleeve in book or binder format while others are in the shape of boxes or racks of stacked boxes that hold slides in a vertical or upright position. Slide holders protect microscope slides from breakage, dirt, or dust."
    },
    {
      "code": "34673",
      "display": "Laboratory Equipment Holders, Pipette",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold pipettes in an upright or vertical position. Pipette holders can be made of metal, wood, plastic, or a combination of these materials and can be freestanding or mounted on a wall or other surface. They have holes or clamps to hold several pipettes at once and the holes or clamps may be sized to hold different diameter pipettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "14024",
      "display": "Laboratory Equipment Holders, Thermometer",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold long glass thermometers in a certain position (e.g., upright in a beaker) while being used in the laboratory or other setting to do temperature readings, usually of liquids. These holders can be various shapes and sizes and are usually made of metal or plastic or a combination of these materials. Thermometer holders usually have some type of clamp on one end to attach to a surface (e.g., a beaker, glassware, or a lab stand) and an apparatus that extends from the clamp and holds the thermometer on the other end; the thermometer-holding end may consist of another clamp or surface with holes into which the thermometer is inserted. Thermometer holders typically have some type of rubber, foam, or plastic padding to keep the thermometer from breaking while it is being held in a certain position."
    },
    {
      "code": "24138",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods",
      "definition": "Enclosures designed to provide a confined environment for the delivery and/or exhaustion of gases, vapors, and/or particles. Hoods are typically made of rigid plastics or metal (e.g., stainless steel); they are frequently connected by hoses or ducts to gas sources to provide a controlled atmosphere inside the hood and/or to exhaust gases and vapors to the outside. Some hoods include blowers, filters, and other devices according to the procedure to be performed or the protection needed for a particular application; ductless hoods recirculate the air inside the hood to the room environment after appropriate filtration. Hoods are used in the performance of procedures such as distillation and chemical reactions isolated from the general room environment and/or to exhaust toxic fumes from areas where hazardous or potentially hazardous materials are manipulated (e.g., clinical laboratories). Laboratory hoods are not biological safety enclosures; they should not be used when infectious or potentially infectious materials are handled."
    },
    {
      "code": "12022",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Chemical Fume",
      "definition": "Ventilated hoods designed to confine and exhaust materials that may be flammable, irritating, corrosive, toxic, or otherwise noxious. These enclosures typically consist of a plastic or metal cabinet-like structure with an open front for handling of products; they typically include a sash to regulate the front opening, blowers to produce an inward flow of room air into the hood, and an exhaust system. Most hoods exhaust the contaminated air to the outside, but some hoods filter the air and recirculate it into the room. These hoods may work either at a constant air volume (either conventional type or by-pass type and its variations, auxiliary-air and reduced-air subtypes) or less frequently at a variable air volume (generally operate as conventional hoods). Fume hoods are intended to remove fumes as well as vapors, gases, mists, aerosols, and other particulate materials, reducing workers exposure; they offer some protection against accidental releases, minor fires, and explosions. Chemical fume hoods are mainly used for manipulation of chemicals in open containers and/or as a secondary containment for chemical laboratory equipment; dedicated fume hoods are manufactured for particular applications such as distillation and handling radioactive materials or perchloric acid. Chemical fume hoods are not biological safety enclosures; they should not be used when handling infectious or potentially infectious materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "24146",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Chemical Fume, Distillation/Tall Equipment",
      "definition": "Chemical fume hoods designed to provide a tall working interior (e.g., 2 meters/6.5 feet) to accommodate tall equipment and/or distillation apparatus sets (e.g., distillation columns). These hoods are usually mounted on an appropriate dedicated base to provide convenient access to the floor of the hood. Tall equipment/distillation hoods are constructed with chemical- and heat-resistant plastics or metals and usually include heat- and vapor-proof light fixtures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24148",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Chemical Fume, Ductless",
      "definition": "Chemical fume hoods designed to filter the air exhaust and recirculate it into a room. These hoods typically include a set of filters that trap solid, liquid, and gas chemicals from the air, eliminating the need for outside venting and connection to ducts. The filters typically include a gross solids prefilter, a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter, and additional filters (e.g., charcoal) for general applications (e.g., acid, organic products, particles, solvents) or chemical-specific filters (e.g., ammonia, formaldehyde) for particular uses (e.g., histology, forensics).  Ductless chemical fume hoods are available in either stationary or mobile versions; they are used in laboratories, clinical pharmacies, and for some specific applications in clean rooms where limited quantities of chemicals are processed or where ducting is not feasible. Since ductless chemical fume hoods recirculate the filtered air in the room, they generally include alarms for hazardous concentrations of chemicals in the exhaust port."
    },
    {
      "code": "24150",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Chemical Fume, Ductless, Mobile",
      "definition": "Ductless small chemical fume hoods that are usually mounted on a cart. These hoods typically consist of two separate units, the hood itself and a filtering unit, coupled by a hose. Mobile ductless chemical fume hoods are used mainly in field laboratories but may also be used to exhaust some of the most common gases and/or particulate contaminations from point sources found in clinical laboratories, pharmacies, and clean rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "24147",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Chemical Fume, Perchloric Acid",
      "definition": "Chemical fume hoods designed for applications involving the use of perchloric acid. These hoods include working surfaces and liners made of nonporous, inorganic materials that can withstand reaction with perchloric acid (e.g., stainless steel type 316) especially when the acid is heated above ambient temperature; they usually include water wash-down and drainage systems to permit rinsing after each use to prevent the accumulation of perchloric salts."
    },
    {
      "code": "24145",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Chemical Fume, Walk-in",
      "definition": "Chemical fume hoods constructed with a tall interior (e.g., 2 meters/6.5 feet) that permits roll-in and accommodation of heavy, bulky equipment. These hoods are constructed with chemical-resistant plastics or metals; they are usually mounted on the floor as stand-alone units. Walk-in hoods permit personnel to enter the hood, but the operators should not stay inside the hood when chemical fumes are generated. Walk-in chemical fume hoods are not biological safety enclosures; they should not be used when infectious or potentially infectious materials are handled."
    },
    {
      "code": "24151",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Fingerprint Development",
      "definition": "Laboratory hoods designed to provide a working enclosure appropriate for fingerprint development using chemicals, such as fingerprint powder (e.g., ethyl cyanoacrylate). These hoods are typically a small, hard plastic enclosure with a metal (e.g., stainless steel) working surface; the hood may provide an internal vertical (usually downward) airflow that minimizes the risk of exposure for the operator. They may also include fluorescent lights, a fan for uniform distribution of the fuming products, external air filters or internal carbon filters, and a humidifier. Fingerprint development hoods are used in laboratories and also by police officers to detect and process hard-to-find (i.e., latent) fingerprints on forensic evidence."
    },
    {
      "code": "24154",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Laminar Flow",
      "definition": "Hoods designed to displace all the air mass within the enclosure with uniform velocity and parallel direction (i.e., laminar airflow), distorted only by objects in the flow pathway. They include blowers and filters as integral equipment to provide the laminar airflow inside the hood. Laminar flow hoods may produce either horizontal or, less frequently, vertical airflow to prevent contamination of sterile materials (e.g., culture media, drug preparations) but do not offer protection to the operator or to the environment. These hoods are frequently used in clinical laboratories and pharmacies; they are not biological safety enclosures and should not be used when infectious or potentially infectious materials are handled."
    },
    {
      "code": "24158",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Laminar Flow, Horizontal",
      "definition": "Laminar flow hoods designed to create a horizontal laminar airflow in the working area, providing an appropriate environment in which sterile materials such as culture media and drug preparations do not become contaminated. Horizontal laminar flow hoods typically include blowers and may also include a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter for the inflow of air. Horizontal laminar flow hoods are used in clinical laboratories and in clinical pharmacies to prepare nontoxic drugs (e.g., antibiotics, enteral and parenteral nutrition products) under sterile conditions; they do not protect the operator from the materials under preparation. They are not biological safety enclosures and should not be used when infectious or potentially infectious materials are handled."
    },
    {
      "code": "24160",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Laminar Flow, Vertical",
      "definition": "Laminar flow hoods designed to create a vertical laminar airflow in the working area, providing an appropriate environment in which sterile materials such as culture media and drug preparations do not become contaminated. Vertical laminar flow hoods typically include blowers and may include a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter for the inflow of air. Vertical laminar flow hoods are used in clinical laboratories and to prepare drugs (including cytostatics) under sterile conditions; they do not protect the operator from the materials under preparation. They are not biological safety enclosures and should not be used when infectious or potentially infectious materials are handled."
    },
    {
      "code": "24164",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Laminar Flow, Vertical, Forensic Evidence",
      "definition": "Vertical laminar airflow hoods designed to prevent airborne contamination during manipulation and/or drying of forensic evidence. These hoods typically consist of a hard plastic (e.g., PVC) enclosure with a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter and provide a steady laminar airflow to the enclosed forensic (e.g., crime scene) evidence. Vertical laminar airflow forensic evidence laboratory hoods are intended to provide a working environment for nonbiohazardous forensic evidence, minimizing the possibility of its contamination and the release of fumes, odors, and/or particulates during evidence drying. They are not biological safety enclosures and should not be used when infectious or potentially infectious materials are handled."
    },
    {
      "code": "24162",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Laminar Flow, Vertical, Polymerase Chain Reaction",
      "definition": "Vertical laminar flow hoods designed to be used to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification procedures with a reduced risk of contamination. These hoods provide a vertical (typically downward) laminar airflow in which PCR procedures are peformed and usually consist of a plastic and/or stainless steel enclosure that includes a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) prefilter and ultraviolet lamps to irradiate the hood, as well as fluorescent working lights, timers, and doors (e.g., hinged sash) for the manipulation of samples, testing devices, and reagents. PCR laminar flow hoods are intended to prevent contamination during the procedures, but they do not provide protection to the user. The hoods are not biological safety enclosures and should not be used when infectious and/or potentially infectious materials and handled; some PCR hoods may provide appropriate shielding for radioactive substances used in the radioactive labeling of DNA."
    },
    {
      "code": "23521",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Polymerase Chain Reaction",
      "definition": "Laboratory hoods designed to be used to prepare for and/or to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification procedures with a reduced risk of contamination. These hoods usually consist of a nonventilated plastic (e.g., acrylic) enclosure with transparent windows, providing a dead air space in which the PCR procedures are performed, and ultraviolet lamps to irradiate the hood, as well as fluorescent working lights, timers, and doors (e.g., hinged sash) for the manipulation of samples, testing devices, and reagents. PCR hoods are intended to prevent product contamination during procedures, but they do not provide protection to the user. PCR hoods are not biological safety enclosures and should not be used when infectious and/or potentially infectious materials are handled; some PCR hoods may provide appropriate shielding for radioactive substances used in the radioactive labeling of DNA."
    },
    {
      "code": "24153",
      "display": "Laboratory Hoods, Radioisotope",
      "definition": "Laboratory hoods designed to be used for applications involving radioactive isotopes. These hoods typically require sealed integral working surfaces and liners that are easy to decontaminate, a dedicated remote blower, and separate ductwork made of or lined with radiation-shielding materials. Radioisotope hoods are intended for use in nuclear medicine departments and clinical laboratories and for the preparation and dispensing of radioisotopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "15173",
      "display": "Laboratory Rotators",
      "definition": "Tabletop devices that hold laboratory sample tubes and rotate the tubes to mix the contents. These devices usually have programmable speeds and various methods of holding the tubes, such  as clips, bands, or magnets."
    },
    {
      "code": "15178",
      "display": "Laboratory Shakers",
      "definition": "Shakers designed mainly for the agitation of liquids during laboratory procedures. These devices are typically an automated, electrically powered, countertop unit that shakes (usually to-and-fro vibration) liquid containers (e.g., flasks, funnels, test tubes) in several internal or external holders; shakers may include controls for the frequency and/or degree of movement. Laboratory shakers are intended for use in many analytic procedures, including drug analysis, water pollution analysis, and hemolysis. Dedicated tabletop shakers appropriate for operation inside fume hoods, incubators, and/or other laboratory devices are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15651",
      "display": "Laboratory Stirrers",
      "definition": "Laboratory devices designed to stir liquids. These devices may consist of either an electrically driven rotating shaft (i.e., a motorized stirrer) or a magnetic spinning bar that is immersed in the liquid to be stirred (i.e., a magnetic stirrer). Laboratory stirrers are used in clinical laboratories to stir chemical solutions; magnetic stirrers are typically used for low- or medium-volume low-viscosity solutions, and motorized stirrers are used mainly for medium- and high-volume and/or high-viscosity solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "23460",
      "display": "Laboratory Stirrers, Magnetic",
      "definition": "Laboratory stirrers designed to stir liquids by spinning a magnetic bar immersed in the liquid solution. These stirrers typically consist of a tabletop electronic unit that creates a rotating magnetic field (using either fixed or rotating magnets), a plate (e.g., aluminum, ceramic) on which the container of the liquid to be stirred is placed, a spinning bar that is immersed in the liquid, and time and velocity controls. Magnetic stirrers are used in clinical laboratories to stir low- or medium-volume solutions; they are frequently used in devices that combine a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer in an integral unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "24232",
      "display": "Laboratory Stirrers, Motorized",
      "definition": "Laboratory stirrers designed to stir liquids by immersing a rotating gear inside the container of liquid to be stirred. These stirrers typically consist of a tabletop electromechanical device with a small unit that is mounted at the top of a small post on a base; the unit also includes a motor with an attached stirring shaft that is immersed in the liquid and appropriate speed and/or time controls. Some stirrers include a plate on which the container of liquid is placed. Motorized laboratory stirrers are used in clinical laboratories to stir solutions of any volume; dedicated motorized stirrers are particularly suitable to stir medium- and/or high-viscosity liquids. Some stirrers are intended for handheld use, and others may be used either fixed to the post or as handheld devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16808",
      "display": "Laboratory Tonometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure and/or obtain preestablished concentrations of gases in liquids (e.g., gases in blood) by exposing samples to an ambient gas phase in such a way that each gas reaches equilibrium between the liquid and gaseous phase. These devices typically work using one of two techniques: (1) The thin-film technique use a humidified chamber kept at a constant temperature (usually 37 degrees C/98.6 degrees F), a glass or plastic rotary cup fitted in a shaft inside the chamber, a timer, and controls; the cup rotates in short bursts while flushed with the humidified gas for a given time causing the liquid (e.g., blood) in the cup to form thin layers on the inside of the cup; (2) The bubble technique uses a dedicated syringe that allows gas to be introduced into and humidified through the plunger, a gas line, and a thermostatically controlled heat block to keep the syringe at a constant temperature. A sample is loaded into the syringe, and gas flow is initiated from the gas line to the plunger; the gas bubbles through the blood in the syringe to the atmosphere. Laboratory tonometers are also used in research, to prepare blood samples for special tests that are not frequently performed in hospitals, and to prepare blood samples for quality control of devices (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide electrodes) used to measure blood gas samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "42100",
      "display": "Lactation Pods",
      "definition": "Enclosures used to provide a private space for breastfeeding or pumping breast milk. These pods are usually freestanding structures that are either modular or prefabricated. They can include retractable casters so that they can be moved. They include features such as seating, tables, electrical outlets, keyless entry, a ventilation system, and lighting."
    },
    {
      "code": "36742",
      "display": "Ladders",
      "definition": "Portable structures typically consisting of two pairs of legs and a series of evenly spaced perpendicular rungs or steps used for climbing. Ladders are typically around 6-10 feet tall, although some shorter ladders (often called stepladders) are approximately 3-4 feet tall and some (called telescoping or extension ladders) may reach up to 20 feet in length. Ladders are typically made of fiberglass, aluminum, or wood."
    },
    {
      "code": "41899",
      "display": "Laminar-Flow Cell Washers",
      "definition": "Units designed to remove debris, unbound antibodies, and other molecules from a sample using a laminar flow of buffer solution. These washers have two or more nozzles that are lowered into the buffer solution in each well of a microplate. The nozzles initiates laminar flow by dispensing and aspirating buffer solution at the opposing ends of the wells. The laminar flow has the highest velocity at top and removes free floating debris that has been separated from sample cells by diffusion. The laminar flow rate for these washers is typically five to 20 ?L per second. Laminar-flow cell washers have adjustable input parameters, including flow rate and number of wash cycles."
    },
    {
      "code": "10440",
      "display": "Lancets, Blood",
      "definition": "Handheld, single-use devices designed to puncture the skin for the purpose of obtaining a drop of capillary blood. Blood lancets include a sharp, metal needle-like tip or blade used to puncture the skin. Needle-based lancets are typically available in a range of gauges (e.g., 18 to 30 gauge). Blade-based lancets typically include a double-edged blade that is approximately 1.5 to 2.0 mm in length. Simple blood lancets typically consist of a permanently exposed, double-edged blade attached to a handle. Non-protective lancets are typically constructed of a single piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with a blade at one end of a flat, rectangular handle approximately 1.5 to 2 inches in length and 0.25 inches in width."
    },
    {
      "code": "18865",
      "display": "Lancets, Blood, Protective",
      "definition": "Blood lancets that incorporate one or more safety features intended to prevent needlesticks and/or cross-contamination. The needle/blade of protective lancets is typically withdrawn within a plastic housing prior to use, and the lancets incorporate a mechanism to extend the blade upon device activation. Depending on their design, protective lancets may be activated by pushing a button on the lancet or by pressing the lancet against the patient's skin (i.e., pressure-activated lancets). Protective lancets may be designed to extend the needle to a fixed depth (typically between 0.8 and 3 mm); some protective lancets incorporate the ability for the user to adjust the needle/blade penetration depth. After activation, protective lancets may withdraw the needle/blade back into the body of the device and lock the firing mechanism, preventing the lancet from being reused."
    },
    {
      "code": "39658",
      "display": "Lancing Device Needle/Blades",
      "definition": "Single-use devices designed to be used in combination with a multiple-use lancing device to puncture the skin for the purpose of obtaining a drop of capillary blood. Lancing device needle/blades typically consist of a cylindrical plastic base with a short needle or blade extending from one end. The plastic base is designed to be inserted into and function with a lancing device triggering mechanism. Most lancing device needle/blades are supplied as single needle/blades, which require that a new needle/blade be loaded in the lancing device for each skin puncture; however, some lancing device needle/blades are supplied in multi-needle/blade drums, which allow multiple skin punctures to be performed before reloading of the lancing device is necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "18866",
      "display": "Lancing Devices, Blood",
      "definition": "Handheld, multiple-use devices designed to be used in combination with a single-use needle/blade insert to puncture the skin for the purpose of obtaining a drop of capillary blood. These devices typically incorporate a triggering mechanism that when primed and activated, automatically extends the needle/blade insert to the appropriate skin penetration depth before retracting the needle/blade back within the body of the lancing device. Lancing devices typically incorporate the ability for the user to adjust the needle/blade penetration depth."
    },
    {
      "code": "41940",
      "display": "Landscape Irrigation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for the artificial application of water to the soil. Landscape irrigation systems usually distribute the water using tubes, pumps, control units, sprayers, and/or sprinklers. These systems can be buried in the ground or sit on the surface of the ground. Above ground systems may be movable. Most irrigation sprinklers operate through electric and hydraulic technology, and some are grouped together in zones that can be collectively turned on and off by activating a solenoid valve. They often operate on timers or other automated processes."
    },
    {
      "code": "12291",
      "display": "Laparoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes inserted through an artificial orifice in the abdominal wall (i.e., percutaneously) for observation, diagnosis, and treatment of the organs in the abdominal cavities. These endoscopes usually include a system of relayed lens optics or fiberoptic light systems for illumination and imaging that facilitates the examination and performance of therapeutic and/or surgical procedures. Most laparoscopes incorporate camera heads that employ charged-coupled devices (CCDs) for external display, documentation, and processing of the endoscopic images. Laparoscopes are usually manufactured in two different types: one for diagnostic (viewing laparoscopes) and other for surgery (operating laparoscopes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20484",
      "display": "Laparoscopes, Diagnostic",
      "definition": "Laparoscopes designed for viewing the organs of the abdominal cavity; their diameter typically ranges from 5 to 10 mm, although some small-diameter laparoscopes about 2 mm in diameter (microlaparoscopes) are frequently used in diagnostic procedures. These instruments may be rigid or flexible; they do not have instrument channels.  Diagnostic laparoscopes are used to visualize gynecologic conditions, determine the causes of infertility and chronic abdominal pain, and assess the condition of diseased livers, including the performance of biopsies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20485",
      "display": "Laparoscopes, Surgical",
      "definition": "Laparoscopes designed to perform surgery, including laser and electrosurgery procedures, through their working channels; their diameter typically ranges from 8 to 12 mm. These instruments incorporate prisms or mirrors that transmit reflected light to and from the tissue through one or two bends to the eyepiece, which is offset from the laparoscope shaft so that a surgical instrument can be inserted through a separate instrument channel in the shaft and manipulated freely. Surgical laparoscopes are used with other specialized surgical instruments to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures such as cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder), appendectomy, and hysterectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "41043",
      "display": "Laparoscopic Port Closure Kits",
      "definition": "Collections of devices designed to achieve suture-mediated approximation of the subcutaneous tissue in open laparoscopic incisions after removal of a laparoscopic sleeve/port. These kits consist of multiple components typically including one or more sutures, a suture passer/driver, and a suture passer guide. Sutures are typically absorbable and, depending on the design of the laparoscopic port closure kit, may be attached to absorbable anchors. The suture passer guide is designed to be inserted into the laparoscopic incision and to facilitate proper suture placement and retrieval in combination with the suture passer. Following guide removal, the sutures are manually ligated to achieve wound approximation."
    },
    {
      "code": "28493",
      "display": "Laparoscopy Ports, Single-port Surgery",
      "definition": "Disposable surgical ports used as an adjunct to minimally invasive abdominal surgery (i.e., laparoscopic procedures) that permit the simultaneous pass and independent manipulation of multiple instruments and cameras, while preserving peritoneum isolation and pneumoperitoneum. These ports usually include an introducer, a retractor, and a valve to keep pneumoperitoneum. Single-port procedures permit the introduction of multiple instruments, video cameras, and laparoscopes into the abdominal cavity through a single incision smaller than normally required for traditional open laparotomy but are larger than standard laparoscopy ports. This allows for surgical procedures through a single port. These ports may also include an adhesive attachment to the skin to keep isolation, and may include other components (e.g., blood/fluid absorbing materials). These ports are used for some particular laparoscopic procedures that permit this approach."
    },
    {
      "code": "33473",
      "display": "Laryngeal Implants, Vocal Fold Medializing",
      "definition": "Laryngeal implants designed to move a weaken or immobilized vocal fold to the middle position. This movement allows the normal vocal fold to meet the paralyzed vocal cord providing a complete closure of the larynx. These devices may consist of pre-shaped metal (typically titanium) or hard plastic implants; some other silastic implants may be shaped during the surgical procedure. The implant is introduced using a minimally access surgical procedure known as medialization laryngoplasty. Vocal fold medializing implants are used to improve the larynx function during speech, coughing, swallowing, and breathing."
    },
    {
      "code": "23534",
      "display": "Laryngoscope Blades",
      "definition": "Detachable distal components of a rigid laryngoscope designed to provide illumination and displace the lower pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea. These devices typically consist of a spatula to hold the tongue; an angular or curved flange to provide rigidity with an L-shaped or semicircular groove for viewing along its length; and, usually, an illumination system (using either a conventional lamp or a fiberoptic system). The blade is typically hooked onto the laryngoscope handle; it may fold for storage, simultaneously switching off the light. Laryngoscope blades are available in several sizes for adult and pediatric use; they are also available as a nonfoldable, integral part of plastic laryngoscopes. Some laryngoscope blades are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments, (i.e., MRI-compatible laryngoscope blades), and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "24023",
      "display": "Laryngoscope Blades, Fiberoptic",
      "definition": "Laryngoscope blades designed for use as a detachable component of a fiberoptic laryngoscope; the blade unit is intended to provide illumination and to displace the lower pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea. These blades typically consist of a spatula to hold the tongue, an angular or curved flange to provide rigidity with an L-shaped or semicircular groove for viewing along its length, and a fiberoptic illumination system. The blade is usually hooked onto the laryngoscope handle; it may fold for storage, simultaneously switching off the light. Fiberoptic laryngoscope blades are available in several sizes for adult and pediatric use; they are also available as nonfoldable, integral parts of plastic fiberoptic laryngoscopes. With the exception of the illumination system component, plastic fiberoptic laryngoscopes are usually single-use devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "24022",
      "display": "Laryngoscope Handles",
      "definition": "Handles designed to hold and supply power (i.e., battery) to a laryngoscope blade. These devices usually consist of a hollow handle with a battery and, usually, a battery charger. The handle and an attached standard, conventional blade compose a working laryngoscope. Dedicated fiberoptic laryngoscope handles are also available. Some laryngoscope handles are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] environments, i.e., MRI-compatible laryngoscope handles, and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "23519",
      "display": "Laryngoscope Handles, Fiberoptic",
      "definition": "Laryngoscope handles designed to be the holding component of and to provide light for a fiberoptic laryngoscope blade. These devices usually consist of a hollow handle, fiberoptic bundles, a battery, a light source (e.g., halogen, LED), and a battery charger. The handle and the attached fiberoptic blade compose a working fiberoptic laryngoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "12293",
      "display": "Laryngoscopes",
      "definition": "Respiratory tract endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the mouth into the air tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the larynx; they are also used for intubation of the trachea. Laryngoscopes are available either as rigid or flexible devices. Some laryngoscopes are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments, i.e., MRI-compatible laryngoscopes, and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "15075",
      "display": "Laryngoscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Laryngoscopes with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure, capable of bending to follow the curved passage of the airway when the patient cannot be manipulated for direct visualization. Flexible laryngoscopes usually include a fiberoptic illumination and imaging  system that facilitates the examination and performance of therapeutic procedures"
    },
    {
      "code": "23533",
      "display": "Laryngoscopes, Flexible, Lower Larynx/Glottis",
      "definition": "Surgical laryngoscopes designed for insertion into the mouth and down the throat, allowing the exposure of the glottis and true vocal cords. These devices consist of a superior blade that engages the tongue and supraglottis while the inferior blade engages the roof of the mouth and the posterior pharyngeal wall; the triangular shape, length of the blades, and distal opening that fits into the shape of the human glottis allows for exposure of the glottis and true vocal cords. Lower larynx/glottis laryngoscopes are intended mainly for surgery in the lower larynx."
    },
    {
      "code": "23531",
      "display": "Laryngoscopes, Flexible, Video",
      "definition": "Flexible laryngoscopes designed with a video camera attached to its distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (e.g., a charge-coupled device [CCD]). These endoscopes usually include a flexible fiberoptic system and a blade to protect the lens and minimize soft-tissue obstruction. Flexible video laryngoscopes are used in routine procedures and for either awake or anesthetized patients with difficult airway access. They are frequently used to improve visualization during endotracheal intubation and to decrease the possibility of neurological damage in patients with cervical spinal injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "15076",
      "display": "Laryngoscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Laryngoscopes designed with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path through the airway. They are constructed of metal and contain straight or curved blades for manipulation of the tongue and pharynx during the procedures. Rigid endoscopes are frequently used for insertion of endotracheal tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23532",
      "display": "Laryngoscopes, Rigid, Video",
      "definition": "Rigid laryngoscopes designed with a video camera attached to its distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (e.g., a charge-coupled device [CCD]). These endoscopes typically include a fiberoptic system and a rigid blade to protect the lens and minimize soft-tissue obstruction. Rigid intubation laryngoscopes are used in routine procedures and for either awake or anesthetized patients with difficult airway access. They are used to improve visualization during endotracheal intubation and to decrease the possibility of neurological damage in patients with cervical spinal injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "12294",
      "display": "Laryngostroboscopes",
      "definition": "Laryngoscopes designed to observe the glottic action during phonations by focusing a stroboscopic light through a lens. Laryngostroboscopes are typically used with a constant and/or flashing light source, a camera, and a microphone; they are typically attached to a recording system and printer. These devices provide a slow-motion view of the vocal folds (i.e., true vocal cords) as they vibrate, permitting the assessment of phonatory function; detect lesions; and follow the course of treatment for the patient. Laryngostroboscopes are mostly used for larynx and vocal cord examination during phonation studies in voice-diagnosing laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "10204",
      "display": "Larynxes, Artificial",
      "definition": "Speech assistive devices designed to deliver sounds resembling the normal voice (i.e., artificial larynxes) produced by the vocal cords during normal speech. These devices are usually available as battery-powered electromechanical devices (known as a transcervical or neck-type artificial larynx) that move a plastic or metal probe that generates a sound (i.e., tone); when the probe is held against the tissues of the neck (or cheek) the tone is transmitted to the mouth through the oropharynx. The appropriate movement of the lips, tongue, teeth, and jaw converts the tone into meaningful speech (i.e., modulate the tone); these devices may be modified using dedicated attachments for intra-oral or cheek use. Transcervical larynxes typically include pitch and volume controls. Other types of artificial larynxes are available, such as the pneumatic larynx that uses lung air (i.e., lung powered) for sound generation; the exhaled air moves through a cup-like external attachment that covers the tracheostoma to a cylindrical vibrating chamber where a sound is generated; this sound is delivered through and external tube to the mouth for modulation as voice. Other electromechanical devices designed specifically for intraoral use (e.g., the Cooper-Rand larynx) are also available. Artificial larynxes are intended mainly to make possible verbal communication after proper training for people who have their natural larynx removed (laryngectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34611",
      "display": "Laser Aimers, Mobile Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Unit(Retired)",
      "definition": "Laser aimers designed for accurate positioning of the image intensifier of mobile radiographic and/or fluoroscopic (R/F) units. These devices display visible crossed beams of laser light on the skin. The crossing point of the beams shows the intersection point of the two main axis of the x-ray cone of radiation, helping to determine the image center. Mobile R/F unit  laser aimers  include the laser sources and appropriate fixing attachments that allow their use as accessories to mobile R/F units for easy positioning the image intensifier without the use of x-ray radiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17713",
      "display": "Laser Beam Imaging Media",
      "definition": "Imaging media (e.g., screens, plates) with appropriate frequency response to permit safe visualization of laser beams in the visible spectrum. These devices may consist of a phosphorous screen that emits light in the visible spectrum (e.g., orange-red spectrum, 600-730 nm) when a laser beam in the near-infrared (e.g., diode, Nd:YAG) or visible spectrum with wavelength lower than 600 nm (e.g., argon, He:Ne, double-frequency Nd:YAG) impinges on the screen; the screen has a high persistence, allowing the observation of both continuous and pulsed laser beams. Devices configured as handheld cards and clip-on or tabletop-mounted units are available; similar devices intended for visualization of ultraviolet (UV) laser beams (e.g., excimer, nitrogen) are also available. Imaging media using other techniques are also available, including image plates that produce a real-time image of infrared laser beams using thermal-sensitive phosphorous plates and a UV light lamp and glasses that convert UV or infrared light into visible light. Imaging media devices are used mainly as a simpler means of obtaining visual images of laser beams for alignment and/or checking purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17881",
      "display": "Laser Delivery Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for transmission (delivery) of laser energy from the laser generator to the tissue or organ to be treated. Laser delivery systems typically consist of fiber optics cables,  waveguides, or hollow articulated arms with mirrors."
    },
    {
      "code": "33340",
      "display": "Laser Delivery Systems, Fiber Optic, Pattern Scanning",
      "definition": "Fiberoptic laser delivery systems designed to deliver laser energy simultaneously to multiple spots on the eye following a pre-determined pattern during ophthalmic photocoagulation procedures. These delivery systems typically include a flexible fiberoptic cable and adapters intended for coupling to one of several delivery options, such as slit-lamps, indirect ophthalmoscopes, microscopes, or direct delivery using an endoprobe. The laser delivery system may be independent or part of a multi-spot photocoagulation system which controls the intensity, pattern, and other parameters of the laser beam delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17807",
      "display": "Laser Delivery Systems, Fiberoptic",
      "definition": "Laser delivery systems consisting of flexible optic fibers used to deliver laser energy of visible and near-infrared wavelengths.  These systems include a flexible fiberoptic cable with a silica core, an outer cladding and protective sheath, and a handpiece; they are typically available in core sizes of 400, 600, and 1,000 micrometers. Tips are designed according to the procedure to be performed (e.g., sculpted quartz for contact procedures, bare or side-firing for noncontact procedures); some systems permit the coupling of disposable laser fibers to the laser unit. Low-hydroxyl material of high numerical aperture is required by some systems for effective energy transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "17866",
      "display": "Laser Delivery Systems, Waveguide",
      "definition": "Laser delivery systems consisting of flexible or rigid hollow tubes (i.e.,  waveguides) appropriated  for delivery of laser energy from  the laser source to the tissue, typically at infrared wavelengths,."
    },
    {
      "code": "17806",
      "display": "Laser Fiber Adapters",
      "definition": "Adapters (optical couplers) designed to connect a laser source to a fiber-optic laser delivery system. These devices typically consist of an optical connector that collimates and focuses the energy supplied by the laser source into the fiber-optic delivery system. Some laser sources have a connector that makes possible direct coupling to the fiber-optic system and do not need additional couplers; the couplers are especially necessary for diode lasers because the laser light emitted by a diode is larger than that for other types of laser energy (e.g., up to 45 degrees versus less than 15 degrees)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17679",
      "display": "Laser Imagers",
      "definition": "Devices used to produce high-resolution multi-format films directly from image data acquired during procedures that involve imaging (such as CT, MRI, ultrasound, digital radiography, and digital photospot fluoroscopy). Typical components of a laser imaging system include a laser, a controlling computer, an optional film processor, and an interface to the imaging system or host computer. Most laser imagers use standard wet film processing to develop the laser-sensitive film, which has an emulsion of silver halide particles embedded in a gelatin matrix; some use special dry-processing methods. Laser imagers permit diagnosis to be made from a hard copy rather than from an electronic image on a CRT screen, they are not used to digitize film images."
    },
    {
      "code": "42012",
      "display": "Laser Patient Positioning Systems",
      "definition": "Laser devices or modules that project eye-safe lasers onto the patient or other alignment device. These systems typically include a light source, controls, and mounting devices. They are usually mounted alongside the imaging devices and can project laser lines or crosshairs for patient alignment. Laser patient positioning systems can be used to position and/or monitor the position of a patient during diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, or radiation therapy treatment planning."
    },
    {
      "code": "18027",
      "display": "Laser/Laparoscope Couplers",
      "definition": "Couplers designed to connect a laser delivery system (typically the articulating arm of a carbon dioxide laser) and a laparoscope, aligning the aiming beam and the treatment beam on the tissue. These couplers typically consist of the main coupling device (lens housing), set of lenses, a laparoscope adapter, and a sleeve. The main coupling device is attached to the laser delivery system (e.g., articulating arm) at the proximal end; the laparoscope adapter at the distal end; and then the sleeve is placed inside the working channel of the laparoscope to provide a path for the laser beam to the tissue. Some couplers include a joystick for adjusting the direction of the laser beam. Most couplers can also be used with auxiliary (double-puncture) laparoscopes. Laser/laparoscope couplers are intended for laparoscopic procedures (e.g., gynecologic) using lasers with a wavelength that is not appropriate for fiberoptic cable transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "18195",
      "display": "Lasers, Alexandrite",
      "definition": "Tunable solid-state lasers with a composition of chromium-doped BeAlO (a hard mineral known as alexandrite) as the active medium.  Their emission wavelength ranges from 380 nm between 700 and 830 nm.  These lasers are operated in continuous-wave, pulsed, and Q-switched modes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18196",
      "display": "Lasers, Alexandrite, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Alexandrite lasers, usually Q-switched, used in the treatment of benign pigmented lesions, removal of tattoos, and other procedures related to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "27994",
      "display": "Lasers, Alexandrite/Nd:YAG, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Lasers designed to produce alexandrite and Nd:YAG beams that are combined in one system intended for dermatologic treatments. The beams produced by the laser with alexandrite as an active medium usually operates at a wave length of 755 nm (red) while the radiation from the Nd:YAG laser (yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with neodymium) is at 1064 nm (near-infrared). The combined systems may be used in the same dermatologic applications that each of the individual alexandrite and Nd:YAG  lasers are intended; the combined systems are particularly used for hair removal (mainly cosmetic) treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "18197",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon",
      "definition": "Gas lasers with argon ion, as the active medium.  Their principal emission wavelengths are 488 and 514 nm (blue-green).  These lasers are operated in continuous-wave mode."
    },
    {
      "code": "18833",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Argon lasers designed to deliver their energy into the vessels to eliminate areas of narrowing (i.e., angioplasty).  These lasers usually consist of an argon laser generator and a delivery system that includes fiber optics and a catheter.  Ablation is usually performed by direct laser ablation, but some devices ablate the thrombic tissue thermically by heating a metal cap enclosing the distal tip of a vascular catheter.  Angioplasty argon lasers are mostly used in peripheral vessel treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "18198",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon, Dental",
      "definition": "Argon gas lasers designed for use in dental procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at wavelengths of 488 and/or 514 nm (blue-green); they are usually operated in continuous-wave mode. Dental argon lasers are used in the treatment of the gums and other soft tissue in the oral cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "18199",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Argon lasers used to treat cutaneous vascular lesions (e.g., facial telangiectasia) and other diseases of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "16945",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Argon lasers used to coagulate abnormal vascular tissue in the retina and to perform other photocoagulation procedures in the eye. These lasers are typically coupled to a biomicroscope slit lamp or to an indirect ophthalmoscope by a flexible fiberoptic cable."
    },
    {
      "code": "16941",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon, Surgical",
      "definition": "Argon gas lasers designed for use in surgical procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at wavelengths of 488 and/or 514 nm (blue-green); they are usually operated in continuous-wave mode. Surgical argon lasers are frequently used in the treatment of vascular diseases, including the removal of vascular tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "18202",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon/Krypton",
      "definition": "Gas lasers with mixed argon/krypton ions as the active medium.  Their principal emission wavelengths are those of argon and krypton lasers. These lasers are operated in continuous-wave mode."
    },
    {
      "code": "17773",
      "display": "Lasers, Argon/Krypton, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Argon/krypton lasers used to coagulate abnormal vascular tissue in the retina and to perform other photocoagulation procedures in the eye. These lasers are typically coupled to a biomicroscope slit lamp or to an indirect ophthalmoscope by a flexible fiberoptic cable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18203",
      "display": "Lasers, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Gas lasers with carbon dioxide as the active medium.  Their emission wavelength is 10,600 nm (far infrared).  These lasers are operated in continuous-wave and pulsed modes.  The laser energy can be delivered to the tissue through a handpiece or through a rigid non-fiber-optic endoscope or adapted to an operating microscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "18204",
      "display": "Lasers, Carbon Dioxide, Dental",
      "definition": "Carbon dioxide gas lasers designed for use in dental procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at wavelength of 10,600 nm (far infrared); the laser energy is usually delivered to the tissue through a handpiece. Dental carbon dioxide lasers may be operated in continuous-wave or pulsed modes; they are used mainly to excise or vaporize soft tissue in the oral cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16942",
      "display": "Lasers, Carbon Dioxide, Surgical/Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Carbon dioxide lasers used mainly to create surgical incisions, to excise or vaporize deeper tissues (e.g., to debulk tumors), and to coagulate small vessels. These lasers can be used for macroscopic surgery, for endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures, and for microscopic surgery. Surgical carbon dioxide lasers can also be used in dermatology to treat vascular, infectious, or inflammatory conditions, as well as malignant, premalignant, and benign tumors of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "20379",
      "display": "Lasers, Carbon Dioxide, Transmyocardial Revascularization",
      "definition": "Carbon dioxide pulsed lasers designed to deliver their energy using an articulated arm and a handpiece through the myocardium, producing temporary myocardial channels. They usually include a helium neon aiming laser. These lasers may induce real mechanisms of revascularization  (e.g., temporary perfusion through the laser channels, myocardial angiogenesis), other mechanisms (e.g., myocardial denervation, myocardial fibrosis), and/or placebo effects. These systems are available with handpieces for open or minimally invasive surgery. Transmyocardial revascularization lasers are intended for palliative treatment of stable angina; they may also improve blood perfusion to the myocardium."
    },
    {
      "code": "18205",
      "display": "Lasers, Copper Vapor",
      "definition": "Metal vapor lasers with copper vapor as the active medium.  Their principal emission wavelengths are 578 (yellow) and 510 nm (green). These lasers are operated in pulsed mode."
    },
    {
      "code": "17959",
      "display": "Lasers, Copper Vapor, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Copper vapor lasers used in the treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions (e.g., port wine stains, telangiectasia) and other diseases of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "18220",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode",
      "definition": "Lasers with a semiconductor diode as the active medium.  Diode lasers transform electric energy to light using the same principle as a light-emitting diode (LED), but with internal reflection capability, thus forming a resonator where a stimulated light can reflect back and forth, allowing only a certain wavelength to be emitted.  The emission of a given device is of a fixed wavelength, determined by the active compound used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium). Typical wavelengths are 810, 1,060 and 1,300 nm.  Semiconductor lasers are smaller and much more efficient than conventional lasers.  These lasers are operated in continuous-wave and pulsed modes."
    },
    {
      "code": "27996",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Assisted Reproduction",
      "definition": "Diode lasers designed for thermal liquefaction of a small region (i.e., drilling a small hole) on the non-cellular layer covering the oocyte (i.e., zona pellucida [ZP]), providing access to the embryo. These systems consist of a pulsed infrared laser (typically with a power of 300 mW at a wavelength in the range of 1450 to 1480 nm) and a visible light laser used for alignment of the drilling beam. The system is usually attached to the turret of an inverted light microscope. An associated camera and appropriate software intended for use in the procedure are also available. Assisted-reproduction diode lasers are intended to enhance the ability of the embryo to escape the surrounding ZP and implant into the uterus (a process known as laser-assisted hatching). A biopsy process (known as laser-assisted biopsy) where the laser beam penetrates (i.e., drills) completely the entire thickness of the ZP is also possible to facilitate removal of cells from an embryo during genetic diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18222",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Biostimulation",
      "definition": "Diode lasers used to alter cellular behavior in the absence of significant heating, typically delivering 1 to 4 Joules per centimeter squared to treatment sites.  These lasers have low output power, usually 10 to 90 mW. Diode biostimulation lasers are typically used to treat musculoskeletal injury, pain, and inflammation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18221",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Dental",
      "definition": "Solid-state diode lasers designed for use in dental procedures. The emission of a given diode laser is of fixed wavelength, determined by the active medium used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium); typical emission wavelengths are 810, 1,060, and 1,300 nm. Diode lasers are smaller and much more efficient than conventional lasers; they may be are operated in continuous-wave and pulsed modes. Dental diode lasers are used mainly to excise or vaporize soft tissue (e.g., gums) in the oral cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "18858",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Diode lasers used in the treatment of a variety of skin diseases, including vascular and pigmented lesions such as telangiectasia, angiomas, spider veins, and port wine stains.  These lasers typically consist of a portable diode laser generator and a set of specialized handpieces appropriate for laser delivery to the skin lesion."
    },
    {
      "code": "18838",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Interstitial Thermotherapy",
      "definition": "Diode lasers designed for thermal ablation of subcutaneous or deeper tissue; they usually include a high power (typically 40 to 60 W at a wavelength from 800 to 1,000 nm) diode laser generator and applicators that are inserted into the tissue to be ablated (e.g., tumor).  Laser energy may be applied directly using either a bare fiber or a special diffuser tip (e.g., ring-mode or isotropic) as an applicator.  Interstitial thermotherapy diode lasers are mostly used for percutaneous ablation of deep-seated tumors by coagulation necrosis at temperatures over 60 degrees C. Some systems use magnetic resonance imaging as a guide to locate the applicator and to evaluate the thermal results; other systems include thermal sensors and a computer programmed to regulate laser energy to keep the tissue temperature (e.g., tumor) within a prespecified range.  Some of these lasers may also be used for hyperthermia procedures at temperatures from 42 to 45 degrees C (108 to 113 degrees F) to treat solid malignant tumors; most procedures combine hyperthermia with ionizing radiation (thermoradiotherapy) or chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17808",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Diode lasers, usually operated at low power and with gallium arsenide as the active medium at an 810 nm wavelength, used to coagulate abnormal vascular tissue in the retina and to perform other photocoagulation procedures in the eye.  These lasers can be coupled to a biomicroscope slit lamp or indirect ophthalmoscope by a flexible fiberoptic cable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18836",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Photodynamic Therapy",
      "definition": "Diode lasers that generate and deliver their energy to the surface of previously photosensitized tissues.  The combined effect of light, sensitizers, and tissue oxygen destroy tissue by a phototoxic effect (photodynamic therapy).  These lasers usually consist of a diode laser generator (633 nm wavelength is typical) and microlens or isotropic (spherical or cylindrical) applicators adapted to the absorption of the sensitizers.  Photodynamic therapy diode lasers are used to ablate tissue (e.g., malignant tumors) without a significant thermal effect."
    },
    {
      "code": "18183",
      "display": "Lasers, Diode, Surgical",
      "definition": "Diode lasers, usually operated in continuous-wave mode, typically at 810 or 980 nm wavelength, mainly used to cut, excise, or vaporize and coagulate tissues.  Their laser energy, especially at 980 nm wavelength, penetrates deep into tissue and is absorbed by a large volume of tissue, allowing photocoagulation of blood vessels at low power densities and vaporization of tumors at high power densities.  These lasers are used in open, laparoscopic, and endoscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17482",
      "display": "Lasers, Dye",
      "definition": "Tunable liquid lasers with organic compounds (i.e., dye) that have a strong absorption band used as the active medium. During emission, the dye must be optically excited by another light source (e.g., another laser, flash lamp). The emission wavelength may range from the ultraviolet to the near infrared (i.e., from 180 to 1,100 nm). These lasers are operated in continuous-wave and pulsed modes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18206",
      "display": "Lasers, Dye, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Dye lasers used in the treatment of pigmented lesions on the skin (e.g., hyperpigmentation, nevus of Ota) and other diseases of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "17481",
      "display": "Lasers, Dye, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Dye lasers used to coagulate abnormal vascular tissue in the retina and to perform other photocoagulation procedures in the eye. These lasers are typically coupled to a biomicroscope slit lamp or an indirect ophthalmoscope by a flexible fiberoptic cable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18207",
      "display": "Lasers, Dye, Photodynamic Therapy",
      "definition": "Dye lasers designed to deliver their energy to the surface of previously photosensitized tissues.  The combined effect of light, sensitizers, and tissue oxygen destroy tissue by a phototoxic effect (photodynamic therapy).  These lasers usually consist of a flash lamp of Nd:YAG pumped dye-laser generator and microlens or isotropic (spherical or cylindrical) applicators adapted to the absorption of the sensitizer.  Photodynamic therapy dye lasers are used to ablate tissue (e.g., malignant tumors) without significant thermal effect."
    },
    {
      "code": "32732",
      "display": "Lasers, Dye/Alexandrite, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Lasers designed to produce pulsed alexandrite and dye beams combined in one unit that are intended for dermatologic treatments. The beams produced by the laser with alexandrite as an active medium usually operates at a wave length of 755 nm (red) while the radiation from the dye laser is typically at 595 nm (yellow). The combined systems may be used in the same dermatologic applications that each of the individual alexandrite and dye lasers are intended. The combined units, using the laser sources sequentially in the same session or each one in alternative sessions, are particularly useful for treatment of keratotic follicular papules (i.e., keratosis pilaris) and capillary vascular malformations (e.g., port wine stains). Some systems are also used for cosmetic (plastic surgery) treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "32731",
      "display": "Lasers, Dye/Nd:YAG, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Lasers designed to produce pulsed dye and Nd:YAG laser beams combined in one unit that are intended for dermatologic treatments. The beams produced by the laser with dye as an active medium usually operate at a wave length of 585 nm (yellow) while the radiation from the Nd:YAG laser (yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with neodymium) is at 1064 nm (near-infrared). The combined systems operate sequentially, the application of the laser dye beam previous to the Nd:YAG provides a qualitative different result in some dermatologic applications and capillary vascular malformations (e.g., port wine stains)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28391",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:Glass",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers that incorporate a rod of glass (e.g., silicate, phosphate) doped with erbium (Er), a rare earth element, as the active medium. Their emission wavelength range usually is between 1,530 and 1,600 nm (near infrared). These lasers are usually operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes. The laser energy is typically delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber. Dedicated Er:Glass lasers intended for dermatologic use are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28392",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:Glass, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Erbium:glass (Er:Glass) lasers designed for use in skin resurfacing procedures (i.e., dermatologic). These devices typically consist of lasers that emit light at 1,540 nm wavelength (near infrared) targeting intracellular water at a depth from 0.4 to 2 mm with minimal absorption by melanin in individuals with dark pigmentation skin. The laser energy is typically delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber to the application handpiece. Dermatologic Er:glass lasers are intended mainly for treatment of acne and/or photo-induced wrinkles in the face."
    },
    {
      "code": "18223",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:YAG",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with erbium, a rare earth element, as the active medium.  Their emission wavelength is 2,940 nm (midinfrared).  These lasers are operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes.  Their emitted wavelength is very near the peak absorption of light in water (2,900 nm).  The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber and is highly absorbed by osseous minerals."
    },
    {
      "code": "18225",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:YAG, Dental",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers, powered by a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with erbium, a rare-earth element, as the active medium, designed for use in dental procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at a wavelength of 2,940 nm (midinfrared), very close to the peak absorption of light in water (2,900 nm).  They may be operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes; the laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber and is highly absorbed by osseous minerals. Er:YAG dental lasers are used mainly to excise or vaporize hard tissue, usually in procedures involving dental enamel and dentin."
    },
    {
      "code": "18839",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:YAG, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Er:YAG lasers used in the treatment of fine superficial (e.g., epidermal nevi) or deeper papular tumors (e.g., sebaceous gland hyperplasia) on the skin.  These lasers are particularly appropriate for dermatologic procedures due to the high absorption by tissue water in the midinfrared."
    },
    {
      "code": "18224",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:YAG, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Er:YAG lasers, usually Q-switched, used to cause a photodisruptive effect in the eye (e.g., sclerotomy), forming a plasma and generating immense localized mechanical shock waves (microexplosions) that, when highly focused, can destroy tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "17768",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:YAG, Surgical",
      "definition": "Erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) lasers used mainly to vaporize tissues. The combination of high water affinity and high-fluency pulses produces an exceptionally narrow zone of damage around the vaporization crater. These lasers are also used as a precision drill and saw for bone surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18588",
      "display": "Lasers, Er:YSGG",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-scandium-gallium garnet (YSGG) crystal doped with erbium, a rare earth element, as the active medium. Their emission wavelength is typically 2,790 nm (midinfrared). Er:YSGG lasers are usually operated in pulsed modes; their energy can be delivered through a flexible optical fiber."
    },
    {
      "code": "18589",
      "display": "Lasers, ErCr:YSGG",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-scandium-gallium garnet (YSGG) crystal doped with erbium, a rare earth element, and chromium as the active medium. Their emission wavelength is typically 2,760 nm (midinfrared). ErCr:YSGG lasers are usually operated in pulsed modes; their energy can be delivered through a flexible optical fiber."
    },
    {
      "code": "18590",
      "display": "Lasers, ErCr:YSGG, Dental",
      "definition": "ErCr:YSGG lasers used in the treatment of hard dental tissue (e.g., enamel, dentin) and soft dental tissue. These lasers are appropriate for dental procedures because of the high absorption of their midinfrared (i.e., frequencies around 3 micrometers) energy by both tissue water and hydroxyapatite and because the energy can be delivered using an optical fiber. The subsurface expansion of water is accepted as the primary mechanism responsible for exfoliation or spallation of the enamel mineral at temperatures below the melting point of teeth (around 1200 degrees Celcius). ErCr:YSGG lasers are used in oral surgery and for high-efficiency ablation of hard dental tissue, with relatively small thermal effect. Some devices add a water spray to the laser irradiation to create a combined interaction of laser energy with atomized water droplets (called hydrokinetic energy), increasing the ablation depth with minimal injury to the surrounding tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "18591",
      "display": "Lasers, ErCr:YSGG, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "ErCr:YSGG lasers used in the treatment of a variety of skin diseases, including scars, discoloration, and blemishes. These lasers are appropriate for dermal procedures due to the high absorption of its midinfrared (i.e., frequencies around 3 um) energy by tissue water. Some devices combine the effect of an air or water spray with the laser delivery to reduce pain and thermal effects on the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "17161",
      "display": "Lasers, Excimer",
      "definition": "Gas lasers with excited dimers (i.e., excimers) as the active medium. The most commonly used are rare-gas monohalides (e.g., argon fluoride [ArF], xenon chloride [XeCl]). Their principal emission wavelengths are in the ultraviolet range and depend on the monohalide used (e.g., 193 nm for ArF, 308 nm for XeCl). These lasers are operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes and used in photoablative decomposition involving actual removal of tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "18834",
      "display": "Lasers, Excimer, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Excimer lasers designed to deliver their energy into the vessels to eliminate areas of narrowing (i.e., angioplasty).  These lasers consist of a pulsed excimer laser generator and a delivery system including optical fibers and a catheter.  Some coronary devices include a steerable guide wire with an array of optical fibers; they combine the mechanical properties of the guide wire with the laser energy to facilitate the ablation of areas of total occlusion.  Angioplasty excimer lasers are mostly used in laser-assisted angioplasty of totally occluded coronary arteries; some are also used in the treatment of total occlusions in the peripheral vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "18226",
      "display": "Lasers, Excimer, Dental",
      "definition": "Excited dimer (i.e., excimer) gas lasers designed for use in dental procedures. The most commonly used excimer lasers are rare gas monohalides (e.g., argon fluoride, xenon chloride); the emission wavelength is typically in the ultraviolet range and depends on the monohalide used (e.g., 193 nm for ArF, 308 nm for Xe Cl). These lasers may be operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes. Dental excimer lasers are used mainly to excise or vaporize hard tissue, usually in procedures involving dental enamel and dentin."
    },
    {
      "code": "17702",
      "display": "Lasers, Excimer, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Excimer lasers, usually Q-switched, used for corneal ablation (i.e., photorefractive keratectomy) and other ophthalmologic procedures (e.g., surgical creation of a communication between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity). A typical system incorporates a patient table, physician's chair, and computer system. Some systems have built-in slit lamps."
    },
    {
      "code": "18227",
      "display": "Lasers, Excimer/Ho:YAG, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Lasers that can produce an individual laser beam of either type.  The excimer beam is used for photorefractive keratectomy of mild to moderate myopia, while the Ho:YAG beam is used for the alteration of the corneal curvature without removing any tissue in the treatment of hyperopia."
    },
    {
      "code": "28161",
      "display": "Lasers, Femtosecond Pulse",
      "definition": "Lasers designed to emit optical ultrashort pulses with duration in the range of the femtoseconds (one fs = 10-15 second) well below one picosecond (one ps = 10-12 second).  Femtosecond pulse lasers usually generate the ultrashort pulses using passive mode locking, typically achieved by incorporating a saturable absorber with appropriate characteristics into the laser resonator. There is a variety of lasers capable of generating femtosecond pulses, including solid-state lasers with a bulk piece of doped crystal or glass (i.e., bulk lasers, especially ttitanium:sapphire lasers), dye lasers, and mode-locking semiconductor (e.g., diode-pumped) lasers. Ultrashort pulse lasers are used in clinical applications for very accurate cutting such as those performed in ophthalmic surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18208",
      "display": "Lasers, Gold Vapor",
      "definition": "Metal vapor lasers with gold vapor as the active medium.  Their principal emission wavelength is 628 nm (orange).  These lasers are operated in pulsed modes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18209",
      "display": "Lasers, Gold Vapor, Photodynamic Therapy",
      "definition": "Gold vapor lasers that generate and deliver their energy to the surface of previously photosensitized tissues.  The combined effect of light, sensitizers, and tissue oxygen destroy tissue by a phototoxic effect (photodynamic therapy).  These lasers usually consist of gold vapor laser generator and microlens or isotropic (spherical or cylindrical) applicators adapted to the absorption of the sensitizer.  Photodynamic therapy gold vapor lasers are used to ablate tissue (e.g., malignant tumors) without a significant thermal effect."
    },
    {
      "code": "18228",
      "display": "Lasers, He:Ne",
      "definition": "Gas lasers with mixed helium (He) and neon (Ne) as the active medium. Their principal emission wavelength is 633 nm (red), but they also operate at other visible and infrared wavelengths. Operated in continuous-wave and pulsed modes, they are typically used to assist with aiming other nonvisible lasers (e.g., carbon dioxide lasers) in biostimulation and low-level therapies."
    },
    {
      "code": "18210",
      "display": "Lasers, Ho:YAG",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with holmium, a rare earth element, as the active medium.  Their emission wavelength is 2,100 nm (midinfrared).  These lasers are operated in continuous-wave, pulsed, and Q-switched modes.  The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber and can be operated in an aqueous environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18835",
      "display": "Lasers, Ho:YAG, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Ho:YAG lasers designed to deliver their energy into the vessels to eliminate areas of narrowing (i.e., angioplasty).  These lasers consist of a pulsed Ho:YAG laser generator and a delivery system including optical fibers and a catheter, that emits laser-energy from its distal tip.  Angioplasty Ho:YAG lasers are mostly used in laser assisted angioplasty of totally occluded coronary arteries, especially in the presence of thrombus; some are also used in the treatment of total occlusions in the peripheral vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "18212",
      "display": "Lasers, Ho:YAG, Dental",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers, powered by a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with holmium, a rare-earth element, as the active medium, designed for use in dental procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at a wavelength of  2,100 nm (midinfrared); they may be operated in continuous-wave, pulsed, and Q-switched modes. The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber that can be operated in an aqueous environment. Ho:YAG dental lasers are used mainly to excise or vaporize soft tissue (e.g., gums) in the oral cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "18211",
      "display": "Lasers, Ho:YAG, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Ho:YAG lasers used for laser keratoplasty of hyperopia and other ophthalmic procedures in the eye.  They are typically coupled to a biomicroscope slit lamp by a flexible fiberoptic cable."
    },
    {
      "code": "20381",
      "display": "Lasers, Ho:YAG, Percutaneous Myocardial Revascularization",
      "definition": "Holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) pulsed  lasers designed to deliver their energy into the myocardium using fiberoptic catheters (typically a few millimeters deep but not through all the cardiac muscle), producing temporary myocardial channels. These lasers may induce mechanisms of revascularization (e.g., myocardial angiogenesis), other mechanisms (e.g., myocardial denervation, myocardial fibrosis), and/or placebo effects. The laser delivery systems include fiberoptic catheters for percutaneous delivery (i.e., percutaneous myocardial revascularization) through the vasculature. Percutaneous revascularization lasers are intended for palliative treatment of stable angina; they may also improve blood perfusion to the myocardium."
    },
    {
      "code": "17769",
      "display": "Lasers, Ho:YAG, Surgical",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers, powered by a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) crystal doped with holmium (Ho), a rare-earth element, as the active medium, designed for use in surgical procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at a wavelength of 2,100 nm (mid-infrared); they may be operated in continuous-wave, pulsed, and Q-switched modes. The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber, and the laser can be operated in an aqueous environment. Ho:YAG surgical lasers are used mainly to vaporize or ablate soft tissue with moderate hemostasis, little charring, and thin zone of necrosis; they are frequently used in laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20380",
      "display": "Lasers, Ho:YAG, Transmyocardial Revascularization",
      "definition": "Holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) pulsed lasers designed to deliver their energy using a fiberoptic delivery system through the myocardium, producing temporary myocardial channels. These lasers may induce real mechanisms of revascularization (e.g., temporary perfusion through the laser channels, myocardial angiogenesis), other mechanisms (e.g., myocardial denervation, myocardial fibrosis), and/or placebo effects. These laser systems may be used either for open or minimally invasive. Transmyocardial revascularization lasers are intended for palliative treatment of stable angina; they may also improve blood perfusion to the myocardium."
    },
    {
      "code": "18200",
      "display": "Lasers, Krypton",
      "definition": "Gas lasers with krypton ion as the active medium.  Their principal emission wavelengths are 568 (yellow) and 647 nm (red), but are also used at 521 and 530 nm (green).  These lasers are operated in continuous wave."
    },
    {
      "code": "18201",
      "display": "Lasers, Krypton, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Krypton lasers used to treat small pigmented lesions and other diseases of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "16946",
      "display": "Lasers, Krypton, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Krypton lasers used to coagulate abnormal vascular tissue in the retina and to perform other photocoagulation procedures in the eye. They are typically coupled to a biomicroscope slit lamp or to an indirect ophthalmoscope by a flexible fiberoptic cable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18213",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with neodymium, a rare earth element, as the active medium.  Their emission wavelength is 1,064 nm (near infrared), although sometimes operated in other transitions (e.g., 1,319 nm).  These lasers are operated in continuous-wave, pulsed, Q-switched, and mode-locked modes.  The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber."
    },
    {
      "code": "18832",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Nd:YAG lasers designed to deliver their energy into the vessels to eliminate areas of narrowing (i.e., angioplasty).  These lasers consist of an Nd:YAG laser generator and a delivery system including optical fibers and a catheter.  Usually, ablation is performed by direct laser ablation; but some devices ablate the thrombotic tissue thermically by heating a metal cap enclosing the distal tip of a vascular catheter.  Angioplasty Nd:YAG lasers are mostly used in peripheral vessel treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "18214",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Dental",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers, powered by a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with neodymium, a rare-earth element, as the active medium, designed for use in dental procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at a wavelength of 1,064 nm (near infrared), although they are sometimes operated in other transitions (e.g., 1,319 nm). Nd:YAG dental lasers may be operated in pulsed, Q-switched, and mode-locked modes; laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber. Nd:YAG dental lasers are used mainly to excise or vaporize soft tissue (e.g., gums) in the oral cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "18215",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Nd:YAG lasers used to photocoagulate both large diameter blood vessels and pigmented lesions found deep in the dermis, as well as in other diseases of the skin and in the treatment of tattoos."
    },
    {
      "code": "18216",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Frequency-Doubled",
      "definition": "Nd:YAG lasers in which passing the energy through a crystal, typically KPT (potassium titanyl phosphate), doubles the frequency of the emitted laser light.  Their emission wavelength is 532 nm (green).  These lasers are operated in continuous-wave, pulsed, and Q-switched modes.  The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber."
    },
    {
      "code": "18218",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Frequency-Doubled, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Nd:YAG frequency-doubled lasers used in the treatment of pigmented superficial lesions on the skin (e.g., lentigines).  They are usually operated in Q-switch mode."
    },
    {
      "code": "18217",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Frequency-Doubled, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Nd:YAG frequency-doubled lasers, usually operated in pulsed modes, used to coagulate abnormal vascular tissue in the retina and other photocoagulation procedures in the eye.  They are typically coupled to a biomicroscope slit lamp or an indirect ophthalmoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "17729",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Frequency-Doubled, Surgical",
      "definition": "Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) frequency-doubled lasers, usually operated in continuous-wave or pulsed modes, used in procedures requiring precise surgical excision, vaporization, or photocoagulation with minimal damage to surrounding tissue. The power density chosen for a given application determines the tissue interaction achieved at the operative site."
    },
    {
      "code": "39735",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Frequency-Quadrupled",
      "definition": "Nd:YAG lasers in which the 1,064 nm wavelength emission of an Nd:YAG solid state laser is passed through two frequency doublers (typically lithium triborate and cesium lithium borate), quadrupling the frequency of the emitted laser light. The emission wavelength of these lasers is 266 nm (ultraviolet)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18837",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Interstitial Thermotherapy",
      "definition": "Nd:YAG lasers designed for thermal ablation of subcutaneous or deeper tissue; they usually include a high-power (typically 100 to 120 W) generator and applicators that are inserted into the tissue to be ablated.  Laser energy may be applied directly, using either a bare fiber or special diffuser tips (e.g., ring mode or isotropic) as applicators.  Interstitial thermotherapy Nd:YAG lasers are mostly used for percutaneous ablation of deep-seated tumors by coagulation necrosis at temperatures over 60 degrees C; some systems use magnetic resonance imaging as guidance to locate the applicator and also to evaluate the thermal results. Other systems include thermal sensors and a computer programmed to regulate laser energy to keep the tissue temperature (e.g., tumor) within a prespecified range.  Some of these lasers may also be used for hyperthermia procedures at temperatures from 42 degrees to 45 degrees C (108 to 113 degrees F) in the treatment of solid malignant tumors; most procedures combine hyperthermia with ionizing radiation (thermoradiotherapy or chemotherapy [thermochemotherapy])"
    },
    {
      "code": "16947",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers, usually Q-switched, used to cause a photodisruptive effect in the eye (e.g., posterior capsulotomy), forming a plasma and generating immense localized mechanical shock waves (microexplosions) that, when highly focused, can destroy tissue. These lasers have built-in slit-lamp biomicroscopes or are coupled to a slit-lamp or indirect ophthalmoscope by fixed mirrors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16943",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG, Surgical",
      "definition": "Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers, usually operated in continuous-wave or long-pulsed mode, used mainly to cut, excise or vaporize, and coagulate deep tissues. Their laser energy penetrates deep into tissue and is also absorbed by a large volume of tissue, allowing photocoagulation of blood vessels at low-power densities and vaporization of tumors at high-power densities. These lasers are frequently used in laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17774",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG/Carbon Dioxide, Surgical",
      "definition": "Lasers that can produce either a neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) or a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser beam. The combined device offers both the cutting capabilities of CO2 energy and the hemostatic capabilities of Nd:YAG energy, allowing the surgeon to make bloodless incisions."
    },
    {
      "code": "39558",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG/Nd:YAG Frequency Doubled/Ruby, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Lasers designed to produce Nd:YAG (yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with neodymium), frequency-doubled Nd:YAG, and ruby laser beams from a single unit that is intended for dermatologic treatments. The beams produced by the Nd:YAG, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG, and ruby lasers operate at wavelengths of 1,064 nm, 532 nm, and 694 nm, respectively. These lasers are used in a number of dermatologic applications including treatment of vascular lesions, pigmented lesions, and various cosmetic application (e.g., anti-wrinkle treatment, tattoo removal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17775",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YAG/Nd:YAG Frequency-Doubled, Surgical",
      "definition": "Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers that double the frequency of the emitted laser light by passing the energy through a crystal, typically of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), designed for use in surgical procedures. These lasers emit energy at a wavelength of 532 nm (green); they may be operated in continuous-wave or pulsed modes. The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber. Frequency-doubled surgical Nd:YAG lasers are used in a wide variety of surgical applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "18553",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YLF",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-lithium- fluoride (YLF) garnet crystal doped with neodymium, a rare earth element, as an active medium. Their emission wavelength is typically 1,053 nm (near infrared).  These lasers can be operated in continuous, pulsed, Q-switched, and mode-locked modes; they allow the generation of pulses of shorter duration than Nd:YAG lasers. The laser energy may be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber or through a set of mirrors (e.g., optical system of a microscope)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18555",
      "display": "Lasers, Nd:YLF, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Nd:YLF lasers usually consisting of a two-stage device (oscillator plus amplifier); they are operated in Q-switched and mode locked modes, generating pulses of a few picoseconds. These lasers are designed to cause a photodisruptive effect in the eye by forming a plasma and generating immense localized mechanical shock waves (microexplosions) that, when highly focused, can destroy tissue (e.g., creation of corneal flaps as a microkeratome); they can be focused to spots of very small size (typical spot size is less than 7 micrometers). Nd:YLF ophthalmic lasers usually include built-in slit-lamp microscopes or are coupled to them by mirrors."
    },
    {
      "code": "33063",
      "display": "Lasers, Nitrogen",
      "definition": "Gas state lasers that use nitrogen as their active medium and operate in the ultraviolet range (UV) (typically 337.1 nm). The nitrogen gas is pumped to the activated state by an electrical discharge. UV laser beams generated by nitrogen lasers have many uses where precision cutting by laser may be needed, including microdissecting of tissues in laser microdissection systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18219",
      "display": "Lasers, Ruby",
      "definition": "Lasers with a solid-state rod of ruby, a precious stone that is red corundum (aluminum oxide), used as the active medium.  Their emission wavelength is 694 nm (red).  These lasers are operated in pulsed and Q-switched mode.  The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber."
    },
    {
      "code": "17815",
      "display": "Lasers, Ruby, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Lasers designed for dermatologic therapy using a solid-state ruby rod as active medium. These lasers emit light with a wavelength of 694 nm (red) that is usually delivered using a flexible fiberoptic cable; they are typically operated in pulsed and/or Q-switched modes. Ruby lasers are intended mainly for treatment of pigmented lesions, using selective thermal chemical dissociation by means of light (photothermolysis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28387",
      "display": "Lasers, Ti:Sapphire",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of sapphire (Al2O3,) crystal doped with titanium (Ti) ions as the active medium. Their typical emission wavelength is in the range from 650 to 1,100 nanometers (i.e., in the red and near-infrared spectrum). These lasers are usually operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes; ultrashort pulses (in the range of the femtoseconds) using passive mode locking can be also generated. Ti:sapphire laser clinical applications are mainly intended for research but may be also used to perform ophthalmic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33841",
      "display": "Lasers, Tm:YAG",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal doped with thulium, a rare earth element, as the active medium. Their emission wavelength is usually in the range of 1,930 to 2,040 nm (infrared). These lasers are usually operated in continuous-wave and/or pulsed modes; they are mainly used for superficial surgery. The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber."
    },
    {
      "code": "34381",
      "display": "Lasers, Tm:YAG, Surgical",
      "definition": "Surgical Thulium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Tm:YAG) lasers, usually operated in continuous-wave or pulsed mode at 2,010 nm wavelength. The laser energy penetrates a short distance into tissue, allowing photocoagulation and resection (vaporization) of superficial tissue. These lasers are used in laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery, especially for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "31525",
      "display": "Lasers, Yb:YAG",
      "definition": "Solid-state lasers with a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) crystal doped with ytterbium (Yb), a rare earth element, as the active medium. Their emission wavelength is 1,030 nm (near infrared), although it is sometimes operated at 1,050 nm. These lasers are usually operated in pulsed or mode-locked modes; they typically work as a high-power diode-pumped laser source. Yb:YAG lasers can be used to generate ultrashort pulses (in the range of the femtoseconds) using passive mode locking. Yb:YAG lasers are mainly intended for very accurate cutting such as that performed in ophthalmic procedures (e.g., refractive surgery, keratoplasty, lamellar resection) and/or in other applications when ultra-short high-power pulses are required."
    },
    {
      "code": "16016",
      "display": "Laundry Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed for temporary storage of soiled linen, frequently at the location where it was used. These devices may be mesh, canvas, or plastic bags; some bags are color-coded according to the potential hazard of the intended content (e.g., colors may signify used cloth, contaminated/potentially contaminated linen, or operating room linen). Laundry bags are available for independent storage or for use with hamper stands; bags that dissolve either partially or completely in a full wash cycle to prevent staff contact with soiled linen are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21091",
      "display": "Laundry Folding Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the automatic folding of fabrics after ironing. This equipment typically consists of internal moving belts, heat sources, suction devices, and controls. Folding laundry units can typically perform one to four primary folds and up to three cross-folds; they are frequently linked to a stacker cabinet by a conveyor. Dedicated units intended to fold sheets, towels, and/or tablecloths are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "40110",
      "display": "Laundry Packaging Systems",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for automated or semi-automated packaging of clean linens, such as towels, washcloths, and pillowcases. This equipment usually consists of a feed bin in which to place the linens, a conveyor belt to separate the items, and a mechanism to count or weigh the items. The equipment typically creates a bag that is placed under a filling chute, fills the bag with linens, tracks the number or weight of the items placed in each bag, and then seals each bag. Some laundry packaging systems also have an inspection area for manual inspection of the items."
    },
    {
      "code": "21090",
      "display": "Laundry Presses",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for automated pressing (i.e., ironing) and smoothing cloth and other fabrics. This equipment typically includes a set of moving bands intended to press the laundry, a heating system (e.g., steam, electrical), and controls to adjust the temperature and the band speed according with the material and the humidity content of the fabric. Laundry presses are available in many sizes and using several configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16882",
      "display": "Leads",
      "definition": "Electric conductors (e.g., wires) designed to conduct electrical biosignals from electrodes placed in or on the body to record and/or monitor equipment either directly or through pre-amplifiers. The leads may be also intended to deliver electric stimuli from an external stimulator to electrodes attached to or implanted into the body. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip to prevent electric shock. A variety of lead systems, including single and multiple-lead are available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the equipment transmitting and or receiving the signal and/or the therapy prescribed. Dedicated leads intended for both external and implantable devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, evoked potential recorders, and electrical stimulators are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25115",
      "display": "Leads, Electrical Stimulator",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical signals from the pulse generating unit of an electric stimulator to the appropriate area of the body according to the intended purpose of the stimulation. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes external contact with the intended area of the body. The electrodes may be percutaneously inserted needle-type electrodes or, less frequently, used paddle electrodes. The other end of the lead is attached to the stimulator (i.e., pulse generator). Implantable leads that are directly attached to the electrodes and that are usually also implanted in the body after a test period are also available. A variety of single and multiple lead arrays is available; lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. Dedicated leads for particular types of stimulators are also available, including leads for cardiac, brain, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular, spinal cord, and nerve stimulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "35339",
      "display": "Leads, Electrical Stimulator, Neuromuscular",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical signals from the pulse generating unit of an electric stimulator to the appropriate nerves and muscles according to the intended purpose of the stimulation. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes external contact with the intended area of the body. The electrodes may be percutaneously inserted needle-type electrodes or paddle electrodes typically arranged in a matrix. The other end of the lead is attached to the stimulator (i.e., pulse generator). Implantable leads that are directly attached to the electrodes and that are usually also implanted in the body after test periods are also available. A variety of single and multiple lead arrays is available; lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. Dedicated leads for particular types of neuro stimulation (e.g., gait, incontinence, muscle strengthening) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41904",
      "display": "Leads, Electrical Stimulator, Peripheral Nerve, Implantable",
      "definition": "Implantable leads designed to conduct electrical signals from the pulse generating unit of an electric stimulator into electrodes placed on peripheral nerves. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with or is placed to close proximity to the nerve. The other end of the lead is attached to the stimulator (i.e., pulse generator). A variety of single- and multiple-lead arrays is available; lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed."
    },
    {
      "code": "17215",
      "display": "Leads, Electrical Stimulator, Spinal Cord, Implantable",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical signals from the pulse generating unit of an electric stimulator into spinal cord electrodes (typically placed in the epidural space). These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the spine. Implantable spinal cord leads are directly attached to the spine electrodes; the electrodes may be percutaneously inserted needle-type electrodes or, less frequently, used paddle (also known as mini laminectomy) electrodes. The other end of the lead is attached to the stimulator (i.e., pulse generator) that is usually also implanted in the abdomen after a test period. The stimulators may use implantable batteries or external power through a radio system. A variety of single- and multiple-lead arrays is available; lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. Spinal cord stimulation is mainly used for analgesic purposes, but can be used for other purposes such as muscle control."
    },
    {
      "code": "35354",
      "display": "Leads, Electromyograph",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical biosignals caused by the activity of the skeletal muscles from electrodes placed within or near the muscles to an impedance matching device (known as a headstage) and/or preamplifier which in turn is connected through a cable to an electromyograph (EMG). These leads (known as patient leads) typically consist of flexible wires (e.g., 3, 5) that are completely isolated except at the electrode end. EMG leads are used with equipment intended to detect, process, and record the electrical activity of the skeletal muscles, such as electromyographs or evoked potential units with electromyography capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "35350",
      "display": "Leads, Evoked Potential Recorder",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct brain electrical biosignals resulting from external stimuli from intradermal electrodes or electrodes placed on the body (e.g., scalp, skin) to an impedance matching device (known as a headstage) and/or preamplifier which in turn is connected through a cable to an evoked potential (EP) unit.  These leads typically consist of flexible wires (e.g., 3, 5, 12 leads) that are completely isolated except at the electrode end (known as patient leads). An electrode board is sometimes included to allow various channel-switching options. EP leads are used with equipment intended to measure and document the brain's electrical response to visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli."
    },
    {
      "code": "22556",
      "display": "Leads, External Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse generating unit of an external cardiac pacemaker into the heart; some leads may also transmit the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip. Pacemaker leads are configured according to the pacemaker characteristics and/or the technique used for signal delivery to the heart. Leads used with external pacemakers may be either invasive (typically transvenous or transesophageal); non-invasive which applies the electrodes to the chest (i.e., transcutaneous); or attached directly to the myocardium in open surgery procedures. A variety of lead systems, including single- and multiple-lead, subcutaneous array, and patch is available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. External cardiac pacemaker leads are used in temporary procedures (e.g., surgery, emergency, electrophysiology studies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16129",
      "display": "Leads, External Cardiac Pacemaker, Endocardial",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse-generating unit of an external cardiac pacemaker to electrodes placed on the internal lining of the heart/heart structures (i.e., endocardial or transvenous leads) through the vasculature. Some leads may also conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the heart. Cardiac pacemaker leads are configured according to the pacemaker characteristics and/or the technique used for signal delivery to the heart. A variety of lead systems, including single- and multiple-lead, subcutaneous array, and patch is available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. Endocardial external cardiac pacemaker leads are used in temporary procedures (e.g., surgery, emergency, electrophysiology studies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16989",
      "display": "Leads, External Cardiac Pacemaker, Myocardial",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse-generating unit of an external cardiac pacemaker to electrodes placed on the outer surface of the heart (i.e., myocardial). Some leads may also conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the heart. Myocardial (also known as epicardial) leads are directly attached to the surface of the heart during open surgery. A variety of lead systems, including single- and multiple-lead is available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. Epicardial external cardiac pacemaker leads are used in temporary procedures (e.g., surgery, emergency)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17511",
      "display": "Leads, External Cardiac Pacemaker, Transesophageal",
      "definition": "External cardiac pacemaker invasive leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse generator of an external pacemaker through the esophagus and into the heart. Some leads may also conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip. Transesophageal pacemaker leads are configured according to the pacemaker characteristics and/or the technique used for signal delivery to the heart. A variety of lead systems, including single- and multiple-lead is available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. Endocardial external cardiac pacemaker leads are used in temporary procedures (e.g., surgery, emergency, electrophysiology studies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20851",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse generating unit of an implantable cardiac pacemaker into the heart and conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the heart. Implantable cardiac pacemaker leads may be directly attached to the myocardial tissue using open surgery (i.e., epicardial leads) or threaded into the heart through the vascular system; the other end of the leads is attached to the pulse generator implanted in the abdomen or chest. A variety of lead systems, including single and multiple lead, subcutaneous array, and patch is available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed."
    },
    {
      "code": "12900",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker, Endocardial",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse-generating unit of an implantable cardiac pacemaker to electrodes placed on the internal lining of the heart/heart structures (i.e., endocardial or transvenous leads) and then conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the heart. The leads are positioned in the right atrium or right ventricle through the vascular system (e.g., subclavian vein, superior vena cava). They may be fixed using barbs or screw-type terminals (i.e., active fixation) or through flanges or tinned tips (passive fixation). The other ends of the leads are attached through a connector to the pulse generator that is usually implanted in a surgical pocket in the upper chest near the collarbone. Implantable cardiac pacemaker endocardial lead configurations may be unipolar, with one active electrode contact on the heart or bipolar, with two active contacts. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator used."
    },
    {
      "code": "11458",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker, Myocardial",
      "definition": "Implantable cardiac pacemaker leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse generating unit of the implantable pacemaker to electrodes placed on the outer surface of the heart (i.e., myocardial) and then conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the heart. Myocardial (also known as epicardial) leads are directly attached to the surface of the heart using open surgery; the other end of the leads is attached through a connector to the pulse generator that is usually implanted in a surgical pocket located in the upper chest near the collarbone. Implantable cardiac pacemaker myocardial lead configurations may be unipolar, with one active electrode contact on the heart, or bipolar with two active contacts. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator used."
    },
    {
      "code": "16653",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse generating unit of an implantable defibrillator or defibrillator/cardioverter (i.e., an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator [ICD]) to the heart and conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the heart. The leads are directly attached to the surface of the heart during open surgery (i.e., epicardial leads) or threaded into the heart through the vascular system avoiding open chest surgery; the other end of the lead is attached through a connector to the pulse generator implanted in the abdomen or chest. A variety of lead systems, including single- and multiple-lead, is available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the defibrillator or ICD pulse generator and the therapy prescribed."
    },
    {
      "code": "34407",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Defibrillator, Subcutaneous",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse generating unit of an implantable subcutaneous defibrillator or defibrillator/cardioverter (i.e., an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator [ICD]) to the heart and conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that completely isolated except at the electrode tips; they are positioned in the subcutaneous tissue of the chest above but not touching the heart. The tips include the sensing electrodes and a shock coil. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the subcutaneous implantable defibrillator pulse generator and the therapy prescribed."
    },
    {
      "code": "17964",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Defibrillator/Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Leads designed to conduct electrical signals from the pulse-generating unit of an implantable defibrillator/cardiac pacemaker to the heart and also to conduct the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip that makes contact with the heart. The leads are directly attached to the surface of the heart during open surgery (i.e., epicardial leads) or threaded into the heart through the vascular system, avoiding open-chest surgery. The other ends of the leads are attached through a connector to the pulse generator implanted in the abdomen or chest. A variety of lead systems, including single- and multiple-lead, subcutaneous array, and patch are available. The size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed."
    },
    {
      "code": "20377",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Defibrillator/Pacemaker, Resynchronization",
      "definition": "Implantable cardiac pacemaker and/or defibrillator/cardiac pacemakers leads used for sensing cardiac bioelectric signals and delivering electrical stimuli to synchronize ventricular contractions. These leads are connected to implantable cardiac pacemakers or defibrillator/cardioverter/pacemakers for resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced heart failure (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy) and/or serious heart-rhythm problems such as delayed ventricular activation and contraction (i.e.,  ventricular dysynchrony)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28960",
      "display": "Leads, Implantable Neuromuscular Stimulator, Hypoglossal Nerve",
      "definition": "Leads that conduct electrical signals from the pulse generating unit of an implantable sleep apnea neuromuscular stimulator to hypoglossal nerve electrodes. These leads typically consist of a set of electrodes attached to a cuff that is placed radially around the hypoglossal nerve and a flexible wire that is connected to the pulse generator at the other end."
    },
    {
      "code": "16243",
      "display": "Leg Holders, Surgical Prep",
      "definition": "Leg holders designed for use during perioperative procedures. These devices may consist of rigid or articulated metallic mechanisms that hold and secure  one or both legs in appropriate position before, during, and/or after a surgical procedure to facilitate the performance of the procedure with minimum additional stress for the legs and leg articulations, frequently providing padding to avoid damage of the skin and/or muscles and nerves. Some surgical leg holders are powered. Simpler leg holders, usually plastic single-use (i.e., disposable) devices are also available. Perioperative leg holders are used mostly for arthroscopic surgery of the knee or heel."
    },
    {
      "code": "12315",
      "display": "Leg Rests",
      "definition": "Devices designed to support and provide comfort to the legs while the user is sitting or lying. These devices typically consist of a cushioned structure with shape and size appropriate for placing one or both legs; they are typically made of a wood, metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials. Leg rests are usually an integral part or may be attached to chairs, wheelchairs, operating tables, commodes, or other furniture. They are used to facilitate examination, treatment, or surgical procedures and also during rehabilitation and/or for long-term use by disabled or geriatric patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "12322",
      "display": "Lenses",
      "definition": "Pieces of transparent materials, such as glass and plastic, so shaped as to converge or scatter the rays of light to increase the visual acuity of the human eye. Lenses may be specially design to be mounted in appropriate frames (i.e., eyeglasses) or other instruments, to be placed directly on the eyes (contact lenses), or to be implanted in the eyes (i.e., intraocular lenses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17000",
      "display": "Lenses, Eyeglass",
      "definition": "Lenses designed to be mounted, usually in pairs, in frames that hold them in an appropriate position before the eyes (i.e., eyeglass frames) to assist vision. Lenses are usually made of glass or plastic (e.g., polycarbonate) and graduated to improve teh visual acuity of the wearer, they may be configured as monofocal, bifocal, trifocal, or progressive. Eyeglass lenses are used mainly as a vision aid, but some lenses are designed to protect the eye (e.g., sunglasses) or used for aesthetic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "12324",
      "display": "Lenses, Intraocular",
      "definition": "Lenses designed to be implanted permanently, they are usually intended  to replace the natural cataractous crystalline human eye lens and restore useful vision. These lenses, typically made of plastic, are mostly implanted following cataract removal (i.e., in aphakic eyes). Some intraocular lenses may be used for refractive correction without previous extraction of the natural lens."
    },
    {
      "code": "16068",
      "display": "Lenses, Intraocular, Anterior Chamber",
      "definition": "Intraocular lenses, typically made of plastic, intended to be implanted in the anterior chamber of the eye (the space that is bounded in front by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and behind by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and the part of the crystalline lens that presents through the pupil). These lenses are implanted to replace the natural human lens,  typically following cataract removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "16069",
      "display": "Lenses, Intraocular, Iridocapsular Fixation",
      "definition": "Intraocular lenses, typically made of plastic, intended to be implanted and fixed to both the iris and to the posterior capsule of the eye, typically with a totally encircling loop. These lenses are  implanted to replace the natural human lens following cataract removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "16070",
      "display": "Lenses, Intraocular, Iris Fixation",
      "definition": "Intraocular lenses, typically made of plastic, intended to be implanted and fixed to the iris (e.g., lobster-claw fixation). These lenses are  implanted to replace the natural human lens following cataract removal, frequently when lens implantation in the bag is not possible because of inadequate capsular support."
    },
    {
      "code": "16071",
      "display": "Lenses, Intraocular, Posterior Chamber",
      "definition": "Intraocular lenses, typically made of plastic, intended to be implanted in the posterior chamber of the eye (the space that is bounded in front by the iris, and behind  by the lens and suspensor ligament). These lenses are implanted to replace the natural human lens,  typically following cataract removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "12326",
      "display": "Lensometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to measure the optical characteristics of lenses (e.g. spherical power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, prismatic power, lens diameter). The instruments measure how the light is refracted as it passes through the lens. Lensometers can be manual or automatic. Lensometers are used mainly to determine whether the lens characteristics and the prescription match."
    },
    {
      "code": "24555",
      "display": "Lensometers, Automated",
      "definition": "Lensometers designed for the automated measurement of the optical characteristics of spectacle and/or contact lenses (e.g. spherical power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, prismatic power, lens diameter). The instruments consist mainly of light sources, a lens mount, microprocessor, camera imaging devices, and a display. They use an imaging camera to capture the patterns of light projected from the lens and analyze the result automatically. Automated lensometers are used mainly to determine whether the lens characteristics and the prescription match."
    },
    {
      "code": "24554",
      "display": "Lensometers, Manual",
      "definition": "Lensometers designed for the manual measurement of the optical characteristics of spectacle and/or contact lenses (e.g. spherical power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, prismatic power, lens diameter). Manual lensometers are microscope-like devices that mainly consist of an eyepiece, lens platform, power dial, axis wheel, and marking device control. The instruments measure how the light is refracted as it passes through the lens.  Manual lensometers are used mainly to determine whether the lens characteristics and the prescription match."
    },
    {
      "code": "17552",
      "display": "Lice Combs",
      "definition": "Combs that are used to locate and remove lice and their eggs from hair. These combs are typically fine-toothed and made of plastic or metal, and may be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "26625",
      "display": "Lice Treatment Kits",
      "definition": "Pre-packaged kits with several components designed to kill and remove lice and their eggs from the user's hair. Most kits include a shampoo treatment and a very fine-toothed comb, some also include a foam or gel solution to use with the comb and an upholstery spray. The shampoo is used first to wash the infested person's hair and scalp. The shampoo is intended to kill the lice and their eggs with pesticides or by smothering them. Then the comb (sometimes with the addition a gel or foam applied to the scalp) is used to comb the hair and scalp physically removing the lice and their eggs. A spray may also be applied to linens and upholstery to kill any lice and eggs on pillows, hats, car seats, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "12329",
      "display": "Lifts",
      "definition": "Mechanical devices designed for hoisting or lowering objects or persons from one place to another that is at a different height. Most specialized lifts in healthcare facilities and homes are used to transfer disabled persons and/or to permit them to overcome vertical barriers, typically limited to a difference of about 6 m (20 feet); some are used to get to and from motor vehicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "15941",
      "display": "Lifts, Equipment/Supply",
      "definition": "Lifts designed to vertically transfer equipment, apparatus, and supplies. Materiel lifts may consist of devices of different configurations according to the load to be transferred, such as cages or platforms, and their hoisting machinery. Equipment and supply lifts are used in healthcare facilities to transfer supplies in warehouses, engineering departments, pharmacies, food supplies, and other clinical and/or service departments; they are not appropriate for transporting people."
    },
    {
      "code": "15154",
      "display": "Lifts, Mortuary",
      "definition": "Lifts designed to hold up and transfer a corpse safely and with minimal physical effort. These lifts are available in a variety of configurations (e.g., suspended trays, fork type, scissors type); they are either mechanic, hydraulic, or electrically powered (from the line or from a battery). Mortuary lifts are used to transfer corpses to and from stretchers, autopsy tables, cadaver racks, and refrigerators."
    },
    {
      "code": "12330",
      "display": "Lifts, Patient Transfer",
      "definition": "Lifts designed for hoisting and transferring a patient safely and with minimal physical effort. These lifts consist of a C-shaped or U-shaped support base usually including casters, a vertical mast, a pivoting boom, a swivel bar, a seat (sling or rigid), and the lifting mechanism; they are manually, electrically, or battery operated using hydraulic or screw jack lifting mechanisms.  Patient lifts are frequently used to transfer patients (e.g., to and from a wheelchair, toilet, or bathtub), reducing the risk of injury to those assisting with the transfer (typically only one person) and of patient drop. Some patient transfer lifts are mounted on tracks to permit patient transfers between rooms or different vertical levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "41544",
      "display": "Lifts, Patient Transfer, Mobile",
      "definition": "Patient transfer lifts designed to hoist and transfer patients and that are freestanding and can be moved between locations. They typically consist of a movable C-shaped or U-shaped support base usually including casters, a vertical mast, a pivoting boom, a swivel bar, a seat (sling or rigid), and the lifting mechanism. These lifts are manually, electrically, or battery operated using hydraulic or screw jack lifting mechanisms. Most models are also equipped with caster brakes to prevent the base from moving during the lifting process."
    },
    {
      "code": "41545",
      "display": "Lifts, Patient Transfer, Mobile, Bath",
      "definition": "Mobile patient transfer lifts designed to hoist and transfer patients to a bathtub. These lifts are made with materials that are resistant to water damage. Some units can be used to lower and raise patients in and out of the bathtub. The units may have removable headrest and backrests. These lifts can also be used for showering, toileting, and other hygiene purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "19015",
      "display": "Lifts, Patient Transfer, Overhead Track",
      "definition": "Patient transfer lifts that consist of a permanently mounted overhead track supporting a suspended seat (sling or rigid). These lifts include the following: a track usually mounted on the ceiling, but that may be wall-mounted or freestanding; a mounting system that attaches the track to the ceiling; a console containing the motor and pulleys; a suspension system including the seat; and a control box for lift movement regulation. Track-mounted patient transfer lifts are mostly used to move patients between rooms (e.g., bathrooms, x-ray cabinets) in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41155",
      "display": "Lifts, Patient Transfer, Platform/Floor",
      "definition": "Patient transfer lifts that include a horizontal platform that is placed on the floor to raise a patient from the floor to standing or sitting position. These units are usually mobile and battery powered."
    },
    {
      "code": "17818",
      "display": "Lifts, Patient Transfer, Stairway",
      "definition": "Patient transfer lifts designed to carry people along a staircase; they typically consist of a permanently mounted track attached to the wall that runs along the stairway and supports a rigid chair. These lifts include the following: a wall track usually made of aluminum, a mounting system that attaches the track to the wall (sometimes free standing on specially designed supports), an electric motor or hydraulic mechanism, a seat, and a control box for lift movement regulation. Some models fold against the wall leaving the stairway clear for pedestrian use. Stairway lifts are usually installed in existing stairways with minimum modifications; they are mostly used at home, but may be installed in public-use facilities such as schools, libraries, or hospitals."
    },
    {
      "code": "23737",
      "display": "Lifts, Patient Transfer, Swimming Pool",
      "definition": "Patient transfer lifts designed to carry patients in/out of a swimming pool in a sitting and/or recumbent position. These lifts typically consist of a pole rigidly mounted on a support close to the edge of a swimming pool, a powered (e.g., electric motors, hydraulic) mechanism including a swivel arm with a chair (may be interchangeable with a sling) attached at its free end, and controls for movement regulation. Swimming pool patient transfer lifts are mainly used for physical therapy and rehabilitation procedures; they may be installed in existing pools at home and/or in public-use facilities such as hospitals or schools."
    },
    {
      "code": "23718",
      "display": "Lifts, Unoccupied Wheelchair/Scooter, Motor Vehicle",
      "definition": "Lifts designed for manual and/or automated lifting of a wheelchair or scooter that does not contain a passenger (i.e., unoccupied/empty) inside or to the exterior of a motor vehicle. These lifts may consist of a manual or power-operated mechanism. Automated lift mechanisms may be capable of folding the wheelchair (for manual and foldable wheelchairs), sometimes locking it in an enclosure and then lifting. Motor vehicle wheelchair lifts operate by lifting and attaching the wheelchair into the vehicle (e.g., into the trunk) or externally at the rear (e.g., for powered wheelchairs or scooters), or on the roof of the vehicle (for foldable wheelchairs); the lifts make possible or facilitate the transportation of nonoccupied wheelchairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18065",
      "display": "Lifts, Waste/Laundry Cart",
      "definition": "Lifts designed to carry and transport carts filled with trash, laundry, or other hospital loads from one place to another of different heights. Most of these lifts can also tip/turn carts to dump their contents into large bins, incinerators, or compactors, raising the cart out and over the receiving bins. Waste/laundry lifts are used to move hospital materials with minimum human effort, avoiding contact of content by hospital personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "17819",
      "display": "Lifts, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Lifts designed to move a person in a wheelchair to a different height level. Wheelchair lifts are used to permit disabled persons to overcome vertical barriers. Wheelchair lifts are used in places such as hospitals, homes, offices, and stores; they may be designed for vertical movement or to carry persons along a stairway. Special wheelchair lifts are used to get to and from motor vehicles or carry a person along a staircase."
    },
    {
      "code": "17817",
      "display": "Lifts, Wheelchair, Stairway",
      "definition": "Wheelchair lifts designed to carry person in a wheelchair along a staircase. These lifts typically include a track (either wall-mounted or free-standing in specially designed supports) that runs along the stairway and a platform attached to the track onto which the patient wheels the wheelchair. Some models fold against the wall, leaving the stairway clear for pedestrian use. Stairway lifts are usually installed in existing stairways with minimum modifications; they may be used at home or in public places such as schools, libraries, and hospitals."
    },
    {
      "code": "12331",
      "display": "Lifts, Wheelchair, Vertical",
      "definition": "Wheelchair lifts designed to provide a means of vertical access for people  with physical disabilities. Most of these lifts consist of a platform onto which the patient wheels the wheelchair, using controls to go up or down; some lifts are capable of lifting the wheelchair, its occupant, and an attendant. Wheelchair lifts are used in places such as hospitals, homes, offices, and stores; some are specially designed for vehicle access."
    },
    {
      "code": "17816",
      "display": "Lifts, Wheelchair, Vertical, Motor Vehicle",
      "definition": "Wheelchair lifts designed to  move a wheelchair-bound person between ground level outside a motor vehicle and within the vehicle. Most of these lifts consist of a platform onto which the patient wheels the wheelchair; then the platform is used to raise the wheelchair into the vehicle. Other lifts include a powered arm mounted in the vehicle that is attached to the wheelchair to raise it. These lifts use electric or hydraulic power; some may be operated using the vehicle battery. Most motor-vehicle wheelchair lifts are permanently mounted in the vehicle."
    },
    {
      "code": "23851",
      "display": "Ligament/Tendon Implants",
      "definition": "Implants intended for reconstruction and/or replacement of fibrous bands of tissue connecting bones and/or supporting internal organs (i.e., ligaments) or connecting bones to muscles (i.e., tendons). These implants may consist of biological autografts or allografts usually taken from cadaver donors (e.g., quadriceps, Achilles or patellar tendons) or made of synthetic polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, carbon fibers, or silicone elastomers."
    },
    {
      "code": "12335",
      "display": "Ligators, Hemorrhoid",
      "definition": "Devices designed to cut off blood flow to hemorrhoidal tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "12340",
      "display": "Light Sources",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide light illumination in an area distant from the device output port. These devices typically consist of a lamp fixture that may include a variety of light sources [e.g., , xenon, halogen, incandescent light emitting diodes (LEDs)] and a delivery system such as a fiberoptic cable; some battery-powered light sources may be attached to the proximal end of instruments (e.g., endoscopes) that include optical transmission capabilities. Light sources are mainly used in endoscopic and microscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "36170",
      "display": "Light Sources, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of an endoscope. These devices may consist of a lamp fixture that include one of a variety of light sources [e.g., , xenon, halogen, incandescent, light emitting diodes (LED)], and a delivery system such as a fiberoptic cable; dedicated adapters are frequently necessary for particular types of endoscopes. Some battery-powered light sources may be directly attached to the proximal end of the endoscopes without using cables. Endoscope light sources are used in endoscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "36172",
      "display": "Light Sources, Endoscope, Direct Attachment",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of an endoscope that can be directly attached to the proximal end of the endoscope without using cables. These devices consist of a battery-powered lamp fixture that typically include light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources; dedicated adapters may be necessary for particular types of endoscopes. Direct attachment endoscope light sources are used in endoscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "41557",
      "display": "Light Sources, Endoscope, Direct Attachment, Stroboscopic",
      "definition": "Direct attachment endoscope light sources that produce flashes of illumination. These stroboscopic light sources are usually used to view vocal cords and to aid in analyzing vocal fold structure and motion."
    },
    {
      "code": "36171",
      "display": "Light Sources, Endoscope, Fiberoptic Cable",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of an endoscope by delivering light through a fiberoptic cable attached to the proximal end of the endoscope. These devices consist of a lamp fixture that include one of a variety of light sources [e.g., xenon, halogen, incandescent, light emitting diodes (LED)] and a detachable fiberoptic cable; dedicated adapters are frequently necessary for particular types of endoscopes. Fiberoptic cable endoscope light sources are used in endoscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "40913",
      "display": "Light Sources, Endoscopic, Fiberoptic Cable, Stroboscopic",
      "definition": "Fiberoptic cable endoscope light sources that produce flashes of illumination. These stroboscopic light sources are usually used to view vocal cords and to aid in analyzing vocal fold structure and motion. They may incorporate a microphone that is used to synchronize or asynchronize the frequency of the light flashes with the patient's vocal folds vibrations. Some of these stroboscopic light sources can also function as a continuous light source.  These devices are commonly used as part of a video system for fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) or speech pathology assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "12345",
      "display": "Light Sources, Fiberoptic (Retired)",
      "definition": "Instruments that provide light for viewing surgical fields and body cavities when using rigid and flexible endoscopes (e.g., laparoscopes, gastroscopes) or other surgical accessories (e.g., retractors).  They are intended to provide light for diagnostic observation and surgical procedures while minimizing tissue heating.  Light sources eliminate the added size, weight, and cost that would be incurred if the source were incorporated in each instrument.  Fiberoptic light sources are independent projectors to which flexible and rigid endoscopes can be attached using a flexible fiberoptic cable.  Also called endoscopic light sources, projectors, illuminators."
    },
    {
      "code": "36173",
      "display": "Light Sources, Flexible Endoscope, Direct Attachment",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of a flexible endoscope that can be directly attached to the proximal end of the endoscope without using cables. These devices consist of a battery-powered lamp fixture that typically include light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources; dedicated adapters may be necessary for particular types of flexible endoscopes. Direct attachment flexible endoscope light sources are used in endoscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12343",
      "display": "Light Sources, Flexible Endoscope, Fiberoptic Cable",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of a flexible endoscope by delivering light through a fiberoptic cable attached to the proximal end of the endoscope. These devices consist of a lamp fixture that include one of a variety of light sources [e.g., xenon, halogen, incandescent, light emitting diodes (LED)] and a fiberoptic cable; dedicated adapters are frequently necessary for particular types of flexible endoscopes. Fiberoptic cable flexible endoscope light sources are used in endoscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "16438",
      "display": "Light Sources, Microscope",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide illumination during microscopic procedures. These devices typically consist of a lamp fixture that may include one of a variety of light sources (e.g., xenon, halogen, incandescent, light emitting diodes [LEDs]), controls for light intensity and time, and light delivery systems that may include flexible fiberoptic cables and/or a set of lenses and mirrors. Microscope light sources are available in several configurations according to the configuration and intended use of the microscope, such as clinical laboratories (e.g., sample preparation, dissection), examination rooms (e.g., dermatology, foot care), and operating rooms (e.g., dental and neurologic microsurgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12346",
      "display": "Light Sources, Photographic Camera, Flash",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide high intensity light typically during very short periods of time (i.e., a flash, typically in the order of a few milliseconds). These devices typically consist of a portable unit that includes a light fixture [e.g., incandescent bulb, light emitting diode (LED)], a battery, and a switch. Flash light sources are frequently attached to a photographic camera allowing the flash to be triggered and synchronized by the camera obturator.  Flashlights are used to make possible taking photographic pictures in dark environmental conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "36175",
      "display": "Light Sources, Rigid Endoscope, Direct Attachment",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of a rigid endoscope that can be directly attached to the proximal end of the endoscope without using cables. These devices consist of a battery-powered lamp fixture that typically include light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources; dedicated adapters may be necessary for particular types of rigid endoscopes. Direct attachment rigid endoscope light sources are used in endoscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "36174",
      "display": "Light Sources, Rigid Endoscope, Fiberoptic Cable",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of a rigid endoscope by delivering light through a fiberoptic cable attached to the proximal end of the endoscope. These devices consist of a lamp fixture that include one of a variety of light sources [e.g., xenon, halogen, incandescent, light emitting diodes (LED)] and a fiberoptic cable; dedicated adapters are frequently necessary for particular types of rigid endoscopes. Fiberoptic cable rigid endoscope light sources are used in endoscopic procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "16831",
      "display": "Light Sources, Rigid Endoscope/Multipurpose, Fiberoptic Cable",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of a rigid endoscope (e.g., laparoscopes) and/or to other devices by delivering light through a fiberoptic cable attached to the proximal end of the device. These light sources usually consist of a lamp fixture that include one of a variety of light sources [e.g., xenon, halogen, incandescent, light emitting diodes (LED)] and a detachable fiberoptic cable; dedicated adapters are frequently necessary for particular types of rigid endoscopes or other devices. Rigid Endoscope/multipurpose, light sources are used in endoscopic or intracavitary procedures performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "36176",
      "display": "Light Sources, Rigid Endoscope/Multipurpose, Handheld Instrument, Direct Attachment",
      "definition": "Light sources designed to provide light illumination at the distal end of a handheld instrument that can be directly attached to the proximal end of the instrument without using cables. These devices consist of a battery-powered lamp fixture that typically include light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources; dedicated adapters may be necessary for particular types of instruments. Direct attachment handheld instrument light sources are mainly used intracavitary procedures (e.g., through a speculum) performed for diagnosis, therapy, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12347",
      "display": "Lights",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide illumination and/or radiant energy. Lights usually convert electrical power into emitted radiation, typically in a wavelength range that may include the infrared, visible, and/or ultraviolet spectrum. Lights used for illumination emit light mainly in the visible spectrum (i.e., the part of the wavelength range that is visible to the human eye); some infrared and ultraviolet lamps may be also used for examination. These devices include high intensity lights used in healthcare for examination and diagnostic procedures; infrared and ultraviolet lights are mainly used for other purposes (e.g., heating and germicidal use, respectively). Lights intended for therapeutic use are usually known as phototherapy units and are not included in this category.  Lights are available in stand-alone, wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted, and portable/handheld configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16386",
      "display": "Lights, Dental Resin Polymerization",
      "definition": "Dental lights designed to accelerate the polymerization process of light-cured dental resin-based composites. These lights typically have a powerful emission of visible light and a small emission in the ultraviolet light A spectrum (UV-A 320-400mm); polymerization is usually accomplished by the emission of specific wavelengths keyed to the initiator and catalyst packages involved. Intraoral polymerization dental resin lights used in dental procedures performed directly on the mouth of the patient and lights intended for curing resin composites in dental laboratories are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33276",
      "display": "Lights, Dental Resin Polymerization, Intraoral",
      "definition": "Dental lights designed to accelerate the polymerization process of light-cured dental resin-based composites filling already placed on teeth. These lights typically have a powerful emission of visible light and a small emission in the ultraviolet light A spectrum (UV-A 320-400mm); polymerization is usually accomplished by the emission of specific wavelengths keyed to the initiator and catalyst packages involved. Intraoral polymerization dental resin lights are used in dental procedures (e.g., filling) performed directly on the mouth of the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "33277",
      "display": "Lights, Dental Resin Polymerization, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Dental lights used for polymerization of light-cure resin-based composites in dental laboratories. These lights may be used on several different materials that are curable by light. The light used falls under the visible blue light spectrum and is delivered over a range of wavelengths. There are different types of polymerization dental curing lights, such as halogen, light-emitting diodes (LED), plasma-arc curing (PAC), and laser, but the two main sources of dental curing lights are halogen and LED."
    },
    {
      "code": "36156",
      "display": "Lights, Emergency, Vehicle",
      "definition": "Lights intended to be attached to emergency vehicles to alert other vehicles and pedestrians to the presence of the emergency vehicle.  These lights can be supplied as a single light or multiple lights (light bars) and are available in various colors, such as red, blue, amber, white. The lights may have several display modes and/or settings, including but not limited to spinning, flashing, steady burn."
    },
    {
      "code": "12276",
      "display": "Lights, Examination",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide intensely focused light directly on the area where the examination is being performed. These lights are intended to emit their useful radiation mainly in the visible spectra; some dedicated examination lights may work in the infrared or ultraviolet spectra. Incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, as well as LED (i.e., light emitting diodes) lights are available. Examination lights are available in stand-alone, wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted, and portable/handheld configurations. Examination lights are used in dental and physician offices for patient examinations; they may also be used during minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15866",
      "display": "Lights, Examination, Ceiling-Mounted",
      "definition": "Examination lights that are fixed to the ceiling. The light fixtures typically have highly flexible and adjustable arms allowing for movement and placement of the light head in the precise position needed. Ceiling-mounted examination lights are typically used in dental and medical offices for patient examinations; they may also be used during minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12352",
      "display": "Lights, Examination, Dental/Intraoral",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide intense focused light directly on intraoral areas.  These lights are typically LED lights (i.e., light emitting diodes) and halogen lights which greatly improve visibility for healthcare staff, including dentists, hygienists, and oral surgeons to see inside the mouth and pinpoint desired subject areas. Some dental examination lights may have a high-contrast filter for oral exam beyond normal visualization capabilities. These intraoral examination lights are typically used during dental treatment, clinical consultation, and minor emergency surgery. They are available in stand-alone, wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted, and portable configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33257",
      "display": "Lights, Examination, Stand-Alone",
      "definition": "Examination lights that are mounted on stand-alone fixtures (e.g., lamps). The light fixtures typically have highly flexible and adjustable arms allowing the movement and placement of the light head in the precise position needed.  Stand-alone examination lights with small wheels to facilitate placement around the room are also available. Stand-alone examination lights are typically used in dental and medical offices for patient examination; they may also be used during minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12283",
      "display": "Lights, Examination, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide radiation mainly in the 100 to 380 nm wavelength range on the area being examined. These ultraviolet (UV) lights typically consist of low-pressure mercury vapor tubes that emit radiations that are invisible to the naked eye; however, when they are emitted from an ultraviolet lamp and directed at the surface of the examined area they are often transformed into visible colors. Most UV examination lights include an optically ground and polished magnifier lens to provide a clearer viewing area. Ultraviolet examination lights are used for observing and diagnosing diseases and injuries to the skin and eye including detection of corneal scratches, foreign bodies, blocked tear ducts, head lice, and fungal and/or bacterial infections. They are used in medical offices, emergency rooms, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33260",
      "display": "Lights, Examination, Ultraviolet, Portable/Handheld",
      "definition": "Ultraviolet lights designed to be carried around easily without the need of a fixture to provide radiation mainly in the 100 to 380 nm wavelength range on the examined area; they are small and light enough to be handheld. These ultraviolet (UV) lights are invisible to the naked eye; however, when they are emitted from an ultraviolet lamp and directed at the surface of the examined area they are often transformed into visible colors. Most UV examination lights may include an optically ground and polished magnifier lens to provide a clearer viewing area. Portable/handheld ultraviolet examination lights are used for observing and diagnosing diseases and injuries to the skin and eye including detection of corneal scratches, foreign bodies, blocked tear ducts, head lice, and fungal and/or bacterial infections. They are used in medical offices, emergency rooms, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33261",
      "display": "Lights, Examination, Visible/Infrared, Newborn",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide both visible and infrared light radiation that are mounted in the same fixture (e.g., a stand-alone lamp), but with separate switches to control each light. The infrared light, with a wavelength longer than visible light, emits radiation that is invisible to the naked eye, but provides heat used for keeping newborn/premature babies warm during examination procedures. The visible light is used to provide focused light directly on the area where the examination is being performed."
    },
    {
      "code": "33256",
      "display": "Lights, Examination, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "Examination lights that are mounted to the wall. The light fixtures typically have highly flexible and adjustable arms allowing the movement and placement of the light head in the precise position needed.  Wall-mounted examination lights are typically used in dental and medical offices for patient examination; they may also be used during minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12284",
      "display": "Lights, Germicidal, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Ultraviolet (UV) lights designed to kill airborne microorganisms, reducing their concentration in closed environments. These lights usually consist of bulbs or tubes similar in appearance to standard fluorescent tubes used for illumination. UV germicidal lights are very effective in destroying the DNA of microorganisms, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions. They are intended to eliminate and or prevent the spread of microorganisms in the air, on surfaces, and in water.  Germicidal ultraviolet lamps are available in different sizes, shapes, and configurations (e.g., freestanding, tabletop, wall-mounted, duct-mounted, ceiling-mounted, portable)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33271",
      "display": "Lights, Illumination",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide general illumination on a surface to facilitate tasks such as reading. Illumination lights convert electric power into emitted radiation typically in a wavelength range that includes the visible spectrum. These lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), halogen, light-emitting diodes (LED), fluorescent tubes (e.g., straight and circular), and light-emitting diodes (LED). Illumination lights are available mounted in fixtures (e.g., lamps) of a wide range of shapes and sizes that may be in ceiling-mounted, stand-alone, wall-mounted, tabletop, and overbed configurations. Illumination lights are widely used in household and healthcare facilities as well as for portable lighting (e.g., flashlights). They can enhance task performance and/or help achieve esthetic or psychological effects."
    },
    {
      "code": "33272",
      "display": "Lights, Illumination, Ceiling-Mounted",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide general illumination on a surface to facilitate different tasks (e.g., reading) and are mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the ceiling. These lights convert electric power into emitted radiation, typically in a wavelength range that includes the visible spectrum. These lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), halogen, light-emitting diodes (LED), and fluorescent tubes (e.g., straight and circular)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16606",
      "display": "Lights, Illumination, High-Intensity, Spotlight",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide intense, structured illumination on a surface or restricted area. These illumination lights convert electric power into emitted radiation typically in a wavelength range that includes the visible spectrum. These lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), and light-emitting diodes (LED). They are available mounted in fixtures of a wide range of shapes and sizes in ceiling-mounted, stand-alone, wall-mounted, and handheld (i.e., portable) configurations; some have a fully articulating head that may be aimed precisely at the target. High-intensity illumination spotlights can be used for inspections in large areas and/or for long distance imaging applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "15660",
      "display": "Lights, Illumination, Overbed",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination on the surface of a patient bed. These illumination lights convert electric power into emitted radiation mainly in the visible spectrum. Overbed lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED), fluorescent tubes, and/or LED ropes. The lights are typically several feet in length, providing uniform light over the entire head of the bed; they can also provide direct and indirect lighting options that allow the lights to be centered directly over any part of the patient's bed. The light fixtures typically have durable and resistant clear polycarbonate or translucent polycarbonate covers to provide the most appropriate lighting. These lights can typically provide several different light intensities appropriate to shine against the wall to create a soft room light and to read."
    },
    {
      "code": "33274",
      "display": "Lights, Illumination, Stand-Alone",
      "definition": "Lights that are mounted on stand-alone fixtures (e.g., lamps) and are designed to provide illumination on surfaces. These illumination lights convert electric power into emitted radiation, typically in a wavelength range that includes the visible spectrum. Incandescent, fluorescent, as well as LED (i.e., light emitting diodes) lights are available. The light fixtures may have highly flexible and adjustable arms which allows the light head to be placed in the exact ideal position. They are available in a wide range of shapes and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33275",
      "display": "Lights, Illumination, Tabletop",
      "definition": "Lights mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) that are designed to be placed on a table/bench to illuminate a surface, in order to facilitate different tasks such as reading. These illumination lights convert electric power into emitted radiation, typically in a wavelength range that includes the visible spectrum. Incandescent, fluorescent, as well as LED (i.e., light emitting diodes) lights are available. The light fixtures may have highly flexible and adjustable arms which allows the lamp to be placed in the exact ideal position."
    },
    {
      "code": "33273",
      "display": "Lights, Illumination, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide general illumination on a surface to facilitate different tasks (e.g., reading) and are mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the wall. These illumination lights convert electric power into emitted radiation, typically in a wavelength range that includes the visible spectrum. These lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED)."
    },
    {
      "code": "29197",
      "display": "Lights, Photographic Station",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the working board of a photographic station. These lights should provide a level of illumination according to the application (e.g., pathology laboratory); the lights frequently provide steady illumination (e.g., incandescent bulbs, LEDs) or high-frequency fluorescent light to avoid flickering. Xenon lamps are also used to provide illumination for flash photography (e.g., for moving objects). Most photographic lights are mounted on a frame that allows vertical and horizontal movement and/or also variations in the angle related to the photographic board of the light fixtures (i.e., lamps). Photographic station lights usually are capable of providing one or more of the illumination types needed, including top-light, back-light, and shadow-less; lights with special attachments (e.g., dark field and/or filters) may provide dark-field and polarized illumination."
    },
    {
      "code": "12282",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site for a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various heights and angles needed during surgery. Surgical lights provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. These lights use bulbs (e.g., incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp [CFL], halogen, light-emitting diodes [LED]) and are available mounted in fixtures (e.g., lamps) of several shapes and sizes. They may be ceiling-mounted, stand-alone or wall-mounted."
    },
    {
      "code": "33268",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Ceiling-Mounted",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that are mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the ceiling. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery. These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. They provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. Ceiling-mounted surgical lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED). Single-head as well as multiple-head ceiling-mounted lights are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33270",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Ceiling-Mounted, Multiple-Head",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that have multiple-head lights mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the ceiling. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery. These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. They provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. Ceiling-mounted surgical lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33269",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Ceiling-Mounted, Single-Head",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that have one single-head light mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the ceiling. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery. These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. They provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. Ceiling-mounted surgical lights are available in several shapes and sizes and use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33265",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Stand-Alone",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that are mounted on stand-alone fixtures for moving easily on any type of floor surface. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery. These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. These surgical lights provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. Single-head as well as multiple-head stand-alone lights are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33267",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Stand-Alone, Multiple-Head",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that have multiple-head lights mounted on stand-alone fixtures for moving easily on any type of floor surface. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery. These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. These surgical lights provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion."
    },
    {
      "code": "33266",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Stand-Alone, Single-Head",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that have one single-head light mounted on stand-alone fixtures for moving easily on any type of floor surface. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery. These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. These surgical lights provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion."
    },
    {
      "code": "33262",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that are mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the wall. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery. These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. They provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. Wall-mounted surgical lights are available in several shapes and sizes and can use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED). Single-head as well as multiple-head wall-mounted lights are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33264",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Wall-Mounted, Multiple-Head",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that have multiple-head lights mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the wall. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery.  These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. Surgical lights provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. Wall-mounted surgical lights are available in several shapes and sizes and can use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33263",
      "display": "Lights, Surgical, Wall-Mounted, Single-Head",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination to the surgical site that have a single-head light mounted on fixtures (e.g., lamps) fixed to the wall. These units typically have counterbalanced arms that are free to rotate continuously at every joint to satisfy various needed height and angles during surgery.  These lights offer a good illumination over a prolonged period of time on a flat and narrow surface and/or in a deep surgical cavity to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure. Surgical lights provide high-intensity illumination while reducing shadows and producing minimal color distortion. Wall-mounted surgical lights are available in several shapes and sizes and can use various types of bulbs such as incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), halogen, and light-emitting diodes (LED)."
    },
    {
      "code": "39870",
      "display": "Lingual Buttons",
      "definition": "Low profile attachments designed to be welded or bonded to the lingual side of teeth; the attachments are a small circular head connected to a curved or flat base by a short post. The buttons act as anchor points for orthodontic elastic bands, elastic treads, or wires. They are usually made of plastic or metal."
    },
    {
      "code": "12374",
      "display": "Lingual Palatal Bars",
      "definition": "Major partial denture connectors extended to cover the cingula of the lower anterior teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "23693",
      "display": "Liquid Nitrogen Container Transfer Connectors",
      "definition": "Connectors designed to withdraw liquid nitrogen from vessels containing the cryogenic liquid (e.g., Dewar flasks). These connectors can regulate the pressure and the flow of the liquid nitrogen (e.g., up to 8 or 10 liters/minute); they may be attached to Dewar flasks of several different capacities (e.g., 25, 50 liter) following appropriate procedures for the connection; the content of the Dewar flask usually may be replenished without removing the connector. Liquid nitrogen container transfer connectors are mainly used for safe transference of the liquid to other devices such as a different cryogenic container."
    },
    {
      "code": "16535",
      "display": "Liquid Nitrogen Containers",
      "definition": "Containers designed for temporary storage of liquid nitrogen prior to its distribution and use. These containers usually consist of a large capacity (e.g., 10, 100 liter) double vessel bulk tank; an insulated inner vessel for containing the liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196 degrees C (-210 degrees F) and an outer vessel for protection. Vacuum in the space between both vessels provides insulation to the liquid nitrogen from the environmental temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "34869",
      "display": "Liquid Nitrogen Sterilization Equipment",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to sterilize liquid nitrogen used in the preservation of tissue (e.g., embryos). This equipment consist of a computerized unit that delivers ultraviolet radiation to kill micro-organisms capable of living at the temperature of boiling nitrogen  using minimum radiation during a short time. The equipment is available in several configurations with appropriate adapters for use in the sterilization of liquid nitrogen with living samples in a Dewar flask,  small and large baths, and canisters; some equipment is designed for use in empty Dewar flasks and containers. Liquid nitrogen sterilization equipment is used in Invitro fertilization clinics and in other cryopreservation laboratories that expose the samples to direct contact with the liquid nitrogen."
    },
    {
      "code": "16536",
      "display": "Liquid Oxygen Containers",
      "definition": "Containers designed for temporary storage of liquid oxygen (LOX) prior to its distribution and use. These containers usually consist of a large capacity (e.g., 10, 100 liter) double vessel bulk tank; an insulated inner vessel for containing the liquid oxygen at a temperature of -183 degrees C (-297 degrees F) and an outer vessel for protection. Vacuum in the space between both vessels provides insulation to the liquid oxygen from the environment temperature; the container should include a vent line for slow release of the gas from the slowly boiling liquid oxygen due to the higher room temperature, especially when the container is not used for a long period of time. Liquid oxygen containers are used in supply centers and in most large healthcare facilities before  distribution of oxygen either as liquid or gas; some smaller containers are used at home to fill the canisters of portable oxygen delivery units."
    },
    {
      "code": "16853",
      "display": "Liquid Oxygen Units, Individual",
      "definition": "Oxygen delivery units designed to supply oxygen to an individual patient. These units may consist of a pressurized oxygen gas canister, a regulator, and appropriate means to supply oxygen to the user (e.g., cannulae). Units using liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxygen source consist of a container in which the lower reservoir contains LOX, a warming coil where the liquid oxygen is converted into gas, and a smaller upper reservoir where the oxygen gas is stored. A valve that regulates the flow of gaseous oxygen to the patient from the upper reservoir of the container due to the pressure gradient between the oxygen gas and the atmosphere is also needed. When the upper reservoir falls below a certain pressure, additional liquid oxygen is drawn up from the lower reservoir of the container, providing a constant flow to the patient. The use of LOX reduces the volume and weight of portable oxygen delivery units, facilitating its use by ambulatory patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "16807",
      "display": "Liquid-Dispensing Systems, Pharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Devices designed to dispense liquids by combining several liquid components in a given ratio from a set of source containers into a final product container. These compounders are frequently automated or semiautomated devices that include a set of standardized source containers each attached with plastic tubes to the compounding device. The output of the compounding device is, in turn, attached to the final liquid container; the compounder may also include a control panel to facilitate the manual or bar-coded introduction of mixing and/or checking instructions. Compounders are mainly used in hospital and/or other healthcare facilities to dispense drugs according to specific medical prescriptions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34207",
      "display": "Lithography Systems, Electron Beam",
      "definition": "Systems designed for transferring a pattern onto the surface of a substrate by first scanning a thin layer of organic film (called resist) on the surface by a tightly focused and precisely controlled electron beam (exposure) and then selectively removing the exposed or nonexposed regions of the resist in a solvent (developing). A typical electron beam lithography system consists of the following parts: (1) an electron gun or electron source that supplies the electrons; (2) an electron column that shapes and focuses the electron beam; (3) a mechanical stage that positions the substrate wafer under the electron beam; (4) a wafer handling system that automatically feeds wafers to the system and unloads them after processing; and (5) a computer system that controls the equipment. These devices can be used to create nanostructures used during studies of membrane mechanics, cell migration and cellular interactions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16228",
      "display": "Lithotripters",
      "definition": "Therapeutic devices used to fragment stones located in the kidney or urinary tract.  Many of these devices can also be used to disintegrate stones located in the gallbladder, bile duct, or pancreatic duct.  Some lithotripters can be used to fragment salivary stones."
    },
    {
      "code": "16758",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Extracorporeal",
      "definition": "Lithotripters that noninvasively disintegrate stones using focused external shock waves. These devices typically consist of a shock-wave generator, an examination/treatment table, an imaging system, and a control console. Shock waves are delivered through a treatment head consisting of an enclosed, water-filled cylinder that protrudes through the treatment table and has a cushion that touches the patient's skin. An ellipsoid or acoustic reflector focuses the shock waves at the stone as the waves travel through the water and the patient's body. Some older units utilize a water bath instead of an examination/treatment table. Extracorporeal lithotripters are intended for the treatment of urolithiasis (i.e., kidney calculi also known as kidney stones); lithotripters of several different technologies, such as those using electromagnetic, piezoelectric, and spark-gap generators are available. Some extracorporeal lithotripters may be used also to destroy gall stones."
    },
    {
      "code": "18415",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Extracorporeal, Electromagnetic",
      "definition": "Lithotripters that noninvasively disintegrate stones using focused external shock waves generated and delivered from electromagnetic generators. These lithotripters typically consist of electromagnetic generators where a magnetic field is produced by an electric current conducted through a coil attached to a thin metallic membrane; when the membrane is repelled by the magnetic field, a shock wave is generated. Extracorporeal electromagnetic lithotripters are intended for the treatment of urolithiasis (i.e., kidney calculi also known as kidney stones)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18416",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Extracorporeal, Piezoelectric",
      "definition": "Lithotripters that noninvasively disintegrate stones using focused external shock waves generated and delivered from piezoelectric generators. These lithotripters typically consist of piezoelectric generators containing an array of several thousand of ceramic elements arranged on a spherical dish; when short, high-voltage pulses are applied to the elements, shock waves are generated at the focal point located at the center of the dish. Extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripters are intended for the treatment of urolithiasis (i.e., kidney calculi also known as kidney stones)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18417",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Extracorporeal, Spark-Gap",
      "definition": "Lithotripters that noninvasively disintegrate stones using focused external shock waves generated and delivered from electrostatic spark discharge (spark-gap) generators. These lithotripters typically consist of electrostatic (spark-gap) generators that produce shock waves when an electrical discharge between two electrodes submerged in water (i.e., electrohydraulic) causes explosive vaporization. Extracorporeal spark-gap lithotripters are intended for the treatment of urolithiasis (i.e., kidney calculi also known as kidney stones). Lithotripters using a variant of this method where the electrodes are submerged in a highly conductive solution rather than in water (known as electroconductive generators) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18418",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Intracorporeal",
      "definition": "Lithotripters used through a percutaneous or transurethral approach to locate, view, fragment, and remove stones. These devices typically include lithotripter probes, nephroscopes, ureteroscopes, and/or ureterorenoscopes, generators, suction pumps, and light sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "16229",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Intracorporeal, Electrohydraulic",
      "definition": "Intracorporeal lithotripters that use plasma-induced shock waves to fracture stones. A generator-powered probe fires energy pulses at the stone, while the probe is irrigated with a saline solution. The collapse of the resulting plasma bubble causes a hydraulic shock that fragments the stone into several pieces that can then be removed using a grasper or stone basket."
    },
    {
      "code": "18248",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Intracorporeal, Impact",
      "definition": "Intracorporeal lithotripters that use a vibrating or oscillating probe to fragment stones.  The probe is placed in direct contact with the stone and the probe vibrations or oscillations cause the stone to fragment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18419",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Intracorporeal, Impact, Electromechanical",
      "definition": "Intracorporeal lithotripters that use a probe containing an oscillating metal end cap driven by an electrohydraulic electrode to fragment stones.  The probe is composed of an electrohydraulic electrode that is irrigated with saline, confined within a spring with a metal end cap and covered with a metal sheath.  The probe is powered by an electrohydraulic generator.  When the probe is discharged, the metal end cap rapidly and repeatedly extends beyond the metal sheath and strikes the stone, causing it to fragment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18420",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Intracorporeal, Impact, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Intracorporeal lithotripters that use a probe driven by compressed air to fragment stones.  The probe oscillates at a typical frequency of 12 cycles per second.  The tip of the probe is placed directly on the stone, and the oscillations cause the stone to fragment."
    },
    {
      "code": "16230",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Intracorporeal, Impact, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Intracorporeal lithotripters that use a probe consisting of an ultrasound transducer and a hollow steel probe.  An external generator powers piezoceramic elements and produces high-frequency (20 to 27 kHz) sound waves.  The transducer converts the sound waves to vibrations that propagate along the hollow probe to a movable impact tip.  The probe is placed in contact with stones and the probe vibrations cause the stones to fragment.  In some units, the probe is connected to a suction pump, which aspirates stone fragments through the probe lumen."
    },
    {
      "code": "17468",
      "display": "Lithotripters, Intracorporeal, Laser",
      "definition": "Intracorporeal lithotripters that use either a crystalline solid or an organic dye solution as their laser medium to produce coherent monochromatic light energy.  The energy is delivered through an optical fiber, which is placed in contact with stones.  The laser energy typically causes stone fragmentation in one of two ways: in some cases, the energy released when the laser is activated produces a plasma bubble that fragments the stone.  In other cases, the laser energy is absorbed by the stone and causes the stone to vaporize and fragment.  The stone fragments usually pass easily through the urinary tract.  Stone fragments are sometimes removed using a stone basket or graspers."
    },
    {
      "code": "12379",
      "display": "Lithotrites",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for the manual mechanical crushing of renal stones (calculi) in the urinary tract and/or bladder. These devices are typically consist handheld manual instruments with a distal end appropriate for grasping and crushing the stones and an attached handle designed to manipulate the instrument and apply the manual force needed to crush the stone. Lithotrites are used, frequently through the working channel of a cystoscope, to crush renal stones until the fragments are small enough to be extracted using irrigation and suctioning devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "40997",
      "display": "Loop Ostomy Support Rods",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be implanted temporarily to stabilize intestinal loop ostomies (i.e., stomas formed by pulling a loop of the intestine outside the abdominal wall). These devices typically consist of a sterile, plastic cylindrical apparatus (i.e., rod). During the loop ostomy procedure, the surgeon places the support rod underneath the loop of intestine pulled through the abdominal wall in order to prevent retraction of the intestinal loop into the abdominal cavity while the junction between the intestinal stoma and peristomal skin heals."
    },
    {
      "code": "15652",
      "display": "Loupes",
      "definition": "Convex lenses for magnifying or for concentrating light upon an object."
    },
    {
      "code": "25585",
      "display": "Loupes, Binocular",
      "definition": "Loupes designed to be worn close to the practitioner's eyes to provide stereo-optic (i.e., binocular) visual magnification of the patient during medical examinations or procedures. Binocular loupes are fitted with two sets of lenses, each as small as 1/2 inches (12.7 mm) or less, that can be attached to headbands or eyeglasses worn by the health practitioner. Adjustable parameters include magnification, optics, working distance, mounting options, and illumination. Optional lights can be added to the binocular loupes. Binocular loupes are used by specialists such as ophthalmologists, surgeons, dermatologists, and dentists."
    },
    {
      "code": "42039",
      "display": "Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Units, Blood-Brain Barrier",
      "definition": "Devices designed to use low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPU) to temporarily disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increase the permeability of the blood vessels in the brain. The device incorporates implantable ultrasound emitters. The emitters are activated by using a transdermal needle connection to an external control unit. The low intensity ultrasound is used in combination with intravenous injection of a microbubble agent. The LIPU vibrates the injected microbubbles in brain micro vessels, which disrupts the tight junctions of the BBB, increases active transport across the BBB, and downregulates active drug efflux transporters. This device is intended to enhance the delivery of chemotherapy other therapeutic agents into brain tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "31224",
      "display": "Low-Melting Alloys",
      "definition": "Alloys with a composition that usually melts at temperatures below the temperature of boiling water (100 degrees Celsius [212 degrees Fahrenheit]) and that are commonly known as low-temperature melting alloys. These alloys include a variety of metal compositions; low-temperature melting alloys can expand up to 3.3% when solidifying from liquid to solid, this property permits its expansion to cover possible holes in casting procedures. An eutectic alloy that melts at 70 degrees Celsius (158 degrees Fahrenheit) and has a composition of 50% bismuth,  26.7% lead, 13.3% tin, and 10% cadmium by weight (known under the names of Wood metal, Lipowitz's alloy, and Cerrobend alloy) is very commonly used in manufacturing radiotherapy block shields. Alloys, not including cadmium, that melt at 95 degrees Celsius (203 degrees Fahrenheit) are also frequently used.  Low-temperature melting alloys are mainly used for healthcare purposes in dedicated molding rooms to manufacture radiotherapy block shields. The molding rooms are frequently located in the healthcare facility that provides the radiotherapy treatment.  The alloys are less frequently used in other healthcare applications (e.g., dentistry)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12401",
      "display": "Lubricating Jellies",
      "definition": "Substances, typically petroleum-based or water-soluble, intended to be applied as a surface film in order to reduce friction between moving parts. For example, these substances are applied to devices such as catheters and thermometers prior to insertion, or to gloved fingers, e.g., for a medical exam."
    },
    {
      "code": "18260",
      "display": "Luminometers",
      "definition": "Filter photometers that use a photomultiplier tube detector with a photon counter to detect and quantify photoelectrons emitted from a chemiluminescence or bioluminescence reaction.  These instruments do not use a light source to excite the substance under analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "27331",
      "display": "Luminometers, Organic Contamination, Adenosine Triphosphates, Portable",
      "definition": "Luminometers designed to measure organic contamination by quantifying adenosine triphosphate (ATP) present on a surface. These luminometers typically consist of a portable and handheld instrument, which includes a very sensitive photomultiplier detector to quantify ATP, a display to show the results, an internal battery, an electronic recorder, and dedicated detachable disposable probes.  After the probe is swabbed on a surface, the ATP present on its tip makes contact with a reagent (e.g., luciferase/luciferin) included in the probe; then light emitted according to the quantity of ATP present is measured by the luminometer. Some luminometers also include dedicated probes to assess ATP under particular conditions such as wet environments or in water samples. Reports of results of the measured data (e.g., records, trends) may be assessed in a standard personal computer using dedicated software usually available with the instrument.  Portable ATP luminometers are mainly used to determine the hygienic status by detecting organic residues on a surface; they are used frequently as part of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "11761",
      "display": "Magnetic Fluxmeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the total magnetic flux and determine the flux intensity (H) and/or magnetic flux density (B) close to the instrument. These devices typically consist of an electronic unit, magnetic field detectors (e.g., induction coils, Hall-effect strips), and a display that shows the value of the magnetic flux intensity (measured in ampere/m and/or oersted) and/or magnetic flux density (measured in tesla and/or gauss). Fluxmeters are used in healthcare facilities for accurate measurement of magnetic fields, frequently to determine if the magnetic field may produce any interference with the operation of a medical device and/or during the evaluation of an appropriate location for new equipment that may be affected by magnetic fields (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging scanners)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33356",
      "display": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Coils",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency (RF) coils designed for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures. These coils typically consist of a number of independent antennas placed on or around the patient; most surface coils are intended for receiving (but some may also transmit) RF signals. MRI coils are different sizes and configurations according to the anatomy to be included in the image. Most MRI systems include a built-in whole body coil. Magnetic resonance imaging coils are usually compatible with only one or a few specific models of MRI equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "24116",
      "display": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Coils, Endorectal",
      "definition": "Endoscopic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils designed for introduction through the rectum to obtain high-resolution imaging of the prostate, colorectal area, and/or cervix. These coils typically consist of isolated independent concentric spirals of conducting rings that resonate at a given radiofrequency; the coils are placed inside a dedicated probe allowing easy insertion. The probe is attached to an external unit for procedure control and contrast media infusion; endorectal coils usually need special interface devices and are compatible only one or a few specific models of MRI systems. Endorectal MRI coils are mostly used in the detection and staging of cancer tumors and other diseases of the imaged regions."
    },
    {
      "code": "33380",
      "display": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Coils, Endoscopic, Esophageal",
      "definition": "Endoscopic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils designed for introduction through the throat and into the esophagus to obtain high-resolution imaging of the esophagus, stomach, and surrounding anatomic structures. These coils typically consist of isolated independent concentric spirals of conducting rings that resonate at radiofrequencies; the coils are placed inside of a dedicated probe allowing easy insertion. The probe is attached to an external unit for procedure control and contrast media infusion; esophageal coils usually need special interface devices for use with particular MRI scanning systems. Esophageal MRI coils usually are compatible with only one or a few specific models of MRI systems. They are mostly used in the detection and staging of cancer tumors and other diseases of the imaged regions."
    },
    {
      "code": "17542",
      "display": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Coils, Surface",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging coils designed for use on the surface of the patient's body during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. These devices typically are RF coils (antennas) in a shape matching the patient's anatomy and mounted in an electrically isolated housing. The coil housing may be either flexible or rigid.  Surface coils are different shapes and sizes for specific anatomical regions (e.g., neck/head, spine, breast, extremity). Some coils may be an integral part of the MRI system (e.g., whole body coil, spine coils). Surface MRI coils are compatible with only one or a few specific MRI models. They are used to detect tissue abnormalities in MRI imaging studies in specific anatomical regions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34353",
      "display": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Simultation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to replicate the conditions that a person will find when having a real magnetic resonance image (MRI) scanning study. These simulators usually consist of replicas of a real scanner, a front panel with a bore for patient entry, a movable patient table, a sound system to reproduce the sounds and vibrations typical of a real MRI scanning study, lights and fans for patient comfort, and a control panel to operate the simulation system. Some systems may include a software intended to provide a realistic simulation of the sounds and noise during a real MRI scanning. SMRI systems are used in healthcare facilities and doctors' offices to prepare people, especially children, the elderly, and psychiatric patients before MRI scanning procedures. The systems do not perform any real MRI scanning or apply any magnetic field."
    },
    {
      "code": "39697",
      "display": "Magnetic Tracer, Lymphatic Mapping",
      "definition": "Injectable tracer material consisting of a suspension of superparamagnetic particles (approximately 60 nM in diameter) designed to allow mapping of lymphatic pathways when used in combination with a detection system based on magnetic susceptibility. Superparamagnetic particles in these lymphatic mapping tracers are designed to flow through lymphatic ducts but become trapped in lymph nodes. Lymphatic mapping magnetic tracers are typically used in sentinel lymph node biopsy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12416",
      "display": "Magnetocardiographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs designed for recording the variations of the biomagnetic field caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle detected externally from the body. The magnetic field is picked up with superconductive coils (or gradiometers) externally from the body and then detected with very sensitive sensors, such as an array of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The SQUIDs are housed in a cryogenic container (known as a Dewar). After enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio the detected signals are amplified and displayed as magnetic field and/or electric current maps. The equipment also includes a computerized unit with dedicated software (a workstation) to process the magnetic signals; magnetocardiographs should be used inside magnetic shielded locations. Magnetocardiographs are mainly used to localize sources of arrhythmia, diagnose fetal cardiac disorders, and screen for ischemic heart diseases; they are not intended for real-time assessment of cardiac conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18332",
      "display": "Magnetoencephalographs",
      "definition": "Encephalographs designed for recording the variations of the very weak biomagnetic fields caused by the electrical activity of the brain detected externally to the body. The magnetic field is typically picked up with superconductive coils (or gradiometers) externally to the body and then detected with very sensitive sensors, such as an array of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The SQUIDs are housed in a cryogenic container (known as a Dewar) that is configured as a helmet and usually filled with liquid helium and where the patient places their head. After enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio the detected signals are amplified and displayed as magnetic field and/or electric current maps. The equipment also includes a computerized unit with dedicated software (a workstation) to process the magnetic signals; magnetocardiographs should be used inside magnetic shielded locations. Magnetoencephalographs are mainly used for accurate localization of areas associated with brain disorders, such as epilepsy and schizophrenia and/or to find tumors; they are not intended for real-time assessment of the brain conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "12417",
      "display": "Magnetometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to detect and measure the magnetic flux strength (scalar magnetometers) and/or also its direction (vector magnetometers) close to the instrument. These devices typically consist of an electronic unit, magnetic field detectors, and a display that shows the value of the magnetic flux level (typically measured in milliweber or maxwell). Magnetometers are used mainly in healthcare facilities to measure weak magnetic fields around medical devices to determine if the magnetic field may produce any interference with the operation of the medical device; the instruments are also used to evaluate an appropriate location for new equipment that may be affected by magnetic fields (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging scanners)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36627",
      "display": "Magnets, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance",
      "definition": "Magnets designed to be used with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy systems. NMR magnets are typically superconducting magnets capable of generating magnetic field strengths between 5 and 23 Tesla, which corresponds to proton NMR frequencies between 200 and 1,000 MHz. In order to function as superconductors, the wires of the electromagnet must be cooled to near absolute zero, and NMR magnets typically include multiple reservoirs (i.e., dewars) for cyrogens (e.g., liquid helium), which serve to cool the magnet wires. High-strength magnets may also incorporate shielding to limit the size of the area affected by the generated magnetic field."
    },
    {
      "code": "15742",
      "display": "Mailers (Retired)",
      "definition": "Containers designed to be used to transport materials via mail services, such as the U.S. Postal Service or other carriers. These containers typically consist of boxes, tubes, or envelopes that provide appropriate protection for fragile materials, insulation to preserve temperature sensitive materials (e.g., clinical samples), and/or special pockets to separate and facilitate the transportation of several objects simultaneously. Mailers are used in health care facilities to send and/or collect clinical (i.e., laboratory) samples, microscope slides, and other sensitive or fragile products. Mailers are available either for single use or reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "12423",
      "display": "Mallets, Bone",
      "definition": "Mallets designed to strike a chisel or other driving or cutting instrument into bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "12429",
      "display": "Mandrels",
      "definition": "Shafts designed to hold a rotating device, such as a grinding wheel, abrasive disk, circular saw, or headstock of a lathe. Also, shafts in handpieces that hold a disk, stone, or cup used for grinding or polishing."
    },
    {
      "code": "23697",
      "display": "Manifolds, Liquid, Chromatography",
      "definition": "Liquid manifolds designed for use in chromatography procedures. These manifolds typically apply a vacuum to perform the procedure; glass, polycarbonate, and acrylic manifolds are available. Chromatography manifolds are intended for high-pressure liquid chromatography procedures; they may be an integral component of the chromatography system or manual devices used while processing clinical samples for solid phase and flash extractions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16387",
      "display": "Manifolds, Stopcock",
      "definition": "Valves designed to control and stop the flow of medical gas or fluids and converge multiple junctions into a single channel or diverge a single channel into multiple junctions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34104",
      "display": "Manikins",
      "definition": "Human anatomic models designed to resemble the whole human body. Manikins consist of an accurate three-dimensional integral or dissectible representation of the body. They may include as components organs (e.g., liver, heart), anatomic systems (e.g., skeletal, nervous, and muscular), and/or other structures (nasal cavities, middle ear) of the human anatomy. Manikins are made of natural (e.g., hair, bones, wood, metals) and or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Manikins are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the anatomy and/or to learn how to manipulate the human body during other activities (e.g., water rescue). They may be used combined with other dedicated devices and/or computerized systems to calibrate or test devices and/or as components of simulators used for training (e.g., particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34106",
      "display": "Manikins, Adult",
      "definition": "Manikins designed to resemble the whole human body of an adult person. Adult manikins consist of an accurate three-dimensional integral or dissectible representation of the body. They may include as components organs (e.g., liver, heart), anatomic systems (e.g., skeletal, nervous, and muscular), and or other structures (nasal cavities, middle ear) of the human anatomy. Manikins are made of natural (e.g., hair, bones, wood, metals) and/or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Manikins intended to simulate the anatomy of male and female adults are available. Adult manikins are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the anatomy and/or to learn how to manipulate the human body during other activities (e.g., water rescue). Adult manikins may be combined with other dedicated devices and/or computerized systems to calibrate or test medical devices, and/or as components of simulators for training (e.g., particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34112",
      "display": "Manikins, Child",
      "definition": "Manikins designed to resemble the whole body of a child. Child manikins consist of an accurate three-dimensional integral or dissectible representation of the child body. They may include as components organs (e.g., liver, heart), anatomic systems (e.g., skeletal, nervous, and muscular), and or other structures (nasal cavities, middle ear) of the child anatomy. Manikins are made of natural (e.g., hair, bones, wood, metals) and or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Children manikins intended to simulate the anatomy of male and female children of different ages are available. Child manikins are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the anatomy of a child and/or to learn how to manipulate the child body during other activities (e.g., water rescue). The manikins may be components of simulators for training in particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "34116",
      "display": "Manikins, Infant",
      "definition": "Manikins designed to resemble the whole human body of an infant. These manikins consist of an accurate three-dimensional integral or dissectible representation of the infant body. They may include as components organs (e.g., liver, heart), anatomic systems (e.g., skeletal, nervous, and muscular), and/or other structures (nasal cavities, middle ear, navel) of the infant anatomy. The manikins are made of natural (e.g., hair, bones, wood, metals) and/ or synthetic (e.g., plastics, silicone rubber) materials or a combination of these. Infant manikins are used for demonstration and learning the different structures of the anatomy of a baby and/or to learn how to manipulate the infant body during other activities (e.g., water rescue). They may be used as components of simulators used for training in particular examination, therapeutic, surgical, or postmortem procedures in babies."
    },
    {
      "code": "15677",
      "display": "Manipulator/Elevators, Uterine",
      "definition": "Instruments intended to be inserted into the uterus to lift and manipulate the uterus."
    },
    {
      "code": "17934",
      "display": "Manipulators, Joint/Spinal, Electrical",
      "definition": "Specialized hammers used in chiropractic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10776",
      "display": "Manometer Sets, Venous, Central/Peripheral",
      "definition": "Devices designed for measuring and recording the central or peripheral venous pressure, or the difference between central and peripheral venous pressure, by means of an indwelling catheter and a pressure manometer."
    },
    {
      "code": "13102",
      "display": "Manometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the pressure of liquids, gases, and/or vapors. These instruments may use a variety of mechanical and/or, electromechanical techniques, such as U-shaped columns of liquid (e.g., mercury, alcohol), compressed air, and variations in electrical resistance; they frequently include hoses or tubes from the point of measurement to the instrument. Electronic manometers consisting of a pressure transducer, a power supply, and a signal processor with a display (usually digital) are also available. Dedicated manometers with particular sensors and/or that are designed for specific physiologic measurements such as blood pressure (i.e., sphygmomanometers), intracranial pressure, gastrointestinal (e.g., esophageal, rectal) pressure, and compartmental pressure are also available; manometers are also used during medical device inspection and calibration procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24803",
      "display": "Manometers, Calibration/Inspection",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure of liquids, gases, and vapors in medical device and medical gas/vacuum system calibration and inspection procedures. These instruments consist of an electronic unit with a display (usually digital, but possibly analog) that shows pressure values in pounds per square inch (psi), millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), kilopascals (KPa), or other appropriate units and a transducer that may provide either millivolt, volt (including amplifiers), or current output. The devices usually include attached sensors and pressure transducers. These manometers are used during routine technical inspections and calibrations and after equipment or system repair; the instruments are not appropriate for clinical measurement of pressure in patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "24802",
      "display": "Manometers, Gastrointestinal Tract",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure in one or more segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These instruments typically consist of a computerized electronic measuring unit, recorders, controls, a display, and a set of catheters (transducer tip, water-perfused, or both) appropriate for pressure measurement in different segments of the upper and/or lower GI tract. The instrument and catheters may permit its configuration according to the particular needs of the user, including protocols that can be customized for different tests and/or patients. Dedicated GI tract manometers are available for assessment of the GI function in specific segments of the tract (e.g., esophagus-stomach, anorectal, small bowel, biliary, sphincter of Oddi) and for the assessment of esophageal and/or colonic motility."
    },
    {
      "code": "33252",
      "display": "Manometers, Gastrointestinal Tract, Anorectal",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure in the anorectal segment of the gastrointestinal tract. These instruments typically consist of a computerized electronic measuring unit, recorders, controls that inflate and deflate the catheter, a display, and a set of catheters (transducer tip, water-perfused, or air-charged) appropriate for anorectal pressure measurements. The instrument and catheters may permit its configuration according to the particular needs of the user, including protocols that can be customized for different tests and/or patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "13108",
      "display": "Manometers, Gastrointestinal Tract, Esophagus",
      "definition": "Gastrointestinal manometers designed to measure the pressure in the esophagus (i.e., intraesophageal). These manometers typically be an external pressure measuring instrument with a display or gauge and appropriate esophageal catheters. Esophageal manometers may be instruments that measure and display pressure externally using esophageal water-perfusion catheters with openings at different levels or electronic instruments that process and display the signal from a set of built-in pressure transducers located in a catheter; the instruments frequently include a pH sensor. They are intended to assess pressure at various points in the esophagus, typically in the upper esophageal sphincter, at several midpoints, and in the lower esophageal sphincter. The instruments are intended to assess patients with dysphagia, acid reflux, and/or other upper gastrointestinal tract diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "13109",
      "display": "Manometers, Inspiratory Pressure",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the maximum negative pressure produced orally against an occluded airway or through the mouth after the complete expiration of residual volume followed by a single inspiration of maximum effort (i.e., inspiratory pressure). These manometers are typically a measuring instrument (e.g., an electrical resistance manometer) connected with a tubing set to a mouthpiece or tracheal tube adapter. The measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure, sustained maximal inspiratory pressure, and inspiratory contraction time are accepted noninvasive indexes of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. Inspiratory pressure measuring units are intended for the assessment of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, compromised pulmonary function, and upper airway obstruction in children due to enlarged tonsils; they are also used to determine the appropriateness of discontinuing (i.e., weaning) mechanical ventilation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23536",
      "display": "Manometers, Maximum Inspiratory/Expiratory Pressure",
      "definition": "Manometers designed for noninvasive measurement of the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures. These manometers typically consist of a portable electric powered measuring instrument, sensors for nasal and oral pressure measurements, controls, and a display that shows the values and waveforms of the pressure and their variations; the manometers may also include dedicated software for the assessment of other characteristics. Typically, such software is loaded by the user onto a computer (e.g., personal computer) that is connected to the manometer for data transfer. Maximum inspiratory/expiratory pressure manometers are intended mainly to diagnose and assess the variations in respiratory muscle strength and endurance, especially during therapeutic and/or rehabilitation treatments in patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17196",
      "display": "Manometers, Muscle Compartment",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure within a closed muscle compartment, typically in the foot, lower leg, or less frequently, in the forearm. Instruments for direct measurement of compartmental pressure typically consist of a dedicated desktop or handheld electronic manometer, a display, an extension tube set, an appropriate sensor/transducer, and a side-port needle (or, less frequently, a straight needle or an axially cut slit catheter) that is introduced in the muscle compartment to be measured to inject liquid (typically saline solution) from an integral syringe until stable equilibrium is obtained with the tissue fluid pressure. Manometers intended to measure compartmental pressure using continuous infusion techniques, which are based on small infusion pumps, syringes, tubing, and pressure transducers, are also available. Compartmental pressure may be also measured indirectly by equipment using other techniques, such as laser Doppler, nuclear magnetic resonance, and xenon scan."
    },
    {
      "code": "23537",
      "display": "Manometers, Muscle Performance Assessment",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure exerted between a body part and a solid surface while performing a pre-established sequence of physical exercises. These devices typically consist of an instrument (e.g., a dial manometric gauge) to measure the pressure on a pressure cell (sensor), an air-filled pressure cell, and an inflation bulb. Muscle performance assessment includes detection and determination of muscle activity during a great variety of exercises. Dedicated manometers intended to assess the muscles involved in spinal movements are also available. The manometers are used in diagnosis and to check modifications in muscle movement and coordination during therapy and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23684",
      "display": "Manometers, Plantar Foot Pressure",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure exerted by one or both feet while standing and/or walking. These devices typically consist of an electronic manometer with a dedicated mat that includes multiple sensors to detect the pressure between the foot and the mat at many different points. The manometers may be dedicated instruments or part of physiologic (e.g., gait) analyzers that permit the detailed assessment of the pressure in different areas of the foot using computerized algorithms and/or graphic analysis methods. Plantar foot pressure manometers are intended to provide plantar foot pressure profiles; they are used for different purposes including the identification of discrepancies between pressure exerted by each foot, the identification of potential areas of ulceration, and in the assessment of balance and foot muscle strength."
    },
    {
      "code": "21990",
      "display": "Manometers, Vascular Aneurysm",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure inside a vascular aneurysm using a sensor/transducer that is implanted in the aneurysm sac created by a stent-graft implanted to repair the aneurysm; the sac is excluded from blood circulation during the procedure. These devices typically consist of an implantable pressure transducer (e.g., radiofrequency, ultrasound) and an external console that reads the pressure from the transducer signal and displays the results. Vascular aneurysm manometers are used during endovascular procedures intended to repair vascular aneurysms (typically abdominal aortic aneurysms); comparing aneurysm sac pressure values before and after the exclusion of the sac from circulation during aneurysm repair facilitates the detection of internal leaks (e.g., type I endoleaks)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22624",
      "display": "Manometers, Vascular Aneurysm, Radiofrequency",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure inside a vascular aneurysm using a radiofrequency (RF) transducer that is implanted in the aneurysm sac created by a stent-graft implanted to repair the aneurysm; the sac is excluded from blood circulation during the procedure. The device consists of a portable or cart-mounted console, which includes an RF generator, an antenna, electronic circuits, and a monitor; the console works with a sensor/transducer that is usually implanted in the aneurysm sac at the same time as the stent-graft. The console antenna transmits RF energy to the transducer, which has a variable resonant frequency according to the pressure in the aneurysm sac; the frequency of the feedback signal returned by the transducer to the console is displayed as a value of pressure in the console monitor. RF vascular aneurysm manometers are used during endovascular procedures to repair vascular aneurysms (typically abdominal aortic aneurysms); comparing the aneurysm sac pressure values before and after the exclusion of the sac from circulation during aneurysm repair facilitates the detection of internal leaks (e.g., type I endoleaks)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22625",
      "display": "Manometers, Vascular Aneurysm, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure inside a vascular aneurysm using an ultrasound transducer that is implanted in the aneurysm sac. The transducer is fixed to the outside of the implantable stent-graft intended to repair the aneurysm; the sac is excluded from blood circulation during the procedure. The device consists of a portable console that generates acoustic waves that provide energy to the transducer and receives the signal, which is displayed as a value of pressure in the console screen, from the transducer. The implant is energized by the external acoustic waves from the console, converting the waves into electrical energy. Ultrasonic vascular aneurysm manometers are used during endovascular procedures to repair vascular aneurysms (typically abdominal aortic aneurysms); comparing the aneurysm sac pressure values before and after the exclusion of the sac from circulation during aneurysm repair facilitates the detection of internal leaks (e.g., type I endoleaks)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12440",
      "display": "Markers",
      "definition": "Devices used to make marks that allow measurement or identification."
    },
    {
      "code": "17636",
      "display": "Markers, Bone",
      "definition": "Writing instruments (e.g., pencils) for marking bone tissue during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12443",
      "display": "Markers, Skin",
      "definition": "Devices intended to be used to write on the patient's skin, e.g., to outline surgical incision sites or mark anatomical sites for accurate blood pressure measurement."
    },
    {
      "code": "12447",
      "display": "Masks",
      "definition": "Devices that cover the nose and mouth to maintain aseptic conditions or to administer inhaled anesthetics or other gases.  They are typically composed of rubber, plastic or paper products."
    },
    {
      "code": "12448",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver air, oxygen, or a mixture of the gases to a patient's airway.  Air-oxygen masks are connected to the gas source with tubing and typically include head straps for stabilization.  The devices are made of plastic or rubber."
    },
    {
      "code": "12449",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Aerosol Administration",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver air, oxygen, or a mixture of the two gases containing aerosol particles to the patient's airway.  Air-oxygen masks used for aerosol administration are typically connected to the gas source with wide bore tubing and include head straps for stabilization.  The devices are typically made of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "40953",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilator",
      "definition": "Devices intended to be used as an interface between a noninvasive positive pressure ventilator and a patient, and designed to deliver pressurized air (with or without supplemental oxygen) to the patient's airway. These devices typically consist of a plastic and rubber apparatus designed to form a tight seal around the user's nose and/or mouth; the devices typically incorporate head straps to hold the mask in place and facilitate seal formation. Masks designed to work with non-invasive positive pressure ventilators are typically non-vented and rely on the exhalation valve of the ventilator to prevent carbon dioxide accumulation in the mask."
    },
    {
      "code": "12450",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Nonrebreathing",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver a high concentration of oxygen to the patient's airway.  Nonrebreathing masks include a one-way valve that prevents rebreathing of gases and a reservoir bag used for fresh gas.  These devices are connected to an oxygen source with tubing and include head straps for stabilization.  Nonrebreathing masks are constructed of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "12451",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Partial Rebreathing",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver a mixture of air and oxygen to the patient's airway.  Partial rebreathing masks include a reservoir bag used for inhaling a mixture of exhaled and fresh gases.  These devices are typically connected to an oxygen source with tubing and include head straps for stabilization.  Partial rebreathing masks are constructed of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "40929",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Positive Airway Pressure Unit",
      "definition": "Devices intended to be used as an interface between a positive airway pressure unit (e.g., BPAP unit, CPAP unit) and a patient, and designed to deliver pressurized air (with or without supplemental oxygen) to the patient's airway. These devices typically consist of a plastic and rubber apparatus designed to form a tight seal around the user's nose and/or mouth; the devices typically incorporate head straps to hold the mask in place and facilitate seal formation. Masks designed to work with positive airway pressure units typically incorporate a vent intended to limit the accumulation of exhaled carbon dioxide within the mask."
    },
    {
      "code": "39693",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Positive Airway Pressure Unit, Nasal",
      "definition": "Positive airway pressure unit masks designed to deliver pressurize air and/or an air/oxygen mixture via a patient's nose. These masks may consist of a triangular apparatus designed to form an airtight seal around the user's nose. Alternatively, some nasal positive airway pressure unit masks (termed nasal pillows) are designed to form an airtight seal around the openings of a patient's nostrils."
    },
    {
      "code": "40946",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Positive Airway Pressure Unit, Oral",
      "definition": "Positive airway pressure unit masks designed to deliver pressurized air and/or an air/oxygen mixture via a patient's mouth. These masks typically consist of a semi-circular apparatus designed to form an airtight seal around the user's mouth."
    },
    {
      "code": "39680",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Positive Airway Pressure Unit, Oronasal",
      "definition": "Positive airway pressure unit masks designed to form an airtight seal around the user's nose and mouth, forming a seal along the bridge of the user's nose, cheeks, and lower lip/chin. These masks are intended to deliver pressurized air and/or an air/oxygen mixture via a patient's mouth and nose."
    },
    {
      "code": "40952",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Positive Airway Pressure Unit, Total Face",
      "definition": "Positive airway pressure unit masks designed to form an airtight seal around the majority of the user's face, forming a seal along the user's forehead, cheeks, and lower lip/chin and enclosing the eyes, nose, and mouth. These masks are intended to deliver pressurized air and/or an air/oxygen mixture via a patient's mouth and nose."
    },
    {
      "code": "12452",
      "display": "Masks, Air-Oxygen, Venturi",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver a precise mixture of air and oxygen to the patient's airway.  Venturi masks typically include a variety of adapters that allow air entrainment in controlled amounts to provide a desired oxygen concentration.  Venturi masks are connected to an oxygen source with tubing and include head straps for stabilization.  Adapters are typically included for connection to a humidity source.  Venturi masks are constructed of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "12453",
      "display": "Masks, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver anesthetic agents and medical gases to patients in the operating room.  Anesthesia masks are usually constructed of rubber and cover the nose and mouth with a tight seal against the skin. The devices are typically used for short-term procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20702",
      "display": "Masks, Chemical/Biological Agent Protection",
      "definition": "Masks designed to protect the face, eyes, and respiratory tract from gases and/or aerosols containing chemical and/or biological agents. The masks usually prevent the agent from reaching the respiratory mucosa by physically absorbing the agent and/or by chemically destroying it. Some masks can also protect against toxins and/or breathing radioactive (e.g., alpha, beta) particulates; they do not offer protection from radiation. These masks  typically consist of two layers, an inner one (e.g., a molded silicone film for maximum seal) that is fitted tightly against the face and an external layer (e.g., made of butyl rubber) for maximum protection; two ridged eye lenses; appropriate means to avoid lens fogging; and mounts for filter canisters or cartridges. Some masks include a drinking system consisting of internal and external drink tubes, and communication systems both for face-to-face and radio telephone communication; they may also include an internal nosecup. The masks are available in several sizes; they may provide additional features for special uses (e.g., microphones that interface with aircraft communication systems). The combination of chemical and biological agent protection masks with appropriate cartridge or canister filters and hoods for additional protection of the head and neck is known as a chemical and biological protection respirator."
    },
    {
      "code": "11657",
      "display": "Masks, Eye",
      "definition": "Masks designed to cover both eyes with an opaque material that does not allow the passage of light. These masks typically consist of an external covering made of plastic or other appropriate material and a padded liner (e.g., foam, gauze); masks may include shielding for visible, infrared, or invisible light between the external covering and the liner. Eye masks may be attached to the head using a cap, straps, and/or adhesives; some masks also include nasal cushioning. Eye masks are usually disposable devices that are intended to facilitate rest or sleeping in illuminated environments and/or at home; dedicated masks used during phototherapy treatments for neonates are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11659",
      "display": "Masks, Eye, Phototherapy",
      "definition": "Eye masks designed to occlude the passage of light during phototherapy treatments. These masks typically consist of an external covering made of plastic or other appropriate material and a padded liner (e.g., foam, gauze); the masks may include shielding for visible, infrared, or invisible light between the external covering and the liner according to the wavelength of the light used in the treatment. Phototherapy eye masks are usually disposable devices that are attached to the head using a cap, straps, and/or adhesives; they are mainly intended for newborn and infant phototherapy therapy such as radiant warming and bilirubinemia treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "17550",
      "display": "Masks, Resuscitation Training",
      "definition": "Masks used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training classes. These training masks can be made from rubber or plastic materials and include a flexible rim to maintain an adequate seal around the nose and mouth during positive pressure ventilation. They may be single-use or reusable.  Training masks are designed to work with manikins or anatomic models and may include a one-way valve but might not include a filter or an oxygen port because they are intended for use in training."
    },
    {
      "code": "17170",
      "display": "Masks, Resuscitator",
      "definition": "Masks used in conjunction with resuscitation devices and/or during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. They are constructed of rubber or plastic materials and include a flexible rim to maintain an adequate seal around the nose and mouth during positive pressure ventilation. Resuscitator masks may be reusable or disposable (i.e., single use); they are available in adult, pediatric, and infant sizes. They may have a removable filter to transition from mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to bag-valve-mask resuscitation. They may also include an oxygen port that attaches to the mask."
    },
    {
      "code": "23450",
      "display": "Masks, Resuscitator, Adult",
      "definition": "Masks designed to aid in oxygenation and ventilation of patients weighing 35 kg (77 lbs) and above, and used in conjunction with pulmonary or cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices. These masks are constructed of rubber or plastic material and include a flexible rim to maintain an adequate seal around the nose and mouth during positive pressure ventilation. Resuscitator masks are connected through a hose to the resuscitator; they are intended to deliver air, oxygen, or a mixture of the two gases to the patient. Adult resuscitator masks are designed as either disposable or reuseable units."
    },
    {
      "code": "23452",
      "display": "Masks, Resuscitator, Infant",
      "definition": "Masks designed to aid in oxygenation and ventilation of infant patients weighing up to 7 kg (15.4 lbs), and used in conjunction with pulmonary or cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices. These masks are constructed of rubber or plastic material and include a flexible rim to maintain an adequate seal around the nose and mouth during positive pressure ventilation. Resuscitator masks are connected through a hose to the resuscitator; they are intended to deliver air, oxygen, or a mixture of the two gases to the patient. Infant resuscitator masks are designed as either disposable or reuseable units."
    },
    {
      "code": "23451",
      "display": "Masks, Resuscitator, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Masks designed to aid in oxygenation and ventilation of pediatric patients weighing between 7 and 35 kg (15.4 to 77 pounds), and used in conjunction with pulmonary or cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices. These masks are constructed of rubber or plastic material and include a flexible rim to maintain an adequate seal around the nose and mouth during positive pressure ventilation. Resuscitator masks are connected through a hose to the resuscitator; they are intended to deliver air, oxygen, or a mixture of the two to the patient. Pediatric resuscitator masks are designed as either disposable or reuseable units."
    },
    {
      "code": "12459",
      "display": "Masks, Tracheostomy",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and air to patients via their tracheostomy airway. The masks are typically connected to an oxygen source with tubing and are constructed of plastic. Tracheostomy masks can be used over a tracheostomy tube or stoma, and are typically fastened around the patient's neck via a disposable strap or ties. These devices are frequently referred to as \"trach collars\" or \"tracheostomy collars.\""
    },
    {
      "code": "12460",
      "display": "Masks, Tracheostomy, Aerosol Administration",
      "definition": "Devices used to deliver air, oxygen, or a mixture of the two gases with aerosolized water particles to patients who have a tracheostomy airway. The masks are typically connected to an oxygen source and nebulizer with wide bore tubing and are constructed of plastic.  Trachostomy masks for aerosol administration can be used over a tracheostomy tube or stoma and are typicially secured with a strap or ties around the patient's neck."
    },
    {
      "code": "34613",
      "display": "Mass Spectrometer Sample Ionizers, Real Time",
      "definition": "Devices designed for real time ionization of samples in their native state before assessment using mass spectrometers. There are two main techniques to perform real time ionization of samples, (1) desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) where the analyte particles are solvated by an ionized liquid solvent flow (usually water and methyl alcohol) and then ejected from the sample and deliver toward the mass spectrometer, and (2) a similar procedure that use gas (usually helium/neon) rather than a liquid solvent known as direct analysis in real time (DART) method. Mass spectrometer sample ionizers allow in-situ direct introduction of samples in spectrometers eliminating the need of sample preparation. The ionizers are used in many applications, including pharmaceutical drug testing, forensics, and detection of chemical weapons and explosive residues."
    },
    {
      "code": "15662",
      "display": "Massage Machines, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Devices used during physical therapy to apply pressure or strokes (i.e., massage), rhythmic tapping (i.e., percussion), and/or vibration when placed against the patient's skin to massage the muscles or tissues. These therapies help to release muscle tension, increase blood circulation, and decrease lymphatic congestion. Some physical therapy massage machines can be programmed to deliver consistent pressure, percussion, or vibration at predetermined intervals. They can be supplied with different applicators, such as multi-pronged or round firm rubber domes, or percussion adapters, and are typically handheld. Physical therapy massagers are powered by batteries or electrical sources, and can be mounted on a mobile caster stand, set on a tabletop, or attached to the wall. They are used in physical therapy, chiropractic, and rehabilitation facilities. Physical therapy massage machines that provide heat as well as massage are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28508",
      "display": "Massage/Tissue Heating Machines, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Equipment that combines the simultaneous administration of heat with gentle massage to the tissues during physical therapy treatments. These machines typically consist of a unit that provides heating energy (e.g., radiofrequency [RF] and infrared [IR] light) and vibratory (e.g., suctioning) massage to the tissues simultaneously using a common handheld applicator. A typical machine combines in the same unit: (1) a device to deliver vibration (may be ultrasonic) and gentle negative pressure suctioning to the skin through the applicator; (2) dedicated heating sources such as infrared (IR) heat lamps and/or radiofrequency (RF) generators to provide monopolar and/or bipolar RF energy in the form of heat to the tissues; and (3) one or more detachable applicators for simultaneous delivery of the IR and RF energy and vibratory (roller) suctioning massage. Some machines may incorporate other forms of heating energy, including laser and ultrasound. Physical therapy massage and tissue heating machines are used for relieving muscle spasms and alleviate muscle aches and pains. They are also intended for temporary improvement of the local blood circulation and/or the external appearance of the body (i.e., cosmetic contouring), especially in areas affected by cellulitis."
    },
    {
      "code": "37103",
      "display": "Mattress Elevators",
      "definition": "Devices used to elevate part of the mattresses from prone to seated positions. Mattress elevators typically consist of a folded metal frame that is placed under the top portion of a mattress, straps that secure the mattress to the frame, and a control panel that allows the user to open or close the frame, which raises or lowers part of the mattress. Mattress elevators may come in standard mattress sizes (e.g., twin, full, queen, king), or have adjustable frames that can fit a range of mattress widths."
    },
    {
      "code": "39620",
      "display": "Mattress Surface Repair Patches",
      "definition": "Thin pieces of material shaped and designed for repairing damaged mattresses or mattress covers used in hospitals and other medical settings. The patches adhere to the mattress to cover the damage. The patches are made from polyurethane or other comparable materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "18147",
      "display": "Mattress Systems, Alternating-Pressure",
      "definition": "Mattress systems that include a mattress made of multiple air cells, which are cyclically inflated and deflated in such a way that the inflated sacks cells support the  patient and the deflated ones give pressure relief to prevent maceration of the patient's skin.  Control units connected to the mattress regulate the cycles of inflation and deflation. These systems are typically used in the care and management of patients at risk for, or who already have compromised skin surfaces, such as burn patients, patients at risk for developing decubitus ulcers, patients with decubitus ulcers, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "17757",
      "display": "Mattress Systems, Low-Air-Loss",
      "definition": "Mattress systems that include a mattress made of interconnected synthetic fabric air-filled cushions.  These systems are designed to lose air through the cushions at a controlled rate to prevent maceration of the patient's skin. These mattress systems are typically used in the care and management of patients who require special pressure relief surfaces (e.g., those who have, or at risk for developing pressure/decubitus ulcers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34047",
      "display": "Mattress Systems, Patient Repositioning",
      "definition": "Mattress systems designed to provide automated periodic changes of patient's position when lying on bed mattresses. These systems include a mechanism that automatically moves the patient following a manual command or following a pre-established program. There are several technologies used for patient repositioning, including: (1)  a manually actuated mechanism that moves a soft sheet longer than the bed which straightens thus repositioning the patient; each sheet can be used several times to repeat the procedure, (2)  a combination of a conventional mattress with a slatted flexible base with several active slats that provide slow movements to turn the patient from side to side. Some systems using  other technologies are also available.  Patient repositioning mattress systems are typically used in the care and management of patients who require special pressure relief surfaces (e.g., those who have, or at risk for developing pressure/decubitus ulcers) as well as patients who have or are risk for developing pulmonary complications related to immobility. The systems are also intended to reduce healthcare staff injuries due to manual patient repositioning."
    },
    {
      "code": "18399",
      "display": "Mattress Systems, Rotation",
      "definition": "Mattress systems that include a mattress consisting of air bladders which inflate and deflate to turn the patient from side to side. Control units connected to the mattress regulate the frequency and degree of rotation. These mattress systems are typically used in the care and management of patients who require special pressure relief surfaces (e.g., those who have, or at risk for developing pressure/decubitus ulcers) as well as patients who have or are risk for developing pulmonary complications related to immobility."
    },
    {
      "code": "12473",
      "display": "Mattresses",
      "definition": "Casings of strong cloth, other fabric, or plastic filled with some soft material (e.g., cotton, foam), fluid (e.g., air, water), or gel; they are often quilted or tufted at intervals and used on or as a bed. Some mattresses are made with wire springs inside (i.e., inner-spring mattresses). Mattresses are used in home care, nursing homes, and hospitals on beds and stretchers and on examination and operating tables for patient comfort, support, transport, examination, treatment, surgery, and rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "12475",
      "display": "Mattresses, Bed",
      "definition": "Mattresses with appropriate dimensions for use on beds in hospitals and nursing homes and/or for home care. These mattresses are usually filled with foam, include inner springs (e.g., wire coils), or are a combination of both; they are typically made of fire-retardant materials and are enclosed in waterproof antimicrobial covers. Some bed mattresses are designed to gatch in the typical positions of a hospital bed (e.g., Fowler). Bed mattresses made in an appropriate size for pediatric use or to support the weight of bariatric  patients are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17553",
      "display": "Mattresses, Bed, Flame-Resistant/Safety",
      "definition": "Mattresses made completely with nonflammable materials (e.g., fireproof foam), not including external seams, zippers, springs, or vents, to lessen the risk of injury to patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "19017",
      "display": "Mattresses, Bed, Gel",
      "definition": "Bed mattresses filled with gel to provide a pressure-relief surface to the patient. These mattresses are typically made of a foundation (e.g., foam) with several sections of gel bladders. Gel mattresses are used to reduce the pressure delivered from the mattress surface to the patient's skin (e.g., for the prevention of pressure sores [decubitus ulcers])."
    },
    {
      "code": "27815",
      "display": "Mattresses, Bed, Medicated Filling",
      "definition": "Bed Mattresses filled with buckwheat hulls to provide comfort and pressure relief to the user. These mattresses typically consist of an outer cover of fabric (e.g., cotton) sewn into many sections filled with thousands of outer coverings (i.e., hulls) of buckwheat (an annual Asian plant having small triangular fruits) seeds. Buckwheat hulls are not heat conductors; they are frequently flattened before filling the mattress.  Buckwheat hull mattresses are intended to provide a non-expensive, comfortable organic surface for sleeping that may reduce perspiration and/or allergic reactions; they may also reduce the pressure delivered from the mattress surface to the patient's skin (e.g., to prevent pressure sores)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19018",
      "display": "Mattresses, Bed, Static Air",
      "definition": "Bed mattresses filled with air to provide a pressure-relief surface to the patient. These mattresses are typically made of several interconnected sections of air cells enclosed in a strong plastic casing (e.g., vinyl). Static-air mattresses are designed to be inflated using an air pump; they are used to reduce the pressure on patients' skin (e.g., for the prevention of pressure sores). Most mattresses include a safety valve to deflate the mattress quickly in an emergency (e.g., to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12480",
      "display": "Mattresses, Bed, Water",
      "definition": "Bed mattresses filled with water to provide a pressure relief  surface to the patient. These mattresses are typically made of several interconnected sections of water bladders enclosed in a strong plastic casing (e.g., vinyl). Water mattresses are typically filled through a valve that adapts to standard hoses; they are used to reduce the pressure delivered from the surface to the patient's skin (for the prevention of pressure sores [decubitus ulcers])."
    },
    {
      "code": "12478",
      "display": "Mattresses, Operating Table",
      "definition": "Mattresses with appropriate dimensions for use on operating tables. These mattresses are typically filled with foam, but they may include inner springs (e.g., wire coils). Operating-table mattresses are made of fire-retardant material and are enclosed in waterproof antimicrobial covers. Some operating-table mattresses use conductive covers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41952",
      "display": "Mattresses, Patient Lifting",
      "definition": "Mattresses that inflate and can be filled with air and able to rise to a height of several feet to assist with patient transfers. A deflated patient lifting mattress can be placed under a patient and inflated to raise the patient to the desired height in preparation for transfer. Patient lifting mattresses can also be inflated before the patient is transferred, as preparation to receive the patient onto it such as when a patient needs to be transferred from a vehicle."
    },
    {
      "code": "19019",
      "display": "Mattresses, Patient Transfer",
      "definition": "Mattresses that are either thin mats or inflatable and that can be filled to a height of several inches. They are intended to slide under a patient and used to transfer the patient from two lateral surfaces of approximately the same height."
    },
    {
      "code": "17547",
      "display": "Mattresses, Stretcher",
      "definition": "Mattresses with appropriate dimensions for use on stretchers in hospitals and/or ambulances. Most of these mattresses are filled with foam; they are typically made of fire-retardant materials and are enclosed in waterproof antimicrobial covers. Some stretcher mattresses are designed in two or three sections to gatch in the typical positions of a mobile hospital stretcher (e.g., Fowler)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12479",
      "display": "Mattresses, Vacuum",
      "definition": "Mattresses that mold to the contours of the patient's body when a relative vacuum is obtained by pumping the air out of them. These mattresses are typically made of a strong fabric (e.g., vinyl/polyester laminate) filled with plastic (e.g., polystyrene) beads; the air is evacuated from the mattress using a manual pump. Vacuum mattresses permit the immobilization of patients during transportation, also providing  thermal insulation; they are used to transport patients either by using their own handles or by placing them on a portable or ambulance stretcher."
    },
    {
      "code": "41666",
      "display": "Measuring Tapes",
      "definition": "Narrow flexible strips made of cloth, plastic, fiberglass, or pliable steel with linear-measurement markings used for measuring length or circumference. Measuring tapes may be able to retract into a holder. These devices can be various lengths and can be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "31964",
      "display": "Mechanical Routers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for use in making smooth (e.g., rounded) edges and/or milling out the surface of materials such as plastics, wood, and metal. These routers frequently follow a template. Mechanical routers typically consist of a portable or benchtop machine with an electric motor, a base, and a revolving vertical spindle and cutting tools (e.g., bits). The routers may include lights to provide illumination and/or a support for the piece (e.g., a vise clamped to a bench) that is being conformed. Mechanical routers are used mainly in carpentry work (e.g., to make furniture); dedicated mechanical routers intended for use in dental laboratories and/or to conform bones in orthopedic procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13425",
      "display": "Mechanical Routers, Bone",
      "definition": "Mechanical routers designed for making smooth (e.g., rounded) edges and/or to mill out the surface of bones usually using a template. Orthopedic routers typically consist of a portable or benchtop machine with an electric motor, a base, a revolving vertical spindle, and cutting tools (e.g., bits). The routers may include lights to provide illumination and/or a support for the piece (e.g., a vise clamped to a bench) that is being conformed. Orthopedic mechanical routers are mainly intended for reshaping bones during orthopedic procedures, including minimally access surgery of the articulations (e.g., knee) and also to reshape bones in orthopedic workshops."
    },
    {
      "code": "28169",
      "display": "Mechanical Routers, Dental Laboratory",
      "definition": "Mechanical routers designed for making smooth (e.g., rounded) edges and/or to mill out the surface of dental prostheses frequently following a template. Dental laboratory routers typically consist of a benchtop machine with an electric motor, a base, and a revolving vertical spindle and cutting tools (e.g., bits); the routers may include lights to provide illumination, heated knives for wax cutting, and/or a support for the piece (e.g., a vise clamped to a bench) that is being conformed. Dental laboratory routers may be used to trim and/or repair prostheses from a variety of materials (e.g., ceramic, plastic) and of many different types, including partial prostheses and dentures. Dedicated routers using computer-aided systems are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12499",
      "display": "Mediastinoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for percutaneous insertion in the jugular notch of the sternum (the notch on the upper border of the sternum between the clavicular notches) for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the tissues and organs in the cavity between the lungs (i.e., mediastinum), including the heart and its large vessels. Mediastinoscopes usually consist of a rigid outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "12500",
      "display": "Medical Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed for transportation of medical devices, instruments, and/or supplies. These bags are typically portable, strong handheld containers made of plastic, fabric, or leather and typically include attachments for easy handling and mechanisms for closure and/or locking. The internal space is typically appropriately configured for the intended contents (e.g., stethoscopes, sphygmomanometers, drugs). Dedicated medical transportation bags are available for a variety of purposes and/or users, including specialized bags for physicians, nurses, first-aid providers, and paramedics."
    },
    {
      "code": "12501",
      "display": "Medical Chart Holders",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold patients' medical charts in a convenient and organized fashion. These medical chart holders may be made of metal, wood, plastic, or a combination of these materials and have slots to hold one or more charts. Medical chart holders may be freestanding or mountable on a wall or other surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "37483",
      "display": "Medical Leeches",
      "definition": "Freshwater, annelid worms of the family hirudinidae (e.g., Hirudo medicinalis, Macrobdella decora) that secrete in their saliva compounds with anti-coagulant properties (e.g., hirudin). Medical leeches may be used to promote localized bleeding to address venous congestion, typically occurring as a consequence of traumatic injury or reconstructive surgical procedures. Live leeches are placed on the skin overlying the area of venous congestion, and their feeding promotes circulation within the underlying tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "32720",
      "display": "Medication Transfer Straws",
      "definition": "Thin flexible tubes designed for pharmaceutical fluid aspiration from one container (e.g. ampule or vial) for transfer to another container (e.g. syringe). These straws are usually made from plastic. They may include an integral filter intended to retain particles to reduce the risk of contamination of the liquid being transferred."
    },
    {
      "code": "41728",
      "display": "Medicine Bottle Adapters",
      "definition": "Adapters that are placed on or in the top of a medicine bottle. These adapters have a small access hole used for withdrawing liquid by means of an oral syringe. They can be specifically sized for the diameter of a bottle's opening or be tapered so that they have graduated sizes and fit different-sized bottle opening. Medicine bottle adapters have a threaded connector to attach to the bottle or are a plug that fits into the bottle's neck. These adapters are usually made of plastic and can be ENFit compatible."
    },
    {
      "code": "16617",
      "display": "Medicine Bottle Caps",
      "definition": "Caps designed for closure of the tip of medicine bottles usually providing sealing from the external environment. These devices typically consist of plastic caps that may include a glued or cemented liner (e.g., rubber or plastic); some caps are threaded for screwing on the bottle. Medicine bottle caps are frequently made in a way that make them child resistant (e.g., by requiring push-down and turn to open)and/or difficult for tampering."
    },
    {
      "code": "16616",
      "display": "Medicine Bottles",
      "definition": "Small containers used to store and/or dispense medication. They can be found in a variety of configurations, including saftey lids or as a squeezable bottle with a cone-shaped lid designed to dispense drops of liquid medication."
    },
    {
      "code": "34058",
      "display": "Memory Cards",
      "definition": "Small flat electronic data storage devices used for storing digital information. The storage on a memory card is non-moving and non-volatile. It is used to store files and data from other electronic devices"
    },
    {
      "code": "13441",
      "display": "Menstrual Belts",
      "definition": "Narrow belts designed to keep sanitary (i.e., menstruation) napkins or pads in the appropriate place. These devices typically consist of a narrow, frequently elastic, belt that encircles the woman's pelvis. The belt usually includes a pouch to keep the sanitary napkin or pad and metal and/or plastic hooks in the front and back to hold the sanitary napkins in place. Sanitary menstruation belts are intended for use during the menstruation period."
    },
    {
      "code": "16042",
      "display": "Mesh",
      "definition": "Flat, woven (e.g., knitted) materials with an open texture and evenly spaced holes. Mesh used for medical purposes is typically made of a biocompatible substance that is synthetic (e.g., a polymer), metallic (e.g., surgical stainless steel), or biological (e.g., collagen), or a combination of these materials. A mesh is typically implanted to support or protect soft tissue in surgical procedures (e.g., to prevent relapse of hernias, to protect tissue during abdominal wall reconstruction and plastic surgery) and/or bone in orthopedic reconstructive procedures (e.g., cranioplasty). Absorbable mesh is frequently used in tissue engineering as a scaffold for tissue regeneration."
    },
    {
      "code": "16038",
      "display": "Mesh Pouches, Implantable, Pacemaker/Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Mesh containers (i.e., pouches) intended to carry or hold implantable pacemakers and/or cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) when placed into the patient. These devices are designed to be permanently implanted to provide a stable environment surrounding the device and leads following surgical placement. They restrict the movement of the implanted device and the leads within the surgical pocket as it heals, thereby reducing the risk for device migration, infection, erosion or Twiddler Syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34538",
      "display": "Mesh Pouches, Implantable, Pacemaker/Defibrillator, Antibacterial",
      "definition": "Implantable pacemaker/defibrillator mesh bags that contain antibacterial properties. They are constructed from biocompatible mesh that is coated with antibiotics, which is eluted (i.e., dissolved) locally within a specified time frame (e.g., 7 to 10 days) within the surgical pocket for the cardiac device. These antibiotics help to provide protection from microbial colonization of the implanted device during and immediately after surgical implant. Both absorbable and nonabsorbable pouches are available. The absorbable version is constructed from bioabsorbable multifilaments coated with a bioabsorbable polymer designed to break down naturally over a period of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "34343",
      "display": "Mesh Pouches, Spinal Implant/Bone Graft",
      "definition": "Three-dimensional mesh containers (i.e., pouches) intended for implantation into stable vertebral body defects to maintain the relative position of bone graft material (e.g., autograft or allograft) within a vertebral body defect thereby limiting the migration of the graft materials into unintended areas. These devices are suitable for defects that do not impact the stability of the vertebral body and do not include the vertebral endplates. These pouches are designed for insertion via a percutaneous approach and then are deployed to full size once they are in place. They are typically constructed from knitted polyester, and are available in a range of shapes and sizes. They are not bioresorbable."
    },
    {
      "code": "24190",
      "display": "Mesh, Collagen",
      "definition": "Mesh derived from biological materials intended for use in soft tissue repair/reinforcement procedures. This mesh usually consists of an acellular collagen matrix derived from human tissue (i.e., an allograft, typically from cadaveric dermis) or animal tissue (i.e., xenograft, typically bovine/porcine dermis, porcine small intestinal submucosa, or bovine pericardium). Collagen meshes are typically used as scaffolds and implants for reinforcing and repairing weak or damaged soft tissue (e.g., repairing hernias, rotator cuffs, pelvic floor, oral or other soft tissues)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16048",
      "display": "Mesh, Metallic",
      "definition": "Mesh made of a biocompatible metal (e.g., surgical stainless steel, tantalum) with appropriate mechanical characteristics. Metallic mesh is used alone or in combination with synthetic materials (e.g., polymers) in reconstructive surgical procedures (e.g., to repair large chest wall defects or large abdominal incisional hernias) and/or orthopedic procedures (e.g., cranioplasty, femoral reconstruction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12510",
      "display": "Mesh, Polymeric",
      "definition": "Mesh made of a biocompatible polymer with appropriate mechanical characteristics. Polymeric mesh is made of either absorbable materials (e.g., polyglycolic acid, polycarbonate) or nonabsorbable materials (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, Dacron, nylon). Nonabsorbable polymeric mesh is used mainly in surgical procedures (e.g., reinforcement of incisional and groin hernia repair, treatment of pelvic floor prolapse); absorbable mesh is used mainly for temporary implants and/or as temporary scaffold for tissue regeneration (i.e., tissue engineering)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17247",
      "display": "Mesh, Polymeric, Polyglycolic Acid",
      "definition": "Absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) polymeric mesh made of polyglycolic acid. This mesh is used for temporary implants and/or as a temporary scaffold for tissue regeneration (i.e., tissue engineering)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41977",
      "display": "Micro Air Abrasion Units",
      "definition": "Units that utilize a compressed air mixed with an abrasive media composed of micron-sized particles (17.5 � 350 �) to remove microns of material. The units usually have an abrasive mixing tank, modulator, various size small nozzles (0.018? � 0.125?), and a footswitch. High pressure air and very fine powder are blended together in a chamber to form an abrasive mixture. This mixture is then sent through a small, precisely machined nozzle. The nozzle can be held by hand using a handpiece or fixtured for an automatic process. The operation is typically start-stop controlled by a footswitch but for larger capacity machines can be set for continuous operation. These units can be used for purposes of deburring, texturing, cleaning, stripping, etching or milling surfaces."
    },
    {
      "code": "28473",
      "display": "Microarray Washer/Stainers",
      "definition": "Laboratory equipment designed to automate the washing and staining of microarray chips. The equipment includes a software package with a variety of specific protocols according to the array format, reagents used, and the characteristics of the equipment. Microarray washer/stainers are capable of performing other operations such as washing, mixing, and hybridization involving liquid reagents (e.g., buffers, antibody reagents) using custom protocols."
    },
    {
      "code": "42016",
      "display": "Microblepharoexfoliation Units",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to exfoliate the eyelid at the lash line, removing scurf, biofilm and bacterial exotoxins. This device is usually a handpiece that has a disposable, single-use medical grade micro-sponge on the distal end. The sponge spins and is moved along the lid margin to remove debris from lashes and lids. The sponge may be soaked in a lid scrub solution or other cleaning solution."
    },
    {
      "code": "33060",
      "display": "Microdissection Systems, Laser",
      "definition": "Tissue dissection systems that are used to perform dissection and capture of specimens for analysis down to the cellular (and sometimes subcellular or micron) level using a pulsed UV laser (usually N2 laser or diode-pumped solid state laser) in combination with a light microscope and low-level tracing laser (usually He-Ne laser). These microdissection systems consist of a low-level laser for tracing or marking the desired section to be cut,; a high precision optically-guided laser (pulsed UV laser) for cutting;, a special membrane -coated slide (usually polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyester UV-sensitive material) to hold the tissue specimen to be dissected;, a microscope with stage to hold the slides;, collection wells for dissected samples;, and a dedicated computer-user interface to display the tissue specimen and control laser intensity and sample marking and cutting. Some laser microdissectors have laser pressure catapulting systems (called optical tweezers) for collection of dissected samples while others rely on gravity to collect dissected samples. The laser catapulting system uses a laser blast of pressure to catapult the cut specimen into a drop of glycerol on a piece of glass held by a micromanipulator a few millimeters above the slide while other microdissectors use gravity to collect specimens from inverted slides into collection wells below the slide. Samples collected by gravity or by laser -pressure catapulting are then processed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or other molecular genetic or proteomic techniques. Laser microdissection systems are used in the clinical laboratory for isolation of very specific tissue sections, cells or subcellular components for further pathological, cytogenetic or proteomic analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "37169",
      "display": "Microelectrode Etchers",
      "definition": "Devices used to bevel the tip of a metal microelectrode using electrochemical etching. The etcher typically uses a small motor to drive a cam which maneuvers the electrode in and out of the etching of a solution consisting of an electrolyte, an anode, and a cathode. The metal piece to be etched is connected to the positive pole of a source of direct electric current. The units may also have voltmeter for monitoring the etching voltage."
    },
    {
      "code": "12530",
      "display": "Microelectrode Pullers",
      "definition": "Devices intended to allow the fabrication of micropipettes or needles from glass capillaries by first heating and then stretching the glass. Glass heating is typically accomplished via a metal filament through which electric current is passed or a laser. Force used to induce glass stretching may be provided by a motorized drive in the case of pullers that hold the capillary horizontally or by gravity with or without the assistance of a motorized drive in the case of pullers that hold the capillary vertically. These devices typically allow the user to modify the heat level and the timing and speed of glass stretching, which, in turn, alters the characteristics of the fabricated micropipette/needle (e.g., taper, tip size). Micropipettes/needles generated using these devices are used in various laboratory procedures including electrophysiology and single-cell injection studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "41584",
      "display": "Microfluidic Mixing Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to achieve a uniformity of solutes (ions, small molecules, biomolecules, etc.), solvents, and/or suspended particles such as colloids in various microliter volumes. Microfluidic mixing systems have a mixing chip or cassette containing microchannels used for the processing of liquids. As part of the system, a pump or syringe mechanism moves the liquid to inside the mixing cassette. Mixing cassettes have two or more inlet ports and an outlet port.  Most microfluidic mixing systems have adjustable input parameters, including flow rate ratios, component flow rate, and total flow rate. Passive mixing systems have microchannel configurations specifically designed to increase either the contact area or the contact time (or both). Active mixing systems apply an external force to the sample flows to accelerate the diffusion process. Microfluidic mixing systems can be used to form nanomedicines by encapsulating substances (genetic material, vaccines, contract media, etc.) in lipids, polymers, or liposomes by precisely mixing liquids that contain the different components."
    },
    {
      "code": "41471",
      "display": "MicroForges",
      "definition": "Devices used for cutting, bending, polishing, and shaping micropipettes for fabricating microelectrodes, microinjectors, and other microtools. Microforges typically include a microscope, micromanipulator, and electrical heating element with a wire filament."
    },
    {
      "code": "29721",
      "display": "Microinjection Systems",
      "definition": "Injection systems that include a microinjector, a microscope, a micromanipulator, and capillary (or micropipette) tubes that hold the substances to be injected. The microinjection system attaches to a power source and a pressure source, such as a compressed gas cylinder, lab air jet, or foot- or hand-switch controls. Microinjector systems are used in laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "25119",
      "display": "Microinjectors",
      "definition": "Injectors designed to be used to insert or inject substances, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, toxins, or dyes, at a microscopic level through a fine-tipped needle roughly 0.5 to 5 micrometers in diameter into sub-cellular, cellular, or intercellular space. They are used with specialized microscopes and micromanipulators, allowing for small movement under high magnification. The substances are injected through the microinjectors by pressure provided through pneumatic, motorized, or manual controls. Pneumatic microinjectors connect to and are controlled by pressurized gas and are used to inject fluids. Motorized microinjectors are controlled by foot- or hand-switches and they can be used to inject small volumes at fixed speed reproducibly and precisely and with minimal vibration. Manual control is applied through a syringe attached to the microinjectors. Applications in which microinjectors are used include: basic genetics research; cloning of organisms; cytotoxicity tests; embryonic stem cell transfer into blastocyst; in vitro fertilization; intracytoplasmic sperm injection; ophthalmology procedures such as retinal pigment epithelial and intra-ocular injection; and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Microinjectors are used in clinical laboratories. Prefilled microinjection systems filled with solution to be injected intradermally, such as medicines or vaccines, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41098",
      "display": "Microneedling Devices, Powered",
      "definition": "Hand-held, electrically-powered devices intended to create microscopic punctures in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin using needles. These units can usually be adjusted for different needle puncture depth and frequency. These devices may have a power console separate from the handpiece. The device may include a microneedle cartridge. Microneedling devices are commonly used for collagen induction therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "41933",
      "display": "Micropatterning Units, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Units designed to create specifically patterned and textured surfaces using ultraviolet (UV) light in order to study the effects of the cellular microenvironment on samples. These units are usually mounted on a microscope and modulate UV-light illumination through an array of micromirrors (digital micromirror device). The UV light is then projected through the objective of the microscope onto the substrate in order to either perform protein micropatterning or microfabrication based on the micropatterning. A solid material substrate is coated with a material that can easily be removed by UV light. The UV light locally degrade this coating, and then adhesion proteins can then be adsorbed on the illuminated area only, allowing for the creation of protein micropatterns on which cells can adhere."
    },
    {
      "code": "34066",
      "display": "Microphones",
      "definition": "Devices designed to convert sound into an electrical signal for output or recording. Microphones contain a transducer element, called an element or capsule that converts sounds to mechanical motion by means of a diaphragm, and then the motion is converted to an electrical signal. Other parts of a microphone include housing and some means of bringing the signal from the element to other equipment, such as a physical cable connecting it directly to the sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is associated. Microphones can be handheld, clip-on, headsets, or ear sets."
    },
    {
      "code": "34067",
      "display": "Microphones, Wireless",
      "definition": "Microphones that contain a radio transmitter that connects it to the sound recording or amplifying equipment. These microphones are connected to external equipment without a physical cable. The radio transmitter may be in the microphone body or in a separate small pack that is attached to the microphone. The radio transmitter in the microphone or pack transmits the audio signal from the microphone by radio waves to a receiver unit, which recovers the audio."
    },
    {
      "code": "41997",
      "display": "Microphysiological Systems",
      "definition": "In vitro models that consist of modular and enclosed platforms incorporating microfluidic circuits that contain cells. These systems are microenvironments that provides and supports biochemical, electrical, and mechanical responses to model a set of specific properties, such as the human body environment. They are typically clear flexible polymers that contain hollow channels fabricated using computer microchip manufacturing techniques. The channels are lined by living cells and tissues that mimic organ-level physiology. These models that can incorporate dynamic stimuli such as flow, pressure and contraction in cell culture. These systems can also interconnect sets of two- or three-dimensional cellular constructs."
    },
    {
      "code": "16823",
      "display": "Microplates",
      "definition": "Flat plates with multiple reservoirs or wells that hold between tens of nanoliters to several milliliters of liquid or dry powder samples. Microplates typically have 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 384 or 1,536 sample wells arranged in a 2:3 rectangular matrix. Microplates are used in laboratory testing, such as nucleic acid purification and bacterial culture growth. The wells can have rounded or flat bottoms and be circular or square."
    },
    {
      "code": "41682",
      "display": "Microscope Attachments, Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Microscope attachments that are used to convert a standard light microscope so that it operates as a fluorescence microscope. These attachments usually consist of an LED light, a barrier filter (used to limit the wavelengths of light transmitted to the specimen and the amount of excitation light reflected by the specimen), a filter shield, and an adapter to hold the filter."
    },
    {
      "code": "41790",
      "display": "Microscope Attachments, Three-Dimensional Imaging",
      "definition": "Microscope attachments that are used to convert a standard two-dimensional microscope to have the ability to produce three-dimensional images. These attachments usually use focusing power to generate several images from different objects planes, which are used to form a three-dimensional image."
    },
    {
      "code": "37450",
      "display": "Microscope Attachments, Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Microscope attachments that are used to adjust microscopy lasers and focus, allowing for single molecule localization microscopy. These attachments usually automatically adjust the focus and incident angle of the specimen under the microscope allowing illumination of objects within a few hundred nanometers of the coverslip achieving localized illumination.  This type of imaging is also known as total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32986",
      "display": "Microscope Stages, Automated Positioning",
      "definition": "Microscope platforms (i.e., stages) designed for automated positioning of microscope slides with specimens. These stages usually include automated mechanisms (e.g., using servomotors and/or linear piezoelectric actuators) that perform linear movement along one or more orthogonal directions (i.e., x, y, z movement) and/or rotation in one or more planes with a precision of micro or even nanometers. Some devices can be used for high-resolution microscopic scanning of the slides. Automated positioning microscope stages are usually coupled to computerized controllers that provide the resolution and repeatability required for high-resolution optical microscopy; they are frequently interfaced with computers and/or laboratory information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "12536",
      "display": "Microscopes",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to obtain a magnified image of small objects and reveal details of structure not otherwise distinguishable by the naked eye. A variety of microscopes are available according to the technique used to magnify the samples and the device's intended use. The three main types of microscopes are (1) light microscopes in which the specimen is viewed by being placed in a light path (which may be white light composed of all visible wavelengths, ultraviolet light, or, less frequently, infrared light), for laboratory or surgical use; (2) electron microscopes, in which electrons are used instead of light for illumination, forming an image for viewing on a fluorescent screen or by photography, allowing for a greater magnification and resolution than is possible with the light microscope, for observing cellular and molecular structures; (3) scanning microscopes, in which a monochromatic light source delivered from a scanning laser is used. The performance of scanning-laser microscopes in terms of optical resolution, depth contrast, and sensitivity of detection is reportedly better than in conventional light microscopes. Scanning-laser microscope images are displayed on high-resolution video monitors.  Microscopes are used mainly in healthcare facilities for examination, surgery, and clinical laboratory tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "15044",
      "display": "Microscopes, Electron",
      "definition": "Microscopes designed to magnify an image using an electron beam instead of light, which allows greater magnification (500,000x is typical) and resolution than a light microscope. The images are usually observed on a fluorescent screen or through photographs. There are two basic types of electron microscopes: the transmission electron microscope (TEM), which basically operates like a light microscope but uses an electron beam, and scanning electron microscopes (SEM), which provide a three-dimensional image of the surface of the examined object; some electron microscopes combine both techniques. TEMs intended for clinical use permit highly detailed visualization of tissue, individual cells, and cell structures; SEMs are intended mainly for research and, less frequently, for clinical applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "18089",
      "display": "Microscopes, Electron, Scanning",
      "definition": "Electron microscopes designed to provide a topographical image of the surface of a specimen, useful for understanding its surface structure. Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) consist of an electron gun and vacuum chamber, an electromagnetic imaging (lens) system, a scanning system, a specimen chamber, secondary and backscatter detectors, a viewing chamber and fluorescent screen, and photographic and vacuum systems. The imaging system provides an electron beam with a fine focal spot that is deflected horizontally and vertically (i.e., scanning system); the energy exchange between the electron beam and the sample yields electromagnetic radiation that is detected to produce an image. Before observation, tissue samples must be fixed (including cryofixation for some dedicated instruments), processed, embedded, sectioned, mounted on a support stub, and usually coated (e.g., using a sputter coater) with a thin film of a heavy metal (e.g., gold). The clinical use of SEMs has yielded information on hematologic disorders and biological surfaces, such as those of the small intestines and serous cavities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18091",
      "display": "Microscopes, Electron, Scanning/Transmission",
      "definition": "Electron microscopes designed to combine the characteristics of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) in one instrument. These microscopes include an electron gun and vacuum chamber, an electromagnetic condenser and electromagnetic imaging (lens) systems, a specimen chamber, a viewing chamber and fluorescent screen, photographic and vacuum systems, and a scanning system. Before observation, tissue samples must be prepared according to the technique to be performed (i.e., transmission or scanning), including fixation, embedding, and sectioning; additional preparation for scanning microscopy may be needed (e.g., gold coating of samples). The clinical uses of combined electron microscopes include visualization of tissue, individual cells, and cell structure; identification of cancer cells; diagnosing and differentiating types of renal diseases; and gathering information on hematologic disorders and biological surfaces (e.g., small intestines, serous cavities)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18090",
      "display": "Microscopes, Electron, Transmission",
      "definition": "Electron microscopes designed to operate like light microscopes, except that that they use an electron beam instead of light to magnify an image, allowing greater magnification and resolution than a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) consist of an electron gun and vacuum chamber, an electromagnetic condenser and imaging electromagnetic (lens) systems, a specimen chamber, a viewing chamber and fluorescent screen, and photographic and vacuum systems. Before observation, tissue samples must be fixed, processed, embedded, sectioned, mounted on a support stub, and usually coated (e.g., using a sputter coater) with a thin film of a heavy metal (e.g., gold). TEMs allow highly detailed (e.g., 500,000x magnification) visualization of tissue, individual cells, and cell structures; they are frequently used to identify types of microorganisms (viruses and bacteria) in medical specimens, as well as specific cell types in biopsy samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "18283",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light",
      "definition": "Microscopes in which the specimen is viewed by being placed in a light path (which may be white light composed of all visible wavelengths, ultraviolet light, or, less frequently, infrared light).  These microscopes include a stand, eyepieces, objectives, condensers, and illumination systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18292",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Examination",
      "definition": "Light microscopes used to magnify small structures and specially suited for diagnosis, postoperative examination, and check-ups that require high magnification or adjustable focusing.  Examination microscopes typically consist of a binocular microscope mounted in an articulated arm, usually attached to an examination chair or mounted to a wall or ceiling.  Most examination microscopes are used in doctor offices for dermatology, ophthalmic, otolaryngology, and wound exams and frequently in minor surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17719",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Examination, Dermatology",
      "definition": "Examination light microscopes designed to magnify small structures of the skin and that are especially suited for diagnosis, postoperative examination, and checkups that require high magnification or adjustable focusing. These microscopes typically consist of a binocular microscope mounted in an articulated arm that is usually attached to an examination chair or mounted to a wall or ceiling. Most dermatology examination microscopes are used in doctors' offices for diagnosis of skin diseases, wound exams, and frequently also for minor surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12537",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Examination, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Examination light microscopes, usually stereoscopic, designed for examination of the anterior eye media (cornea aqueous lens and anterior vitreous). These microscopes are used to observe and identify disease processes, to fit contact lenses, and to evaluate corneal injuries and the presence of foreign bodies. Some ophthalmic microscopes are used with specially designed illumination sources (both attached to a common base) in a system known as a slit lamp."
    },
    {
      "code": "33078",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Examination, Ophthalmology, Specular",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic microscopes designed for examination of the corneal endothelial cells that are based on the observation of the specular (i.e., mirror like) reflected image created when the light delivered to the cornea is an appropriate angle. There are two types of specular microscopes, both using an ophthalmic photographic or video camera and a recording system: (1) contact (also known as applanation) microscopes that bring the front of the camera in contact with the cornea, these instruments require that the patient's head is immobilized and the application of anesthetics to the cornea, and (2) non-contact microscopes that do not touch the eye and use a configuration similar to a slit-lamp. Non-contact microscopes do not provide a high magnification but are easier to use in children and in patients that are not able to stand still. Specular microscopes provide a cell count of corneal cell density (normal range is 2000 to 3200 per square millimeter but varies with age); they are used for corneal endothelium evaluation (e.g., prior to cataract or refractive surgery) and also to evaluate donor corneas before transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24871",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Examination/Operating, Dentistry",
      "definition": "Light (optical) microscopes designed to magnify minute structures (e.g., tooth cavities, gum tissue), with adjustable (e.g., from 2x to 20x) magnification and focus that are especially suited for dental procedures. These microscopes consist of optical stereo microscopes that may be mounted as stand-alone units on the floor, attached to dental units or the wall, and/or suspended from the ceiling. Still image and/or video cameras are frequently attached to the microscope allowing real-time observation and/or recording of the dental procedure.  Examination/operating dental microscopes are intended to facilitate a variety of examination, operative, and/or microsurgical dental procedures, including endodontic (i.e., root canal) practice, periodontal microsurgery, and restorative dentistry."
    },
    {
      "code": "15156",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Light microscopes used in the clinical laboratory. These microscopes consist of a stand that supports the main components of the instrument, an ocular body (head) in which the eyepieces are mounted, a nosepiece to support the objectives, a specimen stage, a condenser to focus the light on the specimen, and the light source (e.g., tungsten, halogen) and light port. Laboratory microscopes may have only one ocular for visual observation or photography, two oculars for visual observation (binocular), or a third ocular (trinocular) incorporated for photomicrographic, observation, or teaching purposes. These microscopes may include multiple observation capabilities and optical integration of still, motion picture, and TV cameras. Magnification is the product of the power of the objective and ocular (sometimes an additional lens is used, in which case magnification is the product of all three lenses). Most laboratory microscopes use interchangeable or multiple-use parts (e.g., objectives, condensers), permitting the observation of samples using several contrast methods (e.g., dark field, phase contrast)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18284",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Brightfield",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes that illuminate the object axially with white light so that the object appears against a bright background. The great majority of microscopic specimens are stained, thin preparation sections, whose structure and surface details can be recognized using Brightfield microscopes.  Depending on complexity, these microscopes have applications in the clinical (e.g., urinalysis, hematology), general, and/or research laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "18285",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Darkfield",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes that illuminate the specimen only from oblique angles, so that it appears bright against a dark background. Flagella, spirochetes, bacteria ,and similar specimens stand out clearly.  Most Darkfield microscopes can also be configured for Brightfield and/or phase-contrast observation.  These microscopes are used in microbiology and cytology."
    },
    {
      "code": "16439",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes in which light (typically ultraviolet) that has been absorbed by the specimen and reemitted at a longer wavelength is observed (as visible light) through the eyepiece. Appropriate filters are used to select the correct wavelength of incoming beam to excite the fluorescent compound and eliminate the unwanted incident wavelength from the fluorescent light source (i.e., the specimen). Some fluorescence microscopes can also be configured for bright-field and/or phase-contrast observation. These microscopes are used in histopathology and microbiology, commonly in conjunction with fluorescent dyes. The use of a vertical illuminator and dichroic mirrors (epifluorescence) offers some advantages over fluorescence microscopy using transmitted illumination."
    },
    {
      "code": "41863",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Fluorescence, Animal",
      "definition": "Fluorescence microscopes designed for in vivo imaging of research animals. These microscopes are small enough to be mounted on the animal's head and are usually used for imaging neural activity. Animal fluorescence microscopes include appropriate lenses, LED lights, filters, and camera as well as a lens and mounting frame implanted in the animal. They typically use a single, flexible coaxial cable for transferring power, control signals, and imaging data."
    },
    {
      "code": "41925",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Infrared",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes that use a light source to transmit infrared wavelengths to view an image of the sample. Infrared microscopes have reflective optics to allow the microscope to cover the entire spectral range of infrared light. This device is usually comprised of a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, an infrared detector, and an optical microscope. In addition to viewing samples, this devices is used to make a chemical analysis of a sample."
    },
    {
      "code": "18287",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Interference",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes that convert optical path differences in the object to intensity differences in the image.  This may be accomplished by interference between light that passes through the object and light that follows an unobstructed path.  The most frequent method in current use (differential interference contrast of DIC) polarizes and splits the light from the source in two beams; these two beams, traveling in slightly different directions, pass through the object and are recombined.  The optical path differences are then seen as differences in intensity and color (optical color staining). These microscopes enable live specimens or unstained thin sections with very good contrast and are used in bacteriology, hematology, and cytology."
    },
    {
      "code": "17440",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Inverted Stage",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes configured with illumination at the top, the stage below, and optics on the bottom for microscopic study of large specimens by transmitted light. Most inverted-stage microscopes are configured for observation of samples using several contrast methods (e.g., phase contrast). These microscopes are used for examination of tissue cultures in all types of culture vessels (e.g., petri dishes, culture bottles) and in microtest and microtiter plates."
    },
    {
      "code": "16288",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Phase Contrast",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes in which optics alter the phase of the light diffracted by the specimen by one-quarter of a wavelength as compared to the undeviated direct light passing through or around the specimen, permitting details to be observed without fixation and staining. The areas within the specimen where the rapidly changing refractive index causes the most diffraction appear either dark (positive-contrast microscopy) or light (negative-contrast microscopy). Most phase-contrast microscopes can also be configured for bright-field observation; the combined configurations are used in urinalysis and hematology. Phase-contrast microscopes are also used in cytology and microbiology."
    },
    {
      "code": "18286",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Polarized Light",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes in which the use of polarized light enhances contrast and makes visible details otherwise difficult to see, especially in the analysis of anisotropic or birefringent specimens.  As a result of destructive interference contrast or color results, they can provide information on the condition and structure of the specimen.  Some polarized light microscopes can also be configured for Brightfield and/or phase-contrast observation.  These microscopes are used in microbiology (fungi are birefringent), cytology (wet mounts) and in urinalysis (birefringent crystals such as uric acid)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17439",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Laboratory, Stereo",
      "definition": "Laboratory light microscopes with two observation objectives and oculars that provide a three-dimensional view of the object under low magnification (usually no more than 60x) and configured for observation of samples using several contrast methods (e.g., dark field, phase contrast). Most stereo microscopes are manufactured with zooming capability, with no change in focus or working distance over a certain range. These microscopes are used for three-dimensional viewing of large or living specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "12539",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Operating",
      "definition": "Light microscopes used to magnify minute structures (e.g., nerves, vessels) in the performance of delicate surgical procedures which require high magnification and adjustable focusing.  Operating microscopes typically consist of a stereo microscope (standard or modified) and a mobile floor stand or wall or ceiling mount.  The microscope is usually held by an adjustable arm attached to the support mechanism.  Most operating microscopes are equipped with motorized focusing, adjustable magnification systems (manual, zoom, or both), backup lamps, and inclined tubes that permit the surgeon to see the field from a vertical perspective while keeping the head erect.  Dual- or multiple-observation capability and the optical integration of still, motion picture, and TV cameras are common features of these microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18290",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Operating, Gynecology",
      "definition": "Operating microscopes with slim bodies designed using combinations of couplers, objectives, lenses, and body tubes for specific use in gynecologic (e.g., fallopian tubes) surgery.  Gynecologic microscopes may have an independent mount or may be attached to a gynecologic/obstetric table or chair."
    },
    {
      "code": "18291",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Operating, Hand/Plastic Surgery",
      "definition": "Operating microscopes with high mobility and flexibility, designed using combinations of couplers, objectives, lenses, and body tubes for specific use in hand and plastic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18289",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Operating, Neurosurgery",
      "definition": "Operating microscopes with high mobility and flexibility, designed using combinations of couplers, objectives, lenses, and body tubes for specific use in neurosurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18288",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Operating, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Operating microscopes designed using combinations of couplers, objectives, lenses, and body tubes for specific use in eye surgery.  The illumination system of these microscopes usually includes special illuminators (e.g., slit, oblique)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12538",
      "display": "Microscopes, Light, Operating, Otorhinolaryngology",
      "definition": "Operating light microscopes designed to magnify minute structures (e.g., nerves, vessels) in the performance of delicate ear, nose, and/or throat (ENT) surgical procedures, which require high magnification and adjustable focusing. ENT operating microscopes typically consist of a stereo microscope (standard or modified) and a mobile floor stand or wall or ceiling mount. The microscope is usually held by an adjustable arm attached to the support mechanism. Most operating microscopes are equipped with motorized focusing, adjustable magnification systems (manual, zoom, or both), backup lamps, and inclined tubes that permit the surgeon to see the field from a vertical perspective while keeping his or her head erect. Dual- or multiple-observation capability and the optical integration of still, motion picture, and TV cameras are common features of otorhinolaryngoscopy microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18294",
      "display": "Microscopes, Scanning Laser",
      "definition": "Microscopes with a monochromatic light source that is delivered from a scanning laser. The performance of scanning-laser microscopes is better in terms of optical resolution, depth contrast, and sensitivity of detection than conventional light microscopy. Scanning-laser microscope images are displayed on high-resolution video monitors. Two different techniques are used in scanning laser microscopes: using ultrasound waves and using a focused point of laser light. Most of these microscopes are equipped with video capabilities and are computer controlled."
    },
    {
      "code": "17923",
      "display": "Microscopes, Scanning Laser, Optical",
      "definition": "Scanning laser microscopes designed to obtain high-magnification cross-sectional (i.e., three-dimensional) images by scanning the sample with a focused point of laser light, restricting the illumination to a tiny, targeted section of the specimen, while eliminating out-of-focus light (i.e., confocal microscopy). The image data is detected, amplified, and usually digitized and displayed on a high-resolution (typically 1024 x 1024 pixels) monitor (and/or stored in the memory of a computer). Most of these microscopes are mounted on conventional or specially designed light microscopes (e.g., upright, inverted stage). These microscopes are used mainly for cell and molecular biology (e.g., cell cultures, tissue) examination; handheld microscopes intended mainly for in vivo skin histology assessments are also available. Dedicated miniature instruments intended for use with endoscopes (e.g., gastrointestinal) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20969",
      "display": "Microscopes, Scanning Laser, Optical, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Miniature optical scanning laser microscopes designed to be used for endoscopic procedures. These microscopes obtain high-magnification (typically up to 1000x) cross-sectional (i.e., three dimensional) images by scanning tissue with a focused point of laser light, restricting the illumination to a tiny, targeted section of the specimen while eliminating out-of-focus light (i.e., confocal microscopy). The instruments typically include a miniature microscope (usually with a diameter of a few millimeters) and a fiberoptic cable; the system also includes an external image data processor, recorder, and display. These microscopes are used mainly to observe the structure of living normal and cancer cells, resulting in in vivo histological diagnosis without performing biopsies, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic optical scanning microscopes may be separate components intended to be used through the working channel or as an integral part of video endoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18566",
      "display": "Microscopes, Scanning Probe",
      "definition": "Microscopes that can image and measure the surface of a sample in all three dimensions (i.e., topographic images) with a typical resolution of a few nanometers. These microscopes consist of a scanning system, a probe, and a sensor; they also have computer capabilities for microscope operation and to process and display the image information. Scanning probe microscopes employ one or more techniques to measure surface characteristics, including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), using a very sharp conducting tip for scanning on a conducting surface while measuring variation in electric current, and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which applies a force in the range of the interatomic forces that holds the tip of a cantilever either in contact with or at a fixed distance from the sample surface while measuring its displacement. In addition to the topography of the surface, some scanning probe microscopes can measure other sample surface characteristics, such as magnetic force, electric field, and temperature gradients. Scanning probe microscopes are used to evaluate biological samples in air, vacuum, or liquid environments without previous preparation (e.g., staining, coating), including intracellular structures, cellular movement, and the interaction of bacteria with biomaterials."
    },
    {
      "code": "37449",
      "display": "Microscopes, Spinning Disk Confocal",
      "definition": "Microscopes with a light source delivered through an array of pinholes embedded in spinning disks. Each pinhole acts as a like a traditional confocal light source--blocking light from outside the focal plane from reaching the detector, thereby, allowing imaging of thin sections from within a thick sample. In spinning disk confocal microscopes each pinhole acts in parallel, imaging multiple locations within the sample simultaneously. The pinholes are arrayed in such a way that spinning the disk during image acquisition allows the entire field of view to be imaged in real time. Spinning disk confocal units are typically mounted on standard conventional or specially designed light microscopes (e.g., upright, inverted stage).The image data is detected, amplified, and usually digitized and displayed on a high-resolution monitor (and/or stored in the memory of a computer). These microscopes are typically used in cell and molecular biology experiments to perform in vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled molecules."
    },
    {
      "code": "20399",
      "display": "Microspheres",
      "definition": "Lightweight, hollow beads (i.e., microspheres) of micro- or nanometric diameter, typically of less than 1,500 micrometers. These devices are usually manufactured from ceramics, glass, or polymeric materials; some are obtained as a naturally occurring by-product of the burning process of coal. Microspheres made of appropriate materials and uniform diameters are used in healthcare for vessel embolization (e.g., venous malformations, tumor treatment), local radiotherapy (e.g., brachytherapy), and controlled local drug delivery; they are also used for blood-flow measurement, laboratory device (e.g., microscopes) calibration, and other clinical laboratory uses."
    },
    {
      "code": "20405",
      "display": "Microspheres, Device Calibration/Laboratory",
      "definition": "Microspheres manufactured within a very narrow diameter distribution from the nominal value. These microspheres are typically made of ceramic, glass, or polymers; they are available in a wide range of nominal diameter sets. Device calibration/laboratory microspheres are appropriate to calibrate laboratory instruments, such as flow cytometers and electronic microscopes, they are also used in a variety of clinical laboratory applications (e.g., chromatography). Paramagnetic microspheres coated with specific nuclear antibodies are part of some separation cell immunoassays."
    },
    {
      "code": "20400",
      "display": "Microspheres, Embolization",
      "definition": "Microspheres designed for vessel occlusion. These microspheres may be manufactured either from ceramic, glass, polymer, or starch; they are available in diameters from 30 to 1,200 microns according to the intended application. Microspheres are usually administered through a syringe or catheter that is placed in the arteries; the blood then transports them to the selected vasculature. Embolization microspheres are  mostly used for occlusion of venous malformations and selected peripheral (i.e., close to the tumor) vasculature nourishing hypervascularized cancer tumors (e.g., the hepatic artery for liver cancer); microspheres are also used for uterine fibroid embolization."
    },
    {
      "code": "20372",
      "display": "Microspheres, Embolization, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Embolization microspheres designed to give large local radiation (e.g., beta rays) to tumors with little radiation to the neighboring healthy tissues. These devices typically consist of glass or ceramic microspheres that include a radiopharmaceutical isotope (e.g., Yttrium-90) either bound to their surface or forming part of the microsphere structure. Radioactive embolization microspheres are mostly used for local radiotherapy (i.e., brachytherapy) of cancer tumors with simultaneous embolization of the vasculature (e.g., the hepatic artery for liver cancer) nourishing the tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20403",
      "display": "Microspheres, Embolization, Drug Delivery",
      "definition": "Embolization microspheres designed for local delivery of pharmaceutical agents into tissues. These devices typically consist of a polymeric matrix microsphere that releases a drug (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin) directly into the tissues, either by diffusion of the drug from the matrix or, more frequently, by degradation of the polymer; some microspheres provide a combination of both mechanisms. Drug-delivery embolization microspheres are mainly intended to destroy cancer tumors by embolization of the vasculature nourishing the tumors and simultaneous local drug administration at therapeutic levels for extended periods without systemic exposure and with little effect on healthy neighboring tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "20402",
      "display": "Microspheres, Embolization, Hyperthermia",
      "definition": "Embolization microspheres designed to locally  heat tumors with little warming of the neighboring healthy tissues. These devices typically consist of ferromagnetic ceramic microspheres that raise the temperature of the tumor in the order of 5 degrees C when subjected to an external alternating magnetic field. Hyperthermia embolization microspheres are mostly used for local overheating (i.e., hyperthermia) of cancer tumors with simultaneous embolization of the vasculature nourishing the tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20761",
      "display": "Microspheres, Embolization, Uterine Artery",
      "definition": "Embolization microspheres designed for occlusion (embolotherapy) of the uterine arteries. The devices are typically non-resorbable elastic microspheres with a hydrophilic surface; they are manufactured using acrylic polymers covered with a gelatin. The microspheres are available in diameters from 40 to 1,200 microns either in sterile vials or pre-filled syringes in a saline solution. They are usually administered using a syringe through a catheter that is introduced in the femoral artery and advanced into the uterine arteries in a fluoroscopic guided procedure. Uterine artery embolization microspheres are used for several procedures such as arteriovenous malformations, hypervascular tumors, and ectopic pregnancy. Microspheres intended for uterine fibroid embolization should be of 500 microns or greater."
    },
    {
      "code": "20404",
      "display": "Microspheres, Regional Blood Flow Measurement",
      "definition": "Microspheres that are radio or fluorescent labeled to facilitate their detection; they are typically 10 to 20 microns in diameter.  These microspheres are injected into the arteries that supply blood to a specific organ or tissue; the regional blood flow (i.e., regional perfusion) is determined by measuring the quantity of microspheres that reach the small vessels, using either scintigraphy techniques for radio-labeled microspheres or other appropriate detection methods for fluorescent-labeled microspheres (e.g., histologic methods). Regional blood-flow measurement microspheres are mostly used to determine blood flow in the vasculature of the heart, lung, kidney, and pancreas."
    },
    {
      "code": "15157",
      "display": "Microtomes, Cryostat",
      "definition": "Microtomes contained in a temperature-controlled stainless steel cabinet called a cryostat.  The cryostat microtome allows microtomists to section frozen tissue specimens for histopathologic analysis. The microtome, tissue specimen, and knife are housed in a thermostatically controlled chamber insulated with polyurethane foam. The operator passes the specimen through an opening in the chamber and places it on a refrigerated holder near the microtome. The microtome freezes the specimen with an aerosol-propelled freezing agent before placing it in the chamber or inserts it into an optional quick-freezing specimen holder or polyglycol matrix."
    },
    {
      "code": "15158",
      "display": "Microtomes, Rotary",
      "definition": "Microtomes that cut tissue specimens for microscopic analysis in the histopathology laboratory using a steel, tungsten-carbide-tipped, or glass knife and that employs a drive wheel either to step the specimen into a stationary knife and ove it across the blade or to advance the knife toward a fixed specimen block.  They are specially designed to cut thin sections of tissue that have been embedded in a medium (e.g., paraffin, plastic) and are convenient for high-volume routine sectioning. Tissue-block sections can be cut at 2 to 6 um. The major components are the feed pawl system, which steps the specimen into the knife or the knife into the specimen; the specimen cylinder; the flywheel; and the knife holder system. The knife holder system is adjustable and designed to accommodate various types of knives and to lock the knife into position for cutting"
    },
    {
      "code": "15160",
      "display": "Microtomes, Ultra",
      "definition": "Microtomes with superior stability and accuracy that cut tissue specimens for microscopic analysis in the histopathology laboratory using a steel, tungsten-carbide-tipped, or glass knife. They are specially designed to cut thin sections of tissue that have been embedded in a medium (e.g., paraffin, plastic) and are convenient for high-volume routine sectioning. Tissue block sections can be cut at 0.5 to 0.2 um. The major components are the feed pawl system, which steps the specimen into the knife or the knife into the specimen; the specimen cylinder; the flywheel; and the knife holder system. The knife holder system is adjustable and designed to accommodate various types of knives and to lock the knife into position for cutting."
    },
    {
      "code": "39676",
      "display": "Microwave Digestion System",
      "definition": "Systems designed to facilitate solubilization of analytical samples in a solvent by exposing the sample and solvent to high temperatures generated by heating the sample and solvent using an electromagnetic field with frequencies in the range of microwaves (typically around 2.45 GHz). Microwave digestion systems also expose the sample and solvent to elevated pressures, which may be achieved by heating the sample and solvent within a sealed vessel or by heating unsealed vessels with loose-fitting caps in a pressurized chamber. Microwave digestion systems are typically used to solubilize certain types of analytes (e.g., heavy metals) prior to elemental analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18840",
      "display": "Microwave Surgical Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to perform surgery using a microwave frequency (typically 2.45 GHz) energy; the heating effect that causes tissue coagulation is provided by tissue resistance to the high-frequency radiation.  These units include a microwave generator and appropriate applicators.  The microwave energy delivered by the microwave surgical units is not effective to cut tissues, because they depend on mechanical action for cutting (e.g., scalpel).  Microwave surgical units are used in open surgery of highly vascularized organs, such as the spleen and the liver because the thick eschars produced by the relatively deep penetration of microwave fields is very effective in stopping hemorrhage."
    },
    {
      "code": "18841",
      "display": "Microwave Surgical Units, Needle Radiator",
      "definition": "Microwave surgical units that use needle-like antennas for energy radiation.  These units include a microwave generator typically of 100-watt energy and 2.45 GHz frequency, a coaxial cable to transmit the energy, and needle radiators (i.e., antennas).  The needles are positioned surrounding the tissue to be resected (e.g., tumor), power is applied successively to each needle creating a continuous boundary of coagulated tissue surrounding the tumor; hemostasis of vessels up to 2 mm in diameter is possible.  The tumor is removed using a scalpel or an electrosurgical unit.  Needle microwave radiator surgical units are used in open surgery of the liver and spleen; they are also used in endoscopic and laparoscopic surgical applications (e.g., to control bleeding in the digestive tract)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18842",
      "display": "Microwave Surgical Units, Scalpel",
      "definition": "Microwave surgical units that use a device linking a microwave radiator to a scalpel.  These units consist of a microwave generator typically of 150-to-200 watt energy and 2.45 GHz frequency, a coaxial cable to transmit the energy to the handle of the scalpel and a surgical scalpel that includes a small-loop antenna in the blade.  Scalpel microwave surgical units are used in surgery of the liver and spleen."
    },
    {
      "code": "18812",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for minimum access treatment of diseases by applying electromagnetic energy, usually in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.  These systems typically consist of a microwave generator and an appropriate delivery system that usually includes cables, antennas, applicators, and/or catheters, according to the intended use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18813",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Microwave therapy systems that deliver energy into the vessels to eliminate areas of narrowing (i.e., angioplasty).  These systems consist of a microwave generator and an intravascular delivery system; the power and frequency of the generator and the configuration of the delivery system depend on the intended use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18815",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Angioplasty, Direct Ablation",
      "definition": "Angioplastic microwave therapy systems designed to eliminate areas of narrowing in blood vessels by delivering microwave energy directly to treated tissue through an antenna.  These systems consist of a microwave generator (2.45 GHz frequency is typical), a low-loss coaxial cable, and an antenna (e.g., whip); the coaxial cable with the antenna on its tip is introduced in the vessels through the lumen of a vascular catheter designed for balloon angioplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "11245",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Diathermy",
      "definition": "Microwave therapy systems designed to warm localized body tissues one to two centimeters below the skin due to tissue resistance to the pass of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation.  These systems typically include a magnetron oscillator (frequency of 2.45 GHz is typical) and applicators that act as reflectors to focus the wave onto the desired area.  Microwave diathermy systems radiate energy that can be more directly focused than radio-frequency (shortwave) energy; they are particularly useful in heating high-water-content tissues.  Most of these systems are used to promote healing and pain relief (e.g., to treat muscle spasms and joint contractures) and in the treatment of neurological problems (e.g., sciatica)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18820",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia",
      "definition": "Microwave therapy systems designed to heat solid tumors several degrees Celsius above core temperature, typically from 42 degrees to 45 degrees C (108 degrees to 113 degrees F); these temperatures do not damage normal tissues.  These systems include a microwave generator, appropriate delivery systems (e.g., coaxial cable), and antennas for selectively heating and maintaining the tumors at elevated temperatures.  Hyperthermia microwave systems are used to treat solid malignant tumors, frequently in combination with ionizing radiation (thermoradiotherapy) or chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy).  The procedure typically lasts from 30 to 60 minutes; it is usually repeated several times (e.g., every other day)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18822",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia, Interstitial",
      "definition": "Hyperthermia microwave therapy systems used for heating of deep-seated tumors.  These systems consist of a microwave generator, interstitial or intracavitary applicators including antennas, a temperature sensor, and a feedback system for microwave power control;  interstitial hyperthermia systems are capable of applying energy inside the tumors, making possible a more uniform heating than with external applicators.  Conventional applicators are used for small tumors, while balloon applicators (catheters) make it possible to treat larger tumors.  Interstitial hyperthermia systems are commonly used in combination with localized radiation therapy (thermobrachytherapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18821",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia, Superficial",
      "definition": "Hyperthermia microwave therapy systems designed for localized heating of malignant tumors up to a few (e.g., three) centimeters deep.  These systems typically include a microwave generator (e.g., 430 MHz frequency) and lens applicators."
    },
    {
      "code": "18816",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation",
      "definition": "Microwave therapy systems designed for thermal ablation of tissue.  These systems typically consist of a microwave generator, a coaxial cable, and an antenna.  The radiating antenna is placed on or near the tissue volume to be ablated using an applicator or catheter; the higher frequency of microwave energy has the potential for a greater volume of heating than radio-frequency.  The primary mechanism for tissue heating at microwave frequencies is vibration of the ions (e.g., ions of water molecules) in the tissues at the frequency of the electrical field; ablation is produced by coagulation necrosis at temperatures over 60 degrees C and/or water vaporization over 100 degrees C."
    },
    {
      "code": "18817",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Tissue-ablation microwave therapy systems designed to ablate regions of endocardial tissue that give rise to or support cardiac arrhythmia.  These systems consist of a microwave generator, a catheter that includes a coaxial cable with an antenna on its distal tip, and controls.  Microwave energy is delivered through the antenna to the region to be ablated, until the target endocardial tissue is destroyed."
    },
    {
      "code": "18818",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Endometrial",
      "definition": "Tissue-ablation microwave therapy systems designed to ablate the inner mucous membrane (endometrium) of the uterus.  These systems consist of both a unit including a microwave generator, typically at a frequency of 9.2 GHz, and a real-time temperature monitor which shows endometrial temperatures, and an applicator that includes a wave-guide microwave delivery system with a graduated scale, active dielectric tip, and temperature sensors.  The probe is manipulated all over the endometrial surface to produce ablation.  Endometrial-ablation microwave therapy systems are used to treat excessive or dysfunctional uterine bleeding (menorrhagia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18819",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Interstitial",
      "definition": "Tissue-ablation microwave therapy systems designed to ablate regions of solid organs (e.g. liver).  These systems consist of a microwave (2.45 GHz) generator, interstitial needle-like applicators as antennas, and a temperature sensor; computed tomography, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance guidance is used to locate the applicator and sometimes to evaluate tissue ablation.  Interstitial tissue-ablation systems are mostly used for percutaneous coagulation necrosis of unresectable tumors at temperatures over 60 degrees C, but less than 100 degrees C."
    },
    {
      "code": "17905",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Prostatic",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation microwave therapy systems designed to ablate regions of the prostate.  These systems consist of a microwave generator (e.g., 915 MHz frequency); an urethral catheter including a coaxial cable with a microwave antenna and a temperature sensor located at its tip; a rectal probe with temperature sensors; and a temperature monitor. Water or air cooling is frequently added to protect other tissues (e.g., rectum, external sphincter); in some systems the applicators are inserted into the patient's rectum with the antenna placed adjacent to the prostate gland.  Prostatic ablation microwave systems are used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate."
    },
    {
      "code": "32882",
      "display": "Microwave Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Sweat Glands",
      "definition": "Tissue-ablation microwave therapy systems designed for external ablation of regions in the underarms where the sweat glands are located to lessen local sweat. These systems typically consist of a central unit with a microwave generator, a handpiece to deliver the microwave energy that includes antennas and a detachable usually disposable tip to apply the energy, a control to regulate the quantity of energy applied, and additional cooling means for thermal protection of the skin. The system may also include a software to guide the performance of the procedure and the application of vacuum for tissue stabilization. Sweat gland ablation (i.e., thermolysis) are used to treat patients with axillary hyperhidrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "28099",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for use in working materials into a desired form by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting. These machines usually consist of a rotating assembly (also known as spindle) that includes a shaft, bearings and associated detachable drilling or cutting devices (e.g., drill bits, saws) and a support (e.g., a vise clamped to a table) for the piece that is being conformed. Unlike a conventional drilling machine which holds the piece under work stationary as the drill moves axially to penetrate the material, milling machines also move the piece under work radially and/or laterally against the rotating spindle. Both the piece and spindle movements are precisely controlled (e.g., to less than 0.001 inch/0.025 mm); milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally controlled (e.g., using computer-aided design/manufacturing, CAD/CAM) methods. Milling/drilling machines may be used for a variety of applications; dedicated machines intended to manufacture dental prostheses are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27334",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines, Dental",
      "definition": "Dental equipment designed for use in working dental materials into desired prostheses by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting. These machines usually consist of table-top or stand-alone equipment that includes a rotating assembly (also known as spindle) that includes a shaft, bearings and associated detachable drilling devices (e.g., drill bits, burs), and a support (e.g., a vise clamped to a table) for the piece that is being conformed. Unlike a conventional drilling machine which holds the piece under work stationary as the drill moves axially to penetrate the material, milling machines also move the piece under work radially and/or laterally against the rotating spindle. Both the piece and spindle movements are precisely controlled (e.g., to less than 25 microns). Dental milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally controlled (e.g., using computer-aided design/manufacturing [CAD/CAM]) methods. Dental milling/drilling machines may be used to manufacture prostheses from a variety of materials (e.g., ceramic, plastic) and for many applications (e.g., partial prostheses, dentures); dedicated machines intended to manufacture dental prostheses using computer-aided systems are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27335",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines, Dental, Computer-Aided",
      "definition": "Dental equipment designed for use in machining dental materials (e.g., ceramic blocks) into desired prostheses by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting using computer-aided design and manufacturing (i.e., CAD/CAM) procedures. These machines usually consist of table-top or stand-alone equipment that includes a milling chamber with a rotating assembly (also known as spindle), associated detachable drilling devices (e.g., drill bits, end mills, burs), and a holder for the piece (e.g., ceramic block) that is being machined. The spindle movements are precisely controlled (e.g., to less than 25 microns). CAD/CAM dental milling/drilling machines are digitally controlled directly or through a local area network (LAN) from a computer that includes appropriate software. Dental milling/drilling machines may be used to manufacture prostheses for many different applications (e.g., partial prostheses, dentures) using digital data from dental digital scanning impression units; some machines are intended for use in both dentists' offices and/or dental laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "28248",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines, Dental, Manual",
      "definition": "Dental equipment designed for use in manual machining dental materials (e.g., ceramic blocks) into desired prostheses by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting. These machines typically consist of a tabletop unit that usually includes a handpiece with a shank that can manipulate a variety of detachable tools (e.g., drill bits) and an electric motor; the unit may also include a pantograph and/or other attachments.  The mills typically can be used to make prostheses such as crowns, bridges, inlays/onlays, partial dentures, and dental implants from materials including ceramics, composites, zirconia, and cobalt-chrome/titanium alloys. Manually operated dental milling/drilling machines are mainly used in dental laboratories but compact portable units may be used also at dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "33468",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for use in working orthopedic materials into desired prostheses by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting. These machines usually consist of a table-top or stand-alone  equipment that includes a rotating assembly (also known as spindle) that includes a shaft, bearings and associated detachable drilling devices (e.g., drill bits, burs), and a support (e.g., a vise clamped to a table) for the piece that is being conformed. Unlike a conventional drilling machine which holds the piece under work stationary as the drill moves axially to penetrate the material, milling machines also move the piece under work radially and/or laterally against the rotating spindle. Both the piece and spindle movements are precisely controlled (e.g., to less than 25 microns); orthopedic milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally controlled (e.g., using computer-aided design/manufacturing, CAD/CAM) methods. Five- and seven-axis milling machines have the capability to complete complex orthopedic designs in a single operation; in particular, seven-axis contour milling machines enable profile milling of extremely complex geometry. Dedicated orthopedic milling/drilling machines may be used to manufacture prostheses from all or some of a variety of materials (e.g., polyurethane foam, polyethylene, plaster, metal) intended for many applications (e.g., seat braces, foot and lower limb prostheses, orthoses)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28263",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines, Orthopedic, Computer-Aided",
      "definition": "Orthopedic equipment designed for use in machining orthopedic materials into desired prostheses by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting using computer-aided design and manufacturing (i.e., CAD/CAM) procedures. These machines usually consist of table-top or stand-alone equipment that includes a milling chamber with a rotating assembly (also known as spindle), associated detachable drilling devices (e.g., drill bits, end mills, burs), and a holder for the piece (e.g., ceramic block) that is being machined; the spindle movements are precisely controlled (e.g., to less than 25 microns). Some machines include robotic arms to perform the procedures. CAD/CAM orthopedic milling/drilling machines are digitally controlled directly or through a local area network (LAN) from a computer that includes appropriate software. Orthopedic milling/drilling machines may be used to manufacture prostheses, implants, and/or orthoses for many different applications (e.g., ankle-foot, maxilo-facial, and limb prostheses) using digital data from orthopedic digital scanning units."
    },
    {
      "code": "36419",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines, Orthopedic, Computer-Aided, Foot Orthosis/Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Orthopedic equipment designed for use in machining orthopedic materials into desired foot orthoses and/or prostheses by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting using computer-aided design and manufacturing (i.e., CAD/CAM) procedures. These machines usually consist of table-top or stand-alone equipment that includes a milling chamber with a rotating assembly (also known as spindle), associated detachable drilling devices (e.g., drill bits, end mills, burs), and a holder for the piece (e.g., ceramic block) that is being machined. CAD/CAM orthopedic milling/drilling machines are digitally controlled directly or through a local area network (LAN) from a workstation that includes appropriate software, based on data taken by a optical scanner. Some systems use data taken from a mechanical contact plantar digitizer rather than from an optical scanner. All units of the systems may be located in orthopedic offices (mainly to manufacture foot orthoses) or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate orthopedic laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "36427",
      "display": "Milling/Drilling Machines, Orthopedic, Computer-Aided, Spinal Orthosis/Prosthesis/Seat Cushion",
      "definition": "Orthopedic equipment designed for use in machining orthopedic materials into desired spinal orthoses and/or prostheses by performing mechanical operations such as drilling and cutting using computer-aided design and manufacturing (i.e., CAD/CAM) procedures. Most systems can be also used to manufacture seat cushions intended to accommodate the spine while seating. These machines usually consist of table-top or stand-alone equipment that includes a milling chamber with a rotating assembly (also known as spindle), associated detachable drilling devices (e.g., drill bits, end mills, burs), and a holder for the piece (e.g., ceramic block) that is being machined. Spinal CAD/CAM orthopedic milling/drilling machines are digitally controlled directly or through a local area network (LAN) from a computer that includes appropriate software, based on data taken by a optical scanner.  All units of the systems may be located in orthopedic offices (mainly to manufacture spinal orthoses and cushions) or the manufacturing unit may be located in a separate orthopedic laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "28221",
      "display": "Mills",
      "definition": "Devices designed for grinding hard materials to convert them into finer particles. These mills typically consist of equipment with a rotatory mechanism that is manually or electrically powered; the size of the particles usually depends on the pressure exerted on the material and/or the duration of operation of the mill.  Mills are used in healthcare to grind a variety of laboratory and/or pharmaceutical products; dedicated mills intended to grind bone are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18129",
      "display": "Mills, Bone",
      "definition": "Mills designed to grind whole bones or bone parts into fine particles. These mills typically consist of  equipment that uses a rotatory mechanism with a size and mechanical characteristics appropriate to grind bones of a variety of different densities. The  size of the final particles depends on the pressure exerted on the bone and/or the duration of operation. Bone grinding mills may be manually or electrically powered; they are used to reduce bones (e.g., cortical bones) to small particles that may be used as bone matrix or bone graft. Dedicated bone mills intended for use in dental implant procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26861",
      "display": "Mills, Cryogenic",
      "definition": "Mills designed for grinding at a very low (i.e., cryogenic) temperature, usually below -180 degrees C (-292 degrees F).  These mills typically consist of an electrically powered device in which the grinding container is continuously cooled with a liquefied gas (e.g., nitrogen); the liquid nitrogen circulates from a cooling system that keeps the material being ground at an appropriate, stable cryogenic temperature. Cryogenic mills are used in healthcare facilities to grind a variety of laboratory and/or pharmaceutical products (e.g., chemicals, tablets, tissue) keeping the volatile components intact; they may be also used to grind small quantities of bone for dental and/or orthopedic use."
    },
    {
      "code": "12547",
      "display": "Mirrors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to reflect an image of an object placed in front of them. Mirrors typically have a glass or metallic surface sufficiently polished to reflect enough undiffused light to yield images of the objects; mirror images may be magnified or not according to the intended purpose of the mirror. Small handheld mirrors are available for use as dedicated instruments during diagnostic, dental, and/or surgical procedures; larger mobile or wall mounted mirrors are also available and used for clinical purposes such as posture analysis and the perinatal process."
    },
    {
      "code": "32864",
      "display": "Mirrors, Handheld",
      "definition": "Mirrors designed for use as a handheld instrument. These mirrors typically consist of a small glass or metallic device whose surface is sufficiently polished to reflect an image of an object placed in front of it; the mirror usually includes an adjustable hard or flexible shaft, and a handle. Some handheld mirrors come with an additional finger loop on the shaft to aid in holding and manipulating the mirror. Mirrors may be supplied as square or oval double-sided, break-resistant devices. Dedicated handheld mirrors are available for examination, therapeutic, and/or surgical purposes in a variety of clinical specialties including but not limited to dental, middle ear, larynx/pharynx, and nasal procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32865",
      "display": "Mirrors, Handheld, Dental",
      "definition": "Handheld mirrors designed for operation inside the mouth as a dental instrument. These mirrors typically consist of a small lightweight glass instrument that is compact and easy to manipulate and whose surface is sufficiently polished to reflect an image of a dental structure located in front of them and a metal (e.g., stainless steel) shaft that supports the mirror and is also used as a handle. Some dental mirrors can only capture half of each dental arch while others can capture a full arch of the mouth. Handheld dental mirrors are used in dental offices, permitting the dentist indirect vision of the dental structures, reflect light onto desired surfaces, and to retract soft tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "12549",
      "display": "Mirrors, Handheld, Larynx/Pharynx",
      "definition": "Handheld mirrors designed for visualization of the larynx and/or pharynx through the mouth cavity. These mirrors typically consist of a small lightweight round glass device that is compact and easy to manipulate and whose surface is sufficiently polished to reflect an image of the pharynx and or larynx. They have a very thin metal (e.g., stainless steel) shaft that supports the mirror and is also used as a handle. Larynx/pharynx handheld mirrors are available in a variety of diameters and sizes; the handles may be permanently attached to the mirror or detachable, permitting the use of several different handles (e.g., extra thin, octagonal, chuck type) with the same mirror. Larynx/pharynx mirrors are used for examination and also for some other otolaryngology procedures (e.g., removal of foreign objects, excision of tissue)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12550",
      "display": "Mirrors, Handheld, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Handheld mirrors designed for visualization of the middle ear structures through the ear canal. These mirrors typically consist of a small lightweight round glass device whose surface is sufficiently polished to reflect an image of the middle ear cavity and the middle ear structure. Middle ear mirrors are compact and easy to manipulate and have a very thin metal (e.g., stainless steel) shaft that supports the mirror and is also used as a handle. Middle ear hand held mirrors are also available with the mirror mounted at a 45-degree angle from the straight shaft."
    },
    {
      "code": "32866",
      "display": "Mirrors, Handheld, Nasal",
      "definition": "Handheld mirrors designed for visualization of the nasal cavity. These mirrors typically consist of a small lightweight round glass device whose surface is sufficiently polished to reflect an image of the proximal sections of the nose cavity. Nasal mirrors are compact and easy to manipulate, and have a very thin metal (e.g., stainless steel) shaft that supports the mirror, and is also used as a handle. Nasal handheld mirrors are available in a variety of diameter sizes; the handles may be permanently attached to the mirror or detachable, permitting the use of several different handles (e.g., extra thin, bayonet-shaped) with a given mirror. Nasal mirrors are used for examination and some other nasal procedures (e.g., removal of foreign objects, excision of tissue)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12551",
      "display": "Mirrors, Overhead Observation",
      "definition": "Large convex mirrors designed to show a full or partial image of patients in a hospital bed or on an examination table.  These mirrors are placed overhead (wall or ceiling mounted) and are often used to provide women in labor and/or delivery a full view of the development of the birthing process. They may also be used in other applications where overhead viewing is desired, such as operating rooms, intensive care units, and recovery rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "12552",
      "display": "Mirrors, Posture",
      "definition": "Full-length mirrors designed to show an image of the full body of an individual placed in front of them. These mirrors typically consist of polished glass which reflects an accurate, almost distortion-free image of the complete body as feedback to the user. Posture mirrors are available as stand-alone, mobile, and/or wall-mounted units; stand-alone mirrors including three separate mirrors hinged together are also available to provide a reflection from multiple angles. Mobile posture mirrors are available to facilitate the examination of the body posture in several positions during examination and/or therapeutic treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "12553",
      "display": "Mirrors, Speech Therapy",
      "definition": "Mirrors designed to show the head and neck of a person placed in front of them during speech therapy procedures. These mirrors typically consist of a shatter-proof glass or metallic device that provides a visual feedback to the patient of each \"sound formation\" from any desired angle. The mirrors can be supplied as wall-mounted, for table-top use, or mounted on casters (i.e., mobile).  Speech therapy mirrors are intended to improve the skills needed for appropriate speech or for rehabilitation of patients that lost speech capabilities; they are also used by speech therapists to help children develop speech and language skills by letting them watch themselves and others form sounds and words."
    },
    {
      "code": "16497",
      "display": "Mirrors, Visual Feedback Therapy",
      "definition": "Mirrors designed to provide visual feedback to patients with an amputated or semi-paralyzed limb.These devices, commonly known as mirror boxes, typically consist of a box open on one side and on the top with a mirror dividing the box in half.  The front of the box contains two arm or leg holes; the patient places the disabled limb inside one opening of the mirror box, obscuring it from view and the unaffected limb in the side facing the mirror. The patient moves the working limb and watches its reflection in the mirror; the reflection of the working limb creates the illusion of the disabled limb appearing as if it were fully intact and moving as well.  Repetitive use of these mirrors is intended to provide visual feedback and modify the patient brain response. Visual feedback therapy mirrors are used to accelerate recovery from phantom limb pain and for rehabilitation following stroke, limb injury, or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "15590",
      "display": "Mixers",
      "definition": "Devices used to agitate, rotate, homogenize and/ or stir together pharmaceutical ingredients, clinical samples, blood, or other materials such as powder, liquid, or semi-solid solutions. These devices are usually motorized and are available in several different configurations including, but not limited to, small portable units, tabletop devices, and large free-standing mixers. Mixers are used in various healthcare applications such as clinical laboratory sample preparation, pharmaceutical compounding and manufacturing, and more."
    },
    {
      "code": "16384",
      "display": "Mixers, Blood Tube",
      "definition": "Mixers that can hold and agitate multiple tubes of blood. These mixers are usually small motorized tabletop devices that mix blood samples by rotation."
    },
    {
      "code": "15161",
      "display": "Mixers, Clinical Laboratory",
      "definition": "Mixers used to homogenize and/or mix dry or liquid materials used as samples in clinical laboratories. These mixers are usually small motorized tabletop devices that rotate or agitate the samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "37547",
      "display": "Mixers, Dialysate",
      "definition": "Mixers used to prepare a liquid sodium bicarbonate formulation for the purpose of making dialysate for hemodialysis. These mixers are typically large tanks that incorporate a mechanical mixing mechanism, such as a jet flow injector, motorized propellers, or mixing pump. These devices are made with materials compatible with dialysate, such as polyethylene. These mixers may include a tight fitting, sealed lid to help reduce carbon dioxide loss after mixing, a timer to ensure adequate mixing and to avoid over-mixing, a motor to operate the mixing mechanism, and sample ports to test the mixed bicarbonate solution for appropriate concentration."
    },
    {
      "code": "25595",
      "display": "Mixers, Otologic Cement",
      "definition": "Mixers designed to form otologic cement in a homogenous, reproducible mixture that can be quickly transferred into a delivery device. Otologic cement mixers include a timed mechanism that mixes the cement powder and liquid ingredients (such as autologous blood and antibiotic) together, a reusable applicator used to express the cement after mixing, and cement packages. They are intended to mix cement used for otologic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41916",
      "display": "Mixers, Pharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Mixers used to agitate pharmaceutical ingredients, such as powders, liquids or semi-solid solutions. Pharmaceutical mixers typically have a motorized arm that is placed inside the container of pharmaceuticals and agitates or mixes the contents to the required consistency. These mixers come in various configurations based on the users� needs for mixing large or small batches of pharmaceuticals. They may be small and portable with or without a lid that attaches to the container of pharmaceuticals; free-standing tabletop varieties and large standing floor models are also available.   Some pharmaceutical mixers may include a rotating chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "12560",
      "display": "Mixing Slabs",
      "definition": "Devices with flat smooth surfaces used to prepare compounds that require spatulation. Mixing slabs have a non-stick, nonporous surface. They are usually made of glass, plastic, or porcelain and have a nonskid base. They are used in preparing dental cements, restorative and other dental material, and in incorporating pharmaceutical compounds into ointment bases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18518",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities",
      "definition": "Structures housing all medical devices and other ancillary equipment or auxiliary systems needed for the autonomous performance of one or more medical procedures. Modular medical facilities are completely (or at least to a substantial degree) assembled at the manufacturer's premises, usually including the installation of the internal electrical, water, and environmental systems. Most modular facilities are manufactured according the special considerations (e.g., mobile, climatic) required for proper and reliable use in the final destination, and/or are customized to the requirements of the medical system manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17251",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile",
      "definition": "Modular medical facilities mounted in self-propelled vehicles or trailers, facilitating movement from site to site, and including components specially built to withstand the demands of a mobile environment. Most mobile medical facilities include their own electric generator, so they do not need any external connection. These facilities are used for screening purposes (e.g., mammography), for emergency conditions (e.g., natural disasters), to bring services to distant areas (e.g., rural), for sharing services among several hospitals, or in any other situation in which facilities are not intended to stay in the same place for a long time."
    },
    {
      "code": "18521",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Audiometry",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a patient examination area, a reception area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room.  These facilities typically include several audiometric booths, each including audiometers to measure and characterize hearing loss."
    },
    {
      "code": "18527",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Blood Bank",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a blood-drawing area, a reception area, a processing and storage area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a blood bank-refrigerator, sterilizing units, examination tables, and blood-drawing chairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17861",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Cardiac Catheterization",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities that contain the equipment and supplies needed to function as an integrated unit for performing cardiac catheterization procedures (i.e., invasive medical procedures performed as a diagnostic or therapeutic tool for heart and circulatory conditions). These facilities are typically divided into a patient treatment area, a control room that includes the operator console, and a room for auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air-conditioning unit). Equipment found in these facilities typically includes a cardiovascular radiographic/fluoroscopic system, a power injector for introducing contrast medium into the patient at high flow rates, physiologic monitoring equipment, and additional equipment to manage cardiovascular emergencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20532",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Chemical/Biological Agent Detection",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities that are capable of biological and/or chemical agent detection (i.e., a mini-laboratory). These facilities are typically equipped with all the devices required for sampling, detection, and analysis of chemical (e.g., nerve, blister, toxic industrial compounds) and/or biological agents (e.g., pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins). These facilities may also have electric generators, air conditioners, meteorological stations, and computer and communication systems. Chemical/biological agent mobile facilities are used by disaster response agencies, medical emergency teams, environmental technicians, and civil defense and military personnel. Some facilities include an overpressure protection system that permits working in contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "18523",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Clinical Laboratory",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a laboratory room, a patient care area (typically including blood-drawing chairs), a reception area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include basic clinical laboratory devices, such as balances, centrifuges, pH meters, filter photometers (colorimeters), and sterilizers. Clinical laboratory mobile facilities permit patient specimen collection and limited laboratory testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "17878",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into an x-ray shielded radiographic scanning area, a control room including the operator console, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities consist of a tomographic scanning subsystem, a patient table, and a computer subsystem including dedicated software, display monitors, and a data-storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "17955",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Dental",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a patient treatment area, a reception area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a dental delivery unit, a dental chair, examination lights, and a sterilizer. Some facilities also include a dental radiographic unit and an x-ray film processor.  Dental mobile facilities are used for providing basic dental care."
    },
    {
      "code": "18529",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Emergency Care",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a patient receiving area with easy access by ambulance patients; a room with a few mobile, adjustable-height stretchers; and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room.  These facilities include all basic devices needed for emergency care, including resuscitators, electrocardiographs, defibrillators, emergency aspirators, sterilizing units, and surgical lights for minor surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27997",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Intensive Care",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities designed to provide autonomous integral intensive care to patients. These modular facilities include capabilities for patient resuscitation, ventilation, cardiac defibrillation and pacing, pump infusion, physiologic monitoring and recording, suction, and some limited clinical in-vitro analysis. The facility also includes one or more stretchers, external or integral (e.g., batteries) power capabilities, and communication systems; some facilities permit the performance of minor surgery procedures. Mobile intensive care modular facilities are appropriate for use during rescue operations in the field (e.g., car accidents, natural disasters, combat), in healthcare facilities during emergencies, and also during patient inter-hospital transfer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17863",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a patient treatment area, a magnet room, a control room including the operator console, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a primary magnet, gradient magnets, a radio-frequency subsystem, a patient table, and a computer subsystem including software, display monitors, and a data-storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "17864",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Mammography",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a radiographic area, a dressing room, a reception area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a high-frequency or constant potential x-ray (usually from 20 to 35 kV) mammographic unit, patient positioning features (e.g., compression devices), and an image recording system. Some facilities also include stereotactic biopsy capabilities and an x-ray film processor."
    },
    {
      "code": "18522",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Obstetrics/Gynecology",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a patient treatment area, a reception area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include an obstetric/gynecologic table, examination lights, basic instruments (e.g., scales, sphygmomanometers), and a sterilizer. Some facilities also include more specialized devices, such as ultrasound scanners, cardiotocographs (fetal monitors), and mammographic units. Obstetrics/gynecology mobile medical facilities are used for prenatal care and may also be used for delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18520",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into an ophthalmic examination area, a reception area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room.  These facilities include an ophthalmic examination chair, examination lights, ophthalmic instruments (e.g., ophthalmoscopes), and a sterilizer. Some dedicated facilities also include ophthalmic lasers (e.g., excimer) for some specialized procedures (e.g., corneal ablation for photorefractive correction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20341",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Personnel Shower/Decontamination",
      "definition": "Mobile medical facilities designed for decontamination of people from chemical agents, including mustard (H agent), nerve agents such as VX and the G series (including tabun [GA] and sarin [GB]), toxic industrial materials, and some biological agents. These facilities typically include separate areas for disposal of contaminated clothes, washing, and redressing; they may include several showerheads, water-heating capacity, decontamination-solution injectors, and a climate-controlled environment. Mobile medical facilities for decontamination provide a rapid solution in the event of massive emergency situations (e.g., chemical or other biohazardous spills) involving individuals potentially contaminated with bloodborne pathogens, chemicals, or other biohazardous substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "18526",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Positron Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a positron emission tomography (PET) scanning area, a control room including the operator console, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities consist of scintillation detectors arranged in stationary rings around the patient, photomultiplier tubes, coincidence circuits, a patient table, and a computer subsystem including dedicated software, display monitors, and a data-storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18524",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Radiography",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into an x-ray shielded radiographic area, an x-ray film-processing and storage room, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities typically include a general-purpose radiographic system or a chest radiographic unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18525",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Single Photon Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a PET scanning area, a control room including the operator console, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities consist of scintillation detectors arranged in stationary rings around the patient, photomultiplier tubes, coincidence circuits, a patient table, and a computer subsystem including dedicated software, display monitors, and a data-storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18528",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Surgery",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into an operating room, a scrub room including a water heater and sterilizer, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include surgical lights, anesthesia units, and physiological monitoring devices. They may also include electrosurgical units. Some mobile modular surgical facilities include an area for postoperative recovery with appropriate beds and other devices (e.g., electrocardiographs, resuscitators, ventilators)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17879",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into an ultrasound examination area, a reception area, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room.  These facilities consist of an examination table and usually a general-purpose ultrasonic scanner, including transducers for several examinations (e.g., abdominal, obstetric/gynecologic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17862",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Mobile, Urology/Lithotripsy",
      "definition": "Mobile modular medical facilities typically divided into a patient treatment area, an operator room that may include a console, and an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a lithotripter (e.g., ultrasonic, electrohydraulic), a urological table, and endoscopic devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18530",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary",
      "definition": "Modular medical facilities designed to be transported completely (or at least to a substantial degree) assembled from the manufacturer's premises to the final destination.  Most stationary medical facilities are permanently located, but it is usually possible to relocate the facility if needed. Stationary modular medical facilities could need external connections (e.g., electricity, water). These facilities are used for servicing distant or rural areas, for screening purposes (e.g., tuberculosis), for adding new capabilities to an existing hospital (e.g., magnetic resonnance imaging, catscan), and for adding a new procedure or increasing the existing medical capabilities permanently or for long periods (e.g., several months) in a given location ."
    },
    {
      "code": "18533",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Audiometry",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a patient examination area and a reception area and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities typically include several audiometric booths, each including audiometers to measure and characterize hearing loss."
    },
    {
      "code": "18544",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Blood Bank",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a blood-drawing area, a reception area, and a processing and storage area and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a blood-bank refrigerator, sterilizing units, examination tables, and blood-drawing chairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18540",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Cardiac Catheterization",
      "definition": "Freestanding stationary modular medical facilities that contain the equipment and supplies needed to function as an integrated unit for performing cardiac catheterization procedures (i.e., invasive medical procedures as a diagnostic or therapeutic tool for heart and circulatory conditions). These facilities are typically divided into a patient treatment area and a control room, including the operator console, and could also include a room for auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air-conditioning unit). Equipment in these facilities typically includes a cardiovascular radiographic/fluoroscopic system, a power injector for introducing contrast medium into the patient at high flow rates, physiologic monitoring equipment, and additional equipment to manage cardiovascular emergencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "18536",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Clinical Laboratory",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a laboratory room, a patient care area (typically including blood-drawing chairs), and a reception area and  could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include basic clinical laboratory devices, such as balances, centrifuges, pH meters, filter photometers (colorimeters), and sterilizers. Clinical-laboratory stationary facilities permit patient specimen collection and limited laboratory testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "18539",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into an x-ray shielded radiographic scanning area and a control room, including the operator console, and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities consist of a tomographic scanning subsystem, a patient table, and a computer subsystem including dedicated software, display monitors, and a data-storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18531",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Dental",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a patient treatment area and reception area and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a dental delivery unit, a dental chair, examination lights, and a sterilizer. Some facilities also include a dental radiographic unit and an x-ray film processor."
    },
    {
      "code": "18546",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Emergency Care",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a patient receiving area with easy access by ambulance patients and a room with a few mobile adjustable-height stretchers; these facilities could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities also include all basic devices needed for emergency care, including resuscitators, electrocardiographs, defibrillators, emergency aspirators, sterilizing units, and surgical lights for minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18543",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a patient treatment area, a magnet room, and a control room, including the operator console, and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a primary magnet, gradient magnets, a radio-frequency subsystem, a patient table, and a computer subsystem including software, display monitors, and a data-storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18538",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Mammography",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a radiographic area, a dressing room, and a reception area and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a high-frequency or constant potential x-ray (usually from 20 to 35 kV) mammographic unit, patient positioning features (e.g., compression devices), and an image recording system. Some facilities also include stereotactic biopsy capabilities and an x-ray film processor."
    },
    {
      "code": "18534",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Obstetrics/Gynecology",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a patient treatment area and a reception area and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include an obstetric/gynecologic table, examination lights, basic instruments (e.g., scales, sphygmomanometers), and a sterilizer. Some facilities also include more specialized devices, such as ultrasound scanners, cardiotocographs (fetal monitors), and mammographic units. Obstetrics/gynecology stationary medical facilities are used for prenatal care and delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18532",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into an ophthalmic examination area and a reception area and that could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include an ophthalmic examination chair, examination lights, ophthalmic instruments (e.g., ophthalmoscopes), and a sterilizer.  Some dedicated facilities also include ophthalmic lasers (e.g., excimer) for some specialized procedures (e.g., corneal ablation for photorefractive correction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20340",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Personnel Shower/Decontamination",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities designed for massive decontamination of people from chemical agents, including mustard (H agent), nerve agents such as VX and the G series (including tabun [GA] and Sarin [GB]), toxic industrial materials, and some biological agents. These facilities typically include a module with a showerhead and controls for effective use of water, a water pump, and additional modules for removal of potentially contaminated clothes and/or redressing with clean clothes (e.g., gowns); the facilities frequently include water-heating capacity, decontamination-solution injectors, and a climate-controlled environment with appropriate chemical and biological protection. Stationary modular facilities used for showering and decontamination of peoples can be installed either using standard water services or from water tanks; some include a transparent plastic wall with reach-in glove arms to permit healthcare personnel to help patients cleaning while keeping a protective barrier. The facilities provide a rapid solution in the event of massive emergency situations (e.g., chemical or other biohazardous spills) involving individuals potentially contaminated with bloodborne pathogens, chemicals, or other biohazardous substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "32877",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Physical Therapy/Rehabilitation",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that include appropriate installations to perform a variety of exercises and other procedures (e.g., orthopedic traction) during physical therapy and/or rehabilitation treatments. These modular facilities are assembled as a large volume chamber or cage that includes appropriate devices (e.g., pulleys, weights) and tables to perform a variety of traction procedures (e.g. limbs and spine), heat and cold therapies, and both passive and active exercises. The modular facilities usually need external connections to the main hospital systems for electric power, water, and other services such as compressed air. Physical therapy and rehabilitation medical facilities are used to add new capabilities to hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and other healthcare institutions for inpatient and outpatient services."
    },
    {
      "code": "18542",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Positron Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a positron emission tomography (PET) scanning area and a control room, including the operator console, and that could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities consist of scintillation detectors arranged in stationary rings around the patient, photomultiplier tubes, coincidence circuits, a patient table, and a computer subsystem, including dedicated software, display monitors, and a data- storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18537",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Radiography",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into an x-ray shielded radiographic area and an x-ray film-processing and storage room and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities typically include a general-purpose radiographic system or a chest radiographic unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18541",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Single Photon Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a single photon emission computed tomography (SPEC) scanning area and a control room, including the operator console, and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities consist of a gamma (scintillation) camera used as a detector, a patient table, and a computer subsystem, including dedicated software, display monitors, and a data-storage unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18545",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Surgery",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities  that are typically divided into an operating room and scrub room, including a water heater and sterilizer, and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include surgical lights, anesthesia units, and physiological monitoring devices, and they may also include electrosurgical units. Some modular surgical facilities include an area for postoperative recovery with appropriate beds and other devices (e.g., electrocardiographs, resuscitators, ventilators)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18535",
      "display": "Modular Medical Facilities, Stationary, Urology/Lithotripsy",
      "definition": "Stationary modular medical facilities that are typically divided into a patient treatment area and an operator room (including a console) and could also include an auxiliary equipment (e.g., electric generator, air conditioning) room. These facilities include a lithotripter (e.g., ultrasonic, electrohydraulic), a urological table, and endoscopic devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "12565",
      "display": "Moist Heat Therapy Pack Conditioners",
      "definition": "Devices designed to keep hot packs (also known as hydrocollator packs) warm at a consistent temperature. These devices usually consist of a stainless steel container where water is heated to a thermostatically controlled temperature (usually 165 degrees F); hot packs are immersed in the water. Moist heat therapy pack conditioners are used to store and keep packs warm. The packs are wrapped in towels and used to provide moist heat therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20801",
      "display": "Molecular Assay Microarray Arrayers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to deposit small and accurate volumes (e.g., picoliters) of chemicals (typically nucleic acids or their fragments, such as oligonucleotides) in predetermined spots of prepared surfaces (e.g., glass slides, nylon substrate) to obtain molecular assay microarrays. These devices may consist of either equipment that uses spotting pins to deposit the chemicals from microtiter plates to the solid substrates (including ink-jet printers) or dedicated equipment to synthesize oligonucleotides in situ using well-developed photolithographic technologies. Microarray arrayers are available for repetitive and/or custom production of molecular assay microarrays for research and/or clinical use."
    },
    {
      "code": "20816",
      "display": "Molecular Microarrays",
      "definition": "Small solid plates (e.g., glass, silicon, nylon) on which densely packed samples (up to one million or more spots per microarray) of known sequences of nucleic acid nucleotides (e.g., DNA fragments known as oligonucleotides) in a predetermined array are either synthesized using photolithographic procedures or deposited using pin-spotting procedures (e.g., with ink-jet printers). Typically, the microarray is washed with a labeled (e.g., fluorescent) sample of an unknown sequence. The immobilized microarray spots mate with the sample sequences according to their complementary nature. The resulting fluorescence pattern permits the identification of the sample sequence using an appropriate reader (scanner) and/or data processing using a molecular array analyzer. Dedicated molecular microarrays are used for genetic expression, to detect variations in gene copies, and to detect gene mutations/polymorphisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20818",
      "display": "Molecular Microarrays, Comparative Genomic",
      "definition": "Microarrays designed to detect genomic gains or losses or changes in the number of copies of a particular gene associated with a disease.  The packet samples on the microarray spots consist of large immobilized pieces of DNA with a known chromosomal location for each spot. DNA-labeled samples from normal and diseased tissues are hybridized to the array; an expression pattern with more bright spots indicates that the number of genes involved in the disease has increased. Expression pattern comparative genomic molecular microarrays can be used to determine the extent and/or follow the progress of particular diseases (e.g., cancer tumors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20817",
      "display": "Molecular Microarrays, Expression Analysis",
      "definition": "Microarrays designed to determine the level (i.e., volume) at which a certain gene is expressed. The packet samples on the microarray spots typically consist of immobilized complementary DNA (cDNA) nucleotides (e.g., DNA fragments known as oligonucleotides) derived from the messenger RNA (mRNA) of known genes (or proteins that are overexpressed or present only with certain disease states). DNA-labeled samples from normal and diseased tissues are hybridized to the array; the intensity of the fluorescence on different spots generates an expression pattern that can be compared to the expression pattern of a known disease. Expression analysis molecular microarrays can be used in the identification of genes related to specific diseases, to follow the progress of diseases (e.g., cancer tumors), and in evaluation of drug effectiveness."
    },
    {
      "code": "20819",
      "display": "Molecular Microarrays, Mutation/Polymorphism",
      "definition": "Microarrays designed to detect mutations or polymorphisms in a gene sequence.  The packet samples on the microarray spots typically consist of immobilized DNA from a single gene; the sequence placed on any given spot of the microarray differs from that on other spots by only one or a few specific nucleotides. A sequence that is frequently used follows small single genetic variations that can occur within a human DNA sequence, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Samples of labeled DNA from a person's normal tissue are hybridized to the array; the sample DNA will hybridize with greater frequency to SNPs particular to that person. If the sample SNP pattern is coincident to the known pattern for a given disease, the person has, or is at risk of having, the disease. Mutation/polymorphism molecular microarrays can be used to screen for inherited or acquired genetic susceptibility to a particular illness and/or other genetic characteristics (e.g., metabolism)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20820",
      "display": "Molecular Microarrays, Mutation/Polymorphism, Gene CYP2D6/CYP2C19",
      "definition": "Polymorphism detection microarrays designed to detect genetic variations in the genes 2D6 and 2C19 of the Cytochrome P450 pathway when used with a molecular assay analyzer. These microarrays can typically detect 29 known polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene, including gene duplication and deletion, resulting in the identification of 33 unique alleles; they can also permit the detection of two major polymorphisms in gene CYP2C19. These tests are used to characterize the patient phenotype, permitting a classification of the patient metabolic characteristics (e.g., poor, intermediate, extensive, or rapid metabolizers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12570",
      "display": "Moleskins",
      "definition": "Thick cotton fabrics with a soft pile/felt on one side that are typically used for lining splints or casts to protect the skin. They often have adhesive tape on the backside to help keep them in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "34355",
      "display": "Money Handling Drawers",
      "definition": "Containers resembling a sliding box that can be push in and pull out from a structure that are intended for handling money. These drawers typically consist of a metallic box with several compartments that includes a lock, ball bearings, an ejection mechanism, and hold downs to secure the bills. Some cabinets include slots for bills, cards, or other documents and a cable for interfacing with cash register systems. Money handling drawers are available in a variety of sizes, configurations, and colors; they are mainly used as a component of cash registers (e.g., at point of sales)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37540",
      "display": "Monitor/Controllers, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Devices designed to measure and control the concentration of carbon dioxide in an enclosed atmosphere by adding carbon dioxide to the environment as needed. These controllers typically consist of an electronic unit with a display to show actual carbon dioxide concentration values in the enclosed atmosphere, appropriate sensors for detecting carbon dioxide concentrations (e.g., thermal conductivity carbon dioxide sensors, infrared carbon dioxide sensors), control knobs/buttons, and alarms to alert when carbon dioxide values are beyond a predetermined range. Carbon dioxide controllers are used mainly with laboratory equipment (e.g., incubators). These controllers may be external units capable of adding carbon dioxide concentration controlling capability to equipment; other controllers may be integral parts of equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "12861",
      "display": "Monitor/Controllers, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Controllers designed to measure and control the concentration of oxygen in an enclosed atmosphere. These controllers typically consist of an electronic unit with a display to show actual values of percentage of oxygen concentration in the enclosed atmosphere, appropriate temperature-compensated electrodes and sensors to detect oxygen, transducers, control knobs or buttons, and alarms to alert when oxygen values are beyond a predetermined range. Some devices are also capable of controlling the concentration of dissolved oxygen in aqueous solutions (usually in ppm).  Oxygen controllers are used mainly in laboratory equipment (e.g., incubators, glove boxes); they are integral parts of some devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20195",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to continuously acquire, measure, process, and display biologic, technical, environmental, or other data from one or more patients, devices, or other targets. These systems typically consist of a central station monitor that receives, consolidates, and displays information from a set of monitors and/or appropriate sensors (e.g., temperature, pressure) that are deployed throughout a healthcare area; cables and/or wireless links; computerized processing units; and display monitors. Dedicated monitoring systems are typically used in healthcare facilities to monitor physiologic and clinical laboratory parameters; other monitoring systems may be used to monitor technical and safety characteristics (e.g., radiation levels, presence of pathogens), and environmental data."
    },
    {
      "code": "25098",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Patient Position, Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Monitoring systems that track patient position in real time during radiotherapy procedures so that the patient position can be adjusted to allow the radiation to more precisely reach its target (i.e., tumors) thus avoiding unnecessary radiation damage to surrounding healthy tissues and allowing for a higher dosage of radiation to be delivered, a process known as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). These monitoring systems usually consist of scanning devices (infrared cameras or laser scanners) mounted on the ceiling near the patient, and integrated computer workstations and dedicated software to calculate needed adjustments in patient position. Infrared monitoring systems may also have a positioning reference device mounted over the treatment couch. Through the use of computer algorithms, the monitoring systems detect any change in position from pre-established parameters (usually in the 1 mm range or less). The monitoring systems have visual computer displays to show patient movement and alarms to alert the technician if adjustments in patient position are needed. Some monitoring systems can be interfaced with the patient couch to make automatic adjustments to the patient's position during treatment. Some monitoring systems work in conjunction with other IGRT systems to track respiratory motions for gated radiotherapy delivery.  Radiotherapy patient position monitoring systems that use infrared light or lasers as the scanning system are available. They are used in radiotherapy suites to detect patient position changes in real time during radiotherapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "33065",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Patient Position, Radiotherapy, Infrared",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy patient position monitoring systems that use infrared scanning to track patient position during radiotherapy procedures. These monitoring systems usually consist of two infrared scanning cameras which mount to the ceiling of the treatment room; infrared reflecting markers that are placed on the patient's skin; a reference device (containing infrared reflective markers) which is mounted on an arm coming out from the patient couch; and integrated computer workstations and dedicated software with alarms to alert the technician of patient position changes from reference parameters, (usually in the sub-millimeter range). These systems may also be networked to couch control systems. This allow clinicians to make automatic position adjustments and access previously stored patient settings. Infrared radiotherapy patient position monitoring systems are mostly used in conjunction with kV x-ray imagers or ultrasound imagers and implanted fiducial markers to track patient position changes, and may be used in respiratory correlated imaging and gated radiotherapy. They are used in radiotherapy suites to detect patient position changes in real time during radiotherapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "33070",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Patient Position, Radiotherapy, Laser",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy patient position monitoring systems that use laser-based optical surface scanning to track patient position during radiotherapy procedures. These monitoring systems usually consists of a single ceiling-mounted laser scanner unit placed above the foot end of the couch; computer workstations and dedicated software; audible and visible alarms to alert the technician of patient position changes from reference parameters (usually in the sub-millimeter range); and a remote control to operate the system from within the treatment room.  Also available as an option is the ability to network to couch control systems. This allows clinicians to make automatic position adjustments and access previously stored patient settings. Laser radiotherapy patient position monitoring systems are used in radiotherapy suites to detect patient position changes in real time during radiotherapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "12636",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic",
      "definition": "Monitoring systems designed for continuous assessment of vital physiologic parameters. These systems usually include a central station monitor that receives, consolidates, and displays the information and a set of monitors that are deployed near the patient (bedside monitors) to provide the required data from each patient; many systems also include portable radio transmitters (with appropriate sensors), receivers, and antennas (telemetry systems) to allow monitoring of ambulatory patients. Physiologic monitoring systems are used to evaluate and observe trends in patients in compromised or unstable conditions; they are used mostly in intermediate care units and in general medical and surgical areas. Additionally, some systems can assess conditions that are vital for patient life (e.g., anesthetic gas concentrations)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12647",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Acute Care",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous checking of vital physiologic parameters in critical care conditions. These systems typically include a central station monitor configured to  display and electrocardiogram (ECG) for each patient being monitored (other waveforms can be displayed instead of or in addition to ECG); modular bedside monitors capable to adapt to the changing conditions of patients (e.g. monitoring of cardiac output, arrhythmia, pulse oximetry, invasive and noninvasive blood pressure). Acute care monitoring systems are typically used in critical care areas (e.g., intensive care units, cardiac care units, emergency departments, post-anesthesia recovery units) and other areas where patients require continuous monitoring of vital signs and other physiologic parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "33066",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Hemodynamic",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous assessment of the cardiovascular system (CVS) including blood flow and pressures on the heart chambers and main arteries and veins; they also determine the response of the CVS to tissue oxygen demands (i.e., perfusion). These systems typically include instruments and sensors to obtain data of the parameters and a monitor to display the data and/or waveforms needed for the assessment. The main parameters measured include electrocardiographic data and waveform, blood pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, temperature, peripheral venous oxygen saturation, and blood gas analysis. Other parameters may be measured according to the patient status. Hemodynamic monitoring systems include two main types: (1) systems that include invasive measurements (typically pulmonary artery catheters) and (2) systems that use non or minimally invasive techniques.  Hemodynamic systems are mainly used in unstable critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "36507",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Hemodynamic, Invasive",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous assessment of the cardiovascular system (CVS) and the response of the CVS to tissue oxygen demands (i.e., perfusion) using invasive sensors (typically a Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter). These systems typically include instruments and sensors to obtain data of the parameters and a monitor to display the data and/or waveforms  needed for the assessment. The main component of the invasive system is the pulmonary artery catheter that is used to measure parameters such as cardiac output, hemodynamic pressures and volumes, venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), right ventricular injection. Invasive hemodynamic systems are mainly used in unstable critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "34394",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Hemodynamic, Non/Minimally Invasive",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous assessment of the cardiovascular system (CVS) and the response of the CVS to tissue oxygen demands (i.e., perfusion) using non or minimally invasive techniques rather than invasive sensors. These systems typically include instruments and sensors to obtain data of the parameters and a monitor to display the data and/or waveforms  needed for the assessment. The systems may use one of a variety of techniques such as: (1) changes of amplitude or phase in the thoracic electrical impedance, (2) radial artery pressure wave analysis, (3) fractional flow reserve, a guide wirebased procedure that can accurately measure blood pressure and flow through a specific part of the coronary artery, and (4) arterial pulse contour analysis. Non and minimally Invasive hemodynamic systems are mainly used in unstable critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "37595",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Left Atrial Pressure, Telemetric, Implantable Sensor",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous measuring and display in a central station information regarding left atrial pressure taken from an implantable sensor at a distant location (i.e., telemetric). These systems typically consist of a percutaneously powered implantable sensor, a guidewire-based delivery system, and a central patient unit that includes the telemetric transmitter. The signal is transmitted through a wireless point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link using a wireless transmitter at the remote point and a receiver that is integral or associated with a central station where the information is displayed. Left atrial pressure monitoring systems are intended for remote monitoring of patients with congestive heart failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "37474",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Low-Acuity",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for automated quasi-continuous and/or continuous real-time measurement of vital signs (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate) in patients with non-critical care conditions. Some of these systems have the ability to monitor additional parameters (e.g., pulse oximetry, patient movement). At the patient side, these monitoring systems are available in multiple sensor and monitor configurations. In one configuration, sensors appropriate for detecting vital signs may be connected by wires to a bedside monitor, which is typically small enough to be mounted on a mobile intravenous pole or small cart to allow patient ambulation. A second configuration involves a small monitor worn by the patient, typically on the upper arm or wrist. Appropriate sensors may be built into the wearable monitor or connected to the wearable monitor by wires or may be wireless. A third configuration involves a sensor pad that is placed under or within the patient's mattress. Typically, these noncontact sensors are connected via wires to a bedside monitor. In each configuration, data obtained by the patient-side monitors/sensors are transmitted wirelessly to a central station monitor configured to display trend lines for one or more vital sign parameters for multiple patients simultaneously. Low acuity care monitoring systems are typically used for automated continuous monitoring of patient vital signs in low-acuity care areas (e.g., general care or medical surgical units) and are intended to detect early signs of potential patient deterioration."
    },
    {
      "code": "35258",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Patient Turn Management",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous monitoring bed-ridden patient position thus helping in the management of periodic patient turning. The monitoring system provides information in real time of the patient identification and room, and also about the position,  movements, and time elapsed since the patient was last turned. These systems include a patient movement sensor attached to each patient chest which sends the information to an antenna typically placed in a power outlet close to the patient. The information is then wireless transmitted to a receptor that may be located on a central station, personal computer, or smart phone. Patient turn management monitoring systems provide alarms when any of the patients is not turned at the appropriate pre-schedule time and keep record of the activity and/or turning efficiency for each patient or group of patients. Some systems include capabilities for  continuous sensoring in real time body pressures that may cause decubitus ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "34408",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Pulmonary Artery Pressure/Heart Rate, Telemetric, Implantable Sensor",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous measuring and display in a central station information of the pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and heart rate taken from an implantable sensor at a distant location (i.e., telemetric). These systems typically consist of a percutaneously powered implantable sensor, a guidewire based delivery system, and a central patient unit that includes the telemetric transmitter. The signal is transmitted  through a wireless point to point radio or other appropriate communication link using a wireless transmitter at the remote point and a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. These systems can usually measure systolic, diastolic, and mean PA pressures and heart rate; other associated parameters can be assessed in the computerized central station. Pulmonary artery pressure/heart rate monitors are intended for patients with advanced state heart failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "12649",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Stress Exercise",
      "definition": "Monitoring systems designed to evaluate the physiologic response of a person to physical stress, typically while the individual is performing exercise on a treadmill, bicycle ergometer, or other equipment. These systems are used mostly to diagnose coronary artery diseases, to differentiate between cardiac and pulmonary diseases, and to diagnose and/or monitor the course of pulmonary and vascular diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17723",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Stress Exercise, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Stress exercise physiologic monitoring systems designed to evaluate the cardiac response of a person to physical stress while the individual is performing exercise on a treadmill or a bicycle ergometer. These systems usually include an exercise machine, an electrocardiograph with appropriate electrodes, computing capabilities, a display, a recorder, and a printer (e.g. laser, Deskjet). Typically, the patient performs the test following a protocol that gradually increases his or her work (e.g., increasing the speed of a treadmill) while the electrocardiographic signal is monitored; the data is analyzed, and a report is printed. Some systems can automatically determine heart rate, analyze the ST-segment trend, and detect arrhythmias. Cardiac stress exercise monitoring systems are used mostly to diagnose and monitor the course of coronary artery diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17724",
      "display": "Monitoring Systems, Physiologic, Stress Exercise, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Stress exercise physiologic monitoring systems designed to evaluate the pulmonary response of a person to physical stress while the individual is performing exercise on a treadmill or a bicycle ergometer. These systems usually include an exercise machine, an oxygen analyzer (e.g., solid electrolyte sensor, spectrometer, paramagnet), a carbon dioxide analyzer (e.g., infrared), and a mouthpiece attached to tubing that is connected to the gas analyzers. Some systems also incorporate pyrometers to measure respiratory volumes and capacities (e.g., inspiratory, expiratory). Typically, the patient performs the test following a protocol that follows steady, incremental, or ramp workloads. Pulmonary stress exercise monitoring systems are used to diagnose and monitor the course of pulmonary diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20168",
      "display": "Monitors",
      "definition": "Devices primarily designed for display in real time of numerical data, waveforms, and other graphic or visual information of physical or physiologic events that are intended for observation and/or assessing continuously or in short periods of time. Monitors usually consist of an electric or electronic device using appropriate sensors that includes a display showing the characteristics of the event under observation, data processors, and recording and/or alarm capabilities. Dedicated monitors used in healthcare are mostly intended to assess the physiologic parameters of people and/or to record data on healthcare equipment performance (e.g., IVD equipment) and/or the indoor environmental characteristics; monitors intended for other purposes, such as to display video images and/or assess electrical safety are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36544",
      "display": "Monitors, Applied Dermal Pressure",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for the continuous measurement and display of pressure applied to the skin by a compression bandage. These monitors typically include a computerized unit for data processing and display; pressure transducers, and an interface cable. Applied dermal pressure monitor pressure transducers are typically thin and flexible (allowing their placement between the compression bandage and skin without disrupting compression treatment)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20190",
      "display": "Monitors, Compressed Air/Gas",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measuring and display gas concentration, humidity content and/or dew point, and impurity content in compressed air and/or medical gases. These monitors can measure and display the concentration of one or more gases or contaminants; some include alarms (e.g. audio, visual) that can be activated at pre-fixed concentrations. Compressed air/gas monitors are hooked up at a sampling point of a compressed medical air or gas system."
    },
    {
      "code": "18043",
      "display": "Monitors, Compressed Air/Gas, Carbon Monoxide",
      "definition": "Compressed air monitors designed to measure and display the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in breathing air. These monitors consist of CO sensor (e.g., oxide semiconductor) and an electronic unit including a display. Most monitors also include audio and/or visual alarms activated at prefixed CO concentrations (e.g., 10 or 20 ppm)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18042",
      "display": "Monitors, Compressed Air/Gas, Dew-Point",
      "definition": "Compressed-air monitors designed to measure and display the temperature at which water vapor condenses (dew point); some may also monitor the temperature at which water vapor condenses to form ice or frost (frost point) and the relative humidity. These monitors consist of either a dew (water vapor) sensor that detects changes in electrical device characteristics (e.g., capacitance, voltage) with moisture or a direct dew-point sensor (e.g., chilled mirror), a temperature sensor, and an electronic unit, including a display. Some monitors also include audible and/or visual alarms activated at prefixed values. Dew-point monitors are used to avoid condensation in the delivery system, preventing the formation of acid components (e.g., carbonic acid) that corrode the parts of the air/gas system and could affect devices that use those gases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20191",
      "display": "Monitors, Compressed Air/Gas, Multigas",
      "definition": "Compressed air monitors designed to measure and display simultaneously several gas concentrations. These monitors typically include sensors (e.g solid state, electrochemical, infra-red), electronic circuitry, and a display; they may also include alarms, recording capabilities, and/or a transmitter for remote central monitoring. Multigas compressed air monitors are used for continuous measuring the concentration of gases (e.g. oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20192",
      "display": "Monitors, Electrical Safety",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to continuously measure and display data on one or more electrical variables (e.g., voltage, current) or parameters (e.g., impedance) that may cause a hazardous condition when their value is not in a predetermined safe range. Most of these monitors include measuring devices, displays, and alarms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20193",
      "display": "Monitors, Electrical Safety, Electrosurgery",
      "definition": "Electrical safety monitors designed to continuously measure the characteristics of electrical power delivered to the patient and/or the integrity of the electrical delivery circuit between the electrosurgical unit and the patient during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17736",
      "display": "Monitors, Electrical Safety, Electrosurgery, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Electrical safety electrosurgical monitors designed to assess the leakage current due to capacitive coupling and/or failure of the insulation of the active electrode of a monopolar electrosurgical unit (ESU) during laparoscopic surgery. These monitors typically consist of a monitoring unit, a conductive shield for the active electrosurgical electrode, and an alarm that is activated when the radio frequency (RF) current exceeds a predetermined value; usually the ESU is automatically deactivated simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "16010",
      "display": "Monitors, Electrical Safety, Electrosurgery, Return Electrode",
      "definition": "Electrical safety electrosurgical monitors designed to assess the electrical impedance in the return path from the patient to the electrical generator, particularly the contact impedance between the return electrode and the skin. Most of these monitors deliver a test signal to the return electrode via the return electrode cable, the signal is then returned to the monitor which continuously measures the value of the impedance and alarm if its value is more than a pre-established limit. Return electrode safety monitors are used during monopolar electrosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15833",
      "display": "Monitors, Electrical Safety, Ground Continuity",
      "definition": "Electrical safety monitors designed to assess defects or loss of the ground connection of electrical equipment and/or instruments and alarm if the ground impedance is more than a pre-established limit. Some monitors provide an alternative path to ground should the equipment ground become faulty. These monitors are mostly used to detect loss of isolation in explosive environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "12361",
      "display": "Monitors, Electrical Safety, Line Isolation",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to continuously measure and display data on one or more of the environmental conditions and elements to which individuals may be exposed in healthcare facilities. These monitors may include computerized capabilities to process information. Environmental monitors are used to assess the concentration of gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) and/or the physical conditions of the environment (temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation, particle concentration); most include audible or visual alarms to alert patients and/or healthcare personnel to unsafe conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20188",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental",
      "definition": "Monitors designed primarily for continuous or quasi-continuous real-time measuring and display of numerical data and/or waveforms of the conditions and elements that made of the surroundings (environment) and to which individual may be exposed in the health care facilities. These monitors are intended to assess natural conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure), concentrations of natural gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen), hazardous substances (e.g., toxic gases, chemical and biological agents), and/or other physical conditions in the environment (e.g., ionizing radiation, high particle concentration). These devices usually consist of a tabletop electronic unit that includes a display showing the characteristics of the event under observation; the monitor may be connected to the line and/or powered by internal batteries. The main unit may also include appropriate attached probes and sensors that make possible sequential and/or simultaneous measurements of the parameters. The monitors may also record the parameters of the event and alarm when one or more of the parameters under observation reach a value outside from a pre-established range. \r\nMost environmental monitors used in healthcare are intended to measure the conditions in closed environments, dedicated monitors are available for use in particular areas of healthcare facilities such as clinical laboratories, sterilization rooms, and surgical areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "39678",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Air Humidity/Temperature",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to continuously detect, measure, and display relative humidity (RH) or RH and temperature. These monitors may also store a limited number of readings, for example, maximum and minimum readings. These units can be wall mounted or freestanding. Air humidity/temperature environmental monitors can be used to monitor air conditions in environmental chambers, chemical storage areas, cleanrooms, incubators, and stockrooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20521",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Chemical Agent",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed for automated detection and continuous numerical and/or graphic display of the concentration of chemicals that may kill or seriously injure human beings (i.e., chemical agents), such as industrial toxic chemicals (e.g., ammonia, nitric acid, phosgene, formaldehyde), nerve agents (e.g., tabun, sarin, VX), and blister (vesicant) agents (e.g., mustard, lewisite). These monitors may use one or several different technologies, including spectroscopy (e.g., ion-mobility spectroscopy). They typically are computerized and detect, identify, measure, and display the concentration of chemical agents. Some monitors provide warning signals (e.g., alarms) that operate when predetermined values of the chemical agent and/or the recording capabilities of the monitor have been reached or exceeded. Chemical agent environmental monitors are available as portable, handheld, stand-alone, or mobile units. They are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel for continuous observation of contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20522",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Nerve/Blister",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental monitors designed for automated detection and continuous numerical and/or graphic display of the concentration of compounds that exert their biological effects either by inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (i.e., nerve agents such as tabun [GA], sarin [GB], soman [GD], or VX)  or by producing blisters (i.e., blister agents such as mustard, phosgene, and lewisite). Some devices can detect nonlethal, irritant compounds such as Mace and pepper spray. The effects of these agents may be produced while in vapor (if inhaled) or liquid state (if absorbed transcutaneously). Some monitors provide warning signals (e.g., alarms) that operate when predetermined values of the chemical agent and/or the recording capabilities of the monitor have been reached or exceeded. Chemical agent environmental monitors are available as portable, handheld, stand-alone, or mobile units. They are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel for continuous observation of contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20523",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Chemical Agent, Toxic Industrial Material",
      "definition": "Chemical agent environmental monitors designed for automated detection and continuous numerical and/or graphic display of the concentration of industrial chemicals that produce highly toxic effects, such as nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The effects of these agents may be produced while in vapor (if inhaled) or in liquid state (if absorbed transcutaneously). Some devices can also detect agents that produce choking effects when inhaled, such as phosgene and chlorine. These monitors may use one or several different technologies, including electrochemistry and spectroscopy. Most monitors warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of the chemical agent have been reached or exceeded. Toxic industrial environmental monitors are available as portable, handheld, stand-alone, or mobile units. They are used by healthcare personnel, rescuers, firefighters, and other personnel for continuous observation of contaminated or potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "27641",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Differential Pressure",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to continuously detect, measure, and display the difference in air pressure between a closed room and the surrounding environment (i.e., the differential pressure, either positive or negative). These monitors typically include high accuracy airflow sensors capable of measuring very low differential pressures in a range from -25 to +25 Pa (-0.10 to +0.10 inch of water), a display, and alarms for abnormal pressure conditions. The monitors may also include recording capabilities and provide local and/or remote signals that can be used for manual or automated control of the pressure inside the room. Differential pressure environmental monitors are used in areas of healthcare facilities such as patient isolation rooms, autopsy departments, operating rooms, clean rooms, and also in particular areas of clinical laboratories and hospital pharmacies where strict control of pressure and airflow are necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "17219",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Ethylene Oxide",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to measure and display the concentration of ethylene oxide. These monitors typically include an ethylene oxide sensor (e.g. solid state), a control unit and a display; they may also include alarms activated at pre-fixed concentrations (e.g., 10, 20 ppm), recording capabilities, or a transmitter for remote central monitoring. Ethylene oxide environmental monitors are used mostly for continuous or periodic monitoring in hospital sterilizing rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "34236",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Heat Stress",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to continuously detect and measure multiple environmental parameters and to calculate and display heat stress indices calculated from these parameters. Environmental heat stress monitors typically include apparatus to measure parameters related to temperature, relative humidity, water vapor pressure, and/or wind velocity. These parameters, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, globe temperature, and/or wind speed are used to calculate one or more heat stress indices such as the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) or thermal work limit (TWL). Environmental heat stress monitors are typically used as an aid in managing the amount of time personnel spend working in potentially hazardous warm and/or humid environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "33561",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Hydrogen Peroxide",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to measure and display the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) vapors. These monitors typically include a hydrogen peroxide sensor (e.g., electrochemical) that may be disposable, a main control and display unit; the monitors usually include local and/or remote alarms activated at a pre-fixed concentrations (e.g., 1.0 or 5.0 ppm). Some monitors may include a central area monitor and several remote sensors to measure and record the  H2O2 concentrations in the vecinity of each sterilizer that uses this compound. Oxygen peroxide environmental monitors are used mostly for continuous or periodic monitoring in hospital sterilizing rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "12660",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Ionizing Radiation",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to continuously detect, measure, and display data on alpha, beta, gamma, and/or x-ray radiation, usually expressed in sievert or roentgen per hour. These monitors typically consist of a radiation detector capable of assessing radiation levels ranging from normal background to catastrophic and an electronic unit including a display. Most monitors include alarms; some include recording and/or telemetric capabilities. Ionizing radiation environmental monitors are used in nuclear medicine areas, radiotherapy rooms, or where radiation is used or present."
    },
    {
      "code": "16358",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Mercury Vapor",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to measure and display the concentration levels of gaseous mercury; some monitors can differentiate between elemental and ionic forms. These monitors typically include a mercury-vapor sensor (e.g., gold film), a control unit, and a display; they may also include alarms activated at predetermined concentrations and recording capabilities. Mercury-vapor environmental monitors are used mostly for continuous or periodic monitoring in hospital rooms, dental offices, and clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "12606",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Multigas",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to simultaneously measure and display several gas concentration levels; some can also determine the lower explosive limit percentage of combustible-gas concentrations. These monitors typically include sensors (e.g., solid state, electrochemical, infrared), a built-in sampling pump, electronic circuitry, and a display; they may also include alarms, recording capabilities, and/or a transmitter for remote central monitoring. Multigas environmental monitors are used to continuously measure the concentration of gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide) in healthcare facility environments (e.g., operating rooms, intensive care units)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20189",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Nitrogen Oxide/Dioxide",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to display the concentration of nitrogen oxide and/or nitrogen dioxide. These monitors typically include appropriate sensors (e.g., electrochemical), a control unit, and a display; they may also include alarms activated at several prefixed concentrations, recording capabilities, and/or a transmitter for remote central monitoring. Nitrogen oxide/dioxide monitors are typically used to detect the presence of NO and NO2 in rooms wherever NO is used, improving the safety of healthcare personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "23673",
      "display": "Monitors, Environmental, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Environmental monitors designed to display the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere. These monitors typically include appropriate sensors (e.g., electrochemical), a control unit, and a display; they may also include alarms (e.g., sound, visual) activated at several prefixed concentrations, recording capabilities, and/or a transmitter for remote central monitoring. Oxygen monitors are electrically powered devices (either line- or battery-powered) that are typically used to detect the presence of oxygen in rooms. Dedicated monitors intended mainly to initiate a display and/or an alarm when the oxygen level in the air is below a pre-established limit to protect the safety of patients and/or healthcare personnel are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20357",
      "display": "Monitors, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to continuously measure and display one or several parameters such as gas concentration and temperature within an enclosure (e.g., hood) or equipment (e.g., incubator, warmer, bath) of a clinical laboratory. Laboratory monitors may be externally attached to or placed near the device or process that they are monitoring or located in a remote place of the laboratory using telemetric sensors. Some laboratory monitors include alarms. Laboratory monitors may work in connection with a central station that receives, consolidates, and displays the information from several pieces of laboratory equipment (i.e., laboratory monitors may be a component of a laboratory monitoring system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16855",
      "display": "Monitors, Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Laboratory monitors designed for continuous measuring and display of the carbon dioxide concentration in a closed or semi-closed environment, usually inside of a laboratory device (e.g. incubator, hood). These monitors typically consist of a central unit including electronic circuitry and a digital display, and carbon dioxide sensors located in the interior of the laboratory device."
    },
    {
      "code": "18301",
      "display": "Monitors, Laboratory, Temperature",
      "definition": "Laboratory monitors designed for continuous measuring and display of the internal temperature of laboratory equipment. These monitors typically consist of an external central unit including electronic circuitry and a digital display, and temperature-sensing probes located inside a clinical laboratory device (e.g. freezer, refrigerator, incubator, hood) or immersed in liquids, semisolids, or gases while stored, or undergoing some physical or chemical process. Many of these monitors include an additional probe to measure the environmental temperature, displaying both the temperature within the equipment and the ambient temperature continuously."
    },
    {
      "code": "20194",
      "display": "Monitors, Laboratory, Water Purity",
      "definition": "Laboratory monitors designed for continuous measuring and display of the resistivity and/or conductivity of water. Some units may be also capable of measuring total organic carbon (TOC) content. These monitors usually consist of an electronic measuring unit and threaded in-line sensors attached to the water pipe and connected to the measuring unit. Water purity monitors are used for assessing the quality of water in low and/or high purity laboratory water supplies; those that also monitor TOC are used to assess the level of dissolved organic compounds in very high purity water systems (e.g. high pressure liquid chromatography water supplies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34411",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic",
      "definition": "Monitors designed primarily for continuous or quasi-continuous real-time measuring and display of numerical data and/or waveforms of one or more physiologic (e.g., respiration, blood pressure, bioelectric signals) and/or other conditions that directly affect people's health. Some monitors can also display the parameters of critical care devices (e.g., administered anesthetic gases, airway pressure, fluid absorption) utilized during patient treatment. These devices usually consist of a tabletop electronic unit that includes controls and a display showing the characteristics of the event under observation; the monitor may be connected to the line and/or powered by internal batteries. The main unit may also include appropriate attached probes and sensors that make possible sequential and/or simultaneous measurements of the parameters. The monitors may also record the parameters of the event and alarm when one or more of the parameters under observation reach a value outside from a pre-established range. Physiologic monitors are mainly intended for continuous or periodic observation and checking of the clinical status of patients.  Physiologic monitors that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside, use wireless telemetric transmission of data, and/or intended for intraoperative conditions, for personal self-control, and/or for other particular conditions are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36501",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Flow, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Blood flow hemodialysis monitors are intended to measure vascular blood flow during hemodialysis treatment. These monitors use sensors attached to the hemodialysis tubing and send ultrasound signals into the blood. The monitor measures the time for the signal to travel between two transducers in both upflow and downflow directions (transit time). The difference between the up and down flow transit times provides the blood volume flow measurement."
    },
    {
      "code": "12586",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Gas, Bedside",
      "definition": "Bedside monitors designed to continuously measure and display the partial pressure (concentration) of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and/or oxygen (PO2) gases in blood; some monitors can also measure pH. These monitors include electronic circuits that are capable of acquiring and processing signals from one or more sensors, one or more visual displays (e.g., graphic, numeric), and audible/visual alarms. Bedside blood gas monitors may use several mechanisms to acquire data regarding the blood gas concentrations and/or blood pH, including (1) a transcutaneous method, which uses electrode sensors located on the patient's skin surface; (2) an extracorporeal method, which uses a sensor cassette that is inserted in series with the arterial catheter tubing system (these devices typically include a bundle of three detectors that combine an optical fiber with a fluorescent dye [i.e., fluorescent optodes] at their distal tip); and (3) an intravascular method, which uses a vascular catheter equipped with three detectors that combine an optical fiber with a fluorescent dye (i.e., fluorescent optodes) at their distal tip. Blood gas bedside monitors are used in a wide range of applications intended to assess patients' respiratory and metabolic status."
    },
    {
      "code": "17996",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Gas, Bedside, Transcutaneous",
      "definition": "Bedside monitors designed to continuously measure the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (tcpCO2), oxygen (tcpO2), or both at the skin surface. These monitors may use either two separate sensors or one combined tcPO2/tcPCO2 sensor that consist of a modified pH electrode, a single O2 cathode and heated reference electrode, a membrane, and an electrolyte enclosed in a shielded container; some monitors include a third sensor to measure the pH in the blood.  Monitoring tcPO2 and tcPCO2 is useful to avoid hyperoxemia and hypoxemia, to assess surgical patients, and for continuous evaluation of the respiratory and metabolic status of patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17680",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Gas/pH, Bedside, Extracorporeal",
      "definition": "Blood gas monitors designed for extracorporeal quasi-continuous measurement and display of the partial pressure of blood gases (i.e., carbon dioxide, oxygen) and pH values in the arteries. These monitors are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors typically include a sensor cassette that is inserted in series with the arterial catheter tubing system near the wrist. A bunch of three detectors that combine an optical fiber with a fluorescent dye (fluorescent optodes) at its distal tip is placed inside the sensor cassette. Three optodes are needed: one sensitive to oxygen pressure (pO2), another sensitive to carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2), and a third sensitive to pH values. When the measurement is complete, the blood in the cassette and tubing is returned to the patient. Extracorporeal blood gas/pH monitors also include electronic circuitry, a display, and programmable alarms. They are especially useful in patients with respiratory failure (e.g., obstructive lung disease, severe asthma), in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension after cardiac surgery, and in other patients who cannot tolerate multiple blood draws (e.g., neonates and infants)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20176",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Gas/pH, Bedside, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for intravascular continuous measurement and display of the partial pressure of blood gases (i.e., carbon dioxide, oxygen) and pH values in the arteries. These monitors are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors include a vascular catheter equipped with three detectors that combine an optical fiber with a fluorescent dye sensor (e.g., fluorescent optodes) at its distal tip; three optodes are needed: one sensitive to oxygen pressure (pO2), another sensitive to carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2), and a third sensitive to pH values. Intravascular blood gas/pH monitors also include electronic circuitry, a display, and programmable alarms. They are especially useful in patients with respiratory failure (e.g., obstructive lung disease, severe asthma) and in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension after cardiac surgery. Some monitors may be used during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16764",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Pressure, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of blood pressure values that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors typically include sensors, a processor, and a display. Blood pressure monitors display the values of the electrical signals from the sensor as maximum and minimum values of blood pressure (i.e., systolic and diastolic pressures); most monitors also display a mean pressure calculated from the measured values using an algorithm. Blood pressure monitors using invasive or external (noninvasive) sensors are available, and are known as invasive blood pressure (IBP) and non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "34420",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Pressure, Bedside, Invasive",
      "definition": "Blood pressure monitors designed for quasi-continuous invasive measurement and display of blood pressure values intermittently or at preset intervals and are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors are based on intra-arterial invasive sensors that measure blood pressure values. They typically consist of an electronic unit that acquires and processes signals from a transducer attached at the distal tip of a catheter inserted directly into an artery (e.g., radial artery) as maximum and minimum values of blood pressure (i.e., systolic and diastolic pressures). These monitors also display a mean pressure calculated from the measured values using a software algorithm. Various waveform and alphanumeric displays, along with visual/audible alarms, are typically supported; IBP monitors are mostly used in intensive care units and during cardiac catheterization procedures due to the inherent risks of this procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "34419",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Blood Pressure, Bedside, Noninvasive",
      "definition": "Blood pressure monitors designed for quasi-continuous noninvasive measurement and display of blood pressure values intermittently or at preset intervals and are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors are based on external, noninvasive sensors working in a way similar to automated sphygmomanometers; they typically consist of an electronic unit that acquires and/or processes the signal from a transducer located inside tubing attached to a pneumatic cuff wrapped around the patient's arm. This transducer detects blood pressure fluctuations and transmits this information to the physiologic monitor which displays the values of the electrical signals from the sensor as maximum and minimum values of blood pressure (i.e., systolic and diastolic pressures); these monitors also display a mean pressure calculated from the measured values using a software algorithm. Most noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitors can also include measurement of the pulse rate and alarm if the patient blood pressure or pulse rate are out of preset limits."
    },
    {
      "code": "20174",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Cardiac Output, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous or intermittent measurement and display of the values of the cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time) that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors include a central unit with electronic circuits and a display that can process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., catheter/pressure transducer sets) using a software algorithm. Cardiac output monitors usually measure and display the cardiac output values and curve(s), cardiac output index, blood temperature, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance. Some cardiac output monitors may provide hemodynamic monitoring data and/or other cardiopulmonary functions, such as measurement of venous oxygen saturation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20179",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Central Station",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to be positioned in a central location, usually at a nurses' station; they typically consolidate information (e.g., audible and visual alarms) from individual bedsides and/or telemetry monitors. These monitors usually display an electrocardiogram for each patient being monitored; they include computing capabilities and additional displays to observe trend information; some also include full-disclosure capabilities. Central station monitors are used for full remote monitoring of patients in one or more areas of a healthcare facility; however, they do not replace bedside monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "34421",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the electrical activity of the heart and its associated electrocardiogram (ECG). These monitors include a central unit with electronic circuits that can process a signal from the electrodes and display the numerical values, the ECG waveform. They can also perform other functions such as arrhythmia detection, ST-segment analysis, and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms. The bioelectric signals are obtained using detachable multileads (e.g., 3, 5-, 6 leads) and the associated electrodes that are usually attached to the thoracic skin. Some monitors may provide additional functions, such as 12-lead ECG monitoring and diagnostic interpretation. Hard-wired ECG monitors for use at the bedside and telemetric (typically wearable) monitors are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12599",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electrocardiography, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the electrical activity of the heart and its associated electrocardiogram (ECG) that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors include a central unit with electronic circuits that can process a signal from the electrodes and display the numerical values, the ECG waveform. They can perform other functions such as arrhythmia detection, ST-segment analysis, and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms. The bioelectric signals are obtained using detachable multileads (e.g., 3, 5-, 6 leads) and the associated electrodes that are usually attached to the thoracic skin. Some bedside monitors provide additional functions, such as 12-lead ECG monitoring and diagnostic interpretation; the monitors are frequently used as a component of a physiologic monitoring system that also includes a central station and/or auxiliary displays."
    },
    {
      "code": "13988",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electrocardiography, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display in a central station of information of the electrical activity of the heart and its associated electrocardiogram (ECG) taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). Telemetric electrocardiography (ECG) monitors typically consist of a small electronic unit connected by several lead wires attached to cardiac electrodes that are usually placed on the patient's chest and include a pocket-sized, battery-powered transmitter that is clipped to the patient's gown or carried in a pouch at the remote place, They also consist of a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Most of these monitors can also detect deviation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat (arrhythmia) by processing the received signal from the patient's transmitter, detect ventricular fibrillation, and/or perform a rhythm analysis (e.g., detect ventricular tachycardia). Some monitors can also process and display information on other physiologic parameters such as pulse oximetry and blood pressure. ECG telemetric monitors are used primarily in cardiology areas, intermediate care and stress exercise units, and in cardiac rehabilitation exercise rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "34422",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electrocardiography/Vital Signs",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed primarily for automated periodic and/or quasi-continuous real-time measurement and display of information of the electrical activity of the heart and its associated electrocardiogram (ECG) and two or more of the vital signs (e.g., noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, heart rate) and oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2). These monitors typically consist of an electronic unit connected by several lead wires attached to cardiac electrodes and other physiologic sensors that are usually placed on the patient's skin (e.g., chest); some monitors are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside while other smaller units send telemetric data from the patient to a main monitor or a central station where the where the information is also displayed. The monitors can also process and display information of all vital signs and/or other physiologic parameters. ECG/vital signs bedside monitors are used primarily in intensive care units while telemetric monitors are mainly used for non-critical cardiology assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "34425",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electrocardiography/Vital Signs, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed primarily for automated periodic and/or quasi-continuous real-time measurement and display of information of the electrical activity of the heart and its associated electrocardiogram (ECG) and two or more of the vital signs (e.g., noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, heart rate) and oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2) taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). Telemetric electrocardiography (ECG) monitors typically consist of a small electronic unit connected by several lead wires attached to cardiac electrodes and other physiologic sensors that are usually placed on the patient's skin (e.g., chest) and include a pocket-sized, battery-powered transmitter that is clipped to the patient's gown or carried in a pouch. They also consist of a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Some monitors can also process and display information on other physiologic parameters such as respiration rate and skin temperature. ECG/vital signs telemetric monitors are used primarily in non-critical cardiology, intermediate care, and stress exercise areas of healthcare units and also in cardiac rehabilitation rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "34426",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the electrical activity of the brain and its associated electroencephalogram (EEG). These monitors include a central unit with electronic circuits that can process a signal from electrodes that may be placed on a patient's scalp and/or forehead; intracranial (e.g., subdural, epidural) and nasopharyngeal electrodes are sometimes used. The monitors can display the numerical values and trends of the received signals, the EEG waveform, and may perform other functions such as initiation of visual/audible alarms. Dedicated EEG monitors intended for used at the bedside, in operating rooms, and for telemetry are available; the monitors may be used as a component of a physiologic monitoring system that also include a central station and/or auxiliary displays."
    },
    {
      "code": "12602",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electroencephalography, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the electrical activity of the brain and the associated electroencephalogram (EEG) that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors include a central unit with electronic circuits that can process a signal from electrodes that may be placed on a patient's scalp and/or forehead; intracranial (e.g., subdural, epidural) and nasopharyngeal electrodes are sometimes used. Bedside EEG monitors  can display the numerical values and trends of the received signals, the EEG waveform, and may support a variety of signal-processing and display techniques, depending on the application (e.g., monitoring of intensive care patients). The monitors may be used as a component of a physiologic monitoring system that also include a central station and/or auxiliary displays. Dedicated bedside monitors intended for spectral analysis such as compressed spectral array and/or density spectral array are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17412",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electroencephalography, Bedside, Spectral",
      "definition": "Bedside physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the electrical activity of the brain and the associated electroencephalogram (EEG) that can perform a computerized spectrum analysis and are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors include a central unit with electronic circuits that can process a signal from electrodes that are usually placed on a patient's scalp and/or forehead. Spectral EEG monitors typically make a computerized spectrum analysis that separates the spectrum into its sine and cosine components (i.e., Fourier analysis).  The displayed signal may include bar graphs, a compressed spectral array (CSA), or a density spectral array (DSA). Spectral electroencephalography monitors are used to facilitate the detection and evaluation of changes in the EEG signals. The monitors may be used as a component of a physiologic monitoring system that also includes a central station and/or auxiliary displays. Some intraoperative spectral analysis monitors can also perform a bispectral analysis, a signal-processing technique that provides an index which correlates with the degree of awareness of anesthetized patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "20160",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electroencephalography, Intraoperative, Level-of-Consciousness",
      "definition": "Physiologic electroencephalography (EEG) monitors designed for continuous intraoperative measurement of the brain activity and the translation and display of its value as a numerical index (i.e., the level of consciousness). They may also process and display EEG waveforms and/or density spectral arrays. These monitors include a central computerized module with electronic circuits that can process the signal, a display, and a patient cable with disposable EEG electrodes. Level of consciousness monitors are mostly intended to help in the evaluation of the brain state changes (e.g., depth of anesthesia) in response to drug dose during surgery; their use may reduce the quantity of anesthetic agents required and accelerate the release of patients from the post anesthesia care units."
    },
    {
      "code": "15719",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Electroencephalography, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display at a central station of information of the electrical activity of the brain and its associated electroencephalogram (EEG) taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric) . Telemetric EEG monitors typically consist of a small electronic unit connected by several lead wires attached to brain electrodes that are usually placed on the patient's scalp. They include a pocket-sized, battery-powered transmitter that is clipped to the patient's gown or carried in a pouch and a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Telemetric electroencephalography monitors are used in ambulatory, neurologically affected patients; they are also used for assessing the pattern changes in the brain waves and the neurologic status of patients in intensive care units."
    },
    {
      "code": "34428",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Fetal",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the fetus status, including the fetal heart rate (FHR); other fetal cardiac parameters; and, frequently, fetal movement and development and mother's uterine contractions. Fetal monitors (also known as cardiotocographs) consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process a signal from sensors (e.g., electrodes). They may sense both FHR and uterine contractions from the surface of the maternal abdomen (indirect, noninvasive method), or directly through electrodes in the fetus and pressure transducers in the uterus (direct, invasive method). They are available as antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitors, respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "34429",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Fetal, Antepartum",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the fetus status, including the fetal heart rate (FHR); other fetal cardiac parameters; and, frequently, fetal movement and development and mother's uterine contractions taken from sensors on the surface of the maternal abdomen. These monitors typically consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process signals from the sensors (e.g., electrodes) placed on the surface of the maternal abdomen using an indirect, noninvasive method. Antepartum monitors are intended for use at the doctors' offices and at home prior to labor (i.e., antepartum). Hard-wired bedside and telemetric fetal monitors are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18339",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Fetal, Antepartum, Bedside",
      "definition": "Antepartum physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the fetus status, including the fetal heart rate (FHR); other fetal cardiac parameters; and, frequently, fetal movement and development and mother's uterine contractions. These units are hard-wired to the mother at the bedside. These monitors typically consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process signals from the sensors (e.g., electrodes) placed on the surface of the mother's abdomen using an indirect, noninvasive method. Bedside antepartum monitors are intended for use at doctors' offices, clinics, and at home prior to labor (i.e., antepartum); telemetric fetal monitors are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34433",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Fetal, Antepartum, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Antepartum physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information at a central station. This information includes fetus status, fetal heart rate (FHR), other fetal cardiac parameters, and fetal movement and development, as well as the mother's uterine contractions. These measurements are taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a main unit clipped to the patient's gown or carried in a pouch and include electronic circuits that can process signals from noninvasive sensors (e.g., electrodes) placed on the surface of the mother's abdomen and a pocket-sized, battery-powered transmitter. The monitor also includes a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Telemetry antepartum monitors are intended for use at doctors' offices, clinics, and at home prior to the beginning of labor (i.e., antepartum). Hard-wired bedside fetal antepartum monitors are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18340",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Fetal, Intrapartum, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information about the fetus status, including the fetal heart rate (FHR), other fetal cardiac parameters, and frequently fetal movement and mother's uterine contractions. These units are hooked up to the fetus and/or mother at the bedside during childbirth. These monitors typically consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process signals from the sensors (e.g., electrodes) placed on the mother's abdomen and/or directly on the fetal scalp (or other exposed fetal skin surface) and measure the change in pressure within the uterus. Most intrapartum fetal monitors have additional capabilities, including fetal and maternal ECG recording. Intrapartum bedside fetal monitors are used during labor and delivery to assess the progress of labor and the well-being of the mother and fetus."
    },
    {
      "code": "18309",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Fluid Absorption, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to determine the patient absorption of irrigation liquid that are mainly used during surgical procedures. These monitors typically display fluid pressure setting, fluid deficit, and distension fluid loss; the monitors usually work based on non-invasive methods that measure the amount of delivered irrigation solution and compare it with the volume of liquid returned to the container (e.g., using a scale to measure the inflow and outflow volume). The devices usually consist of a portable electromechanical monitoring device, typically mounted adjacent to the procedure main unit (frequently hysteroscopic) on an intravenous pole. Fluid absorption monitors are typically used to protect the patient from the excessive absorption of irrigation fluid during large ablative surgical hysteroscopy procedures; some monitors can be used also in other diagnostic and/or surgical cystoscopic and arthroscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20731",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Gastrointestinal Tissue, Carbon Dioxide, Bedside",
      "definition": "Carbon dioxide monitors designed for continuous evaluation and display of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the gastrointestinal tissue (PgCO2) that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These devices typically consist of an external monitoring instrument that periodically displays (e.g., every 10 minutes) the values of PgCO2 taken from samples which have been automatically withdrawn from a nasogastric catheter. The monitoring unit is frequently incorporated as a module of a physiologic monitor. Gastrointestinal tissue carbon dioxide monitors are used mainly to assess gastrointestinal perfusion in hemodynamically unstable, critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "39634",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Transdermal Fluorescence",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed to monitor glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using transdermal fluorescence measurements. These monitors contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., optical probe) and transmit it to the display unit of the physiologic monitor. The device work by noninvasively monitoring fluorescent light emission from an exogenous tracer agent that is administered to the patient and excreted in vivo through glomerular filtration over time. The monitor digitizes the data acquired from the sensor, contains the algorithms to run the sensor and convert the output to GFR, and displays the GFR. These units can be used to monitor renal function."
    },
    {
      "code": "34450",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Glucose",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous or near continuous measurement and display of a patient's glucose level. These monitors consist of a small electronic unit that is usually worn by the patient (e.g., placed around the wrist, carried in a pouch), an LCD display, and attached glucose sensors that may be inserted in the subcutaneous tissue or noninvasively (usually by measuring interstitial fluid extracted from the skin). Also available are glucose monitors intended to improve self-management (i.e., personal) of  glucose levels and to record information for further analysis of glucose level trends in diabetic patients; and monitors intended to provide remote information useful for diabetes management (e.g., to program insulin infusion pumps) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "39871",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Glucose, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous or near continuous measurement and display of a patient's glucose level and are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These bedside glucose monitors typically consists of a line-powered control unit with a user interface and containing a spectrometer to quantitatively measure glucose concentration in received plasma samples. The monitor also has alarms to alert clinicians when a patient's glucose values are too high or too low."
    },
    {
      "code": "20184",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Glucose, Personal",
      "definition": "Physiologic self-monitoring (i.e., personal) monitors designed for continuous or near continuous measurement and display of a patient's glucose level. These monitors consist of a small main electronic unit that is worn by the patient (e.g., placed around the wrist, carried in a pouch) that includes electronic circuits, an LCD display, and attached glucose sensors that may be inserted in the subcutaneous tissue (typically in the abdomen), or noninvasively (usually by measuring interstitial fluid extracted from the skin). Personal glucose monitors are intended to improve the patient's self-management; they may also record glucose level variations in diabetic patients, permitting better therapy planning by identifying patterns in the fluctuation of glucose level (i.e., glucose profile)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20185",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Glucose, Personal, Implantable Sensor",
      "definition": "Physiologic self-monitoring (i.e., personal) monitors designed for continuous or near continuous measurement and display of a patient's glucose level using an implantable sensor. These monitors consist of a small main electronic unit that is worn by the patient (e.g., belt, pocket, carried in a pouch) that includes electronic circuits, an LCD display, and attached glucose sensors that are usually inserted in the subcutaneous tissue (typically in the abdomen). The monitors may include a hypoglycemia alarm. Personal glucose monitors are intended to improve the patient's self-management. They may also record glucose level variations in diabetic patients that can be downloaded to a personal computer, permitting better therapy planning by identifying patterns in the fluctuation of glucose level (i.e., glucose profile)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20186",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Glucose, Personal, Noninvasive",
      "definition": "Physiologic self-monitoring (i.e., personal) monitors designed for continuous or near continuous measurement and display of a patient's glucose level using external sensors. These monitors consist of a small main electronic unit that is worn by the patient (typically around the wrist) that includes electronic circuits, an LCD display, and attached noninvasive glucose sensors. The sensors typically measure using electro-osmotic (iontophoresis) or laser-based procedures to extract the interstitial fluid; the fluid is then absorbed by a small pad placed on the skin and the value is determined using an electrochemical technique. Personal glucose monitors are intended to improve the patient's self-management; they may also record glucose level variations in diabetic patients that can be downloaded to a personal computer, permitting better therapy planning by identifying patterns in the fluctuation of glucose level (i.e., glucose profile)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34453",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Glucose, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous or near continuous measurement and display (at a central station) of a patient's glucose level. The measurement is taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors consist of a small electronic unit that is usually worn by the patient (e.g., placed around the wrist, carried in a pouch) with attached glucose sensors and a radio transmitter. The monitor also includes a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Telemetric glucose monitors are intended to provide remote real-time information on a patient's glucose levels and to record information for further analysis of glucose level trends in diabetic patients. They may be also used to facilitate automated programming of insulin pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "34435",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Intracranial Pressure",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure inside the skull and/or the meningeal membranes. These monitors typically include a main computerized electronic unit for data processing, a display, pressure transducers (e.g., strain gauge, fiberoptic), and an interface cable. Intracranial pressure monitors can measure directly within one of the brain ventricles (intraventricular), beneath the duramater (subarachnoid), or outside the duramater (epidural). They are primarily used after cranial trauma or surgery and also in some hydrocephalic patients. Intracranial pressure monitors that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside and monitors intended for telemetric use are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16763",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Intracranial Pressure, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure inside the skull and/or the meningeal membranes and are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors typically include a main computerized electronic unit for data processing, a display, pressure transducers (e.g., strain gauge, fiberoptic), and an interface cable. Bedside intracranial pressure monitors can measure directly within one of the brain ventricles (intraventricular), beneath the duramater (subarachnoid), or outside the duramater (epidural); they are mostly used after cranial trauma or surgery and also in some hydrocephalic patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "20182",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Intracranial Pressure, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display at a central station monitor of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure inside the skull and/or the meningeal membranes taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a main unit clipped to the patient's gown (or carried in a pouch) and includes electronic circuits that can process signals from invasive sensors (e.g., pressure transducers) placed in the skull and/or spine and a pocket-sized, battery-powered transmitter. The monitor also includes a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Intracranial telemetric pressure monitors are used after cranial trauma or surgery and for continuous checking of hydrocephaly; they are also used to facilitate the evaluation of malfunction or obstruction in hydrocephaly shunts."
    },
    {
      "code": "37499",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Jugular Venous Oximetry, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous non-invasive measurement and display of jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2). These monitors typically use near-infrared spectroscopy to perform non-invasive measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the jugular vein, which is an indicator of the balance between cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption. These monitors typically consist of a main unit that includes controls and a display. The main unit is connected to a sensor that is placed on the patient's skin overlying the jugular vein."
    },
    {
      "code": "37498",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Jugular Venous Pressure, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous, non-invasive measurement of jugular venous pressure, which is used for the automatic calculation and display of blood pressure at the superior vena cava/right atrium (i.e., central venous pressure). These monitors typically use near-infrared spectroscopy to perform non-invasive measurement of the height of the jugular pulse above the patient's phlebostatic axis (i.e., reference point located at the intersection of the fourth intercostal space and the midaxillary line). Based on the jugular pulse height measurements, these monitors automatically calculate and display central venous pressure values. These monitors typically include a sensor (placed on the external jugular vein), a reference patch (placed at the phlebostatic axis), and a display unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "20178",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Multiparameter/Anesthetic-Respiratory Gas, Beside/Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous and simultaneous measure and display data on respiratory and administered anesthetic gases and also on several additional physiologic parameters during general peri-operative and anesthesia surgical procedures (intraoperative). These monitors consist of a computerized unit as well as a display that shows the numerical values, waveforms, and trends of the concentrations of the gases and other measured parameters, attached sensors, and alarms. They can sample, measure, and display simultaneously data on inspired and expired concentrations of respiratory (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) and anesthetic gases (nitrogen oxide, enflurane, isoflurane) and several other physiologic parameters such as invasive pressure, electrocardiography, pulse oximetry, and temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "34412",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Monitors designed primarily for simultaneous continuous or quasi-continuous real-time measuring and display of numerical data and/or waveforms of various physiologic conditions (e.g., respiration, invasive and noninvasive blood pressure, bioelectric signals) that are important to follow the health status of most patients. Some monitors can also display the parameters of critical care devices (e.g., anesthetic gases, airway pressure) utilized during patient treatment. These devices may consist of a tabletop or portable telemetric electronic unit that includes controls and a display showing the characteristics of the event under observation; the monitor may be connected to the line and/or powered by internal batteries. The main unit may also include appropriate attached probes and sensors that make possible the measurements of the parameters. The monitors are capable of measuring and/or recording the parameters of the event and alarm when one or more of the parameters under observation reach a value outside from a pre-established range. Multipurpose, multiparameter physiologic monitors are mainly intended for observation and checking of patients in areas where clinicians closely monitor patients and also in areas where patients require less intensive monitoring. Multipurpose physiologic monitors (e.g., bedside, telemetric) are typically connected to a central station physiologic monitor that receives, consolidates, and displays the information from several physiologic monitors; multipurpose physiologic monitors are usually components of a physiologic monitoring system."
    },
    {
      "code": "20170",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Multipurpose, Bedside",
      "definition": "Bedside monitors designed to acquire, measure, display, monitor, record/store, and in some cases analyze information related to one or more physiologic parameters reflecting a patient's clinical condition. These monitors contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes, catheters, probes, pressure transducer sets). Physiologic bedside monitors are designed to be externally connected via cables/leads to the appropriate sensors (e.g., electrodes, catheters, probes, transducer sets) attached to or inserted in the patient. Physiologic bedside monitors, when used as part of a patient monitoring system, allow users to change or add monitored parameters for an individual patient without having to employ other monitors or interrupt the monitoring of other parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20172",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Multipurpose, Bedside, Configured",
      "definition": "Bedside physiologic monitors that are designed to monitor a predetermined number and type of parameter(s) (e.g. electrocardiographic, respiratory, blood pressure, temperature, oximetry). The number of parameters and type depend on the manufacturer, model and/or the specific needs of the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "20171",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Multipurpose, Bedside, Modular",
      "definition": "Bedside physiologic monitors that are designed to be customized using one or more individual and/or multiparameter physiologic monitor modules (e.g., electrocardiographic, respiratory, blood pressure, cardiac output). These monitors possess a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") or are designed to be used with a module rack; the module \"slot\" or rack are capable of accepting one or more modules."
    },
    {
      "code": "20173",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Multipurpose, Bedside, Modular/Configured",
      "definition": "Bedside physiologic monitors designed to measure and display a predetermined number and type of parameters (configured parameters) such as electrocardiographic and blood pressure, as well as additional capabilities determined by the use of one or more physiologic monitor modules."
    },
    {
      "code": "13987",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Multipurpose, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Telemetric monitors designed for continuous measurement and transmission of several vital physiologic parameters to a central station or a bedside monitor. These monitors typically consist of a portable transmitter with an antenna and attached sensors (e.g., leads and electrodes) that are connected to the patient, as well as a transceiver incorporated to the central station or bedside monitor that receives, consolidates, and displays the information collected from one or more patients. Telemetric monitors are typically used to monitor electrocardiographic and electroencephalographic signals, pulse oximetry, and other physiologic signals in ambulatory patients who require continuous monitoring (e.g., patients in step-down care areas)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34415",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neonatal/Infant",
      "definition": "Monitors designed primarily for continuous real-time measuring and display of numerical data and/or waveforms of the electrocardiography parameters, the respiratory rate and apnea, and usually two or more of the vital signs (e.g., noninvasive blood pressure, temperature) of newborns and/or infants. These monitors can usually measure oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2) of neonates through transcutaneous sensors that measure both transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO2) and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcPCO2) saturation. Some of these monitors may also perform continuous monitoring during transportation. Bedside neonatal/infant monitors are used for critically ill newborns and premature infants, especially those that are under critical care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Bedside and telemetric neonatal monitors are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15791",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neonatal/Infant, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous checking of vital physiologic parameters of newborns and infants. These monitors should include sensors with appropriate size and design for infant use; they may also include capabilities to assess hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) through transcutaneous sensors that measure both transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO2) and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcPCO2) saturation. Neonatal monitors are used for newborn and premature infants, especially those that are under critical care."
    },
    {
      "code": "34416",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neonatal/Infant, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed to measure and display in a central station numerical data and/or waveforms of the electrocardiography parameters, the respiratory rate and apnea, and usually two or more of the vital signs (e.g., noninvasive blood pressure, temperature) on newborns and infants through a point-to-point radio link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a main electronic unit with attached sensors placed on the infant's chest (e.g., a belt) to detect chest movements and breathing rate, transducers, and a radio transmitter; the monitor also includes a second unit with a receiver that is integral or associated to a central station in hospitals, or a parent controlled unit at home where the information is displayed. Some monitors can also measure heart rate and/or other respiratory parameters. Telemetric neonatal/infant physiologic monitors usually include audible and visual alarms to alert hazardous episodes. They are used in neonatal intensive care units of hospitals and at home, simpler units intended for parent's infant care are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34437",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed to measure and display the adequacy of the nerve function (neurological activity) of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord. These monitors typically can measure, process, and display evoke potentials (EP), electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG) and/or neuromuscular block response signals. Neurophysiologic monitors typically consist of a main computerized electronic unit that processes and displays the information; detachable electrodes (e.g., cups, needles) appropriate to acquire the specific neuro-electrical signals; and integral or autonomous stimulators appropriate to provide the required stimuli (e.g., for nerve block, evoked potential evaluation). Neurologic monitors are mostly used to assess patients in intensive care or intra-operatively."
    },
    {
      "code": "34591",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Acceleromyography, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Acceleromyography neurological monitors designed to continuously identify, measure, and display the level of muscle relaxation of patients under the influence of neuromuscular blocking agents during surgical procedures. These monitors typically consist of a computerized unit including controls, a display, and three detachable leads. Two leads have electrodes at the distal tips that are placed on the ulnar nerve to provide the electrical stimuli, the third lead with an accelerometer (i.e., acceleration to voltage transducer) at the distal tip is located on the volar site of the thumb. The measure of the acceleration when stimuli are applied is proportional to the force exerted by the movement of the thumb. Several types of stimuli may be provided, including: (1) single stimulus whose response may be compared to a reference; (2) series of four impulses (known as train of four [TOF]); and (3) post-tetanic count: tetanic stimulation, followed by single stimuli at one-second intervals with counting of the number of responses to the one-second stimuli. Intraoperative acceleromyography monitors are intended for a better control in the administration of the neuromuscular blocking agents required during anesthesia and the possible reduction in the post-operative incidence of neuromuscular weakness; the monitors may be used also in patients under mechanical ventilation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17582",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of parameters related to the adequacy of the neurological activity of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord. These units are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. Neurophysiologic monitors typically consist of a main computerized electronic unit that process and display the information; detachable electrodes (e.g., cups, needles) appropriate to acquire the specific neuro-electrical signals; and integral or autonomous stimulators appropriate to provide the required stimuli. Bedside neurologic monitors are mostly used to assess patients in intensive care (e.g., patients who are irresponsive or in coma)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34444",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Electromyography",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the electrical potential generated by muscle fibers that are intended to assess the adequacy of the neuromuscular system. These monitors typically consist of a main computerized electronic unit that processes and displays the information; a display; and detachable electrodes (e.g., cups, needles) appropriate to acquire the specific neuromuscular electrical potentials. Electromyographic neurological monitors are intended to assess the electric potentials from a single muscle (e.g., extraocular, facial, laryngeal, lingual) or from several muscles simultaneously. They are used to assess patients during daily activities, in hospitals and other healthcare facilities, and during surgical procedures (e.g., cranial, spinal, vascular) or perioperatively. Bedside, intraoperative, and telemetric monitors are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20175",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Electromyography, Bedside",
      "definition": "Neurological bedside physiological monitors designed to continuously measure and display the intrinsic electrical potentials generated by muscle fibers. These units are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors typically include electrodes (e.g., Nichrome wires) that are inserted into the muscles using a hypodermic needle; an electronic unit with an amplifier that boosts and transmits the bioelectric potentials; and a display that shows the action potential waveform. Electromyographic bedside neurological monitors can be used to display the electric potentials from a single muscle (e.g., extraocular, facial, laryngeal, lingual) or from several muscles simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "27480",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Electromyography, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Electromyography (EMG) neurological monitors designed to continuously identify, measure, and display the electrical potentials generated by muscle fibers (i.e., electromyographic) from several nerve-muscle combinations during surgical procedures. These monitors typically consist of a computerized central unit (including controls and a display showing the EMG potential waveforms) and detachable surface or needle electrodes placed on or in a group of muscles related to a common nerve. The monitor continuously assesses the EMG muscular activity through the electrodes which provides visual and/or sound alarms to warn the surgeon when the nerve is stimulated. Both monopolar and bipolar probes may be used to stimulate the muscles prior to the surgical procedure for nerve identification and nerve function assessment. Intraoperative EMG monitors are used to help in the reduction of nerve damage during otolaryngology and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15720",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Electromyography, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information at a central station of the electrical potential of skeletal muscle and its associated electromyogram (EMG). This information is taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a small electronic unit with a display that is connected, by several detachable lead wires, to skin surface (or by needle electrodes inserted into specific muscles) to carry the electrical signal from the muscles to the transmitter. The telemetric monitor also includes a pocket-sized, battery-powered transmitter that is clipped to the patient's gown (or carried in a pouch) and a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Telemetric EMG monitors are used in patients with neurologic conditions (e.g., cerebral palsy, stroke) and to re-educate muscle after surgery, to identify malfunctioning muscles in cases of soft tissue injury (e.g., strain) or chronic pain (e.g., myofascial pain syndrome), and to evaluate overuse or ergonomic problems that arise at work or during participation in sports."
    },
    {
      "code": "34441",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Evoked Potential",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information related to the evoked potentials that are intended to assess the adequacy of the neurological activity of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord. Neurophysiologic monitors typically consist of a main computerized electronic unit that processes and displays the information; detachable electrodes (e.g., cups, needles) appropriate to acquire the specific neuro-electrical signals from the brain or spinal cord in response to stimulation; and integral or autonomous stimulators appropriate to provide the required stimuli. Neurologic monitors are used to assess patients in intensive care (e.g., irresponsive, coma), and during surgical procedures (e.g., cranial, spinal, vascular) or perioperatively."
    },
    {
      "code": "15721",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Evoked Potential, Electro-Oculography, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information related to the evoked potentials generated between the retina and the cornea due to ocular motion in response to visual stimuli (electrooculography, EOG). This information is obtained through point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication links. These monitors typically consist of a main computerized electronic unit and detachable surface electrodes placed on the lateral canthi of each eye to capture the electric signal resulting from the visual stimuli. The telemetric monitor also includes a pocket-sized, battery-powered transmitter that is clipped to the patient's gown (or carried in a pouch) and a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Telemetric EOG monitors are used to help diagnose certain types of retinal and/or neurologic diseases and to assess the short, fast movements of the eyes made during reading and sleep."
    },
    {
      "code": "34442",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Evoked Potential, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information related to the evoked potentials (typically motor and/or somatosensory, MEP and SSEP, respectively) that are intended to assess the adequacy of the neurological activity of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord during surgery. Neurophysiologic monitors typically consist of a main computerized electronic unit that processes and displays the information; detachable external electrodes (e.g., cups) appropriate to acquire the specific neuro-electrical signals from the brain or spinal cord in response to stimulation; and integral or autonomous stimulators appropriate to provide the required MEP or SSEP stimuli. Intraoperative neurologic monitors are used to assess patients during surgical procedures (e.g., cranial, spinal, vascular) and/or perioperatively."
    },
    {
      "code": "34440",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Neurology, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous intraoperative measurement and display of the parameters related to the adequacy of the neurological activity of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord. These monitors typically can measure, process, and display evoke potentials (EP), electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG) and/or neuromuscular block response signals. Neurophysiologic monitors typically consist of a main computerized electronic unit that processes and displays the information; detachable electrodes (e.g., cups, needles) appropriate to acquire the specific neuro-electrical signals; and integral or autonomous stimulators appropriate to provide the required stimuli. Intraoperative neurologic monitors are mostly used to assess patients during surgical procedures and/or perioperatively."
    },
    {
      "code": "35364",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Oxygen Saturation/Hematocrit, Cardiac Bypass",
      "definition": "Oxygen saturation/hematocrit monitors intended for use during cardiac bypass procedures. These monitors provide continuous, non-invasive measurement of a patient�s hematocrit (percentage of whole blood volume made up of red blood cells) and oxygen saturation (the fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin) in real-time. They use LEDs to send infrared light through fiber optic cables into the blood and then using the measurement of the reflectance of these wavelengths, calculate hematocrit and oxygen saturation levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "41974",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Oxygen Saturation/Hematocrit, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Oxygen saturation/hematocrit monitors intended for use during hemodialysis treatment. These monitors provide continuous, non-invasive measurement of a dialysis patient�s hematocrit (percentage of whole blood volume made up of red blood cells) and oxygen saturation (the fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin) in real-time. A sensor attached to the blood chamber shines light into the blood, while a second sensor on the other side of the chamber measures the absorbed and scattered light to calculate hematocrit and oxygen saturation levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "17588",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Patient Transport",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to measure various physiologic parameters associated with a patient's condition while the patient is being transported from one location to another (e.g., during interhospital or intrahospital transport). These monitors typically include capabilities for monitoring of electrocardiogram, hemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage, noninvasive blood pressure, and respiratory rate values; other monitoring capabilities (e.g., cardiac output, invasive blood pressure, intracranial blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide) may also be included. Transport monitors are typically small, lightweight, and battery powered; intrahospital devices should be able to operate for several hours on battery power. Transport monitors may include configured, configured/modular, or modular designs."
    },
    {
      "code": "17999",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Physical Activity, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the body movements (i.e., physical activity) and are taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a main unit attached to the patient (e.g., pocket, belt, wrist) which includes electronic circuits that can process signals from movement-sensing probes (e.g., pedometers, accelerometers), and transducers. The monitor also includes a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Physical activity monitors are used to assess patients with certain conditions (e.g., cardiac or pulmonary disorders) or healthy people (e.g., athletes) during their daily activities and/or while performing exercise. They may be also used to record sleep and wakefulness (sleep/awake cycle) during normal patient activity."
    },
    {
      "code": "34448",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Pulse Oximetry",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2). The monitors usually determine the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations. These monitors consist of an electronic unit that includes electronic circuits, an LCD (liquid crystal display), red and infrared light sources (usually light emitting diodes [LEDs]), photodetectors, and probes typically attached to a finger. The monitor may include audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's SpO2 drops below preset limits. Pulse oximetry is usually assessed with multipurpose, vital signs, and electrocardiography monitors (sometimes by adding a dedicated module). Dedicated bedside, telemetric, and personal monitors for clinical and/or patient self-monitoring are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34417",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Pulse Oximetry, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2) that are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. The monitors usually determine the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations. These monitors consist of an electronic unit that includes electronic circuits, an LCD (liquid crystal display), red and infrared light sources (usually light emitting diodes [LEDs]), photodetectors, and probes typically attached to a finger, earlobe, or other appropriate anatomic area. Bedside pulse oximetry monitors usually include software to show data trends and audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's SpO2 drops below preset limits. Most devices can also measure and monitor pulse rate. Pulse oximetry monitors are used mainly for noninvasive identification and tracking of the hemodynamic conditions in critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "22855",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Pulse Oximetry, Personal",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2) that are intended for patient self-monitoring. The monitors usually determine the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations. These monitors consist of a small main electronic unit that is worn by the patient (e.g., placed around the wrist, carried in a pouch) that includes electronic circuits, an LCD (liquid crystal display), red and infrared light sources (typically light emitting diodes [LEDs]), photodetectors, and probes. The monitor may include audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's SpO2 drops below preset limits. Personal pulse oximetry monitors are intended for use during daily activities and/or when performing exercises. Many multipurpose and cardiac physiologic monitors can also measure pulse oximetry."
    },
    {
      "code": "32038",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Pulse Oximetry, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2) taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). The monitors usually determine the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations. These monitors consist of a small main electronic unit that is worn by the patient (e.g., placed around the wrist, carried in a pouch) that includes electronic circuits, red and infrared light sources (typically light emitting diodes [LEDs]), photodetectors, sensors typically placed on a finger, and a radio transmitter. The monitor also includes a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. The monitor may include audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's SpO2 drops below preset limits. Telemetric pulse oximetry monitors are used for monitoring of adults and/or pediatric patients in non-critical care areas of healthcare facilities; they may be also used for routine evaluations during short periods of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "34445",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Pulse Rate",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the number of rhythmic expansions (pulsations) of an artery per minute (i.e., pulse rate in beats per minute). These monitors consist of a main electronic unit that is capable of acquiring and processing signals from one or more sensors; a display; and audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's pulse rate drops below or exceeds preset limits. Pulse rate monitors are available for use at the bedside and for personal self-monitoring; most multipurpose and electrocardiography monitors are capable of pulse rate monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "12657",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Pulse Rate, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the number of rhythmic expansions (pulsations) of an artery per minute (i.e., pulse rate in beats per minute). These units are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors consist of a main electronic unit that is capable of acquiring and processing signals from one or more sensors, a display, and audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's pulse rate drops below or exceeds preset limits. Most multipurpose and electrocardiography monitors are capable of pulse rate monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "20187",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Pulse Rate, Personal",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the number of rhythmic expansions (pulsations) of an artery per minute (i.e., pulse rate in beats per minute) that are intended for personal use. These monitors consist of a small main electronic unit that is worn by the patient (e.g., placed around the wrist, carried in a pouch) that includes electronic circuits; a display; and appropriate sensors for measuring the required physiologic parameters. The monitor may include audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's pulse rate drops below or exceeds preset limits. Personal pulse rate monitors are used for personal self-monitoring during daily activities and/or when performing exercises."
    },
    {
      "code": "34455",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the respiratory parameters related to the gas composition of the breathing inspired or exhaled gases and/or the respiratory function mechanics (ventilation). These monitors consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process data from attached sensors and display the numerical values and the respiratory cycle waveforms. Respiration monitors intended to measure the pressure and concentration of the breathing gases, to assess the inspiratory and expiratory cycle- (i.e., ventilation) determining parameters such as respiration rate, volume of air, and cessation of breathing (apnea), and/or to measure the conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure) in the ventilation circuit (i.e., the artificial airways) are available. Some bedside and/or intraoperative monitors combine capabilities to assess the respiratory and anesthetic gases simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "20177",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Anesthetic Gas, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to simultaneously and continuously sample, measure, and display the concentrations of several anesthetic gases, such as nitrogen oxide (N2O), and halogenated agents (e.g., halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane) administered to a patient during surgical procedures using general anesthesia. Some monitors are also capable of determining the concentrations of the anesthetic gases using the principle that different gases absorb infrared light (IR) at different wavelengths (IR spectrometry). Other monitors use the change of resonant frequency in a quartz crystal as its mass increases when a special coating absorbs the anesthetic agent. Still other monitors combine different techniques to perform the measurements. Anesthetic gas monitors are used during anesthetic administration to ensure that appropriate levels of these agents are administered to patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17425",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Artificial Airway Pressure, Bedside",
      "definition": "Respiration monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information on the gas pressure at some point of the ventilation artificial airway (e.g., inspiratory limb, Y-piece) that are hard-wired at the bedside. These monitors consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process data from pressure sensors attached to the artificial airways as well as a display. The monitors typically include high-pressure tubing, a transducer, and a cable. Airway pressure respiratory monitors provide real-time information on patients under assisted respiration at the bedside, helping to assess patients'  tolerance to mechanical ventilation or to ensure the maintenance of mechanical ventilation in clinically paralyzed patients. These monitors are sometimes integral components of ventilators or anesthesia units for intraoperative use."
    },
    {
      "code": "16717",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Artificial Airway Temperature, Bedside",
      "definition": "Respiration monitors designed for continuously measuring and displaying information on the temperature at some point of the ventilation artificial airway (e.g., inspiratory limb, Y-piece). These monitors are hard-wired at the bedside. These monitors consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process data from temperature sensors attached to the artificial airways and a display. They typically also include a transducer, a cable, alarms (audible and/or visual) and temperature sensor. Artificial airway temperature monitors provide real-time information on the temperature of gases supplied to patients under assisted ventilation, especially when a heated humidifier is incorporated in the inspiratory line of a patient's breathing circuit."
    },
    {
      "code": "34456",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Respiratory Gas",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for measurement and display of the partial pressure of the most common gases that are usually present in the breathing respiratory cycle, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). These monitors typically consist of a main unit which includes electronic circuits that can process the signals from attached sensors that detect CO2 and O2 pressure, a display that shows the gas concentrations, and programmable alarms. Some monitors can also display the CO2 waveform and the concentrations of oxygen (O2) and/or nitrous oxide (NO2). Carbon dioxide/oxygen respiration monitors are used to monitor patients at the bedside to detect ventilator failure, and to assess the pulmonary function or the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; some monitors are configured for intraoperative use in patients under anesthesia."
    },
    {
      "code": "17444",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Respiratory Gas, Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for the measurement and display of the partial pressure of both oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the respiratory circuit and are hard-wired at the bedside. These monitors measure gas concentration either by using a sensor in the patient's breathing circuit (mainstream) or by sampling from the patient's airway (sidestream). The monitors typically consist of a main unit which includes electronic circuits that can process the signals from attached sensors for CO2 and O2 pressure detection, a display that shows the gas concentrations, and programmable alarms. Some monitors can also display the CO2 waveform and the concentrations of oxygen (O2) and/or nitrous oxide (NO2). Carbon dioxide/oxygen respiration monitors are used to monitor patients, detect ventilator failure, and to assess the pulmonary function or the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; they may also be intended for intraoperative use in patients under anesthesia."
    },
    {
      "code": "16938",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Respiratory Gas, Exhaled Carbon Dioxide, Bedside/Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Physiologic respiratory monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in an exhaled breath. These monitors are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside and/or in the operating room. Most carbon dioxide respiratory monitors display the results as a maximum value of PCO2 (i.e., carbon dioxide concentration measured at the end of exhalation, known as end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration). These monitors consist of a main unit that usually measures with infrared spectroscopy, and attached sensors typically consisting of an infrared light source, an optical filter, reference and sample chambers, and a detector. The monitors measure PCO2 either by using a sensor in the patient's breathing circuit (mainstream) or, more frequently, by sampling from the patient's airway (sidestream); some monitors use microstream (filter-line) technology. Carbon dioxide respiratory monitors are used to detect ventilator failure, check the placement of endotracheal tubes, and assess the pulmonary function or the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; they are also intended for intraoperative use in patients under general anesthesia."
    },
    {
      "code": "20366",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Respiratory Gas, Inspired Oxygen, Bedside/Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Physiologic respiratory monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the partial pressure of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in a gas mixture and are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside and/or in the operating room. These monitors consist of a main electronic unit that can measure using a galvanic cell whose voltage changes with the concentration of oxygen or a polarographic cell whose current varies with the oxygen concentration, sensors, and a display that shows the changes in voltage or current as percent of oxygen concentration. Most of these monitors include alarms for dangerous levels of oxygen concentrations. Oxygen respiratory monitors are intended for use with critical air ventilators and other oxygen administration equipment; they are also used to check the accuracy of ventilator settings and the purity of compressed oxygen and air; intraoperative use of inspired oxygen monitors during administration of anesthetic gases is also possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "12662",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Respiratory Gas/Ventilation, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of information of the respiratory parameters related to the gas composition of the breathing inspired or exhaled gases and/or the respiratory function mechanics (ventilation). These units are hard-wired at the bedside. These monitors consist of a central unit with electronic circuits that can process data from attached sensors and display the numerical values and the respiratory cycle waveforms. Respiration monitors are intended to measure the pressure and concentration of the breathing gases, to assess the inspiratory and expiratory cycle (i.e., respiratory function mechanics, known as ventilation) including parameters such as respiration rate, volume of air, and cessation of breathing (apnea), and/or to measure the conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure) in the ventilation circuit (i.e., the artificial airways)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17445",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Respiratory/Anesthetic Gas, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to continuously and simultaneously sample, measure, and display data on respiratory and anesthetic gases administered during general anesthesia procedures in the operating room. These monitors display data on inspired and expired concentrations of several respiratory gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) and anesthetic gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane); some devices can assess particular gas concentrations from the mixture of halogenated anesthetic gases. Respiration/anesthetic gas monitors perform a set of analyses based on a variety of technologies to determine the concentrations of the gases (e.g., galvanic cells or paramagnetic sensors for oxygen, infrared light spectrometers and/or piezoelectric for halogenated anesthetic agents and nitrous oxide). These monitors also include computerized capabilities and alarms, as well as a display that shows the numerical values, waveforms, and trends of the concentrations of the gases. Anesthetic/respiration gas monitors provide information on the patient's physiologic status, verify that appropriate levels of anesthetic gases are administered, and warn of problems of the gas delivery systems. They may also be used also immediately after anesthetic procedures in recovery rooms. Dedicated monitors based on dispersive and non-dispersive infrared (DIR and NDIR, respectively) gas analysis and paramagnetic sensors to measure oxygen, piezoelectric, mass spectrometry, and an infrared analyzer including a micro-optical rotor (MOR) with the appropriate optical filters and a detector to acquire the optical energy specific to the gases being analyzed are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17416",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Respiratory/Anesthetic Gas, Intraoperative, Mass Spectrography",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to simultaneously and continuously sample, measure, and display the concentrations of respiratory and anesthetic gases using a mass spectrograph during surgical procedures using general anesthesia (i.e., intraoperative). These monitors typically consist of a gas sampler, a mass spectrometer, electronic circuits, and a display.; tThe monitors require use of a disposable kit including tubes, adapters, and a filter for proper functioning. Mass spectrography respiratory/anesthetic gas monitors can identify and quantify simultaneously all common respiratory and anesthetic gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane) and also nitrogen (N2). The quantification of nitrogen may aid in the diagnosis of intraoperative air embolism during surgery and in assessing the integrity of the delivery system. Mass spectrography monitors can be used as a dedicated single-patient monitor or as a part of a computerized system for many patients in different operating rooms on a time-sharing basis."
    },
    {
      "code": "34461",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Ventilation/Apnea",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed for to continuously measure and display the characteristics of the respiratory function mechanics (i.e., the inspiration and expiration cycle) including the cessation of breathing for a period longer than a pre-established lapse of time (i.e., apnea). These monitors typically measure several breathing parameters (e.g., respiratory rate, volume of air) in addition to detection of apnea. Ventilation/apnea monitors usually include audible and visual alarms which allow the user to set threshold limits for the time span needed to activate the alarms. Some monitors are specifically intended for use at the bedside and/or intraoperatively. Dedicated monitors for infant and neonate use are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12575",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Ventilation/Apnea, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed to continuously measure and display the characteristics of the respiratory function mechanics (i.e., the inspiration and expiration cycle) including the cessation of breathing for a period longer than a pre-established lapse of time (i.e., apnea). These monitors are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors typically sense respiration indirectly, such as the detection of changes in the electric impedance of the thoracic cavity using attached electrodes (i.e., impedance pneumography). Other monitors use more direct methods that include thermistors and/or carbon dioxide sensors (i.e., capnography). Ventilation/apnea monitors typically measure several breathing parameters (e.g., respiratory rate, volume of air); some monitors can also measure heart rate. The monitors usually include audible and visual alarms which allow the user to set threshold limits for the time span needed to activate the alarms. Ventilation/apnea monitors intended for newborns and infants are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "12678",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Ventilation/Apnea, Bedside/Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed to continuously measure and display the characteristics of the respiratory function mechanics (i.e., the inspiration and expiration cycle), including the cessation of breathing for a period longer than a pre-established lapse of time (i.e., apnea). These units are hard-wired at the bedside and/or the operating room. These monitors typically use sensors and electronic circuits to measure and display the respiratory rate, volume of air moved (e.g., tidal and minute volume), and inspiratory and expiratory pressures (e.g., mean airway pressure and positive and expiratory pressure), as well as to detect cessation of breathing (apnea). Some of these monitors can also asses and display the fraction of inspired oxygen and/or the end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration. Ventilation/apnea monitors are intended for use in areas where patients require continual monitoring of respiration/ventilation status (e.g., intensive care units). Intraoperative use of the monitors connected to the ventilation breathing circuit during the delivery of anesthesia is also possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "34464",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration, Ventilation/Apnea, Neonatal/Infant, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed to measure and display at a central station the cessation of the breathing of a newborn or infant for a period longer than a pre-established lapse of time (apnea).This measurement is done through a point-to-point radio link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a main unit attached to the infant which includes electronic circuits that can process signals from attached sensors placed on the infant's chest (e.g., a belt), transducers, and a radio transmitter. These sensors detect chest movements and breathing rate. The monitor also includes a second unit with a receiver that is integral or associated to the remote station (e.g., a central station in hospitals, a parent-controlled unit at home) where the information is displayed. Some monitors can also measure heart rate and/or other respiratory parameters. Infant apnea monitors usually include audible and visual alarms to alert apnea episodes; they are used in neonatal intensive care units of hospitals and at home for parent's infant care."
    },
    {
      "code": "23717",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Respiration/Exhaled Carbon Dioxide/Pulse Oximetry, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed primarily for automated continuous measuring and display in real time of respiratory parameters, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in exhaled breath, and the oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2). These monitors typically consist of portable (may be handheld) electronic units that facilitate movement from one location to other; the monitor may be connected to the line and/or powered by internal batteries. The main unit includes controls and a display; it also includes appropriate attached probes and sensors that make possible sequential and/or simultaneous measurements of the parameters. Carbon dioxide is usually measured using main- or side-stream sensors and SpO2 is determined using standard pulse oximetry sensors; other sensors to determine respiration rate are also included. Respiration/carbon dioxide/pulse oximetry physiologic monitors are intended mainly for continuous automated measuring of the parameters; some devices can show the results of carbon dioxide measurement in the form of a graphic (capnogram). The monitors can be used also for continuous measuring as bedside monitors or for monitoring during patient transport."
    },
    {
      "code": "34446",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Temperature",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the temperature of the internal regions of the body (core temperature) and/or the skin and subcutaneous (shell) temperature. These monitors consist of  a main electronic unit that is capable of acquiring and processing signals from one or more temperature-sensing probes, a transducer, a display, and audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's temperature drops below or exceeds preset limits. Temperature monitors are available for hard-wired bedside and telemetric use; most multipurpose and electrocardiography monitors are capable of temperature monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "14034",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Temperature, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the temperature of the internal regions of the body (core temperature) and/or the skin and subcutaneous (shell) temperature and are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside. These monitors consist of  a main electronic unit that is capable of acquiring and processing signals from one or more temperature-sensing probes, a transducer, a display, and audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's temperature drops below or exceeds preset limits. Most multipurpose and electrocardiography monitors are capable of temperature monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "13990",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Temperature, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display at a central station of the temperature of the internal regions of the body (core temperature) and/or the skin and subcutaneous (shell) temperature. This information is taken from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a main unit clipped to the patient's gown (or carried in a pouch) which includes electronic circuits that can process signals from temperature-sensing probes; a transducer; a display; and audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the patient's temperature drops below or exceeds preset limits; the monitor also includes a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Most multipurpose and electrocardiography telemetric monitors are capable of temperature monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "24097",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Tissue, Oximetry, Bedside",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed primarily for automated continuous measuring and display in real time the amount of oxygen that is attached to hemoglobin found in the peripheral circulation (i.e., tissue oxygen saturation [StO2] in subcutaneous tissue). Light at several frequencies, typically in the near infrared spectrum, is transmitted through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue and the value of the absorbed light is determined based on the measurement of the reflected light. These monitors typically consist of portable electronic units that facilitate movement from one location to other; the monitor may be connected to the line and/or powered by internal batteries. The main unit typically includes controls and a display; it also includes an attached probe that is fixed to the skin and includes the light sources and a light detector to measure the scattered light reflected to the skin surface. The monitor software includes algorithms to calculate the absorbed light at several different frequencies and give as a result the oxygen status of the hemoglobin in the tissues. Tissue oximetry monitors are used mainly for noninvasive identification and tracking of the hemodynamic conditions in critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "34447",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Uterine Activity",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the frequency and intensity of uterus contractions (i.e., uterine activity). These monitors consist of a main electronic unit that is capable of acquiring and processing signals from sensors that detect the changes in the abdomen as the uterus contracts as well as a display to show the uterine activity. Some devices include ultrasonic transducers to allow fetal and maternal heart rate monitoring. Uterine activity monitors with external sensors are used at home, in physician's offices and sometimes in hospitals prior to childbirth (i.e., antepartum monitors). Monitors that use invasive catheters placed transcervically to determine the frequency and duration of uterine contractions are usually intended for use during labor and childbirth (i.e., intrapartum). Fetal monitors (both antepartum and intrapartum) that can evaluate the fetus status and the uterine activity of the mother are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17922",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Uterine Activity, Bedside",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the frequency and intensity of uterus contractions (i.e., uterine activity) that are hard-wired to the mother at the bedside. These monitors consist of a main electronic unit that is capable of acquiring and processing signals from sensors that detect the changes in the abdomen as the uterus contracts; and a display to show the uterine activity. Some devices include ultrasonic transducers to make possible fetal and maternal heart rate monitoring. Bedside uterine activity monitors with external sensors are used at home, in physicians' offices, and sometimes in hospitals prior to childbirth (i.e., antepartum monitors). Monitors that use invasive catheters placed transcervically to determine the frequency and duration of uterine contractions are usually intended for use during labor and childbirth (i.e., intrapartum). Fetal monitors (both antepartum and intrapartum) that can evaluate the fetus status and the uterine activity of the mother are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20181",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Uterine Activity, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the frequency and intensity of uterus contractions (i.e., uterine activity) from a distant location through a point-to-point radio or other appropriate communication link (i.e., telemetric). These monitors typically consist of a main unit clipped to the patient's gown (or carried in a pouch) which includes electronic circuits that can process signals from external sensors, a transducer, a display, and audible and/or visual alarms that are triggered when the uterine contractions are below (or exceed) preset limits. The monitor also includes a receiver that is integral or associated to the central station where the information is displayed. Telemetric uterine activity monitors are used at home, in physician's offices and sometimes in hospitals. Fetal monitors that can evaluate the fetus status and the uterine activity of the mother are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25209",
      "display": "Monitors, Physiologic, Vital Signs",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitors designed primarily for automated periodic and/or quasi-continuous real-time measuring and display of two or more of the vital signs (e.g., noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, heart rate) and oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2); many devices may also perform continuous monitoring during transportation or at the bedside. These monitors typically consist of portable or mobile electronic units that facilitate movement from one location to other; the monitor may be connected to the line and/or powered by internal batteries. The main unit includes controls and a display; it also includes appropriate attached probes and sensors that make possible sequential and/or simultaneous measurements of the parameters. Noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) is usually measured using cuffs and either auscultatory or oscillometric techniques; the measurement of temperature is typically accomplished using an intraoral sensor, and SpO2 is determined using pulse oximetry sensors. Vital signs physiologic monitors are intended mainly for periodic automated measuring of the parameters of one or more patients. Some monitors have additional capabilities (e.g., recording, alarm, printing). Some vital signs monitors are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments (i.e., MRI-compatible anesthesia units) and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite. Dedicated physiologic monitors that can provide electrocardiographic waveforms and/or invasive measurements such as invasive blood pressure measurements are not usually considered vital signs monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "33663",
      "display": "Monitors, Telemetric, Physical Activity/Physiologic",
      "definition": "Telemetric monitors designed for continuous measurement and transmission of physical activity information (i.e., body movements) and also several physiologic parameters to a central station. These monitors are usually devices intended to be worn by the user that include sensors to measure physiologic parameters (e.g., skin temperature, pulse rate, respiration. electrocardiographic) as well as external acceleration sensors that are typically attached to a patient's wrist or to the ankle to measure user's movement (i.e., activity). The monitors also include a small battery-powered wireless transmitter that is connected to the sensors and send the information in real time to the central station. Physical activity/physiologic monitors also include electronic circuits that can process the data using dedicated software, and an electronic memory to store the information for later computerized analysis. These devices are typically used to assess the physical status of users in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and nursing homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16603",
      "display": "Monitors, Video",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to display electronic images either in real time as they are obtained using a video camera or from a video or digital versatile disk player, a television system, or from a digital computer or computerized network. These monitors typically include electronic circuitry to process the video signal and a screen (e.g., cathode ray tube, liquid crystal or plasma display, projection sets) to display the image. Video monitors may be used for many purposes, including monitoring patient activity and displaying non-diagnostic images during surgical, endoscopic, and fluoroscopic procedures. Monitors that display images with a higher definition than the standard television monitors (i.e., high-definition video monitors) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28170",
      "display": "Monitors, Video, High Definition",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to display electronic images with a definition higher than the standard-definition television, either in real time as they are obtained using a video camera or from a video or digital versatile disk player, a television system, or from a digital computer or computerized network. These monitors typically include electronic circuitry to process the video signal and a screen (e.g., liquid crystal or plasma display, projection sets) to display the image. Monitors used to display high-definition commercial television (HDTV) are usually standardized to 720 (720 pixels of vertical resolution, i.e., 1280 x 720 pixels) or full high-definition (1080 pixels of vertical resolution, i.e., 1920 x 1080 pixels). High-definition video monitors may be used for many purposes, including monitoring patient activity and displaying non-diagnostic images during surgical, endoscopic, and fluoroscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "29725",
      "display": "Monitors, Video, High-Definition, Medical Image",
      "definition": "High-definition video monitors designed to display electronic images with a definition that is high enough for examination and diagnosis of most medical images (e.g., radiographic, ultrasonic, MRI). These device either in real time as they are obtained using a dedicated video camera or, more frequently, from a digital computer or computerized information system or workstation. These monitors typically include electronic circuitry to process the video signal and a screen (e.g., liquid crystal or plasma) to display the image. Monitors used to display images appropriate for medical examination usually have a resolution that is similar or better than full high-definition (1080 pixels of vertical resolution, i.e., 1920 x 1080 pixels). Medical image high-definition video monitors are used to display images with a definition that is good enough to assess medical (e.g., radiologic) images and to perform diagnosis interpretation except for mammographic studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "29768",
      "display": "Monitors, Video, High-Definition, Medical Image, Double-Head",
      "definition": "High-definition video monitors designed to display dual (i.e., paired) electronic images with a definition that is high enough for diagnoses made using medical images (e.g., radiologic, ultrasonic, MRI) from a digital computer, computerized information system, or workstation. These monitors typically include electronic circuitry to process the video signal and two screens (e.g., liquid crystal or plasma) to display the images. Monitors used to display medical images appropriate for medical diagnosis interpretation usually have a resolution of not less than three megapixels. Doubled-head diagnostic high-definition video monitors are used to display images with a definition that is good enough to perform diagnoses (e.g., radiology studies) using two images simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "34403",
      "display": "Monitors, Video, High-Definition, Medical Image, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "High-definition video monitors designed for quick display in real time of high definition endoscopic medical images as they are obtained using a dedicated endoscopic video camera. The monitors typically include electronic circuitry to process the video signal and a screen (e.g., liquid crystal or plasma) to display an image with a resolution that is similar or better than full high-definition (1080 pixels of vertical resolution, i.e., 1920 x 1080 pixels). Some monitors use organic light emitting diodes (OLEDS) to obtain high contrast and good color differentiation capabilities. High definition endoscopic image video monitors are used to monitor examination, diagnosis, or surgical endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "29780",
      "display": "Monitors, Video, High-Definition, Medical Image, Mammography",
      "definition": "High-definition video monitors designed to display electronic gray-scale images with a definition that is high enough to perform mammographic diagnoses using medical images (e.g., radiologic) from a digital computer, computerized information system, or workstation. These monitors typically include electronic circuitry to process the video signal and a screen (e.g., liquid crystal or plasma) to display the image. Monitors used to display medical images appropriate for mammographic  diagnoses interpretation usually have a definition of not less than five megapixels."
    },
    {
      "code": "29787",
      "display": "Monitors, Video, High-Definition, Medical Image, Multiple",
      "definition": "High-definition video monitors designed to simultaneously display multiple electronic images with a definition that is high enough for examination and/or diagnosis of each medical image (e.g., radiographic, ultrasonic, MRI). These devices display images either in real time as they are obtained using a dedicated video camera or, more frequently, from a digital computer or computerized information system or workstation. These monitors typically include an input multiplexer (either as an integral part or separate accessory) that can manage multiple video signals (usually at least 16) and allow the user to simultaneously display a subset of them (e.g., 8 or more); additional electronic circuitry to process the video signals; and a large (e.g., 60 inch/1.5 meter or larger) screen (e.g., liquid crystal or plasma) to display simultaneously the selected images. The monitors have usually a resolution of at least 5 megapixels. Medical image high-definition video monitors are used to display images with a definition that is good enough to assess medical (e.g., radiologic) images and to perform diagnostic interpretation."
    },
    {
      "code": "14480",
      "display": "Monitors, X-Ray Film Processor, Quality Control",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to measure and continuously display the quality characteristics of the processing conditions in an automatic x-ray film processor. These monitors typically have the capabilities to measure density, sensitivity (i.e. gray scale determination), and temperature; they may also display other characteristics of the process, such as film speed, fog level, replenishment rates, and service needs. Frequently these monitors are attached as an integral part of the automatic film processor; the quality control may also be performed manually using a densitometer, a sensitometer, and a thermometer."
    },
    {
      "code": "16553",
      "display": "Monitors, X-Ray Tube Position",
      "definition": "Monitors designed to continuously measure and display, usually in digital format, the parameters of the position of the x-ray tube, such as tube angulation (i.e., angle in degrees), focal spot-to-film distance (in centimeters or inches), and source-to-image distance relative to the Bucky tray, tabletop, or floor. Some monitors also display additional parameters, such as magnification factor and field size. X-ray tube monitors are usually ceiling-mounted (in overhead tube support systems); they are frequently attached to the positioning control."
    },
    {
      "code": "19321",
      "display": "Morcellators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to divide solid tissue (e.g., tumors, the uterus) into pieces, followed by removal of the pieces (morcellation). Morcellators may consist either of a system combining an electrically powered unit and all the instruments needed for this procedure or a set of appropriate manually operated instruments (e.g., scissors, blades, grasping instruments)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19322",
      "display": "Morcellators, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Morcellators consisting of a system that combines an electrically powered unit, a handpiece, an endoscope, and appropriate blades, brushes, and extractors. These devices perform the morcellation through the endoscope using minimally invasive surgery (e.g., laparoscopic) procedures, usually in less time than conventional manual procedures. Morcellators are mostly used for dissection of the  large tissue masses typically found in gynecological procedures, such as in the extraction of the uterus or benign tumors (myomas)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28015",
      "display": "Morcellators, Endoscopic, Gynecology",
      "definition": "Endoscopic morcellators consisting of a system that combines an electrically powered unit, a hand piece, and appropriate blades, brushes, and extractors designed to perform the division and removal (i.e., morcellation) of tissue through an endoscope using minimally invasive surgery (e.g., laparoscopic) procedures. They work by suction, which pulls the tissue into its tip where it is minced by a rapidly rotating blade, thereby excising and evacuating the tissue to be removed. Endoscopic gynecology morcellators are mostly used for dissection of the large tissue masses typically found in gynecological procedures, such as in the extraction of the uterus or benign tumors (myomas)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25704",
      "display": "Morcellators, Endoscopic, Phlebectomy",
      "definition": "Endoscopic morcellators consisting of a system that combines an electrically powered unit, a hand piece, and appropriate blades, brushes, and extractors designed to be used in varicose vein removal surgery (i.e., phlebectomy) through an endoscope. Endoscopic phlebectomy morcellators include a powered suction resector introduced through a skin incision; the varicosity is sucked into the resector, morcellated and removed by suction."
    },
    {
      "code": "16117",
      "display": "Mounts",
      "definition": "Assembled structures or combinations of objects designed to fix or place a device or equipment for accessibility, display, and/or use. Mounts typically consist of supports, backings, settings, clamps, and accessories that permit attachment of devices to a wall, ceiling, or other permanent element of a building; some mounts are intended for fixation or placement of devices on independent stand-alone structures or furniture (e.g., beds, stretchers, racks, frames, poles). Dedicated mounts are used in healthcare facilities to fix specific devices (e.g., infusion pumps, ventilators, monitors, television sets, information systems) to building elements or to stand-alone structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17556",
      "display": "Mounts, Fluid Delivery System",
      "definition": "Mounts designed to fix or place a fluid-delivery system, typically an infusion pump and accessories, for accessibility and/or use. These mounts typically consist of supports, backings, settings, clamps, and accessories that permit the attachment of fluid-delivery devices to independent stand-alone structures or furniture (e.g., poles, stands, beds, stretchers) or, less frequently, to a wall, ceiling, or other permanent element of a building. Dedicated mounts are available for use according to the structure on which the fluid delivery systems are fixed (e.g., special trays for mounting of infusion pumps on intravenous poles); some mounts may be used also to place infusion controllers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15311",
      "display": "Mounts, Monitor",
      "definition": "Mounts designed to hold monitors in place. These mounts typically consist of supports, backings, settings, clamps, and accessories that permit the attachment of monitors to structures or furniture (e.g., walls, beds, carts)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34650",
      "display": "Mounts, Photographic/Video/Cinema Camera",
      "definition": "Mounts designed to support photographic, video, or cinema cameras. These mounts typically consist of a rigid structure that can support the camera; the mounts usually include some accessories (e.g., clamps) for better camera attachment. Camera mounts are available in a variety of shapes and configurations that include handheld brackets, benchtop mounts, and stand-alone devices.  Stand-alone camera mounts are usually pedestals or tripods that may be rigid or foldable; the tripods usually include a camera head on top for fixation of the camera. Some camera mounts are intended for fixation to the building structure (e.g., ceiling, wall). Cameras can be also mounted on facility booms."
    },
    {
      "code": "17788",
      "display": "Mounts, Stretcher Equipment",
      "definition": "Mounts designed to safely and securely attach medical devices to stretchers. These mounts typically consist of supports, backings, settings, clamps, and accessories."
    },
    {
      "code": "15986",
      "display": "Mounts, Television Set",
      "definition": "Mounts designed to hold television sets in place. These mounts typically consist of supports, backings, settings, clamps, and accessories that permit the attachment of television sets to structures or furniture (e.g., walls, beds, ceilings)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17551",
      "display": "Mounts, Ventilator",
      "definition": "Mounts designed to hold ventilators in place (e.g., during patient transport) or attach other items (e.g., gas cylinders, IV poles) to the ventilator. These mounts typically consist of supports, backings, settings, clamps, and accessories that permit the attachment of ventilators to structures or furniture (e.g., walls, beds, side rails, carts, stands), or the attachment of accessory equipment to ventilators."
    },
    {
      "code": "11822",
      "display": "Mouth Gags",
      "definition": "Retractors designed for temporary separation of the jaws (known as mouth gags), keeping the mouth open, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or oral structures during dental and/or oral surgery procedures. Most of these retractors are manual, handheld instruments including two adjustable blunt blades at the distal ends; the retractors frequently have a ratchet mechanism to keep the blades in a self-retained position during the procedure. In addition to the surgical and dental procedures, mouth gags are frequently used for airway management after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16366",
      "display": "Mouth Guards",
      "definition": "Intraoral devices designed to tightly overlay the occlusal surfaces of the upper and/or lower arch of the teeth and intended to be worn during contact sports to help protect the teeth, jaw, lips, and tongue of the wearer from blows or impacts during play. Mouth guards are also called mouth protectors or athletic mouth guards. Mouth guards are fabricated under high heat and positive pressure according to a dentist's instructions to custom fit the individual user's mouth. First an impression is made of the user's teeth, which is then used to model the mouth guard. They can be translucent or clear or made in opaque colors and are made from polymers, ethyl vinyl acetate resins, or thermoplastic. Mouth guards can also be bought off-the-shelf in pre-formed sizes; these cannot be individually fitted; some come with attached loop straps that allow for easy attachment to a helmet. Some mouth guards can be individually fitted by the user with a \"boil-and-bite\" method in which a pre-formed mouth guard is softened by boiling in water, placed in the user's mouth who then bites down on it to adapt the fit to his/her own mouth, and then cooled, thus retaining the shape."
    },
    {
      "code": "16197",
      "display": "Mouth Props",
      "definition": "Devices placed between the teeth of the upper and lower jaws of a patient to establish and maintain suitable mouth opening during examination and treatment. These devices may be static or adjustable. They are typically made of rubber or foam."
    },
    {
      "code": "23918",
      "display": "Mouthwash",
      "definition": "Solutions with a composition appropriate to rinse and refresh the mouth. These solutions usually include several components, using ethanol as a solvent, that provide a refreshing feeling and help prevent bad breath (halitosis). Mouthwash is usually used to rinse the mouth after brushing and/or flossing; most mouthwash solutions include active ingredients to inhibit or kill microorganisms (antiseptics), helping to control tooth decay and gingivitis. Other dedicated mouthwash solutions use zinc to prevent halitosis and/or fluorides to prevent tooth decay."
    },
    {
      "code": "17896",
      "display": "Multidose Vial Adapters",
      "definition": "Adapters designed for use with vials (small containers) to allow withdrawal of more than one dose (i.e., multidose) of the vial contents (e.g., medication, sterile saline flush solution). These adapters typically have a sharp, thin, piercing spike that allows the adapter to penetrate the stopper/cover of the vial, a venting pathway, and a fluid removal pathway. Many adapters also include an access port that supports the use of needleless systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "28040",
      "display": "Multitherapy Systems, External Energy Stimulation",
      "definition": "Systems designed to provide therapeutic treatments by means of several modules of different external energy sources, making possible a variety of external treatments. These systems usually consist of a central control unit and modular or integral sources of energy (e.g., shock wave generators, electrical and electromagnetic stimulators, lasers) and appropriate leads and probes to apply each of the stimuli; the system may also include a common display (e.g., touch screen) and software using several protocols according to the therapy to be performed. These systems are used for the application of energy from one or more sources to the patient during a variety of procedures performed during treatment; the systems are used mainly in physical therapy but they are also used in other specialties such as dermatology, gynecology, and otolaryngology."
    },
    {
      "code": "28039",
      "display": "Multitherapy Systems, External Energy Stimulation, Musculoskeletal Treatment",
      "definition": "Multitherapy systems designed to provide musculoskeletal treatments by means of several modules of different external energy sources. These systems usually consist of a central control unit and modular or integral sources of energy (e.g., shock wave generators, electrical stimulators, lasers) and appropriate leads and probes designed to apply the stimuli to the muscles and bones; the system may also include a common display (e.g., touch screen) and software using several protocols according to the type of energy to be applied. Musculoskeletal treatment systems are used for the application of energy (typically ultrasonic and electric) during a variety of procedures performed in different areas of the body; the systems are used mainly in physical therapy and rehabilitation procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12690",
      "display": "Myeloscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for percutaneous insertion into the spinal cord to examine sites in the lumbar region, such as the lumbar epidural space, the subarachnoid space, and syrinx cavities. These endoscopes have very small outer diameters (e.g., from 0.5 to 2.3 mm). Myeloscopes may be used either preoperatively to obtain morphologic information, which is useful in diagnoses and planning surgical strategy, or intraoperatively to examine areas outside the field of vision of the microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "12692",
      "display": "Myographs",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to measure and record data and graphics (i.e., a myogram) of the physical and/or functional characteristics of the neuromuscular system. Myographs are usually intended to record one or several of the following data and graphics: (1) Forces produced by muscular contraction (force myographs); (2) the electrical potential caused by the muscles during muscular activity (electromyographs); and (3) changes in the electrical impedance of muscles caused by modifications in the muscle composition (impedance myographs). Myographs are intended for the evaluation of recorded information on the status of muscles under several conditions, including muscular diseases and/or trauma. Equipment based on myography intended for other purposes, such as those based on acceleromyography (used for intraoperative monitoring) and wire and pressure in-vitro assessment of soft tissue (e.g., blood and lymphatic vessels) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33108",
      "display": "Nail Splints, Surgical",
      "definition": "Rigid or flexible appliances made from polymer and designed to temporarily support and protect the nail bed after surgery. It also acts as a spacer to prevent adhesion of the eponychial fold to the nail bed. The nail splint is placed on the nail bed and under the nail fold, where it is attached using sutures. The splint is left in place until the nail plate grows back."
    },
    {
      "code": "12699",
      "display": "Nasal Balloons",
      "definition": "Balloons consisting of a hollow rubber structure, expandable with either liquid or air. Nasal balloons are used to control nose bleeding (epistaxis) either of the anterior or posterior nasal cavity; to treat glue ear in children; and/or to support the structure and patency of the nasal canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "12704",
      "display": "Nasal Septum Buttons",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of two circular-shaped flanges connected by a center post or tube and designed for non-surgical closure of nasal septal perforations. Nasal septum buttons can be made of silicone, acrylic, or plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "33254",
      "display": "Nasal Splints, Surgical",
      "definition": "Rigid or flexible appliances made from polymer and designed to temporarily support and immobilize intranasal tissues as well as reduce or prevent adhesions following nasal surgery. Surgical nasal splints usually have a lengthwise slit to facilitate insertion and removal. These splints also have preformed suture holes so they can be sutured in place for stabilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "12709",
      "display": "Nasopharyngoscopes",
      "definition": "Respiratory tract endoscopes designed for direct insertion into the nasal cavity for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and pharyngeal end of the auditory tube. Nasopharyngoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; they may be flexible or rigid."
    },
    {
      "code": "23539",
      "display": "Nasopharyngoscopes, Flexible, Video",
      "definition": "Flexible nasopharyngoscopes designed to be directly inserted into the nasal cavity, including a television camera on the distal tip for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and pharyngeal end of the auditory tube. These devices usually consist of an outer sheath, a fiberoptic lighting system, a working channel through which catheters and operative devices are inserted, and a digital camera, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording."
    },
    {
      "code": "24024",
      "display": "Nasopharyngoscopes, Rigid, Video",
      "definition": "Rigid nasopharyngoscopes designed to be directly inserted into the nasal cavity, including a television camera on the distal tip for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and pharyngeal end of the auditory tube. These devices usually consist of an outer sheath, a fiberoptic lighting system, a working channel through which catheters and operative devices may be inserted, and a digital camera, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording."
    },
    {
      "code": "12710",
      "display": "Nasoscopes",
      "definition": "Respiratory tract endoscopes designed for direct insertion and visual examination of the nasal cavity. Nasoscopes usually include a lighting system (e.g., fiberoptic) and are capable of seeing pictures from the tip of the device."
    },
    {
      "code": "33534",
      "display": "Nasoscopes, Sinus/Eustachian Tube",
      "definition": "Nasoscopes designed to reach the nasal sinuses and/or the Eustachian tube. These devices typically consist of a very thin nasoscope (i.e., a micronasoscope) with a distal tip that can reach directly, or through catheters introduced in the working channel, one or more of the nasal sinuses and/or the Eustachian tube. The devices typically include an optical system based on a fiberoptic cable that can provide high-definition digital images. Sinus/Eustachian tube nasoscopes are used to perform opening, dilatation, and/or treatment of disorders in the upper respiratory tract, including minimally invasive endoscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12712",
      "display": "Nebulizers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide aerosolized medication and/or humidification to the patient airways. These devices produce both vapor and finely dispersed water droplets in the liquid phase (aerosol mist); they are typically used with a mask or tent or in a breathing circuit. Most nebulizers are either pneumatic (driven by compressed air) or ultrasonic. Most nebulizers include a heating element to provide a warm, humid aerosol."
    },
    {
      "code": "37454",
      "display": "Nebulizers, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Nebulizers designed to provide an aerosol mist by means of compressed air."
    },
    {
      "code": "12719",
      "display": "Nebulizers, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Nebulizers designed to provide an aerosol mist by means of ultrasonic frequency oscillations. These nebulizers typically consist of an electronic oscillator, an ultrasound transducer (piezoelectric crystal), a coupling basin, a nebulizer chamber, and a fan.  A high-frequency (typically 1-2 MHz) electrical current is applied to a piezoelectric crystal within the oscillator circuit, which changes the applied electrical signal into mechanical vibrations.  These vibrations, in turn, produce 1-2 MHz sound waves in the coupling basin.  The coupler (water or saline) transmits the sound waves to the (medicated) solution in the nebulizer chamber. When the sound waves reach the fluid-air interface, the fluid forms a geyser and disperses into a fine-particle aerosol mist.  The size of the mist particles is determined primarily by the vibrating frequency; the higher the frequency the smaller the particles.  Ultrasonic nebulizers produce particles in the size range of 0.5 to 35 micrometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15868",
      "display": "Needle Guides",
      "definition": "Guides designed to lead a needle to its proper course during clinical and/or surgical procedures. Dedicated needle guides are available for many different procedures, such as plastic guides with magnifiers for insulin injection, stainless steel guides with a finger ring for transrectal prostate biopsy, guides for ultrasound-guided percutaneous punctures and nerve blocks, and guides for stereotactic breast biopsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17813",
      "display": "Needle-Recapping Devices",
      "definition": "Small plastic or rubber wells designed to grip securely a syringe cap to allow users to perform one-handed uncapping or re-capping of syringes. These devices may be handheld or mounted on a flat surface such as a wall or table using an adhesive backing."
    },
    {
      "code": "12729",
      "display": "Needles",
      "definition": "Slender instruments designed to penetrate by puncturing into the tissues, blood vessels, and/or organs; they typically consist of a hollow, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) cannula beveled at one end to form a point; the other end of the cannula is mounted in a hub, which has a specially formed cavity called a female Luer connector. Most needles are used for injection, infusion, and/or withdrawal (aspiration) of gases, liquids, and semisolids; some needles are designed for suturing tissues or for other special procedures, including biopsy, dental, ophthalmic, cardiac, and surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12730",
      "display": "Needles, Acupuncture",
      "definition": "Needles designed for insertion in predetermined sites (i.e., acupuncture points) of the body to perform acupuncture procedures. These needles typically consist of sharp metallic devices of small diameter (0.12 to 0.30 mm is typical) and 15 to 30 mm length; most needles include an easy-grip ring handle. Treatments using acupuncture needles are intended to relieve pain, for surgical anesthesia, or other therapies."
    },
    {
      "code": "12732",
      "display": "Needles, Airway Puncture",
      "definition": "Needles designed for puncture of the upper airway at the level of the cricothyroid membrane (anterior portion of the neck). These devices typically consist of sharp-point, high-caliber needles. Airway puncture needles are used to provide an emergency airway during upper airway obstructions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16774",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration",
      "definition": "Needles designed for aspirating fluids from cavities, cysts, and wounds. These devices typically consist of long, hollow needles, either with sharp or blunt tips, and opposite ends that include a female Luer slip or Luer-lock hub for connection to a syringe or other collection/aspiration device."
    },
    {
      "code": "20208",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Aspiration needles designed for percutaneous puncture of the pericardial cavity for aspiration of fluids (i.e., pericardiocentesis). These devices typically consist of long (typically from 4 to 7 inches [10 to 18 cm]) needles with a short bevel at the tip. Cardiac aspiration needles are sharp and stiff enough to perforate the pericardium."
    },
    {
      "code": "20209",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Aspiration needles designed for aspiration of fluids from the eyes. These devices typically consist of straight, curved, or hooked needles that may be tapered at the tip, typically of 20 gauge tapered to 30 gauge. There are specialized needles available for aspiration from different areas of the eye, including the midperiphery, subretinal fluids through a small retinotomy, the region anterior to the equator, and the macular hole."
    },
    {
      "code": "20210",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration, Uterine",
      "definition": "Aspiration needles designed for aspiration of the uterine cavity content. These devices usually consist of a relatively long, hollow, large-lumen (e.g., 19 gauge), blunt, noncoring needle that may be attached to a vacuum line at their proximal end."
    },
    {
      "code": "20211",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration, Uterine, Ovum Collection",
      "definition": "Single-lumen aspiration needles designed for retrieval and collection of ova. These devices usually consist of a relatively large-lumen (17 gauge is typical), noncoring needle, 24 to 32 cm (9 to 13 inches) in length. Ovum-collection needles usually include marks that can be easily visualized using both ultrasonic imaging equipment and a vacuum line attached to the proximal end."
    },
    {
      "code": "20212",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Injection",
      "definition": "Needles designed for either aspiration or injection of gases, liquids, and semisolids in body tissues or cavities, either directly or through other medical devices (e.g., catheter introducers, infusion ports). These needles typically consist of hollow, metallic devices with the proximal end finished in a connector (e.g., female Luer slip or Luer lock) that can be easily attached to a syringe or other infusion/withdrawal device. Some injection needles may have blunt or noncoring tips."
    },
    {
      "code": "20203",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Injection, Biliary Duct",
      "definition": "Needles designed for percutaneous transhepatic injection of fluids and/or percutaneous drainage of the biliary ducts. These devices typically consist of very fine, long, flexible needles that can reach the biliary tree and the common bile duct. These needles are mostly used for percutaneous drainage of bile; they may also be used to inject contrast media."
    },
    {
      "code": "20213",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Injection, Brain",
      "definition": "Needles designed for injection and/or aspiration inside the brain tissue. These devices typically consist of thin needles with insertion lengths of 15 cm (6 inches) or more and blunt tips to minimize the risk of brain tissue damage. Brain tissue injection/aspiration needles are mostly used during neurosurgery for drainage of hematomas and cyst aspirations as well as for abscess drainages; they may also be used in aspiration biopsies and as guides in some minimally invasive therapies."
    },
    {
      "code": "12753",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Injection, Spinal",
      "definition": "Needles designed to penetrate into the spinal column for aspiration and/or injection of fluids such as anesthetics, analgesics, or steroid substances (usually from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region). These devices typically consist of 18- to 27-gauge needles 50 to 150 mm (2 to 6 in) in length, with appropriate tips (e.g., pencil, Quincke, Whitacre) to minimize cutting and/or lesion of tissues, nerves, and dura fibers. The needles are usually attached to catheters for external infusion and/or aspiration of fluids. Some spinal needles include wings and/or depth marks to facilitate accurate insertion and positioning; they are also available in pediatric size, typically ranging from 1 to 2.5 inches (25 to 63 mm) in length. Spinal needles are used for lumbar punctures in diagnostic and treatment procedures and to administer regional anesthesia during labor and delivery and in some surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20214",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Irrigation",
      "definition": "Needles designed for aspirating fluids from and/or irrigating body cavities. These devices may consist of double-lumen blunt needles for simultaneous aspiration and irrigation or single-lumen needles to perform irrigation and aspiration sequentially."
    },
    {
      "code": "20217",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Irrigation, Dental",
      "definition": "Aspiration/irrigation needles designed for dental procedures, especially in endodontics (e.g., root-canal procedures). These devices typically consist of fine, blunted needles that permit both the irrigation of solutions in the working area and aspiration of fluids and debris."
    },
    {
      "code": "20218",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Irrigation, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Aspiration/irrigation needles designed for ophthalmic procedures, such as subretinal surgery. These devices typically consist of hollow tapered needles (e.g., 20-gauge needles that taper to 30 gauge at the tip) that may be connected to backflush units; some dual-bore needles are used for simultaneous irrigation and aspiration of subretinal fluid."
    },
    {
      "code": "20215",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Irrigation, Uterine",
      "definition": "Needles designed for aspirating fluids from and/or irrigating the uterine cavity. These devices may consist of double-lumen needles for simultaneous aspiration and irrigation or single-lumen needles to perform irrigation and aspiration sequentially."
    },
    {
      "code": "20216",
      "display": "Needles, Aspiration/Irrigation, Uterine, Ovum Collection",
      "definition": "Double-lumen aspiration/irrigation needles designed for simultaneous irrigation of follicles and retrieval and collection of ova in the uterine cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "12734",
      "display": "Needles, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Needles designed to penetrate either into soft tissue and organs or in hard tissues (i.e., bones) to harvest samples for laboratory analysis. These devices usually include two concentric needles, an inner needle with a sharp tip and an outer needle (cannula) to cut and capture the tissue into the specimen notch. Needles including either tips that can be easily visualized using ultrasonic imaging equipment (i.e., echogenic tips) or those specially designed to work under magnetic resonance imaging guidance are available. Biopsy needles are used to obtain histologic information for diagnosis and characterization of suspected malignant lesions; they are frequently attached to special devices designed for biopsy (e.g., biopsy guns)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20239",
      "display": "Needles, Biopsy, Amniocentesis",
      "definition": "Biopsy needles designed for percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus to obtain samples of amniotic fluid. These devices  typically consist of  20- or 22-gauge needles of 90 to 150 mm  (3-1/2 to  6 inches) in length, with appropriate tips to minimize damage to the uterus and/or fetus. The needles are usually attached to external devices (e.g., syringes) for external aspiration of the amniotic fluid; some needles include depth marks to facilitate accurate insertion and positioning."
    },
    {
      "code": "20238",
      "display": "Needles, Biopsy, Brain",
      "definition": "Biopsy needles designed to obtain tissue samples from the brain. These needles typically include an inner needle that is attached to an external aspiration syringe and an outer needle (cannula) to cut the aspirated tissue that is extracted by pulling out the inner needle. Brain biopsy needles are used to perform biopsies of cystic lesions and suspected tumors. Needles that can be used in stereotactic procedures, either under radiographic or magnetic resonance imaging guidance, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20237",
      "display": "Needles, Biopsy, Breast",
      "definition": "Biopsy needles designed to take a sample of breast tissue for laboratory analysis. These devices may consist of either a conventional soft-tissue biopsy device that includes two concentric needles to take a sample (i.e., core-needle biopsy) or, more frequently, a very fine needle used for aspiration of cells (i.e., fine-needle aspiration biopsy). Some of these needles are part of systems that perform mammographic stereotactic biopsies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20240",
      "display": "Needles, Biopsy, Intraosseous",
      "definition": "Biopsy needles designed to obtain samples of tissues inside bones (i.e., intraosseous). These needles provide a smooth passage through bone and cortex and sample retention as the needle is withdrawn."
    },
    {
      "code": "20241",
      "display": "Needles, Biopsy, Intraosseous, Bone Marrow",
      "definition": "Intraosseous biopsy needles designed to obtain bone marrow samples, typically from the manubrium of the sternum. These devices typically consist of a long (e.g., 2 or 3 inches), 16- to 22-gauge needle with appropriate tips (e.g., pencil point) to collect liquid and cells and/or tissue from a bone marrow cavity. Bone marrow biopsy needles are available either with Luer-lock or Luer-slip hubs for syringe attachment. They are usually locked to a handle to ensure proper orientation and secure placement."
    },
    {
      "code": "20236",
      "display": "Needles, Biopsy, Soft Tissue",
      "definition": "Biopsy needles designed to take soft tissue and/or organ samples for laboratory analysis. These devices usually include an inner needle with a sharp tip, marks (e.g., 0.5 cm apart), notches that are positioned for harvesting samples of predetermined size (e.g., 9.5 or 19 mm), and an outer needle (cannula) to cut and capture the tissue into the specimen notch. Biopsy needles are used to obtain histologic information for diagnosis and characterization of suspected malignant lesions in the breast, lungs, and other soft tissues and organs."
    },
    {
      "code": "12736",
      "display": "Needles, Blood Collection",
      "definition": "Needles designed for venous blood collection. These needles are intended to be connected to blood collection tubing, a syringe, or a tube holder. They may include flexible rubber over the posterior end of the cannula that seals the needle when not in use or a pre-attached blood collection tube spike."
    },
    {
      "code": "18242",
      "display": "Needles, Blood Collection, Protective",
      "definition": "Blood-collection needles designed to provide needlestick protection. These needles (or the attached blood-collection tube) include some manually positioned or activated mechanism intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20234",
      "display": "Needles, Brachytherapy",
      "definition": "Needles designed for accurate placement of small radioactive sources (seeds) directly into tissues (i.e., brachytherapy procedures). Brachytherapy needles usually include marks (e.g., 0.5 cm apart) and tips that can be easily visualized using ultrasonic imaging equipment (i.e., echogenic tips) to facilitate the procedure. These needles are used in minimally invasive percutaneous procedures to treat cancer tumors, such as prostate, tongue base, and neck cancers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20244",
      "display": "Needles, Catheter Introduction",
      "definition": "Needles designed for the initial percutaneous insertion of a catheter. These needles typically consist of a hollow, blunt, tapered cannula with a sharp obturator inside. Catheter-insertion needles may be used to introduce drainage catheters in wounds, for initial introduction of spinal catheters, for initial introduction of peritoneal catheters for dialysis and/or drug infusion, and, more frequently, for the insertion of percutaneous venous and/or arterial catheters following the Seldinger technique. Dedicated catheter introduction needles are also used in a variety of intravascular introducers (e.g., peripheral, midline, central venous) and also in catheterization procedure kits and trays (e.g., peritoneal dialysis, spinal catheterization, angiography, intravascular)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20681",
      "display": "Needles, Catheter Introduction, Protective",
      "definition": "Needles designed for the initial percutaneous insertion of a catheter, with means of protection against needlestick injury during and after use. These devices usually include some manually positioned or activated mechanism intended to shield or retract the needle or by some other means decrease the possibility of contact between the needle and the healthcare provider. These needles typically consist of a hollow, blunt, tapered catheter with a sharp obturator inside. Catheter-insertion needles may be used for introduction of drainage catheters into wounds, initial introduction of spinal catheters, initial introduction of peritoneal catheters for dialysis and/or drug infusion, and, most frequently, insertion of percutaneous venous and/or arterial catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20226",
      "display": "Needles, Dental Procedure",
      "definition": "Needles designed for particular procedures performed in the oral cavity, such as delivery of impression materials and tooth filling; they are also used in root canals and other endodontic and exodontic special procedures. Most of these needles are attached to hypodermic syringes, cartridge syringes, or other reusable and/or disposable syringes specifically designed for use in dentistry."
    },
    {
      "code": "20227",
      "display": "Needles, Dental Procedure, Filling/Impression Material",
      "definition": "Needles designed to deliver impression and/or filling materials under high pressure during dental procedures. These devices typically consist of a blunt needle with a threaded hub to attach the needle to an appropriate plunger or cartridge syringe. The needles are used either in permanent teeth and in retrograde root-canal filling procedures or to obtain a negative copy (i.e., impression) of dental or related structures (e.g., dental arch)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33893",
      "display": "Needles, Earlobe/Body Piercing",
      "definition": "Needles primarily designed for piercing the earlobe that may be used for piercing other body parts (e.g., ear cartilage, nose, navel). These devices typically consist of straight or curved sharp metallic needles with beveled distal tips, diameter gauges in the range of 10 to 20G, and a length of about 50 mm (2 inches); the needles are typically provided sterilized (e.g., using ethylene oxide) for use only in one person. Piercing needles are typically used to provide holes that facilitate placing of jewelry."
    },
    {
      "code": "20231",
      "display": "Needles, Endoscopic Procedure",
      "definition": "Needles designed with appropriate shape, materials, gauge, and other characteristics (e.g., high-contrast tips) for use in endoscopic procedures. Endoscopic needles are available for many applications, including injection, aspiration, irrigation, biopsy, puncture, and other procedures performed through the working channel of endoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20232",
      "display": "Needles, Endoscopic Procedure, Bronchial Aspiration",
      "definition": "Endoscopic procedure needles used for bronchial lesion aspiration through a bronchoscope. These needles are typically attached to clear catheters to identify bloody aspirates. They are available either in stiffer or flexible versions for use in central or peripheral lesions, respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "20233",
      "display": "Needles, Endoscopic Procedure, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Endoscopic procedure needles designed to make punctures in the myocardial tissue through the venous systems. They typically consist of a thin, flexible outer cannula (typically  56 to 71 cm) and an inner sharp, curved needle (e.g., 18 or 19 gauge) that protrudes several millimeters from the tip of the cannula.  Cardiac endoscopic procedure needles are typically used to allow left atrial access from the right atrium through the atrial septum during fluoroscopically-guided catheterization procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17569",
      "display": "Needles, Endoscopic Procedure, Sclerotherapy",
      "definition": "Endoscopic procedure needles designed to inject sclerosing solutions in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids or varicose esophageal varices. These needles usually include high-contrast optic tips for easy visualization; they are usually retractable and lockable for better control and protection of the endoscope. Endoscopic sclerotherapy needles are available in lengths appropriate for use with colonoscopes and upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20229",
      "display": "Needles, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Needles designed for withdrawal and reinfusion of blood from the peripheral circulatory system after processing in an external hemodialysis machine. These devices typically consist of thin-walled needles of appropriate diameter (typically 14 to 19 gauge) and length to be introduced in arteries and veins and connected to the blood line of a dialysis machine. Hemodialysis needles are available either with a single lumen for alternating flow procedures or with two coaxial lumens for simultaneous withdrawal/infusion procedures; they may be used for periodical long-term treatments or for one-time emergency procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20230",
      "display": "Needles, Hemodialysis, Arteriovenous Fistula",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis needles designed for withdrawal and reinfusion of blood from an arteriovenous (AV) fistula during dialysis procedures. These needles typically consist of a thin-walled, small-length (e.g., 25 to 32 mm [1 to 1.25 inch]) stainless steel cannula  (typically 14 to 17 gauge) for introduction into the AV fistula and fixed or rotational wings that help with the insertion and add protection to inadvertent pull-out; they usually also include a tube (e.g., 15 to 30 cm length) to be connected to the blood line of a dialysis machine."
    },
    {
      "code": "20199",
      "display": "Needles, Injection",
      "definition": "Needles designed for intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection and/or infusion of gases, liquids, and semisolids, either directly or through other medical devices (e.g., catheters, infusion ports). Injection needles typically consist of hollow, sharply pointed, metallic devices with the opposite end finished in a connector (e.g., female Luer slip or Luer lock) that can be easily attached to a syringe or other infusion device."
    },
    {
      "code": "20541",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Bifurcated",
      "definition": "Injection needles typically consisting of a solid thin metallic rod approximately 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 inches) long and 1 mm in diameter, with one end flattened and formed into two sharp prongs (similar to a small two-prong fork). Some needles include a plastic hub to facilitate manipulation. The size and shape of the two-prong end is appropriate to hold the recommended dose volume of reconstituted liquid vaccine by capillary action when it is dipped into a vial containing the vaccine in a preestablished concentration. The vaccine is then delivered into the superficial layers of the skin by puncturing (i.e., scarification) using a series of repetitive strokes (typically 15) with the bifurcated needle. Bifurcated needles are usually specialized devices designed for massive smallpox vaccination; they are usually disposable, but sterilization is possible (e.g., using autoclaves or dry-heat sterilizers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20542",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Bifurcated, Protective",
      "definition": "Bifurcated injection needles designed to provide needlestick protection during vaccination (typically smallpox vaccination). These needles usually include some manually positioned or activated mechanism intended to shield or by some other means lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the needle. Some needles are mounted on a syringe-like base to provide a support for the protective mechanism and to facilitate manipulation of the needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "12739",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Biliary Duct/Cholangiography",
      "definition": "Needles designed for percutaneous transhepatic injection into the biliary ducts. These devices typically consist of very fine flexible needles (typically 22 or 23 gauge, 6- to 8-inch length); higher-caliber needles (e.g., 18, 20 gauge) are also used to inject the contrast media into the passage connecting the head of the gall bladder and the common bile duct (i.e., cystic duct). These needles are mostly used in radiographic procedures of the bile ducts (cholangiography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25701",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Cystoscopic",
      "definition": "Injection needles designed to penetrate into the urethra and/or the urinary bladder neck or wall during cystoscopic procedures. These devices typically consist of 23-gauge needles, 35 to 45 cm (14 to 18 inches) in length, with appropriate 7 to 8 mm tips to minimize cutting and/or lesion of adjacent tissues and nerves. Cystoscopic injection needles are frequently intended to administer filling materials such as collagen to treat stress urinary incontinence; they are also used to inject Teflon and/or other polymers in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux."
    },
    {
      "code": "17834",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Epidural",
      "definition": "Injection needles designed to penetrate the space that separates the spine's outermost membrane (dura mater) from the enclosing vertebrae in the spinal cord. These devices typically consist of 14- to 20-gauge needles, 50 to 150 mm (2 to 6 inches) in length, with appropriate tips (e.g., Tuohy, pencil, wave) to minimize cutting and/or lesion of tissues and nerves. The needles may include permanent or removable wings and depth marks to facilitate accurate insertion. Epidural needles are usually attached to catheters that are threaded through the needle for the external infusion of fluids. The needles are then removed, and the epidural catheters are used to administer regional anesthesia during labor and delivery and in some surgical procedures; they are also used to manage intractable pain and for steroid injections."
    },
    {
      "code": "22534",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Epidural, Protective",
      "definition": "Epidural injection needles designed to provide needlestick protection during and following insertion and removal of the needle in the space that separates the spine's outermost membrane (dura mater) from the enclosing vertebrae in the spinal cord (i.e., epidural space). Protective epidural injection needles usually include some manually and/or automatically activated mechanism (e.g., a safety clip located in the hub of the catheter) intended to shield the needle after use or, by some other means, to reduce possibility of contact between the healthcare provider and the sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "12745",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Hypodermic",
      "definition": "Needles designed to inject fluid under the skin (hypodermic) and/or other soft tissues (e.g., eye, mouth). These needles typically consist of hollow, sharply pointed, metal devices with the distal end finished in a connector (e.g., female Luer slip, Luer lock) that can be easily attached to a syringe. Hypodermic needles typically have a small diameter (e.g., 23 to 30 gauge) and length (typically 13 to 25 mm [0.5 to 1 inch]). Needles with smaller diameters used for subcutaneous injections (e.g., tuberculin, insulin) are usually marketed as hypodermic needles."
    },
    {
      "code": "20200",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Hypodermic, Dental",
      "definition": "Hypodermic needles designed for injection of fluids into the soft tissues of the oral cavity. These devices typically consist of small-diameter (27 to 30 gauge is typical) needles with a Luer lock tip to provide adequate grip on dental syringes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20201",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Hypodermic, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Hypodermic needles designed for injection of fluids into eye tissues. These devices typically consist of tapered-tip, small-diameter (20 gauge tapered to 30 gauge is typical) needles, either straight or curved. Ophthalmic injection needles for use in specific regions of the eye, such as subretinal or vitreoretinal injections, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24026",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Hypodermic, Penlike Cartridge Syringe",
      "definition": "Hypodermic needles designed for subcutaneous injection from a penlike cartridge syringe. These devices typically consist of a small, very fine caliber needle (10 to 12 mm [5 inches] long), appropriate for injecting solutions and drugs under the skin. Subcutaneous hypodermic injection needles are intended mainly to be used with penlike syringes to inject insulin and/or other drugs (e.g., gonadotropin) from a prefilled disposable cartridge syringe (usually from 1 to 3 mL capacity) and/or several types of injectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "23152",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Hypodermic, Penlike Cartridge Syringe, Protective",
      "definition": "Hypodermic injection needles designed to provide needlestick protection during subcutaneous injections from penlike cartridge syringes. These needles usually include some manually and/or automatically activated mechanism (e.g., a cover that automatically locks in place after injection) intended to shield the needle after use or, by some other means, to reduce the possibility of contact between the healthcare provider and the sharp needle. Hypodermic subcutaneous injection needles are intended mainly to be used with penlike syringes to inject insulin and/or other drugs (e.g., exenatide, Lantus, Apidra) from prefilled disposable cartridge syringes (usually from 1 to 3 mL capacity) and/or several types of injectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "24027",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Hypodermic, Protective",
      "definition": "Hypodermic needles designed to provide needlestick protection. These needles include some manually and/or automatically activated mechanism intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle during or after use or, by some other means, to reduce the possibility of contact between the healthcare provider and the sharp needle. Protective hypodermic needles may be used with hypodermic syringes designed for specific injection sites (e.g., dental)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12747",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intra-Arterial",
      "definition": "Injection needles designed to administer fluids into the arteries. These devices typically consist of needles with appropriate configuration and tips (e.g., bulbous) to offer minimum blood- flow resistance. Intra-arterial needles are frequently used to introduce drugs for local treatment, such as the infusion of papaverine into the internal mammary artery during coronary bypass grafting."
    },
    {
      "code": "20204",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intraligamentary",
      "definition": "Needles designed for injection of fluids into fibrous connective tissues (I.e., ligaments), such as those surrounding the articulations (e.g., knee) and teeth. These needles are used to inject anesthetics and other drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20205",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intraligamentary, Dental",
      "definition": "Needles designed for injection of fluids in the fibrous connective tissue (i.e., ligament) that surrounds the root of a tooth (i.e., intraligamentary) and separates it from the alveolar bone. These needles are mostly used to inject the dosage required to anesthetize a single tooth, providing rapid diffusion of the anesthetic."
    },
    {
      "code": "20202",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intramuscular",
      "definition": "Injection needles designed for percutaneous fluid injection into the muscular layer beneath the dermis. These needles typically consist of hollow, sharply pointed, metallic devices with the opposite  end finished in a connector (e.g., female Luer slip or Luer lock) that can be easily attached to a syringe. Intramuscular needles are typically of a larger diameter (e.g., 18 to 26 gauge) and longer (typically from 1 to 2 inches [25 to 51 mm]) than hypodermic needles."
    },
    {
      "code": "20206",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intraosseous",
      "definition": "Needles designed for injection into the bones (i.e., intraosseus). These devices usually consist of relatively small-diameter (e.g., 30 gauge), short-length needles that can penetrate directly into the bone without bending or breaking during injection. Intraosseous needles frequently include a stainless steel sliding sheath to provide the necessary stability. Intraosseous needles are used frequently in emergency situations to inject medication and other fluids into the bones."
    },
    {
      "code": "20207",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intraosseous, Dental",
      "definition": "Dental needles designed for intraosseus injection into the oral cavity. These devices usually consist of relatively small-diameter (e.g., 30 gauge), short-length needles that can penetrate directly into the bone without bending or breaking during injection. Dental intraosseous needles frequently include a stainless steel sliding sheath to provide the necessary stability. Dental intraosseus needles are mostly used to inject anesthesia into the bone for single-tooth procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12748",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intravenous",
      "definition": "Injection needles designed for fluid injection into the veins. Some intravenous needles (e.g., scalp-vein needles) are used to deliver short-term direct infusion into the veins, while other needles are used in conjunction with intravenous tubes, catheters, and/or bags for long-term infusion procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12752",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Intravenous, Scalp-Vein/Pediatric",
      "definition": "Intravenous injection needles designed for short-term therapeutic infusion of fluids into the scalp veins, other small-diameter peripheral veins, and the veins of pediatric patients. These needles typically include a thin-walled, stainless steel, beveled cannula (18 to 27 gauge is typical), usually 3/4 inches (19 mm) in length, for introduction into the veins; wings that help with the insertion and add protection to inadvertent pullout; and a tube (e.g., 30 cm in length) to be attached to a syringe or other infusion device."
    },
    {
      "code": "17180",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Subcutaneous Port",
      "definition": "Needles designed for injection or infusion of fluids through a subcutaneous implanted injection/infusion port.  These devices typically consist of hollow, blunt-tip needles that inject the fluids through side holes near their tip, avoiding coring (i.e., noncoring needles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20456",
      "display": "Needles, Injection, Subcutaneous Port, Protective",
      "definition": "Subcutaneous-port needles designed to provide needlestick protection. These needles typically include some manually positioned or activated mechanism intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20242",
      "display": "Needles, Lesion Localization",
      "definition": "Needles designed for localization of lesions, especially tumors. These devices typically consist of a hollow needle with marks to facilitate accurate depth placement. Some needles include a strong, flexible localization wire that can be retracted and repositioned; other devices consist of a puncture needle and an anchor at the tip. Lesion-localization needles are mostly used for tumor localization in moving organs (e.g., lung) and/or in the thoracic breast tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "20243",
      "display": "Needles, Lesion Localization, Breast",
      "definition": "Needles designed for localization of lesions, especially tumors, in thoracic breast tissue. These devices typically consist of 20-gauge, hollow needles with marks to facilitate accurate depth placement.  Most needles include a strong, flexible localization wire that can be retracted and repositioned; they may also include a locking mechanism to prevent wire migration during breast compression or patient transport.  Breast lesion localization needles are available in several lengths (e.g., 3, 5, 12.5 cm).  Some needles include tips that can be easily visualized using ultrasonic imaging equipment (i.e., echogenic tips) to facilitate the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20220",
      "display": "Needles, Ligature",
      "definition": "Needles designed to pass a suture filament or fine wire underneath a blood vessel or to other tissues or body parts (e.g., tumor pedicle) to tie, bind, or partially strangulate it. These devices consist of a slender steel needle with a long handle and a curved end with an eye and a sharp or blunt tip appropriate to handle the ligatures. Ligature needles are available both for right and left handed surgeons. Stronger ligatures with a bigger diameter are usually manipulated using ligature passers (also known as ligature carriers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20221",
      "display": "Needles, Local Block",
      "definition": "Needles designed to penetrate the body and infuse anesthetics in the proximity of the nerves in which conductivity is to be cut off. These devices typically consist of thin-wall needles with appropriately beveled tips to minimize cutting and/or lesion of tissues and nerves; some needles have blunt tips to deflect rather than transfix neural structures. Local-block needles are used either for short-term procedures that require a regional block or for continuous regional blocks. These needles are usually attached to catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20224",
      "display": "Needles, Local Block, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Local block needles designed for injection of anesthetics to block the conductivity of the nerves of the limbs. These devices  typically consist of 19- to 25-gauge needles that are typically available in lengths from 25 to 150 mm. Peripheral block needles may be used for either an upper- or lower-limb nerve block."
    },
    {
      "code": "20225",
      "display": "Needles, Local Block, Peripheral, Insulated",
      "definition": "Peripheral block needles designed with an isolated body, except for the tip. These needles typically include an integral stimulation wire and an attached injection catheter and Luer adaptor for connection to an electrical stimulator and a drug source, respectively. Insulated peripheral block needles are designed both to localize the nerves of the limbs, improving tip location, and for injection of anesthetics to cut off their conductivity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20222",
      "display": "Needles, Local Block, Pudendal",
      "definition": "Local block needles designed to inject anesthetics into the region of the tuberosity of the ischium to block the pudendal nerves. These devices  typically consist of  18- to 20-gauge needles, available in lengths of 125 to 150 mm (5 to 6 inches)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20223",
      "display": "Needles, Local Block, Retrobulbar",
      "definition": "Local block needles designed to inject anesthetics into the region posterior to the eyeball (i.e., retrobulbar) to block the nerves of the eyes during surgery (e.g., cataract surgery). These devices typically consist of 25-gauge, thin-wall, small-length needles (typically from 35 to 40 mm [1 1/4 to 1-5/8 inch]); the smaller needles avoid damage to the optical nerve."
    },
    {
      "code": "16627",
      "display": "Needles, Medication Transfer",
      "definition": "Needles designed to transfer medication from vials in hospital pharmacies. These devices are short, blunt needles (typically 1.6 cm [5/8 inch]), long enough to penetrate the vial stoppers but short enough to remove all medication. They are usually of 20 gauge to provide high flow rate with minimum coring."
    },
    {
      "code": "16266",
      "display": "Needles, Medication Transfer, Filtering",
      "definition": "Medication transfer needles that include a filter (e.g., microporous stainless steel) that retains micrometric particles from drugs or drug vials. These needles are used for medication transfer and handling to eliminate or reduce the possibility of associated particle contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "16628",
      "display": "Needles, Medication Transfer, Vented",
      "definition": "Medication transfer needles with a thin channel cut along their outer surface, forming an integral vent that relieves any back pressure in vials and/or other containers. These needles are used for medication transfer and handling (e.g., filling vials, transferring drugs from vials to intravenous bags), minimizing risk of contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20228",
      "display": "Needles, Ophthalmic Procedure",
      "definition": "Needles designed for particular procedures performed in the eyes, such as hemostasis, membrane identification and/or dissection, and lacrimal duct cannulation. Most of these devices are hollow, blunt, stainless steel needles, either straight, tapered, or curved. Some of these needles are specialized for procedures in specific areas of the eye, such as the subretinal space or the macular hole."
    },
    {
      "code": "12750",
      "display": "Needles, Pneumoperitoneum Insufflation",
      "definition": "Needles designed for insufflation or withdrawal of gases to and/or from the peritoneal cavity. These devices typically consist of very sharp, long (e.g., 5 to 6 in, 12 to 15 cm), thin needles attached to an appropriate handle. Pneumoperitoneal needles are used either for peritoneal insufflation in laparoscopic procedures and/or as an aid to radiologic procedures; they are also used to withdraw gases that occur spontaneously due to abnormal processes (e.g., subphrenic abscess). Some peritoneal needles are inserted using a spring-loaded mechanism."
    },
    {
      "code": "12754",
      "display": "Needles, Suture",
      "definition": "Needles designed to thread sutures through tissue, frequently to close surgical or traumatic wounds. These devices typically consist of high-quality, stainless steel, curved or, less frequently, straight needles with a hole (eye) in one extreme for insertion of the suture and a sharp tip at the other end; many suture needles have a flat  central part to facilitate their manipulation using needle holders. Suture needles are usually characterized by their size from tip to eye (i.e., size code 1, 2,  3) and the fraction of the circle they cover (e.g.,  1/2, 3/8). Suture needles are available for general surgical use as well as for other specialty uses, such as dental suture, ophthalmic suture, encirclement of the cervix uteri (cerclage), and postmortem uses."
    },
    {
      "code": "20252",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Dental",
      "definition": "Suture needles designed with appropriate shape and size to thread sutures through the oral tissues, including tough tissues (e.g., ligaments) around the teeth, to close surgical or traumatic wounds.  These devices typically consist of high-quality stainless steel, curved or, less frequently, straight needles with an eye in one extreme for insertion of the suture and a sharp tip at the other end. Dental suture needles usually have opposite cutting edges that cut tissue (i.e., cutting needles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20253",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Dental, Cutting Edge",
      "definition": "Dental suture needles with sharp cutting edges in their distal tip, permitting ease of penetration in tough tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "20249",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Suture needles designed with appropriate shape and size to thread sutures through the eye tissues to close surgical or traumatic wounds.  These devices typically consist of high-quality, stainless steel, curved needles with an eye in one extreme for insertion of the suture and a sharp tip at the other end. Ophthalmic suture needles may have opposite cutting edges that cut tissue (i.e., cutting needles) or tapered tips that pierce tissue without cutting (i.e., tapered needles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20250",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Ophthalmic, Cutting Edge",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic suture needles that include sharp cutting edges in their distal tip, permitting ease of penetration in tough tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "20251",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Ophthalmic, Taper Point",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic suture needles that include a tapered distal tip, permitting easy penetration without tearing delicate tissue inside the eyes."
    },
    {
      "code": "20254",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Needles designed for threading sutures in cadaver tissues. These devices typically consist of half-curved, curved, or, more frequently, double-curved stainless steel needles with an eye in one extreme for insertion of the suture and a long, sharp tip at the other end; most suture needles have cutting edges."
    },
    {
      "code": "20245",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Surgical",
      "definition": "Suture needles designed to close surgical and/or traumatic wounds, including the skin.  Surgical suture needles may have opposite cutting edges that cut tissue (i.e., cutting needles), tapered tips that pierce tissue without cutting (i.e., tapered needles), or blunt tips. Surgical suture needles are available for general surgical use and also for specialized surgical suture in tissues and/or organs, such as the intestines, tonsils, fistula, and kidneys."
    },
    {
      "code": "20248",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Surgical, Blunt Point",
      "definition": "Suture needles with a tip that is not as sharp (i.e., more blunt) as the tip of a conventional tapered suture needle; they can still penetrate tissues for suturing, but the blunt needle does not easily penetrate tough tissues, such as the skin. These needles are typically used for suturing kidney and liver tissues; they are also used in general surgery as a substitute for tapered-point needles to lessen the possibility that accidental contact with the needle tip will result in a needlestick injury. The use of blunt suture needles for some procedures requires changes in the surgical technique for suturing; they are not appropriate for skin-closure applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20246",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Surgical, Cutting Edge",
      "definition": "Surgical suture needles with sharp cutting edges at their distal tip which permit ease of penetration in tough tissues, such as skin and fascia."
    },
    {
      "code": "20247",
      "display": "Needles, Suture, Surgical, Taper Point",
      "definition": "Surgical suture needles with a tapered distal tip which permit easy penetration without tearing of delicate tissue, such as intestine and peritoneum tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "15679",
      "display": "Needles, Tine Test",
      "definition": "Needles designed for tine (tuberculin) tests. These devices consist of a set of needles (typically four) attached to a plastic handle and coated with drip-dried tuberculin (a dried broth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The set of needles is pressed into the skin of the forearm, where it deposits a preestablished dose of tuberculin. Any induration greater than or equal to 2 mm in diameter around one or more of the puncture sites after 48 to 72 hours is considered a positive result for this test."
    },
    {
      "code": "42090",
      "display": "Needles, Transseptal Puncture",
      "definition": "Needles designed to puncture the interatrial septum during a transseptal catheterization procedure to gain left heart access. These needles are typically a long, thin stainless-steel tubes that are curved and pointed at the distal end. They may have a hub with a stopcock and orientation indicators at the proximal end. They needles may incorporate a stylet for support during handling."
    },
    {
      "code": "42093",
      "display": "Needles, Transseptal Puncture, Radiofrequency",
      "definition": "Transseptal puncture needles that use the heat generated from medium frequency alternating current to puncture the interatrial septum. These needles typically are curved and have a rounded distal end for positioning against the atrial septum. The rounded tip of the needle extends through the lumen of a transseptal access sheath to apply radiofrequency (RF) alternating current in a monopolar configuration. They may have radiopaque markers for positioning."
    },
    {
      "code": "15163",
      "display": "Nephelometers",
      "definition": "Filter photometers that use a light source that directs the light through a suspension (e.g., containing cells) to a photodetector positioned at an angle from the incident beam to detect only scattered light. Nephelometers can detect particles (e.g., bacteria) in suspension at much lower concentration than is possible using turbidimeters."
    },
    {
      "code": "15591",
      "display": "Nephroscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for percutaneous insertion through an incision in the renal pelvis for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the ureters and kidneys. Nephroscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; they may be flexible or rigid."
    },
    {
      "code": "15289",
      "display": "Nephroscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Nephroscopes designed with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure, capable of being manipulated through curved structures from an incision in the skin to the kidney. The sheath is usually made of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "15290",
      "display": "Nephroscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Nephroscopes designed with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path from an incision in the skin to the kidney. The sheath is usually made of stainless steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "16083",
      "display": "Nerve Cap Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable devices designed to cover the severed end of a nerve to facilitate its healing. These implants typically consist of a plastic (possibly biodegradable) or elastomeric (e.g., silicone rubber) hollow cylinder with one end closed and the other open for the insertion of the nerve extremity, encasing and capping the nerve. Nerve cap implants are intended to prevent nerve scars and to minimize the formation of neural tumors (i.e., neuromas)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41129",
      "display": "Nerve Graft Implants",
      "definition": "Implants intended for use in nerve reconstruction . These implants may consist of nerve autografts or allografts usually taken from cadaver donors. Nerve graft implants are typically used in the management of nerve gaps, and are intended to provide a scaffold on which nerve regeneration can occur."
    },
    {
      "code": "16253",
      "display": "Nerve Locators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to locate a nerve by applying an electrical stimulus with a probe and comparing muscle responses as the probe is moved. Once the pathways are located, their transmission capabilities can be assessed by comparing observed muscle responses with the expected maximum contractions. These devices typically include a peripheral nerve electrical stimulator, appropriate electrodes, sensors to detect muscle response (e.g., a strain gauge), and audible and/or visual display."
    },
    {
      "code": "16254",
      "display": "Nerve Locators, Facial",
      "definition": "Nerve locators designed to locate a facial nerve by applying an electrical stimulus with a probe and comparing muscle responses as the probe is moved. These devices typically include a peripheral nerve electrical stimulator, appropriate electrodes, sensors to detect muscle response (e.g., strain gauges, electrical sensors), and audible and/or visual displays. Most facial nerve locator stimulators generate rectangular waveform currents to stimulate nerve fibers and produce muscular contractions; some also produce triangular-waveform currents. Some units include monitoring capabilities to warn the surgeon when there is a risk of injury to a patient's facial nerve.  Nerve locators are used during diagnosis and assessment of nerve function, to locate nerves during surgery (reducing the chance of accidental injury), and to monitor the progress of nerve regeneration after surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "16057",
      "display": "Nerve Sheath Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable devices in the form of tubes or flat sheets designed for use as an artificial nerve sheath, protecting and/or providing a conduit for the injured nerve. Nerve sheath implants in the form of tubes or flat sheets are typically used in the management of severed (i.e., discontinuous) or injured (i.e., continuous) nerves/tendons, respectively. Nerve sheaths typically consist of resorbable synthetic (e.g., polygycolic acid) or biologic (e.g., collagen) materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "23929",
      "display": "Network Hubs",
      "definition": "Computerized network devices designed exclusively to establish paths between computers and/or computer peripherals, providing communication channels between them. These devices typically consist of simple electronic units with circuits that permit the use of multiple computers in a common local area network (LAN); most network hubs support the Ethernet standard but other types exist (e.g., USB [Universal Serial Bus] hubs used mainly with computer-associated peripheral devices such as printers and scanners). Network hubs include multiple ports (typically from 4 to 16); hubs may be connected each other and also to routers and/or switches to accommodate more devices.  By delivering each message only to the device for which it is intended, a network hub facilitates the use of multiple computers and peripherals together in the same LAN."
    },
    {
      "code": "23442",
      "display": "Network Routers",
      "definition": "Computerized network devices designed for the dynamic forwarding of information (data) packets to their destination. These devices are typically an electronic unit with a routing table (i.e., a database) that can optimize protocol efficiency and separate information for different subnetworks; routers can identify higher layer information within the packets than network bridges that only interpret node addresses. Routers use specific protocols to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. The routers periodically exchange information to update the routing tables to facilitate forwarding the packets that they receive. Routers are used mainly in healthcare facilities to forward information inside subnetworks of a local area network (LAN), between LANs, or between a LAN and a wide area network (WAN); they may provide firewall protection (i.e., filter out packets that do not contain the expected session and sequence numbers). Network routers are usually specific for use in a particular network model and/or with equipment from a specific manufacturer; dedicated routers are available both for hardwired and wireless networks."
    },
    {
      "code": "21973",
      "display": "Network Servers",
      "definition": "Computerized devices designed to manage (allocate) network resources. These devices typically consist of a dedicated computer and/or associated devices (e.g., modems, disc drives) intended to perform a particular set of tasks; dedicated servers are available for processing database queries (i.e., a database server), storing files (i.e., a file server), and to manage one or more printers (i.e., a print server). Network servers are used mainly in healthcare facilities to manage the LAN (local area network) resources of their digital information and/or communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "42083",
      "display": "Network Storage Devices",
      "definition": "Computer devices that are used to store and manage data on a computer network. They are typically connected directly to a network or to the host server and allow multiple users to access and share files and data from a central location. Examples of network storage devices include network-attached storage (NAS) devices, which are dedicated file servers designed to provide shared storage to multiple users, and storage area network (SAN) devices, which are typically use high-speed (optical fiber) network to attach the host server and is deployed at the end of those host servers."
    },
    {
      "code": "23443",
      "display": "Network Switches",
      "definition": "Computerized network devices designed to establish dedicated paths between end users (i.e., personal computers), providing communication channels between them. These devices are typically electronic units with circuits that work as switches; network switches are usually capable of inspecting data packets and may also store and subsequently forward information, offering better performance than a hub.  By delivering each message only to the device for which it is intended, a network switch facilitates the use of multiple computers and/or other devices together in the same local area network; network switches may be specific for use in a particular network model and/or with equipment from a specific manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "26862",
      "display": "Neutralizing Stations, Disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde/Aldehyde-Based",
      "definition": "Neutralizing stations designed to neutralize glutaraldehyde and some other aldehyde-based high-level disinfectants such as ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) before disposal into the drain. These stations typically consist of a neutralization tank, a sensor to detect when the tank is full, a pump, and input/output tubing for connection to the disinfectant solution source (e.g., a disinfector) and to the drain, respectively. The station tank receives the disinfecting solution after use (i.e., the spent solution); then the solution is mixed with an appropriate neutralizing agent such as glycine that converts it into a non-toxic product. When the tank is completely full, an integral pump automatically delivers the neutralized solution down the drain to the sewerage system. Glutaraldehyde/aldehyde-based disinfectant neutralizing stations are intended to facilitate the neutralization process following existing standards, protecting both the operator and the environment from the disinfectant vapors."
    },
    {
      "code": "41876",
      "display": "Night Vision Goggles",
      "definition": "Optoelectronic devices designed to allow users to see images in levels of lighting that approaches total darkness. These units usually use image enhancement or thermal imaging technology. The units can include an image intensifier tube and/or thermal detector, a protective housing, and some type of mounting system."
    },
    {
      "code": "12766",
      "display": "Nippers, Malleus",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to snip/cut small pieces of hard bony tissue from a tiny bone shaped like a mallet located in the middle ear (i.e., malleus). These devices typically consist of a forceps-like instrument with small but strong working ends and appropriate handles. The stationary blade on the working end typically ends in a sharpened anvil or a hook-like design, with various angled blades. In the anvil design, the sliding blade opens and closes a second sharpened blade against the anvil. In the hook design, the sliding blade closes against the hook."
    },
    {
      "code": "16761",
      "display": "Nipples, Infant Nursing Bottle",
      "definition": "Nursing bottle nipples are usually silicone or latex devices designed to mimic a female nipple and are intended for liquid feeding of infants. They have wide bases and various nipple sizes based on the age and/or size of the infant. They are used with nursing bottles to deliver expressed breast milk, formula or other liquid (i.e., water) to infants. They are reusable or disposable and are available in different flow speeds (i.e., slow, medium), limiting how quickly babies can access the milk or other liquids, in an effort to help prevent chocking and colic."
    },
    {
      "code": "18586",
      "display": "Nitric Oxide Delivery Units",
      "definition": "Delivery Units designed to administer nitric oxide (NO) into the respiratory system, some may include gas monitoring capabilities.  These units may synchronize the delivery of NO with patient respiration (inhalation) to minimize the spontaneous reaction of NO with oxygen to form potentially toxic oxides (e.g., NO2). Nitric oxide delivery units are used to dilate the pulmonary vasculature in the treatment of neonates with hypoxic respiratory failure; they  may be also used in adults for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25451",
      "display": "Nitrogen Concentrators",
      "definition": "Gas concentrators designed to increase the percentage of nitrogen in a mixture of gases, usually air. Nitrogen concentrators filter out moisture, oxygen, and other gases from compressed air, leaving ultra-high-purity nitrogen. A nitrogen concentrator is usually comprised of a compressed air tank; a permeable membrane or a sieve material that captures the oxygen, other gases, and water vapor; and a nitrogen receiving tank. Nitrogen concentrators are used mainly to obtain nitrogen gas appropriate for use as a carrier gas for use in laboratories (e.g., gas chromatography analytical laboratory systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37291",
      "display": "Nitrogen Generators",
      "definition": "Devices intended to produce high-purity nitrogen gas by separating nitrogen from compressed atmospheric air. Nitrogen generators are typically electrically-powered devices that produce nitrogen gas through pressure swing adsorption or hollow fiber membrane filtering. They may also include an air compressor. These generators are typically capable of producing nitrogen gas with a purity of 99.999% at maximum flow rates between 100 and 1,200 cubic centimeters per minute."
    },
    {
      "code": "35419",
      "display": "Non-Metabolic Medical Gases",
      "definition": "Gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen) used in various medical procedures (e.g., cryotherapy, laparoscopic insufflation) or various cryogenic applications (e.g., rapid freezing/storage of biologic samples, cooling of certain medical devices). These gases are typically supplied in compressed gas cylinders in gaseous or liquid form. This concept includes gases intended to exert their effects via physical properties (e.g., pressure, heat transfer) and excludes gases that are chemically active and/or metabolized before exerting their effects (e.g., oxygen used to support respiration or gases used to induce anesthesia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20808",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors",
      "definition": "Automated equipment designed to process high-molecular-weight nucleotide polymers (i.e., nucleic acids), the most characteristic components of which are DNA and RNA. These processors can perform one or more of a great variety of processes on nucleic acids, such as purifying nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA, mRNA), the samples of which are usually obtained from body fluid specimens; combining the building block base pairs in a \"cocktail mix\" to make a chain (i.e., synthesizing); recombining two complementary strands (i.e., hybridization); increasing the number of samples through repetitive cycles (replication or amplification, such as polymerase chain reaction); and determining the order of the base pairs in the amplified chain (i.e., sequencing)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35429",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Preanalytic Unit",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid processors designed for prepare combinations of nucleic acid samples (e.g., DNA, RNA) and nucleic acid processing reaction reagents (e.g., enzymes, primers, nucleotides) appropriate for downstream nucleic acid processing reactions (e.g., replication [amplification], sequencing). These devices typically include the capability to automatically pipette samples and reaction mixes into reaction vessels of several different formats (e.g., 96-well and 384-well plates). Preanalytic units typically include a robotic component that manipulates the sample(s) and reaction mixes and a computerized component with appropriate software to allow a user to pass instructions to the robotic component."
    },
    {
      "code": "20666",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Purification",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid processors designed for purification (e.g., filtration and centrifugation) of nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA, mRNA) samples, usually obtained from body fluid specimens, such as whole blood, serum, plasma, cephalo-spinal fluid, and/or other cell samples. These purifiers consist of a set of devices (typically including pipettes, samplers, reactive probes, washers, and eluting devices) that are integrated into a unit, which by following computerized protocols and using appropriate reagent kits, isolate the required nucleic acids without cross-contamination. The purification may be performed using a variety of technologies such as magnetic beads. Nucleic acid purifiers are used in clinical laboratories to isolate nucleic acids (e.g., viral nucleic acids) for further procedures, such as replication (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, PCR), either for analysis as a diagnostic tool or for research."
    },
    {
      "code": "20667",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Replication",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid processors designed to increase nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA, mRNA) samples in a repetitive process (i.e., replication) that multiplies the number of samples in each cycle. The procedure is directly applicable to DNA samples; RNA samples usually require a reverse transcription procedure. The nucleic acid samples are typically obtained from body fluid specimens such as whole blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and/or other cell samples. This equipment may perform the replication (amplification) either at constant temperature or through a thermal cycle. Some devices use advanced techniques to extend the length and provide higher fidelity of the sequence that could be amplified (e.g., using a blend of a thermostable polymerase and/or a proofreading polymerase) and/or introducing molecular tags (e.g., digoxigenin) to make possible the detection and quantification of minute amount of pathogens. Nucleic acid replicators are used in clinical laboratories to obtain appropriate samples for analysis from previously purified nucleic acids either for diagnosis or research."
    },
    {
      "code": "20810",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Replication, Isothermal",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid replication processors that perform nucleic amplification following a process typically adapted from the replication scheme of retroviruses. These replicators perform all reactions at the same temperature, continuously adjusting the reactant to allow for accumulation of the nucleic acid product (DNA or RNA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20811",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Replication, Thermal Cycle",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid replication processors that perform nucleic amplification (replication) following a thermal cycle. The most commonly used procedure is polymerase chain reaction, which is performed in a vial containing the template molecule (the DNA or RNA to be copied) and two primer molecules to start the copying process. The primers are short chains of the four different chemical components that make up any strand of genetic material. In the first part of the process, the two DNA chains in the double helix are separated at about 90 degrees Celcius (C) (195 degrees Farenheit (F)). The vial  is cooled to 55 degrees C (131 degrees F) to bind (anneal) the primers to the end of the DNA strands. In the final step of the reaction a complete copy of the templates is made at around 75 degrees C (158 degrees F). The three steps take less than two minutes. At the end of the cycle, each piece of DNA in the vial has been duplicated. Repeating the process 30 or more times may yield more than one billion copies."
    },
    {
      "code": "35332",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Replication, Thermal Cycle, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid replication processors   designed to detect and quantify the number of target sequences in a sample using a process in which the sample is partitioned into a large number of individual reactions run in parallel such that each individual reaction contains 0 or 1 amplification targets. The number of positive and negative individual reactions provides a direct measurement of the number of target molecules present in the sample. These incubators include, in addition to a thermocycler, an optic system to monitor fluorescent emission in individual reactions (e.g., CCD camera, mirrors, filters) and a system to partition the master reaction mix into individual reactions. These incubators typically require the use of a fluorescent dye that binds to the polymerase chain reaction products and emits light upon stimulation. Thermal cycles are performed using one of several techniques (e.g., adjusting the temperature in a single block, moving the sample from block to block, using microcapillary tubes and halogen lamps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23982",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Replication, Thermal Cycle, Real-Time Quantification",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid replication processors designed to detect and quantify the number of target sequences in real time. These incubators include, in addition to a thermocycler, an optic system to monitor fluorescent emission (e.g., CCD camera, mirrors, filters) and a computerized unit with appropriate software to analyze the results in real time. The incubator requires a fluorescent dye that binds to the polymerase chain reaction products and emits light upon stimulation. Thermal cycles are performed using one of several techniques (e.g., adjusting the temperature in a single block, moving the sample from block to block, using microcapillary tubes and halogen lamps). Real-time quantification thermocycler incubators are intended to facilitate faster, more accurate, and reproducible results."
    },
    {
      "code": "20809",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Sequencing",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid processors designed for the automated determination of the precise sequence of the base pairs (i.e., adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine for DNA) in a sample of nucleic acid. These devices typically process samples of DNA molecules (labeled with multiple fluorescent dyes) that are loaded onto a gel. Usually, the samples are separated by size using capillary electrophoresis; samples are illuminated and detected using a scanning laser beam, and the results are processed using computer analysis. Electrophoretic separation can be displayed in real time; the sequence of nucleotides for the whole sample (e.g., read lengths as long as several hundred base pairs) is printed after computerized ordering."
    },
    {
      "code": "34615",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Sequencing, Library Preparation",
      "definition": "Sequencing nucleic acid processors designed to automate the steps of library preparation, including isolation, fragmentation, end-repair, and linking nucleic acids to adapters. These processors can perform DNA extraction, quantification, fragmentation, normalization, purification and quality control. The components of the processor can include pipetting, liquid handling, thermal cycling, and bead washing."
    },
    {
      "code": "27328",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Sequencing, Pyrogenic",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid processors designed for the automated determination of the precise sequence of the base pairs (i.e., adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine for DNA) in a sample of nucleic acid using pyrosequencing technology. Pyrosequencing is a technology based on the principle of sequencing by synthesis which involves taking a single strand of the DNA to be sequenced and then synthesizing its complementary strand enzymatically. These processors typically consist of a central computerized unit (i.e., the sequencing instrument) with a software that permits the analysis of results in a computer; appropriate reagents; and test kits appropriate for the determination performed (e.g., mutation, methylation detection). The samples are usually prepared in a dedicated vacuum station. Pyrogenic sequencing nucleic acid processors are used mainly for rapid assessment of sequences during genetic analysis (e.g., KRAS mutations, genotyping sequence analysis), epigenetics (e.g., methylation patterns), and microbiology applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20812",
      "display": "Nucleic Acid Processors, Synthesis",
      "definition": "Nucleic acid processors designed for combining the building block base pairs of nucleic acids (e.g., arginine, thiamine, cytosine, and guanine for DNA) in a \"cocktail\" mix to make a complete chain. These devices typically perform the synthesis following a cycle that includes the addition of nucleosides in solution to nucleosides immobilized on a solid support, forming an internucleotide linkage. This cycle is conducted until the chain is completed; then, the crude nucleic acid is cleaved from the support, purified, and quantified.  Synthesis nucleic acid processors include a chemical processing unit and a computerized system with appropriate software."
    },
    {
      "code": "12779",
      "display": "Nursing Bottles, Infant",
      "definition": "Nursing bottles designed for liquid feeding of infants. These devices usually consist of glass or plastic bottles with a plastic cap and a nipple made of rubber or silicone; the bottles have a graduated scale on the outside for feeding measurement. Infant nursing bottles are used mainly to feed infants with infant formula or breast milk; they are available in different shapes and sizes (e.g., 4 oz/120 mL, 6 oz/180 mL, or 8 oz/240 mL)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17730",
      "display": "Occluders",
      "definition": "Devices designed for either obstruction or closure of a body passway to the flow of fluids or other substances or to prevent that external stimuli get into the body senses . These devices are designed according to the nature and/or shape of the passageway they are intended to close. Most occluders are used to close internal tubular structures of the body, such as blood vessels and fallopian tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33749",
      "display": "Occluders, Cardiac, Left Atrial Appendage",
      "definition": "Cardiac occluders designed close off the left atrial appendage. These occluders may come as a variety of devices in different shapes and styles (e.g., self-expanding frame with anchors and a plastic cap) or as dedicated plastic clips. The occluders are usually delivered and deployed during cardiac catheterization procedures, but other types of minimal-access surgeries may be used for their deployment. Left atrial appendage occluders are mainly intended to prevent clot formation and stroke in patients with cardiac arrhythmias."
    },
    {
      "code": "20414",
      "display": "Occluders, Cardiac, Septum",
      "definition": "Occluders designed for closure of atrial or ventricular cardiac septal defects using percutaneous transcatheter procedures. These occluders typically consist of a button, umbrella, double umbrella, or double-disk devices; they are typically made of metals, plastic fabrics (e.g., polyester), or a combination of both.  The occluders are usually deployed using a delivery system that includes a sheath, a dilator, a loading device, and a cable. Cardiac septal occluders are used for treatment of many atrial or ventricular defects, including the fetal aperture between the atria (i.e., patent foramen ovale) and coronary sinus septal defects, provided that the defects have good rims all around and are separated from important heart structures. They are frequently used for occlusion of large (typically 4 mm or larger) patent ductus arteriosus."
    },
    {
      "code": "20415",
      "display": "Occluders, Fallopian Tube",
      "definition": "Occluders designed to close the slender tubes that connect the uterus with the ovaries (i.e., fallopian tubes) to prevent the sperm from reaching the ovum. These occluders may consist either of devices applied externally to the tubes (e.g., clips, bands) or devices inserted into the tubes (e.g., plugs, valves). Fallopian-tube occluders are used for permanent prevention of conception (contraception), but some devices may be successfully explanted."
    },
    {
      "code": "20684",
      "display": "Occluders, Fallopian Tube, Transcervical",
      "definition": "Occluders designed to close the slender tubes that connect the uterus with the ovaries (i.e., fallopian tubes) to prevent the sperm from reaching the ovum. These occluders may consist either of devices applied externally to the tubes (e.g., clips, bands) or devices inserted into the tubes (e.g., plugs, valves). Fallopian tube occluders are used for permanent prevention of conception (contraception), but some devices may be successfully explanted."
    },
    {
      "code": "15876",
      "display": "Occluders, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Occluders designed to temporarily prevent or attenuate (i.e., occlude) the passage of light to one or both eyes. These occluders are typically a handheld plastic or metal device with one or two opaque covers for the eyes; some occluders are translucent and/or include pinholes for special tests. Ophthalmic occluders are used in tests, including for visual acuity (e.g., cover test), eye-movement monitoring, and visual field."
    },
    {
      "code": "20416",
      "display": "Occluders, Umbilical Cord",
      "definition": "Occluders designed to close the blood vessels in the umbilical cord of newborns. These occluders may consist of clips, tape, ligatures, string, or other device appropriate for permanent occlusion of the vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "17731",
      "display": "Occluders, Vascular",
      "definition": "Occluders designed for restricting blood flow through vessels. These occluders may include devices applied externally to the vasculature (e.g., clips) or devices inserted into the vessels, usually through syringes and/or catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "15034",
      "display": "Occluders, Vascular, Intravascular Embolization",
      "definition": "Vascular occluders designed for intravascular embolization, promoting complete vascular occlusion and thrombosis. These occluders typically consist of a small device (e.g., detachable balloon, metallic coil) or substance (e.g., gelatin-, alcohol-, or glue-based) that is deployed using guide wires and appropriate catheters. Intravascular embolization occluders are used for permanent occlusion of venous malformations and lesions in spinal and cerebral vessels (e.g., aneurysms); they are also used for abdominal (e.g., inferior vena cava) and peripheral vascular lesions. These devices are also used for occlusion of aortopulmonary collaterals, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas, and some small (typically less than 4 mm) patent ductus arteriosus."
    },
    {
      "code": "22543",
      "display": "Occluders, Vascular, Intravascular Embolization, Coil",
      "definition": "Intravascular occluders consisting of coils appropriate for intravascular embolization. These coils typically consist of flexible wire constructed of a soft metal (e.g., platinum). The wires comprising these coils may be bare metal or modified by the addition of a coating (e.g., hydrogel, polygycolic acid) or polymeric fibers. These occluders are mostly used for occlusion of venous malformations and lesions (e.g., aneurysms) in the neurovasculature; they are also used in occlusion of selected peripheral vasculature, in particular embolization of vessels supplying blood to hypervascularized tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20412",
      "display": "Occluders, Vascular, Intravascular Embolization, Particulate",
      "definition": "Intravascular occluders consisting of microparticles appropriate for vascular embolization. These occluders typically consist of absorbable gelatin-sponge segments and polyvinyl alcohol granules. Particulate intravascular embolization occluders are mostly used for occlusion of venous malformations and lesions in spinal and cerebral vessels (e.g., aneurysms); they are also used in peripheral (close to the tumor) occlusion of selected vasculature-nourishing hypervascularized cancer tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "41447",
      "display": "Occluders, Vascular, Intravascular Embolization, Plug",
      "definition": "Intravascular occluders consisting of mesh or scaffold appropriate for intravascular embolization. These occluders typically consist of self-expanding mesh or scaffolding constructed of metal or polymer. These devices are mostly used to occlude blood flow typically for treatment of an aneurysm, tumor, and/or arteriovenous malformation (AVM). They may include a delivery device. Some portions of these plugs may be biodegradable."
    },
    {
      "code": "20413",
      "display": "Occluders, Vascular, Presacral Bleeding",
      "definition": "Occluders designed to be inserted in the anterior sacrum bone to control hemorrhage in presacral venous bleeding. These occluders typically consist of small (e.g., 7, 10, 12 mm) metallic pins that may include either smooth or beveled groove shafts; special applicators may be used to hold the pin during insertion.  Presacral bleeding occluders are mostly used during emergency surgery involving surgical mobilization of the rectum."
    },
    {
      "code": "18157",
      "display": "Occlusal Splints",
      "definition": "Intraoral devices designed to tightly overlay the occlusal surfaces of the upper or lower arch of the teeth (i.e., occlusal splints). These splints usually consist of custom-designed soft or semi-rigid devices that are made of plastic or cured acrylic resins. Dedicated occlusal splints intended for dental treatment and management of mandibular positioning, and/or for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "30185",
      "display": "Occlusal Splints, Dental",
      "definition": "Occlusal splints (also known as intraoral orthoses) designed to fit tightly overlaying the occlusal surfaces of the upper or lower arch of the teeth (i.e., occlusal splints) during dental treatments.  These splints usually consist of removable custom-designed soft or semi-rigid devices that are made of cured acrylic resins. They are created using a mold taken from the patient's dental arches and may be made from plastics (e.g., vinyl). Dental occlusal splints are often part of pre-restorative management of teeth and may have a role in protecting both teeth and restorations from excessive loads and further wear. The splints may be also used to provide relaxation to the masticatory muscles to help in mandibular repositioning treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "17852",
      "display": "Occlusal Splints, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Anti-Snoring",
      "definition": "Occlusal splints (also known as intraoral orthoses) designed to be placed inside the mouth for use during the sleeping hours to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and help in avoiding inspiratory noise produced by vibration of the pharyngeal soft tissues (i.e., snoring). These splints usually consist of removable (e.g., plastic) devices that increase the pharyngeal space in order to improve the patient's ability to exchange air, thus decreasing the air turbulence which is the typical causative factor in snoring. There is a variety of occlusal splints used for the purpose of treating OSA and/or preventing snoring. The devices usually use one out of three main different techniques (i.e., mandibular repositioning, tongue retaining, palatal lifting) or a combination of these. Dedicated OSA/anti-snoring splints using one or more of these techniques are available; they are usually positioned in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "30219",
      "display": "Occlusal Splints, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Anti-Snoring, Mandibular Repositioning",
      "definition": "Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)/anti-snoring occlusal splints designed for placing inside the mouth for use while a patient sleeps.  These devices help avoid inspiratory noise produced by the vibration of the pharyngeal soft tissues (i.e., snoring) by increasing the pharyngeal space, repositioning and stabilizing the lower jaw and bringing it forward.  These splints usually consist of custom-made devices made of plastic that are fitted on the teeth.  Prefabricated thermoplastic devices that are fitted to the jaw by softening the device in hot water and then biting down on it to get a proper fit (known as boil-and-bite devices) are also available.  Mandibular repositioning OSA/anti-snoring occlusal splints are intended for patients whose breathing problems are related to the jaw position.  The splints may also be used to provide relaxation to the masticatory muscles to help in other mandibular repositioning treatments.  These devices are typically positioned in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "30221",
      "display": "Occlusal Splints, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Anti-Snoring, Palate Lifting",
      "definition": "Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)/anti-snoring occlusal splints designed for placing inside the mouth for use while a patient sleeps.  These devices help avoid inspiratory noise produced by the vibration of the pharyngeal soft tissues (i.e., snoring) by lifting the soft palate.  These splints usually consist of prefabricated or custom-made plastic devices that are fitted in the mouth.  They position and stabilize the soft palate and, occasionally, the uvula.  These devices are intended for patients with breathing problems that cause OSA and/or snoring; they are usually positioned in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "30213",
      "display": "Occlusal Splints, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Anti-Snoring, Tongue Retaining",
      "definition": "Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)/anti-snoring occlusal splints designed for placing inside the mouth for use while a patient sleeps.  These devices help avoid inspiratory noise produced by the vibration of the pharyngeal soft tissues (i.e., snoring) by advancing and holding the tongue forward.  These splints usually consist of prefabricated plastic devices that have been fitted around the teeth.  This stops the tongue from falling back and thus avoids the obstruction that results in snoring or obstructive sleep apnea.  Dedicated occlusal splints that use suction to hold the tongue in place are also available; they are usually positioned in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "27929",
      "display": "Occlusion Plugs",
      "definition": "Devices intended for obstructing or tightly closing an external body passage. These devices may consist of a dense mass of material provided with a guiding channel and elements for urging the plug into the passage. The plugs are usually made of plastic (e.g., polyurethane, silicone) because of its biocompatibility, resiliency, elasticity, and durability to resist wear and tear. Occlusion plugs may have different shapes and sizes. Ear and lacrimal punctum occlusion plugs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11375",
      "display": "Occlusion Plugs, Ear",
      "definition": "Occlusion plugs designed for temporary insertion and occlusion of the external ear canal. These plugs are typically soft cylindrical devices made of soft rubber, rubber-like materials (e.g., soft silicone), or wax. They are mainly intended to protect the wearer's ears from loud noises or the intrusion of water, foreign bodies, dust, or excessive wind. Ear occlusion plugs are available for many particular needs (e.g., sleeping, travelling, shooting, and/or studying). Special-use ear plugs that include filters that seal out water but allow sounds to pass through for swimming, damping-air pressure changes (e.g., in airplane cabins), or attenuate high-frequency sounds while allowing normal conversation are also available. Some occlusion ear plugs are attached to headbands to facilitate their use."
    },
    {
      "code": "17958",
      "display": "Occlusion Plugs, Lacrimal Punctum",
      "definition": "Occlusion plugs designed to be inserted in the small drainage ducts in the corners of the eyes (lacrimal punctum) that connect the eye to the nose for temporary or permanent occlusion. These plugs are usually made of silicone or another biocompatible inert material; they are available in different sizes. Some occlusion plugs are intended for temporary use and dissolve upon contact with the punctum; others are permanent and do no dissolve, but can be removed if necessary. Lacrimal punctum occlusion plugs are intended to decrease or slow tear drainage; they are used mainly to treat some types of the condition generically known as \"dry eye.\""
    },
    {
      "code": "36838",
      "display": "Ocular Accommodation Assessment/Training Instruments",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed for assessing and/or training patients with accommodation disorders. These devices use methods such as switching between varying lenses with specific diopter powers or moving a symbol (image, letter, figure), approaching or moving it away from the eye, in order to assess and/or treat accommodation dysfunctions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27814",
      "display": "Ocular Convergence Assessment/Training Instruments, Eccentric Fixation",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed for assessing and/or training patients with eye fixation in points other than the central macula region of the retina (i.e., fovea), a condition known as eccentric fixation. The device measures the eyes' perception of two conical, brushlike images with apexes touching (similar to a bow tie, known as Haidinger's brushes) when looking at a white surface through rotating polarized filters. Eccentric fixation assessment/training instruments may include speed control and reversal of rotation, and a light source that projects light dots to facilitate patient training. In patients with eccentric fixation the Haidinger's brushes are not centered on the central fixation dot, making possible the determination of the fixation point. These devices are used in patients with abnormal macular integrity and/or strabismus."
    },
    {
      "code": "39595",
      "display": "Office Supplies",
      "definition": "Consumable materials (e.g., binder clips, correction fluid, envelopes, erasers, file folders, markers, notebooks, paper clips, paper pads, pencils, pens, printer paper, staples, adhesive tape, toner cartridges) and small equipment (e.g., hole punches, pencil sharpeners, office staplers, office scissors) used in the performance of day-to-day business tasks in office settings."
    },
    {
      "code": "27030",
      "display": "Ohmmeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure electric resistance, a measure of a substance opposition to conducting electric charges when a voltage is applied. This parameter is frequently represented by an uppercase omega and typically measured in ohms. Resistance meters (ohmmeters) may consist of electromechanical or electronic instruments with appropriate leads. Practical instruments may measure in ohm, fractions of ohm (e.g., milliohm) or multiples of ohm (kilo- or mega ohm, frequently called megohmmeters). Dedicated resistance meters are used to measure solid material and/or liquids; some are incorporated in testers used in the inspection and/or maintenance of medical devices and other healthcare facility equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "39478",
      "display": "Operating Microscope Floor Stands",
      "definition": "Mobile structures designed to support operating microscopes. These floor stands typically consist of a heavy base mounted on casters, an upright column, and movable/articulating arm on the distal end of which is a coupler appropriate for attachment of an operating microscope. Operating microscope floor stands may incorporate various accessories such as microscope light sources (e.g., halogen lamp, xenon lamp) and video systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41121",
      "display": "Operating Table Pedestal Guards",
      "definition": "Guards designed to protect operating table pedestals from damage during lowering of the table. These guards are placed around the bottom of the pedestal to establish an obstruction-free perimeter around the pedestal of the table base.  They are usually removable. They are made of materials such as aluminum. Operating table pedestal guards are various sizes to fit different-sized pedestals."
    },
    {
      "code": "23719",
      "display": "Operating Table Pedestals",
      "definition": "Pedestals designed as a common component of surgical tables, the pedestals may be attached to one of several different interchangeable tabletops according to the surgical procedure to be performed. These pedestals typically consist of a fixed base (e.g., a column, lateral supports) that may be mounted on a movable, swivel-caster base. Tabletops on top of the pedestals are raised or lowered by mechanical gears or hydraulic piston systems using manual controls (e.g., cranks, footpedals) or electrical controls (e.g., footpedals, levers, remote-controlled units). Operating table pedestals attached to an appropriate tabletop may be used for one or more of a variety of surgical specialties(e.g., general surgery, gynecology/urology, ophthalmology/ENT, orthopedic, neurosurgery, spinal, vascular surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25215",
      "display": "Operating Tabletops",
      "definition": "Detachable tabletops designed for use as a component of surgical tables when used with common pedestals. Tabletops typically consist of a rectangular top made of metal, plastic, or a metal/plastic/carbon-fiber composite that is supported by a pedestal (e.g., central column, lateral supports) that may be fixed or mounted on a movable, swivel-caster base. The tabletop can also be transferred to trolleys to transport patients to and from the operating room. Tabletops and their individual segments are raised and lowered by mechanical gears or hydraulic piston systems using manual controls (e.g., cranks, foot pedals) or electronic controls (e.g., foot pedals, levers, remote-control units). Some multi-procedure operating tabletops can be configured for a variety of surgical specialties (e.g., general surgery, gynecology/urology, ophthalmology/ ear, nose, and/or throat [ENT]) frequently adding detachable accessories, while other tabletops cannot be configured and are designated for one type of surgical procedure. These tabletops are available both in adult and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "25217",
      "display": "Operating Tabletops, Multi-Specialty",
      "definition": "Detachable tabletops designed for use as a component of surgical tables that may be configured for several different procedures. These tabletops typically consist of a rectangular top made of metal, plastic, or a metal/plastic/carbon-fiber composite that is supported by a fixed pedestal (e.g., central column, lateral supports) that may be mounted on a movable, swivel-caster base. The tabletop can also be transferred to trolleys to transport patients to and from the operating room. Multi-specialty tabletops and their individual segments are raised and lowered by mechanical gears or hydraulic piston systems using manual controls (e.g., cranks, foot pedals) or electronic controls (e.g., foot pedals, levers, remote-control units). Some multi-specialty operating tabletops can be configured for a variety of surgical specialties (e.g., general surgery, gynecology/urology, ophthalmology/ ear, nose, and/or throat [ENT], orthopedic, neurosurgery, vascular surgery) frequently by adding detachable accessories. The tabletops are available both in adult and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23731",
      "display": "Operating Tabletops, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Operating tabletops designed for use as a detachable component in operating tables using a common pedestal used in orthopedic surgical procedures. These tabletops typically consist of a rectangular top made of metal, plastic, or a metal/plastic/carbon-fiber composite and are supported by a fixed base (pedestal) or a movable, swivel-caster base. Orthopedic operating tabletops have padding for upper-body support, an apparatus for lower-body support (e.g., abductor bars), and any number of orthopedic accessories. Some orthopedic upper-body supports are interchangeable to accommodate specific orthopedic procedures; other models are available with tabletops that allow the conversion of the orthopedic table to a full-length surgical table or to perform another surgical (e.g., spinal, vascular) procedure. Orthopedic operating tabletops and their individual segments are raised and lowered by mechanical gears or hydraulic piston systems using manual controls (e.g., cranks, foot pedals) or electronic controls (e.g., foot pedals, levers, remote-control units). They are available in adult and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23732",
      "display": "Operating Tabletops, Spinal",
      "definition": "Operating tabletops designed for use as a detachable component in operating tables using a common pedestal used in spinal surgical procedures. These tabletops typically consist of a rectangular top made of metal, plastic, or a metal/plastic/carbon-fiber composite and are supported by a fixed base (pedestal) or a movable, swivel-caster base. Spinal operating tabletops are designed for optimal patient positioning and surgical team access while performing spinal surgical procedures. Most of these tabletops have radiolucent supports for intraoperative fluoroscopy and also have rotational capabilities up to 360 degrees. Spinal operating tabletops are used for lumbar and cervical spinal surgery, including surgical procedures for correction of deformities (e.g., osteotomies, laminectomies). Spinal operating tabletops and their individual segments are raised and lowered by mechanical gears or hydraulic piston systems using manual controls (e.g., cranks, foot pedals) or electronic controls (e.g., foot pedals, levers, remote-control units)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16065",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Conformers",
      "definition": "Temporary convex shields worn under the eyelids over the surgical site after eye evisceration or enucleation. These devices maintain space in the orbital cavity, prevent closure or adhesions during the healing process, prevent inversion of the eyelids, or in some cases, enable the positioning of biological tissue to the ocular surface without the need for sutures. Ophthalmic conformers are usually made of sturdy acrylic (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate) or glass; some may use biological material inserts in the conformers (e.g., amniotic membranes) as therapy for various eye diseases. Ophthalmic conformers come in various sizes (usually small [pediatric], medium, and large) and various curvatures to fit different size orbital cavities; some may have holes in them for drainage of secretions and applying antibiotics."
    },
    {
      "code": "24545",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Cross Cylinder Lens Sets",
      "definition": "Collections of 2 or more cross cylinder lenses designed to assess refractive error (cylinder power and axis) that requires an examinee's responses by using the cylinder lenses with equal powers and opposite signs in the proper axis positions (two principal meridians). The sets usually contain several cylinder lenses (with optical powers that can be +0.25D, +0.50D, +0.75D, or +1.0D), the lens rotation mechanism, and the lens mount. Ophthalmic cross-cylinder sets are used to determine astigmatism and refine cylinder power and axis for eyeglass fitting."
    },
    {
      "code": "24547",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Cross Cylinder Lenses",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic devices designed to assess the refractive error (cylinder power and axis) that require an examinee's responses by using two cylinder lenses with equal powers and opposite signs in the proper axis positions (two principal meridians).  These lenses are available with different optical powers (e.g., +0.25D, +0.50D, +0.75D, +1.0D); they are used to determine astigmatism and refine cylinder power and axis for eyeglass fitting."
    },
    {
      "code": "16466",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Fixation Units",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic devices designed to facilitate gaze fixation on a fixed and/or moving light. These instruments usually consist of a mount with a headrest and a light source on which the patient fixes his or her gaze; the light source can be moved relative to the head rest. Ophthalmic fixation units are used mainly for diagnosis and treatment of eye conditions while the patient's gaze is fixed."
    },
    {
      "code": "16066",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Foil",
      "definition": "Thin plastic films (foils) designed to partially or totally block light when applied to an existing eyewear lens. These foils are manually cut, typically using scissors, from a thin plastic sheet in a shape that conforms to the interior of the lens and usually use only water for attachment. Ophthalmic foil is intended for prophylactic (e.g., to prevent lazy eye [amblyopia]) and/or therapeutic uses such as the treatment of double vision (diplopia) and in the absence of an eye's natural lens (aphakia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27012",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Implant Inserters, Flexible Ring",
      "definition": "Handheld syringe-type inserters with a plunger and a hook used for loading and inserting ophthalmic ring implants. Depressing the plunger releases a hook on the other end of the syringe. The hook attaches to a small loop on one end of the implant and then the plunger is released which pulls the implant into the barrel of the inserter.  When the inserter is held up to the eye and the plunger is depressed, the ring implant is slowly released into the eye and can be adjusted to the correct position. Both reusable and single-use inserters are available and some single-use inserters are available with the implant preloaded."
    },
    {
      "code": "27011",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Implants, Capsular Ring",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic implants designed to stretch and support the eye's capsular bag. These flexible implants are open-ended plastic rings approximately 10-13 mm in diameter. The rings expand slightly once they are implanted. Surgeons can insert the rings manually or with a plunger inserter system. Capsular rings are intended to stabilize intraocular lens implants and reduce posterior chamber opacification during and/or after cataract surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "16074",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Implants, Eye Muscle Sheath",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic implants made of non-reactive material (usually silicone) that are formed into sheaths and surgically attached to the extraocular muscles at the posterior end of the sheath and to the sclera of the eye at the anterior end of the sheath (usually by means of sutures) and that serve as a template for connective tissue growth to promote attachment of the extraocular muscles to the sclera. Since the material of the sheath does not react with the connective tissue overgrowth, it can later be removed when the fibrous growth and muscle attachment is complete. Eye muscle sheath ophthalmic implants are used to correct strabismus caused by esotropias or Duane's syndrome."
    },
    {
      "code": "34509",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Implants, Iris",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic implants designed to partially or totally substitute the natural iris. These devices usually consist of a thin plastic or silicone disc sheet resembling a washer. Some silicon implants are foldable, allowing its insertion through a small hole at the corneal rim, then the implant is unfolded and fixed in place. The implants are usually made of a similar color than the natural iris in the other eye or of a chosen color for patients with complete absence of the iris (i.e., complete aniridia). Iris implants may decrease glare, increase the depth of focus, facilitate differentiation between dark and light objects, and improve the cosmetic appearance of the eyes in patients with partial or total aniridia. The implants are not recommended for cosmetic change of the eye color."
    },
    {
      "code": "27010",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Implants, Pupil Dilator Ring",
      "definition": "Temporary ophthalmic implants designed to stretch and dilate the pupil. These flexible implants are open-ended elastic rings approximately 5-7 mm in  diameter. Surgeons can insert the rings manually or with a plunger inserter system. Pupil dilator rings are intended to keep the pupil widened during phacoemulsification (a form of cataract surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32945",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Implants, Retina",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic implants designed to substitute the function of the natural retina, totally or partially restoring the vision. These devices usually consist of electronic microchips that are implanted in the eye, either behind or on the surface of the retina (i.e., subretinal and epiretinal, respectively). One type of implant consists of an array of electrodes placed on the retina (epiretinal) that receives wireless signals from the antenna of a camera that is housed in the patient's glasses. There are other implants available (both epiretinal and subretinal) that use a variety of different techniques including a device that uses the direct reception of light from photodiodes included as components of the implant and that only need external power. Ophthalmic retinal implants can be used for partial recovery (e.g., detection of light and shapes, low-definition images) of vision after a period of training; they are intended for people whose optical nerve is intact but have a damaged retina (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16073",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Implants, Symblepharon Ring",
      "definition": "Convex-shaped rings that are fitted in the anterior eye socket over the eye globe to prevent adhesions and shortening or retraction of the fornices. Symblepharon rings are usually made of plastic (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate) with highly polished edges to prevent trauma to the eye; they may come in various sizes (e.g., small [20 mm], medium [22 mm] and large [24 mm]). Symblepharon rings (also known as open fornices conformers) are implanted without touching the cornea, helping to reduce scarring by keeping the eyelids way from an irritated eye. They are intended to maintain ocular fornices after surgery in situations where conjunctival cicatricial disease is present, or after ocular trauma such as chemical burns or avulsion of the conjunctiva. In the case of surgery or trauma, they should be inserted as soon as possible to prevent adhesions and/or shortening of the fornices and cul-de-sacs. Some rings may be used over prosthetic eyeballs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18786",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Perimeters",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed to measure and evaluate the area (visual field) within which stimuli projected on a curved surface will produce the sensation of sight with the eyes in a straight-ahead position. These devices can determine the central and peripheral visual field and, usually, the areas of lost or depressed vision (scotomas). The determination basically establishes separately each eye's capability to see white test objects. Ophthalmic perimeters may use mobile targets of fixed luminosity (kinetic perimeters) or fixed targets (static perimeters). The results are usually recorded for each eye and include a continuous curve that represents the boundary of the visual field on a polar-coordinates graph. These perimeters are used to detect and evaluate pathologies that cause constriction of the peripheral vision (e.g., retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa) or that affect both peripheral and central vision, such as intracranial pathologies. Manual and automated ophthalmic perimeters are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16918",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Perimeters, Automated",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic perimeters that perform visual field assessment with little operator involvement. Currently, automated perimeters perform static perimetry, as well as simultaneous monitoring of the fixation of the eye. These instruments project targets at predetermined locations in the visual field for patient detection, using one or more procedures for field evaluation (i.e., threshold, supra threshold, threshold-related). Automated perimeters include a stimuli source (projection devices, light-emitting diodes) with automated background illumination and computing capabilities for test programming and data processing, recording, and display."
    },
    {
      "code": "16919",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Perimeters, Manual",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic perimeters that perform peripheral visual assessment with operator involvement in all the steps of each test. Typically, the patient focuses one eye on a spot in the central portion of the perimeter, with the other eye covered with a bandage. The target is passed in several meridians, typically at 15 intervals through the 360 degrees, and the patient is asked to signal whether he or she sees the target in each position. The results are manually recorded for each eye on a polar coordinate chart showing the limits of the visual field."
    },
    {
      "code": "22550",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Surgery Kits, Frontalis Suspension",
      "definition": "Prepacked collection of materials and supplies needed to perform ophthalmic frontalis suspension surgery to manage ptosis. These kits typically include solid silicone rods (40 cm/16 inch in length and .80 mm/.032 inch in diameter) used as the suspension materials, steel needles attached to the rod, and silicone sleeves to secure the rods. Frontalis suspension kits are mainly used in frontalis suspension surgery to treat patients with ptosis and poor levator muscle (eyelid) function."
    },
    {
      "code": "14067",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Tonographs",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders incorporated in tonometers for recording the gradual changes in intraocular pressure. These devices consist of the tonometer probe or plunger and the electric unit to collect intraocular pressure (IOP) signals, to change them into electronic signals, and to record the IOP waveforms on the graphic paper. Some recorders are compatible with personal computers for waveform storage and analysis. The devices are used to facilitate the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "27999",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Tonographs, Ambulatory",
      "definition": "Electronic recorders designed for continuous storage of data that show changes in intraocular pressure (IOP). These recorders typically consist of a wearable electronic recorder that receives signals from an electro-mechanical sensor that is embedded in a disposable contact lens or implanted in the eye. These signals provide information on IOP changes. The sensor incorporates a wireless transmitter that delivers the signals, usually during a 24-hour time period (or less) that includes sleep time. These recorders typically consist of a wearable electronic recorder that receives signals providing information on IOP changes from an electro-mechanical sensor that is embedded in a disposable contact lens or implanted in the eye; the sensor incorporates a wireless transmitter that delivers the signals usually during a time period of 24 hours or less including sleep time. The data stored in the recorder is then downloaded to a computer (e.g., personal computer) using a dedicated software that permits the analysis of the recorded data by an ophthalmologist. IOP recorders are mainly used to facilitate the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16809",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Tonometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine intraocular pressure. These instruments may use several different techniques: applanation, indentation, and noncontact (air puff) tonometry. Tonometers can be attached to a slit lamp, and portable and handheld devices are also available. Ophthalmic tonometers are mainly intended for assessing ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure between 10 and 24 mm Hg is considered normal), usually to screen patients for glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "10168",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Tonometers, Applanation",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic tonometers designed to determine intraocular pressure by measuring the force required to flatten the cornea apex by a fixed amount. These instruments are typically small and reusable instruments and are attached to a slit lamp; the tonometer includes a tip to be applied to the cornea and a manually controlled spring that applies a variable force on the cornea through the tip. The application of the tonometer tip flattens the cornea, producing a thin circular outline that is split into two green semicircles when viewed through the slit lamp oculars; then the force applied is adjusted until both semicircles just overlap and the force value is shown in the instrument scale as pressure (typically in mm Hg). Handheld (electronic penlike devices) and pneumatic applanation tonometers (i.e., pneumatotonomers) are also available. Applanation ophthalmic tonometers (e.g., Goldman and Barraquer types) can measure the amount of force applied; they are intended mainly for assessing ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure between 10 and 24 mm Hg is considered normal), usually to screen patients for glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24810",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Tonometers, Indentation",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic tonometers designed to determine intraocular pressure by measuring the corneal indentation produced by a known weight. These instruments are typically handheld and reusable (known also as Schiotz tonometers); they have a main body consisting of a cylinder hollow barrel with a movable plunger fixed to a measuring scale that includes an indicator pointer (i.e., needle), a weight screwed in the proximal end of the plunger opposite to the working end, and a handle. When the force produced by the attached weight pressed to the cornea produces a small indentation, the corneal resistance (that is proportional to the intraocular pressure) displaces the plunger upward within the barrel, deflecting the pointer on the measuring scale. Indentation ophthalmic tonometers are intended mainly for assessing ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure between 10 and 24 mm Hg is considered normal), usually to screen patients for glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "24811",
      "display": "Ophthalmic Tonometers, Noncontact",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic tonometers designed to determine intraocular pressure without making contact with the eye, usually by applying a small puff of air against the cornea. These instruments (known as air-puff tonometers) have a mechanism to blow a small puff of air and a measuring instrument with a pressure-sensing membrane that measures the air rebounding from the corneal surface, an electronic processing unit, and a display. Noncontact ophthalmic tonometers are intended mainly for assessing ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure between 10 and 24 mm Hg is considered normal), usually to screen patients for glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "12804",
      "display": "Ophthalmodiaphanoscopes",
      "definition": "Instruments for examining the back of the eye (retina) by transillumination through the Buccal cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "12805",
      "display": "Ophthalmodiastimeters",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine the distance between the pupils. The instruments usually consist of a light source to generate the reflection from the cornea, a target object for eye fixation, an alignment component for adjusting the reflection lines on the pupils, a sensor for detecting the light reflection, data processing software, and a screen for displaying the result. Ophthalmodiastimeters are used mainly to establish the distance required between lenses when making prescription eyeglasses."
    },
    {
      "code": "12811",
      "display": "Ophthalmometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed for objectively determining the curvature of the anterior corneal surface and the refraction of the eye (e.g., diopter, cylinder axis) by projecting illuminated images onto the patient's cornea. The instruments usually consist of light sources, a pair of objects to be projected onto the cornea, a telescope with prisms and lenses for reflecting and observing images, a device for adjusting the positions of the reflected images, and the software appropriate to calculate the corneal curvature and the refractive power. Ophthalmometers are used mainly for preassessment for refractive corneal surgery and for contact lens fitting."
    },
    {
      "code": "31268",
      "display": "Ophthalmoscope/Otoscope/Vital Signs Measuring Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed as a combination of ophthalmoscopes, otoscopes, and vital signs measuring instruments mounted on a common frame that is usually attached on a wall. The systems are intended for an early assessment of the physical status and the measuring of one or more vital signs of a patient. These systems typically include standard direct and/or dedicated ophthalmoscopes intended to view the eye fundus, otoscopes (e.g., pneumatic), and one or more vital signs measuring instruments. The vital signs measuring instruments in the system typically are aneroid and/or electronic sphygmomanometers (for noninvasive blood pressure measurements), thermometers, and instruments to measure heart (pulse) rate; the system may also include a pulse oximeter to measure oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2). Some of the instruments in the system may use a common transformer inserted in the frame. The systems are mainly used by nurses and doctors during primary physical assessment of patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18595",
      "display": "Ophthalmoscope/Otoscopes",
      "definition": "Diagnostic instruments designed as a combination of a direct ophthalmoscope and an otoscope. These sets typically include ophthalmoscope and otoscope heads and a handle with an internal battery that can be used either with the ophthalmoscope or the otoscope head; they are usually available in cases. The handle frequently includes a battery charger. Most ophthalmoscope/otoscope sets are used for primary care or emergency diagnosis, but some devices can also be used in surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "23679",
      "display": "Ophthalmoscope/Retinoscopes",
      "definition": "Diagnostic instruments designed as a combination of a direct ophthalmoscope and a retinoscope. These sets typically include ophthalmoscope and retinoscope heads and a handle with an internal battery that can be used either with the ophthalmoscope or the retinoscope head; they are usually available in housings. The handle frequently includes a battery charger. Most ophthalmoscope/retinoscope sets are used for primary care or emergency diagnosis, but some devices can also be used in surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12815",
      "display": "Ophthalmoscopes",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic diagnostic instruments designed for examining the eye (mostly the back of the eye, the fundus) The instruments usually consist of a light source incorporated into a wheel of lenses of varying strength (direct ophthalmoscopes) or a light source attached to a headband and a converging lens put in front of the eye of the patient (indirect ophthalmoscopes). They provide a magnified image of the eye, especially the fundus. Ophthalmoscopes are used mainly to detect eye conditions or eye diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "12817",
      "display": "Ophthalmoscopes, Direct",
      "definition": "Handheld ophthalmoscopes designed for examining the eye (mostly the back of the eye, the fundus) by providing a noninverted image of the eye. The instruments usually consist of a light source to project the light into the eye through the pupil, a mirror, and a wheel of lenses of varying strength to provide a magnified view of the eye and to adjust the focus of the view. They produce an upright, or unreversed, magnified image of the eye, at approximately 15 times magnification.  Direct ophthalmoscopes are used mainly to detect eye conditions or eye diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "12818",
      "display": "Ophthalmoscopes, Indirect",
      "definition": "Head-worn ophthalmoscopes designed for examining the eye (mostly the back of the eye, the fundus) by providing an inverted image of the fundus. These instruments usually consist of a light source attached to a headband to project the light into the eye through the pupil and a converging lens placed in front of the patient's eye. They produce an inverted, or reversed, image of 2 to 5 times magnification of the entire retina, a field of view much larger than that of direct ophthalmoscopes. Indirect ophthalmoscopes are used mainly to detect eye conditions or eye diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18190",
      "display": "Ophthalmoscopes, Scanning Laser",
      "definition": "Ophthalmoscopes that use a low-power laser beam for scanning horizontally and vertically across the retina, producing an electronic image with depth resolution, which is particularly valuable in creating three-dimensional (topographic) images of the optic disc. Retinal conditions such as edemas, scars, and macular holes are assessed using this technique."
    },
    {
      "code": "12820",
      "display": "Ophthalmotropometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic instruments designed to measure the amount of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus). Automated instruments use light sources, light sensors, and data analyzers to produce images and measure the light reflection from the corneas, as well as the pupils of both eyes; manual instruments typically consist of an illuminated screen that presents light stimuli, the examinee wears special eyeglasses (so the green light stimuli is perceived as red light) and points a handheld laser flashlight at the screen. The examiner performs the assessment by comparing the actual location of the green light and the perceived location of red light by the patient. Ophthalmotropometers are used to detect and assess the magnitude of strabismus."
    },
    {
      "code": "41610",
      "display": "Optical Deflectors",
      "definition": "Devices used to change the direction of an optical beam, e.g. a laser beam. These deflectors can continuously deflect an optical beam using predefined angle ranges (scanning) or implement fast switching between freely selectable deflection angles (random access). These devices usually deflect the beam to different angular positions by varying the acoustic frequency or the electrical signal frequency."
    },
    {
      "code": "41602",
      "display": "Optical Modulators",
      "definition": "Devices used for manipulating a property of light of an optical beam, e.g. a laser beam. The device may impose modulation on the phase, frequency, amplitude, or polarization of the beam. The modulators can be used for switching or continuously adjusting the properties of a light beam or for shifting the properties."
    },
    {
      "code": "41809",
      "display": "Optical Tweezers",
      "definition": "Units that use a highly focused laser beams to hold and move microscopic objects like atoms, nanoparticles and droplets. The particles are manipulated by the force due to transfer of momentum from the scattering of photons of the light. Typically the laser beam is focused by a microscope objective to a spot in the specimen plane. In addition to the microscope objective, the unit consists of a laser (e.g., a Nd:YAG laser), a beam expander, optics used to steer the beam location in the sample plane, a condenser to create the trap in the sample plane, a position detector (e.g., quadrant photodiode) to measure beam displacements, and a microscope illumination source coupled to a CCD camera. Optical tweezers can be used to trap viruses, bacteria, living cells, organelles, and strands of DNA for cell sorting, tracking of movement (e.g. of bacteria), and altering of larger structures (such as cell membranes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16476",
      "display": "Optokinetic Drums",
      "definition": "Diagnostic ophthalmic devices designed to elicit and evaluate the regular, involuntary movement of the eyeball (i.e., nystagmus). The devices are typically drum-like cylinders covered with uniform white and dark vertical stripes with a handle. The rotation of the devices can induce optokinetic nystagmus, and then the examiner observes the patient's abnormal eye responses. Optokinetic drums are used to diagnose a variety of visual problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "23541",
      "display": "Oral Feeding Aids, Electromechanical",
      "definition": "Oral feeding aids that employ electromechanical mechanisms to assist or enable disabled patients to feed themselves (i.e., oral self-feeding). These aids are typically a tabletop, electric-powered device that includes a semiautomated, push-button-operated mechanism that fills an attached spoon, moves it toward the oral cavity, and discards any leftover food. These devices also include food containers (e.g., bowls) appropriate for containing liquids or solids. Oral feeding electromechanical aids are intended to provide independent eating capability to otherwise disabled patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "12825",
      "display": "Orange Sticks",
      "definition": "Wooden sticks intended for medical and/or cosmetic uses. These devices are thin, flat sticks made of fine-grain wood (originally orange wood), providing a smooth finish and good tensile strength. Orange sticks may be used to apply ointments on the skin, for manicuring fingernails, or to depress the tongue during oral examination; they are also used in some biting tests that help determine proper mandible function (e.g., to assess possible mandible fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20671",
      "display": "Orbital Floor Implants",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic implants designed to repair the floor of the bony cavity that contains the eyeball and its associated muscles, vessels, and nerves (i.e., the orbital floor). These implants may consist of flexible mesh made of either non-absorbable alloplastics (e.g., polyglactin, silastics), biologically absorbable materials (e.g., polyglicolic acid), or metallic (e.g., titanium); some consist of pre-punched solid alloplastics (e.g., expanded polytetrafluoroethylene also known as e-PTFE) available in several shapes (e.g., triangular, round, square) and sizes. Orbital floor implants are mainly used to treat orbital fractures (e.g., blow-out fractures); they are also used to correct other traumatic or non-traumatic volume deficiency in the orbital floor. These implants are frequently used for reconstruction of orbital wall defects."
    },
    {
      "code": "16113",
      "display": "Orbital Rim Implants",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic implants designed for the total or partial reconstruction and/or augmentation of the extraocular rim, including the inferior (i.e., orbital floor), lateral (i.e., orbital wall), and superior parts of the rim. These implants are manufactured in a variety of sizes and shapes according to the intended use; they are typically made of high-density polymers (e.g., polyethylene) that are frequently reinforced with an embedded metal (usually titanium) mesh. The implants can be trimmed to fit the patient's orbital anatomy. Dedicated orbital rim implants are available for use in procedures such as reconstruction of the orbital floor and wall augmentation of the inferior and lateral rim, augmentation of the lateral and superior or orbital rims in patients who are hypoplasic, and to support the lower eyelid and lateral canthus in patients who have inadequate support. These implants are used mainly to repair traumatic damage (e.g., fractures), to improve the function of the eyes, or for cosmetic and/or reconstructive reasons."
    },
    {
      "code": "17608",
      "display": "Orchidometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure testicular volume. These instruments typically are manual, handheld instruments (e.g., Prader orchidometers) that measure testicular volume by comparison with a string of calibrated plastic or wooden ovoid beads in increasing volumes (typically from 1 to 25 mL). Punched-out (Takihara) orchidometers usually comprising a series of 16 punched-out ellipses of varying sizes that fit over the testis, calipers, and ultrasound devices are also available for measuring testicular volume. Orchidometers are intended mainly for measurement of testicular volume in growing boys and abnormal testicular volume in men due to genetic defects (e.g., primary or secondary hypogonadism) or after some clinical or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18004",
      "display": "Organ Preservation Solutions",
      "definition": "Solutions designed to maintain temporal organ viability outside the human body, usually at cold temperatures close to zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). These solutions consist of a variety of components mainly intended to prevent the cells from swelling during cold ischemic storage and stimulate recovery of normal metabolism after reperfusion. Several solutions are available for organ preservation under cold storage, including those based on a combination of potassium lactobionate, magnesium sulfate, adenosine, glutathione, and allopurinol among other ingredients (known as University of Wisconsin solution). Modifications and/or simplifications of the original University of Wisconsin solutions, products known as Euro-Collins solutions, and other solutions based on polyethylene glycol and/or containing mannitol or histidine-tryptophan ketoglutarate (HTK) are also available. Organ preservation solutions include particular solution for preservation of kidneys and pancreases for 72 hours and liver for 30 hours in a cold environment. Hearts may be preserved for shorter times (between 12 and 24 hours)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17606",
      "display": "Organ Preservation Solutions, Corneal Storage",
      "definition": "Solutions designed to maintain temporary viability (usually from 7 to 14 days) of donated corneas outside the human body until implant. Corneal preservation solutions usually contain sterilized water and other substances (e.g., polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene copolymers, chondroitin sulfate, insulin, cell nutrients, antibiotics, buffers and other preservatives) to maintain the life of the keratocytes in the cornea until it is needed for implant. They are used by eye tissue banks."
    },
    {
      "code": "12826",
      "display": "Organ Preservation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to maintain organ viability until the organ can be implanted. These systems may consist of boxes intended for hypothermic ischemic storage frequently using cold crystalloid solutions; some other systems increase the organ viability combining hypothermia with hyperbaric oxygenation, or hypothermia with continuous perfusion. Organ preservation systems used with appropriate solutions can preserve organ viability for a period from several hours to a few days, depending on the preservation system used and the type of organ to be transplanted."
    },
    {
      "code": "16020",
      "display": "Organ Preservation Systems, Cold Perfusion",
      "definition": "Organ preservation systems that provide oxygenated cold perfusion to the organ. These systems typically include a free standing or mobile unit (e.g., a cart) consisting of a combination of a small refrigerator, a continuous pump, and a dual chamber container (one chamber is intended for the organ and the other chamber includes a membrane oxygenator, a heat exchanger, and a bubble trap). The dual-chamber container, after filling the lower chamber with ice, may be used as a portable unit for transportation if used in combination with the continuous pump.  Cold perfusion organ preservation systems that include an oxygenator are mainly intended to preserve kidneys, but may be also used for other organs such as liver, pancreas, and heart.  These systems are used to keep organs viable for a period of time (a few hours) in a healthcare facility while waiting for the transplantation procedure and/or for transportation of organs between facilities (e.g., from the donor place to the recipient hospital)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27082",
      "display": "Organ Preservation Systems, Warm Perfusion",
      "definition": "Organ preservation systems that provide oxygenated warm perfusion to the organ. These systems typically consist of a mobile unit (e.g., a cart); a pulsatile pump that supplies blood to the organ; a perfusion chamber that keeps the organ functioning; an oxygen and other gases supply module; a solution tubing set to supply organ-specific nutrients that keep the organ functioning; a monitor for system functioning and organ assessment, and batteries.  Warm perfusion organ preservation systems are intended to keep organs viable for a longer time and in better conditions than systems using cold perfusion; the batteries included in the system permit its use during transportation. The systems are used to preserve organ (e.g., kidney, liver) viability for a period of time (a few hours) in a healthcare facility while waiting for the transplantation procedure and/or for transportation of organs between facilities (e.g., from the donor place to the recipient hospital)."
    },
    {
      "code": "30254",
      "display": "Organ Preservation/Transport Containers, Cold Perfusion",
      "definition": "Organ preservation/transport containers designed to be carried by a person (i.e., portable) while providing an oxygenated cold perfusion to the organ.  These containers typically consist of a portable unit that includes a cassette that maintains the cold environment and is used for the perfused organ; an ice chamber; a perfusion pump; a bubble detector/protector; a perfusion tubing circuit; a pressure regulator; batteries; and a monitor that may externally display pressure, flow, resistance, and perfusion time. All perfusion components are usually disposable. Portable cold perfusion containers are mainly intended to preserve and transport kidneys while waiting for the transplantation procedure and/or for transportation, but may be also used for other organs such as liver, pancreas, and heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "16198",
      "display": "Orthodontic Bands",
      "definition": "Devices (typically constructed of metal) that can be affixed to a tooth to provide a foundation for anchoring orthodontic appliances so that pressure can be exerted on the teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "16360",
      "display": "Orthodontic Brackets",
      "definition": "Devices (typically plastic or metal) that are bonded to an orthodontic band or directly to a tooth.  These devices are used to hold an orthodontic wire and/or other appliance (e.g., rubber bands) that are used to apply pressure to the tooth in order to alter the position of the tooth."
    },
    {
      "code": "33907",
      "display": "Orthodontic Springs",
      "definition": "Springs that are fitted around teeth or into orthodontic devices (e.g., brackets, retainers) to exert pressure and help maintain, close, or widen the space between teeth. Orthodontic springs are typically made of metal and are available in varying dimensions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16199",
      "display": "Orthodontic Tubes",
      "definition": "Small metallic tubes designed for welding to the outside of a molar band in orthodontic treatments. These tubes typically include slots to hold arch wires, lip bumpers, facebows, and other orthodontic devices. Orthodontic (also known as buccal) tubes are used mainly in procedures intended to exert pressure on the teeth (e.g., to push teeth back to create more room for other teeth)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16204",
      "display": "Orthodontic Wires",
      "definition": "Wires that are secured around the teeth or into orthodontic devices (e.g., brackets, retainers) for the purpose of exerting pressure on teeth so that they are moved and aligned. Orthodontic wires are available in varying thicknesses and are typically made of metal."
    },
    {
      "code": "12830",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement",
      "definition": "Cements, whose main component is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening. These cements usually consist of a powder (PMMA, prepolymerized PMMA, or methyl methacrylate co-polymer), a liquid (methylmethacrylate monomer), an initiator, an inhibitor, and a stabilizer that are mixed together. Orthopedic cements are typically applied as runny liquids that set up into a solid hardened material in a time period that can be tailored to the surgeon's needs. They are used in orthopedic procedures to anchor metal or plastic prosthetic devices to bone or used alone in the spine to treat osteoporotic compression fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22630",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement Extraction Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for the removal and extraction of orthopedic acrylic cement (typically polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA]) from a previously implanted prosthesis during orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of dedicated powered devices, such as electric or pneumatic handpieces and burs; or ultrasonic devices, handpieces, and probes. Some systems are based in the combined use of manual instruments such as dedicated chisels, slap-hammers, hooks, manual low-speed drills, and osteotomes. The systems may also include vacuum devices with appropriate suction tubes and filters to extract cement/bone fragments, irrigation devices, and endoscopic video systems. Orthopedic cement extraction systems are used mainly to remove cement (e.g., mantle, plug) during the removal of prostheses in revision surgery (e.g., replacement) of hip, knee, and other cemented orthopedic prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "22632",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement Extraction Systems, Manual",
      "definition": "Orthopedic cement extraction systems designed for the breakage, removal, and extraction of orthopedic acrylic cement (typically polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA]) from a previously implanted prosthesis using a combination of manual instruments during orthopedic procedures. These systems typically include disposable (i.e., single use) instruments such as cannulas, tubes, and syringes and reusable dedicated chisels, slap-hammers, hooks, low-speed manual drills, and osteotomes; some systems mix new bone cement with the old cement and then extract the mixture. The systems may also include vacuum devices with appropriate suction tubes and filters to extract cement/bone fragments, irrigation devices, and endoscopic video systems. Manual orthopedic cement extraction systems are used mainly to remove cement (e.g., mantle, plug) during the removal of old prostheses in revision surgery (e.g., replacement) of hip, knee, and other cemented orthopedic prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "21986",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement Extraction Systems, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Orthopedic cement extraction systems designed for the breakage, removal, and extraction of orthopedic acrylic cement (typically polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA]) from a previously implanted prosthesis using ultrasonic energy during orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of a dedicated ultrasonic generator with appropriate controls, one or more ultrasound handpieces, and cement-removal probes that may be reusable or intended for single use. The systems may also include irrigation devices, vacuum devices with appropriate suction tubes and filters to extract cement/bone fragments, accessories such as slap hammers, and endoscopic video systems. Ultrasonic orthopedic cement extraction systems are used mainly to remove cement (e.g., mantle, plug) during the removal of prostheses in revision surgery (e.g., replacement) of hip, knee, and other cemented orthopedic prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "27750",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Orthopedic cements, whose main components are polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and an antimicrobial agent (e.g., antibiotic), are designed to produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening. These orthopedic cements consist of a powder (PMMA, prepolymerized PMMA, or methyl methacrylate co-polymer) including a pre-mixed antimicrobial agent and a liquid (methyl methacrylate monomer). Antimicrobial orthopedic cements are typically applied as runny liquids that set as a solid material in a time period that can be tailored to the surgeon's needs. These orthopedic cements eliminate the inconvenience of mixing an antimicrobial agent into the cement; the premixed powder helps to prevent inconsistency in cement-handling characteristics. They are used in orthopedic procedures to anchor metal or plastic prosthetic devices to bone or to treat spinal osteoporotic compression fractures while preventing microbial infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "22633",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement/Bone Cutting/Extraction Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for cutting, removal, and extraction of bone and/or orthopedic acrylic cement (typically polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA]) from a previously implanted prosthesis during orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of dedicated powered devices such as electric or pneumatic handpieces and burs or ultrasonic devices, handpieces, and probes either for cutting bones or breaking cement (e.g., plugs). The systems may also include irrigation devices, vacuum devices with appropriate suction tubes and filters to extract cement/bone fragments, and endoscopic video systems. Orthopedic bone and cement cutting and extraction systems are used to cut and remove bone fragments during orthopedic procedures (e.g., prosthesis implantation) and/or to remove cement (e.g., mantle, plug) during the removal of old prostheses in revision surgery (e.g., replacement) of hip, knee, and other cemented orthopedic prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "21988",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement/Bone Cutting/Extraction Systems, Powered Drilling",
      "definition": "Systems designed for cutting, removal, and extraction of bone and/or orthopedic acrylic cement (typically polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA]) from a previously implanted prosthesis using high-speed powered drills during orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of dedicated electric or pneumatic high-speed rotary handpieces with dedicated drills, burs, and saws; they may also include irrigation devices and vacuum devices with appropriate suction tubes and filters to extract cement/bone fragments. Powered drilling orthopedic bone and cement cutting and extraction systems are used to cut and remove bone fragments during orthopedic procedures (e.g., prosthesis implantation) and to remove cement (e.g., mantle, plug) during the removal of old prostheses in revision surgery (e.g., replacement) of hip, knee, and other cemented orthopedic prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "21987",
      "display": "Orthopedic Cement/Bone Cutting/Extraction Systems, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Orthopedic cement/bone cutting and extraction systems designed for breaking, cutting, removing, and extracting bone fragments and/or orthopedic acrylic cement (typically polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA]) from a previously implanted prosthesis using ultrasonic energy during orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of a dedicated ultrasonic generator with appropriate controls, two or more handpieces (one handpiece is usually intended for cutting and removal of bone, and the other is intended for cement breakage and removal); and cement-removal probes that may be reusable or intended for single use. The systems may also include vacuum devices with appropriate suction tubes and filters to extract cement/bone fragments, irrigation devices, accessories such as slap hammers, ultrasonic powered instruments (e.g., osteotomes), and endoscopic video systems. Ultrasonic orthopedic bone and cement cutting and extraction systems are used to cut and remove bone fragments during orthopedic procedures (e.g., prosthesis implantation) and/or to remove cement (e.g., mantle, plug) during the removal of old prostheses in revision surgery (e.g., replacement) of hip, knee, and other cemented orthopedic prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "16044",
      "display": "Orthopedic External Fixation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems of devices/components that are designed for external application for the purpose of stabilizing, holding and/or fastening (i.e., fixation) bones. External orthopedic fixation systems are used mainly for temporary stabilization of fractured and/or otherwise weakened bones during the healing process."
    },
    {
      "code": "15767",
      "display": "Orthopedic External Fixation Systems, Fracture",
      "definition": "External orthopedic fixation systems designed stabilize fractured bones other than those in the vertebral column. These systems typically consist of an external plastic and/or metal fixator and other external and/or implantable components such as clamps, bone screws, cams, bushings, and collars; the systems may also include some instruments appropriate for attaching the implants (e.g., screwdrivers, punch impactors, drills). Fracture external orthopedic fixation systems are intended for better and quicker healing of fractured bones compared to plaster casting by providing a better fracture fragment immobilization during the healing process. They are used mainly to help the healing of the proximal or distal ends of long bones such as the femur and in joint fractures of the wrist, elbow, knee, and hip. Dedicated systems intended for a specific type of fracture fixation are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24891",
      "display": "Orthopedic External Fixation Systems, Fracture, Bone Lengthening/Reshaping",
      "definition": "External orthopedic fixation systems designed to lengthen and reshape limb bones by means of surgical fracture. These systems consist of a set of rings fixed to both extremes of the fractured bone with adjustment devices (e.g., nuts) that regulate the distance between the rings. The rings are periodically separated (e.g., at a rate of 1 mm/day) as the healing process and bone growth starts, increasing the separation between the extremes of bone, thus promoting lengthening and/or reshaping of the fractured bone. A new surgery is needed after complete healing to remove the fixation system. Bone lengthening/reshaping orthopedic external fixation systems are intended for the treatment of open and/or complex bone (e.g., tibia, femur) fractures, especially when lengthening and or reshaping of abnormal limbs is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "16046",
      "display": "Orthopedic External Fixation Systems, Spinal",
      "definition": "External orthopedic fixation systems designed to stabilize adjacent segments (i.e., vertebrae) of the spine. These systems typically consist of an external plastic and/or metal fixator and other external and/or implantable components, such as plates, rods, pins, and bone screws; the systems may also include some instruments appropriate for attaching the implants (e.g., screwdrivers, punch impactors, drills). Spinal external orthopedic fixation systems are intended for temporary immobilization of segments of the spine in patients with fractures of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine and also for some patients suffering of segmental instability or chronic back pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "16027",
      "display": "Orthopedic Internal Fixation Systems",
      "definition": "Groups of orthopedic devices, including a case, trays, a number of implants, and the appropriate instrumentation, that are used to correct or reconstruct serious bone fractures and spinal injuries or defects that cannot be stabilized by casting or splinting.  They can also be used for bone lengthening. The systems, consisting of any combination of metal plates, screws, pins, wires, rods, and nails, are used to support and compress the fractured bone and prevent it from bending or rotating."
    },
    {
      "code": "32992",
      "display": "Orthopedic Rod Implants, Scoliosis",
      "definition": "Orthopedic implant designed as a solid rod that is surgically inserted in the lower spine to reshape spinal vertebrae that have lateral angular deformation from the normal vertical line (i.e., scoliosis). These implants are straight metal (e.g., stainless steel, titanium) rods that are surgically inserted and fixed along the spine to hold the vertebrae and avoid further deviation. One or two rods are usually implanted in patients, mainly children, diagnosed with scoliosis. Also available are dedicated implanted rods that can be mechanically elongated every several months using surgical procedures and externally controlled magnetic rods to perform distraction of the vertebrae."
    },
    {
      "code": "32995",
      "display": "Orthopedic Rod Implants, Scoliosis, Magnetic-controlled Distraction",
      "definition": "Orthopedic implants designed as a solid magnetically expandable rod that are surgically inserted to reshape spinal vertebrae that have lateral angular deformation from the normal vertical line (i.e., scoliosis). These implants are straight metal (e.g., stainless steel, titanium) rods that are surgically inserted and fixed along the spine to hold the vertebrae and avoid further deviation; the rods permit elongation along the axis using external magnetic control (i.e., perform periodic distraction of the vertebrae) without the need of additional surgical procedures after implantation. One or two magnetic-controlled distraction rods are usually implanted in patients, mainly children, diagnosed with scoliosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "32993",
      "display": "Orthopedic Rod Implants, Scoliosis, Mechanical Distraction",
      "definition": "Orthopedic implants designed as a solid mechanically expandable rod that are surgically inserted to reshape spinal vertebrae that have lateral angular deformation from the normal vertical line (i.e., scoliosis). These implants are straight metal (e.g., stainless steel, titanium) rods that are surgically inserted and fixed along the spine to hold the vertebrae and avoid further deviation; the rods permit elongation along the axis (i.e., perform mechanical distraction of the vertebrae) during further surgical procedures after implantation (e.g., in six-month intervals). One or two mechanical distraction rods are usually implanted in patients, mainly children, diagnosed with scoliosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "12837",
      "display": "Orthoses",
      "definition": "Devices designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the whole body or a body part (i.e., orthoses), usually pertaining to the neuromuscular and/or skeletal systems. These devices support, supplement, and/or align the neuromuscular or skeletal system Orthoses are intended for physical medicine, physical therapy, and rehabilitation treatments, frequently associated with orthopedic procedures. These devices are usually classified according to the physical (anatomic) body part where they are applied (e.g., head, spine, thorax, lower or upper limb); the function of the orthoses (e.g., immobilization, support, therapeutic, functional); and the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) and/or material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastics or a combination of these). Dedicated orthoses, either standard or custom made, intended for a particular body part and/or function are available. They are commonly known as supports, slings, belts, splints, braces, and immobilizers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18565",
      "display": "Orthoses, Head",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the head. These orthoses may be classified according to the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) and/or the material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastics, carbon fiber or a combination of these). Head orthoses are mainly intended for therapeutic use (e.g., to correct cranial deformities); some dedicated orthoses may also provide immobilization and/or support. Emergency immobilizers for the head and cervical spine are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28555",
      "display": "Orthoses, Head, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Head orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the head (e.g., cranium) during therapeutic treatments. These orthoses are prefabricated (or, more frequently, custom-made) devices intended for long-term use. They usually include bands, joints, pads and other rigid or semi-rigid metallic and/or plastic components that are placed encompassing the cranium or the whole head. Therapeutic head orthoses are used to protect and/or modify the shape of the skull on patients with congenital deformities or after trauma; dedicated head orthoses intended to correct cranial malformations in infants and/or toddlers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28557",
      "display": "Orthoses, Head, Therapeutic, Cranial Deformity",
      "definition": "Therapeutic head orthoses designed to modify some deformities of the head. These orthoses are often made of plastic (e.g., polypropylene, styrene, or polyethylene) foam formed in the shape of a headband or helmet that applies gentle pressure to the most protuberant areas of the patient's skull. Therapeutic (i.e., corrective) head orthoses are used for deformities in infants and young children that are not related to premature bone union (i.e., non-synostotic deformations) such as asymmetries in the cranial vault, skull base, and face."
    },
    {
      "code": "17859",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of part or the complete lower limb, to provide immobilization and support. These orthoses consist of rigid or semi-rigid malleable metallic (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel) structures (e.g., supports, restraints) that may be used for therapy (static therapy, dynamic therapy, or both), or to improve the limb function (i.e., gait); some orthoses are externally powered. Lower-limb orthoses are intended mainly for treatment of deformities and injuries after trauma. Dedicated prefabricated or custom-made lower-limb orthoses intended for a particular region of the limb (e.g., foot, ankle, leg, knee, thigh, hip), procedure (immobilization, alignment, support, gait stabilization), and/or treatment (e.g., deformity, trauma, arthritis) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28857",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle",
      "definition": "Lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the ankle joint, providing immobilization and/or support. These orthoses may be classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., support, functional), the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency), and/or material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastics, carbon fiber or a combination of these). Ankle lower-limb orthoses frequently consist of soft or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide immobilization and/or control of movement during therapy, normal functional activities, or practice of sports. Some therapeutic ankle orthoses are intended to provide support and some motion control of the knee joint during rehabilitation after surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12094",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Lower-limb ankle orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the ankle joint. These immobilizers usually consist of prefabricated or custom-made orthoses, including semi-rigid leg cuffs and foot components that unload the pressure on the ankle joint, reducing partially or completely its motion. Immobilizer ankle orthoses are intended mainly to reduce the pressure on the ankle during rehabilitation after traumatic injuries or ankle surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "10153",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle, Support",
      "definition": "Lower-limb ankle orthoses designed to encircle the ankle joint and provide support, compression, and some restriction of joint movement. These devices may be made of wide pieces of elastic fabric with hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) designed to encircle the ankle. Alternatively, these devices may consist of semi-rigid components held in place by strips of fabric with hook-and-loop closures. These semi-rigid components are typically placed along the lateral lower leg and ankle in a stirrup configuration, limiting ankle inversion/eversion while allowing ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion."
    },
    {
      "code": "17873",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot",
      "definition": "Lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the ankle joint and foot, providing immobilization and support and/or intended for therapeutic or daily functional activities (i.e., gait). These orthoses may be classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., immobilizers, therapeutic, functional), the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency), and/or the material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastics or a combination of these). Ankle-foot lower-limb orthoses frequently consist of soft or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide control of movement during rehabilitation, therapeutic procedures, and during normal functional activities or practice of sports."
    },
    {
      "code": "28869",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Gait",
      "definition": "Ankle-foot orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional (i.e., gait) activities of the ankle joint and foot by providing support, supplementing, and/or augmenting the ankle and foot functions. These orthoses may include static or dynamic mechanisms; they are usually made of thermoplastics or, less frequently, of metal and leather. Gait ankle-foot orthoses facilitate the normal function or make gait possible to an otherwise partially or totally disabled ankle joint and foot. Dedicated ankle-foot gait orthoses that provide additional neuromuscular electrical stimulation are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28875",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Gait, Articulated Ankle",
      "definition": "Gait ankle-foot orthoses including an articulated ankle that are designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the ankle joint and foot. These devices provide a controlled fore-and-aft range of movement of the combined ankle joint and foot. These orthoses typically consist of semi-rigid or rigid orthoses encircling the lower leg and foot with an articulated joint mechanism at the ankle joint. Articulated ankle orthoses facilitate the normal function of an otherwise partially or totally disabled ankle joint and/or foot. These devices are intended to alleviate pain and facilitating stance and swing in patients with weak ankle joints (e.g., as a sequel of poliomyelitis). Dedicated articulated ankle orthoses using double adjustable ankle joint orthoses (also known as double upright ankle-foot orthoses) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28878",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Gait, Articulated Ankle, Floor Reaction",
      "definition": "Gait articulated ankle-foot orthoses including an articulated ankle joint that are designed to provide an additional reactive (i.e., the floor reaction) force and momentum to the knee by carefully choosing the orthotic ankle angle and blocking the forward tibial movement. These orthoses typically consist of semi-rigid or rigid orthoses encircling the lower leg and foot and an ankle joint mechanism; they are made of thermoplastics or, less frequently, of metal and leather. Floor reaction articulated ankle orthoses facilitate the normal function of an otherwise partially or totally disabled ankle joint or foot. These devices alleviate pain and facilitate stance in patients with weak ankle joints (e.g., as a sequel of poliomyelitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28879",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Gait, Neuropathic Walker",
      "definition": "Gait ankle-foot orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the ankle joint and foot (i.e., gait) by providing total contact weight redistribution, reducing forces through the ankle, and alleviating pressure to sensitive areas of the foot. These orthoses typically consist of anterior and posterior plastic shells with a foam liner and an integral rocker sole. They also include an adjustable, removable insert that is used to redistribute the pressure on the weight bearing areas of the foot. Neuropathic walker orthoses may be intended for permanent use by patients with unstable neuropathic (e.g., Charcot) disease and/or chronic ulcers. They are also intended for therapeutic use during neuropathic, fracture, strain, and other treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "28870",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Gait, Rigid Ankle",
      "definition": "Gait ankle-foot orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the normal activities of the ankle joint and foot by providing control (e.g., inversion and eversion of the ankle, dorsiflexion) of the combined ankle joint and foot using a solid rigid ankle articulation. These orthoses typically consist of semi-rigid or rigid orthoses encircling the lower leg fitting inside the shoes. They are made of thermoplastics or, less frequently, of metal and leather. Rigid ankle orthoses facilitate the normal function of otherwise partially or totally disabled ankle joint or foot to alleviate pain and facilitate stance in patients with a weak ankle joint (e.g., as a sequel of poliomyelitis). Dedicated solid ankle orthoses intended for patients with peripheral vascular diseases are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28872",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Gait, Rigid Ankle, Floor Reaction",
      "definition": "Gait rigid ankle-foot orthoses designed to provide an additional reactive (i.e., the floor reaction) force and momentum to the knee. These devices carefully choose the orthotic ankle angle which blocks the forward tibial movement using a solid rigid ankle articulation. These orthoses typically consist of semi-rigid or rigid orthoses encircling the lower leg and foot. They are made of thermoplastics or, less frequently, of metal and leather. Floor reaction rigid ankle orthoses facilitate the normal function of otherwise partially or totally disabled ankle joint or foot, alleviating pain and facilitating stance in patients with a weak ankle joint (e.g., as a sequel of poliomyelitis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28864",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) designed to provide support and/or movement restriction to the ankle joint and foot during therapeutic (static or dynamic therapy) treatments. These orthoses usually consist of prefabricated semi-rigid padded devices encompassing the ankle joint and the foot. Therapeutic AFOs are frequently intended for treatment of patients with spinal cord injuries. Dedicated orthoses used to prevent plantar flexion contractures (known as anti-footdrop orthoses) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28866",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Ankle-Foot, Therapeutic, Anti Foot-Drop",
      "definition": "Therapeutic ankle-foot orthoses designed to prevent plantar flexion contractures by keeping the ankle in a neutral position (i.e., anti-footdrop orthoses) during therapeutic treatments. These orthoses typically consist of a prefabricated semi-rigid device with a padded structure with straps that extends along the distal part of the leg and encircles the foot. Anti-footdrop orthoses are intended mainly for treatment of patients with spinal cord injuries; they are typically used only during the night."
    },
    {
      "code": "28881",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot",
      "definition": "Lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional (i.e., gait) characteristics of the foot, providing accommodation and/or support. These orthoses may be classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., therapeutic, functional, accommodative), the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency), and/or the material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastics or a combination of these). Foot lower-limb orthoses frequently consist of soft or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide comfort (e.g., cushioning), facilitate control of movement during therapeutic procedures, or be used during normal daily functional (i.e., gait) activities or practice of sports."
    },
    {
      "code": "11095",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Accommodative",
      "definition": "Foot orthoses made of soft cushioning materials that are designed for accommodation and protection of rigid deformities of the foot. They are usually inserted inside the shoe, providing comfort and some degree of foot control. Soft supports typically consist of a prefabricated device made of soft and/or flexible materials (e.g., fabrics, plastics, foam) or a combination of these. Accommodative foot orthoses are available with a shape and size appropriate for the user; they are intended to alleviate metatarsal pain and other minor foot disabilities. Dedicated accommodative orthoses intended for the bunions are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13565",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Accommodative, Bunion",
      "definition": "Accommodative foot orthoses designed to provide comfort and protection to users with a bunion (i.e., valgus displacement of the great toe). These orthoses typically consist of a prefabricated device made of soft and/or flexible materials (e.g., fabrics, plastics, foam) or a combination of these. These are typically inserted inside the shoe and may include a hole appropriate for bunion accommodation. Bunion soft supports are intended to alleviate pain by preventing the bunion from making direct contact with the shoe and/or preventing rubbing or pressure between the shoe and the bunion. Cup-like devices that cover the bunion without touching it are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27900",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Accommodative, Shoe Insert",
      "definition": "Accommodative foot orthoses designed to fill the space between the shoe insole and the user's foot, providing comfort and some degree of foot control but without applying corrective forces. These orthoses typically consist of a custom-made device made of several layers of materials with different characteristics (e.g., plastics, plastic foams) with a shape and size appropriate for the user. Shoe inserts are intended for pain relief by providing cushioning and pressure relief to the foot (e.g., to prevent foot ulcers). They are frequently used by patients with vascular diseases or neuropathies of the lower limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "28895",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait",
      "definition": "Foot orthoses designed to facilitate and/or make possible gait for patients with rigid deformities of the foot by providing additional control and comfort. These orthoses typically consist of a prefabricated or custom-made device made of soft, semi-rigid, and/or rigid materials (e.g., fabrics, plastics, foam, steel) or a combination of these. Most foot orthoses used for gaiting are permanently attached to the shoe (i.e., shoe modifiers); foot supports used to facilitate gait are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28897",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait, Shoe Modifier",
      "definition": "Gait foot orthoses designed as a permanent modification of a shoe to improve the user's gaiting capabilities. These devices provide additional control, comfort, and/or facilitating donning and doffing of the shoes. These orthoses typically consist of a prefabricated or custom-made device made of soft, semi-rigid, and/or rigid materials (e.g., fabrics, plastics, foam, steel) or a combination of these that is frequently attached externally to the shoe. Shoe modifier gait orthoses may be used in standard and/or orthopedic shoes; dedicated orthoses including wedges, flares, elevators, shanks, and /or rocker soles are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28903",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait, Shoe Modifier, Elevation",
      "definition": "Shoe modifier foot gait orthoses designed as a permanent modification of a shoe by attaching an internal or external lift (i.e., elevation) as a permanent modification of a shoe. These orthoses typically consist of a prefabricated or custom-made device that is attached internally to the heel (usually when less than 0.5 inch/2.5 cm lift is needed) or externally to the sole. Elevations may be limited to the heels or extend all along the shoe. Elevation orthoses are used to compensate leg length discrepancy due to congenital or acquired conditions. They are also used to compensate for fixed equinus deformities and/or to reduce strain on the Achilles tendon."
    },
    {
      "code": "28904",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait, Shoe Modifier, Extended Shank",
      "definition": "Shoe modifier foot gait orthoses designed as a permanent modification of a shoe by attaching an extended shank to the sole as a permanent modification of a shoe, reducing bending stress to the foot. These orthoses typically consist of a rigid or semi-rigid strip (e.g., stainless steel, carbon fiber) longer than the usual size of the shank that is placed inside the sole, reinforcing the area from the anterior border of the heel to the middle part of the toes. Extended shanks are used to reduce stress in the mid- and fore-foot, improving the stability and strength of the feet during gait."
    },
    {
      "code": "28902",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait, Shoe Modifier, Flare",
      "definition": "Shoe modifier foot gait orthoses designed as a permanent modification of a shoe by attaching an extension (i.e., flare) to the sole as a permanent modification of the shoe, controlling side-to-side motion. These orthoses typically consist of a prefabricated or custom-made device that widens the sole; flares may be limited to the heels or extend all along the sole. Usually medial flares are used to resist inversion while lateral flares are used to resist eversion. Both types provide stabilization while standing and/or during gait."
    },
    {
      "code": "28899",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait, Shoe Modifier, Rocker Sole",
      "definition": "Shoe modifier gait foot orthoses designed as a permanent modification of a shoe by attaching a sole that rocks the foot from heel strike to toe off without bending. These devices improve the user's gating capabilities by enhancing forward propulsion. These orthoses typically consist of prefabricated, or more frequently, custom-made devices, whose shape and characteristics depend on the patient's problems and/or the gaiting characteristic to be improved. Rocker sole shoe modifier orthoses may be intended for a variety of deformities, to reduce pressure on the plantar area of the foot, and/or to facilitate walking. Rocker soles are usually classified according to the shape and/or the desired effect on the feet (e.g., mild, toe-only, heel-to-toe rocker soles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28905",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait, Shoe Modifier, Spring-Loaded",
      "definition": "Shoe modifier foot gait orthoses designed as a permanent modification of a shoe by attaching a spring-loaded device to the sole. These orthoses typically consist of a metallic wire spring that may be interchangeable among several pairs of shoes. Spring-loaded shoe modifiers are mainly used to compensate for weak (i.e., flaccid or paralyzed) equinus in patients with muscular dystrophy, typically after cerebrovascular accidents, and/or caused by other diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "28901",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Gait, Shoe Modifier, Wedge",
      "definition": "Shoe modifier gait foot orthoses designed as a permanent modification of a shoe by attaching a wedge either internally or externally as a permanent modification of a shoe. These devices improve the user's gaiting capabilities by correcting flexible deformities of the foot. These orthoses may consist of prefabricated or custom-made wedges, whose shape and characteristics (e.g., material) depend on the patient's deformity and/or the gaiting characteristic to be improved. External wedges include flexible (e.g., rubber) orthoses inserted into the heel to absorb impact and median and lateral wedges intended to promote inversion and eversion respectively. Internal wedges include medial heel wedges that can rotate the hindfoot into inversion and lateral heel wedges used for eversion of the hindfoot to reduce pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "13861",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Support, Arch",
      "definition": "Foot orthoses designed to support the foot arch by providing some degree of movement control and pressure redistribution. These orthoses typically consist of a semi-rigid prefabricated device that is inserted inside the shoe. The orthoses are made of several layers of different materials (e.g., fabrics, hard plastics) with a shape and size appropriate for the user. Prefabricated foot arch flexible or semi-rigid supports intended for a rigid flatfoot are used for cushioning and pain relief. More rigid orthoses intended for flexible flat foot (i.e., a foot that becomes flat only when standing) and that may be part of a therapy to correct the deformity in children are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28894",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Foot, Support, Arch, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Arch support foot orthoses designed to support the foot arch by providing foot control and pressure redistribution. These orthoses typically consist of a semi-rigid prefabricated or custom-made device that is inserted inside the shoe. The orthosis is made of several layers of different materials (e.g., fabrics, hard plastics) with a shape and size appropriate for the child. Foot arch rigid or semi-rigid supports intended for a child's flexible flatfoot (i.e., a foot that become flat only when standing) may be used as part of a therapy treatment to correct the deformity; they also provide cushioning and pain relief during gait."
    },
    {
      "code": "17930",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Hip",
      "definition": "Orthoses used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve function of the hip."
    },
    {
      "code": "28802",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Hip, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Hip lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics the hip joint during therapeutic procedures. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices that assist the support and positioning the hip, the orthosis is usually worn by the patient. Hip lower-limb orthoses are frequently used to keep the hip joint in an appropriate position during rehabilitation after surgery, injuries, or disease. Dedicated hip static therapy orthoses used to prevent dislocation and to provide therapy for children with malformations are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28809",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Hip, Therapeutic, Abduction, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Therapeutic hip orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the hip joint, keeping the joint in abducted position. These orthoses may consist of a variety of prefabricated or custom-made devices that keep the hip joint in abducted position with a degree of flexion and control of movement different for each type of orthoses. Pediatric hip abduction orthoses are used for static therapy intended to treat congenital malformations (e.g., Leg-Calve-Pertes disease) in children. Dedicated orthoses intended for ambulatory use, usually after surgery, and orthoses intended for night use to treat hip subluxation in children are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28812",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Hip, Therapeutic, Abduction, Pediatric, Ambulatory",
      "definition": "Therapeutic hip orthoses designed to keep the hip joint in abducted position during treatment of ambulatory children, while permitting a limited degree of movement. These orthoses may consist of a variety of prefabricated or custom-made devices that keep the hip joint in abducted position with a degree of flexion and control of movement different for each type of orthoses. A frequently used device is the Atlanta Scottish Rice orthosis that consists of a waist band attached to thigh cuffs that are frequently joined using an abduction bar. Some other orthoses include extensions below the knee to provide rotation control (e.g., Toronto and Newington orthoses). Abduction pediatric hip orthoses are used mainly to treat congenital pediatric malformations (e.g., Leg-Calve-Pertes disease); they are intended for quasi-continuous use during several weeks by infants suffering the disease. The orthoses have been used also to treat hip dislocations in infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "28817",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Hip, Therapeutic, Abduction, Pediatric, Night Use",
      "definition": "Therapeutic hip orthoses designed to provide support to the hip joint during nocturnal therapeutic treatment of ambulatory children, promoting acetabular growth and improving range of motion. These orthoses may consist of a variety of prefabricated or custom-made devices that keep the hip joint in an abducted position while the child is on a bed (i.e., during night sleeping time). Also available are foam wedges either isolated or integral to the mattress that are placed between the child's legs and custom-made orthoses with adjustable abduction angle (e.g., Hope orthosis). Night-use abduction orthoses are used in children with hip subluxation, frequently due to spastic quadriplegia."
    },
    {
      "code": "28804",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Hip, Therapeutic, Developmental Dysplasia",
      "definition": "Hip lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics hip joint during therapeutic (e.g., static therapy) procedures to treat developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices, many of which keep the hip joints in the abducted position, and the degree of flexion and control of movement is different for each orthoses. Developmental dysplasia hip orthoses are intended for quasi-continuous use during several weeks by infants suffering the disease; the orthoses have been used also to treat hip dislocations in infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "28803",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Hip, Therapeutic, Dislocation Prevention",
      "definition": "Hip lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the hip joint during therapeutic (e.g., static therapy) procedures to prevent dislocation. Orthoses intended to prevent posterior dislocations (e.g., braces) typically consist of a pelvic band attached to a thigh cuff placed close to the knee that can control the range of movement, including extension, flexion, abduction, and adduction. To prevent anterior dislocation of the hip a knee-ankle-foot or hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis should be used. Static therapy dislocation prevention orthoses are intended mainly to avoid dislocation following hip surgery. They are typically used for periods of 8 to 12 weeks and may be extended for patients with hip instability."
    },
    {
      "code": "17874",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee",
      "definition": "Orthoses used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve function of the knee."
    },
    {
      "code": "28828",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Gait",
      "definition": "Knee orthoses designed to support and assist the knee joint during normal motion, making it possible to perform independent gait. These orthoses may consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices, typically including soft cuffs fixed at the thigh and leg respectively, multiple straps, and an adjustable ratchet or elastic spring mechanism (orthotic knee) that may include several locking positions at different knee angles. Functional knee (gait) orthoses are intended for long-term use in normal activities by patients with weak knee ligaments and/or other congenital or traumatic loss of knee flexibility or strength."
    },
    {
      "code": "28830",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Gait, Ligament Brace",
      "definition": "Gait orthoses designed to support and assist the knee joint during normal motion (known as functional braces) in patients with weak anterior cruciate ligaments. These orthoses may consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices, typically including soft cuffs and straps encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and an adjustable mechanism at the knee joint that may have several locking positions at different knee angles. Ligament functional knee orthoses are intended for long-term use in normal activities by patients with traumatic (e.g., cruciate, lateral, medial) ligament injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "28837",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Gait, Orthotic Joint",
      "definition": "Gait (i.e., functional) knee lower-limb orthoses consisting of an orthotic joint designed to support and assist the knee joint during normal motion. These orthoses consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices, typically including soft cuffs encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and an adjustable mechanism at the knee joint that limits and/or controls the direction and/or range of motion of the joint. Orthotic joint knee orthoses intended to limit the extension, lock, and/or automatically lock and free the joint (i.e., stance and swing control) of the joint movement are also available. Orthotic joint functional knee orthoses are intended mainly for long-term use in normal activities by users with unilateral muscle weakness, such as patients who previously suffered from poliomyelitis (i.e., post-polio paralysis and/or syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28839",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Gait, Orthotic Joint, Hyperextension",
      "definition": "Gait orthotic joint knee orthoses designed to support and assist the knee joint during normal motion in patients with unilateral hyperextension of the knee. These orthoses consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices, typically including soft cuffs encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and an adjustable mechanism at the knee joint that limits the hyperextension of the joint to a few (e.g., five) degrees. Hyperextension functional knee orthoses are intended mainly for long-term use in normal activities by users with unilateral muscle weakness, such as patients that previously suffered from poliomyelitis (i.e., post-polio paralysis and/or syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28840",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Gait, Orthotic Joint, Locking",
      "definition": "Gait orthotic joint knee orthoses designed to support and assist the knee joint during normal motion by locking the knee joint when the patient is standing, pushing the legs in fully extended position. These orthoses consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices, typically including soft cuffs encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and a mechanism including a dropping ring or lever lock orthosis joint that prevents the knee from bending. Joint locking functional knee orthoses are intended mainly for long-term use in normal activities by users with poor quadriceps muscle strength, frequently found in patients who previously suffered from poliomyelitis (i.e., post-polio paralysis and/or syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28841",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Gait, Orthotic Joint, Stance Control",
      "definition": "Orthotic joint functional knee lower-limb orthoses designed to support and assist the knee joint during normal motion by locking the knee joint when the patient is standing and providing a free knee joint during the swing while gaiting. These orthoses consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices, typically including long thigh and leg rods with soft cuffs encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and a mechanism that prevent the knee from bending in the stance phase of gait and frees the joint when swinging the leg. The mechanism is activated by the user using a mechanical or electronic switch. Stance control functional knee orthoses are intended mainly for long-term use in normal activities by users with unilateral muscle weakness, such as patients who previously suffered from poliomyelitis (i.e., post-polio paralysis and/or syndrome)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12099",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Knee lower-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the knee joint. These immobilizers usually consist of prefabricated or custom-made orthoses including long semi-rigid thigh and leg cuffs that unload the pressure on the knee joint, reducing partially or completely its motion. Immobilizer knee orthoses are intended mainly to reduce the pressure on the knee in patients with severe arthritis destruction of the knee joint; they may be also used during rehabilitation after traumatic injuries or knee surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28821",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Support",
      "definition": "Knee orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement control to the knee joint in order toprevent excessive load on the joint. These orthoses include semi-rigid devices with pads and straps (e.g., braces), unloading the pressure on the knee joint and/or reducing partially its motion. Knee support orthoses are intended mainly to reduce the pressure on the knee in patients with ligament injuries, permitting a shorter period of rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "28822",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Support, Brace",
      "definition": "Knee support orthoses that consist of a brace designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to the knee joint, preventing excessive load on the joint. These braces usually are devices that include semi-rigid thigh and leg pads and straps that unload the pressure on the knee joint, partially reducing its motion. Brace knee orthoses are intended mainly to reduce the pressure on the knee in patients with ligament injuries, permitting a shorter period of rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "28823",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Knee lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the knee joint during static or dynamic therapeutic treatments. Orthoses used for static therapy are typically intended to unload the pressure on the knee joint and reducing its motion. They may consist of patient-worn custom-made braces or slings suspended from a bed, post, or other structure.  Knee orthoses intended for dynamic therapy usually consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices typically including semi-rigid stays and straps encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and an adjustable pivoting mechanism at the knee joint. Static therapy orthotic knee braces are intended mainly for patients with severe arthritis destruction while slings are used mainly for orthopedic traction treatments during rehabilitation after traumatic injuries. Dynamic therapy flexion/extension knee orthoses are also available and are intended to increase the range of motion and to improve the function and stability of the joint, they are mainly used after knee replacement surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28824",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Therapeutic, Flexion/Extension",
      "definition": "Therapeutic knee orthoses designed to provide dynamic flexion and/or extension motion for a period of time. These orthoses may consist of prefabricated or custom-made devices, typically including semi-rigid stays and straps encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and an adjustable pivoting mechanism at the knee joint. Dynamic therapy flexion/extension knee orthoses are intended to increase the range of motion and to improve the function and stability of the knee joint and they are mainly used after knee replacement surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13623",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee, Therapeutic, Sling",
      "definition": "Therapeutic knee orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to the knee joint that consist of a hanging sling that hold one or both knees suspended during traction therapy. These orthoses typically consist of a flexible fabric (e.g., canvas) suspended from a bed, post, or other structure. The sling may have appropriate attachments to be connected to a cable and pulley mechanism or other system intended to exert traction on the knee joint during orthopedic therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "28842",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot",
      "definition": "Lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the knee and ankle joints and the foot, providing controlled motion, complete immobilization, and/or support.  Knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) usually consist of an ankle foot orthosis with the addition of metal uprights, and thigh straps. Functional KAFOs usually include articulated orthotic knee joints. Also available are KAFO orthoses intended for therapy in patients with debilitated quadriceps. These help knee stability and limit the weight bearing of the thigh, leg, and foot. Therapeutic orthoses intended for pediatric therapy are available. Functional (i.e., gait) KAFOs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28853",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Gait",
      "definition": "Knee-ankle-foot lower-limb orthoses (KAFO) designed to provide support during normal function (i.e., gait) of the lower limb. These orthoses usually consist of an ankle foot orthosis with the addition of metal uprights, an orthotic knee joint, and thigh straps. KAFOs are usually intended for patients with debilitated quadriceps to keep knee stability and also to limit the weight bearing of the thigh, leg, and foot while standing and/or walking."
    },
    {
      "code": "28856",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Gait, Knee-Lock",
      "definition": "Gait (functional) knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) designed with a lock orthotic knee joint that holds in full extension the knee joint during the stance and swing phases of gait. These orthoses usually consist of a rigid ankle, a foot plate, anterior and posterior stops, double uprights, thigh straps, and a locking knee joint bale and/or ring controls. Knee-lock gait KAFOs permit limited ambulation for patients using crutches who have with bilateral paralysis of the lower limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "28855",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Gait, Stance Control",
      "definition": "Gait (functional) knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) designed with a stance control orthotic knee joint that provides mechanical stabilization to the knee joint during the stance phase of gait (i.e., when bearing weight) and permitting free flexion during swing. These orthoses usually consist of an ankle foot orthosis with the addition of metal uprights, an orthotic stance control knee joint, and thigh straps. Stance control gait KAFOs are intended to permit indoor and outdoor walking to patients with severe knee paresis or paralysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "28843",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Knee-ankle-foot lower-limb orthoses (KAFO) designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the knee and ankle joints and foot during static or dynamic therapy treatments. Orthoses used for static therapy are typically intended to unload the pressure on the knee joint, reducing its motion. They may consist of patient-worn prefabricated or custom-made static braces and/or A-frames. Knee orthoses intended for dynamic therapy usually consist of prefabricated or custom-made dynamic braces, typically including semi-rigid stays and straps encircling the thigh and leg, respectively, and an adjustable pivoting mechanism at the knee joint. Therapeutic KAFOs are frequently intended for infants with progressive bowing disorder due to abnormal grow of the tibia (known as tibia vara or Blount disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28844",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Therapeutic, Infant Bowleg",
      "definition": "Therapeutic knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the knee and ankle joints and foot of infants (typically before three years of age) with bowed legs, providing support and permitting a limited range of movement to the joints. Also available are static therapy orthoses that permit a very limited range of movement or completely immobilize the knee and ankle joints (e.g., A-Frames, braces); and dynamic therapy orthoses mainly intended for infants with progressive bowing disorder due to abnormal grow of the tibia (known as tibia vara or Blount disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28849",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Therapeutic, Infant Bowleg, A-Frame",
      "definition": "Therapeutic knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the knee and ankle joints and foot of infants (typically before three years of age) with bowed legs. These orthoses use frames and provide support and permit a limited range of movement to the joints. These orthoses typically include a rigid frame structure with the shape of a letter A (known as A-frames), they usually include a foot plate, a medial metal upright bar, an orthotic knee (e.g., locked or drop-lock) joint, and thigh straps. A-frames orthoses used for treatment of infant bowleg are intended for infants with moderate progressive bowing disorder due to abnormal grow of the tibia (known as tibia vara or Blount disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28851",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Therapeutic, Infant Bowleg, Dynamic Brace",
      "definition": "Therapeutic knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the knee and ankle joints and foot of infants (typically before three years of age) with bowed legs. These devices use a dynamic brace which provides support and permits a limited range of movement to the joints These orthoses usually consist of an articulated, dynamic ankle foot orthosis with the addition of metal uprights, an orthotic knee joint, and thigh and calf straps. Dynamic therapy infant bowleg KAFO orthoses are intended for therapeutic treatment of infants with progressive bowing disorder due to abnormal grow of the tibia (known as tibia vara or Blount disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28847",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Knee-Ankle-Foot, Therapeutic, Infant Bowleg, Static Brace",
      "definition": "Therapeutic knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the knee and ankle joints and foot of infants (typically before three years of age) with bowed legs. These orthoses use static braces and provide support and permit a limited range of movement to the joints. These orthoses usually consist of an ankle foot brace, including a foot plate, a medial metal upright bar, an orthotic knee (e.g., locked or drop-lock) joint, and thigh straps. Braces used for treatment of infant bowleg are intended for patients with moderate progressive bowing disorder due to abnormal growth of the tibia (known as tibia vara or Blount disease)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28779",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total",
      "definition": "Lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete lower limb (also known as hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses), providing immobilization and/or support to the hip, knee, and ankle joints. These orthoses consist of prefabricated or custom-made rigid or semi-rigid malleable metallic (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel) structures (e.g., supports, restraints) that may include elastic fabric bands that encircle the lower limb at a particular area. Total lower-limb orthoses are intended mainly for supplementing and/or augmenting the limb function (gait) and/or structure. Dedicated lower-limb orthoses for therapy (i.e., static therapy, dynamic therapy, or both) and/or to make possible or improve the gait function are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28787",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait",
      "definition": "Total lower-limb functional orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve a patient's gait. These devices support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions through a linkage between both legs that permits simultaneous extension of one hip and flexion of the contralateral hip. These orthoses may include a mechanism that provides the appropriate linkage between the legs for step-over-step gait (known as reciprocating gait orthoses, [RGO]). Dedicated orthoses using a mechanism propelled by the patien's own muscular power (i.e., self-propelled) and using external power (usually electric) sources are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24203",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait, Powered",
      "definition": "Functional total lower-limb orthoses using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that are designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities (i.e., gait) of the lower limbs. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise partially or totally disabled lower limbs. Also available are dedicated powered lower-limb orthoses controlled by bioelectric muscular (i.e., myoelectric) and/or central nerve (neuroelectric) signals, and/or user operated switches (i.e., autonomous). Powered lower-limb orthoses are mainly used to make gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24205",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait, Powered, Autonomous",
      "definition": "Powered functional total lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete lower limb using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that respond to the user's switching actions (i.e., autonomous). These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a control unit, an actuator, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled one or both lower limbs. Autonomous powered lower-limb orthoses are used to make gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24206",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait, Powered, Autonomous/Neuro-Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered functional total lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete lower limb using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that may respond to the user's switching actions (i.e., autonomous) or to the muscular bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric) and neurologic bioelectric (i.e., neuroelectric) signals. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit with appropriate software to coordinate the user switching signals with the neuro and myoelectric signals, an actuator, myoelectric and neuroelectric sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled one or both lower limbs.  Autonomous powered lower-limb orthoses are mainly used to make gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24105",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait, Powered, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered functional total lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the lower limbs using power (usually electric) sources and powered mechanisms that respond to muscular bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric) signals. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit, appropriate software, an actuator, myoelectric sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled one or both lower limbs. Myoelectric powered lower-limb orthoses are mainly used to make gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24204",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait, Powered, Neuro-Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered functional total lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the lower limbs using power sources (usually electric)  and powered mechanisms that respond to muscular bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric) and neurologic bioelectric (i.e., neuroelectric) signals. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit with appropriate software to coordinate the neuro and myoelectric signals, an actuator, myoelectric and neuroelectric sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled lower limbs. Neuro-myoelectric powered lower-limb orthoses are mainly used to make gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "28789",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait, Self-Propelled",
      "definition": "Gait total lower-limb functional orthoses propelled by the user's muscular power that are designed to make possible and/or improve a patient's gait. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions through a linkage between both legs that permits simultaneous extension of one hip and flexion of the contralateral hip. These orthoses include a mechanism that provides the appropriate linkage between the legs for step-over-step gait (known as reciprocating gait orthoses, [RGO]). The mechanism usually includes a cable system to couple the leg extension and flexion; additional crutches are frequently needed to provide balance to the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "28790",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Gait, Self-Propelled, Reciprocating",
      "definition": "Self-propelled gait total lower-limb functional orthoses propelled by muscular power that are designed to make possible and/or improve gaiting by augmenting the limb functions through a linkage between both legs that permit simultaneous extension of one hip and flexion of the contralateral hip. These orthoses include a mechanism that provides the appropriate linkage between the legs for step-over-step gait (known as reciprocating gait orthoses, [RGO]). The mechanism usually includes a cable and pulley system to couple the leg extension and flexion; crutches are frequently needed to provide balance. Also available are dedicated RGOs that use a frame resembling a walker and a pivoted central bar instead of cables. These facilitate the reciprocating gait capability with less effort. Known as isocentric reciprocating gait orthoses (IRGO), these orthoses are frequently used by children."
    },
    {
      "code": "28781",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Total lower-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the lower limb. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices worn by the person, typically including a modified arm sling and some means (e.g., trunk or shoulder straps) for fixed attachment to the user's body. Total upper-limb immobilizer orthoses are used mainly for rehabilitation after injuries and/or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "13688",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Immobilizer, Traction Splint",
      "definition": "Total lower-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of a lower limb. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices using different techniques (e.g., direct mechanical forces, pulleys, springs) that apply traction while immobilizing the lower limb. Traction splint lower-limb orthoses are intended for application after manual traction has been used to properly align a limb. The orthoses are mainly used for immediate treatment after lower-limb fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18029",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Support",
      "definition": "Total lower-limb orthoses designed for lower-limb support and also to provide some degree of movement restriction to the limb. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices that give support to the lower limb and are usually attached to furniture, structure, or a wheelchair. Total lower-limb supports are frequently used to keep the limb in an appropriate position during rehabilitation after injuries or disease; dedicated lower-limb supports (e.g., slings, platforms) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13624",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower Limb, Total, Support, Sling",
      "definition": "Total lower-limb support orthoses consisting of a suspended sling. These devices are designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to the limb. The slings typically consist of a wide piece of fabric (e.g., canvas) suspended from a bed, orthopedic table, or wheelchair. Sling supports are frequently used to keep the lower limb in an appropriate position during rehabilitation after injuries or disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "28907",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete lower and upper limbs These devices provide immobilization and/or support; supplement and/or augment the limb functions and/or structure. These orthoses consist of rigid or semi-rigid malleable metallic (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel) structures. They are mainly used for functional purposes making possible activities such as hand prehension and/or gait. Lower/upper-limb orthoses that use external power (e.g., electric) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28917",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Functional",
      "definition": "Lower/upper-limb orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the limbs by providing support, supplementing, and/or augmenting the limb functions and/or modifying its structure. These orthoses may consist of static or dynamic mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise partially or totally disabled upper and lower limbs. Dedicated functional orthoses intended to make possible activities such as hand apprehension and/or gait are available; some lower/upper orthoses that use external power (e.g., electric) are also available"
    },
    {
      "code": "24207",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Functional, Powered",
      "definition": "Functional total lower/upper-limb orthoses using power (usually electric) sources and powered mechanisms that are designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities (e.g., gaiting) of the lower and upper limbs by providing support, supplementing, and/or augmenting the limb's functions and/or modifying its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise partially or totally disabled lower and upper limbs. Dedicated powered orthoses controlled by bioelectric muscular (i.e., myoelectric) and/or central nerve (neuroelectric) signals, and/or user operated switches (i.e., autonomous) are available. Powered lower/upper-limb orthoses are mainly used to make functions such as grasping and gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24209",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Functional, Powered, Autonomous",
      "definition": "Powered orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete lower and upper limbs using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that respond to the user's switching actions (i.e., autonomous).  These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a control unit, an actuator, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled lower and upper limbs. Autonomous powered lower-/upper-limb orthoses are mainly used to make functions such as grasping and gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24210",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Functional, Powered, Autonomous/Neuro-Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered functional total lower-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete lower and upper limbs using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that may respond to the user's switching actions (i.e., autonomous) or to the muscular bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric) and neurologic bioelectric (i.e., neuroelectric) signals.  These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit with appropriate software to coordinate the user switching signals with the neuro and myoelectric signals; an actuator; myoelectric and neuroelectric sensors; power sources; motors; and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled upper limbs. Autonomous/neuro-myoelectric powered lower/upper-limb orthoses are mainly used to make functions such as grasping and gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24104",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Functional, Powered, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered functional total lower/upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the lower and upper limbs using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that respond to muscular bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric) signals. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit, appropriate software, an actuator, myoelectric sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled lower and upper limbs. Autonomous/neuro-myoelectric powered lower/upper-limb orthoses are mainly used to make functions such as grasping and gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "24208",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Functional, Powered, Neuro-Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete upper and lower limbs using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that respond to muscular and neurologic bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric and neuroelectric respectively) signals. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit with appropriate software to coordinate the neuro and myoelectric signals, an actuator, myoelectric and neuroelectric sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled lower and upper limbs. Neuro-myoelectric powered lower/upper-limb orthoses are mainly used to make functions such as grasping and gait possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "28908",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete lower and upper limbs These devices provide immobilization and/or support; supplement and/or augment the limb functions and/or structure. These orthoses consist of rigid or semi-rigid malleable metallic (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel) structures. They are mainly used for functional purposes making possible activities such as hand prehension and/or gait. Lower/upper-limb orthoses that use external power (e.g., electric) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13687",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Immobilizer, Pneumatic Splint",
      "definition": "Lower/upper-limb immobilizer orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of an upper and/or lower limb using a pneumatic (i.e., inflated) splint that encircles the limb. These splints usually consist of one or more plastic chambers that can be inflated with air supplied by an air pump or using the mouth; the orthoses may include a control valve. Pneumatic splint limb orthoses are used mainly in emergency situations to immobilize a fractured or injured limb; the orthoses may also help to control bleeding. Dedicated pneumatic splints intended only for the upper or lower limbs are also available, both in adult and pediatric sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "13689",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Immobilizer, Vacuum Splint",
      "definition": "Lower/upper-limb immobilizer designed to provide maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization using a splint that is conformed to the appropriate shape (i.e., molded) by applying suction to remove the air inside the splint at the point of care site. Vacuum splints typically consist of a flexible plastic structure that can be molded around the affected limb(s) becoming rigid to provide immobilization when air is removed by applying vacuum. The orthoses usually include a sealing valve to keep the vacuum inside the splint. Vacuum moldable splints are mainly used for emergency treatment of fractures (e.g., arms, legs), sprains, dislocations (e.g., shoulders), and other traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "13690",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limb, Immobilizer, Wire Ladder Splint",
      "definition": "Lower/upper-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of an upper and/or lower limb using a pliable splint that resembles a ladder. These orthoses usually consist of moldable metallic wire covered with plastic (e.g., vinyl) that can be bent in many different configurations that are appropriate to immobilize an upper or lower limb. The orthoses may also include bandage and safety pins to secure the splint. Wire ladder orthoses are used mainly as a first aid to immobilize a limb after traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "13686",
      "display": "Orthoses, Lower/Upper Limbs, Support, Padded Stay Splint",
      "definition": "Lower/upper-limb orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement control to injured limbs that consist of a padded strip (i.e., a padded stay splint). These orthoses typically consist of a rigid or semi-rigid metallic or plastic supporting stay that is appropriately padded and kept in place using straps or other elastic material. Padded stay splints are mainly used to support injured limbs or limb segments (e.g., legs, hands, arms, wrists) during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "28923",
      "display": "Orthoses, Multipurpose Splint",
      "definition": "Orthoses (i.e., multipurpose splints) designed for rapid and easy support, immobilization and protection of one of a variety of body parts  after fractures, sprains, and/or dislocations. These orthoses typically consist of a semi-rigid or rigid device made of plastics, metal, wood, or a combination of these; splints are usually moldable or pre-molded appropriately. The orthoses are usually kept in position attached to the body part using straps, cuffs, or belts. Multipurpose splint orthoses are mainly used on the limbs after fractures, sprains, and/or dislocations; they may be used also around the neck, head and/or other anatomic parts. The splints may be used during all the treatment procedure, before casting, and/or to facilitate taking radiographic images of the affected body part."
    },
    {
      "code": "17870",
      "display": "Orthoses, Multipurpose Splint, Moldable",
      "definition": "Multipurpose splints designed to be conformed to the appropriate shape (i.e., molded) at the point of care site. These splints typically consist of a thin metallic (e.g., aluminum) and/or thermosetting plastic sheet that can be cut and/or molded according to the body part and the  needs of the patient. Moldable splint orthoses are intended mainly for emergency treatment of patients suffering fractures, sprains, dislocations, and/or other injuries of the limbs, neck, and/or other body parts. Dedicated aluminum and plastic multipurpose moldable splints are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28927",
      "display": "Orthoses, Multipurpose Splint, Moldable, Aluminum",
      "definition": "Multipurpose splints made of aluminum that are designed to be conformed to the appropriate shape (i.e., molded) at the point of care site. These splints typically consist of a thin aluminum sheet usually covered with padding material at both sides that can be manually cut and molded to the necessary shape using appropriate profiles (e.g., as a C or T) according to the body part and the  needs of the patient. Moldable aluminum splint orthoses are intended mainly for emergency treatment of patients suffering fractures, sprains, dislocations, and/or other injuries of the limbs, neck, and/or other body parts."
    },
    {
      "code": "28928",
      "display": "Orthoses, Multipurpose Splint, Moldable, Plastic",
      "definition": "Multipurpose splints made of thermo-setting plastics that are designed to be conformed to the appropriate shape (i.e., molded) at the point of care site. These splints typically consist of a thin thermoplastic splint sheet that can be manually cut and molded using a heat source (e.g., warm water) to the necessary shape according to the body part and the needs of the patient. Moldable plastic splint orthoses are intended mainly for emergency treatment of patients suffering fractures, sprains, dislocations, and/or other injuries of the limbs, neck, and/or other body parts."
    },
    {
      "code": "13683",
      "display": "Orthoses, Multipurpose Splint, Pre-Shaped",
      "definition": "Multipurpose pre-shaped splints that are designed for customization to the appropriate shape to fit the user's needs at the point of care. These devices typically consist of a thin metallic (e.g., aluminum) and/or thermosetting plastic splint sheet that can be modified to a limited degree according to the body part and the needs of the patient. Pre-shaped splint orthoses are intended mainly for emergency treatment of patients suffering fractures, sprains, dislocations, and/or other injuries of the limbs, neck, and/or other body parts. Aluminum and plastic pre-shaped moldable splints are available; dedicated pre-shaped orthoses intended for a particular body part (e.g., arm, forearm, leg) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13684",
      "display": "Orthoses, Multipurpose Splint, Pre-Shaped, Aluminum",
      "definition": "Multipurpose pre-shaped splints made of aluminum designed for customization to the appropriate shape to fit the needs of the patient at the point of care. These splints typically consist of a thin aluminum sheet usually covered with padding material at both sides that can be modified only to a limited degree according to the body part and the needs of the patient. Pre-shaped aluminum splint orthoses are intended mainly for emergency treatment of patients suffering fractures, sprains, dislocations, and/or other injuries of the limbs, neck, and/or other body parts. Dedicated aluminum pre-shaped orthoses intended for a particular body part (e.g., arm, forearm, leg) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13685",
      "display": "Orthoses, Multipurpose Splint, Pre-Shaped, Plastic",
      "definition": "Multipurpose pre-shaped splints made of thermosetting plastics that are designed for customization to the appropriate shape to fit the user needs at the point of care. These splints typically consist of a thin plastic splint sheet that can be modified only to a limited degree using a heat source (e.g., warm water) according to the body part and the needs of the patient. Pre-shaped plastic splint orthoses are intended mainly for emergency treatment of patients suffering fractures, sprains, dislocations, and/or other injuries of the limbs, neck, and/or other body parts. Dedicated plastic pre-shaped orthoses intended for a particular body part (e.g., arm, forearm, leg) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17909",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the spine, providing immobilization and support. These orthoses typically consist of rigid or semi-rigid (e.g., corsets, collars) malleable structures with elastic fabric bands (e.g., thoracic, pelvic, lumbosacral) having appropriate physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) to encircle the body at a particular area of the spine. Spine orthoses are typically made of metal, plastics or a combination of these. Dedicated spinal (prefabricated or custom-made) orthoses intended for a particular region of the spine (e.g., cervical, lumbosacral, sacroiliac), function (immobilization, alignment, support), and/or treatment (e.g., deformity, trauma, osteoporosis) are available; dedicated spinal orthoses intended for therapeutic or daily activities (i.e., functional) use are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28559",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervical",
      "definition": "Spine orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the cervical segment of the spine, that provide immobilization and/or support. Cervical spine orthoses include soft cervical orthoses (e.g., foam collars) that are intended to provide limited support and stabilization or semi-rigid and rigid orthoses that can provide total immobilization of the cervical spine. Cervical orthoses are intended mainly to reduce pain, to provide therapeutic motion control or complete immobilization of the cervical spine; they are frequently intended for therapeutic and/or daily use (i.e., functional use) after injuries or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "28560",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervical, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Cervical spine immobilizer orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the cervical segment of the spine; they usually restrict head, neck, and cervical spine lateral and rotational motion. These orthoses usually consist of rigid (prefabricated or, less frequently, custom-made) structures made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials that are placed encircling the neck. Cervical spine immobilizers are used for emergency stabilization of injured patients and for long-term care of patients after injuries or surgery. Dedicated rigid and semi-rigid collars and braces intended for immobilization of the cervical spine are available. Orthoses that provide additional control of lateral flexion and rotation (e.g., poster-style orthoses) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28570",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervical, Immobilizer, Poster Style",
      "definition": "Cervical spine immobilizer orthoses incorporating posters designed for maximum restriction of movement and/or total immobilization of the cervical segment of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of rigid (prefabricated or, less frequently, custom-made) orthoses made of metal or hard plastic materials. The orthoses usually include two or four posters and several pads (e.g., mandibular, sternal, thoracic, occipital) that increase the rigidity of the structure.  Poster style cervical spine immobilizers provide additional control of the head, neck, and cervical spine motion than other immobilizers; they are used for long-term care of patients after injuries or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28563",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervical, Immobilizer, Rigid Collar",
      "definition": "Cervical spine immobilizer orthoses designed to encircle the neck (e.g., rigid collars) for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the cervical segment of the spine; they usually include some head control components. These orthoses usually consist of rigid (prefabricated or, less frequently, custom-made) collars made of light metallic or hard plastic radiolucent materials. Rigid collar cervical spine immobilizers restrict head, neck, and cervical spine anterior-posterior motion to a great degree but allow some rotation and lateral bending. They are used for emergency stabilization of injured patients and for long-term care of patients after injuries or surgery. Dedicated rigid and semi-rigid collars intended for immobilizations of the cervical spine are also available (e.g., Philadelphia Cervical Collar, Miami J-Style and Aspen Cervical orthoses, and Malibu cervical brace)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28573",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervical, Support, Soft Collar",
      "definition": "Cervical spine orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction of the cervical segment of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of soft (usually prefabricated foam) structures encircling the neck (i.e., collars); they are frequently made of light plastic and/or other soft materials. Soft collar cervical spine support orthoses also provide limited restriction of head, neck, and cervical spine lateral and rotational motion; they are used mainly to alleviate pain and for short-term care of patients after injuries or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28576",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervicothoracic",
      "definition": "Spine orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the cervical and thoracic (trunk) segments of the spine, providing immobilization, motion control, and/or support to the structure. Cervicothoracic spine orthoses usually consist of rigid (e.g., metallic, hard plastic) orthoses that can provide immobilization of the cervicothoracic segment of the spine. The orthoses are intended mainly to reduce pain and to provide motion control or complete immobilization of the cervicothoracic segment of the spine; they may be used for rehabilitation after injury or trauma (e.g., lower cervical and upper thoracic fractures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28577",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervicothoracic, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Cervical spine orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization (i.e., motion control) of the cervical and thoracic (trunk) segments of the spine; they may restrict head, neck, and cervical and thoracic spine segments' lateral and rotational motion. These orthoses usually consist of rigid (prefabricated or, less frequently, custom-made) structures in a variety of shapes and sizes that usually include a thoracic extension to provide better stabilization of the lower segment of the cervical spine. Cervicothoracic spine immobilizers are used for long-term care of patients after trauma (e.g., spinal fractures) and less frequently to alleviate pain. Dedicated immobilizers for the cervicothoracic spine including halo vests, sternal immobilizers, and braces (e.g., Malibu, Minerva, Yale) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28582",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervicothoracic, Immobilizer, Sternal Plate",
      "definition": "Cervicothoracic immobilizer orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization (i.e., motion control) of the cervical and thoracic (trunk) segments of the spine using a sternal plate. These orthoses consist of rigid structures that include a sternal plate with shoulder extensions and both mandibular and occipital pads and bars. Sternal immobilizer orthoses provide good flexion control of the cervical spine; they are used for long-term treatment of spinal fractures and less frequently to alleviate spinal pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28580",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervicothoracic, Immobilizer, Vest",
      "definition": "Cervicothoracic immobilizer orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the cervical and thoracic (trunk) segments of the spine using a chest jacket (known as a halo vest) and a ring fixed to the skull. These vest orthoses consist of rigid structures that include three basic parts: a vest that is fitted on the torso to support the weight of the device, a metal \"halo\" ring that is fixed around the head by metal pins, and metal rods that connect the halo to the vest. Vest orthoses provide triplanar motion control of the cervical spine; they are used for long-term treatment of spinal fractures and less frequently to lessen spinal pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28583",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervicothoracic-Lumbosacral",
      "definition": "Spine orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments of the spine, providing immobilization (i.e., motion control) and support to the structure. Cervicothoracic-lumbosacral spine orthoses usually consist of rigid metallic (e.g., stainless steel) and soft material (e.g., leather) orthoses that can provide immobilization of the cervicothoracic and lumbosacral segments of the spine; they are intended mainly to provide motion control or complete immobilization of the spine. Dedicated cervicothoracic-lumbosacral orthoses intended for the treatment of spinal deformities are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28584",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Cervicothoracic-Lumbosacral, Therapeutic, Brace",
      "definition": "Cervicothoracic-lumbosacral spine immobilizer orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments of the spine. These orthoses (also known as Milwaukee braces) typically consist of a metallic (usually steel) and leather structure that is placed from the pelvis to the mandible and cranium (occiput); it includes a neck ring, two occipital pads and also a lateral pad that is located in the convex side of the spinal deformity. Cervicothoracic-lumbosacral braces are intended to keep the thoracic spine constrained over the sacrum in the treatment of scoliosis located in the cervicothoracic segment of the spine."
    },
    {
      "code": "28587",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Lumbosacral",
      "definition": "Spine orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine, providing immobilization and support. These orthoses consist of a structure that encircles the lumbosacral part of the trunk to keep that segment of the spine constrained. Lumbosacral spine orthoses are intended mainly to alleviate low-back pain by providing immobilization (i.e., motion control) and/or support to the lumbar spine; they may consist of fabric and/or plastic either elastic, semi-rigid, or rigid devices. These orthoses may be used also as spinal supports for daily activities (i.e., functional) use."
    },
    {
      "code": "28588",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Lumbosacral, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Lumbosacral spine orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization (i.e., motion control) of the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine; they may restrict spine segment movements (flexion and/or extension) in the sagittal, coronal, and/or sagittal and coronal planes. These orthoses usually consist of rigid (custom-made and prefabricated orthoses are available) structures typically made of malleable radiolucent aluminum alloys in a variety of shapes and sizes; the orthoses usually include thoracic and/or inter-scapular bands and paraspinal and/or lateral bars. Immobilizer lumbosacral orthosis are intended for long-term control of movement of the spinal segments and for rehabilitation after trauma; dedicated orthoses for movement control and/or complete immobilization in the sagittal (e.g., chairback type), coronal (e.g., Williams) and sagittal/coronal (e.g., Knight) planes are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28597",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Lumbosacral, Support",
      "definition": "Lumbosacral spine orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction of the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of soft or semi-rigid structures (belts, bands, corsets) encircling the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine; they are frequently made of fabrics combined with light metallic or plastic components. Lumbosacral spine support orthoses also provide limited restriction of the lumbar spine lateral and rotational motion; they are used mainly to alleviate pain and/or for short-term care of patients after injuries or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "12405",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Lumbosacral, Support, Belt",
      "definition": "Lumbosacral spine support orthoses consisting of a relatively narrow strip of soft of semi-rigid materials that are designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction of the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of soft (e.g., fabric, leather, plastic, or combinations of these) narrow structures that can be fitted for tight encircling of the lumbar spine. Lumbosacral spine support orthoses provide limited restriction of the lumbar and sacral spine lateral and rotational motion; they are used mainly to alleviate pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28603",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Lumbosacral, Support, Corset",
      "definition": "Support lumbosacral spine orthoses consisting of a garment of soft or semi-rigid materials (i.e., corsets) that are designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction of the lumbar and/or sacral segments of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of inelastic garments made of soft fabric (e.g., canvas), plastic (e.g., Dacron), or combinations of these that are usually reinforced with metal (e.g., stainless steel) stays. Lumbosacral corsets can be fitted for tight encircling of the lumbosacral spine, surrounding the pelvis and abdomen and providing support and limited restriction of the lumbar and sacral spine lateral and rotational motion.They are used mainly to alleviate lower back pain by reducing the activity of the spinal and abdominal muscles and/or for short-term care of patients after injuries or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "28620",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Sacroiliac",
      "definition": "Spine orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the sacral and iliac segments of the spine, providing immobilization and support and/or increasing comfort. These orthoses consist of a structure that encircles the sacral and iliac segments of the spine to keep that segment of the spine constrained. Sacroiliac spine orthoses are intended mainly to alleviate low-back pain by providing support and very limited motion control to the lumbar spine; they may consist of fabric and/or plastic orthoses that are either elastic or semi-rigid devices. Dedicated sacroiliac orthoses intended for support, therapeutic, and/or daily activities (i.e., functional) use are available; cushions used on seats to alleviate pressure on the sacroiliac region are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28621",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Sacroiliac, Support",
      "definition": "Sacroiliac spine orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction of the sacral and iliac segments of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of soft or semi-rigid structures (e.g., corsets) encircling the sacral and iliac segment of the spine; they are frequently made of fabrics combined with light metal or plastic components. Sacroiliac spine support orthoses provide limited restriction of the lumbar spine lateral and rotational motion; they are used mainly to alleviate lower back pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28622",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Sacroiliac, Support, Corset",
      "definition": "Sacroiliac spine support orthoses consisting of a garment of soft or semi-rigid materials (i.e., corsets) that are designed to provide limited support and some degree of movement restriction of the sacral and iliac segments of the spine providing assistance to the pelvis. These orthoses usually consist of inelastic garments made of soft fabric (e.g., canvas), plastic (e.g., Dacron), or combinations of these that are usually reinforced with metal (e.g., stainless steel) stays. Sacroiliac support corsets can be fitted for tight encircling of the sacroiliac spine, surrounding the pelvis below the waist and over the pubis providing support and limited restriction of the lumbar and sacral spine lateral and rotational motion; they are used mainly to alleviate mild lower back pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28623",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Sacroiliac, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Sacroiliac orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the sacroiliac region of the spine and the pelvis during therapeutic treatment. These orthoses typically hold and support the pelvis during dynamic treatment of the area. They may consist of a sling to suspend the complete pelvis, a belt fitted around the waist, or other appropriate device that holds the pelvis. Therapeutic sacroiliac orthoses are mainly used during orthopedic traction treatment intended to alleviate pain, align the vertebrae, or after traumatic injuries. Dedicated therapeutic orthoses such as belts and slings are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14100",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Sacroiliac, Therapeutic, Traction Belt",
      "definition": "Sacroiliac spinal orthoses designed to provide therapeutic traction to the lower spine including the lumbar and pelvic areas. These orthoses typically consist of a padded belt (e.g., cotton, vinyl) that is placed around the waist; the belt has one or more straps with rings at the end that permit its attachment to the cable of an external traction unit that usually includes a pulley and a set of weights. Some belts include additional rings for attachment to a spreader bar. Traction may also be provided using portable devices that use hydraulic force applied and controlled by a handheld pump with a pressure-relief valve. Traction belts are used mainly for relief of low-back pain and to maintain normal alignment of the vertebrae."
    },
    {
      "code": "19010",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Sacroiliac, Therapeutic, Traction Sling",
      "definition": "Sacroiliac spinal orthoses designed to provide therapeutic traction to the lower spine (sacroiliac area including the pelvic area) that consist of a sling. These orthoses typically consist of a padded loop-shaped device designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to the pelvis (sacroiliac area) by holding the pelvis suspended. The slings are held by attachments to an orthopedic bed and/or other self-standing structure; traction is provided by an external traction unit that usually includes a pulley and a set of weights. Traction slings are used mainly for treatment of low-spine injuries after trauma and in other orthopedic treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "28605",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Thoracic-Lumbosacral",
      "definition": "Spine orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments of the spine, providing immobilization and/or support. These orthoses consist of a structure that encircles the thoracic and lumbosacral spine that constrains those segments of the spine. Thoracic-lumbosacral spine orthoses are intended for long-term care of spinal deformities and for rehabilitation after trauma, and also to alleviate back pain and/or to provide trunk support. They may consist of fabric and/or plastic orthoses that are either elastic, semi-rigid, or rigid devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "28606",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Thoracic-Lumbosacral, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Thoracic-lumbosacral spine orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization (i.e., motion control) of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments of the spine. They may restrict spine segment movements (flexion and/or extension) in one or more of the sagittal, coronal, and/or transverse planes. These orthoses usually consist of rigid (custom-made and prefabricated orthoses are available) structures typically made of malleable radiolucent aluminum alloys in a variety of shapes and sizes. The orthoses usually include thoracic and/or inter-scapular bands and paraspinal and/or lateral bars. Immobilizer thoracic-lumbosacral orthoses are intended for long-term care of spinal deformities and for rehabilitation after trauma. Dedicated orthoses for movement control in the sagittal (e.g., Taylor), sagittal/coronal (e.g., Knight-Taylor) planes and triplanar control are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28614",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Thoracic-Lumbosacral, Immobilizer, Triplanar Control",
      "definition": "Thoracic-lumbosacral spine immobilizer orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments of the spine. They restrict spine segment movements (flexion and/or extension) in the sagittal, coronal, and/or transverse planes (i.e., provide control of movement in the three planes). These orthoses usually consist of rigid (custom-made and prefabricated orthoses are available) structures typically made of malleable radiolucent aluminum alloys. The orthosis includes a thoracic band with sub-clavicular extensions (known as cowhorn projections) as well as pelvic, lateral, and paraspinal bars. Triplanar control immobilizer orthoses are intended for long-term care of spinal deformities and for rehabilitation after trauma when movement control in the three planes is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "28617",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Thoracic-Lumbosacral, Immobilizer, Triplanar Control, Custom Jacket",
      "definition": "Triplanar control thoracic-lumbosacral spine immobilizer orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization in the sagittal, coronal, and/or transverse planes (i.e., provide maximum control of movement in the three planes) that consist of a custom-made jacket. These orthoses usually consist of rigid or semi-rigid, frequently bi-valved, custom-made structures typically made of thermoplastics that are fabricated using a model of the user's body torso. Custom-made jackets used as triplanar control immobilizer orthoses are intended for long-term care of spinal deformities and for rehabilitation after trauma when movement control in the three planes is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "28618",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Thoracic-Lumbosacral, Support",
      "definition": "Thoracic-lumbosacral spine orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction of the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of soft or semi-rigid structures (belts, bands, corsets) encircling the thoracic and lumbosacral spine; they are frequently made of fabrics combined with light metallic or plastic components. Thoracic-lumbosacral spine support orthoses are intended for long-term rehabilitation after trauma, and also to alleviate back pain and/or to provide trunk support."
    },
    {
      "code": "28619",
      "display": "Orthoses, Spine, Thoracic-Lumbosacral, Support, Corset",
      "definition": "Support thoracic-lumbosacral spine orthoses consisting of a garment of soft or semi-rigid materials (i.e., corsets) that are designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments of the spine. These orthoses usually consist of garments made of soft fabric (e.g., canvas), plastic (e.g., Dacron), or combinations of these that are usually reinforced with metal (e.g., stainless steel) stays. Lumbosacral support corsets can be fitted for tight encircling of the thoracic and lumbosacral spine, surrounding the pelvis and abdomen with the posterior upper edge extending to the scapular spine and including shoulder straps. They are used for long-term care of spinal deformities, for rehabilitation after trauma, and also to alleviate back pain and/or to provide trunk support."
    },
    {
      "code": "28626",
      "display": "Orthoses, Thoracic",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the anterior thoracic muscular and bone structures, providing immobilization and support or supplementing and/or augmenting the chest functions and/or structure. These orthoses typically consist of flexible or semi-rigid structures with elastic fabric bands and have appropriate physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) to encircle the chest totally or at a particular area. Thoracic orthoses are typically made of fabrics, plastics, malleable metals or a combination of these. Dedicated prefabricated or, less frequently, custom-made orthoses intended for a particular region of the anterior chest (e.g., sternum, ribs) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28627",
      "display": "Orthoses, Thoracic, Support",
      "definition": "Thoracic orthoses designed to encircle the thorax to provide support to the muscles and bones and to keep the anterior part of the thorax in appropriate position. These devices may consist of wide pieces of elastic fabric or narrow strips of flexible materials (e.g., belts) available in several sizes; the orthoses are usually reinforced with metallic stays for appropriate support of the muscles and thoracic bones. Thoracic support orthoses are used mainly to support and compress the chest muscles, sternum, ribs, and/or other chest anatomical structures during rehabilitation from traumatic injuries (e.g., bone fracture) and/or to provide relief from pain and strain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28631",
      "display": "Orthoses, Thoracic, Support, Rib, Belt",
      "definition": "Thoracic support narrow flexible orthoses designed to encircle the thorax (i.e., belts) to provide support and to keep the ribs and associated muscles in appropriate position. These devices are usually made of narrow pieces of elastic fabric or plastic with attached pads. The belts may include hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) for adjustment of the size and the orthoses are usually reinforced with metallic stays for appropriate support of the muscles and ribs. Belt rib support orthoses are intended to support the ribs and/or other thoracic anatomical structures for rehabilitation from traumatic injuries (e.g., bone fracture) and/or to provide relief from pain and strain."
    },
    {
      "code": "17967",
      "display": "Orthoses, Thoracic, Support, Sternal, Belt",
      "definition": "Thoracic support narrow flexible orthoses designed to encircle the thorax (i.e., belts) to provide support and to keep the sternum and associated muscles in appropriate position. These devices are usually made of narrow pieces of elastic fabric or plastic that may include hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) for adjustment of the size of the belts; the orthoses are usually reinforced with metallic stays for appropriate support of the muscles and sternum. Belt thoracic support orthoses are used mainly to support and compress the sternum and/or thoracic muscles from traumatic injuries (e.g., bone fracture) and/or to provide relief from pain and strain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28628",
      "display": "Orthoses, Thoracic, Support, Whole Thorax",
      "definition": "Thoracic flexible orthoses designed to encircle the complete thorax to provide support to the muscles and bones and to keep the anterior part of the thorax in appropriate position. These devices are usually made of wide pieces of elastic fabric with hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) for adjustment of their size; the orthoses are usually reinforced with metallic stays for appropriate support of the muscles and thoracic bones. Whole thorax orthoses are used mainly to support and compress the chest muscles, sternum, ribs, and/or other chest anatomical structures for rehabilitation from traumatic injuries (e.g., bone fracture) and/or to provide relief from pain and strain."
    },
    {
      "code": "28633",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of part or the complete upper limb, providing immobilization and/or support. These orthoses consist of rigid or semi-rigid malleable metal (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel) structures (e.g., supports, immobilizers, movement restraints) that may provide static or dynamic therapy and/or assistance during normal use of the musculoskeletal structure using body or external (e.g., electric) power. Upper-limb orthoses are intended mainly for treatment of deformities and injuries after trauma. Dedicated prefabricated or custom-made orthoses that are intended for a particular region of the limb (e.g., finger, hand, wrist, arm); procedure (immobilization, alignment, support); treatment (e.g., deformity, trauma, arthritis); or for long-term functional assistance are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17872",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Arm",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the arm, providing immobilization and/or support. These orthoses consist of rigid or semi-rigid malleable metal (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel) structures (e.g., supports, immobilizers) that provide assistance during use of the arm. Arm orthoses are intended mainly for rehabilitation after injuries or trauma (e.g., fractures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13862",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Arm, Support",
      "definition": "Upper-limb arm orthoses designed to support the arm by providing soft-tissue compression to maintain alignment and stabilization of the arm bone (i.e., humerus). The orthoses permit movement of the adjacent joints (i.e., shoulder and elbow). These orthoses typically consist of loops and/or straps of fabric or other soft material that are tightened on a layer of stockinette previously placed on the arm; some include bi-valved devices that allow an easier adjustment during the period of use. Upper-limb arm orthotic braces (also known as functional braces) are used instead of rigid casting to treat specific types of closed fractures of the humerus during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17910",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the elbow joint, providing immobilization and/or support. These orthoses are usually classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., immobilization, support, therapeutic, functional) and the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) and/or material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastics or a combination of these). Elbow upper-limb orthoses may consist of soft orthoses (e.g., a combination of cuffs, straps, and flexible mechanisms) that are intended to provide limited support and stabilization or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide a high degree or total immobilization of the elbow joint. Elbow upper-limb orthoses are intended mainly to provide motion control of the elbow movements, for complete immobilization of the joint, and to avoid pain after injuries or trauma. Dedicated elbow orthoses for immobilization, static and/or dynamic therapy, and for use during normal daily (i.e., functional) use of the elbow are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28701",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Functional",
      "definition": "Elbow upper-limb orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the elbow during common daily activities by providing support, supplementing, and/or augmenting the limb functions. These orthoses are typically custom-made devices consisting of soft cuffs fixed at the arm and forearm, multiple straps, and an adjustable ratchet and/or elastic spring mechanism with several locking positions at different elbow angles. Functional elbow orthoses are intended for long-term use in normal activities by patients with congenital or traumatic loss of elbow flexibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "28702",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Functional, Powered",
      "definition": "Functional powered elbow orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the elbow using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that provide support, supplement, and/or augment the elbow functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of wearable devices (e.g., braces) or automated (robotic) devices, usually wearable, with very small electric motors that provide actual motion to the upper limbs. Powered elbow functional orthoses are intended to facilitate patient training guided by a physical therapist for rehabilitation and control of weak muscles in the upper limbs caused by physical accidents and/or illness (e.g., after stroke). Autonomous (i.e., switch actuated) orthoses and orthoses controlled by muscular bio-signals (i.e., myoelectric) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24884",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Functional, Powered, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered elbow orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the elbow using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that respond to muscular bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric) signals. They provide support, supplement, and/or augment the elbow functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of wearable devices (e.g., braces) that are actuated by the electrical activity (i.e., electromyographic signal) from the muscles triggered by attempted movement; sensors (e.g., skin electrodes) that detect the biological electric signals from the skin; and automated (robotic) devices with very small electric motors that provide actual motion to the upper limbs. Myoelectric elbow brace orthoses are intended to facilitate patient training guided by a physical therapist for rehabilitation and control of weak muscles in the upper limbs caused by physical accidents and/or illness (e.g., after stroke)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12096",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Elbow upper-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the elbow joint. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices worn by the person, typically including a semi-rigid foam or lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays and closure straps. Elbow upper-limb immobilizers are used during rehabilitation after surgery or trauma; dedicated splints intended for use as elbow immobilizers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28692",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Immobilizer, Splint",
      "definition": "Elbow upper-limb semi-rigid orthoses (i.e., splints) designed for protection and maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the elbow joint. These orthoses consist of a one- or two-part (encircling both the forearm and arm) semi-rigid foam or lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays and closure straps. The splint can be adjusted to keep the elbow extended or at any appropriate bending angle up to 90 degrees. Splint elbow immobilizers are used during rehabilitation after surgery or traumatic injuries (e.g., fractures, sprains, sprains, and dislocated joints)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28693",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Support",
      "definition": "Elbow upper-limb orthoses designed to support the function of the elbow joint also allowing some degree of movement restriction to the joint. These orthoses may consist of wearable devices that permit a variety of flexion and/or rotation movements to the elbow joint; they include wrappings and flexible supports. Elbow support orthoses are intended to assist the motion of the upper limb after illness, trauma, and/or for muscle-disabled patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "28698",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Elbow orthoses designed for external modification of the structural or functional characteristics of the elbow joint during therapeutic treatment. These orthoses may provide static (i.e., with the joint immobilized) or dynamic (i.e., permitting a controlled and limited joint movement) therapy. Static-therapy orthoses are typically custom-made devices consisting of two sections of plastic bands, cuffs, and straps fixed in the arm and forearm respectively with an adjustable mechanism that that can be deliberately altered to accomplish a progressive extension of the elbow tissues. Dynamic therapy orthoses are typically prefabricated devices typically consisting of soft cuffs fixed at the arm and forearm respectively, multiple straps, and an adjustable mechanical joint placed at the elbow to regulate the range of the elbow movement. Dedicated orthoses for static therapy treatment (e.g., long-arm casts) and dynamic therapy are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28700",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Therapeutic, Dynamic Splint",
      "definition": "Elbow therapeutic orthoses designed to provide a force and torque across the elbow joint increasing its motion and permitting a limited and adjustable range of motion of the joint by means of a dynamic splint. These orthoses are typically prefabricated devices consisting of soft cuffs fixed at the arm and forearm,  multiple straps, and an adjustable mechanical joint placed at the elbow to regulate the range of the elbow movement. Dynamic splint elbow orthoses are used after surgery, trauma, or brain injuries; they are used also after cast removal for stable fractures. Dedicated orthoses consisting of articulated splints and/or using ratchet mechanisms are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28699",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Elbow, Therapeutic, Long Arm Cast",
      "definition": "Therapeutic elbow upper-limb orthoses designed to provide static therapy to the elbow joint. These orthoses immobilize, stabilize, and support the elbow joint in a desired position (i.e., without allowing movement of the joint) using cast along the arm and forearm (known as long-arm casts). These orthoses typically consist of a cast that is placed around the upper limb from above the wrist to the mid portion of the arm with the elbow in its maximum extended position. Sometimes the cast is placed with the elbow flexed; in that case, the cast is changed periodically to get more extended positions each time. Long-arm casts are used mainly to treat flexion contractures of the elbow; bi-valved long-arm casts are also available for this use."
    },
    {
      "code": "28746",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of a finger (including the thumb) by providing immobilization and support. These orthoses are usually classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., immobilization, therapeutic, functional); the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency); and/or material used to make the orthoses (metal, plastics or a combination of these). Finger upper-limb orthoses may consist of soft orthoses (e.g., a combination of cuffs, straps, and flexible mechanisms) that are intended to provide limited support and stabilization or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide a high degree or total immobilization of the finger and/or finger joint. Dedicated finger and/or thumb orthoses for immobilization after trauma, to provide static and/or dynamic therapy, and for use during normal function of the fingers are available. Finger orthoses intended for specific finger and/or thumb joints are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28772",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Carpo-Metacarpal/Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint",
      "definition": "Finger upper-limb orthoses designed to encompass the carpo-metacarpal and metacarpo-phalangeal (CMC/MP) joints of the thumb during therapeutic or functional procedures. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices, frequently including a semi-rigid lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays (e.g., splints), closure straps, and sleeves that place the thumb in abducted position. Thumb CMC/MCP orthoses are used to help the hand carry out normal functional activities. Less frequently the devices are used to prevent further development of finger or thumb deformities during rehabilitation after surgery or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "28774",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Carpo-Metacarpal/Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint, Functional",
      "definition": "Carpo-metacarpal/metacarpo-phalangeal (CMC/MCP) joint orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the thumb joints during common daily activities. They also facilitate active thumb use and normal functional use of the hand. These orthoses typically consist of semi-rigid devices that may place the thumb in the abducted position, opposed to the fingers. Functional CMC/MCP orthoses are used mainly during daily activities to improve functional use of the hand and/or to reduce pain after injuries; the orthoses may be also used to prevent thumb deformities (e.g., swan-neck and/or boutonniere types) in arthritis patients. Dedicated functional CMC/MCP orthoses, such as thumb spica orthoses, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28775",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Carpo-Metacarpal/Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint, Functional, Thumb Spica",
      "definition": "Functional carpo-metacarpal/metacarpo-phalangeal (CMC/MCP) joint orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the thumb joints during common daily activities. These devices also facilitate active thumb use and functional use of the hand. These orthoses (known as thumb spica orthosis) typically consist of semi-rigid devices that place the thumb in the abducted position, opposed to the fingers. Both thumb spica orthoses that only encompass the hand and orthoses that encircle the lower part of the forearm are also available. Thumb spica orthoses are used mainly during daily activities to improve functional use of the hand and/or to reduce pain after injuries. The orthoses may be also used to prevent thumb deformities (e.g., swan-neck and/or boutonniere types) in arthritis patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "28748",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint",
      "definition": "Finger orthoses designed to immobilize, support, or supplement, and/or augment the functions and/or structure of the joints between the finger phalanges (i.e., inter-phalangeal joints). These orthoses may consist of soft, semi-rigid, or rigid devices that are fixed to the hand and fingers keeping the inter-phalangeal joints (proximal, distal, or both) immobilized or allowing only controlled motion. Also available are dedicated inter-phalangeal orthoses for immobilization during rehabilitation after trauma, to provide static and/or dynamic therapy, and for use during normal function of the fingers."
    },
    {
      "code": "28762",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Distal",
      "definition": "Finger orthoses designed to provide immobilization and support to the distal inter-phalangeal (DIP) joints of the fingers. They also support, supplement, and/or augment the functions and/or structure of these joints. These orthoses may consist of soft, semi-rigid, or rigid devices that are fixed to the hand and fingers keeping the distal inter-phalangeal joints immobilized or allowing only controlled motion. Dedicated DIP orthoses for immobilization during rehabilitation after trauma, to provide static and/or dynamic therapy, and for use during normal function of the fingers are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28754",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Functional",
      "definition": "Inter-phalangeal (IP) joint orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the fingers during common daily activities. These devices provide active finger use and facilitate the functional use of the hand. These orthoses are prefabricated devices available in several different types to prevent and/or compensate for malfunctioning of the fingers; they may be also intended for repositioning one or more of the finger and/or thumb joints. The devices consist of semi-rigid or soft orthoses that may include malleable metal stays. Functional IP joint orthoses are intended mainly for patients after traumatic brain damage, strokes, or those suffering from arthritis diseases. Dedicated functional IP joint orthoses (e.g., split rings) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28755",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Functional, Split Ring",
      "definition": "Functional inter-phalangeal (IP) joint orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the proximal and distal IP joints during common daily activities using a split ring. These devices permit active finger use and facilitate the functional use of the hand. Split ring orthoses typically consist of plastic or metallic semi-rigid ring-shaped devices with a central slot that are placed encircling the finger in a way that permit joint movements. Split ring orthoses are use during daily activities to improve functional use of the hand after brain injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "28749",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Finger upper-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the inter-phalangeal (IP) joints. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices typically including a semi-rigid lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays (e.g., a splint) and closure straps or sleeves. Finger upper-limb static immobilizers are used mainly to protect and/or stabilize the fingers after traumatic injuries and to alleviate pain.  Dedicated IP joint immobilizers intended for the thumb joints are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28756",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Proximal",
      "definition": "Finger orthoses designed to provide immobilization and support to to the proximal inter-phalangeal joints of the fingers. They also support, supplement, and/or augment the functions and/or structure of these joints. These orthoses may consist of soft, semi-rigid, or rigid devices that are fixed to the hand and fingers, keeping the proximal inter-phalangeal joints immobilized or allowing only controlled motion. Dedicated proximal inter-phalangeal orthoses for immobilization after trauma, to provide static and/or dynamic therapy, and for use during normal function of the fingers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28757",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Proximal, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP) orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the PIP joints. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices, typically including a semi-rigid lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays (e.g., splints) and closure straps or sleeves. PIP joint immobilizers are used mainly to protect and/or stabilize the fingers during rehabilitation after traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "28758",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Proximal, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP) orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the fingers by a controlled restriction of movement of the proximal IP joints during therapeutic treatments. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices, typically including a semi-rigid lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays and closure straps or sleeves. PIP joint immobilizers are used to prevent further development of finger deformities and/or for rehabilitation after surgery or trauma; dedicated orthoses intended to provide maximum extension of the PIP (e.g., Boutonniere splints) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28759",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Proximal, Therapeutic, Boutonniere Splint",
      "definition": "Proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP) orthoses designed to provide maximum extension of the PIP joint and simultaneous free movement of the distal phalangeal joint during therapeutic treatment that are static splints.  These orthoses typically consist of a padded splint (known as Boutonniere splints) extending along the finger but not including the distal joint. The splint includes several straps encircling the finger.  Boutonniere splints are used for therapy after surgical correction of Boutonniere deformities."
    },
    {
      "code": "28761",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Proximal, Therapeutic, Dynamic Splint",
      "definition": "Proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP) orthoses that are dynamic splints designed to provide external forces that produce flexion to the PIP joint during therapeutic treatment.  These orthoses typically consist of a padded splint with a strap encircling the hand while the splint extends along the affected finger. The splint includes elastic bands from the hand strap that are attached to a cuff placed around the finger.  Dynamic splints are used for therapy after surgical correction of IP deformities."
    },
    {
      "code": "28752",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Inter-phalangeal (IP) joint orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the fingers. These devices control and restrict movement of the IP joints during therapeutic treatments. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices, typically including a semi-rigid, lightweight, plastic structure with aluminum stays and closure straps or sleeves that permit controlled flexion and/or extension of both (proximal and distal) IP joints. IP joint orthoses (e.g., splints) are used to prevent further development of finger deformities and/or for rehabilitation usually after corrective surgery. Dedicated orthoses intended to keep the proximal and distal IP joints in controlled flexion and extension, respectively (e.g., swan-neck splints), are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28753",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Inter-Phalangeal Joint, Therapeutic, Swan-Neck Splint",
      "definition": "Therapeutic inter-phalangeal (IP) orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the fingers by providing a controlled flexion of the proximal IP joint and simultaneous extension of the distal IP joint during therapeutic treatment. Known as neck-swan splints, these orthoses typically consist of a padded angled splint extending along the finger. The splint includes several straps encircling the finger. Neck-swan splints are used for therapy after surgical correction of neck-swan deformities of the fingers."
    },
    {
      "code": "28763",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint",
      "definition": "Finger upper-limb orthoses designed to encompass the metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint of a finger during therapeutic or functional procedures. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices frequently including a semi-rigid lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays (e.g., a splint) and closure straps or sleeves. Finger MCP orthoses are used to prevent further development of finger deformities, for rehabilitation and/or therapy after surgery or trauma, and less frequently for functional purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "28770",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint, Functional",
      "definition": "Finger orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the metacarpo-phalangeal finger (MP) joints during common daily activities. These devices allow for active thumb use and they facilitate the functional use of the hand. These orthoses typically consist of semi-rigid devices with plastic and/or aluminum finger rings. They may include hinges at the MP joints to allow for flexion and extension of the joints, and permit unimpeded grasp and pinch. Functional MP orthoses are intended for patients with chronic diseases such as arthritis; dedicated ulnar deviation splints are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28771",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint, Functional, Ulnar Deviation Splint",
      "definition": "Functional finger upper-limb orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the metacarpo-phalangeal finger (MP) joints during common daily activities. These devices also provide active thumb use and they facilitate the functional use of the hand. These orthoses (known ulnar deviation splint orthoses) typically consist of semi-rigid devices with plastic and/or aluminum finger rings. The orthoses may include hinges at the MP joints to make it possible flexion and extension of the joints providing unimpeded grasp and pinch. Functional ulnar deviation splint orthoses are intended for patients with ulnar deviations at the MP joints, frequently due to arthritis diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "28766",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Finger upper-limb, custom-made orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the fingers that control and restrict movement of the metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) finger and thumb joints.  Using either static or dynamic therapy, these devices keep the joint functional and allow a measure of flexion and extension while correcting residual deformities.  These orthoses typically consist of a mechanism that applies force to keep the fingers in a small radial deviation while still promoting extension.  They usually include slings that are placed in the proximal phalanx of each finger and they may include auxiliary slings.  Therapeutic MCP joint orthoses are intended mainly for post-surgical treatment (e.g., to obtain the desired range of motion for each finger) after implant resection arthroplasty in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.  Also available are dedicated pain-relieving splints, and orthoses that alternately apply short periods of passive flexion and extension to the MCP joint (through slings attached to a high- or low-profile hand splint)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28768",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Finger, Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint, Therapeutic, Alignment Splint",
      "definition": "Therapeutic metacarpo-phalangeal (MP) joint finger orthoses consisting of a semi-rigid structure (splint) that are designed for external modification of the functional characteristics of the fingers by a controlled restriction of movement of the MP joints during therapeutic treatments. These devices also help keep  functional structure while restricting flexion and pulling the fingers radially. These orthoses typically consist of a plastic splint applied to the palm and fingers that includes finger separators which support the MP joints in a neutral position. Alignment splints are used mainly to alleviate pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients with ulnar deviation; the splint is frequently intended for night use."
    },
    {
      "code": "28674",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Forearm",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the forearm that provide immobilization and/or support. These orthoses usually consist of rigid or semi-rigid structures including soft fabrics and metal stays that provide assistance during use of the arm. Forearm orthoses are intended mainly for rehabilitation after injuries or trauma (e.g., fractures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28675",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Forearm, Support",
      "definition": "Upper-limb arm orthoses designed to support to the forearm by providing soft-tissue compression to maintain alignment and stabilization of the ulna (one of the two forearm bones). They permit movement of the adjacent joints (i.e., wrist and elbow). These orthoses typically consist of sleeves of fabric or other soft material that are tightened on a layer of stockinette previously placed on the forearm and that may include metallic or hard plastic stays. Some orthoses consist of clam-shell (i.e., bi-valved devices) that allow an easier adjustment during the period of use. Upper-limb forearm orthotic braces (also known as functional braces) are used instead of rigid casting to treat specific types of closed fractures of the ulna during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "28733",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand",
      "definition": "Orthoses designed to stabilize the hand, provide hand immobilization and/or support while keeping its functional structure and position while permitting the movement of the fingers and thumb. These orthoses typically consist of a device that is placed encircling the distal segment of the forearm and is attached to a rigid component used to support the hand. Hand orthoses are used mainly in patients with severe weakness or complete paralysis of the hand muscles. Static hand orthoses used for therapeutic purposes (e.g., to avoid hyperextension) and/or including attachments intended for functional activities  are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28734",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand, Functional/Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Hand orthoses designed to stabilize and support the hand during therapeutic treatments and/or while performing normal daily activities, permitting the movement of the fingers and thumb.  They are also used to help prevent hand deformities. These orthoses typically consist of a device that is placed encircling the distal segment of the forearm and is attached to a rigid component used to support the hand in an appropriate, functional position. Static therapy wrist-hand orthoses are used mainly in patients with severe weakness or complete paralysis of the hand muscles but having strong wrist extensors, including some quadriplegics, preventing hand deformities. Several attachments (e.g., clips, clamps, extension devices) to these orthoses permit the performance of functional activities such as writing and page turning.  Also available are dedicated custom-made hand orthoses intended to keep the thumb in opposition (using thumb adduction stops). They are used in the treatment of arthritic or burned patients. Dorsal orthoses intended to prevent metacarpo-phalangeal hyperextension are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28735",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand-Finger",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses encompassing the hand and fingers that are designed to stabilize the hand by providing immobilization and support to the hand and one or more fingers and/or the thumb. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices that includes a structure that encircles the forearm while permitting wrist normal movements. The orthosis may include dorsal, palmar (volar), or both types of adjustable solid stays attached along the hand and fingers. Hand-finger orthoses permit appropriate positioning of the fingers and thumb according to the user needs. The orthoses are used for immobilization during rehabilitation and/or for treatment and/or during normal daily activities (i.e., functional) use."
    },
    {
      "code": "28741",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand-Finger, Functional",
      "definition": "Hand-finger upper-limb orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the hands and fingers during common daily activities by providing active finger flexion that makes it possible to grasp objects. These orthoses are prefabricated devices available in several different types, including gloves with elastic strips to improve finger extension; plastic mitts; and splints using rubber bands used to keep the fingers extended and the thumb abducted. Functional dynamic hand-finger orthoses are used by patients that can grasp objects but cannot open the hands or extend the fingers and thumb appropriately, typically after brain traumatic injuries or strokes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16210",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand-Finger, Immobilizer, Splint",
      "definition": "Hand-finger upper-limb immobilizer orthoses designed to stabilize and provide maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the hand, fingers, and  thumb by providing a static (fixed) position using a fixed splint. These orthoses typically consist of a splint that is placed encircling the distal segment of the forearm and/or wrist and attached to a semi-rigid component used to hold in an appropriate static position the hand and fingers. Immobilizer hand-finger orthoses are used mainly to protect the hand and fingers from further damage during rehabilitation after traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "28738",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand-Finger, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Hand-finger orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the hand, fingers, and the thumb, typically keeping the hand and fingers in a static (fixed) position during therapeutic procedures. These orthoses typically consist of a device that is placed encircling the distal segment of the forearm and/or wrist that is attached to a semi-rigid component used to support the fingers in an appropriate static position. Static therapy hand-finger orthoses are used mainly to prevent finger contractures after brain damage; dedicated splints and soft hand rolls intended for static finger therapy are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28740",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand-Finger, Therapeutic, Soft Roll",
      "definition": "Static therapy hand-finger orthoses consisting of a soft roll designed to stabilize and support the hand and fingers, keeping its functional structure and providing a static (fixed) position. These orthoses typically consist of a cylindrical or truncated cone roll made of fabrics, leather, plastics or a combination of these that is placed inside the hand so the fingers and thumb encircle the roll, keeping them in an appropriate static position. Static therapy soft rolls are used mainly to prevent finger contractures after brain damage."
    },
    {
      "code": "28739",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Hand-Finger, Therapeutic, Splint",
      "definition": "Therapeutic hand-finger upper-limb orthoses consisting of a semi-rigid structure (splint) that are designed to stabilize and support the hand and fingers, keeping its functional structure and providing a static (fixed) position. These orthoses typically consist of a splint with a component made of fabrics, leather, or plastic that is placed encircling the distal segment of the forearm and wrist. A second component is used to keep in appropriate position the fingers and thumb. Malleable aluminum strays connect both components providing a semi-rigid structure that allows the splint use without additional bandage. Static therapy hand-finger splints are used mainly to prevent finger contractures after brain damage."
    },
    {
      "code": "28660",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the shoulder joint to provide immobilization and support. These orthoses are usually classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., immobilization, functional, therapeutic) and the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) and/or material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastic, or a combination of these). Shoulder upper-limb orthoses may consist of soft cervical orthoses (e.g., a combination of sleeves and caps) that are intended to provide limited support and stabilization or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide total immobilization of the shoulder joint usually by attaching the orthoses to the user's body. Shoulder upper-limb orthoses are intended mainly to provide motion control of the shoulder movements and/or to provide complete immobilization of the shoulder joint; they are also used to avoid pain and/or for rehabilitation after injuries or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "12101",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Shoulder upper-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the shoulder joint. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices worn by the person, typically including a modified arm sling and some means (e.g., trunk or shoulder straps) for fixed attachment to the user's body. Shoulder immobilizer orthoses are used mainly during rehabilitation after injuries and/or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "28664",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder, Support",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to the shoulder. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices that assist the support and positioning of the shoulder; they typically include a shoulder sleeve or cap and straps fixed to the trunk. Shoulder support orthoses are frequently used to assist the limb by positioning it in an appropriate position to provide partial restriction and control of its movement during rehabilitation from injuries or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "28666",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder, Support, Abduction",
      "definition": "Upper-limb support orthoses designed to provide support by displacing the arm away from the midline of the body (i.e., abduction). They are also designed to provide some degree of movement restriction to the shoulder joint. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices with several bands and/or straps that assist the support and positioning of the shoulder in an abducted position. Typically this is achieved by the inclusion of foam pads or wedges attached to the user's trunk.  Abduction shoulder support orthoses are frequently used to assist the limb by positioning it in an abducted position to provide partial restriction and control of its movement during rehabilitation from injuries or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "28680",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder-Elbow",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the shoulder and elbow joints, providing immobilization (i.e., motion control) and/or support to both joints. These orthoses are usually classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., immobilization, support, correction) and the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) and/or material used to make the orthoses (metal, plastics or a combination of these).  Dedicated shoulder-elbow orthoses intended for support of very painful shoulder joints and/or for therapeutic treatments after injuries or trauma of the upper limbs are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28684",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder-Elbow, Functional, Mobile Arm, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Functional shoulder-elbow orthoses designed to support to the weight of the upper limb that are mounted on a lateral wheelchair arm, providing assistance to the shoulder and elbow joints during normal activities. These orthoses consist of a wheelchair bracket and a proximal (standard) or \"elevating\" arm; the device may include springs or rubber bands to supplement the lack of strength of the muscles. Wheelchair mounted shoulder-elbow support orthoses, also known as mobile arm supports (MAS), are frequently used to assist the upper-limb function of patients with severe muscular impairment as consequence of illness or spinal cord trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "28681",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder-Elbow, Support",
      "definition": "Shoulder-elbow upper-limb orthoses designed to support the function of the shoulder and elbow joints. They also provide also some degree of movement restriction to the shoulder and elbow joints. These orthoses may consist of wearable devices that may provide abduction to the arm while permitting a variety of flexion and/or rotation movements. Dedicated support orthoses for the shoulder-elbow joints mounted on wheelchairs for muscular disabled patients are also available. Shoulder-elbow support orthoses are intended to assist the motion of the upper limb after illness, trauma, and/or for muscular disabled patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "28682",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder-Elbow, Support, Abduction",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed to provide support by displacing the arm away from the midline of the body (i.e., abduction). These also provide some degree of movement restriction to the shoulder and elbow joints. These orthoses typically consist of a forearm with an adjustable coupling that is attached to a plastic band placed around the pelvis; permitting a variety of restricted flexion and rotation movements to the abducted limb. Abduction shoulder-elbow support orthoses (known as gunslinger orthoses) are frequently used to assist the limb function by positioning it in an abducted position with partial restriction and control of its movement during rehabilitation from injuries or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "28687",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Shoulder-Elbow-Wrist, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Therapeutic upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. These orthoses are prefabricated or, more frequently, custom-made when long-term use is needed. They usually include bands, cuffs, joints, pads, and other components (including sub-axillary mechanisms) that are placed around the upper limb and also encircling the trunk of the user. Shoulder-elbow-wrist orthoses (also known as shoulder stabilizers and airplane orthoses) provide support and motion control to the joints; they are intended to protect and prevent contractures of soft tissues after surgery (e.g., rotator cuff), injuries, trauma, and/or axillary burns."
    },
    {
      "code": "28635",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete limb, to provide immobilization and/or support. These orthoses are prefabricated or custom-made devices consisting of rigid or semi-rigid malleable metal (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel) structures (e.g., supports, restraints) that may include elastic fabric bands that encircle the upper limb at a particular area. Total upper-limb orthoses are frequently intended for treatment of deformities and injuries after trauma. Dedicated orthoses intended for static or dynamic therapy that are used for immobilization, alignment, or support, treatment (e.g., deformity, trauma, arthritis), or for long-term functional assistance are also available. Some upper-limb total orthoses may use power provided by other muscles of the body or by external (e.g., electric) power."
    },
    {
      "code": "28645",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Functional",
      "definition": "Total upper-limb orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the limb during common daily activities. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions. These orthoses may consist of static or dynamic mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise partially or totally disabled upper limbs. Dedicated functional orthoses that use power provided by other muscles of the body or by external (e.g., electric) power are available. Some powered orthoses may be controlled by the action of switches, bioelectric signals, and/or a combination of these."
    },
    {
      "code": "24199",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Functional, Powered",
      "definition": "Functional total upper-limb orthoses that use power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms and are designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the limb. They provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled upper limbs. Dedicated powered upper-limb orthoses controlled by bioelectric muscular (i.e., myoelectric) or central nerve (neuroelectric) signals, and/or user operated switches (i.e., autonomous) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24201",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Functional, Powered, Autonomous",
      "definition": "Powered orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete upper limb using power (usually electric) sources and powered mechanisms that respond to the user's switching actions (i.e., autonomous). They provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a control unit, an actuator, power sources, motors, switches, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled upper limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "24202",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Functional, Powered, Autonomous/Neuro-Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete upper limb using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that may respond to the user's switching actions (i.e., autonomous) or to the muscular and neurologic bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric and neuroelectric respectively) signals. They provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit with appropriate software to coordinate the user switching signals with the neuro and myoelectric signals. They also include an actuator, myoelectric and neuroelectric sensors, power sources, motors, switches, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled upper limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "24106",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Functional, Powered, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete upper limb using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that respond to muscular bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric) signals. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit, appropriate software, an actuator, myoelectric sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled upper limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "24200",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Functional, Powered, Neuro-Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Powered orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the complete upper limb using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that respond to muscular and neurologic bioelectric (i.e., myoelectric and neuroelectric respectively) signals. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions and/or its structure. These orthoses typically consist of dynamic wearable devices that include a computerized control unit with appropriate software to coordinate the neuro and myoelectric signals, an actuator, myoelectric and neuroelectric sensors, power sources, motors, and a variety of mechanisms appropriate to facilitate the normal function of otherwise disabled upper limbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "12095",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Total upper-limb orthoses designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the upper limb. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices worn by the person, typically including a modified arm sling and some means (e.g., trunk or shoulder straps) for fixed attachment to the user's body. Some orthoses are part of a structure (e.g., wheelchair, rack). Total upper-limb immobilizer orthoses are used mainly for rehabilitation after injuries and/or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "18028",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Support",
      "definition": "Total upper-limb orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to an upper limb. These orthoses consist of a variety of devices that assist the support and positioning of the upper limb, and may be worn by the person and/or attached to furniture, a structure, or wheelchair. Total upper-limb support orthoses are frequently used to assist the limb by positioning it in an appropriate position; dedicated upper-limb supports (e.g., slings, humeral cuffs, lapboards) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28643",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Support, Lapboard, Chair/Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Total upper-limb support orthoses consisting of a rigid board that are designed for attachment to a chair or wheelchair, to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to the upper limb. These orthoses typically consist of a metallic or hard plastic board whose thickness is appropriate to the user needs and is attached to the arms of a chair, or more frequently, a wheelchair.  Chair and wheelchair lapboard upper-limb support orthoses are frequently used to assist the limb by positioning it in an appropriate position, thus compensating for muscle weakness."
    },
    {
      "code": "13622",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Support, Sling",
      "definition": "Total upper-limb support orthoses designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to an upper limb by means of a soft sling. These orthoses typically consist of a loop of fabric or other soft material, including a band suspended from the neck and/or shoulder and a wider segment around the forearm. Sling upper-limb support orthoses are frequently used to assist the limb function by positioning it in an appropriate resting position during rehabilitation after injuries and/or trauma; they are also used to assist the limb by positioning it in an appropriate position, thus compensating for muscle weakness. Additional movement restriction is possible by attaching the sling to the user trunk. Dedicated slings attached to an external (e.g., wheelchair) bar are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16232",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Total, Support, Sling, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Sling total upper-limb support orthoses designed for attachment to a wheelchair bar that are designed to provide support and some degree of movement restriction to the upper limb. These orthoses typically consist of a loop of fabric or other soft material including a band suspended from springs that are attached to a bar that is an integral part of the wheelchair; the loop includes a wider loop segment around the forearm. Wheelchair sling upper-limb support orthoses are also used to assist the limb by positioning it in an appropriate position thus compensating for muscle weakness. They may be used also during rehabilitation after injuries and/or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "17911",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint, providing controlled motions and/or immobilization and support. These orthoses are usually classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., immobilization, support, therapeutic, functional) and the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) and/or material used to make the orthosis (metal, plastics or a combination of these). Wrist upper-limb orthoses may consist of soft orthoses (e.g., a combination of cuffs, straps, and flexible mechanisms) that are intended to provide limited support and stabilization or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide a high degree or total immobilization of the wrist joint. Wrist upper-limb orthoses are intended mainly to provide motion control of the wrist movements, for complete immobilization of the wrist joint, and to avoid pain after injuries or trauma. Dedicated wrist orthoses for static and/or dynamic therapy, and for use during normal daily activities (i.e., functional) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28714",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Functional, Dorsal Splint",
      "definition": "Wrist orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the wrist during common daily activities. These devices provide support, supplement, and/or augment the wrist functions while allowing finger articulation movements and thumb opposition. These orthoses typically consist of a splint (known as cock-up splint) that is placed from the palmar crease of the hand to the distal part of the forearm which positions the wrist at about 30 degrees of extension. Splint functional static wrist orthoses are used mainly to alleviate pain and permit better functioning of the hands in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and/or other diseases (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome) affecting the wrist."
    },
    {
      "code": "12102",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Wrist upper-limb orthoses designed for support and maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the wrist joint in a desired fixed position (i.e., without allowing movement of the joint) but usually permitting use of the hand and fingers. These orthoses typically consist of a variety of devices including a semi-rigid foam or lightweight plastic structure with aluminum stays and closure straps. The orthosis is usually placed from the mid part of the forearm to the palm of the hand with the wrist flexed or in extended position. Wrist immobilizer orthoses are used mainly to keep the function of the hand while preventing wrist and/or hand deformities in brain-injured patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "14465",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Support",
      "definition": "Upper-limb wrist flexible orthoses designed to encircle and support the wrist joint that also provide some restriction of the joint movement. These devices are usually made of wide pieces of elastic fabric with hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) for adjustment of the size and they are available in several sizes. Wrist supports are used mainly to support and compress the wrist in an appropriate position and to provide relief from pain and strain of the wrist joint after trauma (e.g., joint sprain), arthritis diseases, and/or excessive use of the joint. They can also be used for rehabilitation therapy after surgery and for extended use during normal functioning of the wrist."
    },
    {
      "code": "28709",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint and the hand during therapeutic treatment. These orthoses may provide static (i.e., with the wrist joint immobilized) or dynamic (i.e., permitting a controlled and limited wrist joint movement) therapy. Static therapy orthoses are typically prefabricated devices consisting of a plastic splint that runs from the tip of the fingers to the distal part of the forearm (e.g., a platform splint). Dynamic therapy orthoses that include a semi-rigid structure with an articulated orthotic joint (e.g., hinged) are also available. Dynamic therapy orthoses are placed at the wrist to regulate the range of movement."
    },
    {
      "code": "28713",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Therapeutic, Extension",
      "definition": "Therapeutic wrist orthoses designed for external modification of the functional characteristics of the wrist joint, permitting a limited and adjustable range of extension of the joint. These orthoses are prefabricated devices typically consisting of semi-rigid articulated devices that include forearm and hand straps, and an adjustable mechanical joint placed at the wrist to regulate the range of the joint extension. Extension dynamic wrist orthoses are used to treat patients suffering from flexion deformity of the wrist."
    },
    {
      "code": "28712",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Therapeutic, Flexion",
      "definition": "Therapeutic wrist orthoses designed for external modification of the functional characteristics of the wrist joint. This permits a limited and adjustable limited range of flexion motion of the joint. These orthoses are prefabricated devices typically consisting of semi-rigid articulated devices that include forearm and hand straps, and an adjustable mechanical joint placed at the wrist to regulate the range of the joint flexion. Flexion dynamic therapy wrist orthoses are used to treat patients suffering from hyperextension deformity of the wrist."
    },
    {
      "code": "28710",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Therapeutic, Short-Arm Cast",
      "definition": "Therapeutic wrist orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint, that keep the joint in a desired position (i.e., without allowing movement of the joint) using a short cast.   These orthoses typically consist of a cast that is placed along the wrist from the palm of the hand to the forearm (known as a short-arm cast) with the wrist in its maximum extended position. Sometimes the cast is placed with the wrist flexed; in that case, the cast is changed periodically to get more extended positions each time. Short-arm casts are used mainly to treat flexion contractures of the wrist; bi-valved short-arm casts are also available for this use."
    },
    {
      "code": "28711",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist, Therapeutic, Volar Splint",
      "definition": "Therapeutic wrist orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint. These devices keep the joint in an extended position (i.e., without allowing movement of the joint) using a semi-rigid frame along the forearm and wrist to the thumb (known as a volar splint). These orthoses typically consist of a malleable aluminum frame placed along the forearm using soft pads and straps. The frame is attached to the thumb with a strap which permits the hand and fingers normal function with the wrist in slight extended position. Static therapy volar splints are used mainly to treat injuries after trauma, including tendonitis, and post-wrist sprains and fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "28715",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint and the hand, providing motion control or total immobilization to the wrist and support to the wrist and hand. These orthoses are usually classified according to the function of the orthoses (e.g., therapeutic, functional) and the physical characteristics (e.g., shape, consistency) and/or material used to make the orthoses (metal, plastics or a combination of these). Wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses may consist of soft orthoses (e.g., a combination of cuffs, straps, and flexible mechanisms) that are intended to provide limited support and stabilization or semi-rigid orthoses that can provide a high degree or total immobilization of the wrist joint and hand. Wrist-hand orthoses are intended mainly to provide motion control of the wrist movements and/or to avoid pain after injuries or trauma. Dedicated wrist orthoses for static and/or dynamic therapy, and for use during normal daily activities (i.e., functional) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28719",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand, Functional",
      "definition": "Wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the wrist joint and hand during common daily activities using a mechanism that is triggered or propelled by the user. These orthoses typically consist of prefabricated devices, including a mechanism that permits closing the hand in several discrete positions making possible to pinch objects. Wrist-hand functional orthoses are operated by power external to the wrist and/or hand muscles (e.g., using the other arm). They provide support, supplement, and/or augment the limb functions. They are used for daily activities such as feeding, grooming, and writing by patients with paralysis or severe weakness of the hand and wrist muscles. Dedicated functional wrist-hand orthoses that use ratchet mechanisms or are driven by transmitting power from the wrist extensor muscles to the fingers (i.e., wrist driven) are available, and electrically powered orthoses are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28724",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand, Functional, Powered",
      "definition": "Functional wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses using power sources (usually electric) and powered mechanisms that are designed to make possible and/or improve the functional activities of the wrist joint and hand. These orthoses typically consist of prefabricated devices including  a semi-rigid cuff or sleeve fixed at the forearm using one or more straps, soft pads or bands fixed on the hand, and a battery powered motor and mechanism that allows the hand to close in several discrete positions. The mechanism is also used to pinch objects. Wrist-hand powered orthoses used for daily activities such as feeding, grooming, and writing by patients with paralysis or severe weakness of the hand and wrist muscles (e.g., after polio, brachial plexus injuries, stroke, quadriplegics). They are usually operated using switches (i.e., autonomous) but some orthoses controlled by bioelectric muscular (i.e., myoelectric) signals are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28720",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand, Functional, Ratchet Mechanism",
      "definition": "Functional wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses designed to grasp and release objects using a ratchet mechanism and power external to the wrist or hand. These orthoses typically consist of prefabricated devices, including  a semi-rigid cuff or sleeve fixed at the forearm with one or more straps, soft pads or bands fixed on the hand, and an adjustable ratchet mechanical joint that permits closing the hand in several discrete positions and making it possible to pinch objects. Ratchet mechanism functional orthoses are operated by power external to the wrist and/or hand muscles (e.g., using the other arm, pressing with the chin), providing support, supplementing, and/or augmenting the hand functions. They are used for daily activities such as feeding, grooming, and writing by patients with paralysis or severe weakness of the hand and wrist muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "28721",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand, Functional, Wrist-Driven",
      "definition": "Functional wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses designed to grasp and release object using a mechanism powered by the wrist extensor muscles. These orthoses typically consist of prefabricated devices including a semi-rigid cuff or sleeve fixed at the forearm with one or more straps, soft pads or bands fixed on the hand, and a mechanism that transmits power from the wrist extensors to the weak or disabled finger muscles. These devices permit closing the hand in several discrete positions and making it possible to pinch objects between the fingers and thumb. Wrist-driven functional orthoses are used for daily activities such as feeding, grooming, and writing by patients with paralysis or severe weakness of the hand and wrist muscles."
    },
    {
      "code": "28716",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint and the hand during therapeutic treatment. These orthoses may provide static (i.e., with the wrist joint immobilized) or dynamic (i.e., permitting a controlled and limited wrist joint movement) therapy. Static therapy orthoses are typically prefabricated devices consisting of a plastic splint that runs from the tip of the fingers to the distal part of the forearm (e.g., a platform splint). Dynamic therapy orthoses that include a semi-rigid structure with an articulated orthotic joint (e.g., hinged) are also available. Dynamic therapy orthoses are placed at the wrist to regulate the range of movement."
    },
    {
      "code": "28718",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand, Therapeutic, Articulated",
      "definition": "Therapeutic wrist-hand upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the characteristic of the wrist joint. These devices provide a force across the joint and permit a limited and adjustable range of motion. These orthoses are prefabricated devices typically consisting of a semi-rigid cuff or sleeve fixed at the forearm using one or more straps and a soft pad or band fixed on the hand. The orthosis also includes an adjustable mechanical joint (hinge) placed at the wrist to regulate the range of its movement, usually by extension and flexion movement controls (i.e., stops). Some orthoses incorporate an elastic band to assist weak extension muscles. Therapeutic dynamic wrist-hand orthoses are used in patients with weak wrist muscle extensors and paralyzed hand muscles after surgery, trauma, or brain injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "28717",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand, Therapeutic, Platform Splint",
      "definition": "Therapeutic wrist upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the characteristics of the wrist joint and hand while allowing very limited finger articulation movements. These orthoses typically consist of a long, lightweight plastic splint (known as platform splint) that runs from the tip of the fingers to the distal part of the forearm. This keeps the wrist in neutral position and restricts the movement of the fingers and thumb. Therapeutic platform splint wrist orthoses are used mainly for night treatment, frequently after surgery for traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "28727",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand-Finger",
      "definition": "Upper-limb orthoses encompassing the wrist, hand, and fingers that are designed to immobilize, stabilize, and support the wrist joint, hand, one or more fingers and/or the thumb. They provide motion control, total immobilization, and/or support. These orthoses may consist of a variety of devices intended for immobilization or static or dynamic therapy, or, less frequently, for functional use. These orthoses typically include both dorsal and palmar (volar) adjustable solid stays attached along the hand and fingers and permit appropriate positioning of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Wrist-hand-finger orthoses are used mainly for immobilization during rehabilitation after surgery (e.g., arthroplasty surgery) and/or for therapeutic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "28728",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand-Finger, Immobilizer, Splint",
      "definition": "Wrist-hand-finger immobilizer orthoses consisting of a semi-rigid structure (i.e., a splint) that are designed for maximum restriction of movements and/or total immobilization of the wrist joint by keeping the hand, fingers, and thumb in a functional position. These orthoses typically consist of a splint with a component made of fabric, leather, or plastic that is placed encircling the distal segment of the forearm and wrist to keep the wrist in a fixed position. A second component is used to keep in appropriate position the fingers and thumb while malleable aluminum strays connect both components providing a rigid or semi-rigid structure. Immobilizer wrist-hand-finger splints are used mainly to prevent finger contractures and after wrist surgery (e.g., surgical arthroplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28729",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand-Finger, Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Wrist-hand-finger upper-limb orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint and the hand during therapeutic procedures. These orthoses may consist of a device that encircles the forearm, including both dorsal and palmar (volar) adjustable solid stays attached along the hand and fingers that permit appropriate positioning of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Static therapy wrist-hand-finger orthoses are used mainly after surgery (e.g., arthroplasty surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28730",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand-Finger, Therapeutic, Wide Platform Splint",
      "definition": "Therapeutic wrist-hand-finger orthoses designed for external modification of the structural and/or functional characteristics of the wrist joint, hand, and fingers that consist of a splint resembling a platform. These orthoses consist of a device that encircles the forearm and include both a both dorsal and a palmar (volar) wide platform structure (i.e., a splint), including adjustable solid stays attached along the hand and fingers to permit appropriate positioning of the wrist and fingers. Wide platform orthosis splints are used mainly for therapeutic treatments after surgery (e.g., arthroplasty surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28731",
      "display": "Orthoses, Upper Limb, Wrist-Hand-Thumb, Immobilizer",
      "definition": "Wrist-hand-thumb upper-limb orthoses designed to immobilize, stabilize, and support the wrist joint in a desired position (i.e., without allowing movement of the joint) and also to immobilize the hand and thumb. These orthoses consist of a semi-rigid plastic device that encircles the forearm including adjustable (e.g., Velcro) straps that can be trimmed with scissors. The orthoses permit appropriate positioning of the wrist, hand, and thumb according to the users' needs. Immobilizer wrist-hand-thumb orthoses are used mainly for rehabilitation after surgery or traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "12839",
      "display": "Oscilloscopes",
      "definition": "Electronic instruments designed primarily to show graphs of electric signals on a display. Usually the graph shows how signals change with time; typically the vertical (Y) axis represents the amplitude or intensity of the signal and the horizontal (X) axis the variation over time. The brightness of the displayed signal is frequently called the Z axis. These instruments typically consist of an electronic unit (usually digital, less frequently analog) for processing the incoming signal(s); input and output ports; controls (e.g., vertical and horizontal amplitude, trigger, brightness); and an electronic display (screen); it also includes appropriate measuring probes. Oscilloscopes are typically used in maintenance work to calibrate, repair, and/or assess functioning of medical devices and other equipment used in healthcare."
    },
    {
      "code": "12842",
      "display": "Osmometers",
      "definition": "Clinical laboratory measuring instruments designed to determine a solution's osmotic pressure, a variable related to the particle concentration (i.e., osmolality) of an aqueous solution such as body fluid, including whole blood, plasma, serum, and urine. These readings are used to determine levels of solute concentrations that control the movement of solutes throughout body tissues. Two main types of osmometers (freezing point and vapor-pressure osmometers) intended to measure small-particle osmolality (i.e., crystalloids such as glucose or urea, ions such as sodium or chlorine) are available; osmometers intended to measure osmolality due to molecules of a greater mass (i.e., colloids) and particles with a mass greater than 30,000 atomic mass units (i.e., Daltons) such as serum proteins are also available (i.e., colloid osmometers, also known as oncometers). An abnormal ratio between the osmolality values for urine and serum can indicate renal disease, diabetes insipidus, or secretion of abnormal levels of antidiuretic hormone; water and electrolyte imbalances are also present in patients with acute poisoning and shock trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "12800",
      "display": "Osmometers, Colloid",
      "definition": "Osmometers designed for direct determination of the osmotic pressure (i.e., osmolality) in a solution that includes particles with a mass greater than 30,000 atomic mass units (i.e., Daltons), such as serum proteins. Colloid osmometers (also known as oncometers) measure osmotic pressure directly by subjecting the sample to a protein-specific osmotic cell; the analytical cell is made up of two chambers of fluid separated by a semipermeable membrane, which is permeable to water and small molecules (e.g., crystalloids, ions) and impermeable to large molecules (i.e., colloids). The clinical use for colloid osmometers is different from other osmometers; they are intended to measure the decrease in osmotic pressure due to decrease in protein concentration in a wide variety of body fluids (e.g., urine, serum, plasma, cephalospinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid) and consequently to measure the risk of edema (e.g., pulmonary edema), facilitating the management of intravenous fluid therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "32996",
      "display": "Osmometers, Electrical Impedance",
      "definition": "Osmometers designed for in-vitro determination of a solution's osmotic pressure (i.e., osmolality), a variable related to the ion concentration in the solution, by measuring its electrical impedance. These instruments typically consist of a sample chamber where the solution is placed and an electric impedance meter with appropriate electrodes that are immersed in the solution. The electrical impedance depends on the composition and concentration of the ions within the solution, so any changes in the impedance when compared with a standard solution can be correlated with the osmolality and/or osmolarity of the solution under test. For example, an abnormal ratio between the osmolality in urine and serum may indicate renal disease, diabetes insipidus, or secretion of abnormal levels of antidiuretic hormone; water and electrolyte imbalances also occur in patients with acute poisoning and shock trauma. Dedicated impedance osmometers used to determine the osmolarity of a tear film are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "32997",
      "display": "Osmometers, Electrical Impedance, Tear Film",
      "definition": "Osmometers designed for in-vitro determination of the osmotic pressure of a tear film. These instruments consist of a handheld sampler that absorbs by capillarity a tiny sample (in the order of nanoliters) of tears from the eye. The sampler also includes a microchip and electrodes that permit measurement of the electrical impedance of the tear film, as well as a central portable unit that process the data from the sampler and displays the osmolarity (or osmolality) value. The electrical impedance depends on the composition and concentration of the ions in the tear film, so any changes in the impedance when compared with a standard solution of normal tear can be correlated with the osmolarity of the tear film under test. An abnormal value of the tear film osmolarity may help in the determination of some eye conditions; the test may facilitate the diagnosis of dry eyes and/or other eye diseases. Tests for tear osmolarity may be also performed using freezing point and/or vapor pressure osmometers, but the size of the sample required and/or the volume of the equipment needed limit the use only for research."
    },
    {
      "code": "23793",
      "display": "Osmometers, Freezing Point",
      "definition": "Osmometers designed for indirect determination of a solution's osmotic pressure (i.e., osmolality), a variable related to the particle concentration in the solution, by measuring the freezing point depression of the solution relative to the freezing point of a standard solution (e.g., sodium chloride) of known osmolality, based on one of the colligative properties of solutions. These instruments typically consist of a sample chamber with an operating head that includes a stirrer and a temperature sensor, a refrigeration device, and a display. Freezing point depression osmometers are intended for the determination of total solute levels that affect water balance in tissues and the gathering of information about water and electrolyte imbalances. An abnormal ratio between the osmolality in urine and serum may indicate renal disease, diabetes insipidus, or secretion of abnormal levels of antidiuretic hormone; water and electrolyte imbalances are also present in patients with acute poisoning and shock trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23794",
      "display": "Osmometers, Vapor Pressure",
      "definition": "Osmometers designed for indirect determination of a solution's osmotic pressure (i.e., osmolality), a variable related to the particle concentration in the solution, by measuring the vapor pressure (or dew point) depression without changing the physical state or the temperature of the sample, based on one of the colligative properties of solution. These instruments consist of a sealed chamber with an electronic temperature sensor (e.g., a thermocouple) that is electronically nulled and a Peltier element that cools the thermocouple to a temperature below the dew point, causing the water to condense on the thermocouple's surface. An abnormal ratio between the osmolality in urine and serum may indicate renal disease, diabetes insipidus, or secretion of abnormal levels of antidiuretic hormone; water and electrolyte imbalances are also present in patients with acute poisoning and shock trauma. Vapor pressure/dew point osmometers cannot be used if the sample has volatile components (e.g., ethanol); some instruments include a sweat-collecting device to make iontophoresis determinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "28476",
      "display": "Osseointegration Measurement Instruments",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the stability (i.e., clinical immobility or stiffness) between dental implants and surrounding bones, which is an indirect indication of osseointegration. These instruments are mostly based on a vibration analysis of the implant-bone system after the application of an external force such as magnetic pulses. Increased vibration frequency indicates increased implant stability. These devices can also assist in measuring the progress of implant osseointegration by repeated testing over time."
    },
    {
      "code": "12844",
      "display": "Osteotomes",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to cut and/or shape bone. These devices are typically handheld chisel-like instruments with a sharp distal end that is often beveled on both sides; they are usually stronger than surgical chisels. Dedicated osteotomes are available for several orthopedic, plastic (e.g., nasal), spinal, and oral surgery procedures; they are also used in dentistry."
    },
    {
      "code": "12845",
      "display": "Osteotomes, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Osteotomes designed to cut and/or shape bone during orthopedic procedures. These osteotomes are typically heavy, strong, handheld chisel-like instruments with a sharp distal end (either straight or curved) that is often beveled on both sides. Dedicated osteotomes with appropriate shapes are available for specific orthopedic procedures, including prosthetic procedures involving femoral and tibial cutting."
    },
    {
      "code": "12846",
      "display": "Osteotomes, Plastic Surgery",
      "definition": "Osteotomes designed to cut and shape small bones and/or cartilage during plastic surgery. Osteotomes are typically small, handheld chisel-like instruments with a sharp distal end (either straight or curved), that is often beveled on both sides. Dedicated osteotomes are available for several plastic surgery procedures such as nasal cartilage shaping; they are also used to cut small bones during surgery (e.g., hand surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16434",
      "display": "Ostomy Appliance Adhesives",
      "definition": "Substances (i.e., liquids, aerosol sprays) intended to be used to adhere an ostomy appliance to the skin surrounding the stoma. Ostomy appliance adhesives are typically pressure-sensitive adhesives that form a bond between the skin and ostomy appliance. Ostomy appliance adhesives are supplied in multiple forms, including liquids, sprays, cements, and wipes."
    },
    {
      "code": "39554",
      "display": "Ostomy Barrier Rings/Strips/Wedges",
      "definition": "Devices used to fill in or caulk uneven contours in the peristomal skin for the purpose of providing a more uniform surface for the adhesion of an ostomy appliance skin barrier."
    },
    {
      "code": "40993",
      "display": "Ostomy Belts",
      "definition": "Strips of fabric material designed to be wrapped around the torso of an individual (i.e., a belt) for the purpose of supporting an ostomy appliance (i.e., pulling the appliance into more firm contact with the skin and/or supporting the weight of the appliance pouch). Ostomy belts typically incorporate the ability to adjust the length of the strap to fit users of different torso sizes. Ostomy belts frequently incorporate tabs that connect to belt tabs on the ostomy appliance flange or pouch. Alternatively, ostomy belts may incorporate a pressure plate intended to fit over the top of the ostomy appliance flange."
    },
    {
      "code": "16459",
      "display": "Ostomy Collection Bags",
      "definition": "Devices designed to capture feces or urine excreted through a surgically created opening (i.e., ostomy) in the abdominal wall. Ostomy collection bags typically consist of receptacle for excreted waste (e.g., bag/pouch) that is attached to the wafer (also known as a barrier or faceplate) that is adhered to the skin surrounding the ostomy/stoma. Ostomy collection bags exist in both one-piece and two-piece configurations in which the collection bag and wafer are a single unit or two distinct units, respectively.  Ostomy collection bags may have a closed end or incorporate drainage capabilities to allow disposal of accumulated feces or urine into a toilet or alternative receptacle."
    },
    {
      "code": "40982",
      "display": "Ostomy Collection Bags, One-Piece",
      "definition": "Ostomy collection bags with a one-piece configuration in which the skin-adhered wafer and pouch are a single contiguous unit. The skin-adhered wafer component of one-piece ostomy appliances typically consists of a bandage-like swatch of material with a central hole to accommodate the stoma and a pressure-sensitive adhesive coating intended to be applied to the peristomal skin. One-piece ostomy collection bag wafers may be pre-cut to fit stomas of a certain size or adjustable to fit stomas of various sizes (i.e., cut-to-fit or moldable). Additionally, one-piece ostomy collection bag wafers may be flat or convex, which are intended to be used on stomas that protrude from the abdominal skin or stomas that sit flat to or recessed from the abdominal skin, respectively. The pouch component of one-piece ostomy collection bags may have a closed end or incorporate drainage capabilities to allow disposal of accumulated feces or urine into a toilet or alternative receptacle."
    },
    {
      "code": "40983",
      "display": "Ostomy Collection Bags, Two-Piece",
      "definition": "Ostomy collection bags with a two-piece configuration in which the collection bag must be used with a separate skin-adhered wafer that the user must couple mechanically to form a functioning appliance. Two-piece ostomy collection bags typically consist of a plastic or elastomeric sac that can be attached to the appliance wafer (i.e., baseplate) to form a complete pouching system. Two-piece ostomy appliances may be joined using either an adhesive or a plastic coupling consisting of interlocking rings on the skin-adhered wafer and pouch. Two-piece ostomy collection bags may have a closed end or incorporate drainage capabilities to allow disposal of accumulated feces or urine into a toilet or alternative receptacle."
    },
    {
      "code": "41004",
      "display": "Ostomy Irrigation Sleeves",
      "definition": "Single-use devices intended to be used during colostomy irrigation procedures to allow access to the stoma by the irrigation fluid supply line and provide a conduit for stomal effluent to be directed into a toilet or alternative waste receptacle. Ostomy irrigation sleeves are typically a cone-shaped, flexible, plastic sleeve of approximately 2 feet (60 cm) in length. Ostomy irrigation sleeves typically incorporate a small circular opening in the sleeve wall intended to accommodate the patient's stoma. Ostomy irrigation sleeves may be designed with belt tabs to be held in place using an ostomy belt or may be designed to be coupled with compatible two-piece ostomy appliance wafers."
    },
    {
      "code": "40994",
      "display": "Ostomy Pouch Clips",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the occlusion of drainable ostomy pouches. Ostomy pouch clips typically consist of a plastic hinged apparatus with two arms that when closed clamp down on the ostomy pouch."
    },
    {
      "code": "39552",
      "display": "Ostomy Wafers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to function as the skin barrier component of a two-piece ostomy appliance . Two-piece ostomy appliance wafers typically consist of a swatch of bandage-like material with a central hole to accommodate the stoma. These devices typically incorporate a pressure-sensitive adhesive-coated side intended to be applied to the peristomal skin and a pouch-coupling side designed to allow attachment of a compatible ostomy collection bag. Two-piece ostomy appliances may be joined using either an adhesive or a plastic coupling consisting of interlocking rings on the skin-adhered wafer and pouch. Two-piece ostomy appliance wafers may be pre-cut to fit stomas of a certain size or adjustable to fit stomas of various sizes (i.e., cut-to-fit or moldable). Additionally, two-piece ostomy appliance wafers may be flat or convex, which are intended to be used on stomas that protrude from the abdominal skin or stomas that sit flat to or recessed from the abdominal skin, respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "12849",
      "display": "Otoscopes",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to inspect the ear, especially the outer ear canal and the tympanic membrane.  These instruments include a light source (e.g., halogen lamp), batteries, magnifying glasses, a specula (may be disposable), and a handle.  Some of these instruments also include other accessories, according to their intended use (e.g., diagnostic, operative)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18785",
      "display": "Otoscopes, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Otoscopes designed for determination of the movement (compliance) of the tympanic membrane when it is subjected to a moderate-pressure air current.  The motion of the membrane is visually evaluated (subjectively) by the observer.  These instruments include a closed system for air delivery.  Pneumatic otoscopes are used for determining middle ear disease (e.g., otitis media), particularly in children."
    },
    {
      "code": "34608",
      "display": "Outdoor Canopies",
      "definition": "Stand-alone canopies designed for outdoor protection against the environmental conditions (e.g., sun, rain). These canopies are typically made of a solid, impermeable fabric cover mounted on four or more plastic or metal poles. These canopies usually do not include walls but may include lateral mesh panels to avoid insects. Outdoor canopies are available in several sizes and colors; they are mainly intended for recreational and home purposes and/or for use in a variety of massive events."
    },
    {
      "code": "23542",
      "display": "Ovens, Annealing, Thermoluminescent Detector",
      "definition": "Laboratory ovens designed for heating and cooling of thermoluminescent (TL) detectors at a pre-established rate (i.e., annealing). These ovens typically consist of a thermal isolated chamber made of corrosion-proof materials and, frequently, a large glass window; the oven also includes time-and-temperature sensors and controls (either manual or automated), temperature protection, and alarms. The controls may be an integral part of the oven or provided as a separate control unit. TL detector annealing ovens can be used for controlled annealing before irradiating and/or reading; some TL ovens include software that allows custom modifications in the temperature cycles."
    },
    {
      "code": "35415",
      "display": "Ovens, Dental, Endodontic Gutta Percha Point Obturator",
      "definition": "Dental ovens designed for heating obturators filled with  a gutta percha point at a pre-established temperature. These ovens typically consist of a desktop oven with a heating chamber and one or more holders intended to place the endodontic obturators filled with the gutta percha points. The ovens also include electric heating elements, controls for the heating elements and obturator size, and visual and/or sound indicators to show the status of the process; they may also include a cleaning mode using dedicated products and an appropriate temperature for cleaning the heating chamber. Gutta percha point dental ovens are used for endodontic (i.e., root canal) procedures in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "37320",
      "display": "Ovens, Food Service",
      "definition": "Thermally insulated chambers used in cooking for warming, cooking, and baking food, typically fueled by either natural gas or electricity. Food service ovens have thermostatic controls, which turns the oven on and off and selects the temperature at which the oven will operate, and, usually, a timer. Food service ovens may have complex, computer-based controls allowing a wide variety of operating modes. They may be freestanding or countertop units."
    },
    {
      "code": "37323",
      "display": "Ovens, Food Service, Microwave",
      "definition": "Food service ovens that warm and cook food by exposing it to microwave radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. The microwave oven induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating. Microwave ovens have a control panel for programming cooking times and microwave power settings."
    },
    {
      "code": "21086",
      "display": "Ovens, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Ovens designed for clinical laboratory procedures (e.g., baking, drying, desiccating, sterilizing of glassware, instruments, cultures, or samples); they operate at temperatures typically from ambient to a maximum of between 200 and 325 degrees Celsius (392 to 620 degrees Fahrenheit) with the chamber temperature accuracy, resolution, and uniformity required in clinical laboratory work. These ovens usually consist of a thermal isolated chamber made of corrosion-proof materials and, frequently, a large glass window; they also include time-and-temperature sensors and controls (either manual or automated), temperature protection, and alarms. Laboratory ovens are available in many different capacities (typically from 27 to 135 cubic dm [1 to 5 cubic feet]) and configurations (e.g., tabletop, upright, undercounter). Dedicated laboratory ovens provide gravity and/or forced-air capabilities; some can provide a vacuum environment in the working chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "21087",
      "display": "Ovens, Laboratory, Forced-Air Convection",
      "definition": "Laboratory ovens designed to provide forced-air convection in the working chamber, increasing the uniformity of heating. They usually operate (frequently using a computer program) at temperatures in a range from ambient to a maximum of between 200 and 300 degrees Celsius (392 to 572 degrees Fahrenheit). These ovens typically consist of a thermal isolated chamber made of corrosion-proof materials and, frequently, a big glass window, a blower that circulates heated air through the chamber. and air intake and exhaust ports. The ovens also include time-and-temperature sensors and controls (either manual or automated), temperature protection, and alarms. Forced-air laboratory ovens are used mainly in procedures (e.g., conditioning, sterilizing, quality control) involving cultures and samples when accurately controlled uniform heating is required. They are available in many different capacities (typically from 27 to 135 cubic dm/1 to 5 cubic feet) and configurations (e.g., tabletop, upright, undercounter). Tabletop units intended for thawing and/or warming plasma and/or other related products (e.g., whole blood, erythrocytes) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27650",
      "display": "Ovens, Laboratory, Forced-Air, Convection, Plasma-Thawing",
      "definition": "Forced-air convection laboratory ovens intended for thawing and/or warming frozen plasma and/or other related products (e.g., whole blood, erythrocytes, cryopreparations) in a dry environment. Typically heat is transferred from a heat plate by conduction and also by forced-air convection to the plasma bag.  These devices usually consist of a tabletop unit that includes an enclosure where the plasma bags are inserted, electronic processing circuits, heating elements, a blower, temperature sensors and controls, and data output ports to keep record of the process. The ovens may also include some means to provide gentle agitation (e.g., rocking) to the bags during the thawing/warming process. Plasma thawing forced-air ovens are mainly used in laboratories, blood banks, and trauma centers to thaw and/or warm blood products close to body temperature (i.e., 37 degrees Celsius/98.5 degrees Fahrenheit) prior to transfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "33004",
      "display": "Ovens, Laboratory, Microwave",
      "definition": "Ovens designed for clinical laboratory procedures (e.g., melting, drying, desiccating) that heat substances by applying an electromagnetic field with frequencies in the range of the microwaves (typically around 2.45 GHz). These ovens usually consist of a metallic box with a microwave generator capable of delivering power in the order of one kilowatt; a chamber with a front door; and time and power controls. The ovens usually include a ventilation system with ducts (for gas evacuation) that may be coupled to a fume hood or other laboratory gas extraction system. Laboratory microwave ovens are intended for a variety of applications, including drying slides and melting agar. Dedicated microwave ovens intended for a particular use, such as plasma thawing, histology procedures, slide staining, and tissue fixation, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33007",
      "display": "Ovens, Laboratory, Microwave, Cytology/Histology",
      "definition": "Microwave laboratory ovens designed for cytology and/or histology procedures.  These ovens consist of a tabletop microwave oven using a magnetron to generate the heating power. They include a relatively large chamber (i.e., cavity) where the samples are heated and have exhaust fans that may be connected to the laboratory exhaust systems. The ovens also include additional safety features (e.g., temperature sensors) to protect both the equipment and the operator; the oven should also include dedicated temperature probes and feedback systems to avoid damage to the processed biological specimens. Some ovens may also have high rotational speed, vacuum, and controlled temperature cycle capabilities. Cytology/histology microwave ovens are used in clinical laboratories for a variety of procedures, including slide staining, tissue fixation, decalcification, and other procedures used for sample preparation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17847",
      "display": "Ovens, Laboratory, Microwave, Plasma-Thawing",
      "definition": "Microwave laboratory ovens designed for defrosting (i.e., thawing) frozen plasma. These ovens usually consist of a metallic box with a microwave generator that delivers an electromagnetic field with frequencies in the range of the microwaves (typically around 2.45 GHz); a chest-type chamber with an upper door or, less frequently, a conventional front door oven intended for appropriate placing of frozen plasma bags; and accurate time and power controls that may perform pre-programmed warming cycles. Plasma-thawing microwave ovens are used in blood banks, healthcare facilities, and in clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "21088",
      "display": "Ovens, Laboratory, Vacuum",
      "definition": "Laboratory ovens designed to provide the relatively low-vacuum environment in the working chamber necessary in some laboratory procedures. They usually operate (frequently using a computer program) at temperatures ranging from ambient to a maximum of between 200 and 300 degrees Celsius (392 to 572 degrees Fahrenheit). These ovens usually consist of a thermal isolated chamber made of corrosion-proof materials and, frequently, thick walls and a glass window; opening and closing purge and vacuum valves and ports; time-and-temperature sensors and controls (either manual or automated); temperature protection, and alarms. Some vacuum ovens permit operation with an inert gas environment in the working chamber. Vacuum laboratory ovens are used mainly in procedures such as desiccating, moisture testing, annealing, and vacuum embedding. They are available in many different capacities (typically from 14 to 54 cubic dm/0.5 to 2 cubic feet) and configurations (e.g., tabletop, upright, undercounter)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41029",
      "display": "Overhead Track Patient Transfer Lift Motors",
      "definition": "Motors that are part of overhead track patient transfer lifts and that supply the power for lifting the patient. Sometimes these motors are portable and can switched between different tracks. They may include a carrying handle and operational controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "12853",
      "display": "Oximeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed primarily for determining the oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SpO2) by measuring the relative amount of hemoglobin forms (e.g., oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin).  These instruments include light sources of two or more wavelengths, usually in the red and infrared spectrum; photo detectors; and probes.  Some oximeters can also determine several hemoglobin forms (e.g., carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin).  In vitro oximeters measure blood samples as laboratory analyzers; pulse and most point-of-care and other oximeters make in vivo measurements and are mostly used as blood-oxygen monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "17942",
      "display": "Oximeters, Cerebral",
      "definition": "Oximeters that non-invasively measure the regional oxygen saturation in the deep intracranial microvasculature of the brain, which primarily represents cerebral venous saturation (SvO2).  The technique used is similar to the filter photometer technique used in pulse oximeters, except that it does not require an arterial pulse.  These oximeters include a light source, lens, a filter array (usually of several wavelengths in the near infrared spectrum), fiberoptic cables, a head probe, light sensors and a computer unit that process the data and reduce them to relative oxygen concentrations. Cerebral oximeters are used to monitor adults at risk of cerebral hypoxemia or ischemia in the operating room, intensive care and emergency units, and recovery rooms"
    },
    {
      "code": "15201",
      "display": "Oximeters, In Vitro",
      "definition": "Oximeters designed primarily for determining the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes in blood samples and displaying the results as percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2). The operation of these oximeters is based in measuring the light intensity that passes through a blood sample at different wavelengths, either using photometric or spectrophotometric techniques. In vitro oximeters are used in central clinical laboratories and also at the point of care in surgical areas and critical care units."
    },
    {
      "code": "18635",
      "display": "Oximeters, In Vitro, Point-of-Care",
      "definition": "Oximeters designed for determination of only a small number of critical parameters (e.g., oxygen saturation, total hemoglobin) at the point of Care.  These oximeters use smaller whole-blood samples and are simpler to operate than laboratory oximeters, while producing fast and reasonably accurate results.  Point-of-care oximeters are used in sites such as surgical suites, cardiac catheterizations areas, critical care rooms, and the patient's bedside."
    },
    {
      "code": "15200",
      "display": "Oximeters, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Oximeters that measure the mixed venous blood-oxygen saturation (SvO2) using a catheter that includes optical fibers.  These oximeters include LED light sources, which generate light of different wavelengths and are transmitted through a fiberoptic channel to the tip of the catheter, where they are absorbed, refracted, and reflected by the red blood cells.  The blood reflectance changes, which depend on hemoglobin forms, are processed and displayed as SvO2 values. These oximeters are used in diagnostic cardiac catheterization, cardiac surgery, and sometimes to evaluate SvO2 in newborns through an umbilical artery.  Some instruments may be coupled with dedicated pulmonary arterial catheters to perform the continuous display of both SvO2) and hemodynamic measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "17148",
      "display": "Oximeters, Pulse",
      "definition": "Oximeters designed primarily for determining the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbence changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations and displaying the results as percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2).  These oximeters include red and infrared light sources (typically LEDs of 660 and 940 nm), photodetectors, and probes that transmit light through a pulsating arterial bed, such as the finger tip, earlobe, or toe.  Pulse oximeters are used in operating rooms, intensive care units, recovery rooms, and sometimes in emergency vehicles or for patient respiratory care at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "17667",
      "display": "Oximeters, Pulse, Telemetric",
      "definition": "Pulse oximeters in which all or a portion of the signal pathway is established through a radio link.  Telemetry pulse oximeters are intended to promote the patient's freedom of movement, eliminating the need for cables connected to a bedside monitor."
    },
    {
      "code": "35437",
      "display": "Oximeters/CO-Oximeters",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for simultaneous determination of (1) the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) displaying the results as percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2), and (2)  the percentages of total hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) and blood levels of hemoglobin derivates (co-oximetry) such as methemoglobin (blood with oxidized hemoglobin, SpMet), carboxyhemoglobin (blood with carbon monoxide content, SpCO). In vitro oximeters/cooximeters measure blood samples as laboratory analyzers; pulse oximeters and  monitoring instruments make in vivo measurements by determining the light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16618",
      "display": "Oximeters/CO-Oximeters, In Vitro",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the simultaneous determination in blood samples of (1) the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations and displaying the results as percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2) and (2) the percentages of total hemoglobin concentration (tHb) and hemoglobin derivates (co-oximetry) such as methemoglobin (blood with oxidized hemoglobin, SpMet), carboxyhemoglobin (blood with carbon monoxide content, COHb). The operation of these instruments is based in measuring the light intensity that passes through a blood sample at several different wavelengths (usually four or more). The wavelengths are selected either by a filter wheel (photometric technique) or a diffraction grating (spectrophotometric technique). From these measurements these instruments calculate oxygenation derivatives, including oxygen saturation, content, and capacity. In vitro oximeters/co-oximeters are used in central clinical laboratories, cardiac catheterization suites, surgical suites, and critical care units."
    },
    {
      "code": "34610",
      "display": "Oximeters/Co-Oximeters, Pulse",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for simultaneous determination of (1) the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations and displaying the results as percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2) and (2)  the percentages of total hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) and blood levels of hemoglobin derivates (CO-oximetry) such as methemoglobin (blood with oxidized hemoglobin, SpMet) and carboxyhemoglobin (blood with carbon monoxide content, SpCO). The instruments usually can also measure pulse rate. Pulse oximeters/CO-oximeters are portable devices that include visible and infrared light sources (typically LEDs from 500 to 1,000 nm), photodetectors, a display, and attached probes that transmit light through a pulsating arterial bed, such as the finger tip, or earlobe. Pulse oximeters/CO-oximeters are used for continuous measuring of blood hemoglobin and its changes in emergency, peri-operative, at  the point of care, especially for trauma related hemorrhagic anemia."
    },
    {
      "code": "15981",
      "display": "Oxygen Canister/IV Pole Holders, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Devices used to mount oxygen canisters and poles for intravenous lines to wheelchairs during patient transport. Wheelchair oxygen canister/IV pole holders are typically constructed of sturdy metal and contain clamps or other types of fasteners to mount them onto the wheelchair frame. They come in various styles and sizes and are usually interchangeable on different models of wheelchairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "12868",
      "display": "Oxygen Canisters",
      "definition": "Small containers (i.e., canisters) designed for temporary storage of oxygen before delivery to a single patient. These containers may store oxygen gas or liquid oxygen (LOX). Oxygen gas canisters may store the equivalent (at standard pressure) of two to three liters of oxygen at relatively high pressures or the equivalent of 20 to 25 liters at higher pressures. LOX canisters usually consist of a small-capacity (e.g., one liter) double-vessel tank; an insulated inner vessel contains the liquid oxygen at a temperature of -183 degrees C (-297 degreesF) and an outer vessel for protection; one liter of liquid oxygen provides 860 liters of gas. Vacuum in the space between both vessels insulates the liquid oxygen from the environment in a way similar to a thermos bottle; the canister may include a vent line for slow release of the gas from the boiling liquid. Oxygen canisters are intended mainly for use with individual ambulatory oxygen delivery units; they are typically refilled from larger containers located at users' homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "12873",
      "display": "Oxygen Concentrators",
      "definition": "Gas concentrators designed to increase the percentage of oxygen in a mixture of gases, usually air. Oxygen concentrators usually filter out nitrogen from atmospheric air, providing a gas mixture with a concentration of oxygen that is typically higher than 90%. An oxygen concentrator usually works by filtering out nitrogen (typically using absorption by a zeolite filter) and sending it back to the atmosphere; the remaining high-oxygen-concentration gas is delivered to the patient using a cannula and/or mask. Oxygen concentrators are available as stand-alone units and also as portable devices; they can deliver volumes up to five liter/minute and three liter/minute respectively. Oxygen concentrators are mainly used to supply oxygen therapy to patients by providing to the respiratory tract a gas mixture with a considerably higher concentration of oxygen than the usual concentration found in air (about 19%)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12027",
      "display": "Oxygen Delivery Hoods",
      "definition": "Hoods designed to deliver oxygen to a patient's respiratory system (i.e., for administration of oxygen). These hoods typically consist of a rigid plastic shell that may enclose the head of an adult or infant or an infant's entire body; they may include sensors to determine oxygen concentration, temperature, and humidity. Oxygen supply hoods are used to administer high volumes of oxygen at high concentrations; dedicated hoods are available to provide oxygen therapy to newborns, infants, and adults (frequently, the adults are simultaneously under hyperbaric chamber treatments)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24165",
      "display": "Oxygen Delivery Hoods, Adult",
      "definition": "Oxygen delivery hoods consisting of a rigid transparent plastic shell that encloses the patient's head; they are typically mounted on a neck ring that provides a gas-tight seal. These hoods may include temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration sensors; they may also include supply and exhaust ports for gas tube connections; some hoods also have ports for gas concentration analysis and to permit the patient to hear. The hoods are connected to the oxygen source using tubes or hoses. Adult oxygen supply hoods are frequently used for administration of high-pressure oxygen to patients who are inside hyperbaric chambers."
    },
    {
      "code": "24166",
      "display": "Oxygen Delivery Hoods, Infant",
      "definition": "Oxygen delivery hoods designed for infant use. These hoods typically consist of a rigid transparent plastic shell that encloses the entire body of the infant or, less frequently, only his or her head. The hoods include a diffuser to prevent oxygen from blowing directly on the infant and may also include temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration sensors. The hoods are connected to the oxygen source using tubes or hoses. Infant oxygen delivery hoods are used to administer high volumes (usually 10-15 liters per minute) of oxygen at high concentration (80% to 90%) under controlled humidity and temperature conditions; they are typically used for newborns and children younger than two years who can breathe on their own but need extra oxygen. Both reusable and disposable infant hoods are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24167",
      "display": "Oxygen Delivery Hoods, Infant, Disposable",
      "definition": "Infant oxygen delivery hoods designed for a single use (i.e., disposable devices). These hoods typically consist of a rigid transparent plastic shell that encloses the infant's head; the hoods include a diffuser to prevent oxygen from blowing directly on the infant and may also include temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration sensors. The hoods are connected to the oxygen source using tubes or hoses. Disposable infant oxygen delivery hoods are used to administer high volumes (usually 10-15 liters per minute) of oxygen at high concentration (80% to 90%) under controlled humidity and temperature conditions; they are typically used for newborns and children younger than two years who can breathe on their own but need extra oxygen."
    },
    {
      "code": "18076",
      "display": "Oxygen Delivery Units, Controlled",
      "definition": "Oxygen delivery units designed to halt the oxygen supply during a part of the respiratory cycle. These devices are based on the fact that that oxygen is needed only during the initial phase of inspiration, permitting the interruption of oxygen delivery during the rest of the respiratory cycle. Most units either use a regulator to reduce the time of actual oxygen flow or have a low flow and store oxygen during expiration that is then used as a bolus during inspiration; another approach to control oxygen delivery is the use of a transtracheal catheter. Controlled oxygen delivery units are intended to reduce the oxygen consumption (i.e., conserving oxygen), increasing the mobility of the patient because of the lower weight of the units."
    },
    {
      "code": "39557",
      "display": "Oxygen Delivery Units, High-Flow",
      "definition": "Units designed to deliver a high-flow (typically greater than 15 L/min) of heated and humidified air or mixture of air and oxygen to a patient. These units usually consist of a flow generator, active heated humidifier, breathing circuit, and nasal cannula. High-flow oxygen delivery units have adjustable temperature and flow settings and can provide air/oxygen flows up to 60L/min. Some units also have tracheostomy or mask interfaces for delivery of the air/oxygen flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "15046",
      "display": "Oxygen Meters",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in solutions. These instruments typically consist of an electronic unit that processes the electric signal from a sensor and displays the oxygen concentration values and probes with a sensor that detects the DO level and a transducer that converts the oxygen values to electrical signals. Some meters have computerized capabilities and dedicated software to process the information. The meters usually include temperature compensation and salinity correction to enable measurements to be taken in salt water. DO meters are intended mainly to measure DO in water, salt water, and/or aqueous solutions. The instruments frequently include probes that permit measuring oxygen concentration in the environment and software with algorithms that permit the automated determination of biological oxygen demand (BOD). Portable and laboratory instruments are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15592",
      "display": "Oxygenators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to oxygenate venous blood. Gas exchange occurs between blood and gaseous oxygen, incorporating oxygen to blood while taking out carbon dioxide from it. These devices are usually manufactured for extracorporeal gas transfer; most oxygenators incorporate a heat exchanger to control the temperature of the blood. Two types of oxygenators are in current use: the bubble oxygenator and the more widely used membrane oxygenator; Oxygenators are mostly used attached to heart-lung bypass units during open-heart surgery, they are also used in patients with respiratory distress syndrome or respiratory insufficiencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "11974",
      "display": "Oxygenators, Extracorporeal Bubble",
      "definition": "Oxygenators designed to perform gas exchange by bubbling oxygen from tanks or from a central hospital supply through a column of blood. These oxygenators usually include a defoamer to break up the bubbles caused by the oxygenation process and an arterial reservoir that collects defoamed blood; a gas flowmeter and a filtering system are usually placed in the oxygen line. Bubble oxygenators are mostly used in short-term procedures, lengthy operation of these devices could increase the risk of emboli, blood damage, and protein denaturization."
    },
    {
      "code": "17643",
      "display": "Oxygenators, Extracorporeal Membrane",
      "definition": "Oxygenators designed to perform gas exchange by diffusingoxygen into the blood across of a gas-permeable membrane. There are three main types of membrane oxygenators: plate, coil, and hollow fiber. Membrane oxygenators may be used in long-time procedures, they produce less emboli, are less likely to transport bubbles into the patient's circulatory system, and cause less blood damage than bubble oxygenators."
    },
    {
      "code": "12899",
      "display": "Ozone Generators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to deliver ozone gas. These generators are typically a device that provides high-voltage current between two sets of electrodes, converting gaseous oxygen into ozone when oxygen passes through the high-energy field. Ozone generators usually include devices to measure the output ozone concentration and a mechanism to internally destroy the unused ozone; the generators should be used at the site of application because it is not possible to store ozone. Ozone has been used clinically for treatment of several different diseases and is delivered by rectal administration, blood treatment and reinfusion, or direct infusion in the vasculature, with controversial results. Ozone is also used as a disinfectant."
    },
    {
      "code": "17635",
      "display": "Pacemaker Lead Adapters, Implantable",
      "definition": "Devices used to adapt the connectors of an implantable pacemaker lead to a pacemaker for which the lead was not originally designed to be connected.  The adapters are implanted with the pacing system. devices used to adapt one kind of pacemaker lead to another kind of pacemaker; the adapters are implanted with the pacing system."
    },
    {
      "code": "18495",
      "display": "Pacemakers",
      "definition": "Stimulators used to regulate or substitute the normal rate at which a biologic center establishes the regular intervals of activity (rhythm) of an organ (e.g., heart, lungs).  These stimulators control the pace by means of some artificial (e.g., electric generator) stimuli.  Pacemakers can be designed either for continuous use (usually implantable devices) or for temporary external use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18496",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Breath",
      "definition": "Pacemakers designed to apply a repetitive stimulus to regulate the rhythm of the breath.  Respiratory pacemakers are used in patients in which an abnormally low amount of air enters the lungs (hypoventilation), usually caused by brain, spinal, or pulmonary injuries or diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "16060",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Breath, Diaphragmatic/Phrenic Nerve",
      "definition": "Breath pacemakers that apply electrical stimuli to the phrenic nerve to rhythmically contract the diaphragm.  These pacemakers usually consist of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed around a patient's phrenic nerve and an external transmitter for sending the stimulating pulses transcutaneously to the implanted receiver."
    },
    {
      "code": "12911",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Pacemakers designed to apply a repetitive electrical stimulus to regulate the rhythm of the heart.  These stimulators include electronic circuitry that produces electrical pulses and  senses the cardiac activity; they may be line powered, or battery powered either using internal batteries or through attached modular batteries.  Pacemakers can deliver the electrical stimulus either in fixed-rate mode (asynchronous), demand mode (synchronous), or both.  They may apply their stimulus to only one of the heart chambers (most frequently to the ventricle), but some pacemakers pace both the ventricle and the atrium (dual chamber or universal pacing).  These stimulators are used to restore normal heart rate, inducing depolarization and stimulating myocardial contraction when the hearts own pacing or conduction systems have been impaired."
    },
    {
      "code": "18497",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Cardiac, External",
      "definition": "Cardiac pacemakers that generate impulses outside the body and deliver them to the heart through electrodes, either externally through the chest wall or invasively (e.g., through intravenous or transesophageal electrodes).  External cardiac pacemakers are used for temporary pacing of the heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "16516",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Cardiac, External, Noninvasive Electrode",
      "definition": "External cardiac pacemakers that use external (noninvasive) electrodes to stimulate all chambers of the heart simultaneously.  These pacemakers include the electronic circuitry that controls the pulse rate and output current and typically a two-lead cable used to connect it to two pregelled disposable adhesive electrodes.  During pacing, the electrical stimuli from the pacemaker are conducted across the skin through one electrode, then collected through the other electrode, in such a way that part of the current is conducted through the heart, inducing it to contract.  External noninvasive-electrode pacemakers are mostly used to assist in resuscitating patients, to correct arrhythmias, or to temporary pace during procedures that might inadvertently induce bradyarrhythmia and/or asystole."
    },
    {
      "code": "12913",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Cardiac, Implantable",
      "definition": "Cardiac pacemakers that provide permanent pacing by using an implantable pacemaker pulse generator. Implantable pacemakers usually consist of a small unit including a pulse generator with electronic circuitry and a battery that senses the cardiac activity and produces the pacing electrical pulses, and external leads with electrodes at the distal tip fixed to the heart (e.g., myocardial or endocardial) that conduct the electrical signals to and from the heart. Most pacemakers permit noninvasive reprogramming of pacing parameters following implantation (i.e., multi-programmable pacemakers), and some dynamically increase or decrease their pacing rate in response to patient physiological activity (i.e., rate-modulated or rate-responsive pacemakers). Implantable pacemakers are mostly used in the permanent treatment of slowed heart rhythms (bradycardia), in certain classes of cardiac arrhythmias, and in other irregular heart rhythms that need permanent pacing treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "34537",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Cardiac, Implantable, Leadless",
      "definition": "Cardiac pacemakers that provide permanent pacing by using an implantable intracardiac pacemaker pulse generator without leads (i.e., leadless). These implantable pacemakers usually consist of a very small unit including a pulse generator with electronic circuitry that senses the cardiac activity and produces the pacing electrical pulses, a battery, and electrodes. The pacemakers are nonsurgically implanted inside the heart using catheterization procedures usually through a femoral vein and then attached inside the right ventricle. The pacemakers also permit noninvasive reprogramming and/or check of the cardiac conditions and device pacing parameters following implantation. Leadless pacemakers are intended  for the permanent treatment of slowed heart rhythms (bradycardia), in certain classes of cardiac arrhythmias, and in other irregular heart rhythms in patients that only need single-chamber ventricular pacing."
    },
    {
      "code": "20375",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Cardiac, Implantable, Resynchronization",
      "definition": "Implantable pacemakers that can also deliver simultaneous biventricular stimulations to synchronize ventricular contractions. Typically, the device (a dedicated pulse generator) is combined with a set of leads that include two standard leads placed in both the right atrium and the right ventricle and a third unipolar-electrode lead that is usually placed in a coronary vein (i.e., transvenously) that overlies the left ventricle. These devices add the capability of coordination (i.e., synchronization) of the left and right ventricles to obtain better pumping action. They are used for resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced heart failures (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy) and/or serious heart-rhythm problems (e.g., ventricular dysynchrony)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20333",
      "display": "Pacemakers, Gastric",
      "definition": "Pacemakers designed to apply a repetitive electrical stimulus to the nerves in the stomach wall to regulate the rhythm of the gastric contractions. These devices consist of a battery-powered implantable electrical stimulator and appropriate leads with electrodes to connect the stimulator to the stomach muscles; they usually permit noninvasive reprogramming of pacing parameters following implantation using an external programmer. The stimulator is implanted beneath the skin in a subcutaneous pocket, using either laparoscopic or open-surgery procedures. Gastric pacemakers are mostly used to treat disorders characterized by slow food movement through the stomach (i.e., gastroparesis), alleviating chronic nausea and vomiting associated with the illness."
    },
    {
      "code": "15771",
      "display": "Pacers, Counting, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Devices that provide feedback regarding the rate of chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or CPR training. The feedback can be visual or auditory or both."
    },
    {
      "code": "16330",
      "display": "Pachymeters",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine the thickness of the cornea. The instruments may consist of contact devices using ultrasonic technology that generate pulses and measure the time differences of the echoes or of noncontact devices that use an optical technology that includes a microscope with a light source to generate slit images and an alignment component to adjust and measure the light reflection from the cornea. Other instruments use a dedicated camera system with image processing software to image, measure, and analyze the anterior part of the eye. Pachymeters are used mainly to detect glaucoma or for planning refractive surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17512",
      "display": "Pacifiers, Infant, Oral",
      "definition": "Pacifiers designed to promote an infant's oral sucking action. These pacifiers typically consist of a nipple (latex or silicone) mounted on a plastic shield that is designed to prevent the infant from swallowing the device; the shields usually have some holes to circulate air and saliva to help protect the infant's skin from chafing. Oral infant pacifiers are used to calm infants; they are available in different sizes and shapes appropriate to fit the infant's mouth."
    },
    {
      "code": "12950",
      "display": "Pain Gauges, Cutaneous",
      "definition": "Algesimeters designed to determine sensitivity to pain (i.e., pain threshold) produced by a sharp pin as measured by a strain gauge. These instruments typically consist of a sharp needle, a blunt tip, and a strain gauge. The pressure needed to feel the pain produced by the sharp point of the needle, as measured by the pressure exerted on an adjacent blunt tip in unaffected areas, is used to determine the pain threshold (15 grams is considered typical). Exaggerated and reduced responses relative to the unaffected area are defined as hyperalgesia and hypoalgesia, respectively; the lack of response is defined as anesthesia. Pin strain gauge algesimeters are used to evaluate the effects of pain after the use of analgesics (e.g., morphine) and/or during diagnosis and/or treatment of nerve injuries and neuropathies."
    },
    {
      "code": "18249",
      "display": "Papanicolaou Smear Monolayer Sample Preparation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that produce a mono-layer sample of the Papanicolaou smear using an automatic processor.  These systems standardize the sample preparation technique and reduce the number of compromised cervical samples due to blood, mucus, and inflammation, as well as errors due to the process of transferring the sample to a slide.  The samples are obtained using a liquid collection method in which the sampling instrument is rinsed in a collection vial that is sent to the clinical laboratory for processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "39623",
      "display": "Paper Folding Machines",
      "definition": "Machines used for the folding of paper. Usually these paper folding machines can process many sheets of paper at a time, different types and weight of papers, and several different letter folds, such as letter folds (C folds) and accordion folds (Z folds). Paper folding machines can be floor or desktop models."
    },
    {
      "code": "39594",
      "display": "Paper Towels",
      "definition": "Thin absorbent sheets of paper that are suitable for use in a wide range of applications in wiping or cleaning surfaces or body parts (e.g., drying hands). Paper towels are single-use devices that are typically supplied in rolls as a long, contiguous sheet or supplied as individual sheets. Paper towels supplied as individual sheets are frequently folded in either separated (e.g., C-fold) or interlocking (e.g., multifold, S-fold) configurations suitable for placement in paper towel dispensers."
    },
    {
      "code": "16760",
      "display": "Paper, Examination Table",
      "definition": "Paper intended for placing on examination tables, providing a clean contact surface for patients. Examination table paper usually consists of a single-use (i.e., disposable) sheet of light color smooth or crepe paper. The paper is supplied in rolls and is available in different lengths and widths for different types of examination tables (e.g., adult or child examination tables, chiropractic examination tables)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15625",
      "display": "Papillotomes",
      "definition": "Devices designed to make incisions in a papilla, typically the major duodenal papilla. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannulating catheter) with an electrosurgical electrode (e.g., cutting wire, needle knife) that protrudes from the distal end. Papillotomes are introduced in the gastrointestinal tract through the working channel of a flexible endoscope (e.g., duodenoscope); a mechanism at the proximal end (handle) can be used to flex the distal tip of the catheter. The cutting wires are made of monofilament or braided wires that are attached at the proximal end of the device to an electrosurgical unit (typically monopolar) that provides circulation of radio-frequency electric current between the active electrode and an external neutral electrode to heat the tissues and facilitate incising and cauterizing the papilla. Papillotomes typically include one or more lumens that permit injection of contrast agents and/or passage of a guide wire. Papillotomes are used mainly for therapeutic and diagnostic procedures involving biliary or pancreatic ducts (e.g., endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreography, accessing the biliary or pancreatic ductal system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20655",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs",
      "definition": "Structures designed to provide an opening between two contiguous rooms, usually to transfer products and/or people. Pass-throughs may consist of either open or enclosed structures. Open pass-throughs provide free passage of objects between the two rooms; enclosed structures include doors on two (usually opposite) sides to permit access to both rooms but isolate one room from the other and/or providing a contamination-free environment while performing the transfer."
    },
    {
      "code": "12963",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs, Enclosed",
      "definition": "Pass-throughs consisting of an enclosed, chamberlike plastic or metallic structure and that include doors on two (usually opposite) sides to permit access from two contiguous rooms isolating one from the other. These pass-throughs are usually mounted either in a wall common to both rooms or on the floor. Mounting brackets and other appropriate hardware are usually supplied with each cabinet model. Enclosed pass-throughs are usually constructed with interlocks that permit only one door to be open at a time, preventing the passage of air, light, humidity, radiation, or other environmental agent. They are typically used in healthcare facilities to pass samples from the patient room to the clinical laboratory; to pass objects and/or personnel from contaminated areas to environmental clean rooms; and to transfer x-ray film cassettes into and out of the dark room."
    },
    {
      "code": "20656",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs, Enclosed, Clean Room",
      "definition": "Enclosed pass-throughs designed for contamination-free transfer of materials in and out of a clean room. These pass-throughs typically consist of a chemical resistant metallic, plastic (e.g., polypropylene, PVC), or stainless steel structure that may include a safety sprinkler, an air shower, and a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter. During operation of the air shower, the clean-side door of the cabinet cannot be opened. The air is exhausted to the outer side (i.e., the dirty room), and the objects are introduced into the clean room.  Clean-room enclosed pass-throughs are frequently wall mounted, but floor-mounted units are available to allow carts to be wheeled into the room."
    },
    {
      "code": "20657",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs, Enclosed, Clean Room, Personnel",
      "definition": "Enclosed pass-throughs designed for contamination-free passage of personnel into a clean room. These pass-throughs typically consist of a metallic and/or plastic structure with two opposite or right-angle-located doors. Personnel pass-through cabinets usually include a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter; they may also include an automated air shower, which is actuated upon entry and permits opening of the exit door only after a predetermined time of functioning, and a door interlock. After the air shower finishes, the air is exhausted to the outer side (i.e., the dirty room), and the person is free to  enter the clean room. Most personnel clean room pass-throughs are also used to transfer materials into and out of the clean room, frequently in wheeled devices (e.g., carts)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20658",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs, Enclosed, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Enclosed pass-throughs designed to pass samples from the patient area into the clinical laboratory. These cabinets consist of a wall-mounted, stainless-steel, or, less frequently, plastic structure; they may include either doors on opposite sides or a revolving plate by which the samples are moved into the laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "10541",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs, Enclosed, X-Ray Darkroom",
      "definition": "Enclosed pass-throughs designed to exchange x-ray film cassettes to and from the darkroom without radiation light entering. These pass-throughs typically consist of metallic structures with a lead linen to provide x-ray shielding; they are typically wall mounted and include automated interlocks that close one door when the opposite is opened. X-ray enclosed pass-throughs are also used for temporary storage of loaded cassettes isolated from the radiation source."
    },
    {
      "code": "20660",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs, Open",
      "definition": "Pass-throughs consisting of open structures located between two contiguous rooms. These pass-throughs frequently include shelves to hold the products that are being transferred (e.g., medicine containers, food trays). Open pass-throughs are used in healthcare facilities in places such as the clinical pharmacy to dispense medicines and the kitchen to pass food."
    },
    {
      "code": "20659",
      "display": "Pass-Throughs, Revolving",
      "definition": "Pass-throughs typically consisting of four rigid, upright plastic or metallic sections connected at right angles and rotating around a central upright pivot. These pass-throughs are usually mounted either in a wall common to two contiguous rooms or on the floor. They permit access between two contiguous rooms preventing the passage of air, light, humidity, radiation, or other environmental agents. Revolving pass-throughs are typically used in healthcare facilities to pass specimens from a restroom to the clinical laboratory and to transfer x-ray film cassettes into and out of darkrooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "21417",
      "display": "Passer/Knot Tiers, Ligature",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to push knot loops onto a body structure for a secure tie, usually with negligible pressure. These passers are typically long, slender, manual, handheld instruments with the operative end configured as one or more moving curved hooks; the instruments may also include a dissecting tip at the proximal end to clear the path to the ligature site. Ligature passer/knot tier instruments are used mainly for placing a ligature around a vessel or over a clamp in procedures in which manipulative space is limited."
    },
    {
      "code": "21423",
      "display": "Passer/Knot Tiers, Ligature, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Ligature passer/knot tiers designed to push knot loops onto a body structure for a secure tie, usually with negligible pressure, during endoscopic procedures. Passer/knot tiers are typically long, slender, manual instruments with the operative end configured as a moving curved hook, a shaft appropriate for introduction into the working channel of an endoscope, and a handle at the proximal end with a mechanism to manipulate and tie the ligature. Endoscopic ligature passer/knot tiers are frequently used to suture internal wounds and/or to ligate polyps."
    },
    {
      "code": "21409",
      "display": "Passers",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to manipulate (i.e., pass) ligatures and/or wires through or around tissue or bones during surgical procedures. These instruments are typically manual, handheld, flexible or rigid, slender devices with a distal end to hold the ligature and a proximal end with a handle appropriate to manipulate the ligature. Dedicated ligature carriers are available in a variety of shapes (e.g., rods, scissors-like) and sizes to pass ligatures and/or wires through particular anatomic sites."
    },
    {
      "code": "21410",
      "display": "Passers, Ligature",
      "definition": "Passers designed to manipulate ligatures through or around tissues during surgical procedures. These passers are typically manual, handheld, flexible or rigid, slender instruments with an operating end to hold the ligature and a proximal end with a handle appropriate to manipulate the ligature. Dedicated ligature passers are available in a variety of shapes (e.g., rods, scissors-like) and sizes to pass ligatures around particular anatomic structures (e.g., bone, vasculature)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21411",
      "display": "Passers, Ligature, Bone",
      "definition": "Ligature passers designed to carry and manipulate ligatures through tissue and cartilage and/or around bones. These passers are typically manual, handheld instruments including a rod with a straight or curved distal end and an appropriate configuration (e.g., U-shaped, loop) to hold the ligature. Bone ligature passers are used mainly to fix ligatures around bones during orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21413",
      "display": "Passers, Ligature, Vascular",
      "definition": "Ligature passers designed to carry and manipulate ligatures through tissue and around blood vessels. These passers are typically manual, handheld instruments including a rod with a straight or curved distal end and with an appropriate configuration (e.g., U-shaped, loop) to hold the ligature and a handle to manipulate the ligature. Vascular ligature passers are used mainly to fix ligatures around deep vessels; dedicated carriers are available for particular arteries (e.g., aorta) and/or veins."
    },
    {
      "code": "21414",
      "display": "Passers, Ligature, Vascular, Aorta",
      "definition": "Vascular ligature passers designed to carry and manipulate ligatures around the aorta. These passers are typically manual, handheld, scissors-like instruments with strongly curved serrated distal blades appropriate to hold ligatures and a handle for manipulation. Aorta vascular ligature passers are used for hemostasis of the aorta or aorta aneurysms during thoracic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "21415",
      "display": "Passers, Wire",
      "definition": "Passers designed to manipulate wires through or around hard tissue (bone and/or cartilage). These passers are typically manual, handheld flexible or rigid, slender instruments with an operating end to hold the wire and a proximal end with a handle appropriate to manipulate the wire. Dedicated wire passers are available in a variety of shapes (e.g., rods with hooks at the tip) and sizes to pass wires around particular anatomic structures (e.g., bone cerclage); they are used mainly in orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21416",
      "display": "Passers, Wire, Bone Cerclage",
      "definition": "Wire passers designed to manipulate wires to encircle bone and easily draw the wire back around the fragments. These passers are typically slender, manual, handheld, rigid instruments with an operating single or double curved hook end to hold the wire and a proximal end with a handle appropriate to manipulate the wire. Bone cerclage wire passers are used to facilitate wire placement and tightening for a secure fixation of bone fragments, minimizing surgical trauma. Dedicated passers are available to accommodate one or more of the wire gauges commonly used in surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "23736",
      "display": "Patient Bathing Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed primarily for gentle bathing of patients who have compromised skin. These units typically consist of a bathing tube and a control console to regulate the bathing tube height, water temperature, automated filling and/or withdrawal of the water, and scalding protection; some units may include hydro massage capabilities. The units are usually configured to permit placing and removing the patient using patient lifts; the combination of the tube and the lift is sometimes called a bathing system. Patient bathing units are used mainly in patients who have burns or other chronic skin conditions; they are also used for patients at high risk of skin damage."
    },
    {
      "code": "37227",
      "display": "Patient Belongings Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed for the temporary storage, protection and/or transportation of a patient's personal belongings (e.g., clothing, wallets, jewelry, etc.). These bags are typically made of plastic and may have drawstrings or handles. Some bags have a barcode to facilitate tracking and/or a security/tamper-resistant mechanism."
    },
    {
      "code": "34871",
      "display": "Patient Equipment Stands, Ambulation",
      "definition": "Structures (frames) designed for managing patient care equipment and devices, such as monitors, oxygen tanks, and intravenous bags, and primarily used to facilitate patient ambulation. They have handles for patients to hold while pushing the stand during ambulation. These stands typically consist of an open or enclosed structure made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials and may include adjustable platforms to hold equipment. These stands can also have equipment management items, including oxygen tank holders, intravenous pump and patient monitor mounts, electrical power strips, and tubing and cord clips and hooks, The structure is mounted on casters that are usually an integral part of the stand, and they can sometimes be collapsible."
    },
    {
      "code": "34349",
      "display": "Patient Isolation Tents",
      "definition": "Portable, collapsible shelters made of fabric supported by a frame that are designed keep one or more patients isolated, protecting healthcare staff and other people from highly contagious microorganisms. These tents usually consist of an impermeable, frequently inflatable cover. Some tents include appropriate beds and/or cots for patients. The tents are usually operated under negative pressure and use a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtering system, preventing leakages to the exterior. Patient isolation tents are used for patients with a variety of life-threatening infections such as those caused by hemorrhagic fever viruses (e.g., Ebola fever) and for patients having from airborne transmitted diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "34486",
      "display": "Patient Motion Management Systems, Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Systems designed for management of patient motion during radiotherapy planning and treatment (i.e., interfraction and intrafraction respectively). These systems usually consist of a set of sensors to detect the motion characteristics  and a mechanism that triggers the imaging and/or radiotherapy administration systems at the proper time according to the position of the tumor. Patient motion management systems are mainly related to the cyclic movement of the thorax and abdomen due to the respiratory cycle but some systems are related to the motion due to other systems (e.g., muscular, cardiac, gastrointestinal). The motion management systems are mainly  used during image-guided radiotherapy imaging, simulation, and treatment procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33754",
      "display": "Patient Motion Management Systems, Radiotherapy, Breathing",
      "definition": "Systems designed for management of patient motion due to breathing during radiotherapy planning and treatment (i.e., interfraction and intrafraction respectively). These systems usually consist of a set of sensors to detect the characteristics  of the thorax and abdomen movement during the breathing cycle as well as a mechanism that triggers the imaging and/or radiotherapy administration systems at the proper time according to the position of the tumor. Patient breathing motion management systems are mainly  used during image-guided radiotherapy imaging, simulation, and treatment procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41968",
      "display": "Patient Pants",
      "definition": "Pants of various lengths that are designed to be worn by patients instead of clothes in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. These garments are made of lightweight woven (reusable) or nonwoven (disposable) materials and are intended to facilitate easy access to patients during examinations and medical procedures. They may have one or more opening(s) to allow access to the body to allow for procedures without removal of the garment. These pants are available in various sizes for men, women, and children. Most pants have snap, tie, or hook and loop closures in either the front or back."
    },
    {
      "code": "34551",
      "display": "Patient Positioning Aids, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Anti-Snoring",
      "definition": "Patient positioning aids designed to keep patients lying on a fixed position while sleeping to help in the treatment of positional obstructive sleep apnea and/or snoring. These devices typically consist in a dedicated pillow that bends the head and neck forward and lift the chin up as much as possible obtaining a position known as \"sniff position.\" That position contributes to the opening of the upper airway breathing tract. Positioning aids intended to treat obstructive sleep apnea and snoring by allowing patients to sleep on one side but prevent sleeping on the supine position are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34552",
      "display": "Patient Positioning Aids, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Anti-Snoring, Side-Sleeping",
      "definition": "Patient positioning aids designed to keep patients lying on one side while sleeping to help in the treatment of positional obstructive sleep apnea and/or snoring. These devices typically consist of a soft material (e.g., foam) cushion  covered with one or more layers of plastics or fabrics. The device is worn on the back of the patient using appropriate belts or straps to secure it to the body. Side-sleeping positioning aids allow patients to sleep on one side but prevent sleeping on the supine position."
    },
    {
      "code": "15617",
      "display": "Patient Service Consoles",
      "definition": "Horizontal units consisting of a metal back box, or trough, that house electrical and gas outlets. The consoles are usually modular so that they can be customized with different numbers and types of outlets. Most consoles are installed recessed into the wall and can also accommodate other accessories such as lights and call buttons."
    },
    {
      "code": "15693",
      "display": "Patient Transfer Aids",
      "definition": "Aids designed to simplify the process of transferring a person with a physical disability (e.g., nonambulatory, medicated, neuromuscular-impaired, arthritic, or comatose patients) that require partial or total assistance when moving to or from a bed, stretcher, operating table, wheelchair, or other place. A variety of devices are available in very different shapes and using very different transfer methods, such as lifts, sliding boards, slings, and rotating disks. Patient transfer aids are mostly recommended to transfer patients only for one or two meters (a few feet); they reduce the risk of dropping or otherwise injuring the patient and those assisting with the transfer. Some aids are also used to reposition people at home or in rehabilitation departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "19016",
      "display": "Patient Transfer Aids, Lateral Transfer",
      "definition": "Patient transfer aids designed to laterally transfer patients without lifting the patient. A variety of devices are available for lateral transfer including mats that are inserted under the patient or strapped to the patient, and then pulled to transfer the patient; metallic rollers covered with plastic that are placed beneath the drawsheet, permitting the attendants to pull the patient across the roller onto another surface; and devices that permit wrapping the draw sheet to a transfer rod and moving the patient laterally, using a powered mechanism. Horizontal patient transfer aids are used to move patients between two contiguous surfaces, such as bed and stretcher tops, that are at similar height."
    },
    {
      "code": "19011",
      "display": "Patient Transfer Slings",
      "definition": "Large flexible soft support devices  (also known as slings) that are designed to support the whole body of a patient during lifting and transfer over small distances. Typically, these devices consist of large flexible fabric (e.g., canvas) slings where patients are placed, either by themselves or with partial or total help by caregivers. The slings usually include straps that are wrapped around or attached to the patient's hips, back, thighs, or buttocks to lessen the risk of accidents during patient transfer. Patient transfer slings may be either handled directly by the attendants or attached to the swivel bar of a patient transfer lift; they are used mainly to move the patients for a short distance, reducing the risk of injury to the attendants and the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "19012",
      "display": "Patient Transfer Slings, Manual Assist",
      "definition": "Patient transfer slings designed for patient handling by attendants. Typically these slings consist of a flexible fabric (e.g., canvas) band that gives the caregiver an extension, providing extra leverage and a better grip around the patient's hips, back, or buttocks. Only one caregiver is needed if the patient is capable of supporting at least part of their own body weight. For completely disabled patients the sling can be used by two caregivers to lift the patient as if he or she were seated in a chair."
    },
    {
      "code": "17661",
      "display": "Patient Transfer Slings, Mechanical Lift",
      "definition": "Patient transfer slings designed for use with and attached to a patient transfer lift. Typically these slings consist of a flexible fabric (e.g., canvas) or plastic seat that is attached to the swivel bar of a patient transfer lift. There is a great variety of slings available according to patient needs, such as cradle-like slings to support both the trunk and the legs and contoured to leave the perineal area free for toilet use; two-band slings with a band for the back and a separate band for the seat; and three-band slings with a band for the back and one for each leg."
    },
    {
      "code": "12980",
      "display": "Pelvimeters",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure pelvic dimensions, either externally (e.g., to determine the external perimeter) or internally through the vagina, usually to measure the diameters of the pelvic cavity (e.g., the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis inlet, also known as the diagonal conjugate). These instruments are typically manual, handheld instruments; dedicated curved calipers (i.e., Martin and Collyer pelvimeters) and, less frequently, transparent rulers are also used. Other auxiliary instruments (e.g., graduated metal rulers) are also used for indirect pelvis cavity measurements using the examiner's fingers. Pelvimetry is also frequently performed using imaging methods, including x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or ultrasound. Multipurpose curved calipers used for breadth (anthropometric) measurements (e.g., thorax, abdomen, pelvis) are also used as external pelvimeters."
    },
    {
      "code": "23849",
      "display": "Penile Tissue Expanders",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the expansion of penis tissue. These expanders use one of several techniques, including clamping, hanging, traction, or increasing the local blood pressure. These expanders are intended for external placement on the penis, helping to correct penis curvature (i.e., straightening the penis after surgery) and/or possibly resulting in penis enlargement. Penis tissue expanders are applied externally; they do not include permanent implantable prostheses to treat erectile dysfunction, which are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23850",
      "display": "Penile Tissue Expanders, Traction",
      "definition": "Penis tissue expanders designed for the expansion of the penis using constant traction. These expanders are typically a plastic device with a mechanism (e.g., consisting of a base located on the pubis bone and a penis head holder over the glans with expandable metal rods) that provides constant traction to the penis. Traction penis expanders are intended for external placement on the penis, helping to correct penis curvature (i.e., straightening the penis after surgery) and/or possibly resulting in penis enlargement."
    },
    {
      "code": "33511",
      "display": "Pens, Handwriting Digitization",
      "definition": "Pens designed to perform handwriting and simultaneous digitization, including identification, conversion, storage, and/or sending the written information as digital data. These pens consist of devices including a standard ballpoint pen, a digital camera, electronic circuits, a digital memory, and a wireless transmitter. The pens permit the user to manually write on a special dotted paper; the pen reads, digitizes, and records the information in real time using images from the internal camera when the user starts writing. The information is usually transmitted to a computer or other information system once a complete form is filled at the point of care. Additional capabilities of the pen may include identification of the user and time and place of digitization. Handwriting digitization pens are intended to introduce data in digital information systems directly from the user handwriting."
    },
    {
      "code": "12935",
      "display": "Percussion Applicators, Respiratory Therapy",
      "definition": "Percussion applicators designed to apply percussion to the chest to obtain a high-frequency oscillation (HFO) of the air column in the conducting airways. These applicators typically consist of a handheld device that has a small integral pad made of rubber or plastic material at one end and a handle for manipulation. The applicator is connected to an airway clearance unit that provides electric or pneumatic power and regulates the frequency and intensity of the percussions. Respiratory therapy percussion applicators are used to facilitate secretion removal in therapeutic procedures, including the treatment of cystic fibrosis and other pulmonary, neuromuscular, or neurological disorders that affect normal secretion of mucous from the airways."
    },
    {
      "code": "12986",
      "display": "Percussors, Manual, Airway Clearance",
      "definition": "Devices designed for manual percussion of the chest wall to aid in the airway clearance from secretions (i.e., mucus). These devices are typically made of plastics (e.g., vinyl) with a shape that resembles a cup; they are available in several sizes appropriate for adults, children, or babies. Manual percussors permit a uniform percussion of the chest both for healthcare providers and at home in patients suffering from diseases such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory deficiencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "17575",
      "display": "Percutaneous Diskectomy Systems, Automated",
      "definition": "Automated systems designed for partial percutaneous removal of a vertebral disk, particularly the nucleous pulposus from the lumbar disks. These systems typically include a built-in flushing and aspirating system, they can resect and aspirate the nucleous pulposus in one step, eliminating the need for repeated insertion of the nucleotome."
    },
    {
      "code": "12990",
      "display": "Perforators, Amniotic Membrane (Retired)",
      "definition": "Perforators designed to puncture the membrane containing the fetus (i.e., amniotic membrane or amnion). These perforators typically consist of a small device that includes a ring for use around the finger and a pointed distal end to perforate the membrane. Amniotic membrane perforators are available for the right and the left hand; the instruments permit manual examination of the membrane and rupture of the membrane if needed in only one operation. Amniotic membrane rupture may be performed also using long devices with a protected sharp point (i.e., amniotomes), and dedicated forceps or trocars."
    },
    {
      "code": "17800",
      "display": "Pericardial Membrane Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed for repair and/or partial replacement of the pericardium, a double membranous, cone-shaped fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. These implants are typically patches of biologic or synthetic grafts, available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the intended site of implantation. Biological implants are frequently xenograft patches made of glutaraldehyde-fixed (patches are also available using other fixing techniques) bovine pericardium; synthetic implants are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27284",
      "display": "Periodontal Regeneration Membrane Implants, Absorbable",
      "definition": "Absorbable periodontal regeneration membrane implants are thin flexible sheets intended to facilitate both bone and tissue regeneration. They are implanted during periodontal surgeries such as guide bone regeneration (GBR) or guided tissue regeneration (GTR). These implants, available in various shapes and sizes, are usually small flexible sheets with two or three different layers and can be made from several different bioabsorbable materials including calcium sulfate, polylactic acid, polylactate/polygalactide copolymers, and collagen. On one side of the implant is a barrier with either no openings or tightly spaced small openings. On the other side of the implant is a matrix with a woven or mesh-like appearance consisting of multiple large openings.  The barrier side of the implant is placed toward the teeth and the matrix side is placed toward the gums.  Gingival tissue grows faster than bone; by creating a space between the teeth and the gums, the barriers allow time for bones to regrow and prevent the gums from filling up all the space.  At the same time, the openings in the matrices allow gingival tissue to continue growing so permanent gaps between teeth and gums are not created. The implants are left in place after GBR, GTR, or other periodontal surgery, usually maintaining their structure for several months, and are usually completely absorbed by the body within two years."
    },
    {
      "code": "27910",
      "display": "Periodontal Regeneration Membrane Implants, Nonabsorbable",
      "definition": "Nonabsorbable periodontal regeneration membrane implants are thin flexible sheets usually made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and are intended to facilitate both bone and tissue regeneration.  PTFE membranes are implanted during periodontal surgeries such as bone and socket grafting procedures. Gingival tissue grows faster than bone; by creating a space between the teeth and the gums, the membranes create barriers between the gum tissue and bone, allowing time for bones to regrow and preventing the gums from filling up all the space.  When implanted, a small portion of the membrane is left above the patient's gum line so that it can later be removed by dental professionals without requiring another surgery. These implants are available in various sizes and thicknesses."
    },
    {
      "code": "11226",
      "display": "Peritoneal Dialysis Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to remove metabolic wastes through selective  diffusion across the peritoneum by controlling the flow of a specially designed solution (i.e., a dialysate) into and out of the abdominal cavity (i.e., peritoneal dialysis). These devices consist of a machine that performs automated dialysis cycles, typically while the patient sleeps, by controlling the flow of dialysate. Peritoneal dialysis units infuse and remove dialysate by means of a catheter and a sterile disposable tubing system. A temporary catheter, or more frequently a permanently implanted abdominal catheter, provides access to the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal dialysis is used less frequently than hemodialysis, it is especially indicated for patients who are unable to tolerate hemodialysis (e.g., the elderly, and patients with diabetes and/or other vascular cardiovascular conditions)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13004",
      "display": "Pessaries",
      "definition": "Devices, typically made from silicone or rubber, designed to be inserted in the vagina for nonsurgical treatment of pelvic support defects/conditions such as uterine prolapse, uterine retroversion, stress incontinence, or cervical incompetence. They are designed to support the uterus, vagina, bladder, or rectum. These devices are intended for temporary or permanent placement."
    },
    {
      "code": "15701",
      "display": "Petri Dishes",
      "definition": "Shallow, circular, transparent containers with a flat bottom and a close-fitting lid used for the culture of microorganisms or cell lines. Petri dishes can be made of plastic or glass and be disposable or reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "34204",
      "display": "Phacoemulsification Choppers",
      "definition": "Handheld manual instruments designed to assist in splitting the ocular lens nucleus during a cataract phacoemulsification procedure. These instruments usually have an angled end and a rounded tip. Typically, a phacoemulsification tip secures the lens in position while the phacoemulsification chopper is passed through the nucleus. The choppers can have different shapes in order to split the nucleus horizontally or vertically."
    },
    {
      "code": "17596",
      "display": "Phacoemulsification Units, Cataract Extraction",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic surgery units designed for removal of cataractous lenses by the insertion of a probe that cuts and emulsifies the lenses using ultrasonic waves (phacoemulsification). These units consist of a hollow probe (i.e., a phaco probe) that includes an irrigation sleeve, an oscillating tip that converts electric energy into ultrasonic waves, and a channel for aspiration of lens fragments; the units also include a vacuum pump and controls for the output levels, irrigation rate, and mode of operation. Phacoemulsification units are used in ophthalmic offices for cataract extraction surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13010",
      "display": "Phantoms, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Phantoms used to test the performance of diagnostic ultrasound imaging equipment by mimicking the absorption and attenuation characteristics of human tissue.  They are used in evaluations of various calibration and performance characteristics of diagnostic ultrasound systems and associated image acquisition, display, and analysis computer programs. Ultrasound phantoms contain tissue-equivalent or tissue-mimicking materials such as plastics, resins, gels, and water. Ultrasound phantoms can also be used for training and educational purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "35327",
      "display": "Pharmaceutical Inspection Units, Manual",
      "definition": "Units designed to assist human operators to visually examine pharmaceutical products for defects and particles. These units can be used to inspect liquid or lyophilized pharmaceuticals contained in vials, syringes, ampules, and bags. Features of manual pharmaceutical inspection units can include non-glare lighting, contrasting background, magnification, and pacing timer. These units may also have the ability to move or turn the container."
    },
    {
      "code": "13011",
      "display": "Pharyngoscopes",
      "definition": "Respiratory tract endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the nasal cavity into the air tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the pharynx pharyngeal end of the auditory tube. Pharyngoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; they may be flexible or rigid."
    },
    {
      "code": "13017",
      "display": "Phonocardiographs",
      "definition": "Cardiographs designed for recording heart sounds at the thoracic body surface. These instruments consist of a main unit that includes a recorder, electroacoustic transducers, signal processors, and detachable probes that include audio sensors (e.g., microphones) at the distal tip that are fixed to anatomic areas on the thorax. The action of heart muscle causes low-frequency sounds, typically in the range of the audio spectrum that are detected at the body surface and transmitted to the recorder which is capable of reproducing their characteristics in an amplitude versus time graph (i.e., a phonocardiogram).   Phonocardiographs are used to assess low-frequency sounds (associated with atrial and ventricular gallops) and also relatively higher frequency sounds (associated with mitral regurgitation and ventricular septal defect). The devices can assess both normal sounds (known as S1 and S2 sounds) and abnormal sounds (known as S3 and S4) whose presence may indicate heart dysfunctions*. Some phonocardiographs are capable of recording signals at frequencies below the threshold of the audio spectrum (i.e., subsonic, nonacoustic vibrations) that are mainly produced by the apex of the heart (apexcardiography); the phonocardiographs may also include as an integral unit a single-channel electrocardiograph with appropriate electrodes to work as a reference for the phonocardiogram."
    },
    {
      "code": "36827",
      "display": "Phosphor Image Erasing Light Boxes",
      "definition": "Devices that expose phosphor screens to white light in order to erase stored radiation exposure data."
    },
    {
      "code": "37104",
      "display": "Photoactivation Unit Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed to allow illumination of blood products in a photoactivation unit. These bags are typically single-use devices constructed of plastic. They typically incorporate one or more connectors designed to allow introduction or withdrawal of the blood product from the bag as well as allow injection of exogenous products (e.g., photosensitizing agents)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35260",
      "display": "Photoactivation Units, Blood",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to allow the extracorporeal illumination of blood products. These devices typically consist of a main unit containing ultraviolet light bulbs arrayed above a shaking tray intended to accommodate a plastic bag containing the blood product. Photoactivation units are typically used to perform the photoactivation step of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) procedures, in which blood cells (typically leukocytes) collected in an apheresis procedure are mixed with a photosensitizing drug (e.g., 8-methoxypsoralen) that is activated by exposure to light of the appropriate wavelength (e.g., UVA light). ECP procedures may be used in the treatment of several diseases, including palliative treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and graft-versus-host disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "33310",
      "display": "Photocoagulation Systems, Laser, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Systems designed for ophthalmic tissue photocoagulation by applying laser energy. These systems usually consist of one or more dedicated ophthalmic lasers, a laser delivery system, and controls which regulate the size and intensity of the beam on the application spot. The system typically includes one or more lasers. The laser wavelengths (and frequencies) depend on the pigments in the target tissue (usually the retina) whose components absorb different frequencies of light. Hemoglobin mainly absorbs blue, yellow, and green light; the melanin absorbs yellow, green, red, and infrared light, and the macular tissue mainly absorbs blue light. Consequently, the system includes lasers with one or more of the following wavelengths: (1) Green light of 532 nm wavelength (e.g., frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser) to target melanin; (2) yellow light of 577 nm wavelength (e.g., diode-pumped semiconductor laser) to target hemoglobin; (3) red light of 659 nm wavelength (e.g., diode lasers) for pigmented lesions including melanomas; and (4) infrared light of 810 nm wavelength (e.g., diode lasers) to treat retinovascular edema."
    },
    {
      "code": "37538",
      "display": "Photocoagulation Systems, Laser, Ophthalmic, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Systems designed for ophthalmic tissue photocoagulation by applying laser energy via an intraocular endoscope under image guidance. These systems usually consist of a console unit, an intraocular endoscope, and a video monitor. The system's console unit includes a light source for ocular illumination (e.g., xenon lamp); a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera; appropriate connectors for video output to the video monitor, recorders, and/or printers; and appropriate connectors for the intraocular endoscope. Some consoles incorporate a therapeutic diode laser to perform photocoagulation via the endoscope; other consoles may be used in combination with a separate ophthalmic laser to perform photocoagulation. The intraocular endoscope typically consists at its proximal end of a flexible cable containing fiber optic fibers capable of transmitting both the illuminating light and the photocoagulating laser. The distal end of the endoscope consists of a handpiece with a needle-like tip appropriate for insertion into the intraocular space through a corneal incision. These systems are typically used in image-guided photocoagulation procedures in the eye, particularly photocoagulation of the ciliary body (i.e., cyclophotocoagulation) for the treatment of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "33476",
      "display": "Photocoagulation Systems, Laser, Ophthalmic, Multi-Spot",
      "definition": "Systems designed for ophthalmic tissue photocoagulation by applying laser energy simultaneously to multiple spots following a pre-determined pattern. These systems usually consist of one or more dedicated ophthalmic lasers, laser delivery systems that may be an integrated part of the system or attached to a slit lamp or indirect ophthalmoscope, and controls for laser delivery which regulate the size and intensity of the beam on the application spots. The system typically includes one or more lasers whose wavelengths (and frequencies) depend on the pigments in the target tissue (usually the retina) whose components absorb different frequencies of light.  Hemoglobin mainly absorbs blue, yellow, and green light; the melanin absorbs yellow, green, red, and infrared light; and the macular tissue mainly absorbs blue light. Consequently, the system includes lasers with one or more of the following wavelengths: (1) green light of 532 nm wavelength (e.g., frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser) to target melanin; (2) yellow light of 577 nm wavelength (e.g., diode-pumped semiconductor laser) to target hemoglobin; (3) red light of 659 nm wavelength (e.g., diode lasers) for pigmented lesions including melanomas; and (4) infrared light of 810 nm wavelength (e.g., diode lasers) to treat retinovascular edema. The delivery systems are capable of applying one or more of the wavelengths following a great variety of patterns (e.g., rectangular, circular, linear) or only to one point of the eye (usually a spot on the retina)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28417",
      "display": "Photographic Stations",
      "definition": "Installations designed to obtain pictures using a photographic camera. These stations typically consist of a frame with a working board at the top, printers, a keyboard, a computer, shelves to keep the supplies (e.g., photographic paper, printer cartridges, labels), lights, and chairs in addition to the camera. Most photographic stations can be connected to local information systems or the Internet. Dedicated photographic stations intended for specific applications are available, including particular health care facility areas (e.g., clinical and pathology laboratories) and home use."
    },
    {
      "code": "33742",
      "display": "Photographic Stations, Gel Documentation",
      "definition": "Photographic stations designed to obtain, print, and store color digital photographs of gel documentation. These stations typically consist of a high-definition color digital photographic camera; a portable hood that provides dark-room conditions and a viewer window; an ultraviolet transilluminator; light sources; light filters; a color printer; and a memory card. The station may also include a display and appropriate software for image processing on a separate computer. Gel documentation photographic stations are used for photographic documentation of fluorescent gel documents widely used in molecular biology laboratories especially for documentation of nucleic acid and protein suspensions on gel (e.g., agarose), frequently after being stained with substances (i.e., fluorochromes) that provide a secondary emission of UV ultraviolet light after excitation with light."
    },
    {
      "code": "27476",
      "display": "Photographic Stations, Pathology",
      "definition": "Installations designed to obtain digital photographs in a pathology (e.g., grossing) laboratory. These stations typically consist of a metal stand that includes an integral digital photographic camera, appropriate spot (e.g., LED) lights, a monitor, and a keyboard to introduce annotations and/or labels on the photographic images. These stations may also include foot switches to facilitate the operation. Pathology photograph stations are mainly used in clinical pathology laboratories to document diagnostic, forensic, and other procedures and for digital transmission of images by providing direct connection to local network information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "15165",
      "display": "Photometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to estimate the intensity of light or the relative intensity of different lights."
    },
    {
      "code": "18256",
      "display": "Photometers, Filter",
      "definition": "Photometers that determine the absorbance or transmission of the light energy transmitted through a solution (or a gas) at a fixed (typically, 40 nm) bandwidth.  Their principal components are a stable light source, broadband filters, a cuvette or test tubes for samples, a photodetector, appropriate electronics to process the detector signal, and a means of displaying the results.  These instruments have clinical applications primarily for the quantitative analysis of biological substances and enzymes or drugs and their metabolites in specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "18257",
      "display": "Photometers, Filter, Automated",
      "definition": "Filter photometers designed for automated assays, the most sophisticated of which are monochromators.  Most tests performed in automatic colorimeters are based on simple colorimetry tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "18258",
      "display": "Photometers, Filter, Manual",
      "definition": "Filter photometers designed for manual assays.  These instruments are used in handling a small number of samples or for special diagnostic purposes.  Manually operated, portable filter photometers are usually simpler and less accurate than conventional filter photometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "13031",
      "display": "Photometers, Filter, Microscopy",
      "definition": "Filter photometers designed for use attached to a microscope, some of them in the same way as a photographic camera.  These photometers allow the quantitative analysis of microscopic images and may be coupled to recorders or to computerized systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "16531",
      "display": "Photometers, Filter, Reflectance",
      "definition": "Filter photometers that measure the amount of light emitted by a light source (e.g., light-emitting diode) as reflected from the sample. These devices usually use a photodiode for light detection."
    },
    {
      "code": "18255",
      "display": "Photometers, Flame",
      "definition": "Photometers in which the sample is aspirated into a flame, and the thermally excited atoms emit light of characteristic wavelengths.  The intensity of the light emitted at one of these wavelengths is a measure of the amount of the element present.  These instruments consist of a burner, a nebulizer, a narrow band-pass monochromator, and a detector system.  Flame photometers are used for determining some metal ions, usually sodium, potassium, and lithium, in body fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "41763",
      "display": "Photometers, Mass",
      "definition": "Photometers that determine the mass of a molecule suspended in a solution using interference of scattered light and reflected light. Their principal components are a stable light source, a photodetector, appropriate electronics to process the detector signal, and a means of displaying the results."
    },
    {
      "code": "23685",
      "display": "Photometers, Skin Melanin Content/Erythema",
      "definition": "Photometers designed for in vivo measuring of the melanin and hemoglobin content (i.e., redness of the skin, known as erythema) in the skin. These instruments typically consist of a portable or mobile device that includes light emitting diodes as the source of light for illuminating the skin at several different frequencies, usually in the visible spectrum; a light detector (e.g., a photodiode) for measuring the light reflected by the skin at each (e.g., three) frequency; and software (algorithm) to calculate the melanin and hemoglobin content of the skin as a function of the absorbed light."
    },
    {
      "code": "13037",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to irradiate patients with light to produce beneficial bioeffects (i.e., phototherapy). These devices are intended to apply electromagnetic radiation of all or some part of the spectrum covering the near infrared (from 700 to 1,400 nm), visible (from 380 to 780 nm), and/or ultraviolet (typically from 170 to 400 nm) spectrum. Most of this equipment is specialized  for some particular application, such as treatment of hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) in newborns, warming newborns and physiotherapy using infrared lights, and dermal treatments (e.g., psoriasis) using ultraviolet light."
    },
    {
      "code": "23917",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units, Infrared",
      "definition": "Phototherapy units designed to irradiate patients with light in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (from 700 to 1,400 nm). These units typically consist of one or more lamps (e.g., conventional infrared lamps, light-emitting diodes) that are mounted in a stand-alone, mobile, or handheld structure. NIR phototherapy units apply radiation in an intensity and frequency range appropriate to the treatment to be performed. Some units include lamps specifically designed with a narrow-band spectrum for a particular application (e.g., 890 nm to treat neuropathy). NIR phototherapy units are used mainly to treat skin disorders, enhance wound healing, and provide pain relief. Dedicated units with pulsed lamps are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23544",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units, Infrared, Pulse Lamp/Laser",
      "definition": "Phototherapy units designed to irradiate patients with infrared (IR) light for therapeutic purposes using a combination of pulsed IR lamps and laser devices. These devices typically apply pulses of radiation in the near-IR spectrum (from 700 to 1,400 nm) using conventional light sources (e.g., lamps) and/or laser devices (e.g., diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG) combined in a unit that may use different probes and one or more sets of light filters. Pulsed IR phototherapy units are used mainly in dermal treatments, including removal of vascular and/or pigmented lesions; they are also used for hair removal and wrinkle reduction."
    },
    {
      "code": "32875",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units, Red/Near Infrared, Blood Irradiation",
      "definition": "Phototherapy units designed for in-vivo blood irradiation of blood with red and/or near infrared light. These devices typically consist of a light source with attached dedicated probes to apply the light. The devices may provide light radiation in the red spectrum (from 620 to 750nm) or near-IR spectrum (from 700 to 1,400 nm) typically using light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources and/or laser devices (e.g., diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG) as coherent light sources. The light application may be inside the nose nostrils, transcutaneous (e.g., on the wrist) or intravenous typically using a dedicated catheter. Blood irradiation phototherapy is mainly intended to reduce blood viscosity and improve blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "15731",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Phototherapy units designed to  irradiate patients with ultraviolet (UV) light for therapeutic purposes. These devices typically apply UV radiation according to the treatment performed (e.g., typically in the range of 250 to 350 nm for psoriasis); they are also used to photoactivate drugs by providing UV radiation on the skin. UV phototherapy units are available as portable, stand-alone, and handheld devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "31181",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units, Ultraviolet, Ophthalmic, Collagen Cross-Linking",
      "definition": "Phototherapy units designed to irradiate the cornea with relatively long-wave (in the range of 315 to 400 nm) ultraviolet type A (UVA) light, producing a strengthening effect on the stromal layers of the cornea. These devices typically consist of a lamp used to apply UVA radiation with a frequency and intensity according to the treatment performed; they usually work by photoactivating a dedicated solution (e.g., riboflavin). Collagen cross-linking ophthalmic phototherapy units are used in ophthalmic therapeutic procedures, such as keratoconus and ectasia (i.e., thinning) of the cornea following laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17515",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units, Visible Light, Hyperbilirubinemia",
      "definition": "Phototherapy units designed to irradiate newborns with visible light with a high component in the blue (typically from 420 to 480 nm wavelength) spectrum to treat hyperbilirubinemia (i.e., jaundice). The effect of this light is to convert water insoluble bilirubin to water-soluble photoproducts that are mostly excreted into bile. Hyperbilirubinemia phototherapy units are available as overhead units that apply the radiation directly from the lamp to the newborn and as separate light sources that deliver the light to the newborn through a fiberoptic cable and a transparent pad or blanket."
    },
    {
      "code": "12279",
      "display": "Phototherapy Units, Visible Light, Perineal Heat",
      "definition": "Phototherapy units designed to heat the perineal region by applying the radiation of a conventional visible light bulb. These units usually consist of portable and/or handheld lamp fixtures that include switches, light intensity controls, and appropriate mechanical protection to avoid direct contact of the light bulb with the area under treatment, preventing burns. Perineal heat phototherapy units are used to help in the treatment of infections, lesions, and in other (e.g., obstetric, anal) treatments of the region."
    },
    {
      "code": "32730",
      "display": "Phototherapy/Surgical Units, Multiple Modality Light Source",
      "definition": "Systems that combine lasers, lamps, and light emitting diode (LEDs) units and are designed to provide surgical and phototherapy treatments. These systems usually consist of: (1) a central unit (console) that includes the power supply, controls, and switches for the operation of the system; (2) several units intended to deliver the independent or combined  treatments (e.g.,  lamps, LEDs, and Nd:YAG, Er:YAG Lasers); and (3) dedicated handpieces used to deliver energy from particular units to the patient. The combined system is intended for general and plastic surgery and also for a variety of dermatologic treatments such as benign vascular lesions, psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema, warts, and scars; they are also used for hair and tattoo removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "22856",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Module Housings",
      "definition": "Enclosed cases and supports (i.e., housings) designed to hold physiologic monitor modules separate from a bedside monitor or other modular physiologic monitor and display units, without any data processing capabilities. These devices typically consist of a metal or hard plastic structure with appropriate slots or racks to place the monitor modules; the housings typically include common power and ground circuits and cable connections to the main unit. Physiologic monitor module housings are used to support the individual modules used in modular or modular/configured physiologic monitors with a configuration that is physically split in two or more parts while keeping all processing capabilities in the main unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "22857",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Module Housings, Signal Processing",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitor module housings, designed to hold physiologic monitor modules separate from the bedside monitor and display units, that process signal data before sending them to the central monitor. These devices typically consist of a metal or hard plastic structure with appropriate slots or racks to place the monitor modules, common power and ground circuits, an electronic processing unit, and cable connections to the main unit. Physiologic monitor module processing housings are used to support the individual modules used in modular or modular/configured physiologic monitors with a configuration that is physically split in two or more parts."
    },
    {
      "code": "41802",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Module Housings, Telemetric Receivers",
      "definition": "Enclosed cases and supports designed to hold telemetric receiver modules used with physiologic monitors separate from the physiologic monitors and display units. These devices typically consist of a metal or hard plastic structure with appropriate slots or racks to place the monitor modules, common power and ground circuits, and cable connections to the main unit. These units are usually designed to house multiple telemetric receiver modules."
    },
    {
      "code": "20770",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules",
      "definition": "Component devices (\"modules\") designed to be used with physiologic monitors and related devices to acquire, measure, display, monitor, record/store, and in some cases analyze information related to one or more physiologic parameters reflecting a patient's clinical condition. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes, catheters, probes, pressure transducer sets) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Physiologic monitor modules are designed to be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) and externally connected via cables/leads to the appropriate sensors (e.g., electrodes, catheters, probes, transducer sets) attached to or inserted in the patient. Physiologic monitor modules, when used as part of a patient monitoring system, allow users to change or add monitored parameters for an individual patient without having to employ other monitors or interrupt the monitoring of other parameters"
    },
    {
      "code": "20778",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Anesthetic Gas",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, analyze, and process information for the purposes of continuously and, in some cases, simultaneously monitoring the concentrations of anesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide, halothane, enflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane via the patient airway; some modules can also process information on the inspired and expired concentrations of several respiratory (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) gases and related physiologic parameters. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire/process the signal from a set of sensors (e.g., infrared light spectrometry probes) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Anesthetic gas monitoring modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). These modules can also be used with dedicated anesthesia units. Typical functions of an anesthetic gas monitor module, when used with a physiologic monitor or anesthesia unit, include display of waveforms and numeric/trends for anesthetic gas concentrations (and in some cases, related physiologic parameters) and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20775",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Apnea/Respiratory Rate",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purposes of continuously monitoring the respiratory rate and detecting the cessation of breathing (apnea). These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal (e.g., changes in electric impedance of the thoracic cavity or other physical variations) from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes, thermistors) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Respiratory rate/apnea modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typical functions of a respiratory rate/apnea module, when used with a physiologic monitor, include continuous monitoring of respiratory rate, display of the respiratory waveform and numeric rate value, detection of apnea, and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20774",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Cardiac Output",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purposes of intermittently measuring and/or continuously monitoring cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time). These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., catheter/pressure transducer sets) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains software to support the module's intended function. Cardiac output modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function. Typical functions of a cardiac output module, when used with a physiologic monitor, include intermittent measurement and/or calculation and display of the cardiac output curve(s), cardiac output index, blood temperature, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance. Some modules may provide continuous cardiac output monitoring features, additional intermittent or continuous hemodynamic monitoring features, or other functions, such as measurement of venous oxygen saturation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20771",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the heart and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG). These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s).  Electrocardiography modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typical functions of an electrocardiography module, when used with a physiologic monitor, include continuous 3-, 5-, and/or 6-lead ECG monitoring; heart rate numeric and ECG waveform(s) display; arrhythmia detection; ST-segment analysis; and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms. Some modules provide additional functions, such as 12-lead ECG monitoring and diagnostic interpretation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20783",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously monitoring electrical signals generated by the brain and the associated electroencephalogram (EEG). These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Electroencephalography monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typically, EEG measurements/trends are monitored via electrodes placed on a patient's scalp and/or forehead; intracranial (e.g., subdural, epidural) and nasopharyngeal sites are sometimes used. Electroencephalography module functions include display of numeric values/trends for EEG measurements and associated waveforms and  appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms. Electroencephalography modules may support a variety of signal-processing and display techniques (e.g., compressed spectral array, density spectral array, bispectral analysis), depending on the application (e.g., monitoring of intensive care patients, level-of-consciousness monitoring of anesthetized patients). An example of a specialized technique for level-of-consciousness monitoring is bispectral analysis, a signal-processing technique that quantifies the degree of phase coupling between the sinusoidal components of the EEG signal and produces an index from EEG data to correlate with the degree of awareness of anesthetized patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "20776",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Exhaled Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of intermittently or continuously monitoring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in an exhaled breath. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Carbon dioxide monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). There are several methods for monitoring the concentration of carbon dioxide in an exhaled breath, including mainstream sampling, which uses a sensor placed directly in the breathing circuit or nasal/oral airway cannula, or sidestream sampling, which uses a sensor placed in a remote sampling line connected to the breathing circuit or nasal/oral airway cannula; one module may offer a combination of methods or be dedicated to a single method.  Typical functions of exhaled carbon dioxide monitor modules, when used with a physiologic monitor, include display of waveform(s) and numeric values for the concentration of carbon dioxide in an exhaled breath (i.e., end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration) and appropriate initiation of audible/visual alarms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20777",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Inspired Oxygen",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of intermittently or continuously monitoring the fraction of inspired oxygen. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., a galvanic cell whose voltage changes with the oxygen concentration a polarographic cell whose current changes with the oxygen concentration) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Inspired oxygen monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typical functions of an inspired oxygen monitor module, when used with a physiologic monitor, include display of waveform(s) and numeric/trends for oxygen concentration, and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20782",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Intravascular Oximetry",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously monitoring mixed venous oxygen saturation levels. Venous oxygen saturation level is a measure of the oxygen delivered minus the oxygen consumed; clinically significant venous oxygen saturation changes can be used as an early indicator of physiologic instability. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., catheter/transducer sets) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Intravascular oximetry monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typical functions include display of numeric values/trends for venous oxygen saturation level and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms. Many modules also monitor venous oxygen saturation level along with the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood and display related data (e.g., plethysmogram waveforms, numeric values)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20772",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Invasive Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purposes of intermittently measuring and/or continuously monitoring invasive pressures (e.g., arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure). These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes, catheter/pressure transducer sets) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Invasive pressure modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., a module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typical functions of an invasive pressure module, when used with a physiologic monitor, include continuous monitoring of arterial blood (systolic, diastolic, and mean) pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery (systolic, diastolic, and mean) and capillary wedge pressures, and intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures. Various waveform and alphanumeric displays, along with visual/audible alarms, are typically supported. Some modules may provide additional hemodynamic monitoring functions or can be used to monitor other invasive pressures, such as intra-abdominal pressure, when used with the appropropriate sensors and accessory devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "41335",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Liver Function",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purposes of monitoring liver function. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., optical probe) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains software to support the module's intended function. Liver function modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function. One method for liver function monitoring uses an optical finger probe to measure the near infrared and infrared range absorption and emission spectrum the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green dye after intravenous injection of the dye. Some modules may provide other monitoring such as splanchnic perfusion monitoring and continuous oxygen saturation monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "20784",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Multiparameter",
      "definition": "Component devices (\"modules\") designed to be used with physiologic monitors and related devices to acquire, measure, display, monitor, record/store, and in some cases analyze information related to two or more physiologic parameters reflecting a patient's clinical condition. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes, catheters, probes, pressure transducer sets) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s).  Physiologic monitor modules are designed to be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) and externally connected via cables/leads to the appropriate sensors (e.g., electrodes, catheters, probes, transducer sets) attached to or inserted in the patient. Physiologic monitor modules, when used as part of a patient monitoring system, allow users to change or add monitored parameters for an individual patient without having to employ other monitors or interrupt the monitoring of other parameters. Examples of multiparameter modules include modules that combine pulse oximetry and, electrocardiogram, respiratory rate, and noninvasive blood pressure monitoring; modules that are designed to monitor several invasive pressure parameters (e.g., pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, intracranial pressure); and modules that are designed to monitor several parameters commonly used when monitoring patients undergoing anesthesia."
    },
    {
      "code": "23437",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Neuromuscular Block",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as components of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for continuously monitoring the level of neuromuscular block (i.e., paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles). These modules contain electronic circuits, electrodes, and sensors designed to deliver and measure the effects of standard stimulation pulsed signals such as train of four (TOF), single twitch (ST), double burst (DB), as well as tetanic and post-tetanic counts, showing the values on an electronic display at manually selected or automatically selectable intervals. The signal is transmitted to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software necessary to support the module's intended function(s). Neuromuscular block modules must be inserted into a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). The level of neuromuscular block is routinely measured by stimulating a peripheral nerve, usually in the hand and evaluating the muscle response; neuromuscular block modules are used mainly to check the drug-induced-paralysis status of skeletal muscles during surgical procedures involving general anesthesia, especially when paralytic agents are employed."
    },
    {
      "code": "20773",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Noninvasive Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of intermittently monitoring systemic blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean) using noninvasive methods. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process the signal from a transducer located inside tubing attached to a pneumatic cuff wrapped around the patient's arm. This transducer detects blood pressure fluctuations (oscillometric method) and transmits this information to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Noninvasive blood pressure monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typical functions of a noninvasive blood pressure module, when used with a physiologic monitor, include intermittent measurement and display of systolic, diastolic, and mean systemic blood pressure, along with appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms; typically, the module also allows the clinician to configure/change the measurement settings (e.g., automatic/manual measurement, measurement time intervals)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20781",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Pulse Oximetry",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously, noninvasively monitoring the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood; oxygen saturation values indicate whether the patient's blood is carrying sufficient oxygen. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., probes) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Pulse oximetry probes typically have red and infrared light sources that transmit light through a pulsating arterial bed (e.g., in the patient's fingertip or earlobe), along with photodetectors that receive the light that passes through the arterial bed. Oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) in the blood absorb the two wavelengths of light differently. Based on the relative absorption of the wavelengths, the pulse oximetry module determines the relative amount of O2Hb and HHb in the blood and calculates and displays the SpO2 value. Pulse oximetry monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typical functions include display of numeric values/trends for SpO2, display of the plethysmogram waveform, and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms. Many modules also allow for monitoring and display of the patient's pulse rate (e.g., with a numeric value in beats per minute)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41803",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Telemetric Receiver",
      "definition": "Component devices (\"modules\") designed obtain data from receivers on physiologic monitors and related devices for alarm generation or to display the data on a central monitor. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology used to processes the incoming signal and provides an output signal appropriate for display on dedicated monitors (e.g., central station). The information is acquired from either a TCP/IP network or an array of radiofrequency antenna. Physiologic monitor modules are designed to be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a modular housing unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "20779",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Temperature",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously monitoring the temperature of the internal regions of the body (core temperature) and/or the skin and subcutaneous regions (shell temperature). These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes, probes) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Temperature monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function(s). Typically, temperature measurements/changes can be monitored on a range of sites, including skin, rectal, nasal, esophageal, arterial, and venous sites; module functions include display of numeric values/trends for temperature readings in Celsius or Fahrenheit and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms."
    },
    {
      "code": "41956",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Tissue Oximetry",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously, noninvasively monitoring the amount of oxygen that is attached to hemoglobin found in the peripheral circulation (i.e., tissue oxygen saturation [StO2] in subcutaneous tissue). These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., probes) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software designed to support the module's intended function(s). It also includes an attached probe that is fixed to the skin and includes the light sources and a light detector to measure the scattered light reflected to the skin surface. Light at several frequencies, typically in the near infrared spectrum, is transmitted through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue and the value of the absorbed light is determined based on the measurement of the reflected light."
    },
    {
      "code": "20780",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitor Modules, Transcutaneous Blood Gas",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor, along with related devices, to acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously, noninvasively monitoring the partial pressure (concentration) of carbon dioxide (tcpCO2) and/or oxygen (tcpO2) in the blood through skin-surface (i.e., transcutaneous) measurements. Skin-surface tcpCO2/tcpO2 measurements correlate with arterial partial pressure, providing a noninvasive means of continuously monitoring blood gas. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from two separate sensors or a combined tcpCO2/tcpO2 sensor applied to the patient's skin and transmit the signal to the physiologic monitor, which contains software to support the module's intended function. Transcutaneous blood gas monitor modules must be inserted in a dedicated location (e.g., \"slot\") within a physiologic monitor (e.g., modular or modular/configured bedside or transport monitor) or related device (e.g., module rack) in order to support the desired function. Typical functions of a transcutaneous blood gas monitor module, when used with a physiologic monitor, include the display of waveforms and numeric/trends for tcpCO2 and/or tcpO2 and appropriate initiation of visual/audible alarms; some modules also support measurement and display of information related to the pH of the blood. Transcutaneous blood gas monitor modules are typically used in the neonatal intensive care unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "33559",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitoring Modules, Fetal",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring modules designed for monitoring the fetus when combined with a fetal or physiologic monitor or other compatible system. The modules, along with related devices, acquire, measure, and process information for the purpose of continuously monitoring fetal status. These modules typically consist of sensors placed externally on the mother's abdomen and are attached to the module and a wireless transmitter. The modules usually detect and measure physiologic parameters of the fetus such as heart rate, electrocardiography, and fetal movements; they may also measure maternal parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, and uterine activity.  Fetal modules contain electronic circuits designed to acquire and/or process the signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes, pressure sensors); the signals are then transmitted through a wireless link to the  monitor, which contains software designed to support the module's intended function(s). Fetal monitoring modules are used during the antepartum and intrapartum periods."
    },
    {
      "code": "32878",
      "display": "Physiologic Monitoring Modules, Neurology, Level-of-Consciousness, Entropy",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be used as a component of a physiologic monitor or other monitoring system, to acquire, measure, and process information related to the state of the central nervous system (i.e.,  level-of-consciousness) based on the calculus of entropy values during general anesthesia procedures. Entropy values are calculated as state entropy (SE) and response entropy (RE). The values of SE and RE are  respectively based on: (1) continuously monitoring electrical signals generated by the brain and the associated electroencephalogram (EEG) and (2) frontal electromyographic (FEMG) signals taken from the frontal facial muscles. These modules contain electronic circuits or other technology designed to acquire and/or process a signal from one or more physiologic sensors (e.g., electrodes) and transmit it to the physiologic monitor, which contains the software with appropriate algorithms to calculate the entropy values of the signals. Level of consciousness monitors are mostly intended to help in the evaluation of the brain state changes (e.g., depth of anesthesia) in response to drug dose during surgery; their use may reduce the quantity of anesthetic agents required and accelerate the release of patients from the post anesthesia care units."
    },
    {
      "code": "37165",
      "display": "Physiologic Recording Systems, Animal Testing",
      "definition": "Systems that contain sensors to measure and record two or more physiologic and behavioral parameters of animals, such as animal activity, feeding and drinking, core body temperature, and oximetry. These physiologic recording systems usually attach to an animal enclosure."
    },
    {
      "code": "15750",
      "display": "Pill Crusher/Splitters",
      "definition": "Devices designed to crush (i.e., reduce to a powder) or split a pill in two halves. Crushers are typically two-section tabletop instruments; the lower part is usually intended for crushing pills while a hinged cap on top is capable of splitting a pill when compressed tightly. Pill crusher/splitters are used to facilitate the intake of pulverized drugs, either directly or mixed with liquids or soft food; pills splitters are also used to facilitate the administration of drugs (e.g., vitamins) or to provide half the dose of a whole pill."
    },
    {
      "code": "21913",
      "display": "Pill Crushers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to reduce pills and caplets to a powder. These crushers are typically a tabletop unit with a manual mechanism (e.g., a pressure level, twisting lid) to crush the pill and a detachable container (e.g., plastic bag or cup) to store the crushed pill. Pill crushers are used mainly in healthcare facilities and at home to facilitate the intake of drugs (e.g., vitamins), either directly or mixed with liquid or soft food."
    },
    {
      "code": "33721",
      "display": "Pill Packing Units, Counting/Verification",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for counting and verifying of the quantity of pills included in a given container following a pre-established program. These machines consist of a computerized unit that includes conveyors, input and output ports for the pill containers, barcode readers, cameras, and a processor that follows a dedicated software. The machines make it possible to count the quantity of pills in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, compare with the expected quantity,  and keep record of the pills in each container. New types of pills to be introduced in the systems should be programmed prior to the process of counting and verification. Pill counting/verification units may be used as stand-alone units or as components of pill distribution systems in healthcare facilities (e.g., pharmacies, hospitals)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21914",
      "display": "Pill Splitters",
      "definition": "Devices designed to split a pill in two halves. These devices are typically a tabletop plastic container with two hinged parts; typically, the lower part includes a holder for the pill and the upper part includes a manual cutting mechanism (e.g., a blade) that cuts the pill when the lid is tightly compressed. Some devices include a storage compartment in the bottom for the split pills. Pill splitters are used mainly to facilitate the administration of drugs (e.g., vitamins) or to provide half the dose of a whole pill."
    },
    {
      "code": "37295",
      "display": "Pillow Lifters",
      "definition": "Devices used to elevate an integrated padded surface (i.e., pillow) to move a patient from a prone to a seated position or to raise the patient's feet. Pillow lifters typically consist of a folded metal frame, an integrated pad, a control unit, and straps for attaching the pillow lifter to the mattress. These units are typically used on top of the mattress; however, some units may also allow use underneath the mattress. They are typically only wide enough to raise the upper or lower body of a single person or twin-size mattress."
    },
    {
      "code": "17198",
      "display": "Pillow Speakers",
      "definition": "Devices with an integrated loudspeaker (i.e., devices intended to convert electrical signals from audio equipment into sound waves) and control buttons allowing a user to control remotely one or more pieces of non-medical equipment in a patient room (e.g., television, lights, drapes) and/or activate nurse call communication systems. Pillow speakers typically consist of a handheld, sealed plastic housing with the control buttons and loudspeaker arrayed on one face of the device. Pillow speakers are typically wired devices that include a cable with a connector appropriate for connecting with device (e.g., television) and/or nurse call communication system interface."
    },
    {
      "code": "15593",
      "display": "Pillows",
      "definition": "Cushions or pads that are placed behind or around the neck, back, or head to provide comfort or to relieve or prevent pain by providing proper support to the stressed areas.  They are generally cloth bags filled with feathers, sponge rubber, plastic fiber, or foam.  Sometimes they are inflatable or gel filled for adjustable support."
    },
    {
      "code": "10306",
      "display": "Pillows, Bath",
      "definition": "Pillows that are placed behind or around the neck, back, or head to relieve or prevent pain by providing proper support to the stressed areas during bathing.  They are generally inflatable, made of waterproof plastic or rubber, and come with suction cups for attachment to the web tub wall."
    },
    {
      "code": "15292",
      "display": "Pillows, Cervical",
      "definition": "Pillows that are shaped to conform to the natural curvature of the neck, which promotes correct head and neck positioning in patients sleeping on their back or side and prevents interference from the shoulder and upper arm in patients sleeping on their side.  They usually are rectangular with one or more sides thicker than the center. Some are crescent-shaped to wrap around the neck; others are the shape of a standard pillow but are filled with gel, water, or air (inflatable) so as to conform to the natural curvature of the neck."
    },
    {
      "code": "39603",
      "display": "Pillows, Full-Body",
      "definition": "Pillows of sufficient length to support the full length of an adult body. Full-body pillows can be C-shaped or U-shaped to facilitate the simultaneous support of multiple body parts (e.g., head/neck and lower limbs) or to provide support to both sides of the body. Full-body pillows are typically used to provide support while lying down to facilitate side-sleeping, particularly by women in later stages of pregnancy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17794",
      "display": "Pillows, Lumbar",
      "definition": "Pillows used while sitting or lying down that are shaped to conform to the natural curvature of the lower back, which promotes correct posture and prevents or relieves lower back pain and fatigue.  They can be shaped like a long, narrow roll or can be larger to fit the entire back of a chair, with a base that curves out or inflates to support the lumbar region of the back.  There are also fully inflatable, gel-filled, and water-filled lumbar pillows."
    },
    {
      "code": "13041",
      "display": "Pin/Wire Cutters",
      "definition": "Plier-like, handheld, manual instruments with jaws conformed to hold and cut pins or wires.  They are typically used during orthopedic surgery to cut wires and/or pins to the needed length as they are being implanted in the patient. Some pin/wire cutters have silicon tips to grip the cut end of the pin or wire so that it does not fly off and can be disposed of safely."
    },
    {
      "code": "13043",
      "display": "Pinwheels",
      "definition": "Manual stimulators designed to determine tactile sensibility by patient discrimination of the diameter of rods mounted on a disc. These devices consist of a handheld disc at the distal end with protruding rods that differ in diameter mounted on a rotary pin; the disc is manually rotated on the patient skin by moving an integral handle at the proximal end. Pinwheels are simple devices typically used in physician offices to detect peripheral neuropathy and/or in the diagnosis of diabetes or leprosy."
    },
    {
      "code": "33552",
      "display": "Pipette Fillers",
      "definition": "Flexible rubber or plastic bulbs designed to draw liquid up into a pipette. These bulbs are attached to the proximal end (known as the mouthpiece) of a pipette typically by inserting about 0.5 cm (1/4 inch) of the pipette into the bulb. Pipette bulbs are intended as a substitute for the traditional mouthpiece in clinical laboratories and other areas of healthcare facilities; safety pipette fillers intended for handling hazardous liquids are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20670",
      "display": "Pipette Fillers, Safety",
      "definition": "Pipette fillers designed for safe use of pipettes when handling potentially hazardous liquids. These fillers consist of a rubber or plastic bulb with a small bulb derivation and several valves. The operation of the pipette includes squeezing the main bulb and the aspiration (A) valve simultaneously to produce a vacuum; squeezing the suction (S) valve until the liquid reaches the desired level; and squeezing the expel (E) valve allowing the liquid to flow out the pipette."
    },
    {
      "code": "16822",
      "display": "Pipette Tips",
      "definition": "Tapered cylindrical ends that are attached to pipettors and that are designed for the uptake, transfer, and dispensing of a volume of liquid. Pipette tips can have various features such as non-sterile, pre-sterilized, and filtered. They can be made of plastic or glass and are usually disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "15166",
      "display": "Pipettes",
      "definition": "Glass or plastic tubes with both ends open that are used for manual transfer of controlled amounts of liquids from one container to another. Most pipettes are used to transfer liquid volumes between one and one hundred milliliters. Pipettes may be designed to deliver a specific volume of liquid (i.e., volumetric pipettes) or calibrated to permit the measurement of different amounts of liquid with the same pipette (i.e., measuring pipette). Bulb fillers are usually attached to the aspiration end of the pipette (traditionally known as the mouthpiece); mouth pipetting is an unsafe practice used to draw liquid up into the pipette not allowed currently in most laboratories. Volumetric and measuring pipettes of several types are used in healthcare facilities, mainly in clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "33541",
      "display": "Pipettes, Measuring",
      "definition": "Pipettes designed to measure and deliver multiple different amounts of liquid, usually in the range from 0.1 to 25.0 milliliters. These pipettes typically consist of a straight glass or plastic tube calibrated using small divisions (i.e., graduation marks) and one tapered end. Measuring pipettes are usually available either with the graduation marks continuing to the tip (i.e., serological pipettes) or with the graduations ending before the tip (known as Mohr pipettes); volumetric pipettes should be used when a better accuracy is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "33542",
      "display": "Pipettes, Measuring, Mohr",
      "definition": "Measuring pipettes designed to measure and deliver multiple different amounts of liquid whose graduations end before the pipette's tip. These pipettes typically consist of a straight glass or plastic tube calibrated, in small divisions (i.e., graduation marks) usually in the range from 0.01 to 1.0 mL for each mark and also showing the maximum volume that usually would go from 1.0 to 25.0 mL. Mohr measuring pipettes are used in healthcare facilities, mainly in clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "27723",
      "display": "Pipettes, Measuring, Serological",
      "definition": "Measuring pipettes designed to measure and deliver multiple different amounts of liquid whose graduations continue down into the pipette's tip. These pipettes typically consist of a straight glass or plastic tube calibrated, in small divisions (i.e., graduation marks), usually in the range from 0.1 to 25.0 milliliters, and one tapered end. Serological measuring pipettes are used in healthcare facilities, mainly in clinical laboratories. Serological pipettes that permit the user to force out the last drop after all the liquid has been allowed to drain out by gravity (i.e., blow-out pipettes) are also used."
    },
    {
      "code": "33546",
      "display": "Pipettes, Measuring, Serological, Blow-Out",
      "definition": "Serological measuring pipettes designed to measure and deliver multiple different amounts of liquid that permit the blowing out of the last drops after all the liquid has been allowed to drain out by gravity. These pipettes typically consist of a straight glass or plastic tube that is calibrated, usually in the range from 0.1 to 25.0 milliliters, using small divisions (i.e., graduation marks) that continue down into the tapered end. These pipettes have an open top that allows the user to cover with the thumb to create a vacuum. Once the liquid is transferred into the receiving container, the operator can force air through the open end to force the last drops into the container. Blow-out serological pipettes are clearly marked using a frosted band or two thin rings placed around the neck; they are used in healthcare facilities, mainly in clinical laboratories"
    },
    {
      "code": "42024",
      "display": "Pipettes, Transfer",
      "definition": "Plastic pipettes with integral bulbs or accessory bulbs used for transferring liquids. They may be graduated or ungraduated formats. Transfer pipettes are not considered precision instruments and are not meant to be used for accurate and precise volume measurements. They can be used to move previously measured volumes from one container to another."
    },
    {
      "code": "33538",
      "display": "Pipettes, Volumetric",
      "definition": "Pipettes designed to deliver a single specific volume of a given liquid, usually between one and one hundred milliliters. These pipettes typically consist of a glass or plastic tube with a large central bulb, one blunt end (the neck) and one tapered end (the tip). Pipettes of many different sizes are available. Volumetric pipettes are used to transfer liquids with accuracy and easy reproducibility since they are calibrated to deliver only one fixed volume of liquid; they are used in healthcare facilities, mainly in clinical laboratories (e.g., to prepare solutions for titration). Volumetric pipettes with the bulb closer to the delivery tip (e.g., Ostwald-Folin pipettes) that are mainly intended for transference of viscous fluids (e.g., blood, serum) are also used."
    },
    {
      "code": "15663",
      "display": "Pipettors",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for automated or semi-automated transfer of programmed volumes of liquids from one container to another container. Pipettors typically consist of powered (e.g., electronic) benchtop or manually operated handheld devices that can transfer (i.e., dispense) very small, pre-established volumes of liquid (usually from 0.1 microliter to several milliliters). Some pipettors include detachable disposable tips. Most pipettors work by displacing a plunger in a cylinder but other mechanisms are used in some electronic units. Single-channel and multichannel pipettors are used in clinical laboratories; they improve the precision of measurements and lessen the possibility of cross-contamination among samples when compared with manual pipetting procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33548",
      "display": "Pipettors, Plunger, Air Displacement",
      "definition": "Pipettors designed for automated or semi-automated transfer of programmed volumes of liquids from one container to another container by displacing a plunger in a cylinder or capillary tube that does not make contact with the liquid. These pipettors include a plunger that is displaced to a given position to set the volume of liquid to be transferred; then a control button is depressed to expel the same volume of air from the tube. After immersion of the pipettor tip into the liquid, the control button is released to create a partial vacuum that aspirates an identical volume of the transferred liquid through the tip and into the pipetter and keeps a volume of air between the liquid and the plunger. Single-channel and multichannel air displacement pipettors are used in clinical laboratories; they improve the precision of measurements and lessen the possibility of cross-contamination among samples when compared with manual pipetting procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27722",
      "display": "Pipettors, Plunger, Positive Displacement",
      "definition": "Pipettors designed for automated or semi-automated transfer of programmed volumes of liquids from one container to another container by displacing a plunger in a cylinder or capillary tube that makes direct contact with the liquid. These pipettors include a plunger that is displaced to a given position to set the volume of liquid to be transferred; then a control button is depressed to expel the same volume of air from the tube. After immersion of the pipettor tip into the liquid, the control button is released to create a partial vacuum that aspirates an identical volume of the transferred liquid through the tip and into the pipetter until the liquid makes direct contact to the plunger. Single-channel and multichannel positive displacement pipettors are used in clinical laboratories; they improve the precision of measurements and lessen the possibility of cross-contamination among samples when compared with manual pipetting procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16810",
      "display": "Pitchers, Paraffin",
      "definition": "Pitchers designed for the safe and easy handling of melted paraffin. These devices typically consist of a hollow thermal unit that is open at the top and a pouring pitcher appropriate for placement inside the thermal unit. The thermal unit consists of a cylindrical double-wall metallic (typically stainless steel) jacket enclosing an internal chamber, as well as a wire heating element coiled between the walls to ensure even temperature distribution. It also includes a thermostat to control the paraffin at the desired viscosity, a handle, and rubber legs at the bottom. The pouring pitcher is made of highly polished metal and a visible volume scale. Paraffin pitchers are used mainly in clinical laboratories for embedding tissues in exact amounts of paraffin (typically to perform histological studies) while maintaining a complete control of the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "15167",
      "display": "Plasma Extractors",
      "definition": "Devices that use a manual press to extract plasma from centrifuged whole blood or blood components by providing pressure from the bottom of the unit to the top. These devices may have spring-loaded plates with metal handles that allows for extraction. These devices usually have a transparent acrylic plate for visibility during the plasma extraction process. Typically, there are suspension pins at the top of the back plate that offers stability to keep the blood-pack unit upright and anti-slip feet keep the plasma extractor stable during use."
    },
    {
      "code": "41900",
      "display": "Plasma Thawing Units, Dry Method",
      "definition": "Units intended for thawing and/or warming frozen plasma and/or other products (e.g., other blood components and infusion solutions) with heat transferred from bags filled with water or water-based gel (heating cushions). The plasma bags are not in contact with water. These devices usually consist of an enclosure where the plasma bags are inserted between the heating cushions, electronic processing circuits, temperature sensors and controls, and data output ports to keep record of the process. The units may include preprogrammed thawing cycles. They may also contain some means to provide gentle agitation (e.g., rocking) to the bags during the thawing/warming process. The units are usually tabletop or portable."
    },
    {
      "code": "39674",
      "display": "Platelet Agitators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide a continuous mechanical mixing (either by shaking, rotation, or both) to platelet containers (e.g., apheresis bags) required for proper oxygenation of platelets during storage. These devices typically consist of an automated, electrically powered unit that incorporates a mechanism to provide the mechanical movement and multiple shelves for the placement of platelet containers. Platelet agitators are frequency designed to fit inside temperature-controlled incubators."
    },
    {
      "code": "34609",
      "display": "Platelet Storage Solution, Plasma Replacement",
      "definition": "Solutions used for partial plasma replacement during platelet storage. These products typically consist of water isotonic solution with some compounds known as crystalloid nutrients that include components such as sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and potassium chloride. The solutions are used to replace the percentage of plasma in preserved platelets (e.g., by 65 to 80%) reducing the plasma transfused to the recipient of the platelets without modifying the total volume transfused. Plasma replacement solutions are not intended for direct infusion to patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "13050",
      "display": "Plates, Bone",
      "definition": "Thin, flat sheets of metal used for internal fixation and immobilization of bone fragments. They are secured with multiple screws are used to hold pieces of bone together after osteotomy or fracture. Bone plates are typically made of surgical grade stainless steel or titanium."
    },
    {
      "code": "13052",
      "display": "Plates, Cranioplasty",
      "definition": "Implantable plates designed to be used to repair skull defects. These plates are typically made of sheets of biocompatible materials such as metal (e.g., titanium, stainless steel), polymerized plastic resins, or, less frequently, ceramics; they are usually preformed before surgery, but some plates (e.g., tantalum) may be reshaped during surgery without altering their physical or chemical properties. Preformed skull plates generally have a central convex curvature matching the curvature of the forehead, side, or rear of the human skull; they are usually fixed to intact cranial bones using appropriate screws and/or other fasteners. Cranioplasty plates are used to repair defects created or caused by injury, surgical tumor removal, or congenital anomaly or disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "13056",
      "display": "Plethysmographs",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to measure and record data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in volume of organs and/or other anatomic parts that are mainly due to the presence and flow of air or blood.  Some plethysmographs are intended to record the intra-thoracic or pulmonary gas volume and variations (i.e., whole body plethysmographs). Other plethysmographs are used in the determination of blood volume and flow in particular areas of the body such as the limbs, eyes, or genitals. Plethysmographs may use a variety of techniques to obtain data and graphics. The typical method used for pulmonary assessment (e.g., residual volume) consists of an airtight cabinet (known as body box) where the pressure variations are measured while the patient is breathing.  Some of the techniques mostly used for blood volume and flow plethysmography are: (1) changes in volume or variations in the pulse volume waveform and amplitude (segmental plethysmography); (2) changes in the impedance; (3) changes in the optical properties of tissues (photoplethysmography). Other techniques also used are based on the variation of capacitance, inductance, and pressure using strain gauge sensors. Dedicated plethysmographs intended for assessment of the blood volume and changes in specific anatomic parts such as the limbs, eyes, brain, and genitals are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41626",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Animal",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs used to measure and record respiratory function in conscious unrestrained animals. These plethysmographs usually consist of sealed chamber that includes pressure sensors to measure pressure changes inside the chamber. The equipment may include a computerized unit with software to process the information and record the results."
    },
    {
      "code": "18337",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Brain, Segmental",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording of data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in the volume of the brain due to the presence and flow of blood in the vascular system based on the measurement of the volume waveform and amplitude. This technique is known as segmental plethysmography, and also as pulse volume recording (PVR) plethysmography, and pneumo plethysmography. These devices include sensors for measuring in the scalp or neck. They are used in assessing diseases related to the cerebral blood circulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34576",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in the volume of the lower limbs due to the presence and flow of blood in the leg vascular system. The primary techniques used are based on: (1) changes in volume or variations in the pulse volume waveform and amplitude (also known as segmental plethysmography), pulse volume recording (PVR) plethysmography, and pneumo plethysmography; (2) changes in the impedance (impedance plethysmography); (3) changes in the optical properties of tissues (photo plethysmography); (4) changes in pressure using a strain gauge transducer sensor. Other techniques based on different parameters, such as capacitance and/or inductance variations. Lower limb plethysmographs are mainly intended to detect and assess diseases related to deep venous blood flow (e.g., thrombosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34579",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Lower Limb, Impedance",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording of data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in the volume of the lower limbs due to the presence and flow of blood in the peripheral vascular system of the legs. This is based on the measurement of the changes of the values of the impedance (i.e., impedance plethysmography also known as impedance phlebography). These devices typically consist of a unit that includes an impedance meter, controls, and a recorder of the changes of electrical impedance. Two or four electrodes are typically attached to the main unit with electrodes at the distal tips that are placed on the calf. Pressure cuffs placed around the thighs are inflated at a pressure enough to cut off venous flow but not arterial flow. The venous blood pressure rises until it equals the pressure under the cuff; when the cuff is released there is a rapid venous runoff and a prompt return to the resting blood volume. The impedance changes follow a characteristic pattern when a venous obstruction is present that is displayed and/or printed as a graphic. Lower-limb impedance plethysmographs are used to assess peripheral circulation and to assist in diagnosing diseases/disorders related to venous blood flow (e.g., peripheral vascular disease, thrombosis) in the extremities, including deep venous thrombosis as a cause of pulmonary thrombosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18338",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Lower Limb, Segmental",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in volume of the lower limbs due to the presence and flow of blood in the vascular system based on the measurement of the volume waveform and amplitude. This technique is also known as segmental plethysmography, pulse volume recording (PVR) plethysmography, and pneumo plethysmography. These devices typically consist of a unit that measures, records, and displays the results (usually in graphic format) and compression cuffs, sensors (e.g., pressure, volume), transducers, and signal amplifiers. The sensors are applied to several points (e.g., thigh, calf, ankle) to measure pressure changes in the bladder of the cuff wrapped around the limb. These changes reflect changes in the cuff volume, which is a direct reflection of changes within the limb volume. Lower limb segmental plethysmographs are used to assess peripheral circulation and to assist in diagnosing diseases/disorders related to venous blood flow (e.g., deep venous thrombosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34573",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Lower/Upper Limb",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in volume of the limbs due to the presence and flow of blood in the peripheral vascular system. The primary techniques used are based on: (1) changes in volume or variations in the pulse volume waveform and amplitude (also known as segmental plethysmography); pulse volume recording (PVR) plethysmography; and pneumo plethysmography; (2) changes in the impedance (impedance plethysmography); (3) changes in the optical properties of tissues (photo plethysmography); (4) changes in pressure using a strain gauge transducer sensor. Other less common techniques are based on other parameters, such as capacitance and/or inductance variations. Dedicated plethysmographs intended for assessment of the blood volume and changes in the lower or upper limbs or both are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34614",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Lower/Upper Limb, Photo",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in volume of the limbs due to the presence and flow of blood in the peripheral vascular system that are based on the reflection of light by the red blood cells. These plethysmographs consist of a device (e.g., a clamp) that is placed on the dorsum of a finger or toe that includes a light source (typically infrared) and a photo sensor; the device also include a central unit with a display to show the waveform and data, and connection cables. When the light is reflected from the tissue the data is processed using a dedicated software and the results are displayed on a monitor screen, usually as a waveform of the blood flow. Photo plethysmographs allow to determine the conditions of the blood flow (i.e., the presence of obstructions); they may also provide information related to the conditions of the peripheral arteries, such as the relationship between the ankle and arm pressures (i.e., the ankle/brachial index)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24227",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Lower/Upper Limb, Segmental",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in volume of the limbs due to the presence and flow of blood in the peripheral vascular system of the limbs (arms, legs, or both) based on the measurement of the volume waveform and amplitude using pressure cuffs.. This technique is also known as segmental plethysmography, pulse volume recording (PVR) plethysmography, and pneumo plethysmography. These devices typically consist of a unit that measures, records, and displays the results (usually in graphic format). They also include compression cuffs, sensors (e.g., pressure, volume), transducers, and signal amplifiers. The sensors are applied to several points (e.g., thigh, calf, arm, wrist) to measure pressure changes in the bladder of the cuff wrapped around the limb, these changes reflect changes in the cuff volume, which is a direct reflection of changes within the limb volume. Lower/upper limb segmental plethysmographs are used to assess peripheral circulation and to assist in diagnosing diseases/disorders related to venous blood flow (e.g., peripheral vascular disease, thrombosis) in the extremities. Lower/upper limb segmental plethysmographs that include detectors and/or flowmeters using ultrasonic (Doppler) techniques are also available; they include ultrasound transducers attached to the main unit. The Doppler study is used as an adjunct to plethysmography to monitor changes within the extremities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34574",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Lower/Upper Limb, Strain Gauge",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in the volume of the limbs due to the flow of blood based on venous occlusion based on the use of strain-gauge sensors. These devices typically consist of a unit that measures, records, and displays the results (usually in graphic format). They also include compression cuffs, pressure sensors (e.g., mercury in silastic strain-gauges), transducers, and signal amplifiers. The cuffs are inflated gradually to a pre-determined value of pressure until limb volume changes are detected and measured. Lower/upper limb strain-gauge plethysmographs are frequently combined with intra-arterial drug administration, usually into the forearm vasculature, to evaluate blood flow; the technique can also be used in the lower limbs. Venous occlusion plethysmographs are intended to assess vascular physiology and pharmacology local effects on the limb vasculature; some devices include cuffs with appropriate strain gauges for measurements on the hand and/or foot digits and the penis."
    },
    {
      "code": "12791",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Ocular, Segmental",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording of data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the volume and variations in the volume of the blood flow in the eyes due to the flow of blood in the ophthalmic artery (the first major branch of the internal carotid artery). Data is based on the measurement of the eye volume pressure waveform and amplitude. This technique is also known as ocular segmental plethysmography, and ocular pneumo plethysmography. These devices typically consist of a unit that measures, records, and displays the results, usually in graphic format, of the changes in the volume of the eye produced by pulsatile blood flow in the ophthalmic artery. The device also includes air-filled cups resembling contact lenses that apply vacuum to the sclera which results in occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and detect pulsatile changes in the eye pressure. The pressure at which systolic ocular pulsations reappear and its delay in time following occlusion is an indirect measurement of the ophthalmic artery pressure and consequently of the carotid artery pressure. A reduction in arterial pulse pressure in the eye and/or a delay in pulsation is a sign that a carotid artery may be blocked or narrowed."
    },
    {
      "code": "41948",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Skin, Photo",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed for non-invasive measuring and recording data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of the flow of blood in and below the skin that are based on the reflection of light by the red blood cells. The device includes a sensing unit that is built in to a thin, soft disc that is applied to the patient�s back. This sensor examines how the superficial blood flow changes when the skin is exposed to the pressure from the person�s own body weight. The unit also uses a built-in algorithm that evaluates the comparative measurements and generates an assessment of the patient�s risk of developing pressure ulcers based on blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "13059",
      "display": "Plethysmographs, Whole Body",
      "definition": "Plethysmographs designed to measure and record data and graphics (i.e., a plethysmogram) of thoracic gas volume and air hold in the lungs when the muscles of respiration are relaxed (i.e., the functional residual capacity [FRC]). Whole-body plethysmographs usually consist of a relatively small sealed chamber that includes a mouthpiece, pressure sensors, and nasal clips; the equipment may include a computerized unit with software to process the information and record the results. The patient is placed inside the sealed chamber and then starts breathing through the open or closed mouthpiece with the nostrils closed using the nasal clips. The volume of air within the lungs is calculated using the Boyle's law (P1V1= P2V2) for the conditions within the tight closed chamber.  Values of the FRC can be used to assess diseases and airway passage restrictions; FRC increased values are a sign of obstructive diseases because some airways do not empty normally, while decreased values are signs of a restrictive disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "40829",
      "display": "Pliers, Orthodontic",
      "definition": "Hand-held instruments consisting of a pair of handles, a pivot point, and a head section with gripping jaws designed for grasping auxiliary attachments in orthodontic procedures. Various uses for orthodontic pliers include tightening brackets, bending metal bands, and placing archwires and brackets. The plier jaws are often serrated with a rounded end. Orthodontic pliers may be angled, curved, offset or straight depending on their intended use. These pliers are usually constructed from surgical grade stainless steel. The shape of orthodontic pliers varies based on the task the tool is meant to perform. Pliers meant to loosen brackets or dental bands often have wider heads, usually bent at an angle to allow better gripping. Some orthodontic pliers have a cutting edge used for snipping wires."
    },
    {
      "code": "41554",
      "display": "Pneumatic Cuff Inflators",
      "definition": "Devices used to expand pneumatic cuffs using compressed air. Pneumatic cuff inflators usually include a display screen, controls, pressure regulator, and tubing to connect to the cuff. The inflators typically regulate inflation to a preselected target pressure, maintain that pressure, and subsequently deflate the cuff. These devices may also have a timer for automatic inflation and deflation."
    },
    {
      "code": "13080",
      "display": "Pneumotachographs",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to measure and record data of airflow velocity and pressure during respiration and phonation. Pneumotachographs can measure airflow quantitatively by detecting flow of gases and comparing it to the pressure drop against a small resistive field. These devices usually consist of mask or mouthpiece, a pressure transducer, and tubing."
    },
    {
      "code": "39408",
      "display": "Polarimeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments used to determine the optical activity of a substance, which is the angle of rotation induced in the plane of polarization of a polarized light beam passed through the substance."
    },
    {
      "code": "16201",
      "display": "Polishing Strips, Dental",
      "definition": "Bendable strips made of stainless steel or plastic and coated with an abrasive substance such as aluminum oxide. These strips are used by dental professionals for polishing the surface of the teeth and preventing plaque buildup between the teeth. Polishing strips are available in a variety of widths and grit levels from fine to coarse. Metal strips are reusable, and plastic strips are intended for single-use."
    },
    {
      "code": "13085",
      "display": "Polygraphs",
      "definition": "Multichannel physiologic graphical recorders designed for the simultaneous recording of instantaneous values and/or variations of a number of different physiologic parameters (e.g., electrocardiogram; electroencephalogram; temperature, respiration, blood pressure), usually under conditions of physical or mental stress. Dedicated multichannel graphical recorders are available for recording a variety of parameters used in different types of assessments (e.g., polysomnography); the term is frequently associated with polygraphs intended to assess the  truth of people's statements (i.e., lie detectors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17458",
      "display": "Polysomnographs",
      "definition": "Polygraphs designed for graphic recording of physiologic parameters, such as electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, chest wall motion, airflow at both the nose and the mouth, eye movements, oxygen saturation and electromyograms while the patient is asleep.  Parameters may be added or omitted depending on the study being performed.  These recorders include multiple electrodes placed on the patient in specific areas, amplifiers, and filters.  They are used in assessing sleeping disorders (e.g.,  insomnia, snoring, sleep apnea)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34245",
      "display": "Polysomnographs, Portable",
      "definition": "Polysomnographs designed for simultaneous recording of a variety of physiologic parameters during sleep in non-attended locations. These instruments typically consist of a multichannel recorder that typically have a reduced number of channels (i.e., less than 12 channels), but that should assess at least heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiratory analysis. These polysomnographs include a set of detachable sensors and electrodes fixed to the patient at the distal end that provide the input signals needed for graphic representation of the parameters; the instruments also include transducers (e.g., temperature, pressure), amplifiers, filters, and memory. The devices measure, assess, and display graphics of the variations in time of some or all of the electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic, and electromyographic signals, as well as other parameters such as cardiac and breathing rhythms, oxygen saturation, and eye and legs movements; some instruments may include a synchronized patient video camera. The sensors and leads transmit the signals to an electronic recorder which is capable of reproducing their characteristics in an amplitude versus time graph (i.e., a polysomnogram) and may also provide a spectral analysis of the signals. Portable polysomnographs are mainly used to evaluate sleeping disorders, particularly for screening a primary assessment of sleep apnea; the instruments are not intended for a real-time assessment of the patient's conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16854",
      "display": "Ports, Injection/Infusion",
      "definition": "Ports designed to infuse fluids, electrolytes, medications, or parenteral nutrition solutions; they can withstand several hundred punctures (usually from 500 to 2,000). These ports include a reservoir that leads to a vascular catheter and a dense (e.g., silicone) septum for access to the reservoir. Injection/infusion ports are totally implanted; they are usually accessed with specially designed needles (e.g., Huber needles), which are deflected at the tip to prevent coring of the septum (noncoring needles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18765",
      "display": "Ports, Injection/Infusion, Central Venous",
      "definition": "Injection/infusion ports that are surgically inserted (implanted) under local anesthesia in the operating room using a surgical technique similar to the one used for placing tunneled catheters.  The vein to be catheterized, usually the external jugular or cephalic, is surgically isolated, and the catheter is advanced through a subcutaneous tunnel into the vein so that the catheter tip is in the superior vena cava; the port is then sutured into a subcutaneous pocket typically placed in the infraclavicular fossa.  These devices also may be placed through the saphenous vein and advanced into the inferior vena cava, with the port placed on top of the thigh or on the lower rib cage."
    },
    {
      "code": "18766",
      "display": "Ports, Injection/Infusion, Peripheral Vessel",
      "definition": "Injection/infusion ports that are surgically implanted in the upper limbs so that the catheter is inserted in the basilic, cephalic, or axillary vein, with the port placed in the inner aspect of the forearm or in the upper arm.  Peripheral ports can be placed using angiography or using a sensor wire/catheter tracking system, the latter of which eliminates the need for fluoroscopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "16858",
      "display": "Ports, Vascular Access",
      "definition": "Small reservoirs attached to a catheter that are implanted under the patient�s skin and designed to allow repeated and long-term access to the bloodstream for frequent or regular administration of drugs or blood sampling."
    },
    {
      "code": "33075",
      "display": "Positioning Aids, Imaging/Radiotherapy/Surgery, Extremity, Adult",
      "definition": "Positioning aids designed to help place patients' extremities in the most appropriate position during imaging, radiotherapy, and surgical procedures and that are sized appropriately for an adult. These positioning aids typically consist of rigid or semi-rigid devices that facilitate and/or restrain the position of the patient during the procedure; the aids are available in many different shapes (e.g., cubic blocks, straps, wedges, frames) and made of a variety of materials (e.g., foam, gel, metal). In addition to use for procedures of the extremities, these devices can be used to position extremities for other procedures, such as the Fowler's or beach chair position for shoulder surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "39455",
      "display": "Positioning Aids, Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
      "definition": "Devices designed to facilitate patient positioning during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures. These devices may consist of relatively soft materials (e.g., Styrofoam, sponge). They can be formed to a shape (e.g., cylindrical, triangular) appropriate to the procedure to be performed (e.g., chest or head MRI, orthopedic MRI) and/or the characteristics of the patient's anatomy. Positioning aides also include mechanical devices that are used to guide interventional MRI procedures (i.e., biopsy) and may include additional attachments such as needle guides, compression plates, holders for MRI coils, and grids. MRI positioning aids are constructed of MRI-compatible materials. Some devices are intended for use only in particular procedures and/or for pediatric use."
    },
    {
      "code": "27106",
      "display": "Positioning Aids, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positioning aids designed to help place the whole body of pediatric patients in the most appropriate position during imaging. These positioning aids typically consist of rigid or semi-rigid devices that facilitate and/or restrain the position of the infant during the procedure. The aids are available in many different configurations typically having a length of about 20 inches; they are made of a variety of MRI-compatible materials and may include head restraints and body wraps with arm and leg straps."
    },
    {
      "code": "13260",
      "display": "Positioning Aids, Radiographic/Radiotherapeutic",
      "definition": "Devices designed to facilitate patient positioning to make possible and/or improve the results of radiographic and/or radiotherapy procedures. These devices may consist of relatively soft materials (e.g., Styrofoam, sponge). They can be formed to a shape (e.g., cylindrical, triangular) appropriate to the procedure to be performed (e.g., chest or head radiography, abdominal radiotherapy) and/or the characteristics of the patient's anatomy. Positioning aides also include mechanical devices that  restrict a patient's movement for lateral chest radiography (also known as Valsbar systems) as well as devices intended for patient positioning during head radiography (e.g., cephalometric devices). Most radiographic/radiotherapeutic positioning aids are radiolucent, appearing dark in x-ray radiographies. Dedicated positioning aids for procedures performed on the extremities, head and neck, torso, or for multiple procedures are also available. Some devices are intended for use only in particular procedures and/or for pediatric use."
    },
    {
      "code": "32735",
      "display": "Positioning Aids, Radiographic/Radiotherapeutic, Cephalometry",
      "definition": "Positioning aids designed to provide an appropriate position for the head during radiography and/or radiotherapy procedures. These devices make possible and/or improve the results of radiographic procedures.  These positioning aids typically consist of a stand-alone or wall-mounted bar with a structure at the distal end that includes radiopaque ear rods to be placed in the external auditory canal. The structure can be rotated to provide lateral, frontal, and oblique views of the head; the aids are usually intended for use with specific models of radiographic equipment. Cephalometry positioning aids permit an accurate alignment of the x-ray beam and the patient by using the auditory canal as a reference, thereby improving the accuracy and repeatability of cephalograms and/or other radiographic/radiotherapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41616",
      "display": "Positioning Aids, Radiographic/Radiotherapeutic, Couchtop",
      "definition": "Positioning aids that are platforms having lettered or number index points designed to provide an appropriate position for the patient during radiography and/or radiotherapy procedures.  These positioning aids provide alignment between a target portion of the patient's anatomy and the radiation beams or fields used in radiation therapy treatments or diagnostic imaging. These devices can usually accommodate various attachments to assist in patient positioning."
    },
    {
      "code": "41617",
      "display": "Positioning Aids, Radiographic/Radiotherapeutic, Pelvis",
      "definition": "Positioning aids designed to provide an appropriate prone position of the pelvic region during radiography and/or radiotherapy procedures. These positioning aids typically consist of frames, boards, cushions, and/or pads. These devices can be used to position the lower bowel away from the treatment field during prostate radiotherapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20742",
      "display": "Positive Airway Pressure Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to apply positive air pressure to the airways of patients that are performing spontaneous breathing. Positive air pressure (PAP) units may apply positive pressure during inspiration, expiration, or both; positive pressure may be applied continuously either at the same level or at two different levels (typically one level during inspiration and a lower level during expiration), or by pulses (i.e., pulsatile). These units are intended to provide noninvasive positive pressure breathing assistance therapy through a mask (either nasal or oronasal), a mouthpiece, and/or a lipseal; they are not intended for continuous breathing support. Some PAP units include or may be connected to nebulizers, humidifiers, and/or suction devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20743",
      "display": "Positive Airway Pressure Units, Bi-Level",
      "definition": "Devices designed to apply positive airway pressure at two different separately adjustable levels (i.e., bi-level PAP) during each breathing cycle, providing independent pressures during inhalation and exhalation while the patient is performing spontaneous breathing. These units are used to assist spontaneous respiratory efforts and supplement the volume of air a patient inspires into the lungs. Some bi-level units additionally include a time back-up feature (known as spontaneous timing or S/T) to ensure that the appropriate amount of air is provided when it  detects that a patient has stopped or delayed breathing. Bi-level PAP units are intended to provide noninvasive (i.e., through a nasal or oronasal mask, mouthpiece, or lipseal) positive pressure breathing assistance therapy; they are frequently used in patients suffering from restrictive thoracic disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), central sleep apnea, or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). They are not intended for continuous breathing support."
    },
    {
      "code": "11001",
      "display": "Positive Airway Pressure Units, Continuous",
      "definition": "Devices designed to apply continuous positive airway pressure during both inspiration and expiration while the patient is performing spontaneous breathing. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) units typically consist of a pressurized circuit including a threshold resistor, such as an underwater seal, a weighted ball, or a spring-loaded valve. A threshold resistor is a device that exerts a predictable, quantifiable, and constant force at the expiratory limb, creating a threshold pressure that must be exceeded to allow flow through the valve. The units also include a high-flow gas source and a mask to deliver the pressurized air to the patient; many devices include a manometer. CPAP units usually maintain a baseline airway pressure of 5 to 20 cm of H20 throughout the whole respiratory cycle; the devices require a gas flow greater than the patient inspiratory flow to maintain the desired positive airway pressure. These units are intended to provide noninvasive positive pressure breathing assistance therapy through a mask (either nasal or oronasal), a mouthpiece, or lipseal; they are frequently used to treat central sleep or obstructive apnea disorders. They are not intended for continuous breathing support."
    },
    {
      "code": "20744",
      "display": "Positive Airway Pressure Units, Expiratory",
      "definition": "Devices designed to apply positive airway pressure only during expiration; sub-atmospheric pressures are generated on inspiration. Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) units typically consist of a pressurized circuit including a one-way valve that allows gas to enter the airway on inspiration and directs exhaled gas through a threshold resistor, such as underwater seals or weighted balls. A threshold resistor is a device that exerts a predictable, quantifiable, and constant force at the expiratory limb, creating a threshold pressure (typically of 5 to 20 cm of H20) that must be exceeded to allow flow thorough the valve. EPAP units do not require a high-flow gas source. These units are intended to provide noninvasive positive pressure breathing assistance therapy through a mask (either nasal or oronasal), a mouthpiece; they are used to treat central sleep or obstructive apnea disorders. They are not intended for continuous breathing support."
    },
    {
      "code": "20745",
      "display": "Positive Airway Pressure Units, Intermittent",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide positive air pressure to nonintubated patients or to artificial airways, either for short-term assistance or intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB). These devices consist of an electric or more frequently pneumatic powered unit that provides the positive pressure; they typically include a volume measuring device (e.g., a handheld spirometer), connecting tubes, controls, adapters, sputum cups, and attachments  (e.g., mouthpieces, masks) for intermittent delivery of gas to the patient. Units are available either for reuse in multiple patients or for single-patient, multiple uses. Most units include or may be connected to nebulizers, humidifiers, and to oral or endotracheal suction equipment. These units are used for augmenting lung expansion and to deliver aerosol medication. They may also act as mechanical ventilators in emergency situations but are not intended for continuous breathing support."
    },
    {
      "code": "16898",
      "display": "Pouches, Telemetry",
      "definition": "Pouches in which a battery-powered portable telecommunication transmitter attached to an ambulatory patient may be carried. These pouches are typically plastic or fabric containers with appropriate means of attachment (e.g., a belt, a shoulder strap) to the patient. The transmitter in the pouch is connected to sensors (e.g., lead wires with electrodes for electrocardiography) on the patient's body and to a small antenna that transmits the signal to a remote receiving antenna. The antenna is linked to a central station monitor, where the patient's physiologic parameters are displayed.  Telemetry pouches are used mainly in hospitals to facilitate physiologic parameter monitoring of patients who are not in critical condition but  who require continuous monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "18763",
      "display": "Pouches, Urinary Drainage",
      "definition": "Sacklike containers designed to collect urine, typically via the proximal end of a catheter, which has a tip placed in the urinary bladder. These devices are typically flexible plastic bags or pouches that are located externally to the patient (e.g., attached to the bed or a pole) or patient worn (e.g., fixed on a leg) for ambulatory use. Indwelling catheter urinary collection bags usually include drainage capabilities to other containers or to dispose of the urine (e.g., into the toilet). They are used temporarily during surgical procedures and in acute care units; patient-worn bags are also used to treat some types of urinary incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "16917",
      "display": "Power Conversion Kits, Mechanical Bed",
      "definition": "Power conversion kits designed for converting a mechanically operated bed into an electrically powered bed.  These kits typically include one or more electric motors with appropriate gears and controls for appropriate manipulation of the bed, usually to adjust the bed height, surface, and/or contour. Bed power conversion kits are used for conversion of an otherwise manual (mechanically operated) bed into a power-operated bed."
    },
    {
      "code": "17952",
      "display": "Power Conversion Kits, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Power conversion kits designed for converting a mechanically driven wheelchair into an electrically, battery powered wheelchair.  These kits typically include one or more electric motor(s) with appropriate gears, controls, and brakes and also a set of batteries that are appropriate for mounting on the wheelchair. Some kits also include a battery charger. Wheelchair power conversion kits are used for conversion of an otherwise manual (mechanically operated) wheelchair into a power-operated wheelchair."
    },
    {
      "code": "39549",
      "display": "Power Cords",
      "definition": "Electrical cables that connect an appliance or device to the mains electricity supply. They are generally cables that use a power plug to connect to a single-phase alternating current power source at the local line voltage. The appliance end of the power cord has a connector to link it to the appliance. Power cords may also have twist-locking features or other attachments to prevent accidental disconnection at one or both."
    },
    {
      "code": "20164",
      "display": "Power Meters",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the quantity of energy per unit of time (i.e., power), usually in the unit watts. Power meters typically include detectors, electronic circuitry, and displays with characteristics appropriate to measure a particular type of energy (e.g., direct-current, alternating-current, radio-frequency electric power, ultrasonic power, radiant power) within a range of power values. Power meters are typically used to measure the power output of medical devices (e.g., diathermy units, warmers, ultrasonic physiotherapy units) or to determine radiation power at a given point."
    },
    {
      "code": "20165",
      "display": "Power Meters, Radiofrequency",
      "definition": "Power meters designed to measure the power output of devices that radiate electromagnetic energy in the range of the frequencies used for radio transmission (i.e., radio-frequencies), typically from 3 to 30 MHz. Radio-frequency power meters usually measure in watts; the measurements are typically performed on a reference resistor of known value."
    },
    {
      "code": "16362",
      "display": "Power Meters, Radiofrequency, Shortwave Diathermy Unit",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency power meters designed to assess the power output characteristics of shortwave diathermy units, typically operated at 13.56 or 27.12 MHz. These devices are capable of measuring a continuous range of frequencies, typically from 10 to 30 MHz; the results are usually expressed in watts in a range from zero to one kilowatt. These meters are typically power measuring instruments that measure on a 50-ohm load and probes appropriate for coupling with inductive and/or capacitive diathermy units."
    },
    {
      "code": "14271",
      "display": "Power Meters, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Power meters designed to measure the power output of ultrasonic equipment. These meters usually measure the power by using an appropriate transducer to detect the ultrasonic pressure; a measuring device such as a mechanical balance or electronic load cell; and a display. Ultrasonic power meters are used to verify the accuracy and/or to calibrate diagnostic (e.g. ultrasonic scanners) and/or therapeutic (e.g., ultrasonic physical therapy units)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16841",
      "display": "Power Meters, Ultrasound, Cleaning System",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic power meters designed to assess the peak power (to check cavitation) and the average power (related to total energy consumption) of ultrasonic cleaning systems. These devices are designed to measure at frequencies between 25 and 60 kHz; the results are commonly expressed in power/volume (e.g., W/g) units. These devices usually consist of a sensor (e.g., a microphone) that is immersed in the tank of the cleaning system and a measuring unit with a display."
    },
    {
      "code": "16842",
      "display": "Power Meters, Ultrasound, Diagnostic Unit",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic power meters designed to assess the output characteristics of ultrasound scanners and other ultrasonic diagnostic equipment. These meters measure at frequencies between one and twenty MHz; the results are expressed in either power units (W) or intensity (i.e., power/unit area, typically W/cm2) in a range of up to 10 W These meters usually consist of an appropriate sensor (target), which detects the ultrasonic pressure, coupled to a measuring unit that includes devices such as a mechanical balance, electronic load cell, or strain gauge, as well as an appropriate display."
    },
    {
      "code": "16843",
      "display": "Power Meters, Ultrasound, Therapeutic Unit",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic power meters designed to assess the output characteristics of ultrasonic physical therapy units and other continuous- or pulsed-operation therapeutic ultrasound devices. These devices are typically designed to measure at a few fixed frequencies (e.g., 1 and 3 MHz) or in a continuous range of frequencies from 0.5 to 5.0 MHz; the results are expressed in either power units (W) or intensity (i.e., power/area, typically W/cm2) in a range from 1 to 30 W."
    },
    {
      "code": "20166",
      "display": "Power Meters, Ultrasound, Therapeutic Unit, Shock Wave",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic power meters designed to characterize the size, shape, and energy of the shock-wave field of ultrasonic radiation within the focal region; it requires a wide frequency response (up to 100 MHz) with appropriate linearity. These meters typically consist of a main unit with electronic circuitry and a display, as well as a remote submersible unit with a shock-wave sensor (e.g., a disposable piezoelectric material membrane). Shock-wave ultrasonic power meters are used to measure and assess the output characteristics of shock-wave ultrasonic therapeutic units such as extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripters."
    },
    {
      "code": "41941",
      "display": "Power Splitters",
      "definition": "Connector devices designed to take the power from the input ports and split it among the output ports. Power splitters have one or more input ports and two or more output ports. These devices are either resistive type or reactive type. They are used to divide radiofrequency, microware, visual, and other types of power signals."
    },
    {
      "code": "18557",
      "display": "Power Supplies",
      "definition": "Any source of electric power, such as a power line or a battery. Batteries, direct-current electronic regulated power supplies, line power supply systems (including isolated and uninterruptible systems), and transformers are the main devices used in the field of medicine to deliver electric power to electric and electronic medical devices in hospitals and homes; batteries are also used as power supplies for implantable medical devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16934",
      "display": "Power Supplies, Line-Voltage Stabilization",
      "definition": "Power supplies designed to deliver an almost steady, predetermined value of AC voltage (e.g., 120 V) for a limited range of input line voltage variations (e.g., plus or minus 10%). These devices typically include an electronic line voltage monitor to detect line voltage fluctuations and some electric or electronic stabilization circuit or device to compensate for these variations. Line voltage stabilizing power supplies are mostly used to maintain normal operation of electrical equipment (e.g., motors, pumps, lights, refrigerators) under reduced-voltage conditions (brownouts)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16935",
      "display": "Power Supplies, Regulated",
      "definition": "Power supplies that receive alternating-current energy from a power line and deliver one or more regulated direct-current outputs. Regulated power supplies usually consist of a step-up or step-down transformer, a rectifier, a filter, and an electronic regulator that keeps the voltage, current, or power output stable over a broad range of loads and input voltages."
    },
    {
      "code": "18559",
      "display": "Power Supplies, Regulated, Electrophoresis",
      "definition": "Regulated power supplies that receive alternating-current energy from a power line and deliver one or more regulated direct-current outputs. Electrophoresis regulated power supplies usually consist of a step-up or step-down transformer, a rectifier, a filter, and an electronic regulator that keeps the voltage, current, or power output constant over a broad range of loads and input voltages. They are used in clinical laboratories either attached to or as an integral part of electrophoresis chambers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20332",
      "display": "Power Supplies, Regulated, Staple Reshaping",
      "definition": "Regulated power supplies designed to deliver a heat-controlled current through a special shape-memory metal-alloy (e.g., nitinol) bone staple to reconform it to its original shape, producing a compression force. The current is delivered after the staple has been placed into the bones. These units consist of an electronic-current source with controls and a cable with an appropriate connector to match the staples. Orthopedic procedures using heat-reshaped staples are intended to accelerate the healing response of bones; the procedures include general fracture fixation; skull, maxillofacial, and other oral fractures; and ligament reattachment. These procedures are typically performed using a set of manual instruments (e.g., holders, burs) in addition to the staple and power supply unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "25631",
      "display": "Power Supply/Signal Generators, Video Camera",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to provide a video camera with DC power and/or video and synchronism signals. These devices typically consist of electronic units that are connected to the line power that include a DC source and a video signal generator that are used to provide the video camera with power and video signals through a cable (e.g., a dedicated coaxial cable) with appropriate connectors at each end; making possible electrical and mechanical matching between one or more particular types of video cameras to the power supply/signal generator unit. The equipment is frequently supplied as an accessory to video cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "18560",
      "display": "Power Systems",
      "definition": "Power systems designed to provide energy to equipment, devices, and/or instruments in a given area of a healthcare facility. Power systems may be intended to provide electric power under special conditions (e.g., isolated systems for operating rooms), as alternative sources of energy (e.g., solar panels), or when a line power supply is not available or fails (e.g., emergency systems for blackout periods). Other power systems are intended to provide electrical, mechanical, and/or other form of energy (e.g., ultrasonic, pneumatic) for particular applications such as surgical, orthopedic, or dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "35605",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electrical",
      "definition": "Power systems designed to supply electric energy not directly available from the mains supply. These systems usually include a power supply unit; conductors; switches; protection, transfer, and control units; and any other devices that are necessary for operation as a safe and reliable source of electric power. Electrical power systems are used to operate medical devices under special conditions (e.g., isolated systems for operating rooms), as alternative sources of energy (e.g., solar panels), or when a line power supply is not available or fails (e.g., emergency systems for blackout periods)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18561",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electrical, Emergency",
      "definition": "Electric power systems designed to automatically supply independent, continuous, reliable electric power to critical devices (e.g., operating room, critical care devices) after a pre-established time delay (e.g., 10 or 60 seconds) when the line power supply has complete blackouts or does not perform acceptably . These systems should supply electric energy during a long period of time (usually several hours or a few days) without being refueled. Emergency power systems usually consist of a rotary energy converter, including its accessories (e.g., starting, cooling, and control systems) and other devices, such as transfer switches, needed to ensure proper operation."
    },
    {
      "code": "15817",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electrical, Isolated",
      "definition": "Electric power systems designed for general, nonspecialized power distribution in which neither load conductor is directly grounded. These systems usually consist of a wall-mounted power distribution system fixture; they must include a device such as a line isolation monitor (LIM) or ground-fault detector to monitor the isolation degradation and alarms that typically operate at a limit between 2 to 5 mA. Isolated power systems are used in operating rooms and other anesthetizing locations and in \"wet\" locations; their installation must be performed in some of these places according to codes and standards. Periodic inspection and testing of these systems, including the function of the LIM, are also required."
    },
    {
      "code": "17236",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electrical, Isolated, Mobile Radiographic Unit",
      "definition": "Isolated electric power systems designed to supply electric power to several (e.g., eight) locations routinely using mobile radiographic units. These systems usually consist of a central unit with a single isolating transformer that supplies energy to several power panels, an interlocking system that prevents the use of more than one circuit at a time, and indicators of system availability and individual alarms next to each power outlet. The system controls the selection of the active circuit either with a switch next to each power outlet that automatically locks out all the other receptacles when it is activated or through a central panel located in a convenient place (e.g., nurse station). Mobile radiographic unit isolated power systems are used in operating rooms and other electric susceptible patient areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "33995",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electrical, Solar Energy",
      "definition": "Electric power systems designed to automatically supply independent electric power using radiant energy from the sun. These systems main components are: (1) solar panels made up of many solar cells containing both a positive and a negative layer. As the sun energy is absorbed by the cells, electrons are created and then travel toward the bottom of the panel and exit through a connecting wire as a source of electricity, (2) a charge controller to regulate the charge, thus preventing battery overcharging, (3) a power inverter used to convert the low voltage DC generated to the 120 volts AC needed to run appliances and/or to charge the batteries if connected to a utility grid, and (4) a set of batteries to store the solar energy for a consistent power supply over time. Solar energy electrical power units are used in remote areas and also as a renewable source of electric energy. Concentrated solar thermal power systems that used solar energy to make steam by boiling water which in turn is converted into electricity by a turbine providing large power output in the order of megawatts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16936",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electrical, Uninterruptible",
      "definition": "Electric power systems designed to provide independent continuous electric power during a limited period of time (typically minutes or a few hours), without delay or transients, when the line power supply has complete blackouts or does not perform acceptably (e.g., momentary fluctuations or interruptions). These power systems are usually connected to the power input line; they include a battery charger, a battery, an inverter, and a transfer device (e.g., a static switch). Uninterruptible power systems are used when a continuous supply of electric energy is needed (e.g., for computerized devices) without the temporary interruptions that usually occur when using the standard emergency or standby power supplies."
    },
    {
      "code": "35607",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electromechanical",
      "definition": "Power systems designed for use as a source of electric and/or mechanical power to  handpieces and/or other powered devices; the systems may also include ultrasonic and/or irrigation capabilities. These systems usually consist of a main unit that provides electrical and/or mechanical  power using a motor to detachable handpieces (e.g., rotatory, oscillatory, reciprocating) that can drive dedicated  instruments such as saws, burs, and blades, and a power switch (e.g., a hand or foot pedal).  The systems also include a line cord and a cradle or rack for the handpieces. Electromechanical power systems may also include pumps used for irrigation, cooling, and/or other purposes and transducers to provide ultrasonic power; the systems are used in a variety of procedures (e.g., surgical, dental, otolaryngology)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35416",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electromechanical, Dental, Endodontic",
      "definition": "Power systems designed for use as a source of electric and/or mechanical power to dental handpieces and/or other powered devices used in endodontic procedures. These systems usually consist of a main unit that provides electrical and/or mechanical  power using a motor to detachable handpieces, both rotatory and reciprocating, that can drive dedicated endodontic instruments such as saws, burs, and blades, and a power switch (e.g., a foot-pedal).  The systems also include a line cord and a cradle for the handpieces. The systems may also include ultrasonic output for scaling and/or pumps used for irrigation, cooling, and/or other purposes. Endodontic dental power systems are used in a variety of endodontic (i.e., root canal)l procedures performed in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "41897",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electromechanical, Dental, Surgical",
      "definition": "Power systems designed for use as a source of electric and/or mechanical power to dental handpieces and/or other powered devices used in surgical procedures, such as placement of dental implants. These systems usually consist of a main unit that provides electrical and/or mechanical power using a motor to detachable handpieces. The systems also include a line cord and a cradle for the handpieces. The systems may also include capabilities for irrigation, cooling, and/or other purposes. These systems may also be able to manage patient and procedure planning and tracking information."
    },
    {
      "code": "23545",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electromechanical, Surgery",
      "definition": "Power systems designed for use as a source of electric and/or mechanical power to  handpieces and/or other powered devices used during surgical procedures; the systems may include ultrasonic and/or irrigation capabilities. These systems usually consist of a main unit that provides electrical and/or mechanical  power using a motor to detachable handpieces (e.g., rotatory, oscillatory, reciprocating) that can drive dedicated  surgical instruments such as saws, burs, and blades; the systems also include a power switch (e.g., a hand or foot pedal).  Most systems include a line cord and a cradle or rack for the handpieces. Surgical electromechanical power systems may also include pumps used for irrigation, cooling, and/or other purposes and capabilities to deliver pneumatic and/or ultrasonic power; the systems are used in a variety of surgical procedures (e.g., orthopedic, otolaryngology, neurosurgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35399",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electromechanical, Surgery, Neurosurgery/Small Bones",
      "definition": "Power systems designed for use as a source of electric and/or mechanical power to  instruments and/or other powered devices used in neurosurgery and small bone surgery. These systems usually consist of a main unit that provides electric and/or mechanical  power using a motor to detachable handpieces appropriate to drive dedicated  instruments (e.g., saws, burs, blades, drills, debriders, liposuction); a power switch (e.g., a foot-control unit), a line cord, and a panel for handpiece/instrument connection. Most systems have pumps used for irrigation and/or cooling; some also can provide pneumatic and/or ultrasonic power. Orthopedic and plastic surgery power systems are used in a variety of neurosurgery and small bone (e.g., spine) surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34910",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electromechanical, Surgery, Orthopedic/Plastic",
      "definition": "Power systems designed for use as a source of electric and/or mechanical power to  instruments and/or other powered devices used in orthopedic and plastic surgery. The systems may include irrigation capabilities. These systems usually consist of a main unit that provides electric and/or mechanical  power using a motor to detachable handpieces appropriate to drive dedicated  instruments (e.g., saws, burs, blades, drills, debriders, liposuction); a power switch (e.g., a foot-control unit), and pumps used for irrigation, cooling, and/or other purposes (e.g., fat harvesting). Some systems include capabilities to deliver pneumatic and/or ultrasonic power. Orthopedic and plastic surgery power systems also include a line cord and a panel for handpiece/instrument connection. The systems are used in a variety of bone and cosmetic body contouring surgical procedures including liposuction."
    },
    {
      "code": "27564",
      "display": "Power Systems, Electromechanical, Surgery, Otolaryngology",
      "definition": "Power systems designed for use as a source of electric and/or mechanical power to otolaryngology instruments and/or other powered devices used in otolaryngology surgical procedures. The systems may include irrigation capabilities. These systems usually consist of a main unit that provides electric and/or mechanical  power using a motor to detachable handpieces appropriate to drive dedicated otolaryngology instruments (e.g., saws, burs, blades, drills, debriders); a power switch (e.g., a foot-control unit), and pumps used for irrigation, cooling, and/or other purposes (e.g., endoscope lens cleaning). Otolaryngology power systems also include a line cord and a panel for handpiece/instrument connection; they may include irrigation and/or coolant bags and a clamp for fixation to a standard intravenous pole. The systems are used in a variety of surgical procedures performed in the ear, nose, and/or throat involving soft and hard tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "27189",
      "display": "Pre-Staining Stations, Immunohistochemistry",
      "definition": "Stations designed for treatment of immunohistochemistry specimen slides obtained from tissue processors before staining. These stations provide automated rinsing, deparaffinization, rehydration, and target (e.g., antigenic) retrieval in a computerized unit and associated processing tanks.  The stations consist of a computerized unit that includes controls for the solution's (e.g., buffer) temperature and running time of the process. The unit may also include dedicated software intended to manage (i.e., run) the process and also to provide electronic reports on the process and associated protocol options.  The process is performed in associated (e.g., rinsing) tanks where slide racks are totally or partially immersed. Immunohistochemistry pre-staining stations are intended to provide slide specimens that facilitate further staining consistency."
    },
    {
      "code": "39565",
      "display": "Prescription Bags",
      "definition": "Bags intended to be used to hold prescription drugs when being distributed to patients from a pharmacy. These bags are typically constructed of paper or plastic and may be preprinted with personalized text/images identifying the distributing pharmacy or generic text/images identifying the contents as prescription medicine(s)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37623",
      "display": "Prescription Pads",
      "definition": "A collection of paper sheets typically bound together at one edge and designed to be used by physicians for manually writing pharmaceutical prescriptions. Paper sheets composing these pads are typically preprinted with information regarding the prescribing physician and/or checkboxes related to pharmaceutical quantities or other relevant information. Some prescription pads include tamper-resistant features such as photocopy-prevention features (e.g., microprint, watermarks), text erasure/modification features (e.g., background inks), and/or serialization (i.e., sequential numbering) of individual sheets."
    },
    {
      "code": "35263",
      "display": "Preserved Blood Components",
      "definition": "Elements of human blood that are preserved and intended for transfusion to treat patients with particular conditions. The blood components are taken from donors' blood that is not be intended for pathology tests. After the addition of appropriate chemicals (e.g., anticoagulants, cell metabolism nutrients) the blood components are preserved and stored (i.e., becoming transfusable blood components), frequently under refrigerated or frozen conditions. The main preserved transfusable blood components are whole blood, red cell (erythrocytes), platelets and plasma but some other blood components such as white blood cells (leukocytes) are also preserved. Preserved blood components are usually stored in blood banks."
    },
    {
      "code": "35268",
      "display": "Preserved Blood Components, Plasma",
      "definition": "Preserved plasma ready for transfusion to patients according to their particular needs. Plasma is a protein-salt solution that is the liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended; plasma is taken from donors' blood that is not intended for pathology tests. After separation from the blood cells, plasma is quickly frozen after donation to preserve clotting factors and can be stored frozen up to one year . Preserved plasma is usually stored in blood banks and mainly used after trauma, burns, and severe liver and/or bleeding disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "35271",
      "display": "Preserved Blood Components, Plasma, Cryoprecipitated Antihemophilic Factor",
      "definition": "Preserved cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor (cryoprecipitated AHF) is a frozen blood plasma component supplying clotting factors ready for transfusion to patients according to their particular needs. This plasma component is obtained by collecting the precipitate obtained by centrifugation of frozen fresh plasma; it usually contains fibrinogen and coagulation factors VIII, XIII, and Von Willebrand. Frozen cryoprecipitate can be stored frozen up to one year. Preserved cryoprecipitated AHF is usually stored in blood banks and mainly used to treat hemophilia, Von Willebrand disease, and as a source of fibrinogen for patients with a low-level of this clotting protein."
    },
    {
      "code": "35267",
      "display": "Preserved Blood Components, Platelet",
      "definition": "Preserved platelets ready for transfusion to patients with particular needs. Platelets are taken from donors' blood using a centrifugation procedure or procedures that only take specific components from a donor's blood (i.e., apheresis) that is not be intended for pathology tests, returning other blood components to the donor. Platelets are usually stored at room temperature under constant agitation to prevent clumping for a period not longer than five days. Platelets are mainly used to treat conditions of low blood platelet counts (i.e., thrombocytopenia) and also in surgical procedures, cancer treatments, and organ transplants."
    },
    {
      "code": "35266",
      "display": "Preserved Blood Components, Red Cells",
      "definition": "Preserved red blood cells (i.e., erythrocytes) ready for transfusion to patients according to the recipient blood type. Red blood cells (RBCs) are taken from donors' blood that is not be intended for pathology tests. After separation from plasma and the addition of appropriate solutions (usually combinations of adenine, saline, glucose, and mannitol) the transfusable red cells are preserved and stored, frequently under refrigeration (optimum temperature is two to six degrees Celsius/35 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit) up to 42 days according to the anticoagulant used. RBCs can be also stored in frozen conditions for longer periods (up to five years or more) usually using additives such as glycerol or dimethyl sulphoxide. Frozen preservation is usually performed in rare types of RBCs. Preserved RBCs are usually stored in blood banks and mainly used after trauma, in surgical procedures, and to treat blood disorders (e.g., anemia, sickle cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35265",
      "display": "Preserved Blood Components, Whole Blood",
      "definition": "Preserved whole blood that is ready for transfusion to patients according to the recipient blood type. Whole blood is typically a combination of about 45% of red blood cells, 55 percent plasma, and less than one percentage of white blood cells and platelets. Whole blood is taken from donors' blood that is not intended for pathology tests. After the addition of appropriate anticoagulants (usually acid citrate based anticoagulants) the whole blood can be stored under refrigeration (optimum temperature is two to six degrees Celsius/35 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit) from 21 to 35 days according to the anticoagulant used, becoming a transfusable blood component. Preserved whole blood is usually stored in blood banks and mainly used after trauma and in surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16621",
      "display": "Pressure Monitoring Extension Tubing Sets",
      "definition": "Extension tubing sets designed for external connection to a transducer, either directly or from an intermediate stopcock, of the catheters used for measuring invasive pressure (e.g., blood pressure, intracranial pressure); their physical characteristics are appropriate for preserving to the extent possible the waveform and fidelity of the measured pressure. These tubing sets consist of a flexible thick wall plastic (e.g. polyethylene, PVC) tube, up to 2.1 m (7 feet) length and with internal diameters in the range of 1 to 2.5 mm (.04 to 0.1 inches); they usually include appropriate fittings (e.g. Luer connectors, adaptors) on each end."
    },
    {
      "code": "15048",
      "display": "Pressure Reducers, Intraocular",
      "definition": "Devices designed to reduce the internal pressure of eye fluid by applying external, controlled mechanical compression with an inflatable (i.e., pneumatic) balloon. These devices typically consist of a headband with inflatable bellows, an air pump, a pressure gauge (i.e., manometer), and tubing. Pneumatic balloon intraocular pressure reducers are typically used before ophthalmic surgery for temporary reduction of internal ocular pressure achieving a condition known as soft surgical eye, which is characterized by a reduction of vitreous pressure and helps prevent hemorrhages, reducing risk in and facilitating ophthalmic surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12936",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads",
      "definition": "Cushioning devices (pads) designed to reduce pressure on specific areas or the whole body. These pads may consist of a mass of soft material (e.g., gel, foam) that may be wrapped into a flexible cover as a small cushion or as sealed enclosures filled with a fluid (e.g., air, water). Dedicated pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas or to shift the body weight to a different position, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. The pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds; some of these pads are also used as positioning aids."
    },
    {
      "code": "12940",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Air",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads filled with air that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas of the body. These pads consist of a sealed plastic (e.g., vinyl) enclosure filled with air; the enclosure may include a valve to inflate and deflate the pad. Dedicated air pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas or to shift the body weight to a different position, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. Air pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "12928",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Air, Alternating",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads filled with air that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas of the body by periodical inflation and deflation. These pads consist of a sealed plastic (e.g., vinyl) enclosure filled with air; the enclosure includes a valve that allows the pads to inflate/deflate periodically using an external automated pump. Dedicated alternating pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used in the care of patients at risk for or who already have compromised skin surfaces (e.g., burn, decubitus ulcers). Alternating air pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, and beds to prevent or alleviate pressure sores."
    },
    {
      "code": "16144",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Air, Alternating, Disposable",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads filled with air that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas of the body by periodically inflating and deflating and that are intended for disposal after use by one patient. These pads consist of a sealed plastic (e.g., vinyl) enclosure filled with air; the enclosure includes a valve that allows the pad to inflate/deflate periodically using an external automated pump. Disposable alternating pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used in the care of patients at risk for, or who already have, compromised skin surfaces (e.g., burn, decubitus ulcers). Alternating air pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, and beds to prevent or alleviate pressure sores."
    },
    {
      "code": "16145",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Air, Alternating, Reusable",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads filled with air that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas of the body by periodically inflating and deflating and are intended for reuse. These pads consist of a sealed plastic (e.g., vinyl) enclosure filled with air that can be easily washed and disinfected; the enclosure includes a valve that allows the pad to inflate/deflate periodically using an external automated pump. Reusable pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used in the care of patients at risk for, or who already have, compromised skin surfaces (e.g., burn, decubitus ulcers). Alternating air pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, and beds to prevent or alleviate pressure sores."
    },
    {
      "code": "12941",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Animal Skin",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads made of animal skin or synthetic material resembling animal skin that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas or the whole body. These pads consist of pieces of appropriate animal skin (e.g., lambskin) that may include some backing fabric or plastic material. Dedicated animal skin pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. The pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "12942",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Foam",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads made of synthetic foam that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas or the whole body. These pads consist of a mass of soft foam that may be wrapped into a flexible cover as a small cushion.  Dedicated foam pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. The pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds; some of these pads are also used as positioning aids."
    },
    {
      "code": "12943",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Foam, Convoluted",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads made of convoluted synthetic foam that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas or the whole body. These pads consist of synthetic foam (e.g., polyethylene) that is manufactured using a process that usually involves the saturation of the plastic material with a thermosetting resin. This creates a convoluted surface with waves and boxes (e.g., egg-crate-shaped) providing good cushioning and air circulation. Dedicated convoluted foam pressure relief pads are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. The pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "12944",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Gel",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads designed to reduce pressure on specific areas or the whole body that are filled with gel. These pads consist of a sealed plastic (e.g., vinyl) enclosure filled with liquid gel; the enclosure may include several interconnected sections that allow the movement of the gel when pressure is applied. Dedicated gel-filled pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas or to shift the body weight to a different position, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. Gel-filled pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "12945",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Mud",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads filled with mud that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas of the body. These pads consist of a sealed plastic (e.g., vinyl) enclosure filled with a semi-liquid mixture of water and refined earth; the enclosure may include a valve to fill and/or refill the pad. Dedicated mud-filled pressure relief pads may be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes.  They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas or to shift the body weight to a different position, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. The pads may be used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, and beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "15691",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Soft Rubber",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads made of rubber that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas of the body. These pads consist of a mass of natural or synthetic soft rubber that may be wrapped into a flexible cover as a small cushion.  Dedicated rubber pressure relief padsmay be conformed in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. The pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "12946",
      "display": "Pressure Relief Pads, Water",
      "definition": "Cushioning pads filled with water that are designed to reduce pressure on specific areas of the body. These pads consist of a sealed plastic (e.g., vinyl) enclosure filled with water; the enclosure may include a valve to fill or empty the pad. They are mainly used to distribute localized pressure to larger body areas or to shift the body weight to a different position, especially to prevent or alleviate pressure sores. Water-filled pads are frequently used on top of chairs, wheelchairs, tables, and beds."
    },
    {
      "code": "15296",
      "display": "Pressure Transducer Holders",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold pressure transducers in the correct position on a patient's body or on a stand or pole attached to or near a patient's bed. These holders typically contain one or more clips or slots to hold the transducers in a manifold that can attach to the patient's body (using straps or other fasteners) or to a stand or pole near a patient's bed. Pressure transducer holders are usually made of plastics and are sized to the type of transducers that they are meant to hold."
    },
    {
      "code": "22852",
      "display": "Printer/Graphic Recorders",
      "definition": "Devices with combined printing and graphic recording capabilities that permit the storage of a graphic strip plot (i.e., hard copy) of the waveform of a given variable (e.g., pulse oximetry, blood pressure). These devices usually have a very limited printing capability; they typically use a thermal dot matrix technique to print.  Printer/graphic recorders are typically used in healthcare facilities to store a graphic record of patient test results (e.g., pulse oximetry signal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21680",
      "display": "Printers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to produce text and/or graphic images on paper or other appropriate media (e.g., transparency) from data stored in electronic format. Printers may use a variety of technologies to print documents, including ink-spray (typically liquid ink-jet printers), toner-based (typically laser printers), thermal transference (e.g., solid-ink printers), and impact (e.g., dot matrix printers). Printers are intended mainly for use as computer peripherals and/or to provide hard copies to computer network users; other dedicated printers, usually with limited capabilities and intended for specific applications such as label and/or bar-code printing and to print graphic strips intended to store information (i.e., printer/recorders), are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23103",
      "display": "Printers, Computer/Network",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce a standard and/or high-definition, permanent text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on full-size (e.g., letter, legal) and/or nonstandard, large-format paper or other appropriate media (e.g., transparency) from data stored in computers or computer networks. These printers may use a variety of technologies to print documents, including ink-spray (typically liquid ink-jet printers), toner-based (typically laser printers), thermal transference (e.g., solid-ink printers), and, less frequently, impact (e.g., dot matrix printers). Printers using other technologies intended for specific applications are also available. Computer/network printers are used mainly in healthcare facilities as peripherals of computers and workstations. They provide hard copies to computerized hospital information (e.g., imaging, laboratory, administrative) system users."
    },
    {
      "code": "22204",
      "display": "Printers, Computer/Network, Dot Matrix",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce a permanent monochromatic and, less frequently, color text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on full-size (e.g., letter, legal) and/or nonstandard, large-format paper or other appropriate media (e.g., transparency) from data stored in computers or computer networks by impact on a matrix of small pins that create dots on the printing media. These printers typically include a head that strikes the page, a soft, inked ribbon, roller mechanisms to move the paper, controls, and paper trays; the dot matrix print head strikes the ribbon against the paper, producing text in a variety of fonts and graphic forms. Dot matrix printers have been used as computer peripherals and/or by computer network users, but this application is currently less common; they are used mainly to produce multicopy documents (either carbon or carbonless) due to the impact mechanism."
    },
    {
      "code": "22203",
      "display": "Printers, Computer/Network, Ink-Jet",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce a permanent monochromatic or color text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on full-size (e.g., letter, legal) and/or nonstandard, large-format paper or other appropriate media (e.g., transparency) from data stored in computers or computer networks by spraying small amounts of ink on common paper. These printers typically use thermal (i.e., bubble) technologies; but other technologies including piezoelectric and continuous ink-jet are also used. Ink-jet printers typically include a cartridge with tiny chambers (with heating or piezoelectric elements used to propel the ink), nozzles that deliver the ink to the paper, roller mechanisms to move the paper, controls, and paper trays. Ink-jet printers are intended mainly for use as computer peripherals and/or by computer network users, dedicated ink-jet printers (photo printers) that can produce high-quality color prints on photographic cards are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23106",
      "display": "Printers, Computer/Network, Laser",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce a standard and/or high-definition, permanent, monochromatic or color text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on full-size (e.g., letter, legal) and/or nonstandard, large-format paper or other appropriate media by adhering toner to a light-sensitive print drum using a laser source. The toner is transferred to the printing medium (usually common paper) using static electricity, and then the toner is fused to the paper using heat and pressure. These printers typically include a revolving photosensitive drum, a laser source (e.g., a laser diode), a toner cartridge, rollers that apply heat and pressure to the paper, a rubber blade to remove excess toner, controls, and paper trays. Laser printers are intended mainly for use as computer peripherals and/or by computer network users, providing high-definition hard copies at a high printing speed."
    },
    {
      "code": "22202",
      "display": "Printers, Computer/Network, Laser, Color",
      "definition": "Laser printers designed to produce a standard and/or high-definition, permanent, color text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on full-size (e.g., letter, legal) and/or nonstandard, large-format paper or other appropriate media by adhering colored toner (fine particles of plastic powder mixed with coloring agents, usually cyan, yellow, and magenta) to a light-sensitive print drum using a laser source. The toner is transferred to the printing medium (usually common paper) using static electricity, and then the toner is fused to the paper using heat and pressure. These printers typically include a revolving photosensitive drum, a laser source (e.g., a laser diode), a toner cartridge, rollers that apply heat and pressure to the paper, a rubber blade to remove excess toner, controls, and paper trays. Color laser printers are intended mainly for use as computer peripherals and/or by computer network users, providing high-definition color hard copies at a relatively high printing speed."
    },
    {
      "code": "22201",
      "display": "Printers, Computer/Network, Laser, Monochromatic",
      "definition": "Laser printers designed to produce a standard and/or high-definition, permanent, monochromatic text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on full-size (e.g., letter, legal) and/or nonstandard, large-format paper or other appropriate media by adhering black toner (fine particles of plastic powder mixed with a carbon black agent) to a light-sensitive print drum using a laser source. The toner is transferred to the printing medium (usually common paper) using static electricity, and then the toner is fused to the paper using heat and pressure. These printers typically include a revolving photosensitive drum, a laser source (e.g., a laser diode), a toner cartridge, rollers that apply heat and pressure to the paper, a rubber blade to remove excess toner, controls, and paper trays. Monochromatic laser printers are intended mainly for use as computer peripherals and/or by computer network users, providing high-definition hard copies at a high printing speed."
    },
    {
      "code": "25097",
      "display": "Printers, Cytology/Histology Slide",
      "definition": "Printers used to label slides with alphanumeric characters, barcodes, or logos onto the ends of the slides by using ink-jet printing technology and chemical-resistant ink to help with identifying and tracking the slides. The slides are printed before cytology and/or histology tissue specimens are applied."
    },
    {
      "code": "22526",
      "display": "Printers, Label",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce monochromatic and, less frequently, color text and/or graphics on paper or plastic (frequently self-adhesive) labels and/or cards; label printers may work as a computer-controlled peripheral. These printers typically include a thermal head that may transfer ink from a ribbon to the label (thermal transfer printer) for a permanent print or perform temporary (up to a year) printing on heat-sensitive paper (direct thermal printer); label printers usually include special feeding mechanisms to manipulate multiple labels provided either in tear sheets or in rolls. Label printers are used in healthcare facilities to mark laboratory samples, for patient and/or equipment identification, and for other purposes; dedicated label printers intended to print bar-code labels are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23109",
      "display": "Printers, Label, Bar-Code",
      "definition": "Label printers designed to produce monochromatic bar-coded graphics on paper or plastic (frequently self-adhesive) labels or tags; they may work as a computer-controlled peripheral. These printers typically include a thermal head that may transfer ink from a ribbon to the tag (thermal transfer printer) for a permanent print or perform temporary (up to a year) printing on heat-sensitive tag (direct thermal printer); bar-code printers usually include special feeding mechanisms to manipulate multiple tags provided either in tear sheets or in rolls. Bar-code printers are used in healthcare facilities to mark laboratory samples, for patient and/or equipment identification, and for inventories and other administrative purposes; they are frequently used as components of hospital bar-coded information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41665",
      "display": "Printers, Tissue Cassette",
      "definition": "Printers used to label tissue cassettes with barcodes and alphanumeric characters to help with identifying and tracking tissue samples. These printers usually include one or more tubes and a carousel for holding tissue cassettes and feeding them into the printer. The tissue cassettes are printed before tissue specimens are applied."
    },
    {
      "code": "17508",
      "display": "Printers, Video",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce a permanent, monochromatic and/or color text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on paper or other appropriate media (e.g., transparent film) from video data stored in a recorder or displayed by a monitor. These printers typically use thermal technology (e.g., thermal dye transfer also known as dye sublimation) to produce a hard copy on a dedicated film or on heat-sensitive paper with grayscale gradations; the printers may include a digitizer (also known as a frame grabber) to convert signals from analog video sources. Video printers are used in healthcare facilities for documentation of imaging procedures (e.g., endoscopic, ultrasound, radiographic), as well as to produce images for patient files; video printers are not normally intended to produce images for diagnostic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23101",
      "display": "Printers, Video, Color",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce a permanent, color text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on paper or other appropriate media (e.g., transparent film) from video data stored in a recorder or displayed by a monitor. These printers typically use a thermal transfer technology (e.g., thermal dye transfer, also known as dye sublimation) to produce a hard copy with a great variety of color tones on a dedicated film; the printers may include a digitizer (also known as a frame grabber) to convert signals from analog video sources. Color video printers are used in healthcare facilities for documentation of imaging procedures (e.g., endoscopic, ultrasound, nuclear medicine), as well as to produce images for patient files; video printers are not normally intended to produce images for diagnostic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "23095",
      "display": "Printers, Video, Monochromatic",
      "definition": "Printers designed to produce a permanent, monochromatic text or graphic copy (i.e., hard copy) on paper or other appropriate media (e.g., transparent film) from video data stored in a recorder or displayed by a monitor. These printers typically use a thermal technology to produce a hard copy with grayscale (typically 256 tones) gradation on heat-sensitive paper or, less frequently, on dedicated film; the printers may include a digitizer (also known as a frame grabber) to convert signals from analog video sources. Monochromatic video printers are used in healthcare facilities for documentation of imaging procedures (e.g., ultrasound, radiographic) when a color picture is not required or possible, as well as to produce images for patient files; video printers are not normally intended to produce images for diagnostic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "35815",
      "display": "Probes, Electromyography, Intraoperative, Suction",
      "definition": "Probes that integrate monopolar electromyographic (EMG) stimulation with a suction tip. These probes typically have a pre-attached lead wire with a standard connector for use with a neuromonitoring device and a suction tip with a tapered connector that attaches to standard suction tubing. The probes are used to remove excess debris and secretions from confined surgical spaces and provide EMG stimulation for processes such as nerve monitoring and brain mapping."
    },
    {
      "code": "20863",
      "display": "Probes, Electrothermal Cautery",
      "definition": "Probes designed to apply heat to a body part, either directly to the surface of a tissue or an organ or in a body cavity; they do not deliver electrical current to tissue. These probes typically consist of a high-resistance element (e.g., a wire) attached to a handle that is electrically connected to an electric power-supply unit (a generator) through a cord. The wire is heated by an electrical current delivered by the generator; the heat transferred from the tip of the probe by conduction cuts and/or coagulates the tissue depending on the type of probe used. Two main types of electrothermal cautery probes exist: probes in which the heating component is uncovered (these are typically used for cutting and/or coagulation) and probes in which the heating wire is coated with a nonstick covering (these are used mainly for coagulation and/or control of bleeding). Some probes include an internal irrigation system and/or temperature sensors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20864",
      "display": "Probes, Electrothermal Cautery, Covered",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery probes in which the heating component (e.g., a high-resistance wire) is encased in a probe cover. They do not deliver electrical current to tissue. The cover is usually made of a nonstick material to facilitate its manipulation and prevent it from pulling away coagulated tissue when retracted. Covered electrocautery probes are used mainly for coagulation and/or control of bleeding during minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20865",
      "display": "Probes, Electrothermal Cautery, Covered, Irrigated",
      "definition": "Covered electrothermal cautery probes that have irrigation capabilities. These probes have conducts to deliver the solutions and nozzles at their tips. They clean and/or cool the operation field while coagulating and/or controlling bleeding during minor surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20866",
      "display": "Probes, Electrothermal Cautery, Uncovered",
      "definition": "Electrothermal cautery probes in which the heating component (e.g., a high-resistance wire) is formed to an appropriate shape and left exposed to contact the tissue directly. They do not deliver electrical current to tissue. Uncovered electrocautery probes are used mainly for cutting and/or coagulation during surgical procedures. In some dedicated probes, the heating element is attached to a scalpel blade, making them hemostatic scalpels."
    },
    {
      "code": "23068",
      "display": "Probes, Gamma Radiation Detection",
      "definition": "Probes primarily designed to detect targeted gamma radiation emissions from the human body after the ingestion or injection of a radiopharmaceutical tracer (i.e., radioactive drug). These probes typically include a sensor, a collimator, and shielding from radiation outside the intended target. Gamma radiation detection probes may be intended for use with imaging and/or nonimaging gamma radiation detectors; dedicated probes intended for specific areas of the body (e.g., neck, head, thorax) and/or to perform lymphatic mapping are available. The probes may be used externally or intraoperatively, including during laparoscopic procedures; some probes may be also used to detect radiation from a localized radiation-emitting device or from radioactive material."
    },
    {
      "code": "23071",
      "display": "Probes, Gamma Radiation Detection, Abdominal",
      "definition": "Gamma radiation detection probes designed to detect the level of radiation in the abdominal cavity around a cancer tumor after prior ingestion or injection of a radiopharmaceutical tracer (i.e., radioactive drug). These probes typically consist of a detector, a collimator, and shielding from radiation outside the intended target; they are used with imaging or non-imaging gamma radiation devices that display the count rate corresponding to each tissue. Abdominal gamma radiation probes are intended to detect high-radiation points (hot spots), facilitating to find the lymph node to which the tumor drains (sentinel node, SN), helping in the diagnosis and prognosis and detection of small cancer tumors and also in procedures used to identify small malignant (e.g., gastrointestinal, prostatic) lesions intra-operatively during open and laparoscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "23070",
      "display": "Probes, Gamma Radiation Detection, Head/Neck Surface",
      "definition": "Gamma radiation detection probes designed to detect the level of radiation in the superficial area of the neck and/or head around a cancer tumor after prior ingestion or injection of a radiopharmaceutical tracer (i.e., radioactive drug). These probes typically consist of a detector, a collimator, and shielding from radiation outside the intended target; they are used with imaging or non-imaging gamma radiation devices that display the count rate corresponding to each tissue. Neck/head gamma radiation probes are intended to detect high-radiation points (hot spots), facilitating to find the lymph node to which the tumor drains (sentinel node, SN), helping in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer tumors and also in the intra-operatively detection of oral, head, thyroid gland, and/or neck carcinomas during procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23069",
      "display": "Probes, Gamma Radiation Detection, Lymphatic Mapping",
      "definition": "Gamma radiation detection probes designed to detect the level of radiation in lymphatic nodes around a cancer tumor after prior ingestion or injection of a radiopharmaceutical tracer (i.e., radioactive drug). These probes typically consist of a detector, a collimator, and shielding from radiation outside the intended target; they are used with non-imaging gamma radiation devices that display the count rate corresponding to each node. Lymphatic mapping gamma radiation probes are used to detect high-radiation points (hot spots), facilitating to find the lymph node to which the tumor drains (sentinel node, SN), helping the pathologist to identify lymph node metastasis status."
    },
    {
      "code": "23072",
      "display": "Probes, Gamma Radiation Detection, Thoracic",
      "definition": "Gamma radiation detection probes designed to detect the level of radiation in the thoracic cavity around a cancer tumor after prior ingestion or injection of a radiopharmaceutical tracer (i.e., radioactive drug). These probes typically consist of a detector, a collimator, and shielding from radiation outside the intended target; they are used with imaging or non-imaging gamma radiation devices that display the count rate corresponding to each tissue. Thoracic gamma radiation probes are intended to detect high-radiation points (hot spots), facilitating to find the lymph node to which the tumor drains (sentinel node, SN), helping in the diagnosis and prognosis of small cancer tumors and also in procedures used to identify small malignant (e.g., breast, lung) lesions intra-operatively during open and laparoscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17594",
      "display": "Probes, Pulse Oximeter",
      "definition": "Probes designed for use with a pulse oximeter to determine the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) based on the light absorbance of a patient's arterial blood.  These probes typically include two light emitting diodes (LEDs) that transmit red and infrared light (e.g.,  wavelengths of 660 and 930 nm respectively) through the pulsating arterial bed and a photodetector that senses the light after it passes through the arterial bed and then sends the information through a cable to the oximeter for signal processing and display. Probes are manufactured in appropriate configurations for placement on the finger tips, earlobe, toe, or even the forehead (for reflectance pulse oximeters); they are typically attached using disposable adhesive wraps and/or clips. Some probes include a memory chip that contains the calibration and operating data of the individual sensor. Oximeter probes are available in sizes for adult, pediatric, or newborn, either for single patient use or reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "20732",
      "display": "Probes, Sublingual Tissue Capnometer",
      "definition": "Probes designed for use with a dedicated capnometer for measuring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the sublingual tissue (PslCO2). These devices are typically single used probes including a transducer that are placed in contact with the sublingual tissue (e.g., placed under the tongue). The probes are connected via cabling to a dedicated capnometer that displays the PslCO2 values."
    },
    {
      "code": "13125",
      "display": "Probes, Temperature",
      "definition": "Probes that sense temperature using contact-style sensing methods. Temperature probes are used in conjunction with a separate device with a display (e.g., electronic thermometer, infant warmer) to enable measurement and/or monitoring of temperature. They are typically constructed of flexible materials with a metal conducting core and a distal end of various configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16272",
      "display": "Probes, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Probes designed to transmit ultrasonic energy to and receive energy from a patient when connected to an ultrasonic device that includes a radiofrequency generator (e.g., echocardiograph, ultrasonic scanner). These probes typically consist of an enclosure (housing), with ultrasonic transducers (typically piezoelectric) that convert electrical signals into ultrasonic signals and vice versa and an integral cable to transmit and receive the electrical signal to and from the ultrasonic equipment. Ultrasonic probes are frequently placed on the skin after an acoustic coupling gel has been applied; dedicated probes intended for specific ultrasonic equipment and/or applications are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23436",
      "display": "Probes, Ultrasonic, Phacoemulsification Unit",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic probes designed for lens cutting and emulsification using ultrasonic waves during cataract surgery. These devices typically consist of a hollow probe with a tip, an ultrasonic transducer that converts electric power into ultrasonic waves, and a cable that transmits the electrical signal between a phacoemulsification unit and the probe; the probes usually include irrigation capabilities. Phacoemulsification unit probes are used mainly in ophthalmic surgical procedures performed in the anterior chamber of the eye to extract natural lenses affected by cataracts."
    },
    {
      "code": "28961",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing a specific clinical procedure on a patient. Items in these kits usually include most or all the instruments and supplies needed to perform the procedure. These kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Procedure kits and trays are mainly intended for use during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures. Dedicated procedure kits and trays are available for a variety of procedures, such as acupuncture, amniocentesis, anesthesia, angiography, biopsy, blood culture, and catheterization."
    },
    {
      "code": "10014",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Acupuncture",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard) needed for performing insertion of needles along specific pathways or meridians (i.e., acupuncture procedures). Items in these kits usually include acupuncture needles, a point detector, tweezers, lancets, alcohol swabs, and sharps collectors. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Acupuncture procedure kits and trays are mainly intended for use in the prevention and treatment of pain-related conditions such as arthritis, back, neck, knee and shoulder pains, and carpal tunnel syndrome; they are sometimes used simultaneously with pressure, heat, and/or electric stimulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "13846",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Airway Suction",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for suctioning secretions from the airways. Items in these kits usually include sterile gloves, a suction catheter, and a container for sterile water. These kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Airway suction procedure kits and trays are intended to remove airway secretions by inserting a suction catheter into the upper airways."
    },
    {
      "code": "15274",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Amniocentesis",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing a transabdominal perforation of the uterus to obtain amniotic fluid (i.e., amniocentesis). Items in these kits usually include spinal needles, syringes, anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine ampules), collection tubes with caps, sponge applicators, a ruler, gauze pads, absorbent towels, fenestrated drapes, and bandages. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Amniocentesis procedure kits and trays are intended for use during labor and delivery to assess fetal lung maturity, to establish rupture of membranes, to rule out infection, to evaluate fetal well-being, or to evaluate for chromosomal abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33746",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Amnioinfusion",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing infusion of an isotonic fluid (e.g., saline solution) into the amniotic cavity (i.e., amnioinfusion). Items in these kits may include an intrauterine pressure catheter (for transcervical amnioinfusion), a needle (for transabdominal amnioinfusion), intravenous tubing, an antibacterial filter, and/or an epidural catheter. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Amnioinfusion procedure kits and trays are intended for intrapartum use to treat cases of oligohydramnios (deficiency of amniotic fluid) or to thin meconium-stained amniotic fluid before delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "10124",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for providing local anesthesia to nerve roots. Items in these kits usually include needles, anesthetics, syringes, iodine, fenestrated drapes, preparation applicators, gauze sponges, adhesive bandages, and underpads. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Anesthesia procedure kits and trays are intended for use in the block of local nerve roots during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures. Dedicated anesthesia procedure kits and trays are available for a variety of procedures, such as epidural, spinal, glossopharyngeal, caudal, paracervical, laryngotracheal, pudental, and saddle block procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10125",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Brachial Plexus",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for providing local anesthesia to the arm distal to the shoulder. Items in these kits usually include sterile towels,  gauze packs, syringes filled with local anesthetics, sterile gloves,  marking pen, surface electrodes, a needle for skin infiltration, a three-way stopcock; kits may also include a  peripheral nerve stimulator. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Brachial-plexus anesthesia procedure kits and trays are intended for use in the block of axillary brachial plexus roots during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10126",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Caudal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for providing a local anesthetic solution into the caudal portion of the epidural space, usually through the sacral hiatus. Items in these kits usually include syringes, needles (e.g., scalp vein-needle), sterile gauze, and povidone. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Caudal anesthesia procedure kits and trays are intended for use in the block of sacral and lower lumbar nerve roots during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10127",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Epidural",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for providing local anesthesia into the epidural space. Items in these kits usually include a hypodermic needle, an aspirating filter needle, plastic and glass syringes, povidone-iodine solution, lidocaine hydrochloride, sodium chloride, a syringe/adapter protector set, a catheter connector and support pad, fenestrated drape, a sharps stick pad, gauze, and other preparation supplies such as cups, towels, and swabs. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Epidural anesthesia procedure kits and trays are intended for use during procedures to reduce inflammation and pain in the back and/or legs."
    },
    {
      "code": "10128",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Glossopharyngeal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for providing local anesthesia into the glossopharyngeal nerve.  Items in these kits usually include sterile towels, gauze packs, a syringe filled with local anesthetics, sterile gloves, a marking pen, a needle for skin infiltration, and a bevel needle. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Glossopharyngeal anesthesia kits and trays are intended for use in the block of glossopharyngeal nerve roots during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures (e.g., laryngoscopy, esophagoscopy, bronchoscopy, tonsillectomy) and/or intubations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16827",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Laryngotracheal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard kits) needed for providing local anesthesia into the larynx and trachea. Items in these kits usually include a sterile, anatomically-curved plastic cannula with attached vial injector, and a single-dose vial prefilled with a sterile aqueous solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Laryngotracheal anesthesia kits and trays are intended for use in the block of laryngeal nerve roots during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10129",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Paracervical",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for providing local anesthesia into the area around the uterine cervix (i.e., paracervical). Items in these kits usually include a procedure needle, a trumpet needle guide, gauze pads, underpads, sterilization indicator, a speculum, dilators, and anesthetics (e.g., bacteriostatic saline/buffered lidocaine). The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Paracervical anesthesia kits and trays are intended for use in the block of paracervical nerve roots during minor gynecologic diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures (e.g., removal of genital warts, vulvar biopsy, laser treatment of lesions, hysteroscopy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10130",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Pudendal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for providing local anesthesia into the pudendal nerve located in the pudendal canal. Items in these kits usually include a procedure needle with a spacer, a metal trumpet needle, gauze pads, underpads, a sterilization indicator, and lidocaine. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Pudendal anesthesia kits and trays are intended for use during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures in the perineal area, especially during pregnancy, producing a pudendal nerve block."
    },
    {
      "code": "16776",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Saddle Block",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for providing local anesthesia into the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid space. Items in these kits usually include needles (e.g., lancet point, introducer, skin wheal, withdrawal), syringes, a needle stick pad, a procedural filter, anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), epinephrine, sponge applicators, towel(s), gauze sponges, a fenestrated drape, and antiseptic solution. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Saddle block anesthesia kits and trays are intended for use in a nerve block limited to the regions corresponding to the perineum, the buttocks, and the inner aspect of the thighs during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10131",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Anesthesia, Spinal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for providing local anesthesia into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord. Items in these kits usually include an anesthetic administration syringe, a Luer tip with needle, a syringe with pre-attached needle, anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), a povidone iodine packet, prep cups, swab sticks, gauze pads, towel(s), a fenestrated drape, a sharps stick pad, and adhesive bandages.  The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Spinal anesthesia kits and trays are usually intended for use in a nerve block limited to the regions below the lower abdomen during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16545",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Angiography",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices and supplies designed for use typically as disposable components of injectors intended for automated injection of radiopaque fluids into the arteries and/or veins for viewing the cardiac and/or surrounding vasculature (i.e., angiography). Items in these kits usually include a pressure monitor tubing, a micro filter, a coronary control syringe, a solid plunger, a swivel nut connector, syringes filled with saline/lidocaine solutions, a temporary sharps holder, angiographic needles, a regular bevel scalpel, a medicine cup, and a guide wire bowl; kits may also include curved forceps, gauze pads, cloth towels, towel clamps, sponge sticks, a back table cover, and a femoral drape. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Angiography procedure kits and trays are intended for use during angiographic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "28982",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Angiography, Contrast Media Injector",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) intended for the injection of radiopaque fluid (e.g., contrast media) into arteries and/or veins in order to visualize these systems, e.g., under fluoroscopy. Items in these kits usually include a barrel syringe, contrast media bottles, and appropriate tubing. They may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Angiographic contrast media injector procedure kits and trays are used as a detachable component of injectors used to deliver contrast media into the arteries and/or veins for medical imaging techniques in angiographic procedures. Dedicated contrast media injector procedure kits and trays including a syringe and manifold sub-assemblies are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16546",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Angiography, Digital",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for radiologic procedures intended to obtain digital images of the blood vessels of and/or around the heart (i.e., a digital angiography procedure). Items in these kits usually include gauge needles, an introducer needle, plastic syringes, anesthetics (e.g., xylocaine), scalpels, a high pressure stopcock and connecting tubing, gauze sponges, and fenestrated drapes; kits may also include disposable towels, a povidone-iodine packet, swab sticks, puncture site bandage, and a sterile indicator. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Digital angiography procedure kits and trays are intended for use to prepare the patient undergoing the digital radiographic visualization of the arteries of the heart and sometimes of other particular organ, system, or body part."
    },
    {
      "code": "16547",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Angiography, Special Procedure",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard kits) needed for visualizing the arteries during special radiography procedures (i.e., special procedure angiography). Items in these kits usually include drapes, gowns, plastic syringes, connecting tubing, gauge needles, scalpels, gauze, towels and bowls; kits may also include a povidone-iodine packet, swab sticks and puncture site bandages. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Special procedure angiography procedure kits and trays are intended for use during interventions such as stent placements, discography, placement of permanent vascular access ports and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), and placement of devices/grafts for dialysis access."
    },
    {
      "code": "17642",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Aqueous/Vitreous Humor Replacement",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for delivering aqueous and vitreous humor replacement. Items in these kits usually include syringes, needles, anesthetics, and the replacement media. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Aqueous/vitreous humor replacement procedure kits and trays are intended for use during procedures for delivering the artificial fluid or semi-fluid substance used to replace the aqueous or vitreous humor within the eye. They are used in hospitals, ophthalmological clinics, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15316",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Arthrography",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for preparing the patient and delivering an injection of a contrast medium into the joint space in order to visualize a joint by radiographic study (i.e., arthrography). Items in these kits usually include a syringe, needles, a contrast medium (e.g., iodine), a local anesthetic, and cotton pads. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Arthrography procedure kits and trays are intended for use in hospitals and other healthcare facilities to allow visualization of the articular space by injection of a contrast medium (e.g., to determine the cause of unexplained joint pain)."
    },
    {
      "code": "42006",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Autologous Blood Clot Preparation",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies needed to draw blood from a patient and use that blood to produce an autologous whole blood clot tissue mass. Items in these kits may include blood withdrawal kit, clotting tray or mold, coagulation initiator, coagulation accelerator, wound dressing components and an extraction ring. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. These kits are intended to produce gel-like mass for temporary topical application to an exuding skin wound to promote healing."
    },
    {
      "code": "36815",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Autologous Skin Cell Suspension",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies needed to process a split-thickness skin sample using enzymatic and mechanical disaggregation to generate a cell suspension. Items in these kits may include a processing unit with heating mechanism, enzyme and buffer solutions, and various needles and syringes. The kit may also include a spray nozzle for application. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. These kits are intended to produce autologous skin cell suspension used for autografting for treating conditions such as burns and chronic wounds, and for use in aesthetic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "10401",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of equipment and supplies used for performance of a biopsy procedure (i.e., the removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of disease in a patient). Typical types of biopsy procedures include aspiration biopsies, needle biopsies, punch biopsies, and surface biopsies."
    },
    {
      "code": "17716",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Biopsy, Aspiration",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for collecting liquid and cells from a cavity by suction through a fine needle attached to a syringe intended for in-vitro analysis (i.e., performing an aspiration biopsy). Items in these kits usually include antiseptic swabs, anesthetics, a scalpel, a syringe with needle, Luer lock syringes, frosted slides, and needles; the kits may also include towels, a drapes, adhesive strip, bandages, specimen tubes, and gauze pads.  Aspiration kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Biopsy aspiration procedure kits and trays are intended for use during the removal of living tissue for microscopic (in-vitro) laboratory examination to diagnose a variety of diseases; dedicated kits for bone marrow biopsy are available. Biopsy aspiration kits intended for use with ultrasound guidance are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16833",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Biopsy, Aspiration, Bone Marrow",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for collecting liquid and cells from a bone marrow cavity by suction through a fine needle attached to a syringe (i.e., performing a bone marrow aspiration biopsy). Items in these kits usually include povidone-iodine swab sticks, lidocaine hydrochloride, a scalpel, a syringe with needle, Luer lock syringes, frosted slides, and needles; kits may also include towels, a fenestrated drape with adhesive strip, bandages, specimen tubes, gauze pads, and an absorbent towel.  The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy procedure kits and trays are intended for use during the removal of living tissue for microscopic (in-vitro) laboratory examination to diagnose a variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20921",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Biopsy, Aspiration, Breast Duct Cell",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for obtaining a sample of cells intended for biopsy from the breast milk ducts by suction through a fine needle. Items in these kits usually include an aspirator (e.g., a transparent port attached to a syringe) to identify the nipple ducts, very thin dilators to facilitate ductal cannulation, a blunt catheter to infuse and collect fluid to and from the breast ducts, and a vial to collect and transport the cells for cytological analysis in the laboratory (in a manner similar to the way a Pap smear is performed). The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Breast ductal cell procedure kits and trays are intended for use in healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, doctors' offices) for obtaining and preparing breast ductal smears of women at high risk for developing breast cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "10403",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Biopsy, Aspiration, Ultrasound Guided",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing an aspiration biopsy under ultrasonic guidance. Items in these kits usually include a cup, gauze, lidocaine, needles, syringes, specimen tube with cap, a scalpel, and towels; kits may also include a coaxial needle, a biopsy gun, a wrap, and a sterilization pouch. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Ultrasound aspiration biopsy procedure kits and trays are used during the removal of living tissue using ultrasonic guidance for microscopic (in-vitro) laboratory examination for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16834",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Biopsy, Renal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing a kidney (i.e., renal) biopsy procedure. Items in these kits usually include a spinal needle, a biopsy gun, glass slides, sterile gloves, xylocaine, a surgical blade, and a disposable syringe with needle; they may also include a disposable cup filled with formalin, towels, a plastic container, cotton balls, a cotton applicator, and a suture scissor. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Renal biopsy procedure kits and trays are intended for use during the removal of a small piece of kidney tissue for laboratory (in-vitro) examination to diagnose and/or to determine the severity of a kidney disorder."
    },
    {
      "code": "16835",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Biopsy, Soft Tissue",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing a soft tissue biopsy procedure. Items in these kits usually include Luer lock syringes, needles, anesthetics, scalpel, specimen tubes with caps, microscope slides, and a ruler; kits may also include gauze pads, towels, a fenestrated drape, and adhesive bandages.  The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Soft tissue biopsy procedure kits and trays are intended for use during the removal of a small sample of soft tissue (e.g., skin, fat, muscle, tendon) for microscopic (in-vitro) laboratory examination."
    },
    {
      "code": "10425",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Blood Culture Sample",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard kits) needed for obtaining samples of a patient's blood for microbiological culture. Items in these kits usually include a blood collector, a sterile scrub applicator, needles, a needle holder, a specimen transport bag, and alcohol prep pads. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  These procedure kits and trays are intended for in-vitro detection of infections present in the bloodstream (e.g., bacteremia, septicemia). Blood culture procedure kits and trays are used in medical offices, hospitals (e.g., clinical laboratories), and/or in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "14126",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Blood Transfusion",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for blood transfusion procedures. Items in these kits may include needles, intravenous (IV) cannulae with wings, blood bags, blood collection tubes, a tube holder, gloves, a tourniquet, a marker/pencil, and a blood administration set with air inlet and needle. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Transfusion procedure kits and trays are intended for transferring blood or blood-based products directly into a patient's blood circulation through a vein. They are used mainly in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11618",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Blood Transfusion, Exchange",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for repetitive removal of blood and replacement with transfused blood from a donor until most part of the patient's blood has been exchanged (i.e., exchange or exsanguination transfusion). Items in these kits usually include a stopcock extension tube, catheters (e.g., umbilical), syringes, and needles. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Exchange transfusion procedure kits and trays are mainly intended for counteracting the effects of serious jaundice (i.e., icterus) and/or other diseases in newborns; they are also used for other blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia. They are used in newborn, emergency, and intensive care areas in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20674",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Bulking Agent Injection, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for injection of a liquid agent into specific gastrointestinal tissue (e.g., the region of the lower esophageal sphincter) and allowed to precipitate as a solid permanent implant increasing tissue bulk. Items in these kits usually include two containers with the implantable solution (e.g., a biocompatible copolymer and a radio opaque marker) and a liquid solvent respectively, a catheter with an injection needle, a syringe, and a hypodermic needle. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Gastrointestinal bulking agent injection procedure kits and trays are intended for the treatment of specific disorders (e.g., esophageal sphincter reflux)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16163",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Cardioplegia Solution Administration",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for administering variable concentration of a cold solution to the heart to induce cardiac arrest (i.e., induced cardioplegia) during cardiac surgery; the kits may be used also to rewarm the heart after the procedure is finished. Items in these kits usually include infusion tubing, a filter, a temperature probe, and cardioplegia solutions; kits may also include protective chemical additives to the cardioplegia solution such as potassium and glucose. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  These trays are intended for use in cardiac surgery to prevent myocardial injury during the arrest and reperfusion phases. Cardioplegia solution administration kits and trays are used in operating rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "10676",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheter Care",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for safe care and manipulation of catheters. Items in these kits usually include a sterile small plastic tray, a wash cloth, soap, towels, cotton balls and/or gauze pads, antiseptic solution, sterile gloves, and a plastic disposable bag. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Catheter care procedure kits and trays are intended to prevent the introduction of infectious microorganisms during procedures to check and/or remove catheters; they are also used to take care of reusable catheters (e.g., Foley) in patients. They are used in hospitals, homes, and healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33756",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheter Repair",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed to repair a damaged area of the external segment of long-term indwelling catheters, avoiding the need for catheter replacement. Repair kits can also be used to extend the length of the external segment of long-term indwelling catheters. These kits typically include supplies for performing a sterile procedure (e.g., drapes, gloves, disinfectant), scissors, clamps, adapters/caps, catheter extensions, and adhesive. These kits are typically used to repair indwelling catheters intended for long-term use, such as dialysis catheters and central venous infusion catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "15564",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for insertion of a catheter into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Items in these kits usually include a catheter, drapes, syringes, under-pads, gloves, forceps, cotton or rayon balls, a lubricant packet, and povidone-iodine solution; catheterization kits may also include specimen containers and a collection bag. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Catheterization procedure kits and trays are intended to insert catheters used for drainage and administration of fluids, and/or permit access by surgical instruments. Dedicated catheterization kits for particular procedures such as intravenous, cardiac, and urinary tract catheterization are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10598",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the insertion of a cardiac catheter through the vasculature  (usually from the groin or the arm) into the right or left side of the heart. Items in these kits usually include a basin, a catheter, a syringe prefilled with sterile water, waterproof underpads, a fenestrated drape, absorbent rayon or cotton balls, a lubricant packet, sterile gloves, a cleansing solution, a removable prep cup and forceps. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Cardiac catheterization procedure kits and trays are intended for diagnosis or therapy of heart conditions. They are used in cardiac catheterization rooms and other areas in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12161",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Intravenous",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for insertion of a catheter in the vasculature. Items in these kits usually include sterile gloves, gauge needles, appropriate intravenous (IV) catheters, a tourniquet, alcohol swabs, gauze pads, transparent dressing, an IV bag with solution, and tubing. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Dedicated intravenous catheterization procedure kits and trays intended mainly for the infusion of medicated solutions in the peripheral and central vasculature are available; they are also used in a variety of procedures performed in hospitals, doctors' offices, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16615",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Intravenous, Central Vein",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the insertion of a catheter whose tip will reach the central venous system. The catheters are usually inserted into a large vein in the neck (internal or external jugular vein), chest (subclavian vein), or groin (femoral vein).  Items in these kits may include gauge needles, sterile gloves, appropriate intravenous (IV) catheters, alcohol swabs, gauze pads, IV bags with solution, and tubing. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Central intravenous catheterization procedure kits and trays are intended for use during a variety of procedures, including the administration of fluids (e.g., medication, parenteral feeding), to perform central venous pressure measurements, and/or for other blood tests. They are used in hospitals (e.g., intensive and emergency care) and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "29069",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Intravenous, Peripheral Vein",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for insertion of a catheter in the peripheral vasculature. Items in these kits usually include sterile gloves, gauge needles, appropriate intravenous (IV) catheters, a tourniquet, alcohol swabs, gauze pads, transparent dressing, an IV bag with solution, and tubing. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Peripheral intravenous catheterization procedure kits and trays are intended mainly for the infusion of medicated solutions; they are also used in a variety of procedures performed in the peripheral vasculature in hospitals, doctors' offices, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24001",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Nasal Sinus",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for insertion of a catheter into the nasal sinuses. Items in these kits usually include a sinus dilation catheter, an illumination system, guide wires, auxiliary irrigation and balloon catheters, and extension tubes; the kit may also include devices that permit its integration with stereotactic navigation systems. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Nasal sinus surgical kits are intended mainly to enlarge the patient's sinus openings, clearing the passageways and restoring normal sinus ventilation and drainage; they are also used in other minimally invasive functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16992",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Peritoneal, Dialysis",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for insertion of a catheter intended for dialysis into the peritoneal cavity. Items in these kits usually include scalpels, scissors, dilators, tunnelers, needles, trocars, a peritoneal catheter, sponges, medicines, drapes, and sutures. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Peritoneal dialysis catheterization procedure kits and trays are used to infuse and extract a dialysate (i.e., chemical solution used in dialysis) into the peritoneal cavity; the dialysis procedure is used to correct an imbalance of fluid or of electrolytes in the blood or to remove toxins, drugs, or other wastes normally excreted by the kidney. The kits are used in hospital, at home, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24009",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Spinal, Intervertebral Disc",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices and supplies used for insertion of a catheter intended to deliver fluids to the spinal intervertebral disc (i.e., intradiscal) space. Items in these kits usually include a flexible microcatheter that may have a balloon attached at its distal tip to deliver the fluid, dedicated guide wires and introducer needles; syringes, stopcocks, connectors, and solutions appropriate for the intended procedure. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Intradiscal catheterization kits are intended mainly for delivery of contrast media, anesthetics, and saline to the intradiscal space in procedures such as functional anesthetic discography for radiographic evaluation of disc damage and to characterize the pain response provoked by disc injection."
    },
    {
      "code": "16781",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Urinary, Indwelling",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for inserting a urinary catheter into the bladder via the urethra for an extended period of time. Items in these kits may include an indwelling catheter with a small balloon on the end to keep the catheter securely in the bladder (e.g., a Foley catheter), urine collection bags, urine flow meters, urine drainage tubing, fenestrated drape, germicide, underpads, a specimen container, sterile gloves, cotton/rayon balls, forceps, prefilled sterile water inflation syringe and lubricant. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Permanent urinary catheterization procedure kits and trays are intended for collecting and/or measuring the urine from the bladder during long-term procedures. They are used in hospital and healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16321",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization, Urinary, Intermittent",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for insertion of a urinary catheter into the bladder via the patient's urethra. Items in these kits may include lubricant, a urinary plastic catheter, a specimen container and/or urine collection bags, a sterile drape, germicide, underpads, sterile gloves, cotton/rayon balls and forceps. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Intermittent urinary catheterization procedure kits and trays are intended for use during procedures to drain urine from the bladder as needed (e.g., at scheduled intervals) in patients with chronic (i.e., long-term) conditions. They are used in intensive care and other areas of hospital and/or healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "32825",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization/Collection, Feces",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of the necessary devices and supplies needed for inserting catheters into the rectum through the anal sphincter for collection of the patient's feces. Items included in these kits usually consist of a rectal catheter and supplies needed for catheter insertion and use (e.g., lubricant jelly), a syringe, and a feces collection bag. The kits may also include materials for prepping the patient, such as a sterile drape, germicides, sterile gloves, and cotton/rayon balls. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottom receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap. Fecal catheterization/collection kits and trays are intended for the management of fecal incontinence but may be also used for irrigation, administration of medications, and for delivery/withdrawal of fluids to or from the distal balloon."
    },
    {
      "code": "14292",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Catheterization/Collection, Urinary",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of the necessary equipment and supplies for inserting a urinary catheter into the bladder via the patient's urethra and immediately collecting the patient's urine (e.g., for a diagnostic test). Items included in these kits usually include materials for prepping the patient, such as a sterile drape, germicide, underpads, sterile gloves, cotton/rayon balls, and forceps, as well as the urinary catheter and supplies needed for catheter insertion (e.g., lubricant) and a urine collection containers (e.g., a sterile urine specimen cup, pouch or bag). The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Urinary catheterization/collection kits and trays are used at home, in hospitals, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10858",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Circumcision",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices and supplies needed to surgically remove the foreskin of the penis (i.e., perform a circumcision). Items in these kits usually include instruments (e.g., tweezers, probes, hemostats, scissors, scalpels/knives, circumcision clamp, scissors) and supplies such as dressings, skin prep solutions (e.g., disinfectant), anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), and antibiotics. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Circumcision kits and trays are used in hospitals, at home, and in other healthcare facilities; both single-use (i.e., disposable) and reusable kits are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10859",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Circumcision, Disposable",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of single-use (i.e., disposable) devices and supplies needed to surgically remove the foreskin of the penis (i.e., perform a circumcision). Items in these kits usually include instruments (e.g., tweezers, probes, hemostats, scissors, scalpels/knives, circumcision clamp, scissors) and supplies such as dressings, skin prep solutions (e.g., disinfectant), anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), and antibiotics. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Disposable circumcision kits and trays are used in hospitals, at home, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10860",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Circumcision, Reusable",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of reusable  devices and supplies needed to surgically remove the foreskin of the penis (i.e., perform a circumcision). Items in these kits usually include reusable instruments (e.g., tweezers, probes, hemostats, scissors, scalpels/knives, circumcision clamp, scissors) and supplies such as dressings, skin prep solutions (e.g., disinfectant), anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), and antibiotics. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Reusable circumcision kits and trays are used in hospitals and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16379",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Coagulation Time",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for measurement of the time required for a fresh blood sample to coagulate. Samples are usually obtained from a small purposely inflicted puncture wound.  Items in these kits usually include needles, syringes, bandages, and heparinized collecting tubes. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. These procedure kits and trays are intended for use during the examination of shortages and abnormalities of various blood coagulation factors, and bleeding tendency of patients. Coagulation time procedure kits and trays are used in medical offices, anticoagulation clinics, hospitals (e.g., emergency departments, operating rooms, catheterization laboratories), and/or other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "29128",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Collection, Urine, Long-Term",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for collecting a patient's urine over a long-term (typically 24-hour) period. Items in these kits may include polypropylene container, screw-on lid, identification (ID) label, towelettes, sterile gloves, specimen bag and anatomically correct funnel. The dedicated container used in these kits must be kept cool during the collecting time and until it is returned to the laboratory for analysis. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Long-term urine collection procedure kits and trays are intended for measuring the components of urine in order to assess kidney (renal) functions. They are mainly used in hospital clinical laboratories and also in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12542",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Collection, Urine, Mid-Stream",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for obtaining a urine sample after the first urine containing urethral contaminants is voided; the sample thus obtained (i.e., a midstream sample) is free of most germs normally found on the urethra and/or skin of the perineal area. Items in these kits usually include plastic containers/bags, a collecting tube, an inlet ring, disposable towelettes, an identification label, a valve, sterile wipes, sterile gloves, and a clip or clamp. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Mid-stream urine collection procedure kits and trays are also intended to protect specimens against external contamination and/or patient handling before, during, and after voiding. They are mainly used in hospital clinical laboratories and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15028",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Cricothyrotomy",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing an incision through the skin, and the cricoid and thyroid membranes (i.e., a cricothyrotomy). Items in these kits usually include a scalpel, a needle, a plastic cannula, an endotracheal tube, a syringe, a dilator, and a curved hemostat for clamping and opening. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  These procedure kits and trays are intended for use during emergency procedures for the relief of an obstructed airway. Cricothyrotomy procedure kits and trays are mainly used in emergency and operating rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "15313",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Culdocentesis",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing the extraction of peritoneal fluid from the recto-uterine pouch posterior to the vagina through a needle (i.e., culdocentesis). Items in these kits usually include a speculum, antiseptic swabs, chlorohexidine, lidocaine, a gauge spinal needle, syringes, and tenaculums. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  These procedure kits and trays are intended for use during diagnostic technique procedures to check for abnormal fluid in order to identify pelvic inflammatory diseases, ectopic pregnancy, or ovarian cysts. Culdocentesis procedure kits and trays are used in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20567",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate the skin and/or personal gear either by physical removal, chemical decontamination, or a combination of both. Items in these kits typically include a ready-to-use and properly sealed decontamination agent and a set of applicators (e.g., pads, mitts) that permit quick and easy preliminary self-decontamination. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Decontamination kits and trays are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel; they are intended for decontamination from chemical (either warfare or toxic industrial) agents and radiation contaminated materials, and less frequently from biological agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20570",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Personal Gear",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate personal gear (e.g., garments, personal protection devices) either by physical removal or reduction, chemical decontamination, or a combination of both. Items in these kits typically include a ready-to-use and properly sealed decontamination agent and a set of applicators (e.g., pads, mitts) that permit quick and easy preliminary decontamination. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Personal gear decontamination kits and trays are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel; they are intended for decontamination from chemical (either warfare or toxic industrial) agents and radiation contaminated materials, and less frequently from biological agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "20571",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Personal Gear, Removal/Neutralization Resin",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate personal gear (e.g., garments, personal protection devices) by destruction, reduction, or neutralization of chemical agents, toxic industrial materials, and/or radioactive materials; they are also effective for decontamination from biological agents. Items in these kits typically include a set (usually four) of wipe-down mitts enclosed in separated protective packets. Each mitt is impregnated with a reactive and absorbent black resin. The resin is usually a mixture of a carbonaceous adsorbent, a polystyrene polymeric compound, and an ion-exchange resin. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. The decontamination is accomplished by opening the packet and scrubbing the contaminated device with the impregnated mitt; the contaminant agent is then absorbed by the resin and the mitt. Personal gear decontamination removal/neutralization resin kits and trays are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20568",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Skin",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate the skin either by physical removal, chemical decontamination, or a combination of both. Items in these kits typically include a ready-to-use and properly sealed decontamination agent and a set of applicators (e.g., pads, mitts) that permit quick and easy preliminary self-decontamination. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Skin decontamination kits and trays are usually intended for decontamination below hazardous levels for the individual from chemical (either warfare or toxic industrial) agents and radiation contaminated materials, and less frequently from biological agents. All products used for skin decontamination should be safe for individual health; the kits are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20569",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Skin, Chemical Neutralization",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate the skin by neutralizing chemical agents, toxic industrial materials, and/or radiation-contaminated materials. Items in these kits typically include a ready-to-use and properly sealed decontamination agent and a set of applicators (e.g., pads, mitts) that permit quick and easy preliminary self-decontamination. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Chemical neutralization skin decontamination kits and trays are usually intended for decontamination below hazardous levels for the individual from chemical (either warfare or toxic industrial) agents and radiation contaminated materials, and less frequently from biological agents. All products used for skin decontamination should be safe for individual health; the kits are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20663",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Skin, Removal/Neutralization Resin",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate the skin either by physical removal, chemical decontamination, or a combination of both. Items in these kits typically include a set of packets (usually two pockets with three packets each) containing a nonwoven decontamination pad impregnated with a reactive and absorbent black resin. The most commonly used resin is a mixture of a carbonaceous adsorbent, a polystyrene polymeric compound, and an ion-exchange resin. Decontamination is accomplished by opening the packet and scrubbing the skin with the impregnated pad that is both adsorbent and reactive. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Removal/neutralization resin decontamination kits and trays used on the skin are usually intended for decontamination below hazardous levels for the individual from chemical (either warfare or toxic industrial) agents and radiation contaminated materials, and less frequently from biological agents. All products used for skin decontamination should be safe for individual health; these kits are not intended for decontamination of wounds or for use near the eyes or mouth.  The kits are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20572",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Skin/Personal Gear",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate the skin and/or personal gear either by physical removal, chemical decontamination, or a combination of both. Items in these kits typically include a ready-to-use and properly sealed decontamination agent and a set of applicators (e.g., pads, mitts) that permit quick and easy preliminary decontamination. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Skin/personal gear decontamination kits and trays are usually intended for decontamination below hazardous levels for the individual from chemical (either warfare or toxic industrial) agents and radiation contaminated materials, and less frequently from biological agents. All products used for skin and personal gear decontamination should be safe for individual health; the kits are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20573",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Skin/Personal Gear, Nonplastic Kaolin",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to decontaminate the skin and/or personal gear either by physical removal and a sorbent technology using non-plastic kaolin. Items in these kits typically include a sealed plastic bag containing several (e.g., four) pads filled with non-plastic kaolin and an aluminum-magnesium silicate (known as Fuller's earth); some kits also include a dispenser with additional kaolin. Decontamination is accomplished by rubbing the contaminated skin or gear (e.g., mask, boots); the user should wear gloves during the decontamination procedure and properly dispose the contaminated pads. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Non-plastic kaolin skin/personal gear decontamination kits and trays are usually intended for decontamination below hazardous levels for the individual from chemical (either warfare or toxic industrial) agents and radiation contaminated materials, and less frequently from biological agents. The kits are mainly used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20574",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Decontamination, Training",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to simulate real decontamination kits during training but without having any decontamination capabilities. Items in these kits typically include a set of applicators (e.g., a pad, mitts), similar to those used in real decontamination kits, and an inert substance (e.g., liquid, powder) that is similar in physical characteristics to a decontaminant but without decontamination capabilities. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Training decontamination kits and trays are used to save costs and risks during training of civil rescuers and/or military personnel; they are appropriately colored and labeled to differentiate them from actual decontamination kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "29245",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing a specific dental procedure on a patient or dental prostheses. Items in these kits usually include most or all the instruments and supplies needed to perform a particular dental procedure. These kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Dental procedure kits and trays are mainly intended for use during prophylactic, diagnostic, and/or operatory procedures. Dedicated procedure kits and trays are available for a variety of dental procedures, such as dental impression, gingival retraction, prophylaxis, and dental restorations."
    },
    {
      "code": "11171",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Denture Repair",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the reparation of dentures. Items in these kits usually include a set of teeth (e.g., 6 upper anterior and 6 lower anterior teeth), an eye dropper, denture acrylic resins and bonding adhesives, a professional strength denture cleaner, and a booklet with instructions. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Denture repair procedure kits and trays are intended for use during reparation of dentures. They are used mainly in dental offices and dental laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16737",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Denture Repair, Base Resin",
      "definition": "Prepackaged kits (either standard or custom) containing the resins and other devices and/or materials needed to prepare and manufacture complete or partial removable dental prosthesis (i.e., denture) bases. These kits usually include, in addition to the resin monometer (typically an acrylic monometer of methyl methacrylate), a catalyst intended for polymerization of the monometer and products such as pigments, plasticizers, and/or devices (e.g., flasks, clamps). Denture base resin kits are used in dental laboratories; dedicated kits are available both with resins that polymerize when heat is added (i.e., heat cured resins) and with resins that polymerize without the addition of heat (i.e., self-cured, also called cold-cured resins)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16352",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Gingival Retraction Paste",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for physically displacing the tissue and leaving the field dry (i.e., gingival retraction) using a gingival retraction paste. Items in these kits usually include a gingival retraction product that consists of a green-colored paste provided in glass cartridges; they may also include a metal dispenser gun used to express the paste through a disposable metal dispensing tip into the gingival sulcus, and an instruction manual and/or video. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Gingival retraction procedure kits and trays are intended for use during procedures for tissue retraction prior to impression making or prosthesis cementation. They are used in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16696",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Occlusal Splinting",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for preparing and using rigid or flexible appliances that overlay the occlusal surfaces of the teeth (i.e., dental splints). Items in these kits usually include a fiberglass ribbon soaked in a bonding agent and metal application clips; they may also include special scissors. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Occlusal splinting kits and trays are used mainly to maintain the position of displaced or movable teeth and/or to treat clenching and bruxism. Occlusal splints are usually fixed originally at the dental offices and then  are worn by patients either continuously or during sleeping. Devices intended only for treatment of snoring and/or sleep apneas are considered orthoses."
    },
    {
      "code": "13129",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Prophylaxis",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for dental prophylaxis (i.e., tooth cleaning). Items in these kits usually include a dental mirror, a periosteal probe, a dedicated curette (e.g., a McCall's curette), and a sickle scaler. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Dental prophylaxis procedure kits and trays are used in dental offices for routine dental cleanings; they may be used also to evaluate the oral cavity for any other problems that might be present."
    },
    {
      "code": "16738",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Repair, Porcelain",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the reparation of damaged and/or fractured porcelain dental restorations, artificial teeth, and metal-ceramic crowns. Items in these kits usually include an opaque agent, a porcelain etching gel and a porcelain primer; they may also include a barrier gel, and an instruction manual. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Dental porcelain procedure kits and trays are used mainly in dental laboratories for the repair of ceramic-based prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "16732",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Restoration",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of teeth. Items in these kits usually include a dental syringe or applicator, a mixing pad, brushes, and filling materials. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Restorative procedure kits and trays are used in dental offices for dental restoration. Dedicated restoration dental kits using several different materials, such as composite resins, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16734",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Restoration, Composite Resin",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of teeth. Items in these kits usually include a dental syringe, a mixing palette, a mixing pad, brushes, and composite resin. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Composite resin restorative procedure kits and trays are used in dental offices for dental restoration in highly visible areas (e.g., the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling) or in areas where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority."
    },
    {
      "code": "16735",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Restoration, Composite Resin, Heat-Cured",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth, requiring heat to activate polymerization of the composite resin. Items in these kits usually include a dental syringe, a mixing palette, a mixing pad, brushes, and heat-cured composite resin. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure. Heat-cured composite resin restorative procedure kits and trays are intended for use in dental offices for dental restoration in highly visible areas (e.g., the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling) or in areas where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority."
    },
    {
      "code": "16736",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Restoration, Composite Resin, Light-Cured",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth, requiring light to activate polymerization of the composite resin. Items in these kits usually include a dental syringe, a mixing palette, a mixing pad, brushes, and light-cured composite resin; they may also include liquid etching products and a shade guide. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Light-cured composite resin restorative procedure kits and trays are intended for use in dental offices for dental restoration in highly visible areas (e.g. the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling) or in areas where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority."
    },
    {
      "code": "29253",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Restoration, Composite Resin, Self-Cured",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of a patient's teeth, requiring an activator and a catalyst to activate polymerization of the composite resin. Items in these kits usually include a dental syringe, a mixing palette, a mixing pad, brushes, and self-cured composite resin; they may also include liquid etching products and a shade guide. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Self-cured composite resin restorative procedure kits and trays are used in dental offices for dental restoration in highly visible areas (e.g. the central incisors or any other teeth that can be seen when smiling), in areas where conservation of tooth structure is a top priority or in areas inaccessible to light."
    },
    {
      "code": "16733",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Restoration, Crown/Bridge Fixation",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of the equipment and supplies needed for crown and/or bridge fixation (i.e., attachment) on natural teeth. Items in these kits usually include tips, finishing discs, polishing paste, polishing caps, and a tips gun. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Crown and bridge fixation procedure kits and trays are intended for dental restorations in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16739",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Restoration, Unfilled Resin",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for in situ restoration of the appearance, structure and/or function of teeth using unfilled resins. Items in these kits usually include a dental syringe, a mixing palette, a mixing pad, brushes, and unfilled resin. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Unfilled resin restorative material procedure kits and trays are used in dental offices for minor dental restoration."
    },
    {
      "code": "16701",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dental, Retention",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices and supplies needed for providing retention and/or stabilization of dental restorations. These kits usually include retention pins of several sizes (e.g., 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mm/0.08, 0.1, 0.12 inch), a variety of dental burs and drills, and a tool with a socket that provides a flat surface for engaging and manipulating the pin (i.e., a manual pin driver). A cylindrical hole with a beveled top is predrilled in the tooth to receive the threaded end of the pin; the pin provides at the other end a surface for securely attaching the restoration (e.g., a reconstructed coronal portion to the tooth). Sometimes unthreaded pins with a diameter larger than that of the accommodating hole are fixed by friction alone. Dental retention procedure kits and trays are used for permanent insertion of pins in the healthy dentin, providing retention and/or stabilization of dental restorations. They are used mainly in dental offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "11289",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dissection",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for cutting/pulling apart tissue by means of a scalpel or with scissors (i.e., dissection). Items in these kits usually include dissecting scalpels, scissors, and forceps; they may also include probes, teasing needles, pipettes, and rulers. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Dissection procedure kits and trays are used to obtain body tissue samples intended for in-vitro determination of the tissue structures either through direct visual or microscopic examination. They are used in hospitals' pathology rooms and other healthcare units."
    },
    {
      "code": "29298",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Drainage",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for removing fluids from the body. Items in these kits usually include a drainage bag/vacuum bottle, a sterile dressing, gauze, alcohol swabs, gloves, and clamps; some kits may include a catheter. They are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Typically one end of the drainage catheters (i.e., drains) is inserted through the skin to the specific body cavity to stay there and the other end is connected to an external drainage bag permanently or temporarily. Drainage procedure kits and trays may be intended for long or short term drainage of effusions to promote healing."
    },
    {
      "code": "22561",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Drainage, Biliary",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for draining the yellow-green fluid that is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder (i.e., bile). Items in these kits usually include a drainage bag, a sterile dressing, gauze, alcohol swabs, gloves, and clamps; frequently the kits also include the appropriate catheters. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Typically one end of the drainage catheter is inserted into the biliary bladder or ducts to stay there and the other end is connected to an external drainage bag permanently or temporarily. Biliary drainage procedure kits and trays are intended for external drainage of bile."
    },
    {
      "code": "20551",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Drainage, Pleural",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collection (either custom or standard) of equipment and supplies designed for long-term drainage of abnormal fluid accumulation (e.g., effusions) from the pleural cavity. These kits typically consist of a catheter intended for pleural drainage that is partially implanted (i.e., tunneled) in the chest cavity and that includes an external valve; a drainage line especially designed to open the drainage catheter valve during drainage; dressings and supplies for changing the external dressing; and a vacuum source (typically a vacuum bottle) that is used to drain the fluid from the pleura. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Pleural drainage kits are used mainly for long-term, intermittent drainage of recurrent pleural effusions in ambulatory patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "16521",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Drainage, Wound",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for draining wounds. Items in these kits may include drain catheters, specimen-collection swabs and tubes, disinfectant swabs, tape, and dressings. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Wound drainage procedure kits and trays are intended for draining fluids and/or purulent material from a cavity, wound, or infected area. They are used in the field, doctors' offices, and in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15318",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Drainage, Wound, Closed Craniotomy",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed to drain fluids using suction for closed craniotomy wounds. Items in these kits usually include disposable containers attached to suction tubes, portable suction pumps, disinfectant swabs, tape, and dressings. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Craniotomy closed wound drainage procedure kits and trays are intended for draining potentially harmful fluids, such as blood, pus, sanguineous fluid, and tissue secretions from craniotomy wounds. They are used mainly in operating rooms but may be used in other areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11314",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dressing",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for applying therapeutic and/or protective dressings to a wound. Items in these kits usually include a mask, swabs, prep applicators, skin wipes, gauze sponges, sterile gloves, bandages, labels, and adhesive/tape. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Dressing procedure kits and trays are intended to protect a wound from additional injury and/or infections, for bleeding control, as well as to promote healing. They are used at home, in doctors' offices and hospitals, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "42102",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Dressing, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies needed for applying dressing packs intended to be used with negative pressure wound therapy systems. Items in these kits usually include dressing (e.g., open-cell foam or medicated gauze), an adhesive drape, a drain, an evacuation tube, and sterile saline."
    },
    {
      "code": "16646",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Ear Canal Impression",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for placing mold casting fluids into the ear canal to create impressions. Items in these kits usually include foam blocks with strings attached, cotton swabs, silicone impression material (i.e., a two-part compound consisting of a base and a hardener); they may also include an electrical/battery-operated handheld gun with pre-filled vulcanized silicone cartridges. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Ear canal impression procedure kits and trays are intended to be used during the making of impressions for customized hearing aids."
    },
    {
      "code": "16159",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) used to treat a patient in an emergency (e.g., an unforeseen or sudden occurrence, such as an accident). Items in these kits usually include small devices (e.g., syringes, injectors, needles), medicines, gauze, and anesthetics according to the emergency situation that they are intended to treat. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Emergency procedure kits and trays are intended to meet immediate therapeutic needs in life-threatening medical situations. Dedicated emergency kits and trays intended to treat situations such as anaphylactic reaction, snake bite, burn, emergency medicine administration, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, first aid, and insect sting are available. They are used in the field, at home, in emergency rooms, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16160",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Anaphylactic",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for initial emergency treatment of a patient in a case of anaphylactic reaction (i.e., a life-threatening type of allergic reaction). Items in these kits usually include a syringe, a needle, cotton/gauze, and a variety of specific medications that are generally used to treat anaphylactic crisis (e.g., epinephrine and antihistamines). The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Anaphylactic emergency procedure kits and trays are intended for administering medication to a person suffering from an anaphylactic reaction to an allergen. Dedicated kits for treatment of specific allergies and/or patients are also available. Anaphylactic kits are used in the field, at home, in emergency rooms, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10516",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Burn",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for initial emergency burn treatment. Items in these kits usually include burn ointments and sterile sheets, towels, gloves, bandages, and water appropriate for burn treatment. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Burn emergency procedure kits and trays are intended for use during procedures for the initial treatment of thermal, friction, electrical, and chemical burns. They are used in the field, at home, in emergency rooms, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16161",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for emergency performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedures. Items in these kits usually include a one-way valve respirator, sterile examination gloves, antimicrobial dressing and/or swabs, masks for mouth-to-mask ventilation, and hazardous waste disposal bags. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap and may be included in a solid bag appropriate for transportation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation emergency procedure kits and trays are intended for use during CPR; they are used mainly in the field, at home, in emergency rooms, and in other areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20723",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Chemical/Biochemical Agent Protection",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for facilitating personal protection, orientation, signaling, and communication in the event of a real or potential chemical, biological, or radioactive particle environmental contamination.\r\nItems in these kits usually include appropriate garments to cover the whole body including the feet; devices to protect the face and respiratory tract (e.g., masks or hoods with appropriate filters); means for orientation (e.g., compass, flashlights); signaling (e.g., whistles, lights); and communication (e.g., radio receivers, speakers).The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Chemical/biological agent emergency procedure kits and trays are intended for long-term storage (e.g., 10 years) in a ready-to-use condition; they are intended for emergency teams, rescuers, and/or the general population."
    },
    {
      "code": "20724",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Chemical/Biochemical Agent Protection, Adult",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for facilitating personal protection, orientation, signaling, and communication in the event of a real or potential chemical, biological, or radioactive particle environmental contamination that are intended for adult use. Items in these kits usually include a protective suit or overgarment that protects against chemical and biological agents and also against most toxic industrial material contaminations; a mask with canister filters that absorb and/or neutralize the contamination agents; chemical protective gloves and overboots; and duct tape to seal the garment. The kits also include devices to facilitate orientation of the user (e.g., flashlights, compass), signaling devices such as whistles and sirens, communication means (e.g., AM/FM radio receiver, speakers). They may also include a booklet with instructions for emergency situations and supplies for personal hygiene; emergency kits including protection for several adults are also available. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap. Adult chemical/biological agent emergency procedure kits and trays may be stored for a long time (e.g., 10 years) in ready-to-use conditions; they are intended for emergency teams, rescuers, and the general population."
    },
    {
      "code": "20725",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Chemical/Biochemical Agent Protection, Infant",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) intended for use on infants (e.g., babies, toddlers). Items in these kits usually include a baby carrying frame with adjustable straps to hold the baby and a transparent hood; canister filters that absorb and/or neutralize the contamination agents; and a feeding system with a bottle; some kits include a battery-powered blower to circulate the air in and out of the hood. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Infant chemical/ biological agent emergency procedure kits and trays are provided for long-term storage (e.g., 10 years) in a ready-to-use condition; they are intended for emergency teams, rescuers, and/or the general population."
    },
    {
      "code": "11723",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, First Aid",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for first-aid treatment in a variety of emergency situations. Items in these kits usually include small devices such as scissors and tweezers; supplies including tape, sterilized bandages and compresses, gauze and eye pads; and antiseptics such as alcohol. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap and may be included in a solid bag appropriate for transportation. First-aid emergency procedure kits and trays with a limited number of devices and supplies are used mainly in the field and at home; complete first-aid kits with an extended variety of devices and supplies are intended for working areas, emergency rooms, and other areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34655",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, First Aid, Multi-Person",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for first-aid treatment in a variety of emergency situations that permit the care of two or more people.  Items in these kits usually include small devices such as scissors, tweezers, and hemostats; supplies including tape, sterilized bandages and compresses, gauze, and eye pads; and antiseptics such as alcohol. The products included in these kits and trays should stand long storage periods (e.g., six months); they are frequently supplied in dedicated bags made of strong impermeable fabrics appropriate for transportation. Multi-person emergency first aid kits may be intended for a variety of particular uses, including natural disasters and paramedic, fireman, and emergency responders. Kits intended for the conditions of military combat are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34656",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, First Aid, Multi-Person, Combat",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for first-aid treatment of several people in the battle field. The products included in the kits and trays are specially intended to treat the main effects of serious combat traumas, such as massive hemorrhage, head trauma, and hypothermia; the kits can also be used to treat circulatory, airway, and respiration problems. Items in these kits usually include small devices such as scissors, tweezers, hemostats, tourniquets, and nasopharyngeal airways; supplies including tape, sterilized bandages and compresses, burn dressing, gauze and eye pads; respiratory care drugs and antiseptics such as alcohol. The products included in these kits and trays should stand long storage periods (e.g., at least six months); they are frequently supplied in dedicated bags made of strong impermeable fabrics appropriate for easy manipulation and rough transportation. Some kits include an oxygen cylinder."
    },
    {
      "code": "12135",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Insect Sting",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for emergency treatment of insect stings. Items in these kits usually include a bee and wasp extractor (may be a vacuum device), tweezers, ice packs, germicides, and dressings. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap and may be included in a solid bag appropriate for transportation. Insect sting emergency procedure kits and trays are intended for treatment of insect (e.g., bee, wasp) stings; they are used in the field, in emergency rooms, in other areas of healthcare facilities, and at home by persons allergic to bees and/or bee wax."
    },
    {
      "code": "11515",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Medicine Administration",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for initial emergency medicine administration. Items in these kits usually include syringes and antiseptic bandages, gauze, and swabs; they may also include vials with basic emergency drugs such as amyl nitrite, ammonia, atropine, epinephrine, aminophylline, aspirin, glucose, and antihistamines. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Medicine administration emergency procedure kits and trays are intended for use in the quick and effective treatment of common patient emergencies including those related to angina, asthma, diabetes, allergic reactions, fainting, and heart attacks. They are used in the field, at home, in emergency rooms, and in other areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13629",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Snake Bites",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for initial emergency treatment of snake bites. Items in these kits usually include adhesive bandages, ammonia inhalant, antiseptic towelettes, a suction pump with adapter, insect sting wipe-ups, a lancet appropriate to treat snake bites, povidone-iodine (PVP) wipe-ups, and a tourniquet. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Snake bites emergency procedure kits and trays are intended for the treatment of puncture wounds inflicted by snakes' fangs before anti-venom can be administered. They are used in the field, at home, and in emergency rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "13081",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Emergency, Tension Pneumothorax",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) used for emergency treatment of patients suffering tension pneumothorax. Items in these kits usually include devices such as syringes, forceps, vents, scalpels, occlusion plugs, needles, trocars, and tubing sets. They also include supplies (e.g., drapes, gauze, anesthetics) appropriate for the emergency situation that they are intended to treat. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery which supports all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure. The trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap and may be included in a solid bag appropriate for transportation. Pneumothorax emergency procedure kits and trays are mainly intended for use in the field and in emergency rooms after spontaneous or traumatic tension pneumothorax."
    },
    {
      "code": "11582",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Enema",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard kits) needed for the introduction of a solution into the rectum (i.e., enema administration). Items in these kits may include an administration tip, tubing, enema solution, clamps, and a reservoir for the solution. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Enema procedure kits and trays may be intended for lower gastrointestinal tract cleansing, and/or for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They are used at home and in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16514",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Enema, Barium",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for filling the colon and rectum with barium sulfate by means of an enema administered via the rectum. Items in these kits usually include an administration tip, catheter, tubing, the barium solution, clamps, and a reservoir for the enema solution. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Barium enema procedure kits and trays are intended for use during radiologic procedures intended for examining and diagnosing problems in the colon and/or other segments of the lower gastrointestinal tract. They are used in radiology and gastroenterology departments of hospitals and also in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11677",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Feeding, Enteral",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for delivering nutrients, fluids and/or medicines through a tube into the upper gastrointestinal tract for patients that are not able to swallow (i.e., enteral feeding). Items in these kits may include a feeding tube and connector, a reservoir bag to hold the enteral feeding preparation, and a label. The feeding tube is attached to a nasogastric tube (i.e., a tube inserted into the stomach through the nares) or to a gastric tube (i.e., a tube inserted through an incision into the stomach or small intestine). The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Enteral feeding procedure kits and trays are intended to administer food and/or drink when a condition makes it difficult, unsafe, or impossible to feed otherwise. They are used in hospitals, homes, nurseries, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17486",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Feeding, Oral, Infant",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for feeding infants orally. Items in these kits usually include a bottle, and nipples; they may also include pacifiers, towelettes, and bibs. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Infant oral feeding procedure kits and trays are intended for use to administer safe and successful oral nutritional support to infants. They are used in maternity hospitals, homes, infant nurseries and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11802",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Forensic Evidence",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for collecting items and/or gathering information related to a crime scene.  Items in these kits usually include an appropriate black light lantern, a duster brush, crime-scene tape, a magnifier, gloves, a pipette, peel/stick print folders, cello tape, dusting powder, testing products (e.g., magnesium sulfate, calcium carbonate), and a graphite block. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Forensic evidence procedure kits and trays are used during the investigation of crimes to gather scientific evidence which may be used in legal proceedings. These trays are mainly used in the field and in forensic laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "11803",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Forensic Evidence, Sexual Assault",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for gathering and preserving physical evidence following sexual assault. Items in these kits usually include gloves, combs, bags and sheets, swabs, blood collection tubes, clear glass slides, envelopes, nail picks, and labels. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Sexual assault forensic evidence procedure kits and trays are intended for collecting and preserving scientific evidence taken from victims during the investigation of sexual crimes for potential use in the legal system. They are used in hospitals, forensic laboratories, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24906",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to place implants in appropriate positions according to the intended use. Items in these kits usually consist of the implantable device (e.g., bladder support slings, cardiac valves, foot implants), instruments for delivery (e.g., inserters, applicators, drivers, guides, needles, sizers, trial implants), and ancillary devices and/or supplies (e.g., catheters, cannulae, solutions).  The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Implant delivery kits are available according to the type of surgical procedure to be performed (e.g., open surgery, laparoscopy, catheterization), the natural cavity and/or surgical orifices through which they will be deployed, and the device to be implanted."
    },
    {
      "code": "24907",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Bladder Support",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to place bladder support implants (typically solid or mesh slings) in appropriate positions. Items in these kits usually consist of delivery devices (e.g., needles), one or more dilating tubes, and a solid or mesh sling (i.e., the implant). The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Bladder support implant delivery kits are intended to facilitate delivery and implantation of a urethral sling for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence; dedicated kits intended to deliver implants according to a specific surgical technique (e.g., transvaginal, transobturator, suprapubic, prepubic) and a particular type of device are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24912",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Bladder Support, Prepubic",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to place bladder support implants (typically solid or mesh slings) in an appropriate position outside the pelvic bowl (i.e., prepubic). Items in these kits usually consist of a curved, needle-like hook with a handle that facilitates the implant delivery, one or more dilating tapered tubes that minimize tissue damage, and a solid or mesh (frequently synthetic) sling (i.e., the implant); the sling may include a center tab to facilitate its placement. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Prepubic delivery kits are intended for delivery and implantation of a urethral sling for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "24911",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Bladder Support, Suprapubic",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to place bladder support implants (typically solid or mesh slings) in an appropriate suburethral position. Items in these kits usually consist of one or more curved, needle-like hooks with a handle that facilitates implant delivery thorough the anatomic structures, associated loops to facilitate needle engagement, a dedicated assembly (e.g., a sleeve) for carrying and tightening the sling, and a solid or mesh (e.g., synthetic) sling (i.e., the implant). The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Suprapubic delivery kits are intended for delivery and implantation of a urethral sling for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "24910",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Bladder Support, Transobturator",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to the transobturator delivery of solid or mesh sling implants, typically to place them in a midurethral position. Items in these kits usually consist of a needle-like hook with a handle (e.g., curved, helical configurations) that facilitates the implant delivery thorough a groin incision, the obturator membrane, and around the descending ischiopubic ramus; a dedicated assembly for carrying and tightening the sling; and a solid or mesh (e.g., biologic, synthetic) sling (i.e., the implant). The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Transobturator delivery kits are intended for delivery and implantation of a urethral sling for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "24909",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Bladder Support, Transvaginal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to the transvaginal delivery of solid or mesh sling implants, typically to place them in a midurethral position. Items in these kits usually consist of a curved needle that fits behind the pubic bone which is used for implant delivery; one or more dilating tapered tubes that minimize tissue damage; and a solid or mesh (frequently synthetic) sling (i.e., the implant). The sling may include a center tab to facilitate its placement. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Transvaginal delivery kits are intended for delivery and implantation of a urethral sling for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "33942",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Cardiac Valve",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for delivery of implantable cardiac valves to the appropriate locations in or surrounding the heart.  Items in these kits usually include (1) the implantable endoprostheses (i.e., the cardiac valve that may include an attached stent), (2) catheters that include a compliant section near the distal end for valve delivery and deployment, (3) a dilator set, and (4) balloons to facilitate implant deployment. The valve is introduced in the vasculature (e.g., through the femoral vein) or transapically until it reaches the appropriate position then the catheter is retracted; the procedure is performed using fluoroscopic guidance for insertion and checking proper functioning of the valve. These kits include catheters and balloons that are available in a variety of sizes to fit patient needs; they are used in a percutaneous transcatheter procedures intended for implantation of cardiac valves that may be configured for delivery of a particular type of cardiac valve (e.g., pulmonary, mitral, aortic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33943",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Cardiac Valve, Aortic",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for transcatheter delivery of implantable aortic valves (i.e., the valves that direct the blood output from the left ventricle to the aorta). Items in these kits usually include (1) the implantable endoprostheses (i.e., the valve, typically a made of bovine or pig pericardium tissue leaflets attached to a mesh metal frame, (2) catheters that include a compliant section near the distal end for valve delivery and deployment, and (3) balloons to facilitate implant deployment. The valve is introduced in the vasculature through a percutaneous (femoral, subclavian) or direct transaortic (between two ribs) catheter; the kit may include also an expandable introducers sheath. When the valve reaches the right location the balloons are inflated placing the valve in place; then the catheter is retracted. The entire procedure is performed using fluoroscopic guidance for insertion to check for proper functioning of the valve. Aortic valve delivery kits include catheters and balloons in a variety of sizes to fit patient needs, the kits are used in a percutaneous transcatheter procedures used to substitute stenotic aortic valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "33675",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Cardiac Valve, Transcatheter",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for transcatheter delivery of implantable valves to appropriate locations in the heart. Items in these kits usually include (1) the implantable endoprostheses (i.e.,  a biological or artificial valve), (2) catheters that include a compliant section near the distal end for valve delivery and deployment, and (3) balloons to facilitate implant deployment. The valve is usually introduced in the vasculature through a percutaneous (femoral, subclavian) or direct transaortic (between two ribs) catheter; the kit may include also an expandable introducers sheath. When the valve reaches the right location the balloons are inflated placing the valve in place; then the catheter is retracted. The entire procedure is performed using fluoroscopic guidance for insertion to check for proper functioning of the valve. Cardiac valve delivery kits include catheters and balloons in a variety of sizes to fit patient needs, kits used to implant particular cardiac valves (e.g., aortic, pulmonary) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33944",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Cardiac Valve, Transcatheter, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for delivery of implantable pulmonary valves to appropriate locations inside the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), a tract between the supraventricular crest and the natural pulmonary valve. Items in these kits usually include (1) the implantable endoprostheses (i.e., the valve, typically a bovine jugular valve, and an attached metal stent), (2) catheters that include a compliant section near the distal end for valve delivery and deployment (e.g., a four-chamber ensemble system), and (3) balloons to facilitate implant deployment. The valve is introduced in the vasculature (e.g., through the femoral vein) until it reaches the right location and then the balloons are inflated placing the valve and stent in place; then the catheter is retracted. The entire procedure is performed using fluoroscopic guidance for insertion to check for proper functioning of the valve. Pulmonary valve delivery kits include catheters and balloons that are available in a variety of sizes to fit patient needs, the kits are used in a percutaneous transcatheter procedures intended for implantation of pulmonary valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "35330",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Deep Brain Tunneling",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices and supplies designed to facilitate implantation of electrical brain stimulator extensions, which run subcutaneously between the proximal termini of brain-implanted leads and the stimulator pulse generator (typically implanted subcutaneously near the clavicle or elsewhere on the torso). These kits typically include a tunneling rod with a handle at one end and a threaded connector at the other. The threaded connector is designed to accommodate a tunneling tip or an extension carrier, which are attached to the tunneling rod during creation of the subcutaneous tunnel and when the extension or extensions are pulled back through the created tunnel, respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "24903",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Foot Implant",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to place foot implants in appropriate positions. Items in these kits usually consist of delivery devices (e.g., insertion tools); one or more probes, guides, and trial sizers; and also solid plastic or metal implants that may include several mechanical components. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Foot implant delivery kits and trays are used to facilitate delivery and implantation of foot implants intended for orthopedic procedures using either open or minimally access surgery. Dedicated kits are available to deliver implants in particular procedures such as fracture fixing, hammertoe treatments, and subtarsal stabilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "35832",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Hyoid Bone/Tongue Suspension",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to place hyoid bone/tongue suspension implants in appropriate positions. Items in these kits usually consist of bone screw anchors and sutures (i.e., the implant), delivery devices (e.g., suture passers), and bone screw insertion devices. Hyoid bone/tongue suspension implant delivery kits are intended to facilitate delivery and implantation of bone screw/suture implants typically used in treating obstructive sleep apnea."
    },
    {
      "code": "29341",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Stent",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for delivery of implantable stents to appropriate locations inside the vasculature or other body tracts. Items in these kits usually include the implantable endoprostheses (i.e., the stent) and catheters that include a compliant section near the distal end for stent delivery and deployment; ancillary devices (e.g., syringes, needles) and products (e.g., glue, saline, alcohol) may be also included for use during the stenting procedure. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Stent delivery procedure kits and trays are typically intended for treating conditions resulting from narrow or blocked arteries, and other tube-shaped structures in the body (e.g., bile ducts, ureters, bronchi)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28246",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Stent, Paranasal Sinus",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices and supplies designed to deliver stents intended to enlarge the lumen of the passages to a paranasal sinus (i.e., frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid). These kits typically include an instrument consisting of a mechanism to deploy the stent at the proximal end and a hydrophilic sheath that permit sinus access at the distal tip. The implantable endoprosthesis (i.e., the stent) is mounted on the distal tip and fixed to the sinus mucosa. Other products (e.g., saline, alcohol, anesthetics) may be also included in the kits for use during the stenting procedure. Paranasal stent delivery kits are intended to deploy stents used for ventilation and drainage of fluids from the sinus; they are mainly used after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17693",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Stent, Ureter",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for inserting ureteral stents in an operative procedure. Items in these kits usually include ureteral stents, deployment catheters, and guide wires. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Ureteral stent delivery procedure kits and trays are intended to insert ureteral stents for preventing or treating obstruction of the upper urinary tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "26789",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Stent, Vascular, Aorta Dissection",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for delivery of stents intended to treat aorta (including the aortic arch) dissections. Items in these kits usually include the implantable endoprostheses (e.g., stainless steel stents in a variety of lumen diameters and lengths) mounted on balloon catheters that include a compliant section near the distal end appropriate for stent delivery and deployment; ancillary products such as a syringe, biocompatible glue, and saline solution may be also included for use during the stenting procedure. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Aorta dissection vascular stent delivery procedure kits and trays are intended for treating patients with aortic dissection and for whom surgery is indicated. Appropriate delivery kits and trays for treatment of upper aorta (type A) dissections (that may be combined with placement of aorta prostheses during open surgery) and for lower aorta dissections (usually performed percutaneously through the vasculature) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "32031",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Stent, Vascular, Intracranial Artery",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices and supplies designed to deliver stents intended to enlarge the lumen of an intracranial artery diameter. Items in these kits typically include the implantable endoprosthesis (i.e., the stent) mounted on a hydrophilic coated single-lumen over-the-wire coaxial catheter which is tapered at the distal tip and with a strain relief and Luer fitting at the proximal end. Other products (e.g., saline, alcohol, anesthetics) may be also included in the kits for use during the stenting procedure. Intracranial artery stent delivery kits are intended to deploy stents intended to improve long-term intracranial perfusion."
    },
    {
      "code": "41164",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Implant Delivery, Suture Anchor",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary for placement of suture anchors. These kits usually consist of items such as delivery devices (e.g., insertion tools), drill guides, and bone punches and may include one or more suture anchors. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped."
    },
    {
      "code": "12108",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Incision/Drainage",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for making an incision and to provide a drain for fluid from inside tissue, a cavity or wound. Items in these kits usually include scalpels, needles, wound catheters, specimen collection swabs and culture tubes, disinfectant swabs, tape, forceps, and dressings. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Incision and drainage procedure kits and trays are mainly intended for allowing purulent material to escape from an abscess and/or infections to be treated. They are used at home, as well as in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10243",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Infant Care",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for infant (e.g., newborn) care. Items in these kits may include a nasal aspirator, gauze, cotton swabs, absorbent pads, baby wipes, and drying towels. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure. Infant care procedure kits and trays are intended to provide post-delivery care to babies, and to take care of their hygiene and health. Infant care procedure kits and trays are used in maternity hospitals and infant nurseries."
    },
    {
      "code": "18009",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Infusion, Intraosseous",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for procedures intended to inject directly into a large bone marrow (i.e., intraosseous). Items in these kits usually include intraosseus infusion needles, syringes, intravenous (IV) tubing and solutions, povidone-iodine swabs, and tape. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Intraosseous infusion procedure kits and trays are intended to provide fluids, blood, and medication usually when an IV line is not available or cannot be used. They are used in the field and in emergency rooms and/or other areas in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15585",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the small (e.g., handheld) devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the instillation and drainage of fluid into a body structure, cavity, or wound for the purpose of cleansing or washing it out. Typical items in these kits include a bulb or plunger syringe, a container, a tip protector, a waterproof drape, tubing, a flow control device (e.g., a clamp), and an alcohol prep pad. The syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Dedicated irrigation/lavage kits and trays intended for particular procedures, such as lavage of the urinary bladder, ear, eye, and peritoneum, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11371",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Ear",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices (either custom or standard) and supplies needed for the liquid cleansing of the external auditory canal and/or structures of the middle ear. Items in these kits usually include a needleless bulb or plunger syringe (typically 50/60 cc for adults and/or 20/30 cc for children), a container, a tip protector, a waterproof drape, and an alcohol pad; they may also include a catheter to facilitate the irrigation when using gravity force. The syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris (e.g., ear wax). These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Ear irrigation/lavage kits and trays are intended mainly for use during diagnostic and/or therapeutic (e.g., extraction of excessive wax) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "11655",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Eye",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the liquid cleansing of the eyes. Items in these kits usually include a bulb or plunger syringe, a dedicated cannula or blunt needle, a container, a tip protector, a waterproof drape, and an alcohol prep pad; the syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Eye irrigation/lavage kits and trays are used during diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "29114",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Gastric",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the liquid cleansing of the stomach. Items in these kits usually include a bulb or plunger syringe, a dedicated (e.g., nasogastric) two or three lumen tube, a container, waterproof drape, and an alcohol prep pad. The syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris. Some kits also include the solutions used for lavage and/or activated charcoal to treat toxic substances. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Gastric irrigation/lavage kits and trays are used mainly in emergency departments (e.g., to remove toxic substances); they are also used for cleaning and evacuation of the stomach prior to some endoscopic and/or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41002",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Ostomy",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies needed for the liquid cleansing of the intestine in patients with a fecal diversion of the intestine (e.g., colostomy). Items in these kits usually include a collection of devices designed to deliver a flow of water to through the patient's stoma (e.g., irrigation fluid bag, supply tube, cleaning brush, and stoma cone). These kits may also include supplies such as irrigation sleeves, skin barriers, and stomal lubricant."
    },
    {
      "code": "12996",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Perineal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) necessary for the liquid cleansing of the area between the thighs, bounded in the male by the scrotum and anus and in the female by the vulva and anus (i.e., perineal area).  Items in these kits usually include a syringe, a container, a tip protector, waterproof drape, and an alcohol prep pad; the syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Perineal irrigation/lavage kits and trays are used for therapeutic treatment of infection and inflammation; they are also used for cleansing of the area before surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32687",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Peritoneal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed to perform peritoneal lavage procedures. Peritoneal lavage involves washing out the peritoneal cavity by instilling fluid (e.g., normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution) into the peritoneal cavity and subsequently draining the administered fluid back out of the cavity. Peritoneal lavage can be performed as a diagnostic procedure, (e.g., for detecting visceral injury following blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma), as well as a therapeutic procedure (e.g., for the application of cytostatic drugs inside the peritoneum for the treatment of malignancies). Typical kit components include introducer needles, injection needles, lavage catheters, guide wires, tubing sets, and supplies for obtaining/maintaining sterility (e.g., drapes, disinfectant, etc.)"
    },
    {
      "code": "29123",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Upper Urinary Tract",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for the liquid cleansing of the upper urinary tract, in particular the ureters. Items in these kits usually include a needleless bulb or plunger syringe, a container, a dedicated ureteral catheter, a waterproof drape, and an alcohol prep pad. The syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Upper urinary tract irrigation kits and trays are used for therapeutic treatment of infection and inflammation; they are also used to remove clots (e.g., after surgical procedures), to instill drugs, and/or for treatment of renal stones."
    },
    {
      "code": "10406",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Urinary Bladder/Urethra",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the liquid cleansing of the urethra and/or urinary bladder. Items in these kits usually include a needleless bulb or plunger syringe, a container, a tip protector, a waterproof drape, and an alcohol prep pad; some kits also include a dedicated urethral catheter. The syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris. These kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Urinary bladder/urethra irrigation kits and trays are used for therapeutic treatment of infection and inflammation; they are also used to remove clots (e.g., after surgical procedures) and/or to instill drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "16227",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Uterine Cervix Canal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the liquid cleansing and removal of tissue and/or debris from the mucous membrane lining the cervical canal (i.e., endometrium). Items in these kits usually include a bulb or plunger syringe, a container, a curette, waterproof drape, a pipette, and alcohol prep pad. The syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the irrigating fluid and/or debris. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Uterine cervix canal irrigation/lavage kits and trays are used for obstetric and gynecologic procedures, including oncology, histology, and surgery; they are also used in fertility studies and treatments (e.g., to remove a mucous plug from the cervix)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11297",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Vaginal Douche",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for the liquid cleansing and removal of tissue and/or debris from the vagina.  Items in these kits usually include a douche pan or an inflatable horse-shoe rubber pad (i.e., a Kelly pad), tubing, a container, waterproof drape, an alcohol prep pad, a syringe with a rubber tip or glass tube with side perforations, and a sterile solution (e.g., antiseptics, astringents, or physiologic saline) according to the patient's needs. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Vaginal douche irrigation/lavage kits and trays are intended for hygienic purpose, to avoid pain, and also to help in the prevention of suppurative inflammation; some kits included tips appropriate to deliver enema solutions through the rectum."
    },
    {
      "code": "14462",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Irrigation/Lavage, Wound",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for the liquid cleansing of wounds. Items in these kits usually include a needleless bulb or plunger syringe, a container, waterproof drape, and an alcohol prep pad. The syringe used for irrigation in the kit may be also used for aspiration (i.e., removal) of the wound irrigating fluid and/or debris. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Wound irrigation kits and trays are intended for therapeutic treatment (e.g., cleansing and debridement) of wounds, including ulcers and surgical wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "11141",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Labor/Delivery",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed during obstetric delivery and labor. Items in these kits usually include sterile gowns, gloves, needles, syringes, anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), basins, scissors, scalpels, cord clamps, obstetric pads, and drapes. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Delivery and labor procedure kits and trays are intended for use during labor and subsequent delivery of the baby and placenta from the uterus through the vagina to the outside world (i.e., obstetric delivery). They are mainly used in maternity hospitals and occasionally in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18111",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Lead Extraction, Pacemaker/Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the removal of the wires that transmit energy between a pacemaker and/or defibrillator and the heart (i.e., pacemaker/defibrillator leads). Items in these kits usually include a stylet for locking at the distal tip of the lead and a sheath for separating adhering fibrous tissue. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Defibrillator/pacemaker lead extraction procedure kits and trays are intended for explanting the leads, frequently in cases of lead malfunction, local infection or sepsis, or the presence of unnecessary leads. They are used mainly in hospitals' operating rooms and catheterization laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "12404",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Lumbar Puncture",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space and frequently also for measuring cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Items in these kits usually include anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), syringes, a spinal needle with metal hub, a three-way stopcock, an extension tube; kits may also include a two-piece manometer, an  infiltration needle, sponge sticks, gauze pads, a fenestrated drape with adhesive strip, and puncture site bandages. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Lumbar puncture procedure kits and trays are intended for use during diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes performed in doctors' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12409",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Lymphangiography",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed to inject a radiopaque contrast medium or dye for performing the examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels (i.e., a lymphangiography). Items in these kits usually include tourniquets, a pressure injector, needles, syringes, a cannula, cleansing swabs, and contrast media or dye. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  These procedure kits and trays are intended for use during diagnostic purposes on the extent and location of lymph vessels and lymph nodes; oftentimes the tests are performed to evaluate the extent of a lymphatic cancer. Lymphangiography procedure kits and trays are used at hospital radiology departments and/or other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12463",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Maternal Post-Partum Care",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for maternal care during the postpartum and/or perinatal phases of pregnancy. Items in these kits usually include perineal irrigator bottles, underpads, antiseptic towelettes, wipes and cleaners, cool and warm perineal pads, and nursing-bra pads. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Maternal post-partum care kits and trays are used in the care of the mother during the period around and after the delivery of the baby at home, maternity hospitals, and/or other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12689",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Myelography",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing an x-ray examination by injection of a contrast material into the fluid-filled space around the spinal cord or surrounding areas (i.e., a myelography). Items in these kits usually include gauge needles, a spinal needle/stylet, syringes, lidocaine hydrochloride, Pprep swabs, gauze pads, specimen tubes, a fenestrated drape, and a puncture site bandage. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Myelography procedure kits and trays are intended for use in hospital radiology departments and/or doctors' offices during procedures intended to diagnose disorders of the spinal canal and cord, such as nerve compression."
    },
    {
      "code": "18233",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Nuclear Imaging",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for procedures intended to obtain images by detecting radiation from different parts of the body after a radioactive tracer material is administered (i.e., nuclear imaging). Items in these kits usually include a syringe, a needle, and imaging agent (e.g., monoclonal antibody, peptide), a shoulder support, a knee wedge, an acrylic arm support, and security straps. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Nuclear imaging procedure kits and trays are used to obtain nuclear images intended for assessing how organs function in order to detect abnormal tissue conditions (e.g., neoplasms). They are used in nuclear medicine departments in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18234",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Nuclear Imaging, Monoclonal Antibody",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the administration of monoclonal antibodies that are directed against specific molecular targets, followed by nuclear imaging. Items in these kits usually include a syringe, a needle, a monoclonal antibody as imaging agent, a shoulder support, a knee wedge, an acrylic arm support, and security straps. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Monoclonal antibody nuclear imaging procedure kits and trays are intended for providing useful imaging characteristics for the evaluation of tumors and metastatic involvement. They are used in nuclear medicine departments in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18235",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Nuclear Imaging, Peptide Agent",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the administration of a peptide agent directed against specific molecular targets, followed by nuclear imaging. Items in these kits usually include a syringe, a needle, a peptide antibody as imaging agent, a shoulder support, a knee wedge, an acrylic arm support, and security straps. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Peptide agent nuclear imaging procedure kits and trays are intended for use during procedures for providing useful imaging characteristics for the evaluation of tumors and metastatic involvement. They are used in nuclear medicine departments in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "36829",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Otorhinolaryngologic Examination",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for ear, nose, and throat examination and procedures. Items in these kits usually include a nasal speculum, an ear speculum, and a tongue depressor. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped."
    },
    {
      "code": "12855",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Oxygen Administration",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for administering oxygen to patients from oxygen generators, canisters, and/or concentrators. Items in these kits usually include tubing, masks, and adapters; the kits may also include nasal cannulae and/or transtracheal catheters. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Oxygen administration procedure kits and trays are intended to supply oxygen in both chronic and acute patient care. They are used at home, in hospitals, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12955",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Papanicolaou Smear",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for collecting cells from the lower part of the uterus that opens at the top of the vagina (i.e., uterine cervix). Items in these kits usually include a spatula, specula, holding forceps, sponges, glass slides, and gloves. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Papanicolaou smear procedure kits and trays are intended for in-vitro detection of the presence of both premalignant and malignant cells within the cervix. They are mainly used for periodic screening of cervical cancer in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "37522",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Paracentesis Aspirator",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of single-use devices and supplies needed for performing an abdominal paracentesis procedure using a paracentesis aspirator (i.e., external pump). Items in these kits typically include items for preparing/treating the abdominal puncture site (i.e., syringes, needles, iodine swabs, lidocaine ampules, drapes, scalpels, alcohol wipes, gauze pads, and bandages), items for connecting the pump to the patient (i.e., access sheath, tubing set), and items for collecting removed fluid (i.e., drainage bags, sample vials)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13583",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Postmortem Care",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for providing physical care of the body of a deceased person (i.e., cadaver). Items in these kits usually include cadaver bags, identification labels (e.g., toe tags or ankle bands), chin straps/ties, absorbent pads, and string or other appropriate materials (e.g., for securing the cadaver's limbs). These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure. Postmortem care procedure kits and trays are intended for use in preparing cadavers for transfer to the morgue/mortuary."
    },
    {
      "code": "34347",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Protective, Hemorrhagic Fever Care",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices and supplies needed for personal protection when treating patients with hemorrhagic fever virus (e.g., Ebola, Marburg Virus, and Lassa Fever).  Items in these kits usually consist of an appropriate respirator; impermeable coveralls that include a hood and elastic wrist and ankles; boot covers; aprons; face shields; disinfectant wipes; and biohazard protection waste bags. Hemorrhagic fever protection kits are intended for healthcare staff and other people taking care of or in close contact with patients under treatment. Some kits are intended for  use during care of Ebola patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "34348",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Protective, Hemorrhagic Fever Care, Ebola",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices and supplies needed for personal protection when treating patients with Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Items in these kits usually consist of an appropriate respirator (e.g., type N950); impermeable coveralls that include a hood and elastic wrist and ankles; boot covers; aprons; face shields; two or more extended cuff gloves; disinfectant wipes; and biohazard protection waste bags. Ebola protection kits are intended for healthcare staff and other people taking care of or in close contact with patients under treatment for Ebola."
    },
    {
      "code": "15596",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sampling",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for procedures intended to obtain samples for in-vitro tests. Items in these kits usually include instruments, supplies, drugs, and/or chemicals according to the sample to be obtained and the body part from which the sample is taken. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Sampling procedure kits and trays are intended to obtain biological (e.g., blood, blood gas, endometrial), environmental (e.g., hazardous chemicals), and/or other samples for laboratory analyses."
    },
    {
      "code": "10446",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sampling, Blood",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for obtaining blood samples for in-vitro tests. Items in these kits usually include a hypodermic syringe, needles, needle holders, gloves, bandages, gauze pads, a rubber stopper, alcohol, test tubes, and labels. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Blood sampling procedure kits and trays are intended for obtaining samples for in-vitro diagnostic or monitoring the levels of blood components. They are used in hospitals, clinical laboratories, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "10438",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sampling, Blood Gas",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for obtaining a blood sample intended for in-vitro determination of blood gases. Items in these kits usually include a sampler device, a gauge needle with needle protector, a syringe, a protective cap, gauze, alcohol pads, and a specimen bag. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Blood gas sampling procedure kits and trays are intended for puncturing an artery with a needle and syringe to draw a small amount of blood in order to determine the most important blood gases (i.e., the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen); frequently the bicarbonate level and pH are also determined. They are used mainly in clinical laboratories, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16873",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sampling, Blood, Fetal Scalp",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for collecting blood samples from the fetal scalp intended for in-vitro tests. Items in these kits may include needles, a plastic cone, a thin collection tube, cotton swabs, and disinfectant solutions. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Fetal scalp blood sampling procedure kits and trays are mainly used during labor to determine if the baby is getting enough oxygen. They are used in maternity hospitals, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "11531",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sampling, Endometrium",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for sampling procedures intended to obtain endometrium samples for in-vitro tests. Items in these kits usually include a device to take the sample (e.g., a plastic aspirator, a swab), a specimen collector, a slide, a speculum, and anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine). The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Endometrium sampling procedure kits and trays are used to obtain endometrial tissue samples for laboratory analysis in order to diagnose diseases based upon tissue examination. They are used in hospital clinical laboratories, doctors' offices, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33001",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sampling, Endoscopic Aspiration",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for procedures intended to obtain a sample of tissues for in-vitro tests (e.g., biopsy) taken through an endoscope. Items in these kits usually include a specimen collector (e.g., a container with one or more compartments) with a cap; a collection tube that is introduced through the working channel of an endoscope and another tube for connection to the aspiration (i.e., suction) pump (both tubes are attached to the specimen collector); and filters. The kit may also include supplies such as disinfectants and tissue preservation solutions. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottom receptacle with a border around the periphery which supports all the devices and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap. Endoscopic aspiration procedure kits and trays are mainly used to obtain tissue samples (e.g., polyps) from the colon; the specimen collector is usually appropriate for transportation of the samples to the clinical laboratory for analysis based upon tissue examination. They are used in hospital clinical laboratories, doctors' offices, and in other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20540",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sampling, Hazardous Material",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to collect samples of hazardous or potentially hazardous materials, including toxic industrial chemicals and chemical and biological agents. These kits are appropriate to collect gas, liquid, and solid samples from a contaminated area. Items in these kits usually include all tools needed to collect the samples, including a set of manual samplers (e.g., special tubes, scoops, knives, wipers), sealable containers, and operating instructions, usually packaged in a sturdy plastic case. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Hazardous materials sampling kits are used by emergency teams, forensic and law enforcement personnel, and other civil and military personnel to characterize contaminated environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "34231",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Scleral Shell Prosthesis Fixation",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collection of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard) needed for performing attachment of an artificial eye shell (scleral shell) to an orbital implant to transfer greater ocular motility to the scleral shell for a more normal appearance. Items in these kits usually include a titanium sheath or sleeve with an outer threaded surface (usually coated in hydroxyapatite and into which can be inserted pegs), a manual drill or driver (and sometimes drill bits) for drilling into the orbital implant, a screwdriver for screwing the pegs or screws into the sheath implant, a temporary flat-head titanium peg or screw (which is later removed), and a permanent round-headed titanium peg or screw that is inserted after the sleeve has achieved stability within the orbital implant and to which attaches the outer scleral shell prosthesis. The rounded head of the permanent peg or screw serves as a ball and socket joint in communion with a depression that is custom-made in the posterior portion of the artificial scleral shell prosthesis. This coupling holds the scleral shell prosthesis securely against the orbital implant which may help alleviate pressure from the artificial eye prosthesis on the lower eyelid and transfer natural eye movements to the artificial eye prosthesis. The pegs and sheaths come in different sizes to fit differently sized artificial eyes used by adults and children."
    },
    {
      "code": "13608",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Sitz Bath",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) used to administer a limited bath by immersing the hips and buttocks of a patient in water or a water solution (i.e., Sitz baths). Items in these kits usually include a basin; an irrigation set with a bag, tubes, and usually a clamp; and towels. Some kits include additional equipment (e.g., a spray wand) and/or products (e.g., salts, herbs) to be mixed with the water. The basin usually is of an appropriate size and shape and is made of materials that permit its use on a standard toilet. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Sitz bath procedure kits and trays are used for hygiene and for external hydrotherapy to alleviate pain and/or discomfort caused by hemorrhoids, uterine cramps, labor, and/or conditions involving the pelvis, abdominal, and perineal areas. Reusable Sitz bath kits (typically including rigid plastic basins) and disposable kits (with inflatable plastic basins) are available; dedicated custom-made kits with specific characteristics may be also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13097",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Skin Preparation",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for preparing the skin/area where a surgical procedure will be performed (e.g., open surgery sites, permanent catheter insertion). Items in these kits usually include supplies for shaving, cleansing and/or making the surgical site sterile. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Skin preparation procedure kits and trays are intended to reduce the number of microorganisms in the field of operation and prevent infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "22573",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Spinal Surgery",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to perform spinal surgery. Items in these kits usually consist of surgical instruments (e.g., knives, forceps) appropriate to the particular surgical procedure and/or technique; the kits may also include supplies (e.g., plastic and/or metal plates, screws and pins).  The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a metal or plastic flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Spinal surgery kits and trays are intended for spinal open or minimally invasive surgery both in hospital and outpatient facilities; dedicated kits are available for particular procedures such as surgery related to lumbar disc diseases (e.g., herniated discs), kyphosis treatment, and spinal cord traumatic injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "32908",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Spinal Surgery, Kyphoplasty/Vertebroplasty",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of devices, instruments, and supplies necessary to perform minimum-access spinal surgery procedures such as the injection of bone cement into a fractured vertebra (i.e., vertebroplasty or a variation known as kyphoplasty). Items in these kits usually include surgical instruments and devices such as vertebral balloons (also known as bone tamps), cement delivery and intraosseous biopsy needles, percutaneous introducers, and balloon inflation syringes appropriate to the particular surgical procedure and/or technique. The kits also include supplies such as orthopedic cement and anesthetics.  These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a metal or plastic flat-bottom receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure. The trays are usually covered by a sterile wrap. Kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty spinal surgery kits and trays are intended for spinal minimally access surgery used in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCF)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13892",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Suture",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for closing a laceration or wound (i.e., suturing/stitching) on the skin. Items in these kits usually include an anesthetic (e.g., lidocaine) vials, needles, syringes, probes, sutures, suture needles, scalpels, scissors, disinfectant swabs, and dressings. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Suture procedure kits and trays are intended for suturing lacerations, minor cuts, and superficial wounds to help decrease pain and help heal faster. They are mainly used in the field and in hospitals' emergency rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "13894",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Suture Removal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for suture removal. Items in these kits usually include gauze sponges, forceps, suture cutters, suture removers, and/or suture scissors. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Suture removal procedure kits and trays are intended for use at home and also in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "14025",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Thermometer",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for taking care of (i.e., holding, storing, using) thermometers intended for measuring body temperature. Items in these kits usually include thermometers, thermometer holders, cases, vials, and sheaths. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Thermometer care procedure kits and trays are intended for individual use to eliminate reprocessing, to reduce the risk of breakage and cross-contamination, and the variance caused by the use of more than one thermometer in a given patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "32685",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Thyroplasty",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (either custom or standard) needed for performing a surgical perforation through a natural fold of the neck (i.e., a thyroplasty surgery) that are designed to improve the voice quality by altering the position of a paralyzed vocal cord. Items in these kits usually include hooks, elevators, implant inserters, window calipers, and a set of thyroplasty implants of several sizes usually in male and female versions. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Thyroplasty kits and trays are used for the location of the thyroplasty window, creation of the window, and insertion of the implant. An additional set of sizers allow to determine the appropriate implant size."
    },
    {
      "code": "39560",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Tick Removal",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices and supplies needed to perform removal of ticks that have attached to a patient's skin. Items in these kits may include small devices such as tweezers, dedicated tick removal tools, and/or magnifying glass; and supplies such as antiseptic wipes (e.g., alcohol wipes), sterilized bandages, tick collection containers (e.g., bags, bottles) and/or freeze sprays. Tick removal kits are mainly used in the field and in the home setting."
    },
    {
      "code": "14099",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Tracheostomy",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed to keep a temporary or permanent opening in the trachea by inserting a tube after an incision is made through the neck (i.e., after a tracheostomy procedure). Items in these kits usually include a flexible PCV tube with inner cannula, dilators, an obturator/dilator, stick sponge applicators, gauze sponges, fenestrated drapes with tabs, povidone-iodine, needles, scalpel, plastic syringes, and lidocaine. The kits may also include a tracheal tube holder, a swivel adapter, and introducer needle, a tip guide wire, and a guiding catheter. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped.  Tracheostomy procedure kits and trays are intended for placing a tube through the opening in the trachea to provide an artificial airway and/or to remove secretions from the lungs. They are used mainly in operating and emergency rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "14090",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Tracheostomy Care",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for cleaning around the incision of the trachea, as well as for replacing the inner cannula of the tracheostomy tube (i.e., tracheostomy care). Items in these kits usually include a basin, vinyl gloves, pre-sewn tracheal dressing, drapes, gauze sponges, a cleaning brush, cotton-tipped applicators, pipe cleaners drape, twill tape, plastic forceps, and paper wrap. The kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Tracheostomy care procedure kits and trays are intended for cleaning and maintaining the patency of the airway and to prevent infection and/or breakdown of the skin surrounding the site."
    },
    {
      "code": "20543",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Vaccination, Smallpox",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for massive smallpox vaccination. Items in these kits usually include a sterile package with a lyophilized dry-vaccine vial and a diluent container (e.g., a prefilled syringe), transfer needles for use during liquid-vaccine reconstitution, and bifurcated needles for injection (scarification). These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Smallpox vaccination procedure kits and trays include enough vaccine and a similar quantity of disposable bifurcated needles to immunize 100 or more individuals."
    },
    {
      "code": "34556",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Vascular Ablation, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for complete ablation (i.e., obliteration) of superficial veins in the lower limbs (e.g., saphenous vein) using a mechanical and chemical procedure. Items in these kits usually include a single-use (disposable) dedicated catheter with cutting devices, needles, and a sheath for vascular penetration. The chemical ablation agent is administered after the mechanical procedure using a syringe. Lower limb vascular ablation kits are mainly used for minimally invasive surgical procedures involving varicose veins or veins with damaged valves."
    },
    {
      "code": "23932",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Vessel Harvesting",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for vessel harvesting using surgical procedures. Items in these kits usually include appropriate instruments (e.g., scalpels, dissectors, strippers, cautery probes), cannulae, blades, and other supplies. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Vessel harvesting procedure kits and trays are intended for use during bypass grafts in coronary artery surgical procedures but are sometimes used during procedures to replace peripheral (e.g., lower limb) vessels; they may be also used for other dissection procedures (e.g., nerve dissection) through a surgically created subcutaneous cavity. Dedicated vessel harvesting kits and trays are available for open (e.g., bridge techniques using special strippers) and also for minimally invasive surgical procedures (that may include special endoscopes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23940",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Vessel Harvesting, Minimally Invasive",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for vessel harvesting using minimally invasive surgical procedures. Items in these kits usually include instruments appropriate for minimally invasive surgery (e.g., scalpels, dissectors, strippers, cautery probes), cannulae, blades, and other supplies. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Minimally invasive vessel harvesting kits are intended for dissecting veins (e.g., the saphenous vein) and arteries (e.g., the radial artery) from the limbs and/or the mammary artery from the thorax. Harvested vessels are mainly used as bypass grafts in coronary artery surgical procedures but are sometimes used to replace peripheral (e.g., lower limb) vessels; the kits may be also used for other dissection procedures (e.g., nerve dissection) through a surgically created subcutaneous cavity.  Dedicated harvesting kits with a dedicated endoscope and a camera are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23505",
      "display": "Procedure Kit/Trays, Vessel Harvesting, Minimally Invasive, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the necessary devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed for vessel harvesting using a surgically inserted (tunneled) subcutaneous endoscope as a main component. Items in these kits usually include a dedicated endoscope with a video camera at its distal end, and several tools, such as dissecting and harvesting rods, that are introduced through a trocar and/or cannula. These kits may be supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure; the trays are usually covered or wrapped. Endoscopic vessel harvesting kits are used for dissection of veins (e.g., the saphenous vein) and arteries (e.g., the radial artery) from the limbs and/or the mammary artery from the thorax. Other harvesting kits based on a disposable cannula with a control and steering handle and a lumen intended for endoscope insertion are also available. The harvesting kits are frequently linked to external endoscopic surgical systems, including a monitor, a radiofrequency generator, an image processor, and light sources mounted on a cart or rack. Harvested vessels are used mainly as bypass grafts in coronary artery surgical procedures but are sometimes used to replace peripheral (e.g., lower limb) vessels; the kits may be used for other dissection procedures (e.g., nerve dissection) through a surgically created subcutaneous cavity. Harvesting kits based on a disposable cannula with a control and steering handle and a lumen intended for endoscope insertion are also available; the kits may be linked to external endoscopic surgical systems mounted on a cart or rack."
    },
    {
      "code": "13126",
      "display": "Proctoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the anal canal in the lower gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the rectum. Proctoscopes usually consist of a rigid outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "13127",
      "display": "Proctosigmoidoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the rectum into the lower gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the rectum and the lower (i.e., sigmoid) part of the colon. Sigmoidoscopes usually consist of a flexible outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20334",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for testing and/or changing the characteristics (i.e., programming) of implanted programmable devices. Programmer/testers typically consist of a computerized unit with programming, testing, and recording capabilities that can interact with the stimulator to read information previously stored, perform diagnostic tests, generate printed reports, and/or reprogram the stimulator; they are mostly used to test and/or change the characteristics of implanted electrical stimulators (e.g., pacemakers) and infusion pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "33849",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Hearing Aid",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for programming and testing hearing aids. This equipment consist of several units that typically include an audiometer, a microphone-based audio measuring system, a computer with a comprehensive hearing software that includes the hearing characteristics of the user, an interface unit to test the programmable hearing aid, and appropriate cables to match the components and also the hearing aid under test. Hearing aid programming/testing equipment is used for initial and/or periodic assessment and possible modifications of the parameters of the hearing aid (known as hearing-aid fitting) according to the user's needs."
    },
    {
      "code": "34404",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Cardiac Circulatory Assist Unit",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed for noninvasively testing and/or changing the operating parameters (i.e., programming) of an implanted cardiac circulatory assist unit (e.g., ventricular assist device). These devices typically consist of a computerized unit that interacts with the implanted circulatory assist unit and/or the unit's controller, sending programming signals to the pump/controller and receiving status information from them. Implantable cardiac circulatory assist unit programmer/testers are typically appropriate for use with a particular type of cardiac circulatory assist unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "15993",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed to noninvasively test and/or change the electrical characteristics (i.e., programming) of implanted cardiac pacemakers. These devices typically consist of a computerized unit with programming, testing, and recording capabilities that can interact with the implanted pacemaker to interrogate the pulse generator, read information previously stored, perform diagnostic tests, generate printed reports, and/or reprogram the pacemaker. Implantable cardiac pacemaker programmer/testers are used to test and/or change the pacing conditions of implanted cardiac pacemakers during patient checkups; they are usually appropriate only for a particular set of implantable pacemakers. Some of these programmer/testers have capabilities to interact with implanted cardioverter-defibrillators."
    },
    {
      "code": "20335",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Gastric Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed for noninvasively testing and/or changing the electrical characteristics (i.e., programming) of implanted gastric pacemakers. These devices typically consist of a computerized unit with programming, testing, and recording capabilities that can interact with the implanted pacemaker to read information previously stored, generate printed reports, and/or reprogram the pacemaker. Implantable gastric pacemaker programmer/testers are used to test and/or change the pacing conditions of implanted gastric pacemakers during patient checkup; they are usually appropriate only for a particular set of implantable pacemakers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20410",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Incontinence Stimulator",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed for noninvasively testing and/or changing the electrical characteristics (i.e., programming) of implanted incontinence (e.g., urinary) stimulators. These devices typically consist of both a computerized unit with programming, testing, and recording capabilities and a programming head that can interact with the implanted stimulator, sending information to the stimulator and/or receiving information previously stored from it. Implantable incontinence stimulator programmer/testers are used during patient checkup to test and/or change the intensity and/or other characteristics of the electrical stimulus applied by the implanted stimulator; they are usually appropriate only for a particular set of implantable pacemakers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20411",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Infusion Pump",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed for noninvasively testing and/or changing (i.e., programming) the drug-delivery rate of implanted infusion pumps. These devices typically consist of a computerized unit, including a programming head that can interact with the implanted infusion pump, sending programming signals to the pump and receiving status information from it. Implantable infusion pump programmer/testers are used during patient checkup to test and/or change the drug-delivery rate of the implanted pump (e.g., intrathecal delivery pumps); they are usually appropriate only for a particular set of implantable infusion pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "31195",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Obstructive Sleep Apnea Neuromuscular Stimulator",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed to noninvasively test and/or change the electrical characteristics (i.e., programming) of implanted sleep apnea neuromuscular stimulators. These devices typically consist of a computerized unit with programming, testing, and recording capabilities that can interact with the stimulator to interrogate the pulse generator, read information previously stored, perform tests, generate printed reports, and/or reprogram the stimulator. Neuromuscular stimulator programmer/testers are used for non-invasively testing and configuring the characteristics of the implanted stimulator settings (e.g., stimulation modes and parameter values). Simpler handheld programmers intended for patient use can turn on/off the stimulators and adjust the programmed parameters within the physician prescribed limits. Some units can also charge the stimulator."
    },
    {
      "code": "37524",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Paracentesis Pump",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed for noninvasively testing and/or changing (i.e., programming) the pumping program of an implanted paracentesis pump. These devices typically consist of a computerized unit, including a wireless transceiver that can interact with the implanted pump, sending programming signals to the pump and receiving status information from it. Implantable paracentesis pump programmer/testers are used during patient checkup to test and/or change the rate/frequency of ascitic fluid aspiration; they are usually appropriate only for a particular type of implantable paracentesis pump."
    },
    {
      "code": "33794",
      "display": "Programmer/Testers, Implantable Vagus Nerve Stimulator",
      "definition": "Programmer/testers designed for noninvasively testing and/or changing the electrical characteristics (i.e., programming) of implanted vagus nerve stimulators. These devices typically consist of a computerized unit with programming, testing, and recording capabilities and a handheld telemetric wand capable of wirelessly sending and/or receiving data from the stimulator. Implantable vagus nerve stimulator programmer/testers are used to test and/or change the stimulation conditions (i.e., intensity or frequency of electrical stimulus) during patient checkup. These programmer/testers are usually appropriate only for a particular set of implantable vagus nerve stimulators."
    },
    {
      "code": "33592",
      "display": "Projector Screens",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of a surface mounted on a supporting structure that is designed to display images obtained from projectors with a size and optical characteristics that allow the view of the images by a large number of people. These screens typically provide a flat or curved surface (e.g., matte white) frequently made of fabrics which size, aspect ratio (e.g., 1:1; 4:3; 16:9), and optical characteristics (e.g., uniformity, viewing angle, definition) are appropriate for a given location (e.g., auditorium, conference rooms, classrooms, home theater).  Projector screens may be permanently mounted on a rigid frame or rolled (manually or electric-powered) in a ceiling or other supporting structure (e.g., free standing, tripods) when not in use; painted walls are also used as screens. Dedicated screens appropriate to satisfy the characteristics of the projection method used (e.g., video), such as liquid crystal device (LCD), digital micro-mirror device (DMD), and 35 mm transparency are available.  Projection screens are used in healthcare facilities for many purposes, including analysis of medical procedures, education of staff and patients, review of clinical laboratory slides, and ophthalmology tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "33581",
      "display": "Projectors",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to project an image that is larger than the original on a surface (e.g., screen) to facilitate watching by a large number of people. Projectors usually consist of electric-powered equipment that includes a power supply, lights, lenses, controls (e.g., focus, brightness), and other attachments that permit the projection of images with the appropriate optical characteristics necessary for a particular use; some projectors may include as a component the screen intended for projection of the images. Dedicated projectors intended for video, cine (i.e., movies), photo and microscope slides, and/or for other particular purposes are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33589",
      "display": "Projectors, Cine, Digital",
      "definition": "Projectors designed to project on a screen a series of digital images in quick succession at a frequency at which flicker becomes invisible (usually 24 or 48 frames per second), providing images that give the impression of movement (known as cine or movie images). Digital cine projectors usually consist of a power supply; lights;  reflectors; lenses; electronic circuitry; controls (e.g., focus, brightness); and other attachments that permit the projection of images with optical characteristics necessary for multiple viewers. Some projectors may include a screen. The projectors obtain digital information from an optical disc (e.g., DVD, blue-ray), cable or satellite link usually connected to a dedicated computer or server. Digital cine projectors are used in healthcare facilities, at home, and in other non-clinical locations. The projectors are typically classified as 2K (2048 X 1080 pixels) at 24 or 48 frames per second or 4K (4096 X 2160 pixels) at 24 frames per second. Dedicated projectors intended for commercial use follow Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) standards that are different from video standards and include very strict regulations regarding piracy. Projectors with three-dimension imaging capabilities are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17087",
      "display": "Projectors, Cine, Film",
      "definition": "Projectors designed to project on a screen a series of images in quick succession at a frequency at which flicker becomes invisible (usually 24 frames per second), providing images that give the impression of movement (known as cine or movie images). Cine projectors usually consist of electric-powered equipment that includes a power supply; lights' reflectors; lenses; electronic circuitry; a shutter (a device that interrupts the emitted light during the time the film is advanced to the next frame); a film transport mechanism; controls (e.g., focus, brightness); and other attachments that permit the projection of images with optical characteristics necessary for multiple viewers. Some projectors may include a  screen. Cine projectors are very similar in their characteristics to cine cameras but usually do not include sound systems; Dedicated projectors intended only for use with 8, 16, or 35 mm. films are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33586",
      "display": "Projectors, Microscope Slide",
      "definition": "Projectors designed to project microscope slide images that are larger than the original on a surface (e.g., screen) to facilitate watching by a large number of people. These projectors usually consist of electric powered equipment that includes a power supply, lights (e.g., halogen lamps), lenses, electronic circuitry, controls, slide holders, and other attachments that permit the projection of images with the appropriate size, definition, and brightness necessary for multiple viewers; the projectors may include measuring capabilities using manual or digital micrometers. Some projectors may also include as a component a screen for projection of the images. Microscope slide projectors may be combined with microscopes in a single unit; they are intended for analysis of diagnostic results and also for educational purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33583",
      "display": "Projectors, Photographic Slide",
      "definition": "Projectors designed to project photographic positive images mounted or printed on transparent films that are larger than the original on a surface (e.g., screen) to facilitate watching by a large number of people. These projectors usually consist of electric-powered equipment that includes a power supply, lights (e.g., halogen lamps), lenses, electronic circuitry, controls (e.g., focus, brightness), slide holders (e.g., discs) and/or carrousels carrying a set of multiple slides and other attachments that permit the projection of images with the appropriate optical characteristics necessary for slide projection; some projectors may include as a component the screen intended for projection of the images. Dedicated projectors that include high-powered lights and a long arm with a mirror and lenses on top of the projector (known as overhead projectors) typically used for a very large number of viewers are also available. Slide projectors are used for simultaneous viewing of photographic slides for analysis of diagnostic results and also for educational purposes. Dedicated slide projectors intended for eye charts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16890",
      "display": "Projectors, Photographic Slide, Eye Chart",
      "definition": "Photo slide projectors designed for projection on a screen one slide from a set of positive images mounted on transparent film (i.e., eye charts) that are intended for visual function assessment. These projectors usually consist of electric powered equipment that includes a power supply, lights (e.g., halogen), lenses, electronic circuitry, controls (e.g., focus, brightness), screens, and sealed slide holders (e.g., discs) and/or carrousels carrying a set of multiple eye charts; the projector may include other attachments that permit the projection of the eye chart's images with the appropriate size, definition, and brightness adequate for visual assessment. Some projectors may include as a component the screen intended for projection of the images. Eye chart projectors are used for screening and evaluation of a patient's visual function in doctors' offices and other areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33587",
      "display": "Projectors, Photographic/Microscope Slide",
      "definition": "Projectors designed for projection on a screen of photographic positive images mounted or printed on transparent film (i.e., slides, also known as transparencies or diapositives) and also of microscope slide images. These projectors usually consist of electric powered equipment that includes a power supply, lights (e.g., halogen lamps), lenses, electronic circuitry, controls (e.g., focus, brightness), photographic slide holders and dedicated attachments intended to hold and magnify microscope slides; usually permitting the projection of images with the appropriate size necessary for multiple viewers. Some projectors may include as a component the screen intended for projection of the images. Photo/microscope slide projectors are mostly used for viewing both types of slides for analysis of diagnostic results and also for educational purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33591",
      "display": "Projectors, Video",
      "definition": "Projectors designed to project on a screen a series of images from a video signal input.  Video projectors may function in a conventional way by projecting the image on a screen placed in front of the video projector or magnifying the image internally in the video projector and projecting it on a screen that is integral to the set (rear-projection). Video projectors, both front and rear projection, may use one of several different technologies such as liquid crystal diode (LCD), digital micromirror devices (DMID), light emitting diodes (LED), or, less frequently, cathode ray tube (CRT). The projectors may also include a screen.  Dedicated video projectors that are intended for standard resolution video signals as well as for high definition signals, both 720 line (1280 x 720 pixels) and full high definition 1080 line (1920 x 1080 pixels) projectors are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16692",
      "display": "Prophylactic Units, Dental",
      "definition": "Dental equipment designed to dislodge plaque, calculus, and stain from teeth. These devices typically consist of an electronic unit that includes a generator that may operate at sonic (6 kHz is typical) or ultrasonic frequencies (from 25 to 42 kHz), a water spray, a handpiece with a probe that includes interchangeable specialized tips (e.g., universal, periodontal, sickle [for fine debridement and/or sensitive teeth]), a switch, and a cable to connect the handpiece to the generator. Dental prophylactic units are intended for preventive dentistry; they are used for prophylactic periodontal, pedodontic, and orthodontic procedures. Dedicated units using sonic and/or ultrasonic frequencies are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16693",
      "display": "Prophylactic Units, Dental, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Dental prophylactic units designed to dislodge plaque, calculus, and stain from teeth using ultrasonic waves. These devices typically consist of an electronic unit including a radiofrequency generator that operates at frequencies from 25 to 42 kHz, a water spray, a handpiece with a probe that includes an ultrasonic transducer and interchangeable specialized tips (e.g., universal, periodontal, sickle [for fine debridement and/or sensitive teeth]), a switch, and a cable to connect the handpiece to the generator. Depending on the type of specialized tip, ultrasonic dental prophylactic units can also be used for endodontic, restorative, periodontics, and other dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16698",
      "display": "Prophylaxis Angles",
      "definition": "Angled connectors that attach to dental handpieces at their proximal end and that have special couplings at their distal end that connect to prophylactic tools (e.g., prophylaxis brushes or cups) to facilitate access to the teeth. These attachments are usually made of sturdy plastics (which are disposable) or metal (which are reusable), and some are latex-free."
    },
    {
      "code": "16184",
      "display": "Prophylaxis Cups",
      "definition": "Prophylaxis attachments used to apply polishing agents during dental prophylaxis (cleaning). These devices typically include a small rubber cup at the distal tip and an appropriate configuration at the proximal end that can be attached to a prophylaxis angle, which is attached to a slow-speed rotary dental handpiece. Prophylaxis cups are typically used to polish teeth as part of the prophylaxis procedure; they are frequently a component of a tooth-polishing set."
    },
    {
      "code": "41990",
      "display": "Proportional Counter Preamplifiers",
      "definition": "Devices that convert the ionization charge from the detector into a step voltage pulse whose amplitude is proportional to the total charge collected in each event. They are used to integrate a current signal and generate a voltage signal with an amplitude proportional to the incoming input charge. These preamplifiers usually have an input for the connecting to the detector as well as other input and output connectors. Preamplifiers can be current sensitive, parasitic capacitance, or charge sensitive."
    },
    {
      "code": "13131",
      "display": "Prostheses",
      "definition": "Functional, reconstructive, and/or cosmetic artificial or, less frequently, biological passive replacements for missing, disabled, or abnormal tissues, organs, or other body parts. These devices may be externally attached to the body (e.g., nose, earlobe, upper limb, denture) or totally or partially implanted (e.g., joint prosthesis, ossicles). Prostheses intended for insertion into tubular body structures (e.g., biliary duct, ureter) to provide support and/or to maintain patency are usually called stents or endoprostheses; implantable prosthetic devices intended mainly for passive replacement of body parts (e.g., tooth root, ureter) are usually known as implants. Dedicated prostheses are available in many different sizes, shapes, and materials. They are used mainly in orthopedic (e.g., limbs, joints), cardiac (e.g., valves, heart ventricles), and other surgical procedures; to improve a patient's capabilities (e.g., dentures, eye lenses); and for reconstructive and/or cosmetic purposes (e.g., facial and body muscle enhancements)."
    },
    {
      "code": "24890",
      "display": "Prostheses, Anal Sphincter",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to functionally replace the anal sphincter. These prostheses are typically surgically implantable hydraulic devices with a fluid reservoir (e.g., balloon), a mechanism with a small pump that is appropriately situated under the skin, and an inflatable and deflatable cuff that surrounds the anal canal; the components are usually connected to each other using silastic tubes. Other devices intended to occlude the bowel by reproducing the action of the puborectal muscle are also available. Anal sphincter prostheses are used to help the patient control moderate to severe continence; the cuff remains inflated to maintain continence and is deflated by the user to produce a bowel movement."
    },
    {
      "code": "23588",
      "display": "Prostheses, Beard/Mustache/Sideburns",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed to resemble the natural hair growing on the lower part or down the sides of a man's face (i.e., beard and sideburns, respectively) or above the upper lip (mustache). These prostheses typically consist of pieces of synthetic hair in a variety of styles, colors, and hair densities attached to a base that is usually glued on the appropriate area on the face. Beard, mustache, and/or sideburn prostheses are intended to restore and/or modify the physical appearance of users."
    },
    {
      "code": "26627",
      "display": "Prostheses, Biological Cardiac Valve/Synthetic Vascular Graft",
      "definition": "Prostheses that combine a biological cardiac valve and a synthetic vascular graft (i.e., a conduct that includes a heart valve as an internal component) designed for surgical implantation. These prostheses may consist either of cardiac valves from human cadavers (i.e., allografts) or animals such as pigs or cows (i.e., xenografts) that are harvested and processed; the valves are preattached (e.g., presewn) to a synthetic graft (i.e., conduct) before the surgical implantation. These prostheses facilitate the surgical implantation procedures and reduce patient risks. Combined prostheses intended for replacement of the aortic valve and the ascending aorta are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17851",
      "display": "Prostheses, Blood Vessel",
      "definition": "Grafts obtained from a donor or produced artificially that are intended to replace, bypass, or shunt a patient's diseased or injured blood vessel.  Vascular grafts used in humans may be of biological origin, obtained mainly from the body of the same person (i.e., autograft) or from another person (i.e., allograft) or, less frequently, from a different species (i.e., xenografts) or synthetic (usually made of Dacron or polytetrafluoroethylene). Bioengineered grafts are also available. Autologous grafts (i.e., autografts) that are not processed in any way and usually reimplanted immediately during the same surgical procedure are not considered medical devices and are not included under any graft term. Biological grafts are intended mainly to replace small-diameter (less than 10 mm) vessels while synthetic grafts are best suited for large-diameter (more than 10 mm) high-flow vessel replacement. Vascular grafts are used in many vascular procedures (e.g., aortoiliac, femoral popliteal, axilloaxillary artery bypass) except those involving the coronary arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "13177",
      "display": "Prostheses, Blood Vessel, Artificial",
      "definition": "Vascular grafts of synthetic (artificial polymers) origin that are intended to replace, bypass, or shunt a patient's diseased or injured blood vessel.  These grafts are typically made of woven or knitted polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) or polytetrafluoroethylene fabrics. Synthetic grafts are best suited for large diameter (more than 10 mm), high-flow vessel replacement such as aortoiliac artery reconstruction and for hemodialysis access and extra-anatomic bypass grafting. Synthetic vascular grafts are used in many vascular procedures (e.g., femoral popliteal, axilloaxillary artery bypass) except those involving the coronary arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "41166",
      "display": "Prostheses, Blood Vessel, Artificial, Bifurcated",
      "definition": "Artificial blood vessel prostheses  in which the main graft divides into two branches."
    },
    {
      "code": "11913",
      "display": "Prostheses, Blood Vessel, Biological",
      "definition": "Blood vessel prostheses manufactured from processed biological tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "41167",
      "display": "Prostheses, Blood Vessel, Biological, Bifurcated",
      "definition": "Biological blood vessel prostheses in which the main graft divides into two branches."
    },
    {
      "code": "16140",
      "display": "Prostheses, Bone Cerclage",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for fixation of long bone fractures by encircling the shaft of the bone. These prostheses are typically metal alloy (e.g., stainless steel, cobalt-chromium) bands or sheets that are wrapped around and anchored to the shaft of the bone using screws; self-locking plastic (e.g., nylon) straps may also be used for bone cerclage. Bone cerclage prostheses are used mainly for spiral fractures and for fractures in which the bone is splintered or crushed (i.e., comminuted fractures); the prostheses may be surgically removed (i.e., temporary) or left in place  (i.e., permanent) after healing; some synthetic cerclage prostheses are made of bioabsorbable materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "16130",
      "display": "Prostheses, Breast Nipple, External",
      "definition": "External breast prostheses designed for replacement of the nipple and/or areola. These prostheses are typically manufactured so that they may be attached to the body with appropriate adhesives or worn inside a brassiere. Breast nipple prostheses are made of materials such as silicone, polyurethane, and/or foam in a range of sizes and shapes; custom-made nipples can match the size, shape, color, and firmness of the natural nipples. Nipple prostheses are frequently used after breast surgery to restore a woman's body image."
    },
    {
      "code": "16112",
      "display": "Prostheses, Breast, External",
      "definition": "External prostheses designed for replacement of a breast that has been altered or removed. These prostheses are typically manufactured so that they may be attached to the body with special adhesive strips or, more frequently, worn inside a brassiere. Breast prostheses are made of materials such as silicone, foam, or fiberfill; they are custom made and/or manufactured in a range of sizes and shapes as well as different degrees of firmness. External breast prostheses are available as full breast prostheses and partial breast prostheses (known as equalizers); they are frequently used after mastectomy to restore a woman's body image or for breast enhancement purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "13138",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed to replace natural heart valves. These prostheses may consist of biological or artificial valves. Bioprosthetic valves consist of either processed cardiac valves from human cadavers (i.e., allografts) or animals (i.e., xenografts) or valves manufactured from tissue (e.g., pericardium, dura mater) taken from the same sources. Artificial valves are typically made of metals and plastics or silicone rubber. Cardiac valve prostheses are available in appropriate sizes and configurations to replace any of the cardiac valves, namely the mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves. These prostheses are indicated for patients in whom extensive valvular damage resulting from acquired or congenital diseases precludes repair."
    },
    {
      "code": "15869",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Artificial",
      "definition": "Cardiac valve prostheses made of metals, synthetic materials or a combination of these without including any biological component. These prostheses are usually made of strong and very durable materials such as titanium and pyrolytic carbon that may be combined with synthetic materials (e.g., silicone rubber, Teflon, polypropylene); the size and configurations used depend on the type of cardiac valve to be replaced (i.e., mitral, tricuspid, aortic, or pulmonary) and the anatomic characteristics of the particular patient. Artificial cardiac valves may use several different mechanical configurations such as caged ball, tilting disk, and bileaflet."
    },
    {
      "code": "33925",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Artificial, Bileaflet",
      "definition": "Artificial cardiac valve prostheses designed as two semicircular discs (i.e., bileaflet valves) that tilt, opening and closing the valve. These prostheses typically consist of two tungsten leaflets covered with pyrolytic carbon which may provide an opening from 75 to 85 degrees; the leaflets are usually mounted on a solid carbon housing reinforced with titanium. Heart contractions (i.e., pumping) open and close the leaflets acting as a valve. Bileaflet cardiac valves are artificial (mechanical) valves and are frequently used to replace the mitral and/or aortic valve."
    },
    {
      "code": "33923",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Artificial, Caged-Ball",
      "definition": "Artificial cardiac valve prostheses designed as a metal wire cage housing an elastomeric ball. The valve is placed at the output of a chamber of the heart; when there is a contraction of the heart, the ball is pushed against the wire cage and blood flows as long as the pressure inside the chamber exceeds the pressure outside. After the heart contraction ends, the pressure inside the chamber is less than the pressure at the other side of the valve and sends the ball back against the base of the cage to stop (i.e., sealing) the blood flow. Cage-ball artificial cardiac valves are frequently used to replace the mitral and/or aortic valve."
    },
    {
      "code": "33924",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Artificial, Tilting-Disc",
      "definition": "Artificial cardiac valve prostheses designed with a circular disc as the active component. These prostheses consist of a circular ring covered by a plastic fabric (usually expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [ePTFE], a synthetic polymer made of carbon and fluorine) that holds a disc sometimes divided into two parts and is typically made of pyrolytic carbon. Heart contractions (i.e., pumping) open and close the disc acting as a valve. Tilting-disc artificial cardiac valves are frequently used to replace the mitral and/or aortic valve."
    },
    {
      "code": "15870",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Biological",
      "definition": "Cardiac valve prostheses manufactured using human or animal tissues. These valves may consist of whole cardiac valves taken from human cadavers (i.e., allografts) or from animals such as pigs or cows (i.e., xenografts); the prostheses are processed and may be mounted on stents. Biological cardiac valves may also be manufactured from tissue (e.g., pericardium, dura mater) usually taken from cows or horses. Biological cardiac valve prostheses may be configured in several sizes and types, depending on the cardiac valve to be replaced (i.e., mitral, tricuspid, aortic, or pulmonary) and the anatomic characteristics of the particular patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "33935",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Biological, Tissue Leaflet",
      "definition": "Biological cardiac valve prostheses manufactured using leaflets made of biological tissue. These prostheses include leaflets made of sterilized tissue (usually the pericardial sac) harvested from bovine (i.e., cows) or equine (i.e., horse) animals and chemically processed; the leaflets are sewn into a metal frame stent. Tissue leaflet biological prostheses are available in several sizes and types, depending on the cardiac valve to be replaced or repaired (e.g., mitral, aortic, or pulmonary) and the anatomic characteristics of the particular patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "33937",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Biological, Tissue Leaflet, Transcatheter, Aortic",
      "definition": "Biological cardiac valve prostheses manufactured using leaflets made of biological tissue that are intended for percutaneous transcatheter delivery to substitute the aortic valve function. These prostheses include leaflets made of sterilized tissue (usually the pericardial sac) harvested from bovine (i.e., cows) or equine (i.e., horse) animals and chemically processed; the leaflets are sewn into a metal frame stent. Aortic transcatheter delivered biological valves are available in several sizes and types, depending on the anatomic characteristics of the particular patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "33674",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Biological, Tissue Leaflets, Transcatheter, Aortic (Retired)",
      "definition": "Biological cardiac valve prostheses manufactured using leaflets made of biological tissue that are intended for percutaneous transcatheter delivery to substitute the aortic valve function. These prostheses include leaflets made of sterilized tissue (usually the pericardial sac) harvested from bovine (i.e., cows) or pigs that is chemically processed; the leaflets are sewn into a metal mesh stent (typically made of nitinol). Aortic transcatheter valves are delivered through a percutaneous (femoral, subclavian) or direct transaortic (between two ribs) catheter. Tissue leaflet biological prostheses are available in several diameter sizes depending on the patient anatomy; they are mainly used for patients with severe aortic stenosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "33926",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Biological, Whole Valve",
      "definition": "Biological cardiac valve prostheses consisting of a whole cardiac valve harvested from human cadavers (i.e., allografts) or from animals (i.e., xenografts) such as pigs or, less frequently, cows. These prostheses are harvested and chemically processed before implantation; the valves are not usually mounted on stents. Whole valve biological prostheses may have several different sizes and types, depending on the cardiac valve to be replaced (e.g., mitral, tricuspid, aortic, or pulmonary) and the anatomic characteristics of the particular patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "33932",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Valve, Biological, Whole Valve, Transcatheter, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Biological cardiac valve prostheses manufactured using a valve of biological origin that are intended for percutaneous transcatheter delivery to substitute the pulmonary valve function. These prosthetic cardiac valves typically consist of a jugular valve taken from a bovine (i.e., cow) which is sutured to a metal (e.g., platinum-indium) frame and delivered through a percutaneous (usually femoral) catheter. Pulmonary transcatheter cardiac prostheses may have several different sizes and shapes, depending on the anatomic characteristics of the particular patient. The valves are mainly used in patients with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia."
    },
    {
      "code": "20490",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Ventricle",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed to assist and/or substitute for one ventricle of a damaged or weakened heart in order to pump blood; they may substitute for either the left ventricle or, less frequently, the right ventricle.  These devices typically consist of an implantable metallic and plastic mechanism that includes one pump, which works as an artificial ventricle and pushes the blood from the inlet to the outlet and then through the circulatory system."
    },
    {
      "code": "20491",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Ventricle, Percutaneously Powered",
      "definition": "Cardiac-ventricle prostheses that include an implantable pumping mechanism with a percutaneous connection to an external power source (either electrical or pneumatic) that supplies the driving power. These devices typically consist of an implantable pump that works as an artificial ventricle by pushing the blood from the inlet valve to the outlet valve and then through the circulatory system and an electrical or pneumatic external power system that is connected to the implanted pump through electrical wires or pneumatic drive lines that enter the left part of the patient's chest. Both pulsatile-flow and continuous-flow pump systems are available. Percutaneously powered heart prostheses include a battery and/or a pneumatic console that is permanently attached to the patient for power supply and control of the pumping rate and pressure of the implanted prosthesis. These prostheses are used mainly as a temporary bridge to transplantation, but some battery powered units may be capable of long-term use."
    },
    {
      "code": "20492",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cardiac Ventricle, Transcutaneously Powered",
      "definition": "Cardiac-ventricle prostheses designed for implantation in the chest that use a power source (e.g., a battery). These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., titanium) and plastic mechanism with a sealed chamber and a hydraulic pump (either pulsatile or continuous) that creates the force needed for blood circulation; they may also include valves that open and close to let the blood flow in and out through the circulatory system. These mechanisms are electrically connected to other implantable components, including a rechargeable battery that permits limited autonomous functioning of the prosthesis (e.g., 30 min), an electronic controller that monitors and controls the pumping speed, and an internal coil. Typically, the pumping mechanism is implanted in the chest; one end is attached either to the left or, less commonly, to the right ventricle, and the other end is attached to the aorta or pulmonary artery. The internal coil, an electronic control, and a battery are implanted in the abdomen. The internal battery is recharged by induction across--but without piercing--the skin (i.e., transcutaneously) using a magnetically coupled circuit between the implanted coil and an external coil (a system known as a transcutaneous energy transmission power system). The external coil usually takes the energy from a battery worn by the patient (e.g., attached to the waist). Transcutaneously powered cardiac-ventricle prostheses are intended for permanent assistance of the heart, although they may be used as a temporary bridge to transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16611",
      "display": "Prostheses, Cranium Hair",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed to replace missing hair from the scalp (i.e., cranium) in individuals with cranial hair loss. These prostheses typically consist of a cap intended for attachment of the hair; strings of hair (wefts), made of either natural or synthetic hair, that are sewed to the cap; and adjustable tapes (e.g., elastic, Velcro) in the back to allow wig adjustment on the cranium. Hair prostheses are available in a variety of sizes (e.g., from 21.5 to 22.5 inches in diameter) and hair colors, textures, and lengths intended to totally or partially cover the cranium. Cranium hair prostheses are intended to restore and/or modify the physical appearance of the body, protect the cranium against ultraviolet radiation, and to help in the regulation of body temperature in patients suffering from alopecia that may be secondary to other diseases (e.g., cancer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23603",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for restoration and/or replacement of teeth. These prostheses may consist of fixed devices attached (e.g., cemented) in place so that the user cannot move them or movable devices that permit easy extraction and/or repositioning. Fixed prostheses may be intended for replacement of all or a few teeth (e.g., complete, partial, inlays, onlays, crowns); movable dental prostheses (i.e., dentures) may be also intended for replacement of all or a few teeth (i.e., complete or partial dentures). Dental prostheses are made of metal alloys, ceramic, polymeric resins, or combinations of these materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "17841",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed for partial or total replacement (i.e., restoration) of one or more teeth, which are fixed (e.g., cemented) in place by the dentist and that the user cannot remove. These prostheses typically consist of a variety of custom-made devices with different shapes, such as an inlay, onlay, crown, or fixed partial denture (i.e., bridge); they are made of cast metal alloys, synthetic (e.g., acrylic) resins, ceramic, or combinations of these materials. Fixed dental prostheses are intended to replace missing teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "23605",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Complete",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed for total replacement (i.e., restoration) of the teeth of the upper (i.e., maxilla) or lower (i.e., mandible) jaw. The prostheses are fixed (e.g., cemented) in place by the dentist, and the user cannot remove them. Complete dental prostheses are typically custom-made devices that include two main components: the retainers (i.e., castings), joined by connectors, and pontics (artificial teeth that are integral components of the prostheses); they are made of cast metal alloys, or combinations of metal alloys and synthetic (e.g., acrylic) resins or ceramic. Complete fixed dental prostheses are intended to totally replace the missing teeth in edentulous patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "23614",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Crown",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed to restore a tooth by fitting around the remains of the tooth and covering more than half of the natural crown surface (i.e., artificial crowns); crowns are precision fitted and cemented to the surrounded tooth so that the patient cannot remove them. These prostheses (i.e., extracoronal restorations) are typically custom-made devices; they are made of cast metal alloys (e.g., medium-hard gold), synthetic (e.g., acrylic) resins, ceramic (porcelain), or combinations of these materials (e.g., porcelain fused to metal). Dedicated fixed dental crowns may be intended to cover more than half but not the entire natural crown (i.e., partial crowns) or to cover the entire surface of the natural crown (i.e., complete crowns); some complete crowns are supported by a metal post inserted into the root canal (i.e., post crowns)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23615",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Crown, Partial",
      "definition": "Fixed dental crown prostheses designed to restore a tooth by fitting around the remains of the tooth and covering more than half but not the entire natural crown surface (i.e., partial artificial crowns). Partial crowns are precision fitted and cemented to the surrounded tooth. These prostheses are typically custom-made devices constructed of cast metal alloys (e.g., steel, gold). Partial crown prostheses are usually classified according to the fraction of the crown that they cover (e.g., one-half, three-quarters)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23616",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Crown, Total",
      "definition": "Dental crown prostheses designed to restore a tooth by fitting around the remains of the tooth and covering the entire natural crown surface (i.e., complete or total artificial crowns). Complete crowns are precision fitted and cemented to the surrounded tooth so that the patient cannot remove them. These prostheses are typically custom-made devices made of cast metal alloys (e.g., steel, gold). Total dental crown prostheses are available with a metal structure covered with porcelain or resins for esthetic reasons or as cast metal crowns with porcelain fused on the surface. Preformed crowns intended for temporary use are also available; they are used mainly in pediatric patients to cover primary teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "23620",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Crown, Total, Abutment",
      "definition": "Dental crown prostheses designed for support and retention of a movable partial denture (including overdentures); the crowns are usually fixed (e.g., cemented) to dental implants but may be also fixed to a dental post inserted in a tooth root. These crowns typically consist of metallic devices, frequently covered with porcelain, that are the fixed part of a two-component dental attachment (i.e., precision or semiprecision attachment), of which the second component is an integral part of the denture. Abutment crowns are intended to facilitate the attachment of dentures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23619",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Crown, Total, Post",
      "definition": "Dental crown prostheses designed to restore a tooth by fitting around the remains of the tooth and covering the entire natural crown surface, supported by a metallic post inserted into the root canal (i.e., post artificial crowns) so that the patient cannot remove them. These prostheses are typically custom-made devices made of cast metal alloys (e.g., steel, gold) that may be covered by resin or porcelain. Post complete dental crown prostheses are mounted on a metallic post (i.e., the metallic part or core of the post that protrudes from the root canal) that is cemented into the root canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "11058",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Crown, Total, Temporary",
      "definition": "Total dental crown prostheses designed for temporary (usually no more than a few weeks) restoration of a natural crown of a tooth by fitting around the remains of the tooth, covering the entire natural crown surface, and affixing to the surrounded tooth. These crowns are typically preformed devices made of plastics (e.g., cellulose acetate, polycarbonate) or nonprecious metals (e.g., aluminum); they are usually fixed to the tooth using self-adhesive or light-curing resins. Dedicated crowns are available in a variety of sizes and shapes for anterior teeth (e.g., incisors, canines) and posterior teeth (e.g., premolars and molars). Temporary total crowns are mainly intended for use as a restoration during dental treatments and/or until a permanent prosthesis is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23608",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Inlay",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed to fit into a prepared dental cavity (i.e., inlays) to restore one tooth. Inlays are precision fitted and cemented to the surrounded intact tooth so that the patient cannot remove them. These prostheses (i.e., intracoronal restorations) are typically custom-made devices made of cast metal alloys (e.g., medium-hard gold), synthetic (e.g., acrylic) resins, or ceramics. Inlays are used to restore tooth contours and function; they are not intended to anchor fixed partial dental prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "23610",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Onlay",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed to restore the posterior teeth by fitting around the remains of a tooth and covering one or more of the mesial, occlusal, and distal surfaces; they are precision fitted and cemented to the surrounded tooth so that the patient cannot remove them. Onlays usually cover the entire occlusal surface of a tooth to include the cusps, differentiating them from inlays. These prostheses (i.e., extracoronal restorations) are typically custom-made devices made of cast metal alloys (e.g., medium-hard gold), synthetic (e.g., acrylic) resins, or ceramic (e.g., porcelain). Onlays are used mainly to restore posterior tooth contours and function."
    },
    {
      "code": "23606",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Partial",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed to replace more than one missing tooth (i.e., dental bridges), that are fixed (e.g., cemented) by the dentist to natural teeth, roots, or dental implants used as abutments and that the patient cannot remove. These prostheses are typically custom-made devices that include two main components: the retainers (i.e., castings), joined together by connectors, and pontics (artificial teeth that are integral components of the prostheses); they are made of cast metal alloys or combinations of metal alloys and synthetic (e.g., acrylic) resins or ceramic. The size of fixed partial dental prostheses is frequently measured in total units; each retainer and pontic counts as one unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "16336",
      "display": "Prostheses, Dental, Fixed, Veneer",
      "definition": "Dental prostheses designed to cover the surface of teeth to improve their appearance. These prostheses typically consist of a thin custom-made laminate (i.e., a shell) usually made of porcelain or, less frequently, of resin composite materials that are bonded to the tooth surface (sometimes only the front surface) after removing about 0.5 mm of tooth enamel (approximately the same thickness of the veneer).  Porcelain veneers resist stains and mimic the light reflection of natural tooth enamel better than resin veneers, but the less frequently used resin veneers are thinner and require removal of less tooth enamel. Dental veneers may modify the color, shape, size, and/or length of teeth; they are used mainly for cosmetic reasons on discolored, misaligned, worn, and chipped or broken teeth. Dental fixed veneers usually last up to 10 years. The procedure is considered irreversible, and after 10 years the veneers should be replaced."
    },
    {
      "code": "13143",
      "display": "Prostheses, Ear Auricle",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of the external part of the ear (i.e., the ear auricle) that is not contained within the head. These prostheses usually consist of a piece of plastic (e.g., polymer) resembling the shape and other characteristics (e.g., texture, color) of the natural ear; a part of the prosthesis is frequently implanted and sometimes secured to the bone. Ear auricle prostheses are used to reconstruct a damaged ear, to restore body image, and/or to improve the patient's hearing capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13146",
      "display": "Prostheses, Eyeball",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed to fill the natural orbital volume of the eye for cosmetic but not functional replacement of the eyeball. These prostheses usually consist of a plastic or, less frequently, glass sphere; the prosthesis requires some customization to resemble the shape and other characteristics (e.g., color) of the natural eyeball. Porous prostheses composed of hydroxyapatite that allow vascular growth inside the eyeball are available; prostheses that can be attached to endosseous implants in the bony orbit of the missing eye are also available. Eyeball prostheses are used after enucleation or evisceration of the eye due to injuries, diseases, or inborn abnormalities (i.e., an anophthalmic eye)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13148",
      "display": "Prostheses, Fallopian Tube",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed to partially replace and/or maintain patency of any of the tubes that extend from the upper lateral cornu of the uterus to a region of the ovary of the same side (i.e., fallopian tube). These prostheses are typically a reinforced plastic or, less frequently, allograft structure that surrounds the fallopian tube; some prostheses may replace a section of the tube and/or connect two separated segments of a fallopian tube that were previously severed. Fallopian tube prostheses are used typically during reconstructive gynecologic surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16165",
      "display": "Prostheses, Gastroesophageal, Antireflux",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed to be surgically implanted encircling the esophagus at the gastroesophageal junction to address symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Antireflux prostheses may function by providing physical support to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in cases of LES dysfunction (i.e., hypotenstive LES, transient LES relaxations). Alternatively, antireflux prosthesis may function by holding the esophagus in place in patients with a sliding hiatal hernia (a condition that causes displacement of the LES outside the supportive structure of the diaphragm, which can contribute to development of GERD)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13152",
      "display": "Prostheses, Heart",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for total replacement of the biological natural heart. These devices typically consist of an implantable mechanism that includes one or more pumps, valves, cannulae, and a power source. Heart prostheses are used to provide blood circulation to patients with a debilitated or completely failed heart.  Some devices are designed for implantation of the pumping mechanism with a physical connection to an external power source (e.g., electrical, pneumatic), and others are totally implantable but may need a wireless, transcutaneous transmission of power from an external source. Percutaneously powered prostheses are mostly intended for temporary use before a heart transplant is possible; transcutaneously powered heart prostheses are intended for permanent use."
    },
    {
      "code": "16977",
      "display": "Prostheses, Heart, Percutaneously Powered",
      "definition": "Heart prostheses designed for implantation in the patient's chest that include a percutaneous connection to an external power source that supplies the driving power, such as a pneumatic machine or electric battery. These devices typically consist of an implantable metallic and plastic mechanism that includes one or more pumps that work as artificial ventricles pushing the blood from the inlet valve to the outlet valve and then trough the circulatory system; an electrical or pneumatic external power source is connected to the implanted pumps through electrical wires or pneumatic drivelines entering the left part of the patient's chest. Percutaneously powered heart prostheses include a battery and/or a pneumatic console permanently attached to the patient for power supply as well as for pumping rate and pressure control of the implanted heart prosthesis. These prostheses are mainly used as a temporary solution (\"bridge\") until transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20398",
      "display": "Prostheses, Heart, Transcutaneously Powered",
      "definition": "Heart prostheses designed for implantation in the chest that include an implantable short-term power source (e.g., a battery). These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., titanium) and plastic mechanism with several sealed chambers, a hydraulic pump that creates the force needed for blood circulation, and valves that open and close to let the blood flow from one compartment of the prosthesis to another and then to the circulatory system. The mechanism is electrically connected to other implantable components, including a rechargeable battery that permits limited (e.g., 30 minutes) autonomous functioning of the prosthesis, an electronic controller that monitors and controls the pumping speed, and a coil. Typically, the pumping mechanism is implanted in the chest and is attached to remnants of the left and right atria of the natural heart and to the aorta and pulmonary arteries after removing the heart ventricles. A coil, an electronic control, and a battery are then implanted in the abdomen. The internal battery is recharged by induction across--but without piercing--the skin (i.e., transcutaneously) using a magnetically coupled circuit between the implanted coil and an external coil (a system known as a transcutaneous energy transmission power system). The external coil usually takes the energy from a battery worn by the patient (e.g., attached to the waist). Transcutaneously powered heart prostheses are intended for use as a permanent replacement for the natural heart, although they may be used as a temporary solution (\"bridge\") until transplantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20688",
      "display": "Prostheses, Intervertebral Disk",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of the natural disk between two spinal vertebrae (i.e., the intervertebral disk). These prostheses typically consist of a set of components available in different configurations and materials (e.g., metallic, polymeric, or combinations of them). Intervertebral disk prostheses are used mainly in patients with degenerative disk disease (DDD), frequently as an alternative to spinal fusion surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "20690",
      "display": "Prostheses, Intervertebral Disk, Partial",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for partial replacement of the intervertebral disk, typically to replace the pulpy center (i.e., nucleus) of the disk. These prostheses are available in several different configurations and materials, according to the extension of the replacement to be performed. Partial intervertebral disk prostheses are used mainly in early or intermediate degenerative disk disease (DDD), frequently as an alternative to spinal fusion surgery. Some partial prostheses may be implanted using minimally invasive surgery (i.e., endoscopic procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20689",
      "display": "Prostheses, Intervertebral Disk, Total",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for total (i.e., the fibrous ring or annulus and the pulpy center or nucleus) replacement of the intervertebral disk. These prostheses are available in several different configurations and materials; providing a flexible, either mechanical (e.g., a combination of a polyethylene spacer and two separate metal endplates, a stainless steel ball and socket secure with screws to the vertebrae) or hydraulic (based on a fluid absorbent gel core that expands with liquid to fill the disc space) mechanism. Total intervertebral disk prostheses are implanted mainly in patients with advanced degenerative disk disease (DDD) following an open surgical procedure known as arthroplasty, frequently as an alternative to spinal fusion surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13158",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of a joint. These prostheses typically consist of two or more articulated components; they are usually made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), or a combination of materials. Many joint prostheses include a component that resembles a ball and another that includes a socket. Some joint prostheses components may be used alone as a partial prosthesis; a total prosthesis usually includes all the components to permit complete replacement of the joint. Joint prostheses are implanted to replace articulations such as the knee, hip, ankle, shoulder, and elbow; they are used mainly in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16132",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Ankle",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to totally or partially replace the ankle joint. Partial ankle prostheses may consist either of a tibial component (consisting of a metal base-plate tray that is attached to the tibia and a hard plastic [e.g., medical-grade polyethylene] cup that serves as the bearing surface and is used to substitute for the socket of the ankle joint) or a talus component (consisting of a metal [e.g., cobalt-chromium alloy] device that replaces the top of the talus). Total ankle joint prostheses may consist of a combination of both a tibial component and talus component or, more frequently, of advanced designs that include three or more components. Ankle joint prostheses may permit constrained or semiconstrained movements according to the design; they may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement. Ankle joint prostheses are used mainly in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16087",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Ankle, Talar Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the upper portion of the talus (i.e., the first bone of the foot that moves up [dorsiflexion] and down [plantar flexion]), a component of the ankle joint. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the ankle articulation; they typically consist of a metal (e.g., cobalt or chromium alloy) device that is attached to the talus that serves as the bearing surface. Made of ceramics, polymers, or a combination of materials, the prostheses may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement. Talar component ankle joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16088",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Ankle, Tibial Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to be affixed to the distal tibia bone, replacing the socket of the ankle joint. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the ankle articulation; they typically consist of a metal (e.g., cobalt or chromium alloy) base-plate tray that is attached to the tibia and a hard plastic (e.g., medical-grade polyethylene) cup that serves as the bearing surface. Made of ceramics, polymers, or a combination of materials, the prostheses may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement. Tibial component ankle joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "20945",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Ankle, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the ankle joint. These prostheses may consist of either a combination of a tibial component and talus component prostheses or, more frequently, of advanced designs that include three or more components. Several total ankle joint prostheses are available with different shapes and technologies. A semiconstrained three-component mobile-bearing prosthesis requires resurfacing of the superior ankle, and a semiconstrained cemented prosthesis requires the conversion of the three-bone ankle joint into a two-bone ankle joint by fusing the fibrous union at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula (i.e., tibiofibularis syndesmosis). Total ankle joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16105",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Elbow",
      "definition": "Implantable metal or metal- and polymeric-prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of the elbow joint. Partial elbow prostheses may be either a humeral component (consisting of a long stem that is anchored in the hollow center of the humerus at one end and a hinge with a bearing and pin at the articulation point) or an ulnar component (consisting of a shorter stem that is anchored in the hollow center of the ulna and fits in the humeral component hinge at the articulation point). The prosthesis components can be anchored in the bone using orthopedic cement (e.g., epoxy) or integrated into the bone using mesh. Total elbow joint prostheses typically include humeral and ulnar components and may also include a radial component. Elbow joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16091",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Elbow, Humeral Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the distal end of the humerus at the articulation point. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the elbow articulation; they typically consist of a long stem that is anchored in the hollow center of the humerus at one end and a hinge with a bearing and pin at the articulation point. Made of metal or a combination of metal and polymeric materials, the prostheses are usually intended for use without bone cement. Humeral component elbow joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16092",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Elbow, Radial Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the proximal end of the radius at the articulation point. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the elbow articulation. They typically consist of a short stem that is anchored in the hollow center of the radius (i.e., the radial component) and attached to a ball that replaces the radial head at the articulation point. Some prostheses consist of two separate parts, the ball that replaces the radial head and a stem, permitting the selection of implant heads and stems that mate appropriately with the patient's anatomy and are easier to insert than a monolithic implant. Radial component elbow joint prostheses are usually made of polymers or a combination of metal and polymeric materials; the prostheses may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement. They are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or recent trauma (e.g., fracture), in which the radius cannot be reconstructed with stable internal fixation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16090",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Elbow, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the elbow joint. These prostheses typically consist of a combination of a humeral component (consisting of a long stem that anchors it in the hollow center of the humerus at one end and a hinge with a bearing and pin at the articulation point) and an ulnar component (consisting of a shorter stem that anchors it in the hollow center of the ulna with a hollow end that fits in the humeral component hinge at the articulation point); they may include also a radial head component to prevent instability and decrease stress in the elbow articulation. Total elbow joint prostheses made of metal or a combination of metal and polymeric materials with different shapes and technologies are available; the prostheses may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement. Total elbow joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16093",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Elbow, Ulnar Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the upper end of the ulna at the articulation point. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the elbow articulation; they typically consist of a short stem that is anchored in the hollow center of the ulna (i.e., the ulnar component) with a hollow end that fits in the humeral component hinge at the articulation point. Made of metal or a combination of metal and polymeric materials, the prostheses may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement. Ulnar component elbow joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23206",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Finger/Thumb",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace one of the interphalangeal joints of a finger or thumb. These prostheses typically consist of articulated silicone or, less frequently, ceramic or metal components with a flat end and a stem. The prosthesis has stems at both ends for introduction into the hollow marrow cavity previously made in bones that form the articulation. Prostheses that permit constrained, semiconstrained, or unconstrained hinged movement of the joint are available.  Finger/thumb joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis; the prostheses may also be implanted to prevent dislocation of the finger or thumb joints. Prostheses for finger and thumb articulations are available in a variety of sizes; marble-like spherical prostheses that are intended to fit between notches cut in thumb joint bones are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18166",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Hip",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of the hip joint. Partial hip prostheses typically consist of either a femoral component (consisting of a metal stem inserted into the marrow cavity of the femoral bone that ends with a neck where a metal ball component is attached, intended to replace the femoral head) or an acetabular component (consisting of a metal [e.g., cobalt-chromium alloy] or plastic cup-like component that is implanted into the acetabulum). Total hip joint prostheses typically consist of a combination of both femoral and acetabular components. Hip joint prostheses may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement; they are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16084",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Hip, Acetabular Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to be inserted into the acetabulum, replacing the socket of the hip joint. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the hip articulation; they typically consist of a metal (e.g., cobalt or chromium alloy) or hard plastic (e.g., high-linked polyethylene) cup that serves as the bearing surface. Made of ceramics, polymers, or a combination of materials, the prostheses may be intended for use either with or without bone cement and may include a liner. Acetabular component hip joint prostheses are used mainly in patients suffering from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16095",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Hip, Femoral Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to be inserted in the marrow cavity of the femoral bone, replacing the femoral head at the hip joint. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the hip articulation; they typically consist of a metal (e.g., cobalt or chromium alloy) stem inserted in the marrow cavity of the femoral bone, that ends with a neck where a metal ball is attached to serve as the bearing surface. Made of ceramics, polymers (e.g., high-linked polyethylene), or a combination of materials, the prostheses may be intended for use either with or without bone cement. Femoral component hip joint prostheses are used mainly in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16150",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Hip, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the hip joint. These prostheses consist of a combination of femoral and acetabular components. The femoral component typically consists of a metal stem inserted in the marrow cavity of the femoral bone, that ends with a neck where a metal ball component is attached to replace the femoral head; the acetabular component consist of a metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloy) or plastic cup-like component that is implanted into the acetabulum to replace the acetabular socket. Total hip joint prostheses with several different shapes and technologies are available; they may be made of ceramics, polymers (e.g., medical-grade polyethylene), or a combination of materials. The prostheses may be intended for use either with or without bone cement. Total hip joint prostheses are used mainly in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16072",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Knee",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of the knee joint. Partial knee prostheses may consist of a femoral component including a metal part that replaces the distal surface of the femur, a tibial component including a plastic spacer and metal tray that is attached to the tibia, or a patellar component (usually a plastic cap) that replaces the surface of the kneecap. The prosthesis components can be anchored to the bone using orthopedic cement (e.g., epoxy) or by integration using mechanical attachments (e.g., bolts) that hold the prosthesis in place until bone grows. Total knee joint prostheses typically include all three (i.e., femoral, tibial, and patellar) components. Knee joint prostheses are used to stop bones from rubbing against each other in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16097",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Knee, Femoral Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the distal surface of the femur at the articulation point. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the knee articulation; they typically consist of a metal cap that is anchored in the femur at one side with the opposite, convex side facing the articulation point. Femoral component joint prostheses may be anchored in the bone using orthopedic cement (e.g., epoxy); in procedures that do not use cement, the prosthesis is pushed onto the end of the previously tapered femur and held in place by friction. They are mainly used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16121",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Knee, Patellar Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the surface of the patella facing the groove on the femur at the articulation point. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the knee articulation; they typically consist of a solid plastic or metal/plastic cap with a flat side attached to the patella and the opposite gliding, convex side facing the femur groove. Patellar component joint prostheses are usually anchored to the patella using orthopedic cement (e.g., epoxy); they are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16098",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Knee, Tibial Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the proximal surface of the tibia at the articulation point. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the knee articulation; they typically consist of a metallic tray that is attached to the tibia and may include a plastic spacer that is placed on the tray to provide a slick surface at the articulation point. A tibial component joint prosthesis may be glued to the tibia using orthopedic cement (e.g., epoxy); in procedures that do not use cement the prosthesis is held using mechanical attachments (e.g., bolts) that hold the prostheses in place until bone grows."
    },
    {
      "code": "16096",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Knee, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the knee joint. These prostheses typically consist of a femoral component including a metal part that replaces the distal surface of the femur, a tibial component consisting of a plastic spacer and metal tray that is attached to the tibia, and a patellar component (usually a plastic or plastic/metal cap) that replaces the surface of the kneecap. Total knee joint prostheses made of metal or a combination of metal and polymeric materials with different shapes and technologies are available; the prostheses may be intended for implantation either with bone cement or without (with mechanical attachments to hold the prostheses in place until bone grows) or using a combination of both technologies. Total knee joint prostheses are used to stop bones from rubbing against each other in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16099",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to totally or partially replace the shoulder joint. Partial shoulder prostheses typically consist either of a humeral component (consisting of a long stem that is anchored in the hollow center of the humerus at one end and a cup that is attached at the other end forming the ball of the articulation) or a glenoid component (consisting of a metal tray with a short stem that is anchored directly to the scapula and a plastic cup that replaces the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade at the articulation point). The prosthesis components can be anchored in the bone using orthopedic cement (e.g., epoxy) or by integration using mesh. Total shoulder joint prostheses typically include both humeral and glenoid components. Shoulder joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis or, less frequently, after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16922",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Shoulder, Glenoid Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the cavity of the shoulder blade (i.e., the glenoid cavity) where the head of the humerus articulates, providing a partial substitution for the shoulder articulation. These prostheses are typically made of two parts: a metal tray with a long stem that is anchored directly in the bone and a plastic (e.g., very high-density polyethylene) cup that forms the socket; they frequently include protrusions on the prostheses that are fitted into holes drilled in the bone surface. The prostheses may be intended for implantation with bone cement or without; prostheses used without bone cement include a fine mesh of holes on the surface where bone grows. Glenoid component shoulder joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteonecrosis. Total shoulder joint prostheses include both the humeral component and the glenoid component."
    },
    {
      "code": "16921",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Shoulder, Humeral Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to be affixed to the proximal humerus bone, replacing the head of the humerus. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the shoulder articulation; they typically consist of a ball attached to a stem that can be inserted in the humerus. Humeral component shoulder prostheses are made typically of metal (e.g., cobalt or chromium alloys) or, less frequently, of ceramics, polymers, or a combination of materials; the prostheses may be intended for implantation with or without bone cement. Humeral component shoulder joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, severe fracture of the humerus, or osteonecrosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "23305",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Shoulder, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the shoulder joint. These prostheses typically consist of a combination of a humeral component (consisting of a long stem that is anchored in the hollow center of the humerus at one end and a cup that is attached to the other end forming the ball of the articulation) and a glenoid component (consisting of a metal tray with a short stem that is anchored directly to the scapula and a plastic cup that replaces the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade at the articulation point). Made of a combination of metal, ceramics, and/or polymeric materials with different shapes and technologies, the prostheses may be intended for use with or without bone cement. Total shoulder joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis or, less frequently, after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23306",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Temporomandibular",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of the temporomandibular joint. Partial temporomandibular prostheses are mandibular fossa components intended to provide an articulation surface for the mandibular condyle; they usually consist of a plastic (e.g., polyethylene) fossa bearing that may include a titanium mesh backing (sometimes called fossa eminence prosthesis [FEP]).  Mandibular condyle partial temporomandibular prostheses are intended to replace the mandibular condylar head and to articulate with the mandibular fossa component; they are used almost exclusively in combination with a mandibular fossa component in total temporomandibular prostheses. Intra-articular partial temporomandibular prostheses are intended to replace the disc of fibrocartilage attached to the mandibular condyle by ligaments. Total temporomandibular joint prostheses typically include mandibular fossa and mandibular condyle components. Temporomandibular joint prostheses are intended for patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, congenital malformations, or neoplasms, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18024",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Temporomandibular, Intra-Articular Disc",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the natural fibrocartilage disc attached to the mandibular condyle by ligaments, permitting rotation on the condyle during translational jaw movements. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the temporomandibular articulation; they are typically made of plastic (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate) or other polymeric materials. Intra-articular disc temporomandibular prostheses enable the sliding function of the temporomandibular disc; they are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, congenital malformations, or neoplasms, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16962",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Temporomandibular, Mandibular Condyle",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the natural mandibular condylar head, providing an articulation with the mandibular fossa. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the temporomandibular articulation; they are typically made of a combination of a (typically 45 to 55 mm) metal frame and plastic (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate) or a combination of metal and polymeric materials. Mandibular condyle temporomandibular prostheses are used almost exclusively in combination with mandibular fossa components in total temporomandibular prostheses; they are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, congenital malformations, or neoplasms, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18023",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Temporomandibular, Mandibular Fossa",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace the mandibular (also known as glenoid) fossa of the temporal bone, providing an articulation surface for the mandibular condyle. These prostheses provide a partial substitution of the temporomandibular articulation; they are typically made of metal or a combination of metal and polymeric materials (i.e., a polyethylene fossa bearing may include a titanium mesh backing, known as fossa eminence prosthesis [FEP]). Mandibular fossa temporomandibular joint prostheses are used to treat adhesions, disc perforations, and ankylosis; they are also used as a component of total temporomandibular joint prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "17479",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Temporomandibular, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the temporomandibular joint. These prostheses typically consist of both a mandibular fossa component (consisting of a plastic [e.g., polyethylene] fossa bearing that may include a titanium mesh backing, also known as fossa eminence prosthesis [FEP]) and a mandibular condyle component intended to replace the mandibular condylar head and to articulate with the mandibular fossa component; they may include an intra-articular disc as a separate component. Total temporomandibular joint prostheses are used in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, congenital malformations, or neoplasms, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16134",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Toe",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed to replace one of the phalange joints of a toe. These prostheses typically consist of articulated silicone elastomer or, less frequently, ceramic or metal components with a flat end and a stem. The prosthesis has stems at both ends for introduction in the hollow marrow cavity previously made in the bones that form the articulation. The prosthetic joint usually permits only constrained movement of the joint. Toe joint prostheses are used mainly to replace the articulation of the first phalange of the big toe, preventing dislocation of the joint in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, joint infections, or claw-toe deformities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13168",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Wrist",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for partial or total replacement of the wrist joint. Partial wrist prostheses may have one or several components. The carpal (distal) component typically has two metal stems that are inserted into the hollow carpal and metacarpal bone marrow cavities, respectively; the opposite metal-ball-shaped end fits into the socket at the end of the radius. The radial component typically consists of a flat metal device with a long stem at one end that is anchored in the hollow center of the distal end of the radius; a very hard, slick plastic cup at the other end forms a socket for the wrist joint. The radial component is almost exclusively used in combination with the carpal component to form a total wrist prosthesis. Both components are usually metal, with a high-density, tough, slick plastic (e.g., polyethylene) spacer between them. Less frequently, a prosthesis with a single, across-the-joint component (usually made of a silicone elastomer) is used. Wrist joint prostheses are used to stop bones from rubbing against each other; they may restore wrist motion and/or strength in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture). Dedicated wrist joint prostheses intended to replace only the carpal lunate, scaphoid, or trapezium bone are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16089",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Wrist, Carpal Component",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for replacement of the carpal component (both the lunate and scaphoid bones) of the wrist joint. These prostheses usually have three parts: a carpal head, a carpal plate, and a stem; they are available in several carpal head and carpal plate sizes. The use of these prostheses requires the removal of both the lunate and the scaphoid carpal bones. Carpal wrist joint component prostheses are used to restore wrist motion in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23318",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Wrist, Carpal Lunate",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for replacement of the carpal lunate bone, one of the eight bones of the wrist connecting the bones of the forearm and the bones of the hand at the wrist joint. These devices are typically one-piece prostheses made of metal (e.g., titanium) or polymeric (e.g., silicone elastomer), materials resembling the shape and characteristics of the natural bone; they may include special features (e.g., beaks, holes) to stabilize the carpal bones. The use of these prostheses requires the surgical removal of the lunate carpal bone. Carpal lunate wrist joint prostheses are used to restore wrist motion in patients who suffer trauma (e.g., fracture) or, more frequently, from a disease causing loss of blood flow to the lunate bone (known as Kienbock disease), usually associated with bone death (i.e., osteonecrosis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23320",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Wrist, Carpal Scaphoid",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for replacement of the carpal scaphoid bone, one of the eight bones of the wrist connecting the bones of the forearm and the bones of the hand at the wrist joint. These devices are typically one-piece prostheses made of metal (e.g., titanium) or polymeric (e.g., silicone elastomer) materials, resembling the shape and characteristics of the natural bone; they may include special features (e.g., beaks, holes) to stabilize the carpal bones. The use of these prostheses requires the surgical removal of the scaphoid carpal bone. Carpal scaphoid wrist prostheses are mainly used to restore wrist motion in patients who suffer trauma (e.g., fracture) causing avascular necrosis of the scaphoid bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "23321",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Wrist, Carpal Trapezium",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for replacement of the carpal trapezium bone, one of the eight bones of the wrist connecting the bones of the forearm and the bones of the hand at the wrist joint. These devices are typically one-piece prostheses with an intramedullary stem made from polymeric (e.g., silicone elastomer) materials, resembling the shape and characteristics of the natural bone. Carpal trapezium wrist prostheses are mainly used to restore wrist motion and thumb function in patients who suffer from degenerative arthritis or posttraumatic arthritis (e.g., following an old Bennett's fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16259",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Wrist, Radial/Ulnar Head",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for partial replacement of the distal radioulnar head (i.e., radioulnar joint) at the wrist joint. These prostheses typically consist of two pieces: a metal (e.g., cobalt-chrome) ball resembling the ulnar head and a titanium stem that is surgically introduced in a hole drilled in the intramedullary canal of the ulnar bone; the stem may or may not be cemented to the bone. Radial/ulnar head partial wrist prostheses are intended to replace a damaged ulnar head, restoring it and stabilizing it relative to the distal radioulnar joint. Radial/ulnar head partial wrist prostheses used to treat pain caused by rheumatoid and degenerative arthritis or after trauma (e.g., fracture) of the radioulnar joint, typically after ulnar head resection arthroplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "23322",
      "display": "Prostheses, Joint, Wrist, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the wrist joint. These prostheses usually have two components: a radial component (consisting of two pieces, a flat metal device with a long stem at one end that anchors the prosthesis into the hollow center of the bottom of the radius and a very hard, slick plastic cup attached at the other end forming a socket for the wrist joint) and a distal component (consisting of two metal stems that are placed in the hollow bone marrow cavities of the carpal and metacarpal bones, respectively, with the opposite end shaped as a metallic ball that fits into the socket at the end of the radius). Both parts are metal; a high-density, tough, slick plastic (e.g., polyethylene) spacer between the two components enables the two components of the new joint to glide easily against each other, permitting movement of the wrist in all directions. Less frequently, a total prosthesis with a single across-the-joint component (usually made of a silicone elastomer) is used. Total wrist joint prostheses are used to stop bones from rubbing against each other; they may be used to restore wrist motion and/or strength in patients who suffer from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, as well as after trauma (e.g., fracture)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23393",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of a missing lower limb. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with one or more components that are fixed with a socket to the residual limb to replace the lost parts; the prostheses may include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). Lower limb prostheses usually require some degree of customization; they are typically made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials. The main components of lower limb prostheses are feet, ankles, knees, and hips; they may include devices such as cables, straps, sockets, and pylons. Partial lower limb prostheses may consist of a single component (e.g., foot) or several components (e.g., foot, ankle, knee) combined as partial prostheses according to the level of amputation, while total replacement prostheses include all components for the complete replacement of the limb. Passive, mechanical, and patient-actuated lower limb prostheses are available; they are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23408",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Above Knee",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of a missing limb above the knee articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices including knee, ankle, and foot components; the knee and ankle components provide flexion (i.e., acting as a hinge) and some degree of internal and external rotation movements and locking positions at the distal end; some prostheses include hydraulic devices and/or microprocessors to regulate knee movements. They are usually attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb (i.e., the femur) or another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube resembling the femur). Above-the-knee lower limb prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used mainly in patients who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23404",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Ankle Component",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (primarily flexion) replacement of the ankle portion of a missing lower limb. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a mechanism that provides flexion (i.e., acting as a hinge) and some degree of internal and external rotation movements and locking positions at the distal end of the foot prostheses; they are usually attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or another prosthetic device (e.g., a pylon). Ankle component prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they may be passive, mechanical, or patient-actuated. The prostheses are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23403",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Ankle Disarticulation",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (primarily flexion) replacement of the distal portion of a missing limb amputated at the ankle articulation, in which the tibial component of the articulation is preserved. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with a mechanism that provides flexion (i.e., acting as a hinge) and some degree of internal and external rotation and locking positions at the distal end of the foot component of the prosthesis; they are usually attached at the proximal end with a socket that allows direct load transfer (i.e., end-bearing) making intimate socket fit less crucial than in through-bone amputations. Disarticulation ankle prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they may be passive, mechanical, or patient-actuated. The prostheses are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23405",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Below Knee",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for cosmetic and partial functional (primarily flexion) replacement of a missing limb amputated below the knee articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices including an assembly of ankle and foot components that are attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube resembling the leg); the ankle component usually includes a mechanism that provides flexion (i.e., acting as a hinge) and some degree of internal and external rotation movements and locking positions to the foot component. Below-the-knee lower limb prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "13150",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Foot",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for functional and/or cosmetic replacement of the missing distal portion (i.e., foot) of a lower limb. These prostheses typically consist of external devices (some may include totally or partially implantable components such as sensors) that resemble a natural foot and that are made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials; they are usually fixed with a socket to the ankle and require some degree of customization. Foot prostheses are usually passive, but some may include mechanisms that help gaiting (e.g., an energy-storing dynamic prosthetic foot); they are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents. Partial foot prostheses intended to replace missing front parts of the foot are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23398",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Foot, Energy Storing",
      "definition": "Lower limb foot prostheses designed to store and release energy (i.e., dynamically respond) to and from the prosthesis during gait. These foot prostheses typically consist of external devices that incorporate elastic heel structures that absorb energy during midstance and terminal stance and release it during preswing and initial swing. Several different types are available including prostheses with an S-shaped spring, foam, and spacer that are integral parts of the foot; prostheses made of polymeric material with very specific elasticity and resistance requirements to optimize energy storage and return; and prostheses that maximize performance (in both energy and compliance) by using a complex metal heel component with a compressible foam piece and hinges to allow rotation on three planes. Each type uses a variation of a compressible heel. Energy-storing foot prostheses are intended for otherwise healthy people who have lost a foot and whose gait patterns and activity levels generate enough energy to be worth using."
    },
    {
      "code": "23399",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Foot, Partial",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional and/or cosmetic replacement of the front part of a missing foot. These prostheses typically consist of external devices (some may include totally or partially implantable components) that resemble the lost part of a natural foot and are made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials. Partial foot prostheses that use several techniques and for different purposes are available, including prostheses with shoe inserts and longitudinal arches, patella tendon bearing prostheses (clamshell prostheses that load the patella tendon), and molded sockets of either ankle or tibial tubercle height. The prostheses are used mainly in patients who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) and traumatic accidents and, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23409",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Hip Component",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the hip as a component of a prosthesis intended to replace a completely missing limb (i.e., amputated above the hip articulation). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end; they can be anchored directly to the socket lamination plate using a double-hinged plate at the articulation point. Hip prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they must be used combined with other lower limb distal components (e.g., knee, ankle, foot, pylon) as total lower limb prostheses in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic accidents or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities or illness."
    },
    {
      "code": "23410",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Hip Disarticulation",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of a hip amputated at the hip articulation (i.e., removing the femur completely but keeping the pelvis intact). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with socket, foot, ankle, knee, and tubular components resembling the leg and thigh; and a hip component including a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end and that can be anchored directly to the socket lamination plate, typically using a double-hinged plate at the hip articulation point. Disarticulation hip prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are typically used as lower limb prostheses in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic accidents or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities or illness."
    },
    {
      "code": "23406",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Knee Component",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (primarily flexion) replacement of the knee as a component of an above-the-knee or total lower limb prosthesis. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a mechanism that provides flexion (i.e., acting as a hinge) and some degree of internal and external rotational movements and several locking positions at the distal end; some prostheses include hydraulic devices and/or microprocessors to regulate the knee movements. Knee prostheses can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb (i.e., the femur) or to another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube resembling the femur) and at the distal end to a tubular device that is, in turn, attached to ankle and foot prostheses. Knee component prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are typically used as a component of an above-the-knee or total lower limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23407",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Knee Disarticulation",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of a missing limb amputated at the knee articulation, in which the femoral component of the articulation is preserved. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices, including foot and ankle components at the distal end and a dedicated knee component at the proximal end. A two-section mechanism with an anchor in the upper section connects to the socket, and frequently, linkage bars connect the upper and lower sections. Some prostheses include hydraulic or pneumatic devices and/or microprocessors to regulate the knee movements. Disarticulation knee prostheses are attached at the proximal end to the residual limb (i.e., the intact femur) with a socket; they are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes. Lower limb disarticulation knee prostheses are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23411",
      "display": "Prostheses, Lower Limb, Total",
      "definition": "Lower limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of a completely missing limb (i.e., the femur and part of the pelvis removed above the hip articulation). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with socket, foot, ankle, knee, and tubular components resembling the leg and thigh; the hip, knee, and ankle components include mechanisms that can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions to the components distal to them. Total lower limb prostheses can be anchored directly to the socket lamination plate. They are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes and are used in patients who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., cancer) or traumatic accidents or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16147",
      "display": "Prostheses, Middle Ear Ossicle",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for partial or total replacement of the small middle ear bones (i.e., ossicles) that transmit sound. These prostheses are typically made of bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, silastic, stainless steel, titanium, or high-density polyethylene sponge (HDPS); some materials require placement of cartilage between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane to prevent extrusion. Sculpted autografts and allografts are less frequently used as ossicular prostheses.  Ossicular implants are used mainly to reestablish the middle ear sound-conducting mechanism; they are also used to repair congenital abnormalities in the middle ear ossicles, improving patient's hearing capabilities. Prostheses intended to replace the stapes, stapes and incus, or the total ossicular bones are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16107",
      "display": "Prostheses, Middle Ear Ossicle, Incus/Stapes",
      "definition": "Implantable ossicular prostheses designed to replace one or both of the middle and innermost middle ear ossicles (i.e., incus and stapes, respectively). These prostheses are typically made of bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, silastic, stainless steel, titanium, or high-density polyethylene sponge (HDPS); some materials require placement of cartilage between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane to prevent extrusion. Sculpted autografts and allografts are less frequently used as ossicular prostheses.  Incus and/or stapes prostheses are used mainly to reestablish the middle ear sound-conducting mechanism; they are also used to repair congenital abnormalities in the ossicles, improving a patient's hearing capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "16108",
      "display": "Prostheses, Middle Ear Ossicle, Total",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the small middle ear bones (i.e., the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound. These prostheses are typically made of bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, silastic, stainless steel, titanium, or high-density polyethylene sponge (HDPS); some materials require placement of cartilage between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane to prevent extrusion. Total ossicular implants are used mainly to reestablish the middle ear sound-conducting mechanism; they are also used to repair congenital abnormalities in the middle ear ossicles, improving patient's hearing capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23585",
      "display": "Prostheses, Nasal",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of the external part of the nose. These prostheses usually consist of a removable piece of plastic such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or silicone elastomers and, less frequently, of metals (typically titanium) that resemble the shape and other characteristics (e.g., texture, color) of the natural nose. The prostheses may be fixed to the face using different methods, including implant-retained, anatomically retained, and adhesive-retained techniques. Nasal prostheses direct air flow to the nasopharynx, help to maintain proper humidity for the sinuses and respiratory mucosa, restore normal speech resonance, and provide support for eyeglasses. The prostheses are used after radical surgery, traumatic amputation, and/or serious burns of the nose; they are intended to protect exposed tissues and/or cavities and to restore physical appearance. Nasal reconstruction may be also performed using autogenous and/or allogeneic tissue (e.g., e.g., cartilage) implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "16154",
      "display": "Prostheses, Palatal, Obturation",
      "definition": "Palatal prostheses designed to cover, or obturate, a fistula or opening in the roof of mouths in infants with cleft palates. These palatal obturation prostheses aid infants with cleft palates in sucking and breastfeeding activities and to help correct air flow. Palatal obturation prostheses are constructed from a mold of the patient's mouth; they are usually made of plastic or metal. Most palatal obturation prostheses are intended to be used temporarily while waiting for surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13167",
      "display": "Prostheses, Penile",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for implantation in the penis to provide penile tumescence and permit sexual contact. These prostheses may consist of inflatable tubes that are implanted in the penis and a liquid (e.g., saline with or without radiographic opacifiers) with appropriate abdominal implantable hydraulic components (e.g., conducts, pumps, reservoirs) to provide rigidity by applying pressure to the liquid or rigid or semirigid plastic bars that are implanted in the penis. Penile prostheses are intended for patients who suffer from erectile dysfunction."
    },
    {
      "code": "17997",
      "display": "Prostheses, Penile, Inflatable",
      "definition": "Penile prostheses in the form of two inflatable tubes implanted in the penis to provide penile tumescence and permit sexual contact. These prostheses include, in addition to the inflatable tubes, a fluid-filled reservoir implanted in the abdomen and a subcutaneous manual pump implanted in the scrotum and connected to the tubes. Inflatable penile prostheses are intended for patients who suffer from erectile dysfunction."
    },
    {
      "code": "17998",
      "display": "Prostheses, Penile, Rod",
      "definition": "Penile prostheses in the form of one or more rods implanted in the penis to provide penile tumescence and permit sexual contact. These prostheses typically consist of rigid or semirigid polymeric or silicone elastomer rods; some include metallic reinforcements. Rod penile prostheses are intended for patients who suffer from erectile dysfunction."
    },
    {
      "code": "34323",
      "display": "Prostheses, Scleral Shell",
      "definition": "Prostheses shaped as thin outer shells that are fitted over orbital eyeball prostheses or natural eyeballs (in cases of disfigurement or disease) and are designed to look like the natural sclera with iris and pupil. Sclera shell prostheses are made by ocularists, out of hard, highly-polished materials (e.g., acrylics, cryolite, glass), and may contain very thin silk threads to mimic the veins in natural sclera. Some scleral shells may be affixed by their posterior surface to the anterior surface of an artificial orbital prosthesis to provide greater ocular motility while others may be worn as a contact lens. Scleral shells may help to maintain the proper position of the eyelids. Scleral shell prostheses may be used in phthisical eyes, anophthalmic eyes, microphthalmic eyes, severe dry eyes (as a protective covering), and other conditions where trauma or disease has disfigured the eye."
    },
    {
      "code": "23339",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for total or partial replacement of a missing upper limb. These prostheses typically consist of one or more external components; they may also include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., electrodes, sensors). The prostheses are usually fixed with a socket to the residual limb to replace the lost parts and frequently require some degree of customization. Upper limb prostheses are typically made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials. The prostheses may include other components such as cables, electrical motors, pneumatic devices, and/or electronic systems with electrodes and sensors that may be implantable and/or placed on the skin. The main components of upper limb prostheses are terminal components (e.g., hands, hooks), wrists, elbows, shoulders, and bars or rods to replace the arm or forearm. Some of the components may be used alone (e.g., hands) or combined as partial prostheses according to the level of amputation; total replacement prostheses should include all components to permit complete replacement of the limb. Passive, mechanical (e.g., patient-actuated), powered, and myoelectric upper limb prostheses are available; they are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23385",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Above Elbow",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for cosmetic and partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of a limb above the elbow articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices that include elbow, wrist, and terminal (i.e., hand, hook) components; they may include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). The elbow component can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end. Above-the-elbow prostheses include, at the proximal end, a socket to the residual limb (i.e., the humerus) or to another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube). The elbow and wrist components of an upper limb above-the-elbow prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs); electrically powered (e.g., using motors and switches), or triggered by the electrical signals produced by muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric). Some prostheses use a hybrid approach, using mechanical power for the elbow component and electric power for the wrist component or vice versa. Above-the-elbow prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used in patients who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23378",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Below Elbow",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for cosmetic and partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of a missing limb amputated below the elbow articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with an assembly of a wrist and a terminal (e.g., hand, hook) component that is attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or another prosthetic device (i.e., forearm replacement). They may also include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). The wrist component usually includes a metal ring-shaped mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions to the terminal (e.g., hand, hook) component. The prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs), electrically powered (e.g., using motors and switches), or triggered by the electrical signals produced by muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric). Below-the-elbow prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23379",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Elbow Component",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the elbow articulation above the elbow. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal, hinged, yoke-like mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and several locking positions; they may also include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). Elbow component prostheses can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb (i.e., the humerus) or to another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube) and at the distal end to a tubular device (i.e., forearm replacement) that is, in turn, attached to a wrist prosthesis and a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook). The prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs) electrically powered (e.g., using motors and switches), or triggered by the electrical signals produced by muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric). Elbow prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they must be used as a component of an above-the-elbow or total upper limb prosthesis. Upper limb elbow prostheses are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23381",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Elbow Component, Electrical",
      "definition": "Elbow prostheses that are operated by electric power and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the elbow component above the elbow. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal, hinged, yoke-like mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and several locking positions; they can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb (i.e., the humerus) or to another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube) and at the distal end to a tubular device (i.e., forearm replacement) that is, in turn, attached to a wrist prosthesis and a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook). Electrically powered elbow prostheses incorporate small electrical motors and manual electrical switches to control the elbow and/or terminal prosthesis movements. They are typically used as a component of an above-the-elbow or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputation due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents. Electrically powered wrist prostheses controlled by bioelectrical signals from muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23380",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Elbow Component, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Elbow prostheses that are operated by mechanical power, usually supplied by other parts of the patient body (i.e., body-powered), and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the elbow above the elbow articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal, hinged, yoke-like mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and several locking positions; they can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb (i.e., the humerus) or to another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube) and at the distal end to a tubular device (i.e., forearm replacement) that is, in turn, attached to a wrist prosthesis and a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook). Mechanical elbow prostheses may be externally or patient-actuated; in the most common configuration the elbow is operated by cables attached to a harness strapped around the shoulders. Elbow prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are typically used as a component of an above-the-elbow or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23383",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Elbow Component, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Elbow prostheses that are operated by myoelectric power and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the elbow above the elbow articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal, hinged, yoke-like mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and several locking positions; they may include totally or partially implanted components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). Elbow component prostheses can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb (i.e., the humerus) or to another prosthetic device (e.g., a tube) and at the distal end to a tubular device (i.e., forearm replacement) that is, in turn, attached to a wrist prosthesis and a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook). Myoelectric controlled elbow prostheses typically incorporate small electrical motors and electrodes within the socket to pick up bioelectrical signals that trigger elbow operation as the muscles in the residual limb contract.  The prostheses are used as a component of an upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23384",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Elbow Disarticulation",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) and/or cosmetic replacement of the distal portion of a limb at the elbow articulation, in which the distal end of the humerus is preserved. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices that include a socket at the proximal end, intended to fit around the humerus epicondyles, that helps to preserve arm rotation; the bulbous ends of the humeral condyles, if present, are used for suspension. The prosthesis includes a tubular device (i.e., forearm replacement) at the distal end that is, in turn, attached to a wrist prosthesis and to a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook).  Disarticulation elbow prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs), electrically powered (e.g., using motors and switches), or triggered by the electrical signals produced by muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric). The prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23348",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Finger/Thumb",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for partial or total replacement of a missing finger or thumb for cosmetic and/or functional reasons. These prostheses are typically external or partially implanted devices that resemble a natural finger or thumb; they are usually made of metal (e.g., titanium), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), silicone, or a combination of materials and usually require some degree of customization. Finger/thumb prostheses may be partial prostheses attached to the remaining finger or total prostheses attached to the hand using suction, cement, or osseointegration techniques. Finger/thumb prostheses are available in a variety of colors, sizes, and designs (e.g., for children, women, men); they are used mainly in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic injuries or who have congenital absences or abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13151",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hand",
      "definition": "Prostheses designed for cosmetic and/or partial functional replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses typically consist of an external component but may also include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., electrodes, sensors); they are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Hand prostheses are usually made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials; the prostheses may be passive, mechanically operated, electrical or pneumatic powered, or use electronic systems including skin electrodes to detect myoelectric signals. Prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes. Hand prostheses may be used alone as a replacement for a lost hand or as a terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents. Prostheses that resemble mechanical hooks are also used to replace amputated hands."
    },
    {
      "code": "23360",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hand, Electrical",
      "definition": "Hand prostheses operated by electrical power and designed for partial functional and cosmetic replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses are typically external devices that resemble a natural hand and that may include totally or partially implantable components. They are made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials; the prostheses are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Electrically powered hand prostheses incorporate small electrical motors and manual electrical switches to control the hand movements. They may be used alone as a replacement for a lost hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents. Electric powered hand prostheses controlled by bioelectrical signals from muscle contraction (i.e., myoelectric) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23358",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hand, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Hand prostheses operated by mechanical power, usually supplied by other parts of the patient body (i.e., body-powered), and designed for partial functional and cosmetic replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses are typically devices that resemble a natural hand and are made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), or a combination of materials; they are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Mechanical hand prostheses may be externally or patient-actuated; in the most common configuration, the hand is operated by cables attached to a harness strapped around the shoulders. Movement of the shoulder operates (e.g., opens, closes) the hand. The prostheses may be used alone as a replacement for a lost hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23365",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hand, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Hand prostheses operated by myoelectric power and designed for partial functional and cosmetic replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses are typically external or partially implanted devices that resemble a natural hand and are made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials; they are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Myoelectric controlled hand prostheses typically incorporate small electrical motors and electrodes within the socket to pick up bioelectrical signals that trigger hand operation as the muscles in the residual limb contract. They may be used alone as a replacement for a lost hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23354",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hand, Passive",
      "definition": "Hand prostheses designed for cosmetic (i.e., passive) replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses are typically devices that resemble a natural hand and are made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), or a combination of materials; they are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Passive hand prostheses are usually covered with a cosmetic glove; they are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes. The prostheses may be used alone as a replacement for a lost hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis; some hand prostheses can be locked in several fixed positions. They are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23367",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hook",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses, usually resembling a hook, that are designed for partial functional replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses typically consist of an external metal (e.g., stainless steel) device including finger- like hooks frequently covered with polymers or with serrated holding surfaces and including an appropriate mechanism to permit the grasping of objects; the prostheses may also include total or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). Hook prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs) or electrically powered; they are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes. Upper limb hook prostheses may be used alone as a replacement for a missing hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis. They are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23369",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hook, Electrical",
      "definition": "Hook prostheses operated by electric power and designed for partial functional replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses are typically external devices made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials; they are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Electrically powered hook prostheses incorporate small electrical motors and manual electrical switches to control the hook movements. They may be used alone as a replacement for a missing hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23368",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hook, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Hook prostheses operated by mechanical power, usually supplied by other parts of the patient body (i.e., body-powered), and designed for partial functional replacement for a missing hand. These prostheses are typically external devices made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials; they are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Mechanical hook prostheses may be externally or patient-actuated; in the most common configuration, the hand is operated by cables attached to a harness strapped around the shoulders. Movement of the shoulder operates (e.g., opens, closes) the hand. Mechanical hand prostheses may be used alone as a replacement for a missing hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis. They are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23371",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Hook, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Hook prostheses operated by myoelectric power and designed for partial functional replacement of a missing hand. These prostheses are typically external devices made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials; they may include totally or partially implanted components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). The prostheses are usually fixed with a socket to the wrist and require some degree of customization. Myoelectric controlled hand prostheses typically incorporate small electrical motors and electrodes within the socket to pick up electrical signals that trigger hook operation as the muscles in the residual limb contract. They may be used alone as a replacement for a missing hand or as the terminal component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23386",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Shoulder Component",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the shoulder articulation of a completely missing limb (i.e., amputated above the shoulder articulation). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices that include a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end; they can be anchored directly to the scapula at the articulation point. Shoulder prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs) or electrically powered (e.g., using motors and external switches). Shoulder prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are typically used in combination with other upper limb distal components (e.g., elbow, wrist, hand) in total upper limb prostheses. Upper limb shoulder component prostheses are used mainly in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic accidents or illness or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23388",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Shoulder Component, Electrical",
      "definition": "Shoulder prostheses operated by electric power and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the shoulder of a completely missing limb (i.e., amputated above the shoulder articulation). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end; they can be anchored directly to the scapula at the articulation point. Electrically powered shoulder component prostheses incorporate small electrical motors and manual electrical switches to control the shoulder and/or terminal prosthesis movements. They are typically used in combination with other upper limb distal components (e.g., elbow, wrist, hand) as total upper limb prostheses in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic accidents or illness, or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23387",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Shoulder Component, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Shoulder prostheses operated by mechanical power, usually supplied by other parts of the patient body (i.e., body-powered), and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the shoulder of a completely missing limb (i.e., amputated above the shoulder articulation). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end; they can be anchored directly to the scapula at the proximal (i.e., articulation) point.  Mechanical shoulder component prostheses are typically used in combination with other upper limb distal components (e.g., elbow, wrist, hand) as total upper limb prostheses in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic accidents or illness or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23389",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Shoulder Disarticulation",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) and/or cosmetic replacement of the distal portion of a limb amputated at the shoulder articulation, in which the shoulder blade (i.e., the glenoid cavity) of the articulation is preserved. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with an elbow, a wrist, and a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook) and with a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end. They are usually attached at the proximal end with a thoracic socket (e.g., basket, frame-style) that encloses and rests on the shoulder girdle and thoracic area to optimize stability and provide a sturdy mounting surface for control switches of externally powered prostheses. The prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs) or electrically powered (e.g., using external switches, electronic controls, and electrical motors). Shoulder disarticulation prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used in patients who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes), or traumatic accidents or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23390",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Total",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for replacement of a completely missing upper limb including the clavicle and scapula (i.e., interscapulothoracic amputation). These prostheses consist of external or partially implantable devices that include socket, shoulder, elbow, wrist, connecting tube, and terminal (e.g., hands, hooks) components; they may also include other devices such as cables, electrical motors, and switches. A symmetrical shoulder is usually achieved, but straps or a wider piece on the contralateral side of the body may be used to distribute weight and to maintain the upper limb prosthesis in position when there is very little surface area in the shoulder region to support the weight of the prosthesis. A hemithoracic frame made from aluminum strips and fitted around the rib cage on the amputated side is frequently used as the mounting base for the prosthetic arm as well as for the switches. Total upper limb prostheses are typically made of metal (e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys), hard plastics (e.g., polyethylene), carbon fibers, or a combination of materials. Passive, mechanically operated, and electrically powered total upper limb prostheses are available; they are used mainly in patients who suffered amputations (i.e., forequarter amputees) due to traumatic accident or, less frequently, in patients who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or who have congenital abnormalities."
    },
    {
      "code": "23372",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Wrist Component",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the wrist above the wrist articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal ring-shaped mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end to a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook); they may include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). The prostheses can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or to another prosthetic device (i.e., forearm replacement).  Wrist prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs), electrically powered (e.g., using switches), or triggered by the electrical signals produced by muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric).  Wrist prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they must be used as a component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis. Upper limb wrist prostheses are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23374",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Wrist Component, Electrical",
      "definition": "Wrist prostheses operated by electric power and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the wrist above the wrist articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal ring-shaped mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end to a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook); they can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or to another prosthetic device (i.e., forearm replacement). Electrically powered wrist prostheses incorporate small electrical motors and manual electrical switches to control the wrist and/or terminal prosthesis movements. They are typically used as a component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23373",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Wrist Component, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Wrist prostheses operated by mechanical power, usually supplied by other parts of the patient body (i.e., body-powered), and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the wrist above the wrist articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal ring-shaped mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end to a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook); they can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or to another prosthetic device (i.e., forearm replacement). Mechanically powered wrist prostheses may be externally or patient-actuated; in the most common configuration, the wrist is operated by cables attached to a harness strapped around the shoulders. Movement of the shoulder operates the wrist, providing movement to the terminal device. Wrist component prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they must be used as a component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23375",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Wrist Component, Myoelectric",
      "definition": "Wrist prostheses operated by myoelectric power and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the wrist above the wrist articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal ring-shaped mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end to a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook); they may include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). The prostheses can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or to another prosthetic device (i.e., forearm replacement). Myoelectric controlled wrist prostheses typically incorporate small electrical motors and electrodes within the socket to pick up bioelectrical signals that trigger wrist operation as the muscles in the residual limb contract. They are typically used as a component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23376",
      "display": "Prostheses, Upper Limb, Wrist Disarticulation",
      "definition": "Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) and/or cosmetic replacement of the distal portion of a limb at the wrist articulation, in which the radial component of the articulation is preserved. These prostheses are typically external or partially implantable devices that include a mechanism to provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end to the terminal device; they are usually attached at the proximal end with a socket that preserves pronation and supination. The prosthesis includes a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook) at the distal end; the use of a \"screwdriver\" type socket provides stability at the distal portion and transmits rotation. The prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs), electrically powered (e.g., using external motors and switches), or triggered by electrical signals produced by normal muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric). Disarticulation wrist prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "13176",
      "display": "Prostheses, Urethral Sphincter",
      "definition": "Implantable prostheses designed for functional replacement of the male urethral sphincter. These prostheses are typically hydraulic devices including an intra-abdominal fluid-filled reservior, an inflatable and deflatable cuff that surrounds the urethra, and a mechanism that includes a small pump situated beneath the scrotal skin. Urethral sphincter prostheses are used to help control moderate to severe incontinence, often after prostate surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17992",
      "display": "Prosthesis Implantation Instruments, Dental",
      "definition": "Instruments used for the intraosseous implantation of dental prostheses. These devices are used to insert endosseous implants or to attach abutment components to implants.  Typical dental prosthesis implantation instruments include bone drill bits, bone depth gauges, machine abutment tighteners, machine screwdrivers, machine-counter torque devices, and manual-counter torque devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17232",
      "display": "Protection Garments, Environmental",
      "definition": "Garments designed for general protection against environmental pollution agents (e.g., chemical particulates, splash, dirt) and/or microorganisms that could be dangerous to human health. These garments include gowns, shoes, masks, gloves, eyewear or combinations of them, manufactured using appropriate materials and techniques. Protection garments characteristics and requirements vary according to the intended use; special garments are available for a temporary and limited personal protection of healthcare workers and/or other persons when treating infected/contaminated patients, emergency situations in contaminated areas, or while working for relatively long time periods in decontamination and/or cleaning procedures in areas with chemical, biological, or radioactive particle contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20700",
      "display": "Protection Garments, Environmental, Chemical/Biological Agent",
      "definition": "Protection garments designed for personal protection against chemical and/or biological agent contamination; they usually offer protection at least for 24 hours after external contamination occurs. The garments are typically made of two layers: a tightly woven or laminate vapor-permeable outer layer and an inner layer (e.g., charcoal-impregnated, carbon-sphere technology) that absorbs and/or neutralizes the liquid or vapor agent. Some garments are made of a material (e.g., Tyvek F) that is permeable to perspiration while providing protection against chemical and biological agents. These garments may consist either of a full coverall (i.e., overgarment) or a hip-length coat and trousers with appropriate fasteners. The garment also includes chemical resistant gloves, boots, and masks or hoods to cover the face and/or head. Chemical/biological agent protection garments are used by civil rescuers in massive contamination events and by military personnel; they do not offer protection from radiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20701",
      "display": "Protection Garments, Environmental, Chemical/Biological Agent, Undergarment",
      "definition": "Chemical and biological protection garments designed for use under the standard cloth (i.e., undergarment). These undergarment typically consist of a two-piece (jacket and underpants) made of a fabric that provides a chemical and biological agent protection. They are typically configured with an integral form-fitting hood and detached vapor-protective, fire-resistant socks. Chemical and biological agent protection undergarment are frequently used under paramedic, fireman, rescuer, or military uniforms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20343",
      "display": "Protection Garments, Environmental, Contaminated Area Rescuer",
      "definition": "Protection garment designed for personal protection of rescuers in contaminated areas. These garments typically include a body coverall made of a vapor permeable plastic laminate (e.g., polypropylene) that can repel drips, spills, and splashes; safety eyeglasses or a hood to cover the face and/or head; special gloves; and boots. Contamination emergency protection garments are used for temporary (typically some hours or a few days), limited protection in areas with low or medium contamination with chemical, biological, or radioactive particles; most of these garments are disposable. They do not offer protection from radiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20344",
      "display": "Protection Garments, Environmental, Decontamination Re-Dressing",
      "definition": "Protection garment designed to facilitate potentially contaminated clothes changing (i.e., redressing) as an initial step in decontamination of affected persons. These garments typically consist of disposable clothes including a large gown that allows patients to change clothes while maintaining privacy, fabric boots, a valuables bag, and a clothing disposal bag; they may also include towels. Re-dressing personal protection garments are mostly used for field decontamination in non-contaminated areas and patient transport during massive emergency situations; they do not offer any protection for a person or rescuer in potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20342",
      "display": "Protection Garments, Environmental, Decontamination/Cleaning",
      "definition": "Protection garments designed for personal protection during decontamination and/or cleaning procedures. These garments typically consist of a body coverall made of a vapor permeable plastic laminate, a surgical mask, gloves, and boots or boot covers. Decontamination/cleaning personal protection garments may be used for temporary (typically some hours or a few days) and limited protection while working in areas slightly contaminated with chemical, biological, or radioactive particles; most of these garments are disposable. Decontamination/ cleaning protection garments do not offer appropriate protection for rescuer's use in potentially contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "27739",
      "display": "Protection Garments, Whole Body Cryotherapy",
      "definition": "Protection garments designed for patient use during the performance of whole body cryogenic treatments (i.e., cryotherapy). These garments typically consist of a bathing suit and include dedicated masks covering the mouth and nose, socks and/or shoes, and ear protectors that provide appropriate protection during a short time (i.e., a few minutes) to avoid frostbite. Whole body cryotherapy protection garments are used mainly to prevent frostbite during treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "16222",
      "display": "Protective Tips, Surgical Instrument",
      "definition": "Flexible sheaths that are designed with one open end into which the tip of a surgical instrument is inserted. These devices are designed to be placed on the tips/edges of surgical instruments to protect them from damage (e.g., during storage or sterilization). Typical surgical instrument tip protectors are made from plastic, paper, or foam and are designed to be placed on the tips/edges of sharp surgical instruments such as forceps, scissors, needle holders, hooks, knives, osteotomes, drills, chisels, K-wires, and fine microsurgical and endoscopic instruments. Certain designs (e.g., vented protectors) have an interior surface with longitudinal channels and ribs that permit the flow of steam or gases over the tip portion of the instrument to sterilize the instrument while the protector is in place. Some tips are color coded to facilitate surgical instrument identification."
    },
    {
      "code": "17595",
      "display": "Protectors, Teeth",
      "definition": "Curved devices that fit over the teeth to protect them from damage during endotracheal intubation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20813",
      "display": "Protein/Peptide Processors",
      "definition": "Automated equipment designed to process the amino acids in a protein or peptide sample. These processors can perform one or more of a variety of processes on proteins and/or peptides such as determining the order of the amino acids in the sample (i.e., sequencing) and putting protected amino acids together to form proteins or peptides (i.e., synthesizing). Dedicated devices are available for sequencing and synthesizing proteins and/or peptides."
    },
    {
      "code": "20814",
      "display": "Protein/Peptide Processors, Sequencing",
      "definition": "Protein/peptide processors designed for automated: determination of the precise sequence of the amino acids in a sample of that make up a protein or peptide. These instruments typically include a chemical module to perform the sequential chemical degradation of the protein; a module for phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) identification; and a computerized module for setting and control of sequencing runs and collect the resulting data using specialized software."
    },
    {
      "code": "20815",
      "display": "Protein/Peptide Processors, Synthesis",
      "definition": "Protein/peptide processors designed for automated synthesis of peptides and/or proteins from protected amino acids. These instruments typically perform a three-step cyclic process that includes removing the protecting group from the amino group at the end of the peptide chain (deprotection), converting the next amino acid to be added to an active ester (activation), and forming an amide bond between the active ester and the deprotected alpha-amino group (coupling). When synthesis is complete, the synthesized peptide is removed. These processors frequently perform synthesis in reagent bottles attached to the instrument and peptide synthesis columns that include solid resins; the processors also include computerized systems with appropriate software."
    },
    {
      "code": "17932",
      "display": "Protractor Rings, Cardiac Valve Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Circular devices used to facilitate the partitioning of a prosthetic cardiac valve sewing ring.  These devices are not commercially available and were custom made by the authors of the referenced study:  see Health Devices Alerts. Implants Accession No. M2282 dated April 10, 1992."
    },
    {
      "code": "42005",
      "display": "Pulse Processing Amplifiers",
      "definition": "Electronic devices that increase the power of pulses generated by other devices, such as semiconductor detectors, proportional counters, and scintillation detectors, without altering the waveform. Pulse amplifiers strengthen signals to high levels of power by alternating between intensely pulsating power and producing no output at all at a rapid rate. These units are used when a device�s pulse height output is too low to be directly measured without amplification."
    },
    {
      "code": "33527",
      "display": "Pumps, Catheter Balloon Inflation",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to inflate balloons attached to the distal tips of catheters with fluids (e.g., saline, contrast media). These pumps are usually reusable or single-use devices that include a relatively small syringe (up to 20 ml) and also include a manual knob used to turn a screw-driven mechanism that advances the plunger of the syringe at a predetermined rate, controls to select the volume and flow rate of the fluid to be infused, and an extension tube that is placed between the pump and the catheter. The pumps can inflate the balloons at higher pressures (e.g., 10 to 30 atmospheres) than possible with manual standard syringes. Catheter balloon inflation pumps are used during catheterization procedures (sometimes through an endoscope) such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Dedicated pumps that include a manometer for accurate measurement of the pressure of the fluid are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27049",
      "display": "Pumps, Catheter Balloon Inflation, Manometric",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to inflate balloons attached to the distal tips of catheters with fluids (e.g., saline); the pumps can also measure the pressure of the fluid. These pumps are usually single-use devices that include a relatively small syringe (e.g., 20 ml); a manual knob used to turn a screw-driven mechanism that advances the plunger of the syringe at a predetermined rate; controls to select the volume and flow rate of the fluid to be infused; an extension tube to be placed between the pump and the catheter; and a manometer with an appropriate scale (e.g., up to 30 atmosphere of pressure [441psi or 3040 kPa]). Manometric catheter balloon inflation pumps are used during catheterization procedures, frequently through an endoscope and they require an accurate measurement of the pressure during fluid delivery. Also available are dedicated manometric pumps intended for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty balloon catheters and for catheter balloons used for the dilatation of the Eustachian tube through a special micro nasoscope."
    },
    {
      "code": "17776",
      "display": "Pumps, Circulating-Liquid",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to deliver a temperature-controlled flow of heated or cooled liquid through hoses into pads that have appropriate channels for liquid circulation.  These pumps usually include a reservoir for the liquid; a heater mounted in the reservoir that warms the liquid; a pump that circulates the liquid in the pad; and temperature controls and alarms.  Some pumps include a thermoelectric cooler.  Circulating-liquid pumps are used for long-term localized mild heating (i.e., warming at no more than 43 degrees C) or cooling of patient's skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "17777",
      "display": "Pumps, Circulating-Liquid, Localized Cooling",
      "definition": "Circulating-liquid  pumps designed to deliver a temperature-controlled flow of cooled liquid (e.g., water, alcohol) through hoses into pads that have appropriate channels for liquid circulation.  Some pumps use thermoelectric coolers; other cool the circulating liquid with ice.  Localized-cooling pumps are used for therapeutic localized cooling of a patient's skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "17647",
      "display": "Pumps, Circulating-Liquid, Localized Heating",
      "definition": "Circulating-liquid pumps designed to deliver a temperature-controlled flow of warmed liquid (e.g., water) through hoses into pads that have appropriate channels for liquid circulation.  These pumps typically use an electric resistor for liquid-heating purposes.  Localized-heating pumps are used for therapeutic localized mild heating (i.e., warming at no more than 43 degrees C) of a patient's skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "13201",
      "display": "Pumps, Dye Dilution",
      "definition": "Syringe pumps designed for drawing blood through a densitometer to produce dye dilution curves for cardiac output determination."
    },
    {
      "code": "13203",
      "display": "Pumps, Extracorporeal Perfusion",
      "definition": "Pumps designed for extracorporeal gas exchange and reinfusion of blood, typically during heart-lung bypass procedures. These pumps (known as extracorporeal perfusion or arterial pumps) consist of either a mechanism that uses centrifugal force (i.e., centrifugal pump) or rollers that cyclically compress the arterial line tubing (i.e., roller pumps). Extracorporeal perfusion pumps typically receive blood from the vena cava and deliver it back through the aorta by means of a plastic cannula after processing the blood in an oxygenator/heat exchanger, bypassing the heart and lungs completely. Both a backup arterial pump and connection to an emergency power system are necessary to ensure reliable pump operation."
    },
    {
      "code": "29719",
      "display": "Pumps, High Performance Liquid Chromatography",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to maintain a constant flow of the mobile phase through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The pump can achieve flow rates between 0.50 and 150.00 mL/min regardless of the back pressure caused by the flow resistance of the HPLC column. Most HPLC pumps have a reciprocating dual piston design. These pumps include features such as interchangeable pump heads, purification process control software, solvent selection valves, and adjustable volume dynamic mixer."
    },
    {
      "code": "28444",
      "display": "Pumps, Irrigation",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to deliver liquids (i.e., irrigate) to a cavity or other specific area of the body. These pumps typically consist of a central unit with a pumping (e.g., peristaltic) mechanism; a control (e.g., a valve, clamp, or manual or foot-switch) to regulate the rate of the irrigation; and detachable (frequently disposable) tubing appropriate for irrigation of the intended body cavity or area. Irrigation pumps intended for particular equipment such as surgical, dental, and nasal irrigators are available; dedicated irrigation pumps intended for use with appropriate tubing coupled to irrigation catheters or cannulae are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27855",
      "display": "Pumps, Irrigation, Catheter",
      "definition": "Irrigation pumps designed to deliver liquids to a body cavity or other specific area of the body using a catheter. These pumps typically consist of a central unit with a pumping (e.g., peristaltic) mechanism; a control (e.g., a valve, clamp, manual or foot-switch) to regulate the rate of the irrigation; and detachable (frequently disposable) tubing appropriate. Automated catheter irrigation pumps are frequently used to irrigate body tracts (e.g., urinary, biliary) with no easy external access; some dedicated pumps are used as a component of therapeutic (e.g., radiofrequency) systems for cooling the tip of the catheter during minimally invasive catheterization procedures (e.g., cardiac ablation)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15168",
      "display": "Pumps, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to transfer or deliver fluids (gas and/or liquid) to support environmental conditions and/or to perform specific tasks required in clinical laboratories and associated procedures. A wide variety of laboratory pumps use many different technologies (e.g., peristalsis, centrifuges); pumps are usually made of metal alloys, plastics, or a combination of materials. Some pumps provide additional features such as temperature control and/or vacuum capabilities. Dedicated laboratory pumps are available to perform specific procedures such as the transfer of highly corrosive products (e.g., acids), chromatography, filtering, and solvent recovery."
    },
    {
      "code": "23547",
      "display": "Pumps, Laboratory, Peristaltic",
      "definition": "Laboratory pumps designed to transfer or deliver fluids (gas and/or liquid) by compression of flexible tubes (i.e., peristalsis). These devices usually consist of a single- or multichannel rotary pump, which uses rollers (also known as wipers) on its outermost diameter to compress a flexible tube inside the pump. Compression advances the tube contents toward external tubing, simultaneously drawing additional fluid into the pump. Peristaltic laboratory pumps are used to transfer or deliver fluids in laboratory procedures; dedicated peristaltic pumps intended for use in chromatographic tests are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23548",
      "display": "Pumps, Laboratory, Vacuum",
      "definition": "Laboratory pumps designed to transfer or deliver fluids via a vacuum. These devices frequently consist of an oil-free rotary-vane-membrane pump with one or more channels and vacuum ports; they are usually made of chemically resistant (e.g., noncorrosive) plastic materials. Vacuum laboratory pumps are used to transfer aggressive vapors and gases; dedicated vacuum pumps providing specific ultimate vacuum levels (e.g., 2, 8, or 60 torricelli) and others intended for gel drying in electrophoresis procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "42103",
      "display": "Pumps, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to create and control negative pressure in a vacuum-assisted wound closure system. This vacuum pump is connected to a specialized airtight-sealed dressing via a suction/evacuation tube. It usually has a display and controls to deliver continuous or intermittent negative pressure. It is used during negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for the treatment of hard-to-heal open wounds (e.g., acute, traumatic, and chronic wounds), burns, diabetic/pressure ulcers, flaps and grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "42104",
      "display": "Pumps, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy, Single-Use",
      "definition": "Negative pressure wound therapy pumps designed to be disposable and used by a single patient. These pumps are lightweight, portable, and battery or mechanically powered. They are usually set at a single pressure and are used continually for 7 to 30 days. The fluid from the wound is managed by absorption into the dressing and vapor transmission and/or a small canister. These pumps can incorporate leak-detection and low-battery indicators."
    },
    {
      "code": "41681",
      "display": "Pumps, Patient Transfer Mattresses",
      "definition": "Pumps designed to inflate patient transfer mattresses with air. These pumps can include a hose to attach to the device being inflated, an air filter, and controls to change the air flow rate during inflation. These devices are usually portable."
    },
    {
      "code": "36503",
      "display": "Pumps, Subcutaneous Infiltration",
      "definition": "Infusion pumps designed for delivery of large volumes of liquids subcutaneously. These pumps typically employ a peristaltic mechanism to propel the infusate from a solution container (e.g., IV bag) through a tubing set. These pumps typically include controls that allow the user to start, stop, or modulate the flow rate as necessary. These pumps are frequently used in tumescent anesthesia procedures, which provides local pain relief for various surgeries (e.g., liposuction, vein ablation) through infiltration of large volumes of dilute anesthetic subcutaneously at the surgical site."
    },
    {
      "code": "13228",
      "display": "Punches",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to excise or perforate a segment of material or tissue usually in the form of a disc. Punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a movable, sharp, mechanism (e.g., a hollow tube, jaw) at the sharp working end operated by squeezing a handle (e.g., scissor-like rings, two-part hand) without rotary movement. Dedicated punches are available to take samples (e.g., skin, bone, uterus) for biopsy, for use in surgical procedures (e.g., orthopedic, middle ear), for dental device/prosthesis (e.g., rubber dam) perforation, or to make holes in devices (e.g., drainage catheters) and specific materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "13230",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (usually in the form of a disc) intended for laboratory examination and test (i.e., biopsy); these devices are designed to remove tissue from an anatomic structure with minimal sample and surrounding tissue damage. Biopsy punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a movable, sharp echanism (e.g., hollow tube, jaw) at the distal end, operated by a handle (e.g., ring-, pistol-like). Dedicated biopsy punches are available for specific anatomic structures and/or tissue such as bone, skin, pleura, larynx, and the uterine cervix."
    },
    {
      "code": "22687",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy, Bone",
      "definition": "Biopsy punches designed to excise a segment (frequently in the form of a disc) of bone tissue intended for laboratory examination and/or test with minimal sample damage. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a movable, sharp, hollow tube at one or both distal ends and a handle (sometimes configured for mallet striking). Dedicated biopsy bone punches are available in several sizes and with a variety of working end shapes (e.g., round, half round) intended for specific bones or bone parts (e.g., femur neck)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22689",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy, Larynx",
      "definition": "Biopsy punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a thin disc) from the larynx intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy) with minimal sample or tissue damage. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a cutting mechanism (e.g., two-part movable) at the distal end operated by a handle. Larynx biopsy punches may also be used to perform biopsies of laryngeal tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22690",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy, Pleura",
      "definition": "Biopsy punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a thin disc) from the parietal pleura intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy) with minimal sample or lung damage. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a cutting mechanism (e.g., a hollow tube with an internal jaw) at the working end operated by a handle. Pleural biopsy punches may also be used to perform biopsies of lung tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22691",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy, Skin",
      "definition": "Biopsy punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a thin disc several millimeters in diameter) from the skin intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy) with minimal sample or surrounding tissue damage. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a hollow sharpened tube at the distal end and a handle. Skin biopsy punches are available in a variety of sizes and diameters, and as reusable or disposable instruments; they are useful for performing biopsies of the full thickness of the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "22694",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy, Skin, Disposable",
      "definition": "Skin (dermal) biopsy punches designed to excise a segment of skin tissue (frequently in the form of a thin disc several millimeters in diameter) intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy) with minimal sample or surrounding tissue damage. These punches are intended for disposal after use (i.e., single use). Disposable skin biopsy punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a hollow tube sharpened at the distal end and an integral handle; these punches are available in a variety of sizes and diameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "22693",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy, Skin, Reusable",
      "definition": "Skin (dermal) biopsy punches designed to excise a segment of skin tissue (frequently in the form of a thin disc several millimeters in diameter) intended for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy), with minimal sample or surrounding tissue damage. These punches are reusable after sterilization and/or sharpening. Reusable skin biopsy punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a hollow metallic tube sharpened at the working end and a handle; typically, the handles are intended for use with a set of interchangeable cutting tips."
    },
    {
      "code": "22695",
      "display": "Punches, Biopsy, Uterine Cervix",
      "definition": "Biopsy punches designed to excise a segment of uterine cervix tissue (frequently in the form of a disc) for laboratory examination and/or test (i.e., biopsy) with minimal sample damage. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with two distal blades that work together as a jaw pivoted at the center and operated by ring-shaped handles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22696",
      "display": "Punches, Dental",
      "definition": "Punches designed to excise a segment (frequently in the form of a disc) of materials and/or prostheses used in dental procedures. These devices are typically handheld, manual instruments with two distal ends with attached or integral handles and are articulated in the middle. Dedicated dental punches are available to make perforations in rubber dam material and in prosthetic materials such as dental plates and metal backings used to fix artificial teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "15711",
      "display": "Punches, Dental Dam",
      "definition": "Dental punches designed to make holes in dental dam material. These punches are typically manual, handheld instruments with two distal ends attached to handles and articulated in the middle. One working end has a plunger and the other has a wheel with several sized holes facing the plunger, the wheel can be adjusted to make several spaced dental dam punch holes, each with the desired diameter. The holes permit the location of the dental dam over the crowns of the teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "22697",
      "display": "Punches, Dental, Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Dental punches designed to cut out pieces of dental prostheses (typically dental plates) or to perforate metal backings to fix pins used for fastening artificial teeth. These punches are typically manual, handheld instruments with two distal blades attached or integral to handles and articulated in the middle; one working end has a round punch plunger and the other has a hole opposite the punch plunger. The use of these instruments is no longer common in dental practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "34049",
      "display": "Punches, Dry Sample Disc, Automated",
      "definition": "Punches designed for automated cutting of several disc samples from a dry sample. These punches can usually cut simultaneously several samples of similar or different diameters (e.g., 1/16 to 1/4 inch, 1.6 to 6 mm) following a pre-chosen pattern, the disc samples are usually intended for insertion in titration plates. These punches typically consist of a computerized benchtop unit with a camera and a display to show the dry sample board and adjust the size and pattern of the punch holes, controls, and a dedicated firmware used to manage the operation of the machine using an external computer. Automated dry sample disc punches are mainly used to obtain disc samples from dry blood cards frequently obtained from dried blood spot samples taken from infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "22824",
      "display": "Punches, Postmortem, Liver",
      "definition": "Punches designed to excise a segment of tissue from the liver of a cadaver without performing an autopsy. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments (resembling a stylet) that are appropriate for direct perforation of the abdominal wall and dissection of a liver sample. Postmortem liver punches are used mainly for diagnosis of yellow fever; they are not appropriate for biopsy of internal organs in living persons. The instruments also may be used to obtain samples of other internal organs from cadavers."
    },
    {
      "code": "22700",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical",
      "definition": "Punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a disc) from an anatomic structure or from a donor graft during surgical procedures. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a movable, sharp mechanism (e.g., tube, jaw) at the distal end operated by squeezing a ring-shaped, two-part handle. Dedicated surgical punches are available for specific anatomic structures and/or tissue, including bone, skin, blood vessels, ear, nose, and skull."
    },
    {
      "code": "22701",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment (frequently in the form of a disc) of hard tissue from a bone or a donor bone graft during surgical procedures. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a movable, sharp, hollow tube at the distal end and a handle (sometimes configured for mallet striking). Dedicated surgical bone punches are available in several sizes and with a variety of distal end shapes (e.g., round, half round, oval) intended for specific bones and/or bone grafts; these punches are larger and sturdier than bone biopsy punches."
    },
    {
      "code": "22703",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Bone, Graft/Prosthesis Insertion",
      "definition": "Bone surgical punches designed to excise a segment of bone tissue (frequently in the form of a disc), facilitating the insertion of bone prostheses (e.g., nails, pins) and/or bone grafts previously taken from a donor during surgical procedures. These devices are typically handheld, manual instruments with a movable, sharp, hollow tube at the distal end and a handle (sometimes configured for mallet striking). Dedicated surgical bone grafting punches are available in several sizes and with a variety of working end shapes (e.g., round, half round, oval) for the insertion of bone grafts and/or prostheses in specific bones (e.g., femur) during orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22704",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Bone, Skull",
      "definition": "Bone surgical punches designed to excise a segment of cranial bone tissue (frequently in the form of a thick disc), facilitating the insertion of probes and/or catheters during surgical procedures. These punches are typically handheld, manual, forceps-like instruments with a small indentation in one blade and a matching hole facing the indentation in the other working blade that are operated by squeezing the handles."
    },
    {
      "code": "22705",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Bone, Sternum",
      "definition": "Bone surgical punches designed to excise a segment of the sternal tissue (frequently in the form of a rectangular sheet), during thoracic (e.g., cardiovascular) procedures. These devices are typically handheld, manual, forceps-like instruments with a strong, sharp distal blade and a matching cavity facing the sharp end on the other distal blade, that are operated by squeezing the handles."
    },
    {
      "code": "15674",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Ear Lobe",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a disc), typically cartilage, from the earlobe and, less frequently, from surrounding anatomic structures. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a mechanism (e.g., a jaw) at the distal end operated through a handle (e.g., ring-like, two-part squeezing) handle. Earlobe punches are not appropriate for middle-ear (i.e., endaural) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22714",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment of eye tissue (frequently in the form of a disc) or from grafts taken from donors. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a sharp, hollow tip at the distal end or a rotary mechanism that may be integral or attached and operated by squeezing a two-part handle. Eye surgical punches are used mainly for ophthalmic graft implantation and to open a hole in the trabecular meshwork; they are less frequently used to obtain grafts from the sclera of cadaver donors."
    },
    {
      "code": "13232",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Eye, Corneoscleral",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a disc) from the sclera or cornea of a patient or from grafts taken from (cadaver) donors. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a set of sharp hollow tips at the distal end (a rotary mechanism that may be either integral or as an attachment) operated by squeezing a two-part handle. Corneoscleral eye surgical punches are used mainly to perform ophthalmic graft implantations or, less frequently, to obtain grafts from the sclera of cadaver donors. Dedicated corneoscleral punches consisting of a bench-mounted apparatus intended to shape grafts of cadaver donors are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22716",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Eye, Corneoscleral, Bench-Mounted",
      "definition": "Corneoscleral eye surgery punches designed to excise a segment (frequently in the form of a disc) from scleral or corneal grafts previously taken from (cadaver) donors. These punches are typically sturdy bench-mounted structures with a manual sliding mechanism that can be operated using a set of interchangeable cutting tips of different sizes and diameters (i.e., the punching mechanism) and a cutting block for the corneoscleral graft. Corneoscleral punching units are used mainly to shape graft implants to an appropriate size during or before surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "22717",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Eye, Trabecular Meshwork",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a disc) from the trabecular meshwork of the eye. These devices typically are handheld, manual instruments with an integral sharp hollow tip at the distal end, operated by squeezing a two-part handle. Trabecular mesh eye surgical punches are used mainly to remove a portion of the trabecular area to facilitate drainage of the aqueous humor in patients suffering from glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "13234",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Hair Transplant",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise small plug-like skin segments containing hair follicles from a donor site and/or to create holes in the site of implantation. These punches are typically handheld, manual, hollow tubular instruments with a sharpened distal end that punches the round graft out of the donor site so it can be moved into the area to be covered, generally the frontal hairline; they are also used to facilitate the implantation of the follicular unit grafts in the recipient zone by performing small punch holes."
    },
    {
      "code": "22708",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment (frequently in the form of a disc) of the middle-ear tissue including the ossicles (e.g., stapes, tympanum). These devices are typically handheld, manual instruments with two blades ending in concentric sharp rings or cups that work together as a jaw at the distal end and scissors-like ring handles at an angle (e.g., 90 degrees) to the blades. Middle-ear punches are used in endaural surgical procedures including excision of the stapes (i.e., stapedectomy) and opening of attic and/or the mastoid antrum of the middle ear (i.e., atticotomy and atticoantrotomy, respectively)"
    },
    {
      "code": "22709",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a disc), typically cartilage, from the nose and/or nearby anatomic structures through the nose. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a movable, sharp mechanism (e.g., tube, jaw) at the distal end, operated by squeezing a handle (i.e., ring-like, two-part). Dedicated nasal surgical punches are available for specific anatomic structures and/or procedures, such as surgery of the adenoids and the paranasal sinuses."
    },
    {
      "code": "22710",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Nasal, Adenoid",
      "definition": "Nasal surgery punches designed to excise a segment (frequently in the form of a disc) from the hypertrophic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx (i.e., adenoids). These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with two blades that work together as a jaw at the distal end operated by manipulating ring handles configured at an angle (e.g., 90 degrees) to the blades."
    },
    {
      "code": "22712",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Nasal, Ethmoid Bone",
      "definition": "Nasal surgery punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a disc) from the ethmoid bone through the nose, usually to provide access to the paranasal ethmoid sinus. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a cutting mechanism (e.g., two-part, movable) at the distal end, operated by manipulating an articulated handle. Dedicated ethmoid bone punches are available with the working end designed for straight, downward, or upward cutting."
    },
    {
      "code": "22711",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Nasal, Paranasal Sinus",
      "definition": "Nasal surgery punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (frequently in the form of a disc) from tissue surrounding one of the paranasal sinuses. These devices are typically handheld, manual instruments with a sliding, rotary punching mechanism at the working end, operated by squeezing a two-part handle configured at a right angle to the punching mechanism. Dedicated nasal punches are available with appropriate characteristics for perforating each of the paranasal sinuses (i.e., frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22713",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Sella Turcica",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to open the sellar (i.e., sella turcica) floor to access the pituitary gland. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a cutting mechanism (e.g., movable, two-part) at the distal end, operated by grasping an articulated handle configured at an angle (e.g., 60 degrees) to the mechanism. Sella turcica punches are used mainly in surgical procedures intended to excise pituitary tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22718",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Skin",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (typically in the form of a thin disc several millimeters in diameter) from the skin during surgical procedures. These devices are typically handheld, manual instruments with a hollow tube sharpened at the distal end and a handle; some handles can be used with a set of interchangeable cutting tips. Skin surgical punches are usually stronger and larger than skin punches used for biopsy; they are used mainly in plastic surgery (e.g., to remove skin blemishes) and for removal of small dermal tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16939",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Spine",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment of tissue (typically in the form of a thin disc of several millimeters in diameter) from the spinal cord and/or associated tissue. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a cutting mechanism (e.g., movable two-part) at the distal end and are operated by grasping an articulated handle. Spinal cord punches may have distal ends designed for straight, downward, or upward cutting; dedicated spinal punches are available to perform anterior cervical discectomy and/or laminectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "22720",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Spine, Cervical Discectomy",
      "definition": "Spinal surgery punches designed to excise small segments of tissue (typically in the form of a thin disc several millimeters in diameter) from the cervical spine and/or posterior ligament. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a cutting mechanism (e.g., movable, two-part) at the distal end with a size appropriate to perform the procedure and are operated by grasping an articulated handle. Cervical spinal punches may have distal ends designed for straight, downward, or upward cutting; they are used mainly to perform anterior cervical discectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "22721",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Spine, Laminectomy",
      "definition": "Spinal surgery punches designed to excise small segments of tissue (typically in the form of a thin disc several millimeters in diameter) from the posterior arch of a vertebra (i.e., laminectomy). These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a cutting mechanism (e.g., movable, two-part) at the distal end with a size appropriate to perform the procedure and are operated by grasping an articulated handle. Laminectomy punches are available with working ends designed for straight, downward, or upward cutting."
    },
    {
      "code": "22707",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Tonsil",
      "definition": "Surgical punches designed to excise a segment (frequently in the form of a disc) of one of the two almond-shaped lymphoid tissue masses located on each side of the oropharynx (i.e., palatine tonsils). These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with two blades ending in sharp concentric rings that work together as a jaw at the distal end, operated by manipulating scissors-like ring handles configured at an angle (e.g., 60, 90 degrees) to the blades."
    },
    {
      "code": "22722",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Vascular",
      "definition": "Punches designed for precise excision of vascular wall segments of pre-determined length during surgical procedures. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with two blades including concentric matching sharp rings at the distal end that work together as a jaw, operated by manipulating pivoted ring handles configured at an angle (e.g., 90 degrees) to the blades. The jaws are frequently calibrated (e.g., in millimeters); vascular punches may be used for removal of vein or artery segments, frequently during anastomosis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13229",
      "display": "Punches, Surgical, Vascular, Aortic",
      "definition": "Vascular surgery punches designed to excise a segment of tissue from the aorta wall (usually in the form of a disc)  during surgical procedures. These punches are typically handheld, manual instruments with a tubular configuration that includes a sliding mechanism (i.e., the punching mechanism). Punches may include a set of interchangeable cutting tips of different sizes and diameters appropriate for punching the aorta walls and are operated by a handle. Aorta punches are used mainly during anastomosis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22698",
      "display": "Punches, Urinary Drainage Catheter",
      "definition": "Punches designed to cut round holes close to the distal end of urinary drainage catheters. These punches are typically manual, handheld instruments with a rotating cylinder mounted on a small frame that resembles a rotational screw micrometer; the instrument can open small holes (3 mm in diameter is typical) in urine drainage catheters of an appropriate size (e.g., 14 Fr or larger). These catheter punches are used mainly to open additional holes in urinary catheters (e.g., urethral, suprapubic) used in percutaneous and/or endoscopic urinary catheterization procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13236",
      "display": "Pupillometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine the diameter of the pupil by measuring its response to light stimuli.  These instruments may consist of a camera system with light sources to make digital photographs or infrared videography, a microcontroller, and image processing software to image, record, analyze, and display the pupil response to different light stimuli (pupillography). Other pupillometers are handheld instruments that illuminate the eye and magnify the pupil and iris images and superimpose a millimeter ruler on the image so the examiner can read the pupil diameters (known as handheld infrared pupillometers). Pupillometers are used mainly in ocular surgery assessment and in the detection of some disorders or drug or alcohol impairment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41168",
      "display": "Purchased Services",
      "definition": "Any purchased services provided by a third-party company contracted to perform a task, or series of recurring tasks, using specialized labor for the purpose of aiding the hospital's operations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41170",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary support services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41171",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Asset Disposition",
      "definition": "Purchased services pertaining to the sale, appraisal, and auction of equipment by third-party service."
    },
    {
      "code": "41172",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Communication",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary communication support."
    },
    {
      "code": "41173",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Communication, Answering",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide telephone answering services used for non-emergency calls (e.g., scheduling, patient follow-up, callbacks)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41175",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Communication, Telephone Triage",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary communication support for the triage of incoming telephone calls."
    },
    {
      "code": "41176",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Dependent Care",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary support for dependents (i.e., the debilitated, children, and geriatric individuals)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41174",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Discharge Call Back",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary communication support to deliver discharge follow-up with patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "41177",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Durable Medical Equipment",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary support for the sale and services (i.e., fitting, insurance billing) related to durable medical equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41178",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Fitness",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary fitness services to hospital staff and patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "41179",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Fitness, Group Exercise Training",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary fitness services to hospital staff and patients in a group setting."
    },
    {
      "code": "41180",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Food Management",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary support related to the preparation, stocking, management, and delivery of food in a cafeteria, to patient rooms, or within a facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41181",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Food Management, Vending",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary support related to the preparation, stocking, management, and delivery of food for vending (e.g., snack machines, drink machines, micro markets)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41182",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Food Management, Water Delivery",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary support related to the preparation, stocking, management, and delivery of water to coolers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41183",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Furniture Re-Upholstering",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the repair and re-upholstering of furniture."
    },
    {
      "code": "41184",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Gift Shop Management",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the management of gift shops in a hospital."
    },
    {
      "code": "41185",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Interpreting and Translation",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to onsite or offsite interpretation and translation for patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "41186",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Inventory Management",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the management and counting of inventory."
    },
    {
      "code": "41187",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Inventory Management, Chemicals",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the management and counting of chemical inventory."
    },
    {
      "code": "41188",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Inventory Management, Pharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the management and counting of pharmaceutical inventory."
    },
    {
      "code": "41189",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Inventory Management, Surgical Instruments",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the management and counting of surgical instrument inventory."
    },
    {
      "code": "41190",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Inventory Management, Tools",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the management and counting of tool inventory."
    },
    {
      "code": "41192",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Maintenance, Transportation",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the maintenance of vehicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "41193",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Mortuary",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the preparation and autopsy of cadavers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41194",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Offsite Storage",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the storage and management of goods outside of the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41195",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Offsite Storage, Equipment",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the storage and management of equipment outside of the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41196",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Offsite Storage, Furniture",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the storage and management of furniture outside of the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41197",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Offsite Storage, Laboratory Samples",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the storage and management of laboratory samples outside of the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41198",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Offsite Storage, Records",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the storage and management of paper documents outside of the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41199",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Parcel",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the pickup and delivery of parcels."
    },
    {
      "code": "41200",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Parcel, Delivery",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the contracting of delivery services through mail carriers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41201",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Parcel, Mailroom",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to management and staffing of mailrooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "41202",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Patient Transport",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the movement of patients inside and outside the hospital."
    },
    {
      "code": "41203",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Patient Transport, Intake and Transfer",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the movement and processing of patients inside the hospital."
    },
    {
      "code": "41204",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Printing and Publishing",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the outsourcing of printing and publishing activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41206",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Records Management",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to management of records stored at the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41207",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Relocation",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the relocation of assets."
    },
    {
      "code": "41208",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Relocation, Corporate",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the relocation of business assets."
    },
    {
      "code": "41209",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Relocation, Equipment",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the relocation of equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41247",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Remote Scribe",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide remote and virtual medical scribe services for the purpose of documenting a physician's encounter with a patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "41614",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Social Services",
      "definition": "Purchased Services that provide social services in conjunction with or support of a healthcare organization."
    },
    {
      "code": "41210",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the referral and admittance of patients to substance abuse treatment facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41211",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Supply/Material Distribution",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the supply, delivery, and distribution of supplies and materials (e.g. single use medical supplies, consumables)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41212",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Survey Administration",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the surveying of patients (e.g., satisfaction surveys)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41213",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transcription",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to transcribing speech to text."
    },
    {
      "code": "41214",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to transportation via air, land, or water."
    },
    {
      "code": "41215",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Airplane",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to non-medical air travel."
    },
    {
      "code": "41216",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Ambulance",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the movement of patient via ambulance."
    },
    {
      "code": "41217",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Armored Courier",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the secure transport of highly valuable goods (e.g., currency)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41218",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Courier",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the movement of goods (e.g., laboratory samples, mail, equipment, documents) between facilities via road vehicle."
    },
    {
      "code": "41219",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Fleet Management",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to car rental and associated vehicle services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41220",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Helicopter",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to helicopter transport (e.g., air ambulance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41221",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Limousine",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to limousine transportation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41222",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Shuttle",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to shuttle transportation usually with a set destination or schedule (e.g., buses, vans)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41223",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Transportation, Taxi",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to taxi transportation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41224",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Travel Management",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the procurement of travel arrangements."
    },
    {
      "code": "41225",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Travel Management, Lodging",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the procurement of travel arrangements to outside accommodations (e.g., hotels)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41226",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Travel Management, Planning",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to travel planning and trip booking."
    },
    {
      "code": "41191",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Ancillary Support, Uniform/Linen/Laundry",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide ancillary services related to the management and supply of linens (e.g., scrubs, bedding, blankets, mats, curtains, uniforms) and associated laundry services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41227",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the everyday administrative operations of a business."
    },
    {
      "code": "41228",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Accreditation",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to obtaining accreditations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41229",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Accreditation, Home/Community Based Healthcare",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to obtaining accreditations for home or community-based healthcare."
    },
    {
      "code": "41230",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Accreditation, Joint Commission",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to preparation of joint commission accreditation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41231",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Human Resources",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to human resources."
    },
    {
      "code": "41232",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Human Resources, Credential Verification",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to human resources employee education and credential verification."
    },
    {
      "code": "41233",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Human Resources, Employee Assistance",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to human resources employee assistance programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41234",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Human Resources, Employee Engagement",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to human resources employee engagement programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41235",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Human Resources, Employee Wellness",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to employee wellness programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41236",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Human Resources, Employee Wellness, Staff Vaccination",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to employee wellness programs associated with vaccinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41237",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Human Resources, Workers' Compensation",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to workers' compensation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41893",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Insurance",
      "definition": "Purchased services that provide or pertain to insurance(s)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41613",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Insurance, Brokerage",
      "definition": "Purchased services in which an intermediary finds and sells insurance(s) to client."
    },
    {
      "code": "41238",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Marketing",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to the marketing activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41239",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Marketing, Fundraising",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to the marketing activities related to fundraising from the community."
    },
    {
      "code": "41240",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Marketing, Promotional Merchandise",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to the creation, purchase, and sale of promotional merchandise."
    },
    {
      "code": "41241",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Marketing, Public Relations",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to public relations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41242",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Meeting Planning",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to meeting and event planning services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41243",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Meeting Planning, Facility Rental",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations of a business pertaining to facility rental for meetings or events."
    },
    {
      "code": "41244",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Business Administrative, Property Management",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the administrative operations and management of property and real estate."
    },
    {
      "code": "41249",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services in a health system."
    },
    {
      "code": "41251",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Apheresis/Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to blood separation, filtering, and replacement."
    },
    {
      "code": "41252",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Auditory Function Screening",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the of testing auditory function."
    },
    {
      "code": "41253",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the removal and sampling of tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "41254",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Blood Products",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the purchase and supply of blood products (e.g., plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells, cryoprecipitate)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41255",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Calibration",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the calibration of medical equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41256",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Calibration, Auditory",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the calibration of auditory equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41257",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Calibration, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the calibration of laboratory equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41258",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Calibration, Surgical",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the calibration of surgical equipment (e.g., robots, tracking systems, microscopes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41260",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Chemical Neutralization",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to chemical neutralization of various compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "41261",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Clinical Trial Management",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the management of clinical trials."
    },
    {
      "code": "41262",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Cryotherapy",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to rental and use of equipment for cryotherapy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41263",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Deep Brain Stimulation",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to implantation of neurostimulators in the brain."
    },
    {
      "code": "41264",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Dental Treatment",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to oral health and dental treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41782",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Design and 3D Printing",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the design and/or 3D printing of healthcare devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "41205",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Dosimetry and Radiation Monitoring",
      "definition": "Purchased services for the measurement, calculation, assessment, and monitoring of radiation absorption."
    },
    {
      "code": "41265",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Dry Ice",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the delivery, utilization, and consumption of dry ice."
    },
    {
      "code": "41266",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, EEG",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to electroencephalogram monitoring used to observe electrical activity of the brain."
    },
    {
      "code": "41267",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, EKG",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to electrocardiogram monitoring used to observe the electrical activity of the cardiovascular system."
    },
    {
      "code": "41268",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Management",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the management, repair, and maintenance of clinical equipment (e.g., biomed services)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41269",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Management, Instrument Recycling",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the recycling of surgical instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "41270",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Repair",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the repair of medical equipment (e.g., endoscopes, surgical instruments, laboratory equipment, infusion pumps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41271",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Repair, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the repair of endoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41272",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Repair, Infusion Pump",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the repair of infusion pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "41273",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Repair, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the repair of laboratory equipment (e.g., microscopes, centrifuge, analyzers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41274",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Repair, Surgical",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the repair of surgical instruments (e.g., scalpel, forceps, scissors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41275",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Equipment Sterilization",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the sterilization of medical equipment inside or outside of the hospital."
    },
    {
      "code": "41276",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Fecal Transplant",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the draw and transfer of stool for the purpose of gastrointestinal medical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41278",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Home Healthcare",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the care and monitoring of patients in the home (e.g., oxygen, physical therapy, sleep testing, hospice)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41279",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Home Healthcare, Hospice",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to end of life care."
    },
    {
      "code": "41280",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Home Healthcare, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to oxygen and respiratory therapy in the home."
    },
    {
      "code": "41758",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Human Donor Milk",
      "definition": "Purchased services related to the supply and distribution of human donor breast milk."
    },
    {
      "code": "41281",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Hyperbaric Medicine",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to medical treatment involving gas at a pressure greater than normal (e.g., hyperbaric oxygen therapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41282",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Image-Guided Surgery",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the delivery, setup, and review of imaging equipment used for surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41283",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Imaging",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to diagnostic medical imaging (e.g., CT, PET, MRI, SPECT-CT, ultrasound)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41284",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Imaging, HIFU",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to HIFU (high intensity focused ultrasound)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41703",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Imaging, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to ultrasound diagnostic medical imaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "41285",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the maintenance and support of the laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "41756",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Laboratory, Hood",
      "definition": "All services related to laboratory hoods including but not limited to maintenance, inspection, and certification."
    },
    {
      "code": "41286",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Lasers",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to rental and use of equipment for laser procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41287",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Lithotripsy",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to rental and use of equipment for lithotripsy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41288",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Medical Gas",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the delivery, utilization, and consumption of medical gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41289",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Medical Gas, Bulk",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the delivery, utilization, and consumption of bulk medical gases."
    },
    {
      "code": "41290",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Medical Gas, Cylinder",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the delivery, utilization, and consumption of medical gases contained in cylinders."
    },
    {
      "code": "41291",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Medical Physics, Accreditation",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the accreditation, safety validation, monitoring, testing, and calibration of imaging equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41292",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Mental Health Treatment",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the rental of beds or placement of patients to mental health facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41293",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Microwave Ablation Therapy",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to microwave ablation therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "41294",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Mobile Imaging",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the performance of imaging procedures (e.g., mammogram) in a mobile facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41259",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Monitoring, Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to remote cardiac event monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "41277",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Monitoring, Holter",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the remote monitoring of cardiovascular activity for a patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "41295",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Monitoring, Intraoperative Neurophysiological",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that provide intraoperative monitoring of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "41927",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Monitoring, Respiratory",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to respiratory monitoring services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41296",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Neuropsychological Screening",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to neurophysiologic screening of mild cognitive impairments."
    },
    {
      "code": "41297",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Nitric Oxide Therapy",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the delivery of nitric oxide therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "41298",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Oncology Treatment",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the treatment of cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "41299",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Oncology Treatment, Radiological Seed",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the placement of radiological seeds."
    },
    {
      "code": "41300",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Ophthalmology Care",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the treatment of eye disorders (e.g., treatment of cataracts in a mobile facility)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41301",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Organ Transplant",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to organ transplant procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41302",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Orthotic/Prosthetics",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the fitting and design of orthotics and prosthetics."
    },
    {
      "code": "41303",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Perfusion",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the flow of blood or other fluids through blood vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "41304",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Perioperative",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to both the preparation and recovery from surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41305",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the support of pharmaceutical operations in a facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "41306",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Pharmacy, Accreditation",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the support of pharmaceutical accreditation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41307",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Pharmacy, Billing/Reimbursement",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the support of pharmacy billing and reimbursement."
    },
    {
      "code": "41308",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Pharmacy, Compounding",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the support of pharmaceutical compounding."
    },
    {
      "code": "41309",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Pharmacy, Data Conversion",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the support of pharmacy data conversion."
    },
    {
      "code": "41310",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Pharmacy, Distribution",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to the distribution of pharmaceuticals to a hospital."
    },
    {
      "code": "41311",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Pharmacy, Remote Order Entry",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to pharmacy order entry services and delivery of pharmaceutical services to patients that may not have in person contact with a pharmacy (e.g., telepharmacy, after-hours remote pharmacy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41312",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, PICC Insertion",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to PICC (peripherally inserted central venous catheter) infusion therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "41313",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Reference Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to offsite laboratory testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41314",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Reference Laboratory, Chemical Analysis",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to offsite laboratory testing for chemical analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "41315",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Reference Laboratory, Clinical Specimen",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to offsite laboratory testing of clinical specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "41316",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Reference Laboratory, Drug Screening",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to offsite laboratory testing for controlled substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "41317",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Reference Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Testing",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to offsite laboratory testing of pharmaceuticals to verify drug identity and strength."
    },
    {
      "code": "41318",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Reference Laboratory, Sequencing",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to genetic sequencing for the purpose of medical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41319",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Research",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that provide services related to clinical research."
    },
    {
      "code": "41320",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Research, Animal",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that provide services related to the procurement and supply of animal specimens used for clinical research."
    },
    {
      "code": "41321",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Research, Animal, Genetic Engineering",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that provide services related to the procurement and supply of genetically engineered animal specimens (e.g., mouse models)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41322",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Sleep Testing",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to sleep monitoring, testing, and therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "41323",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Surgical Case Support",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to support for surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41324",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Telemedicine",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to remote or virtual real-time medical care."
    },
    {
      "code": "41548",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Telemedicine, Teleneurology",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to remote or virtual real-time medical care related to the field of neurology."
    },
    {
      "code": "41325",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Telemedicine, Telepsychiatry",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to remote or virtual real-time medical care related to the field of psychiatry."
    },
    {
      "code": "41326",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Telemedicine, Teleradiology",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to remoteor virtual real-time medical care related to the field of radiology."
    },
    {
      "code": "41327",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Total Parenteral Nutrition",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to parenterally administered compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "41328",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Training",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to training."
    },
    {
      "code": "41329",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Training, Breastfeeding",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to training new mothers how to breastfeed newborns."
    },
    {
      "code": "41330",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Training, Hospital Safety",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to training for hospital safety (i.e., emergency protocols, lockdown drills, OSHA)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41331",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Training, Life Support and Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to training for life support and resuscitation (i.e., CPR, defibrillator)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41332",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Training, Material Development",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to material development for training."
    },
    {
      "code": "41333",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Training, Patient Exam Instruction",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to training of clinical staff to teach patients on self-examination techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "41334",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Clinical and Biomedical, Ultrasonic Aspiration",
      "definition": "Clinical and biomedical purchased services that pertain to ultrasonic aspiration procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41336",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting",
      "definition": "Experienced professionals and experts who assist organizations in the performance and improvement of various specialized fields."
    },
    {
      "code": "41337",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the performance and improvement of business functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41338",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Appraisal",
      "definition": "Consulting services for appraisal of business assets."
    },
    {
      "code": "41339",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Data Analysis",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide data analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "41340",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Employee Benefits",
      "definition": "Consulting services for the review and implementation of employee benefits."
    },
    {
      "code": "41341",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Estate Planning",
      "definition": "Consulting services for the development of charitable estate planning proposals."
    },
    {
      "code": "41342",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Food Service Management",
      "definition": "Consulting services for food management (e.g. cafeteria, coffee shop, snack shop)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41448",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Inspection/Certification",
      "definition": "Consulting services pertaining to the inspection or certification of hospital programs and products."
    },
    {
      "code": "41343",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Management",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in improving performance and implementing policies."
    },
    {
      "code": "41344",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Management, Ambulance",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in improving performance and implementing policies specifically related to EMS and patient transportation services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41345",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Management, Parking",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in improving performance and implementing policies related to parking and traffic patterns."
    },
    {
      "code": "41346",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Management, Wound Care Center",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in improving performance and implementing policies related to the operation of a wound care center."
    },
    {
      "code": "41347",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Patient Experience",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in compiling, assessing, and reviewing patient satisfaction."
    },
    {
      "code": "41348",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Process Improvement",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations to understand, analyze and improve their business systems and processes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41349",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Risk Assessment",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the identification of hazards and their potential impact."
    },
    {
      "code": "41350",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Business, Safety and Validation",
      "definition": "Consulting services that review and assess safety systems and programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41351",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the performance and improvement of clinical functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41352",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Alarm Management",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the development and review of alarm management programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41353",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Audiology",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the development and review of audiology programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41354",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, CMS Programs",
      "definition": "Consulting services that review and assess programs related to the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41355",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Coding",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in medical coding."
    },
    {
      "code": "41356",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Coding, ICD",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in medical coding for ICD."
    },
    {
      "code": "41357",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Dose Optimization",
      "definition": "Consulting services that review and assess clinical dose optimization."
    },
    {
      "code": "41358",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Hazardous Drug Site Assessment",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide review and improvements for hazardous drug handling processes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41359",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Independent Peer Review",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in performing independent peer review on research."
    },
    {
      "code": "41360",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Consulting services relating to the function of laboratory programs or procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41361",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Laboratory, Inspection/Certification",
      "definition": "Consulting services pertaining to the inspection or certification of hospital laboratory programs and products."
    },
    {
      "code": "41362",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Medical Records",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the development and review of systems for medical record documentation and storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "41363",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Nursing",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide review and improvements for nursing functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41364",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Optometry",
      "definition": "Consulting services relating to the function of optometry programs or procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41365",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Patient Advocacy",
      "definition": "Consulting services relating to the function of patient advocacy programs or procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41366",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Clinical, Population Health",
      "definition": "Consulting services relating to the function of population health."
    },
    {
      "code": "41367",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the performance and improvement of facility operations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41368",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Architectural Design",
      "definition": "Consulting services for architecture (e.g., blueprints, visual scale models of business assets)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41369",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Elevators/Escalators",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide review and improvements for elevator functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41370",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Engineering",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide engineering support for facility functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41371",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Engineering, Environmental",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide environmental engineering support for facility functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41372",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Inspection/Certification, Property",
      "definition": "Consulting services pertaining to the inspection or certification of property and equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41373",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Signage",
      "definition": "Consulting services for the design and implementation of signage."
    },
    {
      "code": "41374",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Site Assessment",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide review and improvements for physical building sites."
    },
    {
      "code": "41375",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Facilities, Utilities/Energy Management",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the management of energy and utility services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41376",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the performance and improvement of information technology functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41377",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology, Data Center",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in the development and maintenance of data centers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41378",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology, Enterprise Mobility Management",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in information technology mobile enterprise implementation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41379",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology, Identity/Access Management",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in account identity and access management."
    },
    {
      "code": "41383",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology, Infrastructure",
      "definition": "Consulting svices that assist organizations in designing and implementing hardware (e.g., servers, computers, networking infrastructure), software (e.g., server management, network monitoring), and services for the operation of an enterprise IT environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41380",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology, Software",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in developing, reviewing, and implementing software."
    },
    {
      "code": "41381",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology, Software, Usability",
      "definition": "Consulting services that assist organizations in assessments of software function and usability."
    },
    {
      "code": "41382",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Consulting, Information Technology, Video Conferencing",
      "definition": "Consulting services that provide review and implementation of video conferencing technology."
    },
    {
      "code": "41417",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental",
      "definition": "Purchased services that support facility operations and environmental conditions. Encompasses services such as: landscaping, maintenance, cleaning, waste management, HVAC, and more."
    },
    {
      "code": "41384",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide cleaning solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41385",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Aquarium",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide specialized cleaning for aquariums."
    },
    {
      "code": "41386",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Carpet and Upholstery",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide specialized cleaning for carpet and upholstery."
    },
    {
      "code": "41387",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Cubicle Curtains",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide specialized cleaning for cubicle curtains."
    },
    {
      "code": "41388",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Environmental Disinfection",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide environmental disinfection."
    },
    {
      "code": "41389",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Environmental Disinfection, Microbial Remediation",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide environmental disinfection through microbial remediation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41390",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Floor",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide cleaning for hard floors."
    },
    {
      "code": "41391",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Fuel Tank",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide cleaning for fuel tanks."
    },
    {
      "code": "41392",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, HVAC Units",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide cleaning for HVAC units."
    },
    {
      "code": "41393",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Janitorial/Housekeeping",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide housekeeping and janitorial services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41394",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Kitchen",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide cleaning for kitchen areas and equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41395",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Pressure Washing",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide cleaning through pressure washing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41396",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Cleaning, Window",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide cleaning for windows."
    },
    {
      "code": "41757",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Commercial Hood",
      "definition": "All services related to commercial hoods including but not limited to maintenance, inspection, and certification."
    },
    {
      "code": "41397",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Construction/Installation",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide construction and installation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41398",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Construction/Installation, Bathroom",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide bathroom construction."
    },
    {
      "code": "41399",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Decorating",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that assist organizations in decorating and design."
    },
    {
      "code": "41400",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Electrical",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide electrical installation and upgrades."
    },
    {
      "code": "41401",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Landscaping",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide landscaping and grounds keeping."
    },
    {
      "code": "41402",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Landscaping, Snow Removal",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services?that provide snow removal."
    },
    {
      "code": "41403",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance."
    },
    {
      "code": "41406",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Building Security",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for building security and alarm systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41404",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Building Upkeep",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for building upkeep."
    },
    {
      "code": "41405",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Building Upkeep, Painting",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for building upkeep specialized in painting."
    },
    {
      "code": "41407",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Doors",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for doors."
    },
    {
      "code": "41408",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Elevators",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for elevators."
    },
    {
      "code": "41409",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Elevators, Modernization",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide upgrades for the modernization of elevators."
    },
    {
      "code": "41410",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Fire/Life Safety",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for fire/life safety systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41411",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Generator",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for generators."
    },
    {
      "code": "41412",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Generator, Fuel Delivery",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide fuel delivery for generators."
    },
    {
      "code": "41413",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Mechanical Systems",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for mechanical systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41414",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Mechanical Systems, HVAC",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for HVAC mechanical systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41415",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Plumbing",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for plumbing systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41416",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Plumbing, Drain Cleaning",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide drain cleaning for plumbing systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41418",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Pool",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance for pool systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41419",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Predictive",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide predictive maintenance."
    },
    {
      "code": "41420",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Preventative",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide preventative maintenance."
    },
    {
      "code": "41421",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Property Restoration",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide emergency property restoration services (e.g., building repair, drywall repair, painting, debris removal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41422",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Maintenance, Telephone",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide maintenance on telephones."
    },
    {
      "code": "41423",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Monitoring",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "41424",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Monitoring, Building",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide?building monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "41425",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Monitoring, Environmental",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide environmental monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "41426",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Monitoring, Gas",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide gas monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "41427",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Paving",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that?provide paving for roads, sidewalks and parking."
    },
    {
      "code": "41428",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Pest Management",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide pest management."
    },
    {
      "code": "41429",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41430",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Air",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide air testing and quality assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41432",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Bacteria",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide bacteria testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41433",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Electrical",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide electrical testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41434",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Fire/Life Safety",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide fire/life safety testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41435",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Fume Hood",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide fume hood testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41436",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Fungus",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide fungus testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41431",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Hazardous Material",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide hazardous material testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41437",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Testing, Water",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide water testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41438",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management."
    },
    {
      "code": "41439",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Commercial",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide general commercial waste management for non-medical and non-hazardous solid refuse generated by commercial business activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41440",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Cooking Oil Collection and Recycling",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management for the collection and recycling of used cooking oil."
    },
    {
      "code": "41449",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Data Destruction",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management for the collection and secure removal of electronic information from IT systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41441",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Medical",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management for the collection and disposal of biomedical refuse, sharps, pharmaceuticals, and other hazardous or regulated materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "41442",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Recycling",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management for the collection and recycling  of refuse (e.g., cardboard, paper, plastics, metals, glass)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41443",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Recycling, Electronics",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management for the collection and recycling of electronics."
    },
    {
      "code": "41444",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Recycling, Lamps/Light Bulbs",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management for the collection and recycling of used lamps and light bulbs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41445",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Waste Management, Shredding",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide waste management for the collection and secure destruction of information (e.g., paper shredding, hard drive destruction, optical and magnetic media destruction, x-ray film destruction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41446",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Facility and Environmental, Water Treatment",
      "definition": "Facility and environmental purchased services that provide water treatment management solutions (i.e., water treatment systems calibration, water treatment systems diagnostics, water treatment systems inspection, water treatment systems repair and maintenance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41450",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services that provide billing, claims, coding, and revenue cycle assistance."
    },
    {
      "code": "41451",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, 340B",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services pertaining to third-party administration, auditing, and compliance of 340B drug discount programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41452",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Accounts Payable",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services related to reconciliation of purchase orders with accounts to identify overpayments, duplicate payments, pricing errors, tax under-claims, and improve payment accuracy to vendors and third-parties."
    },
    {
      "code": "41453",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Billing",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services providing outsourced billing solutions (e.g., maintenance of accounts receivable records, invoicing patients, and third-party payors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41454",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Charge Description Master",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services that conduct comprehensive charge description manager pricing and payment studies to provide procedure-level pricing recommendations."
    },
    {
      "code": "41455",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Claims Management",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services providing outsourced claims management and administration solutions for the processing, validation, submission, and collection of patient insurance claims to payors."
    },
    {
      "code": "41456",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Claims Management, Auditing",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services providing outsourced claims management auditing solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41457",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Coding",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services that provide outsourced remote coding services that will read and accurately transform diagnoses, procedures, medical services, and equipment to universal medical alphanumeric codes (e.g., ICD-10)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41458",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Coding, Auditing",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services offering  auditing and compliance services to review and validate hospital coding services to ensure accuracy and maximum reimbursement."
    },
    {
      "code": "41459",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Debt Collections",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services that will pursue and collect payments of debts owed by patients, individuals, or businesses."
    },
    {
      "code": "41461",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Insurance Eligibility Verification",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services that will verify and validate insurance eligibility to ensure the patient has current and adequate insurance coverage before services are performed."
    },
    {
      "code": "41462",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Patient Financing",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services that will provide alternative financing services for patients (e.g., credit cards)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41463",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Financial, Revenue Cycle",
      "definition": "Financial purchased services that provide management and tracking of revenue from initial patient visit to final payment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41464",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology",
      "definition": "Purchased services that assist organizations with various information technology related needs (e.g., data conversion, software development, information infrastructure, information digitization, information management, web design)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41465",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Audio/Video Infrastructure",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services pertaining to the installation and maintenance of audio visual equipment (e.g., projectors, sound systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41930",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Audio/Video Production",
      "definition": "Purchased services involving creating and editing audio and video."
    },
    {
      "code": "41466",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Cabling Infrastructure",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services pertaining to the installation and maintenance of physical cable infrastructure (e.g., CAT5, CAT6)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41467",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Clinical Documentation",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that facilitate clinical documentation processes, compliance reviews, and provide clinical document improvement programs."
    },
    {
      "code": "41468",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Computer Repair",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide repair for computers and servers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41469",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Computer Upgrades and Migration",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide custom migration, upgrade, and implementation services for computers, servers, network devices, and software."
    },
    {
      "code": "41470",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Custom Programming",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide custom software development services."
    },
    {
      "code": "41472",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Custom Reporting",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide development of custom reporting solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41473",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Data Archival",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide development of data archival solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41474",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Data Conversion",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide development of custom data conversion and translation solutions (i.e., conversion from one file format or data structure to another)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41475",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Data Integrity",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that maintain and assure the accuracy and consistency of data over its life-cycle."
    },
    {
      "code": "41476",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Data Integrity, Master Patient Index",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that maintain and assure the accuracy and consistency of enterprise-wide master patient index (EMPI) data over its life-cycle."
    },
    {
      "code": "41478",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Document Imaging",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide document (e.g., paper records, microfilm) scanning and indexing. Services can also include digital document management as well as document workflow automation tools."
    },
    {
      "code": "41477",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Information Security",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide security solutions related to information security."
    },
    {
      "code": "41479",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Information Security, Intrusion Monitoring",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide security solutions related to ongoing network intrusion monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "41480",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Managed",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide remotely managed solutions such as firewalls, event tracking, and network operations control."
    },
    {
      "code": "41481",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Medical Record Abstraction",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that facilitate medical record data abstraction for use in electronic medical records (EMRs) and administrative measure reporting."
    },
    {
      "code": "41482",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Monitoring",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide remote monitoring of infrastructure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41483",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Monitoring, Wireless Infrastructure",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide remote monitoring of wireless network infrastructure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41484",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Registry",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide expertise, information management, data collection, and staffing for national/local/regional data repositories of clinical data."
    },
    {
      "code": "41485",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Registry, Cancer",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide expertise, information management, data collection, and staffing for national/local/regional cancer registries."
    },
    {
      "code": "41486",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Release of Information",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide fully or partially outsourced services designed to facilitate the dissemination of medical-related information to patients or relevant third-parties. Release of Information (ROI) services will validate the legitimacy of the requester, capture/collect/sort requested information, package and validate patient information for delivery, and collect fees, deliver information, and track all related activity."
    },
    {
      "code": "41487",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Remote Video Auditing",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide a remote review of video from security or live feed cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "41488",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Value Added Information Technology Resellers",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide a storefront for the purchase of computers, services, software, peripherals, and other computer-related equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41489",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Information Technology, Web Design",
      "definition": "Information technology purchased services that provide web design and web development."
    },
    {
      "code": "41490",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing",
      "definition": "Purchased services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles."
    },
    {
      "code": "41491",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Allied Health",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for allied health positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41492",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Clinical Documentation Improvement",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for clinical documentation improvement."
    },
    {
      "code": "41493",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Creative and Marketing",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for creative and marketing positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41494",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, CT Technologist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for CT technologists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41495",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Customer Service",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for customer service representatives."
    },
    {
      "code": "41497",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Health Information Administration",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for health information administration."
    },
    {
      "code": "41498",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Help Desk",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for help desks."
    },
    {
      "code": "41499",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Human Resources",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for human resources positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41500",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Human Services",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for human services positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41501",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Information Technology",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for information technology positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41502",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Medical Coding",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for medical coding."
    },
    {
      "code": "41503",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Medical Laboratory Technologist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for medical laboratory technologists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41504",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, MRI Technologist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for MRI technologists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41505",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Nuclear Medicine Technologist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for nuclear medicine technologists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41506",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Nursing",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for nursing positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41507",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Occupational Therapist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for occupational therapists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41508",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Occupational Therapy Assistant",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for occupational therapy assistants."
    },
    {
      "code": "41509",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Parking",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for parking."
    },
    {
      "code": "41510",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for pharmacy positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41511",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Phlebotomist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for phlebotomists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41512",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Physical Therapist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for physical therapists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41513",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Physical Therapy Assistant",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for physical therapy assistants."
    },
    {
      "code": "41514",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Physician",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for physicians."
    },
    {
      "code": "41515",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Physician Assistant",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for physician assistants."
    },
    {
      "code": "41516",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Project Management",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for project management positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41517",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Radiology Technologist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for radiology technologists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41518",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Respiratory Therapist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for respiratory therapists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41953",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Retained Search",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in identifying candidates for direct fill of key staff positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41519",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Scribe",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for scribe positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41520",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Security",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for security positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41521",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Speech Therapist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for speech therapists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41522",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Staffing Management",
      "definition": "Staffing services that provide human resources management for recruitment and temporary staffing."
    },
    {
      "code": "41523",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Supply Chain",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for supply chain positions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41524",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Staffing, Ultrasound Technologist",
      "definition": "Staffing services that assist organizations in filling staff vacancies and temporary roles for ultrasound technologists."
    },
    {
      "code": "41525",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Utilities, Electricity",
      "definition": "Utility services that provide generation, distribution, and/or management of electricity."
    },
    {
      "code": "41526",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Utilities, Natural Gas",
      "definition": "Utility services that engage in the distribution of natural gas."
    },
    {
      "code": "41527",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Utilities, Telecommunications",
      "definition": "Utility services that facilitate the transmission of information (data, pictures, sounds, etc.) over long distances between entities."
    },
    {
      "code": "41528",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Utilities, Telecommunications, Wired",
      "definition": "Utility services that facilitate the transmission of information (data, pictures, sounds, etc.) over long distances between entities utilizing wire or optical systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41529",
      "display": "Purchased Services, Utilities, Telecommunications, Wireless",
      "definition": "Utility services that facilitate the transmission of information (data, pictures, sounds, etc.) over long distances between entities utilizing radio or electromagnetic systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "23425",
      "display": "Purified Water Storage/Delivery Systems, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Laboratory systems designed to store water that is relatively free from chemical and/or organic contaminants, particles, and microorganisms (i.e., purified water) and to subsequently deliver it through pipes for use in a clinical laboratory. These systems typically include a stand-alone unit with a sealed water reservoir, filters, and a pump for water delivery; the system may also include additional means (e.g., ultraviolet light) to prevent the growth of and/or eliminate microorganisms. Systems with capacities ranging from a few hundred to several thousand liters (approximately 20 to 1,000 gallons) are available. Intended for clinical laboratory use when pure water is needed, these systems are not intended to store class I, deionized, and/or sterile water due to some degree of contamination that is always present in stored water."
    },
    {
      "code": "15594",
      "display": "Racks",
      "definition": "Open frames designed for holding, storing, or arranging objects for display. Racks typically consist of a heavy metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with rails, bars, hooks, shelves, or pegs on which articles are deposited. Dedicated racks intended for temporary holding of garments (e.g., coats, gowns, aprons), storage (e.g., bedpan, magazine), filing (e.g., document), drying, or for other particular purposes are available. Some racks have small wheels to facilitate placement around the room."
    },
    {
      "code": "10336",
      "display": "Racks, Bedpan",
      "definition": "Racks designed to hold bedpans after they have been washed and/or sterilized. These racks typically consist of a stainless steel hinged ladder-type frame with horizontal and/or longitudinal bars and curvatures designed to accommodate bedpans and urinals. They are usually wall mounted for maximum space utilization and some may include a drip tray. Bedpan racks are used in hospitals and other healthcare units."
    },
    {
      "code": "15828",
      "display": "Racks, Drying",
      "definition": "Racks designed to hold clothing and utensils for air drying. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with spaced bars, pegs, tiers, or hangers on which clothes or utensils are held; some may also have a drip tray. These racks can be wall-mounted, collapsible, as well as movable.  Drying racks are used in hospitals and other healthcare units."
    },
    {
      "code": "12142",
      "display": "Racks, Electric/Electronic Equipment",
      "definition": "Racks designed for providing safe storage to electrical and electronic instruments (e.g., recorders, monitors, servers) and/or other medical equipment. These racks usually consist of a heavy metal frame with open sides and pre-drilled holes to facilitate access to wires and cables bundles; they also typically include fixed and/or adjustable rails or shelves with non-slip surfaces. These racks can be stationary, wall-mounted, or rolling. Electric and/or electronic instrument racks are used in clinical and surgical departments, warehouses, and maintenance departments of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "27881",
      "display": "Racks, Filing",
      "definition": "Racks designed to file medical and/or administrative documents or other media used in a healthcare facility. These racks typically consist of an open metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework in which files are usually hung; filing racks are available in many different configurations and sizes such as freestanding or under- or over-the-counter structures. Most racks are manufactured to store some particular type of documents such as standard letters or legal papers, cards (e.g., medical records, library), or larger documents (e.g., blueprints); others are appropriate for storage of a particular medium (e.g., hanging folders, audio or video cassettes, compact discs). Filing racks are used throughout hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "27882",
      "display": "Racks, Filing, Large Document",
      "definition": "Filing racks designed to store files and/or file folders larger than the standard letter or legal size. These racks typically consist of an open metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework that can store maps, blueprints, large x-ray films, and drawings without requiring folding; the rack may include vertical clamps or compartments. Large document filing racks are typically used in radiology departments, medical offices, and in administrative areas of healthcare facilities that require the storage of large documents."
    },
    {
      "code": "33084",
      "display": "Racks, Filing, Lateral",
      "definition": "Filing racks designed to store files and/or file folders upright and perpendicular to the front of the cabinet (i.e., lateral filing). These racks typically consist of an open metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework that is wide rather than deep in which files (e.g., A-4, legal size) are hung side by side and not in front or behind other files; the racks usually can display all file tags/labels at once. Lateral filing racks are often used in medical offices and hospitals."
    },
    {
      "code": "27879",
      "display": "Racks, Garment",
      "definition": "Racks designed for temporarily storing and holding garments. These racks typically consist of an open heavy metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with rails, bars, hooks, or pegs on which garments are hung; wall-mounted gown racks with hooks/hangers are also available. Some garment racks have small wheels to facilitate placement. Some gown racks are intended for clean rooms. Dedicated garment racks intended for aprons, gowns, hats, and coats are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17527",
      "display": "Racks, Garment, Apron",
      "definition": "Garment racks designed for temporarily holding aprons. These racks typically consist of an open heavy metal, wooden, and/or plastic open framework with hooks or pegs on which aprons are hung; these racks can be wall-mounted hammered steel racks with hooks/hangers. Apron racks are used in clinical laboratories, surgery and research centers, and used in hospitals, surgery centers, and radiation laboratories and in other healthcare laboratories. Some apron garment racks have small wheels to facilitate placement."
    },
    {
      "code": "33081",
      "display": "Racks, Garment, Gown",
      "definition": "Garment racks designed for temporarily holding gowns. These racks typically consist of an open heavy metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with rails, bars or hooks on which gowns are hung. These racks are may be wall-mounted or free-standing with or without wheels."
    },
    {
      "code": "27880",
      "display": "Racks, Garment, Hat/Coat",
      "definition": "Garment racks designed for temporarily holding hats and/or coats. These racks typically consist of an open heavy metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with rails, bars, or hooks on which hats and/or coats are hung. Hat and/or coat racks can be floor-standing (with or without wheels) or wall-mounted."
    },
    {
      "code": "33102",
      "display": "Racks, Laboratory Procedure",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding clinical laboratory equipment, instruments, and/or devices during the performance of a laboratory procedure. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden and/or plastic framework with attachments to hold laboratory items. Laboratory procedure racks include dedicated racks intended for test tubes, staining devices, and for procedures performed in refrigerators, freezers, laboratory hoods, and in glove boxes. They are mainly used in clinical laboratories and research departments in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "27878",
      "display": "Racks, Laboratory Procedure, Refrigerator/Freezer",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding and storing laboratory containers (e.g., standard laboratory boxes, plates and/or titer trays within a laboratory refrigerator and/or freezer. These racks typically consist of a heavy duty metal frame (typically stainless steel) which holds boxes and plates secure without a locking rod. Laboratory freezer racks are mainly intended for storing laboratory products and samples before or during the performance of a laboratory procedure that requires low temperatures; they are used in clinical laboratories, during research, and/or in other areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33103",
      "display": "Racks, Laboratory Procedure, Staining",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding several glass slides to be used in a biochemical technique of adding a dye to a substrate, usually to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound (i.e., staining). These racks typically consist of a metal, glass, and or plastic framework with holders or handles holding the slides so that they can be dipped into the solution all at the same time, rinsed, and left to dry. Laboratory staining racks are used in pathology, microscopy, and hematology laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "15186",
      "display": "Racks, Laboratory Procedure, Test Tube",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding test tubes during the performance of a laboratory procedure. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with holes across it to slide the test tubes and hold them in place. Racks used for culture procedures are usually intended to hold the test tubes in a nearly horizontal position in order to maximize the surface of the culture medium inside the tubes. Test tube racks are mainly used in clinical laboratories (e.g., to perform cultures), surgery centers, and research laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "16283",
      "display": "Racks, Laboratory Procedure, Thin-Layer Chromatography Plate",
      "definition": "Racks designed to hold chromatography plates. These racks typically consist of a metal box or framework which is open on two sides and has evenly spaced brackets or slots for holding and stacking the plates. Thin-layer chromatography plates are placed in the rack to dry. These racks are used in clinical and research laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "33112",
      "display": "Racks, Laboratory Slip",
      "definition": "Racks designed for storing laboratory paperwork slips. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with several shelves on which lab slips are held and/or stored; they are used for organizing hospital exam rooms and laboratory paperwork flow. Some of these racks are wall-mounted."
    },
    {
      "code": "33110",
      "display": "Racks, Mail",
      "definition": "Racks designed for temporarily placing mail. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with several shelves or pockets in which the mail is deposited. Mail racks are available as wall-mounted or countertop units."
    },
    {
      "code": "17135",
      "display": "Racks, Morgue, Refrigerator",
      "definition": "Racks designed for temporarily holding and shelving cadaver trays or coffin plates inside a morgue refrigerator. These racks typically consist of three major components: the post/bearing rail weldment, the rear bumper, and the front tie bars. The post/bearing rail is made of stainless steel wall tubing; each section is modular in construction and completely self-supporting; it may include adjustable leveling feet. The rear bumper bars and front tie bars are usually made of heavy-duty stainless steel. Some of these are roller-type mortuary racks. Refrigerator morgue racks are mainly used in hospital morgues, pathology, histology, and necropsy departments as well as in some mortuary homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24224",
      "display": "Racks, Sterilizing Units",
      "definition": "Racks designed for the temporary storage of devices and/or other products during a sterilization process. These racks usually consist of a heavy-duty metal structure (typically stainless steel) with several shelves that is capable of withstanding high temperature and humidity and/or the chemical parameters that characterize many sterilization procedures. Sterilizing unit racks are used to hold the devices undergoing sterilization (e.g., surgical instruments) in appropriate conditions; they are usually attached inside the unit during sterilizing processes performed in a healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "27874",
      "display": "Racks, Storage",
      "definition": "Racks designed to provide temporary or long-term storage to many different articles. These racks typically consist of a heavy metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with several shelves on which items can be stored. They may be wall-mounted or freestanding. Food, cane/crutch, book/magazine, and multipurpose storage racks are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27877",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Book/Magazine",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding and storing books and/or magazines. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, or plastic framework with several small shelves with brackets or pockets in which books and magazines are held; some book/magazine racks have adjustable shelves and supports to make them sturdier."
    },
    {
      "code": "27876",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Cane/Crutch",
      "definition": "Storage racks designed for temporarily holding and storing canes and/or crutches. These racks typically consist of an open heavy metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with rails, bars, or hangers on which canes and/or crutches are hung; they may be wall-mounted or freestanding. Cane and/or crutch storage racks are used in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "27875",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Exercise Weight",
      "definition": "Storage racks designed for holding exercise weights. These racks typically consist of an open, heavy metal framework with rails, bars, or tubes on which weights intended for exercise (e.g., dumbbells, barbells) are hung. Most racks are stand-alone units that may be mounted on small wheels, but wall-mounted racks are also available. Exercise weight storage racks are used in physical therapy and rehabilitation areas of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33086",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Food",
      "definition": "Racks designed for storing food. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with several shelves on which food and beverage items are stored. These racks may be wall-mounted.  Food storage racks are used in hospitals and other healthcare units."
    },
    {
      "code": "33093",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Food, Refrigerator/Freezer",
      "definition": "Racks designed for temporarily storing food within a refrigerator and/or freezer. These racks usually consist of a heavy duty metal frame (typically stainless steel) with shelves on which boxes and trays with packaged and/or unpackaged food and beverage items are deposited; they are available in a variety of sizes and shapes to fit inside a refrigerator or freezer. Some refrigerator/freezer food racks are used to display and enhance the appearance of food products; they are used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33096",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Key",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding and storing keys. These racks typically consist of a simple metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with hooks or pegs on which keys are hung.  They are usually wall-mounted and typically used to hold multiple sets of keys."
    },
    {
      "code": "33098",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Luggage",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding suitcases and other luggage. These racks typically consist of a heavy and sturdy metal or wooden framework with rails, straps, or bars where patients' luggage is deposited. Most of these luggage racks can be folded or collapsed for storage purposes. These racks are often used in patient rooms at hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33101",
      "display": "Racks, Storage, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Racks designed for temporarily storing a variety of different products. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with shelves, bars, hooks, and/or pegs where different and varied items are stored; they are available in many different sizes and configurations. These racks can be freestanding or wall-mounted. They are used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33111",
      "display": "Racks, Time Card",
      "definition": "Racks designed for storing employee time cards. These racks typically consist of a metal, wooden, and/or plastic framework with many pockets on which cards tracking time data are held and/or stored. Time card racks are available in a variety of sizes to hold most types of time cards."
    },
    {
      "code": "33109",
      "display": "Racks, Ultrasound Procedure, Probe",
      "definition": "Racks designed for holding and storing ultrasound probes and connectors during the performance of ultrasonic procedures. These racks typically consist of a metal and/or or plastic wall-mounted framework with slots appropriate to slide the probes and hold them into place. Racks used for ultrasound probes are usually intended to hold the ultrasound probe in a nearly vertical position to facilitate the manipulation of the probes. Ultrasound probe racks are mainly used in hospital areas where several different procedures are performed (e.g., imaging, emergency, intensive care units)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41582",
      "display": "Radial Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Electromagnetic",
      "definition": "Systems designed to provide physically-generated mechanical pressure waves using electromagnetic transfer of kinetic energy for use in therapeutic procedures. These units typically use an electrically powered unit to provide electromagnetic transfer of kinetic energy that is then is transferred into impact energy in the applicator head to drive a projectile-like device that in turn strikes an applicator located in a handpiece to deliver pressure waves to a body area."
    },
    {
      "code": "23695",
      "display": "Radial Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Systems designed to provide physically-generated mechanical pressure waves using pneumatic power for therapeutic procedures. These units typically use pneumatic generators where an electrically powered unit provides compressed-air (i.e., pneumatic) impulses to drive a projectile-like device that in turn strikes an applicator located in a handpiece to deliver shock waves to a body area."
    },
    {
      "code": "27369",
      "display": "Radial Shock Wave Therapy Systems, Pneumatic, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Pneumatic radial shock wave therapy systems designed for orthopedic procedures. These systems typically consist of an electrically powered main unit that provides compressed-air (i.e., pneumatic) impulses to drive a projectile-like device located in a dedicated handpiece attached to the unit. The projectile in turn strikes an applicator at the distal end of the handpiece which applies pressure waves directly to the body area affected by pain. These systems are intended to trigger body actions such as inhibiting inflammatory mediators, activate cellular defenses, and release of pain mediators. They may be used in a variety of orthopedic diseases (e.g., painful inflammation and/or irritation of ligaments and/or tendons)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17211",
      "display": "Radiation Survey Meters, Geiger-Muller",
      "definition": "Radiation survey meters designed to be sufficiently sensitive  to detect a single ionization event.  These meters usually consist of a cylinder that is pressurized (typically from 70 to 200 mm Hg) and contains a mixture of helium, neon, or argon and a quenching gas. A metal rod running through the center of the cylinder acts as an anode, and the cylinder wall acts as a cathode. Ionization radiation enters the chamber through a window on the front of the cylinder, producing an ionization avalanche. Over a period of time (e.g., a minute), a pulse counter registers each ionization avalanche and quenching as a pulse and displays the results on a meter. An audio speaker may be added to broadcast each ionization avalanche as a cracking sound. Geiger-Muller survey meters are used to detect low-level radiation (less than 100 milliroentgen/hour); they are useful for detecting radioactive spills and contamination of work areas as well as in instrumentation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17212",
      "display": "Radiation Survey Meters, Ionization Chamber",
      "definition": "Radiation survey meters designed to determine the amount, rate, and distribution of radiation emitted from a source of ionizing radiation (dosimetry). These instruments typically consist of a gas-filled chamber containing two separate metal conducting plates (anode and cathode). Ionization radiation from the environment enters the chamber through a permeable window typically constructed of plastic (e.g., polycarbonate, mylar, acrylic). This radiation ionizes the gas molecules, freeing electrons and positive ions that are attracted to the anode and cathode respectively, creating an electric current. The electric current is measured by an electrometer or charge digitizer, its value is proportional to the amount of ionizing radiation present. Ionization chamber survey meters typically display exposure rates in units of roentgens per hour (R/hr), and/or dose equivalent in sieverts per hour (Sv/hr); they can measure over wide ranges usually from 0.01mR/hr to 1,000R/hr, and/or from 1microSv/hr to100Sv/hr; they are typically used to measure radiation intensity                                          (exposure rates) and quantity (dose equivalents) for relatively high radiation intensities, such as the output of an x-ray tube or linear accelerator."
    },
    {
      "code": "28045",
      "display": "Radioactive Rubidium 82 Chloride Solution Generators",
      "definition": "Generators designed to produce rubidium 82 chloride (RbCl) solutions for intravenous administration. These generators typically consist of a lead-shielded column containing strontium (Sr) 82 (usually obtained from a particle accelerator) adsorbed on stannic oxide; the generator provides a sterile solution (eluate) of radioactive rubidium 82 obtained from the Sr 82. Radioactive rubidium 82 injection is used for imaging of the myocardium and/or to evaluate myocardial perfusion using positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with suspected or existing coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "23454",
      "display": "Radioactive Technetium/Carbon Particle Encapsulated Gas Generators",
      "definition": "Generators designed to produce and store gamma-emitting radioactive technetium gas mixed with carbon particles. These generators typically consist of a calcinations vessel (graphite or carbon crucible) where a gamma emitting solution of technetium 99m is placed. The vessel is located in the generator where a stream of air dries the solution; then the solution is converted in radioactive technetium gas by heating it at a very high temperature usually in an atmosphere of argon. The patient inhales the radioactive gas into the respiratory tract from a collection container where the gas is stored, either immediately or from an administration set after a storage period. The gamma ray emission images taken from the patient's lungs are used for diagnosis of existing and/or potential lung diseases (e.g., pulmonary emphysema)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16784",
      "display": "Radioaerosol Administration Sets",
      "definition": "Disposable kits that typically consist of a nebulizer to generate the radioactive aerosol, several one-way valves to direct the flow of aerosol to the patient, transport tubing to carry the aerosol from the nebulizer to the patient, a mouthpiece, and a bacteria filter to trap any exhaled aerosol."
    },
    {
      "code": "25813",
      "display": "Radioaerosol Administration Sets, Radioactive Technetium/Carbon Particle",
      "definition": "Radioaerosol administration sets designed to administer radioactive gamma technetium gas mixed with carbon particles by inhalation into the respiratory tract. These sets typically consist of a combination of an encapsulated container (graphite crucible) containing the gamma radiation gas, a T-section with one-way valves, a mouthpiece, and connection tubes. Radioactive technetium administration sets deliver the radioactive gas when the patient inhales from the set where the gas was previously stored; they are intended for single-use because of the radiation content. The gamma ray emission images taken from the patient's lungs are used for diagnosis of existing and/or potential lung diseases (e.g., pulmonary emphysema)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20867",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Generators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide electrical energy at one or more frequencies in the range between 10 kHz and 3 GHz (i.e., radiofrequency [RF]); RF generators used in clinical applications usually provide output energy at several levels and waveforms in a frequency range of 10 kHz to less than 100 MHz. These devices typically consist of electronic circuits that convert the input energy either from the power line (typically at 50 or 60 Hz) or, less frequently, from a battery into an RF signal; the generators are typically an integral part of specialized equipment. Dedicated RF generators are used in equipment that either directly delivers RF energy to the body (e.g., electrosurgical units, RF therapy systems) or converts RF energy into another form of energy (using an appropriate transducer), such as ultrasound (e.g., ultrasonic scanning systems, ultrasonic lithotripters) and heat (e.g., electrothermal cautery units, thermal angioplasty). Some generators with a set of appropriate connectors and/or couplers can be used for several of these tasks. RF generators are also available as independent units for device testing, communication services, and other ancillary tasks."
    },
    {
      "code": "18800",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for the minimally invasive treatment of diseases by applying electromagnetic energy, usually in the frequency range from 10 kHz to several megahertz. These systems typically consist of a radio-frequency generator and a delivery system that may include applicators, cables, electrodes, and/or catheters; the power and frequency of the generator and the configuration of the delivery system depend on the intended use."
    },
    {
      "code": "17562",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to deliver RF energy into the blood vessels to eliminate areas of narrowing.  These systems include an RF generator and a delivery system with an appropriate catheter."
    },
    {
      "code": "18802",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Angioplasty, Direct Ablation",
      "definition": "Angioplastic radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to eliminate areas of narrowing in blood vessels by delivering RF energy directly to treated tissue through electrodes.  These systems consist of an RF generator (typical frequencies from 200 kHz to 2 MHz), a cable, and an appropriate catheter with electrodes (e.g., a ring) at its tip for direct ablation."
    },
    {
      "code": "11246",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Diathermy",
      "definition": "Radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to warm localized body tissues using their resistance to the passage of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation.  These systems include a RF generator in the range of 10 to 100 MHz (typically 27.12 MHz), a power amplifier, and applicators to deliver the energy to the patient.  Diathermy RF systems are particularly useful in heating high-water-content tissues.  They are used to promote healing and pain relief (e.g., to treat muscle spasms or joint contractures) and for treatment of neurological problems (e.g., sciatica)."
    },
    {
      "code": "29196",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Diathermy, Dermatologic",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency (RF) therapy systems designed to warm the skin and subcutaneous tissues by the external application of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. These systems typically consist of a main unit which includes a monopolar RF generator; controls (e.g., touch-screen buttons) to regulate the therapeutic parameters; a display showing the characteristics of the programmed and real settings; and an applicator attached to the main unit to deliver the RF energy to the skin. The tissues get warm due to the tissue electric resistance to the passage of RF radiation. Dermatologic diathermy units are mainly intended for non-invasive treatment of the skin, especially for treatment of wrinkles in the skin (i.e., rhytids); they may be also used to reduce pain and to treat muscle spasms."
    },
    {
      "code": "12066",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency (RF) therapy systems designed to heat solid tumors to several degrees centigrade above core temperature, typically from 42 to 45 degrees C (108 to 113 degrees F); these temperatures do not damage normal tissues.  These systems include a RF generator, appropriate delivery systems, and electrodes for selectively heating and maintaining elevated tumor temperatures.  The procedure typically lasts from 30 to 60 minutes; it is usually repeated several times (e.g., every other day).  Hyperthermia RF systems are used to treat solid, malignant tumors, frequently in combination with ionizing radiation (thermoradiotherapy) or chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18810",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia, Interstitial",
      "definition": "Hyperthermia radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems used for heating of deep-seated tumors.  These systems consist of a RF generator, interstitial or intracavitary arrays of implanted electrodes, a temperature sensor, and a feedback system for power control.  Interstitial hyperthermia systems are capable of applying energy inside a tumor, making possible more uniform heating than with external applicators.  Interstitial hyperthermia systems are commonly used in combination with localized radiation therapy (thermobrachytherapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18809",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia, Superficial",
      "definition": "Hyperthermia radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed for localized heating of malignant tumors up to a few (e.g., three) centimeters deep.  These systems consist of an RF generator (frequencies from 10 to 30 MHz are typical) connected either to two electrode plates (capacitive coupled systems) or to a coil (inductive coupled systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28341",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Ophthalmic, Conductive Keratoplasty",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency (RF) therapy systems designed to deliver RF energy into the cornea to modify its curvature and refractive index (i.e., conductive keratoplasty). These systems typically consist of a central unit that includes an RF generator, a display, controls, and detachable cords with dedicated circular probes at the distal end; the system may also include a template that is placed on the eye to facilitate the application of the RF energy on the proper locations. Typically the RF energy is applied in a series of points on the outer cornea following a circular pattern, shrinking small areas of collagen and producing a compression on the cornea that increases its curvature. Conductive keratoplasty RF therapy systems are intended to improve near vision temporarily but for a relatively long time (i.e., months or a few years); they are mainly used in patients with presbyopia or hyperopia."
    },
    {
      "code": "12327",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation",
      "definition": "Radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed for tissue coagulation necrosis at temperatures above 60 degrees C and/or tissue water vaporization above 100 degrees C (i.e., thermal ablation), usually at frequencies below 500 kHz.  The mechanism for ablation at radio frequency occurs by heating due to tissue electrical resistance when electric current flows through them.  These systems typically consist of a RF generator, a delivery cable, an applicator or catheter, and two electrodes.  The active electrode, including temperature sensors, is placed on the tissue volume to be ablated using an applicator or catheter, and a large-area neutral electrode that reduces current density to avoid tissue heating is placed on the body surface.  Some systems include needlelike electrodes (applicators) that are introduced into the organ to increase the volume of the treated tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "28051",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Bronchial",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to ablate regions of the airway smooth muscle inside the bronchi. These systems consist of a central unit with low-power temperature controlled RF generator, a standard flexible bronchoscope that may be introduced through the nose or mouth, and a catheter with an electrode array at the tip that is introduced through the bronchoscope lumen into the airways. Once the electrode array reaches the target area it is expanded against the airway wall and activated to perform the muscle ablation. The process may be repeated in different segments of the bronchi in the same procedure and usually in other areas of the lung during other sessions of the treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18608",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation radiofrequency therapy systems designed to ablate (i.e., produce a therapeutic lesion) regions of endocardial tissue that give rise to or support cardiac arrhythmia. These systems typically consist of a radiofrequency generator (frequencies below 500 kHz are usual), a multipolar catheter 2 to 4 mm long with distal surface or needle-like electrodes, and a neutral electrode that is placed on the body surface. Some systems include thermocouples at the tip of the electrodes for temperature-controlled mode capability."
    },
    {
      "code": "18806",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Endometrial",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to ablate the inner mucous membrane (endometrium) of the uterus.  These systems consist of an RFgenerator (typical frequency is 27.12 MHz); a large-diameter (e.g., 10 mm) probe catheter to be introduced into the uterus; guards to protect the vagina, especially anteriorly; thermocouples to record temperature; and a neutral electrode that is placed on the body surface (e.g., wrapped around the waist).  These devices do not use fluids and do not work under direct hysteroscopic vision, unlike ablation performed using standard electrosurgical units with rollerball or wire loop electrodes mounted on a resectoscope.  Endometrial ablation RF therapy systems are used to treat excessive or dysfunctional uterine bleeding (menorrhagia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18808",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Interstitial",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to ablate regions of solid organs (e.g., liver).  These systems consist of an RF generator; interstitial or intracavitary arrays of electrodes, temperature sensors, and a feedback system for power control; and computed tomography, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance guidance.  Interstitial tissue ablation systems are mostly used for coagulation necrosis of unresectable tumors at temperatures between  60 and 100 degrees C."
    },
    {
      "code": "35856",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Intervertebral Disk",
      "definition": "Tissue-ablation radiofrequency (RF) therapy systems designed to ablate regions between and around intervertebral disks using percutaneous catheters. These systems consist of: (1) a main unit that includes a dedicated RF generator with output waveform and power controls and also controls to select the type and time of procedure; and (2) one or more applicators (e.g., catheters), typically with needlelike electrodes at the distal tip that are introduced into the tissue between or around the vertebral disks; the proximal end of the applicator can be attached to the generator. Some systems include a manual, handheld manipulator to guide the catheter tip during the procedure. The electrode configuration may be bipolar or monopolar, monopolar operation requires a neutral electrode that is placed on the body surface. Intervertebral ablation RF systems are used for cutting and coagulation of tissue during minimally invasive orthopedic procedures  performed on the spine, typically to treat chronic long-term discogenic pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "18807",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Intraarticular",
      "definition": "Tissue-ablation radiofrequency (RF) therapy systems designed to ablate regions in the joints during arthroscopic procedures.  These systems consist of an RF generator; an applicator (e.g., a catheter), typically with needlelike electrodes at the tip to be introduced into the joint; and thermocouples to record tissue temperature. Some systems include temperature controls.  The electrode configuration may be bipolar or monopolar, including a neutral electrode that is placed on the body surface.  Intra-articular ablation RF systems are used for cutting and coagulation of tissue during minimally invasive arthroscopic procedures (e.g., meniscectomy, ligament resection)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18803",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Nerve Fiber",
      "definition": "Radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems used for selective ablation (therapeutic lesions) of nerve pain fibers.  These systems, usually consist of a generator in the lower end of the RF spectrum (500 kHz or less is typical) and needlelike tubes as electrodes, usually with a length from 9 to 30 cm (3.5 to 12 inches) and a diameter from 12 to 22 G that are insulated except for the tip.  Selective ablation of pain fibers is possible because they are small and do not have a lipid sheath (unmyelinated), making them less resistant to heat than motor and tactile nerve fibers.  Pain nerve fiber ablation RF therapy systems are used to treat some chronic facial pains (e.g., trigeminal neuralgia) and other intractable pain, mostly in cancer patients, usually by ablation in the spinal cord (cervical cordotomy) or in the brain (cingulotomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15874",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to ablate regions in the eye.  These systems consist of an RF generator (13.56 MHz is typical) with power and time controls and a handpiece with appropriate electrodes (superficial or interstitial) according to the intended application.  Ophthalmic tissue ablation RF systems are used for hemostasis and other procedures, including coagulation necrosis of intraocular tumors; coagulation is also used in retinal reattachment (welding) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18805",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Prostatic",
      "definition": "Tissue ablation radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to ablate regions of the prostate.  These systems consist of an RF generator; a catheter to be introduced into the prostatic urethra or rectum, sometimes with capability to deploy needlelike electrodes from its tip; sleeves to prevent the exposure of untargeted tissue; thermocouples to record ablation and prosthetic temperature; and a neutral electrode that is placed on the body surface.  Prostatic ablation RF systems are used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate."
    },
    {
      "code": "23998",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Tumor Treatment",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency therapy systems designed to disrupt the division of cancer cells by delivering alternating electrical fields. These systems typically consist of a wearable unit including a battery- operated radiofrequency generator, electrodes appropriate (usually placed on the scalp) to deliver radiofrequency waves in two different directions, and connecting cables. Tumor treating radiofrequency therapy systems are intended to destroy cancer cells by physical disruption(i.e., by interfering with microtubule dynamics and/or by destruction of dividing cells) rather than chemical means without damaging normal cells; the systems are intended mainly to attenuate tumor cell division and/or destroy tumor cells in brain tumors (e.g., gliobastomas)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18811",
      "display": "Radiofrequency Therapy Systems, Vein Occlusion",
      "definition": "Radio-frequency (RF) therapy systems designed to shrink (occlude) veins by heating the vein walls.  These systems include an RF generator and a catheter with collapsible electrodes.  The electrodes are expanded against the vein wall; then RF energy is applied so that the vein shortens and contracts as the catheter is moved back through the vein.  Vein occlusion RF therapy systems is intended as a minimally invasive procedure to replace vein stripping in the treatment of serious lower-limb venous diseases (e.g., varicose vein)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25707",
      "display": "Radiofrequency/Ultrasound Therapy Systems",
      "definition": "Therapeutic systems designed to combine radiofrequency (RF) and ultrasound (US) therapy by combining RF and US modules in one unit. These units typically include a US module that delivers ultrasonic waves that penetrate tissues and produce both thermal and nonthermal (e.g., mechanical, cavitation) effects and an RF module that delivers RF energy to warm localized body tissues using their resistance to the passage of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. The US module consists of an RF generator, a cable that transmits the RF energy to the applicator, and an applicator (i.e., handpiece), including a piezoelectric transducer that applies the ultrasonic energy to the patient's tissue through the skin; the RF module consists of an RF generator, a power amplifier, and an applicator (i.e., handpiece) to deliver the energy to the patient. Combined RF/US therapy systems are intended to reduce fat under the skin (lipolysis), to treat some dermal conditions (e.g., cellulitis), and to improve body contour; they are mainly used for dermal and cosmetic procedures and physical therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "15770",
      "display": "Radiographic Quality Assurance Devices",
      "definition": "Devices that are capable of measuring and logging multiple variables for the maintenance of imaging standards in the diagnostic radiology department.  Quality assurance kits generally contain a dosimeter, focal spot test tool, kVp test cassette, timer, and beam alignment and collimator test pool. Quality assurance addresses administrative, educational, and technical issues.  Quality control, which is part of quality assurance, comprises a series of technical procedures designed to ensure optimum performance of equipment in the radiology department."
    },
    {
      "code": "17936",
      "display": "Radiographic Quality Control Devices",
      "definition": "Devices that are used to check the performance of imaging equipment such as x-ray generators, x-ray tubes, TV chains, x-ray film processors, hard-copy cameras, film viewboxes, etc.  QC devices will include kVp meters, timers, dosimeters, focal spot test tools, sensitometers, densitometers, collimator test tools, spatial resolution test patterns, video waveform monitors, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "17937",
      "display": "Radiographic Quality Control Devices, X-Ray Generator",
      "definition": "Radiographic quality control devices designed to measure the parameters that control the x-ray dose and the resulting image quality from individual x-ray systems, determining if the system is faulty or has been set up incorrectly. These devices consist of instruments that can measure at minimum the charge released and energy imparted into the patient by the x-rays (i.e., exposure and dose respectively), and the peak voltage in kilovolt applied between the electrodes of the x-ray tube (kVp); the product of the tube current in miliampere and exposure time in seconds (mAs) can also be measured but are not usually required for routine quality control (QC). X-ray QC devices are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, from self-contained units, incorporating all the needed control functions and radiation detectors in a single housing, to a set of separate units that should be combined to perform the measurements. Most x-ray QC devices are used to perform external QC measurement on radiographic, fluoroscopic, and conventional mammographic equipment; some can also be used for QC on dental, computed tomography and/or advanced mammographic equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18429",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that consist of a patient support unit (usually one or more tables), an x-ray tube and collimator, x-ray generators, support for the x-ray tubes and image receptors (e.g., a cassette holder), and a control panel.  These systems are used to perform diagnostic x-ray procedures by obtaining a latent image of the irradiated portion of the patient.  This latent image is converted into a visible image (i.e., a radiograph) using a film or digital image processor.  The interpretation of these images by a physician contributes to a useful clinical diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "18430",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems, Digital",
      "definition": "Radiographic systems designed to use a digital imaging system instead of conventional film.  These systems consist of an x-ray subsystem, a detector, a computer workstation and a monitor for digitally processing and displaying the image, and appropriate software. The digital images can be printed to hardcopy, stored on an optical disk, or transferred over a hospital computer network."
    },
    {
      "code": "18431",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems, Digital, Chest",
      "definition": "Digital radiographic systems designed for imaging of the thorax with the patient standing (i.e., in vertical position). These systems consist of a chest (up-right) radiography unit including an image receptor (e.g., a phosphor, amorphous silicon, or amorphous selenium image plate), and a computerized console. The radiographic image is usually digitally processed. Chest digital radiography systems are used for diagnosing lung disorders (e.g., tuberculosis, cancer), assessing respiratory function, identifying cardiac problems, indicating the need for additional diagnostic tests, and imaging inhaled objects. The standard examination is performed at a long source-to-image distance, typically 182 cm (72 inches)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18056",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems, Digital, Dental",
      "definition": "Digital radiographic systems usually designed for intraoral radiography. These systems include a conventional dental x-ray subsystem, either an imaging plate (computed radiography) or an intraoral detector (direct digital radiography), and a digital imaging system with a workstation and a monitor. The x-ray tube is usually located in a cylindrical tubehead mounted on an articulating arm positioned according to the view desired. Most dental radiographic system x-ray tubes have a voltage ranging from 50 to 100 kV and a current ranging from 1 to 20 mA. These systems perform image processing (e.g., zooming, multi-image viewing) and also save and retrieve images. Intraoral digital radiographic systems are used for imaging crowns and the upper third of the roots of the upper and lower teeth (bite-wing image), the full tooth structure (periapical image), or the masticating surface of premolars and molars (occlusal image)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18432",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems, Digital, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Digital radiographic systems designed for radiography of the breast (i.e., mammography). These systems usually include a high-frequency, constant-potential x-ray generator (usually with a voltage ranging from 20 to 35 kV); an automatic exposure control device; filters; a collimator; patient positioning features (e.g., compression devices); and a digital imaging system. Typically, the digital imaging system consists of a phosphor imaging plate used to obtain a latent image, which is scanned with a laser and digitized in an analog-to-digital converter. Digital mammographic systems are specifically intended for imaging the breast; they are used for screening and/or assessment of breast lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20793",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems, Digital, Table",
      "definition": "Digital radiography systems designed with an incorporated table component to support imaging imaging of patients while they are lying in horizontal position. These systems typically consist of an x-ray generator; a table with either an image plate for computed systems or an electronic detector for direct digital systems and attached accessories (e.g., handgrips, head clamps); an operator console; a plate reader (for computed systems); and a workstation with a monitor and digital storage devices to process the digital data and image. Table digital radiography systems are typically used for general purpose examinations, as well as specific examinations of the skull, respiratory organs, and the skeletal system."
    },
    {
      "code": "17174",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems, Film",
      "definition": "Radiographic systems used to perform diagnostic x-ray procedures by obtaining a latent image of the irradiated portion of the patient on film.  This latent image is converted, usually in a separate device or system (e.g., a film image processor), into a visible image (i.e., a radiograph) reflecting the internal structure of the irradiated patient region.  These systems consist of a combination of a table, which includes a radiolucent tabletop with a longitudinal bin located underneath, holding the Bucky film tray and grid system; an integrated x-ray tubestand or overhead tube suspension; an x-ray tube and collimator unit; an x-ray generator; and a control panel.  Most Bucky systems also include automatic exposure control devices (phototimers) to provide acceptable film darkness and to avoid repeated examinations.  These systems are used to perform routine diagnostic x-ray procedures provided by hospitals, clinics, physician offices, and urgent care centers, including examinations of the skull, respiratory organs, and skeletal system."
    },
    {
      "code": "17153",
      "display": "Radiographic Systems, Film, Basic (BRS)",
      "definition": "Film radiographic systems designed to perform the most common (basic) radiographic procedures (e.g., chest, abdomen, orthopedic examinations) using minimum resources. These systems typically include a battery-powered, 25kW x-ray generator with a tube tension of 90 and 120 kV; limited exposure factors; a control panel that indicates electrical supply status before exposure and the chosen kV and mA values, and an integral protective screen; an x-ray tube with a maximum 1 mm focal spot that can handle at least 20 kW for 0.1 second and 10 kW for 1.0 second; a rotating anode and a collimator that matches beam size to film formats; an x-ray tube support and a cassette holder that firmly connects to the x-ray tube; and a rigid, x-ray-permeable patient support table with a 110 kg capacity.  These systems may be designed for the most common examinations (those not requiring fluoroscopy, tomography, or serial film changers) of the skeleton (e.g., fractures), head (e.g., trauma, infection), chest (e.g., tuberculosis, tumors), abdomen (e.g., intestinal obstruction, trauma), and soft tissue.  Basic radiographic systems are intended for use in small rural hospitals, large health centers and polyclinics, private medical practices, and as supplemental equipment in large hospitals."
    },
    {
      "code": "13267",
      "display": "Radiographic Units",
      "definition": "Units that include an x-ray source to irradiate the portion of the patient to be examined, and an image receptor that converts in some form of latent image the array of x-rays that were differentially attenuated within the patient.  This latent image is converted, usually in another device (e.g., a film image processor), into a visible image (i.e., a radiograph) reflecting the internal structure of the irradiated patient region.  The interpretation of these images by a physician contributes to a clinically useful diagnosis.  Radiographic units do not include patient supports (e.g. tables) or any other additional devices for image processing or transference (e.g., computerized processors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10822",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Chest",
      "definition": "Radiographic units used for imaging the thorax, the most common radiologic procedure. The standard examination is performed at a long source-to-image distance (typically 182 cm [72 in]). These radiographic units are used for diagnosing lung disorders (e.g., tuberculosis, cancer), assessing respiratory function, identifying cardiac problems, indicating the need for additional diagnostic tests, and imaging inhaled objects."
    },
    {
      "code": "18425",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Chest, Automated",
      "definition": "Chest radiographic units that include a storage magazine, a pair of intensifying screens, a receiving magazine, and a transport assembly.  The x-ray films are loaded in bulk into the storage magazine, and the transport assembly is used for automatic film transport from the storage magazine to the exposure position and directly into a film-receiving magazine or into a film processor after exposure.  Some systems also automatically center between the x-ray beam and the film.  These units increase patient throughput and minimize film-handling errors; they are mostly used in high-volume radiology departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "18428",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Chest, Manual",
      "definition": "Chest radiographic units that include an x-ray film and a screen, that are held in a cassette that is manually inserted into a cassette holder.  In these units, the transfer of the film from the cassette to the x-ray film processor is also done manually by the technician."
    },
    {
      "code": "13269",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Dental",
      "definition": "Radiographic units designed  for dental and/or oral cavity  imaging. These units include an x-ray generator, an x-ray tube (usually with stationary anode), a collimator, an exposure timer, patient positioning features and a control panel.  The configuration of these components depends on the type of radiography performed and the type of x-ray generator used. Most dental radiographic unit x-ray tubes have a voltage range from 50 to 100 kV, and a current range from 1 to 20 mA.  Dental radiographic units are used for imaging dentition, individual tooth anatomy and dental problems, as well as for orthodontic planning and assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18427",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Dental, Extraoral",
      "definition": "Dental radiographic units in which the dental film is placed in an external film cassette.  These units are designed for imaging the maxillofacial region using a rotating x-ray beam (panoramic radiography), which produces a single image of the dental arch as a fixed elliptical shape; and/or to obtain images of the complete skull (cephalometric radiography) or of a region of interest from various angles.  Some extraoral units can produce multilayered transverse images of the maxillary and mandibular jaws (cross-sectional tomography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18426",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Dental, Intraoral",
      "definition": "Dental radiographic units for which the dental film is placed inside the patient's mouth.  These units are used for imaging of crowns and the upper third of the roots of both upper and lower teeth (bitewing image), the full tooth structure (periapical image), or the masticating surface of the premolars and molars (occlusal image).  In these units, the x-ray tube is usually located in a cylindrical tube head mounted on an articulating arm positioned according to the view desired."
    },
    {
      "code": "12425",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Mammography",
      "definition": "Radiographic units designed for breast imaging. These units include a high frequency or constant potential x-ray generator (usually from 20 to 35kV), an automatic exposure control, filters, a collimator, patient positioning features (e.g. compression devices) and an image recording system. Most mammographic units use intensifying screen-film combinations for image recording; some consist of an electrostatic recording system that uses a charged photoconductive plate in place of x-ray film (xeromammography). Mammographic units are primarily used to detect and diagnose breast cancer in asymptomatic women, and also to evaluate palpable masses and other breast lesions."
    },
    {
      "code": "13272",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Mobile",
      "definition": "Radiographic units consisting of a manually driven or motor-driven wheeled cart that transports an x-ray generator, an x-ray tube and tube stand, collimators, and a film cassette or flat-panel detector storage drawer (for film and digital units respectively). There are three different types of mobile radiographic units, which are categorized according to the generator: line-powered transformers, capacitor-discharge generators, and battery-powered transformers. Most mobile radiographic units utilize one of several types of digital imaging; advantages of digital imaging over film include greater dynamic range, reduced patient radiation exposure, and the ability to integrate with digital picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). Mobile radiographic units are used for imaging patients who cannot be moved to the radiology department or when patient transport is contraindicated, such as for patients in intensive care and critical care units or operating and emergency rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "16555",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Pneumoencephalographic",
      "definition": "Radiographic units including a chair designed for proper patient positioning.  These units were used for radiographic visualization of the fluid-containing structures of the brain after cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn and replaced by gas (e.g., oxygen, air)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17669",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Podiatric",
      "definition": "Radiographic units that include an x-ray generator, a collimator, a high-resolution image receptor, an exposure timer, patient positioning features, and a control panel.  Most of these units have an x-ray tube arm that swings and locks in any position for different projections (i.e., from full right to full left). Podiatric radiographic units may be wall- or floor-mounted, and some are mobile. These units are designed specifically for imaging the feet and are used mostly in podiatric offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17166",
      "display": "Radiographic Units, Specimen",
      "definition": "Radiographic units that consist of a stand-alone radiation safety cabinet and include an x-ray generator, an x-ray tube, a collimator, an exposure timer, a specimen compartment, and a control panel.  These units make it possible to obtain better resolution and contrast in tissue-sample imaging than those obtained in a standard patient radiographic diagnosis, due to the use of a lower kilovoltage and a higher x-ray exposition.  These units are used mainly in pathology, including forensic pathology radiography."
    },
    {
      "code": "18436",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that combine radiographic and fluoroscopic capabilities.  These systems produce instantaneous (i.e., real-time) visual images (fluoroscopies), permanent x-ray film images (radiographs), and/or digital images for later detailed study and for archiving."
    },
    {
      "code": "16597",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, Angiography/Interventional",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic (R/F) systems designed for visualizing the vascular anatomy.  These systems include a x-ray generator and x-ray tubes with rotating anodes; image intensifiers, typically from 38 to 41 cm (12 to 16 inches); a video camera and display monitors; image recording devices; and a patient table.  The typical angiographic R/F system configuration consists of a C-arm, a U-arm, or a parallelogram gantry system that holds the x-ray tube at one end of the arm and the intensifier and video camera tube at the other end.  Most systems also include digital recording devices, stepping tabletops, cine cameras, and digital acquisition and processing capability (e.g., digital subtraction capability).  These systems may include only one gantry arm (single-plane systems) or two orthogonal gantries (biplane systems), one of which is usually ceiling mounted.  Biplane systems provide simultaneous recording and viewing of images from two different projections.  Angiographic/interventional systems are used to provide real-time images of blood flow and vascular organ activity after trauma, disease, or surgery; in neurological procedures; for observing abnormal vasculature associated with tumor growth; and for providing anatomic and physiological information before and during interventional procedures. The procedures are typically conducted in a special imaging suite (angiographic or special procedures room) containing the x-ray imaging system, an injector for introducing contrast medium into the patient, physiologic monitoring equipment, and additional equipment to manage cardiovascular emergencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "17192",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic systems that usually include 15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 in) image intensifiers, video and cine cameras using frame rates as high as 60 to 90 frames per second, display monitors, image recording devices (usually high-resolution video recorders), and a patient table.  Most cardiovascular systems also include digital recording devices, stepping tabletops, cine cameras, and digital acquisition and processing capability (e.g., digital subtraction). These systems may include only one gantry arm (single-plane systems), or two orthogonal gantries (biplane systems), one of which is usually ceiling mounted.  Biplane systems provide simultaneous recording and viewing of images from two different projections.  Cardiovascular systems are used to evaluate the anatomy and pathology of the heart (e.g., cardiac valves) and surrounding blood vessels (e.g., to detect coronary artery, aorta, and/or pulmonary vein diseases) and to perform therapeutic techniques using catheterization.  The procedures are typically conducted in a special imaging suite (cardiac catheterization room) containing the x-ray imaging system, a power injector for introducing contrast medium into the patient at high flow rates, physiologic monitoring equipment, and additional equipment to manage cardiovascular emergencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "16885",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, General-Purpose",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic (R/F) systems that consist of a combination of a patient support unit (usually a table base and a movable tabletop), an under-table x-ray tube and holder, x-ray generators, a power-assisted spot-film device (cassette or cassetteless or, alternatively, a photospot camera or digital photospot system), an image intensifier, radiation shields, a Bucky film tray, an overhead x-ray tube and ceiling support for follow-up radiography, and a control panel.  The combined R/F technology is effective in performing diagnostic examinations, including many studies (e.g., arthrography, gastrointestinal, biliary tree) amd other applications (e.g., locating ingested foreign materials) and, when used with contrast media, in highlighting congenital anatomic abnormalities, diagnosing congestive heart failure, and evaluating chest pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "18437",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, General-Purpose, Direct-Controlled",
      "definition": "General-purpose radiographic/fluoroscopic systems in which the image intensifier is located above the table and controls for table, x-ray tube, spot film, and image intensifier movement are located at the table or in the spot-film device."
    },
    {
      "code": "18438",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, General-Purpose, Remote-Controlled",
      "definition": "General-purpose radiographic/fluoroscopic systems in which the image intensifier is located under the table and a remote operator console is used to fully control all table, x-ray tube, and image intensifier movements as well as other system functions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16212",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, Urologic",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic (R/F) systems that usually have power-assisted tabletops to facilitate longitudinal and lateral movement.  Operating controls are typically located on the base of the table and include foot controls for table height, tilt, and lateral positioning.  These tables achieve a wide range of height and tilt positions, including a vertical tilt necessary for urological radiographic procedures.  Urological tables are usually provided with a foot support on which the patient can stand and with shoulder braces or handgrips to prevent the patient from sliding.  Some of these systems can perform cross-sectional images (tomography) and narrow-angle tomography (zonography).  Urological R/F systems may also include digital recording devices, cine cameras, and some digital acquisition and processing capability. Urological R/F systems are used for endoscopic examination of the urinary tract (cystoscopy), urological diagnostic procedures, transurethral surgery (e.g., prostate), and a wide range of other general urological, surgical, and gynecologic procedures requiring radiologic support."
    },
    {
      "code": "15952",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Units",
      "definition": "Units that combine radiographic and fluoroscopic capabilities.  These systems produce instantaneous (i.e., real-time) visual images (fluoroscopies) and latent x-ray images that can be converted using a film processor or a digital imaging system into a visible image (a radiograph) for detailed study and for archiving."
    },
    {
      "code": "11758",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Units, Mobile",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic units usually consisting of two wheeled carts, one supporting the C-arm and the control console and the other holding display monitors and image processing and recording devices. The C-arm stand consists of a curved arm (constructed so that it can perform both linear and rotating motions) with an x-ray tube mounted on one end; x-rays emerging from the patient carry the image information to the input phosphor of an image intensifier or to a flat-panel digital detector on the other end of the arm. Systems with image intensifiers use a video camera (usually a CCD camera) to scan the image and transmit it to a remote display monitor and incorporate an automatic brightness stabilization system. The control console on the C-arm stand is mounted on top of the x-ray generator housing. The typical size of the image intensifier (diameter of the input phosphor) is 23 to 15 cm (9 to 6 inches) in dual mode or 23/15/11 cm (9/6/4.5 inches) in trimode. Some units can save the image displayed on the monitor in digital memory, on a video disk, or in on 8 mm tape that can store several hundred images. Digital memories on C-arms permit such functions as last-image hold and snapshot mode. Mobile radiographic/fluoroscopic units are used for imaging patients who cannot be moved to the radiology department or when patient transport is contraindicated, such as for patients undergoing surgical, orthopedic, critical care, or emergency care procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18435",
      "display": "Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Units, Mobile, Extremity",
      "definition": "Scaled-down mobile radiographic/fluoroscopic units designed for extremity imaging of the feet, hands, wrists, elbows, and ankles.  These units have very small input phosphors, typically 6 to 15 cm (2.5 to 6 inches) in diameter, that typically permit visualizing only a portion of three fingers simultaneously in one image.  An optical magnifier can be used to view the output phosphor in place of an electric monitor when line power is not available.  These units are used incritical care areas, the operating room (especially in hand and foot surgery), in physician offices, and in remote places."
    },
    {
      "code": "18439",
      "display": "Radiographic/Tomographic Systems",
      "definition": "Radiographic systems that can move the x-ray source and the film cassette in a coordinated way so that images of structures in the plane of diagnostic interest (i.e., tomographic images) remain in focus, while images in other planes become blurred.  In most of these systems, the film and the x-ray tube move in parallel, straight lines in opposite directions.  Radiographic/tomographic systems are mostly used for lung and chest studies, retrograde or intravenous pyelograms, and middle-ear studies, as well as for the diagnosis of cervical-spine pathology, arthritis, joint trauma, and tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16884",
      "display": "Radiographic/Tomographic Systems, Linear",
      "definition": "Radiographic/tomographic systems in which the film and the x-ray tube are moved in parallel, straight lines in opposite directions.  In most of these systems, the tube rotates so that the central axis of the beam is directed through the axis of rotation throughout the exposure (planigraphy); in some other systems, the x-ray tube is moved in an arc and the film is moved in a straight line (simplified Grossman system)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16556",
      "display": "Radiographic/Tomographic Systems, Multidirectional",
      "definition": "Radiographic/tomographic systems that use a pattern of x-ray tube movement (e.g., spiral, elliptical, circular) that provides blurring in both directions of the plane.  These systems are mostly used to examine the lungs and other soft tissue having little natural contrast, particularly using narrow-angle tomography (i.e., zonography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13276",
      "display": "Radioisotope Transfer Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed for safe transfer of radioisotopes, protecting the user from harmful radiation. These units typically consist of a metal (stainless steel) or plastic container with a lead liner and appropriate handles for easy manipulation; the thickness of the lead shielding (e.g., 0.25, 0.5, or 1 inch) depends of the quantity and quality of the radioactive material to be transferred. Radioisotope transfer units are used for intra- and interhospital transportation of syringes, vials, and other devices containing radioisotopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16348",
      "display": "Radiometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the radiant flux (also known as radiant power) in a predetermined spectral range. Classical radiometers measure the thermal effect produced by radiation falling on the instrument, using a sensor that absorbs radiation and increases its temperature accordingly (frequently called a bolometer). The temperature increase is measured with a thermometer attached to the bolometer. Radiometers intended for the measurement of light radiation usually include a semiconductor diode that produces mobile electric charges when struck by photons (i.e., photodiodes) and a voltage or current meter; they are intended for measuring light in different ranges of the spectrum (e.g., visible, infrared, ultraviolet) within a given power range, accuracy, resolution, and/or other parameters. These instruments also include a user interface to access recent measurements, a unit zero function, available measurement units, and data export capability. To obtain accurate measurements, radiometers should be manufactured according to the source of light to be measured (e.g., lamp, LED, laser), the transmission medium (e.g., air, water, fiber optics), and the characteristics of the detector chosen. Power is typically measured in the unit watts and power density in watt/cm2."
    },
    {
      "code": "40922",
      "display": "Radiometers, Fiberoptic Cable",
      "definition": "Radiometers used to measure the power of an optical signal transmitted through a fiberoptic cable. These instruments typically include a calibrated sensor, amplifier and a user interface. The sensor primarily consists of a photodiode appropriate for the range of detected wavelengths and power levels. Radiometers usually display optical power in dBm (decibel-milliwatt) or mW (milliwatt) units and the wavelength or range of wavelengths. Fiberoptic cable radiometers can be used for absolute optical fiber power measurements and optical fiber power loss measurements; and some units also display information on fiber faults or other related information. These units are usually handheld and battery-powered devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17147",
      "display": "Radiometers, Laser",
      "definition": "Radiometers designed to measure the radiant flux (also known as radiant power) of a laser beam in a predetermined spectral range. These instruments typically include a prefilter to filter out the light of a wavelength not in the intended spectral range; a primary detector consisting of a temperature-stabilized, solid-state (e.g., selenium, indium-gallium-arsenide) diode used to detect radiation; electronic circuits, including an amplifier; an electric meter; a power source (e.g., a battery); and a display showing the results in either analog or digital format. Laser beam radiometers are intended for measuring radiant flux in different ranges of the spectrum (e.g., infrared, visible, ultraviolet) within a given power range, accuracy, and resolution; dedicated radiometers used to measure laser beam power in specific ranges (e.g., from 200 to 1,000 nm; from 1,000 to 1,700 nm) are also available. Power (i.e., electromagnetic radiation per unit time) is typically measured in watts, and power density in watt/cm2."
    },
    {
      "code": "13278",
      "display": "Radiometers, Phototherapy",
      "definition": "Phototherapy radiometers are used to measure light energy used during phototherapy.  Usually phototherapy treatment is used for hyperbilirubinemia in newborns.  Too much light energy can lead to brain damage.  A probe or sensor is attached to the device.  The probe contains infra red and visible blocking filter so the reading of non-therapeutic irradiation are not obtained.  These probes or sensors are connected to a machine that contains either a meter or digital display showing the amount of light energy.  Some models are able to measure the duration of treatment and calculate the accumulated dosage."
    },
    {
      "code": "16329",
      "display": "Radiometers, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Radiometers designed to measure the radiant flux (also known as radiant power) in the ultraviolet (UV) range. These instruments typically include a prefilter to filter out the light of a wavelength not in the intended spectral range (e.g., ultraviolet A from 400 to 315 nm; ultraviolet B from 315 to 280 nm; ultraviolet C from 280 nm to 100 nm); a primary detector consisting of a temperature-stabilized, solid-state (e.g., selenium, indium-gallium-arsenide) diode used to detect radiation; electronic circuits, including an amplifier; an electric meter; a power source (e.g., a battery); and a display showing the results in either analog or digital format. Radiometers intended for measuring UV radiant flux are dedicated instruments with a power measuring range, accuracy, and resolution appropriate to their use; UV radiometers are used to measure the intensity of radiation during some therapeutic procedures (e.g., ultraviolet A and/or B during psoriasis treatment) and also to check the germicidal properties of UV lamps (UV-C radiometers). Power (i.e., electromagnetic radiation per unit time) is typically measured in microwatts, and power density in microwatt/cm2."
    },
    {
      "code": "41040",
      "display": "Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to perform automated or semi-automated quality control (QC) testing of radiopharmaceuticals, such as PET/SPECT radiotracers. These systems typically consist of a plate reader, a pipetting robot, and consumable test kits. The pipettor then mixes this sample and standards with indicators and moves the resulting mixtures to the analysis plate inside the plate reader to measure optical signals that are generated by interactions of the sample with either indicators or features of the analysis plate. The system can test QC parameters such as color, clarity, pH, radiochemical identity, and endotoxin concentration. Some systems have integrated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with automated HPLC injection and column priming and cleaning. They also includes software for analysis and generating a report."
    },
    {
      "code": "39613",
      "display": "Radiopharmaceutical Synthesizer Cassettes",
      "definition": "Single-use devices used with radiopharmaceutical synthesizers and designed to provide appropriate fluid paths and reservoirs for performing synthesis and purification of radiopharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceutical synthesizer cassettes are typically dedicated to the synthesis of a single type of tracer (e.g., F18-fludeoxyglucose, C11-Choline) and may be preloaded with some of the reagents necessary for synthesis of that specific radiopharmaceutical. The cassettes obviate the need for cleaning the apparatus between radiopharmaceutical synthesis runs, and may facilitate the synthesis of multiple tracer types on a single synthesizer unit by obviating the need for manual adjustment of the synthesizer's fluid path."
    },
    {
      "code": "34505",
      "display": "Radiopharmaceutical Synthesizers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to perform the automated or semi-automated synthesis and purification of radionuclide-labeled compounds (i.e., radiopharmaceuticals) suitable for use as tracers in nuclear imaging procedures (e.g., positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography). This equipment typically consists of a number of reagent reservoirs, reaction vessels, tubes, valves, and chromatography columns that perform the radiopharmaceutical synthesis reaction steps (e.g., reagent transfer, reaction heating/mixing) without direct human intervention. Users typically control the synthesizer remotely using a computer running a dedicated software package, which allows the synthesizer to be placed in a radiation containment chamber (i.e., hot cell)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17104",
      "display": "Radiopharmaceuticals",
      "definition": "Radioactive substances intended for use during various diagnostic procedures. These substances are typically pharmacologically inert compounds that are taken up preferentially by certain tissues and incorporate atoms with unstable nuclei that exhibit spontaneous decay resulting in release of radiation (i.e., radionuclides). Radionuclides incorporated in radiopharmaceuticals are typically short-lived with a half-life measured in hours or days. Radionuclides used in diagnostic procedures are typically gamma emitters or positron emitters, which are detected by gamma cameras/probes or positron emission tomography scanning systems, respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "17502",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Block Shield Mold Cutting Equipment",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to cut molds used for manufacturing custom-made block shields used in radiotherapy treatments.  This equipment typically consists of a cutting mechanism (e.g., a hot wire) that conforms the molding material (e.g., Styrofoam) to the appropriate shape needed for body protection (i.e., shielding) from unwanted radiation during the radiotherapy procedure.  It also includes appropriate controls for accurate cutting following a pre-established pattern.  Following a computer assisted and manufacturing (i.e., CAD/CAM) procedure, cutting may be performed either manually or automatically using equipment with computerized capabilities.  This computerization allows the technician to use data obtained from radiotherapy simulation systems and appropriate software.  The molds produced by this equipment are intended to manufacture radiotherapy block shields made of low-melting alloy materials in radiation therapy mold rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "13280",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Simulation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to replicate the motions and beam-positioning ability of specific radiotherapy units (e.g., cobalt units, linear accelerators).  These systems perform radiotherapy simulation and establish the area to be treated using either a radiographic/fluoroscopic device with imaging capabilities or a computed tomography scanner. Radiotherapy simulation systems are used in radiotherapy planning to define the region of the actual tumor and the surrounding tissues that are considered to be at risk (i.e., the tumor volume) and to develop a treatment technique to deliver a homogeneous dose of radiation to the tumor while minimizing the dose to surrounding normal tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "20548",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Simulation Systems, Computed Tomography-Based",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy simulation systems that use a computed tomography (CT) scanner with specialized hardware and software for radiotherapy simulation and treatment-field delineation. These systems can delineate the tumor in CT slices, determine the target volume using a treatment-planning computer, select the treatment field, and mark the patient for radiation treatment in a single session. CT-based systems are also used for verification of tumor margins, tracking of tumor regression, and three-dimensional image analysis for multileaf collimators and conformal radiotherapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20547",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Simulation Systems, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic-Based",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy simulation systems that perform radiographic and/or fluoroscopic imaging to determine, document, and externally mark the area to be treated. These systems combine technologies from both therapeutic and diagnostic radiology; they consist of a radiographic/fluoroscopic simulator that includes an x-ray system and a mechanical system (collimator, gantry, table, controls) that mimics the movement of a linear accelerator and/or a cobalt unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "13279",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to deliver high-energy ionizing radiation, including photon radiation (e.g., x-rays, gamma rays) and particle radiation (e.g., electrons, neutrons). Most systems are designed for external radiation therapy (teletherapy) using high-energy machines that radiate gamma rays, electrons, or x-rays (e.g., linear accelerators, cobalt units); these systems typically include control units and may also include radiation-delivery devices. The intensity of the beam of radiation, expressed in kilo- or megavolts, determines both the depth of penetration into the body tissues and the energy of the electrons produced by secondary ionization within the tissues. Radiotherapy systems are used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms and occasionally in the treatment of certain benign conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16972",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Cobalt",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy systems that use cobalt-60 as a radiation source to produce gamma radiation at photon energies of 1.17 and/or 1.33 MeV. The source is fitted into a treatment head that contains massive shielding (about one ton) and a mechanism for exposing or hiding the source, either by rotating it away from the collimator or by rotating the collimator to shield the source.  The gamma-ray beam is directed at the tumor to be treated via a set of collimators and moved during the treatment so that maximum radiation dose is delivered to the point at the center of the rotation, other parts being irradiated less. Cobalt radiotherapy systems also include a control unit and appropriate filters and collimators. Because cobalt radiation reaches its maximum dose about 0.5 cm below the skin surface, cobalt units are especially suited for treatments of the head, neck, and breast, as well as for tumors in other parts of the body located within 5 cm of the skin surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "12364",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Linear Accelerator",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy systems designed to produce electron beams of varying energies in addition to high-energy photons using a linear accelerator (linac) as a generator. A linear accelerator consists of a modulator, an electron gun, a radio-frequency power source (either a magnetron or a klystron), and an accelerator guide. The range of the energy levels provided by linacs is very wide, from 4- to 6-megavolt (MV) photons for low-energy units to 25 MV photons and up to 22 mega-electron-volt electrons in high-energy units. These systems also include control units, filters, and collimators. Low-energy linear accelerator systems are mostly used to treat tumors of the head, neck, and breast; high-energy systems are used to treat deep-seated neoplasms and tumors of the pelvis and thorax."
    },
    {
      "code": "35836",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Linear Accelerator, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "adiotherapy systems designed to administer ionizing radiation during a surgical procedure by means of electron beams of varying energies and/or high-energy photons using a linear accelerator (linac) as a generator. These systems typically include a dedicated stationary linear accelerator, limiting its use to only one shielded operating room. The intraoperative linear accelerator main components are similar to standard linear accelerators (i.e., a modulator, an electron gun, a radio-frequency power source, and an accelerator guide); the electron beam is further collimated to the desired size by applicators inserted into the patient. Intraoperative radiotherapy systems are intended to provide a high dose of radiation in a single procedure with high target accuracy and low risk of damage to the adjacent tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "34912",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Linear Accelerator, Intraoperative, Mobile",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy systems designed to administer ionizing radiation during a surgical procedure by means of electron beams of varying energies and/or high-energy photons using a mobile linear accelerator (linac) as a generator. These systems include a dedicated lightweight mobile linear accelerator that is mounted on a motorized gantry attached to a stand mounted on the transportation unit. The system can be transported from one to another conventional unshielded or reduce-shielding operating rooms; to prevent radiation exposure in adjacent rooms the systems may limit the beam energy to values limited to 10-12 mega-electron-volt, making they only able for targets to a few centimeter depth. Mobile intraoperative linear accelerators main components are similar to standard linear accelerators (i.e., a modulator, an electron gun, a radio-frequency power source, and an accelerator guide); the electron beam is further collimated to the desired size by on of a set of applicators (e.g., diameters from 3 to 10 cm) inserted into the patient.  Some systems include adjustable gantries that can tilt and move in the horizontal plane. Mobile intraoperative radiotherapy systems are intended to provide a high dose of radiation in a single procedure with high target accuracy and low risk of damage to the adjacent tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "27647",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Linear Accelerator, Spiral Scanning",
      "definition": "Linear-accelerator-based radiotherapy systems designed to deliver radiation combining computer-controlled beam-shaping (known as intensity modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]) and spiral scanning to deliver the radiation slice by slice rather than all the volume at once. These systems provide image guidance before and during (i.e., in real-time) the radiation treatment. These systems deliver radiation following the three-dimensional image of the tumor, adjusting the intensity of the radiation across the treatment area by using the properties of a spiral scanning accelerator and dedicated software.  Spiral scanning linear accelerator radiotherapy systems are intended to deliver more accurate and higher doses of radiation to the tumors in order to spare adjacent tissues. The systems may also be used for single-dose (radiosurgical) treatments, especially in the treatment of cancers of the brain, as well as head and neck tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20544",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Neutron Beam",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy systems designed to deliver a beam of neutrons. These systems include a source of neutrons that is based on one of several technologies (e.g., cyclotrons, linear accelerators), a control unit, and appropriate filters and collimators. Neutron-beam radiotherapy systems are designed to emit high-energy fast neutrons, a low-energy flux (epithermal neutrons)--usually for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)--or a combination of both types of radiation. This therapy is currently used in some selected clinical applications"
    },
    {
      "code": "18016",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Neutron Beam, Epithermal",
      "definition": "Neutron-beam radiotherapy systems designed to deliver a beam of low-energy (epithermal) neutrons. The radiation is usually directed to a tumor site that was previously treated with boron-10 or other suitable neutron capture element that can penetrate the blood brain barrier, selectively target neoplastic cells, and persist therein for suitable periods of time before radiation (e.g., boron neutron capture therapy [BNCT]). The neutrons are captured by the boron and produce charged particles that are capable of damaging or destroying tumor tissue. Currently, this therapy is mostly used to treat malignant gliomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "20545",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Neutron Beam, Fast Neutron",
      "definition": "Neutron-beam radiotherapy systems designed to deliver a high-energy fast-neutron beam. These systems include a source of fast neutrons (e.g., cyclotrons, linear accelerators), a control unit, and appropriate filters and collimators. Fast-neutron radiotherapy is used in selected clinical indications, such as inoperable sarcomas of bone and soft tissues and advanced salivary gland tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16973",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Orthovoltage",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy systems designed to emit x-ray beams produced by electric voltages, typically in the range of 20 to 500 kV. These systems usually include an x-ray source, a manual or automated computerized control unit, filters, collimators, and applicators; some systems also include displays and printer output.  Orthovoltage systems, including x-ray tubes operated up to 150 or 200 kV, can perform superficial treatments (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, Kaposi's sarcoma), while equipment using tubes with higher voltages (e.g., 300 kV or more) can be used in radiation treatments that reach a few centimeters under the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "20546",
      "display": "Radiotherapy Systems, Proton Beam",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy systems designed to deliver a beam of protons. These systems include a particle accelerator (e.g., cyclotron, synchrotron), a delivery system, range modulators, fixed beamlines and/or isocentric gantries, patient alignment capability, and a computerized control unit. The use of protons provides a more defined range and less lateral scattering than conventional radiation therapy (e.g., photon, x-ray, gamma ray, electron), permitting the use of highly conformal (i.e., shaped for the tumor) radiotherapy techniques to minimize the doses to critical anatomic structures. Lower-energy protons (60 to 100 MeV) are used to treat superficial disorders, while higher-energy protons (above 150 MeV) are typically used for deep-seated tumors. Specialized proton-beam radiotherapy systems are available for treatment of eye melanomas and certain skull-based or spinal tumors (e.g., chordomas); high-energy systems may be used for treatment of tumors in the chest and/or abdomen."
    },
    {
      "code": "17567",
      "display": "Radius Gauges, Contact Lens",
      "definition": "Devices used to measure the radius or curvature of hard contact lenses."
    },
    {
      "code": "15852",
      "display": "Rails",
      "definition": "Bars that are attached to something stable to be used for support by frail, infirmed, or disabled patients.  They can be attached to bathtubs, beds, commodes, or walls and are usually made of stainless steel or plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "15853",
      "display": "Rails, Bathtub",
      "definition": "Bars used for bathtub safety that can be attached to shower walls or clamped to the sides of the tub.   They are typically made of stainless steel and are used by infirm or disabled patients who need help balancing, sitting, and standing while in the bathtub or shower."
    },
    {
      "code": "15854",
      "display": "Rails, Commode",
      "definition": "Bars that are attached either to the walls and floor surrounding the commode or to the commode itself.  They are used to aid infirm and disabled patients in sitting and standing.  They are typically made of stainless steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "15855",
      "display": "Rails, Wall",
      "definition": "Bars that are attached to walls and are used for support by infirm and disabled patients.  They can be attached to the walls of a bathroom, line corridor walls, or any other place where it is likely a patient will need help balancing, sitting, standing, or walking."
    },
    {
      "code": "37310",
      "display": "Ranges, Food Service",
      "definition": "Freestanding appliances that use the application of direct heat for warming and cooking food. The direct heat is produced using electric heating elements (burner or flattop plate surface) that converts electricity into heat through the resistive process, gas burners that generate a flame to produce heat, or electromagnetic resistance (induction) heating elements. Ranges have thermostatic controls and optional timer. Ranges are usually stationary and can include a standard oven, convection oven, or storage base."
    },
    {
      "code": "13287",
      "display": "Raspatories",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments intended for use to smooth the edges of a divided bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "13288",
      "display": "Rasps",
      "definition": "File-like devices designed to scrape and smooth the surface of bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "15741",
      "display": "Rasps, Bone",
      "definition": "Metal, file-like instruments with a ridged surface designed to scrape and smooth the surface of bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "13289",
      "display": "Rasps, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Small, metal, file-like instruments with a ridged surface designed to scrape and smooth the bony structures of the inner ear."
    },
    {
      "code": "13290",
      "display": "Rasps, Nasal",
      "definition": "Metal, file-like surgical instruments with a ridged surface designed to scrape and smooth the internal structures of the nasal and sinus cavities"
    },
    {
      "code": "27218",
      "display": "Razors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to remove hair from the surface of the skin. These devices are handheld and operated either manually or electrically. Manually operated handheld reusable and disposable razors with a flat blade are available, as are electrically operated handheld razors. Electrically operated razors may include several (e.g., three) rotatory blades. Razors are used for grooming and may be used for skin preparation before some surgical procedures; dedicated razors intended only for skin preparation before surgery are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16580",
      "display": "Razors, Skin Prep",
      "definition": "Razors designed to remove hair from the surface of the skin to prepare the area for surgical or related procedures. These devices may be manually operated, disposable handheld instruments with an appropriate razor blade or they may be electrically powered, handheld instruments with vibrating or rotating disposable blades. Skin preparation razors usually include integral combs at the operating edge to lift and separate the hair from the skin. This helps avoid direct contact between the blade and the skin to prevent cutting or skin nicks."
    },
    {
      "code": "20795",
      "display": "Reader/Digitizers, Image Plate, Mammography",
      "definition": "Image plate reader/digitizers designed to read the latent image on a mammography image plate (typically an x-ray energy storage phosphor plate), usually by scanning the plate with a laser beam, and then convert the signal to a digital format.  These devices typically consist of a laser, a light guide, a photomultiplier tube to produce an analog electrical signal from the image plate, and an analog to digital signal converter designed to digitize the image information.  The digital information is usually transmitted automatically to the workstation of a digital imaging system for processing, storage, and/or display."
    },
    {
      "code": "20794",
      "display": "Reader/Digitizers, Image Plate, Radiography",
      "definition": "Image plate reader/digitizers designed to read a latent image that has been captured on a radiography image plate (typically an x-ray energy storage phosphor plate), usually by scanning the plate with a laser beam, and then convert the signal to a digital format.  These devices typically consist of a laser, a light guide, a photomultiplier tube to produce an analog electrical signal from the image plate, and an analog to digital signal converter designed to digitize the image information. Dedicated plate readers are available for single (either portable or stationary) plate reading or multiple plate reading.  The digital information is usually transmitted automatically to the workstation of a digital imaging system for processing, storage, and/or display."
    },
    {
      "code": "20805",
      "display": "Reader/Digitizers, Molecular Assay, Microarray",
      "definition": "Readers designed for determining the fluorescence spot intensities of a two-dimensional array of dots on a molecular assay microarray (i.e., a biochip), usually on the standard microscopic slide format. They typically consist of an optical scanner that includes an either confocal or non-confocal laser scanning microscope (using at least two different wavelengths) for dye excitation, and an image detection unit (e.g., charged coupled devices, photo-multiplier tube) for signal detection. The light emitted from the dyes is passed through a series of filters, mirrors, and lenses; the light is then converted to an electric signal and digitized. Some devices include software appropriate for processing the information using a standard personal computer with an appropriate display; they may also include automated loading accessories to read barcode labels that include patient, sample, and processing information. Microarray readers are used to obtain information from cDNA, oligonucleotide, protein, SNP, and other types of microarrays used in molecular assays."
    },
    {
      "code": "37363",
      "display": "Readers, Microhematocrit",
      "definition": "Manually operated devices designed to determine a hematocrit reading from a blood sample that has undergone centrifugation in a capillary tube. These devices are available in a variety of formats that allow the user to determine the length of the packed red-cell volume relative to the length of the total blood volume within the capillary tube. This is typically achieved by the user sequentially physically aligning specific sites within the blood sample (e.g., sealant/read blood cell layer interface, red blood cell layer/buffy coat layer interface, top of the plasma layer) to ruled lines on the reader."
    },
    {
      "code": "41135",
      "display": "Readers, Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter",
      "definition": "Readers designed to determine the radiation dose that is absorbed by optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters. These readers expose the dosimeters to an optical system to release the stored energy and measure the dose of ionizing radiation. These readers may have dedicated software that is used in the reader or on an associated computer that controls data acquisition, storage, retrieval, and the sequence of the measurement and assessment procedure. OSL dosimeters readers are intended for a variety of applications, including total or partial body irradiation dose verification and radiotherapy dose verification."
    },
    {
      "code": "35322",
      "display": "Readers, Radiofrequency Identification Tags",
      "definition": "Readers designed to determine the presence and identify radiofrequency (RF) identification tags in a pre-determined area. RF tag identification readers can be passive or active. Passive readers only can be used to detect and identify active (i.e., battery-powered transmitting)  RF tags;  active readers send a RF signals to passive tags that send back a reply signal to the reader. Some active readers are used with passive tags that include a battery used with the only purpose of providing power to the tag circuitry when the reader provides an interrogation signal. Fixed readers are used to establish a zone of RF tag identification while portable (either handheld or mobile) can be used in any location. RF identification tag readers are used to locate assets, persons, or any other device or equipment that needs identification (e.g., for safety, inventory)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37197",
      "display": "Readers, Sterilization Process Biological Indicator",
      "definition": "Readers designed to determine the status of biological sterilization process indicators, which function to monitor the effectiveness of sterilization procedures (e.g., ethylene oxide, steam, or vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization). Typically, these readers are used with biological indicators that include a microorganism that generates a fluorescent signal when viable. These readers incubate biological incubator tubes at the appropriate temperature for the microorganism included in the biological indicator and automatically assess the intensity of fluorescence generated by the indicator, providing a positive or negative result for each indicator tube."
    },
    {
      "code": "24129",
      "display": "Readers, Thermoluminescent Dosimeter",
      "definition": "Readers designed to determine the radiation dose that is absorbed by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD).  Manual readers typically heat the dosimeters one at a time using a heating system (e.g., a hot plate, hot gas) and the light that is emitted from the TLD crystal is then measured in a dark chamber.  Automated readers can process several TLDs simultaneously (e.g., by mounting the dosimeters on an aluminum and Teflon card.  The automated units typically use photomultiplier tubes, electronic circuits, and dedicated software.  TLD readers are intended for a variety of applications, including total or partial body irradiation dose verification and/or radiotherapy planning."
    },
    {
      "code": "24880",
      "display": "Readers, Thermoluminescent Dosimeter, Passive, Automated",
      "definition": "Readers designed for automated, passive determination of a radiation dose absorbed by two or more individual thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) simultaneously. These readers typically include a heating system, a photomultiplier tube, electronic circuits, and dedicated software that may be used in the reader or on an associated computer that controls data acquisition, storage, retrieval, and the sequence of the measurement and assessment procedure. The results include dosimeter identification, date and timing, and reading parameters and possibly other information such as a graphic of the glow curve and the value of the test light. TLD readers are intended for a variety of applications, including radiotherapy planning and total body irradiation dose verifications."
    },
    {
      "code": "30556",
      "display": "Reading Aids",
      "definition": "Magnifiers that are intended to be used as reading and vision aids by magnifying images or objects, such as labels on packages of food or medicine, reading materials, maps, color photographs, or pictures. They can be either held in the user's hand or used as a tabletop model; the magnified image is viewed by looking through the transparent magnifying lens. Reading-aid magnifiers are electronically or battery-powered and include a light source and/or electronic amplification. Video magnifiers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17947",
      "display": "Reading Aids, Video",
      "definition": "Reading-aid magnifiers that integrate a camera and lighting and that are used to project magnified images onto a video monitor, a television screen, or a computer monitor and that are intended to be used as reading and vision aids. They are usually mounted on a stand and the images or objects, such as labels on packages of food or medicine, reading materials, maps, color photographs, or pictures, are placed under the video magnifier. Video magnifiers include adjustable options, such as magnification, brightness, text and background colors, and contrast levels. Some models include the ability to capture and save an image. Handheld video magnifiers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28054",
      "display": "Reading Aids, Video, Handheld",
      "definition": "Video reading -aid magnifiers that integrate a camera, lighting, viewing screen, and battery charger into a handheld unit; they are intended to be used as reading and vision aids. Handheld video magnifiers are designed to be used by holding the unit over the images or objects, such as labels on packages of food or medicine, reading materials, maps, color photographs, or pictures, to be magnified and viewed on the unit's screen. These magnifiers include adjustable options, such as magnification, brightness, text and background colors, and contrast levels. Some models include the ability to capture and save an image."
    },
    {
      "code": "13297",
      "display": "Reamers, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Manual surgical instruments used to open and enlarge the medullary canal for the insertion of various devices during prosthesis implantation or fracture fixation procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15595",
      "display": "Recorders",
      "definition": "Devices primarily designed for recording data, waveforms, and other graphic, sound, or visual information of physical or physiologic events for examination after the events have occurred. Recorders usually consist of an electromechanical or electronic device that includes amplifiers, data processors, and memory (e.g., electronic, optical, magnetic tape) to store the information. Some recorders may include a display and/or integral printers; other recorders provide output to computers for analysis of the recorded information employing dedicated software. Most recorders include external slots and/or connectors for compact, magneto-optical, or digital versatile disks and/or external memory cards. Recorders using an external tape (e.g., cassette) memory or a rotatory cylinder (i.e., chart recorders) are less frequently used. Recorders used in healthcare are mostly intended to assess the physiologic parameters of people (i.e., physiologic recorders), to record data on healthcare equipment performance (e.g., IVD equipment) and/or on environmental characteristics inside healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18344",
      "display": "Recorders, Anesthetic Gas",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders used for collecting and recording data of ventilation gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) and anesthetic gaseous agents (e.g., nitrous dioxide, halothane).  These recorders are used in the operating room for recording data during surgical procedures using general anesthesia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34633",
      "display": "Recorders, Audio",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to store sound information. Audio recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes an integral microphone and/or external jacks to attach microphones or other sound sources, data processors, controls, and a memory. They may also include an analog/digital converter and other components such as recording and erasing heads. Audio recorders usually have playing capabilities, either through integral amplifiers and speakers or by providing output to sound reproduction systems.  Most audio recorders use hard disk, compact disks, or magneto-optical discs; devices with tape memories (e.g., audio cassette recorders) are less frequently used. Audio recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions. Dedicated recorders with special characteristics used for voice recording, processing, and retrieval typically used as a component of dictation systems are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34636",
      "display": "Recorders, Audio, Compact Disk",
      "definition": "Audio recorders designed to store sound information in digital format in an external optical disk memory. These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes an integral microphone and/or external jacks to attach microphones or other sound sources; an analog/digital converter; data processors; controls; and a media card slot for use with optical compact disk memory. The audio information may be recorded using a variety of formats, including a very common format known as MP3. Compact disk recorders usually have playing capabilities that include a digital/analog converter and have both integral amplifiers and speakers or they provide output to sound reproduction systems. The audio recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, car mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34634",
      "display": "Recorders, Audio, Hard Disk",
      "definition": "Audio recorders designed to store sound information in digital format in an internal magnetic memory (i.e., hard disk drive [HDD]). These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes an integral microphone and/or external jacks to attach microphones or other sound sources, an analog/digital converter, data processors, controls, and an HDD memory. Some recorders include media card slots for use with optical compact disks and/or connectors for secure digital (SD) or compact flash (CF) cards. The audio information may be recorded using a variety of formats, frequently following a compression format known as MP3. Hard disk recorders usually have playing capabilities that include a digital/analog converter and either integral amplifiers and speakers or they can provide output to sound reproduction systems. Hard disk audio recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions. Dedicated digital recorders with special characteristics used for voice recording, assessment, and retrieval (e.g., in dictation systems) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18354",
      "display": "Recorders, Audio, Magneto-Optical Disk",
      "definition": "Audio recorders designed to store sound information in magneto-optical discs. These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes an integral microphone and/or external jacks to attach microphones; an analog/digital converter; data processors; a magneto-optical writer (a device that de-magnetizes a specific area of the disk while laser writing); controls; and a magneto-optical disk memory. The recorders usually have playing capabilities (using a laser reader), either through integral amplifiers and speakers or by providing output to sound reproduction systems.  Magnetic-optical audio recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34635",
      "display": "Recorders, Audio, Solid State Drive",
      "definition": "Audio recorders designed to store sound information in digital format in an internal solid state memory (i.e., solid state drive [SSD]).  These recorders usually consist of an electronic device that includes an integral microphone and/or external jacks to attach microphones or other sound sources; an analog/digital converter; data processors; controls; and a SSD memory. Some recorders include external slots or connectors for use with optical compact disks and/or connectors for secure digital (SD) or compact flash (CF) cards. The audio information may be recorded using a variety of formats, frequently following a compression format known as MP3. SSD memory recorders usually have playing capabilities that include a digital/analog converter and either integral amplifiers and speakers or they can provide output to sound reproduction systems. SSD audio recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions. Dedicated digital recorders with special characteristics used for voice recording and retrieval (e.g., in dictation systems) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18350",
      "display": "Recorders, Audio, Tape",
      "definition": "Audio recorders designed to store sound information on magnetic tapes. These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes an integral microphone and/or external jacks to attach microphones, data processors, controls, recording and erasing heads, and an attached open-reel tape memory or an external slot to place a cassette. The recorders usually have playing capabilities, either through integral amplifiers and speakers or by providing output to sound reproduction systems.  Tape audio recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34640",
      "display": "Recorders, Audio, Voice Processing",
      "definition": "Audio recorders designed to store sound information in digital format in an electronic memory that have appropriate characteristics for voice processing. These recorders usually consist of an electronic device that includes an integral microphone and/or external jacks to attach microphones; an analog/digital converter; data processors; controls; and an electronic memory such as a hard disk. Some recorders include a media card slot for use with compact disks and ports for secure digital (SD) or compact flash (CF) cards. Voice processing recorders have characteristics to facilitate voice transcription and/or recognition using dedicated software and are mainly used in digital dictation systems. The recorders usually also have playing capabilities that include a digital/analog converter and either integral amplifiers and speakers or that provide output to sound reproduction systems. Voice recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "17220",
      "display": "Recorders, Bar-Code Data",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to read and store the alphanumeric information included in bar-code symbols. Bar-code recorders typically consist of a reader with a light scanner for scanning the bar-code symbols which then transduce the information into a digital electric signal that is stored in an internal memory. Desktop and handheld recorders are available. Some recorders include software to process the stored information. The recorder provides a digital output signal that may be introduced through a connector to a computer or other data-processing device."
    },
    {
      "code": "34685",
      "display": "Recorders, Blu-Ray",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to store large amounts of digital data (e.g., 25, 50 GB) with a greater density than digital versatile disks (DVDs) and are mainly intended for high-definition video signal storage. These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes external connectors to provide links to cameras or other sources of high-definition video signals (e.g., cable boxes, camcorders); an optical writer consisting of a \"blue\" (violet) light laser (typically 405 nm wavelength); data processors; controls; and an slot to place the disk. The recorders may include an analog/digital converter and other accessories such as microphones. Blu-Ray recorders usually have playing capabilities (using a laser reader) both for video and audio signals, either through integral amplifiers, displays, and loudspeakers (typical in portable players) or by providing output to high-definition video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets).  Most recorders have capabilities to play not only DVDs but audio and video optical compact discs (CDs). The recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions; Blu-ray recorders may provide direct access to Internet data through a local area network."
    },
    {
      "code": "18357",
      "display": "Recorders, Digital Versatile Disk",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to store large amounts of digital data, video, and/or audio signals in an optical disk (digital versatile disk [DVD]). These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes external connectors to provide links to video cameras or other sources of video, audio signals (e.g., cable boxes, camcorders) or data; an optical writer consisting of a red light laser (typically 650nm wavelength); data processors; controls; and an slot to place a DVD. The recorders may include an analog/digital converter and other accessories such as microphones. DVD recorders usually have playing capabilities (using a laser reader) both for video and audio signals, either through integral amplifiers, displays, and loudspeakers (typical in portable players) or by providing output to video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets).  Most DVD recorders have capabilities to play audio and video optical compact discs (CDs). Some can also provide output for high-definition television sets (i.e., up-conversion to 720 or 1080 lines). DVD recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34530",
      "display": "Recorders, Environmental",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to record some physical, chemical, or other conditions and elements in the environment (e.g., particulates) to which individuals may be exposed; environmental recorders are intended for data examination after the events have occurred. Environmental recorders usually consist of an electromechanical or electronic device that includes amplifiers, data processors, and a memory (e.g., electronic, optical, chart) to store the information. Some recorders may include a display and/or integral printers; other recorders provide output to computers for analysis of the recorded information employing dedicated software. Environmental recorders are used mainly to determine the presence of the concentrations of gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide); some dedicated recorders are used to store information regarding the presence of hazardous substances (e.g., toxic gases, chemical and biological agents) and/or other abnormal physical conditions in the environment (e.g., high or low temperatures, ionizing radiation. Some environmental recorders warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined substance concentrations have been reached or exceeded."
    },
    {
      "code": "34533",
      "display": "Recorders, Environmental, Air Humidity",
      "definition": "Environmental recorders designed primarily for storing information regarding the environmental air relative humidity. These recorders typically consist of a portable electronic unit that includes a mechanism for periodically sampling the relative air humidity by using sensors in a range typically from 5 to 95%, and a solid state memory capable of storing several thousand samples. Dedicated software for downloading the results in a standard computer (e.g., personal computer) is necessary for some recorders. Environmental relative humidity electronic recorders are used for long-term recording of air humidity; they may be intended for use indoors, outdoors, or in both conditions. Most of these recorders can also measure and record environmental temperature and calculate the dew-point. Some air humidity recorders use a mechanical or electromechanical mechanism to move a rotatory cylinder (i.e., chart recorders) to store the relative humidity information for relatively long-term (e.g., a week) recordings."
    },
    {
      "code": "33845",
      "display": "Recorders, Environmental, Air Humidity/Pressure/Temperature",
      "definition": "Environmental recorders designed primarily for long-term storing information regarding the air humidity and temperature and also the atmospheric pressure. These recorders typically consist of a portable electronic unit including a mechanism and sensors for periodically sampling at a pre-established rate (e.g., 5, 30, 600 seconds): (1) the air temperature sensors (i.e., thermometers) that measure in a wide range of temperatures (e.g., from -30 to 100 degrees Celsius/-22 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit), (2) relative humidity in the air using appropriate sensors in a range typically from 5 to 95percent, and (3) atmospheric pressure up to 1100 hPa/825 mmHg.  The data may be recorded in a solid state security card (SD card) or in an internal memory; the data is assessed later in an external computer using a dedicated software. Environmental recorders that combine air temperature and humidity and also atmospheric pressure recording may be intended for use in indoor, outdoor, or in both conditions. Some recorders using a mechanical or electromechanical mechanism to print the data waveforms on a data sheet mounted on a move a rotatory cylinder (i.e., chart recorders) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23741",
      "display": "Recorders, Environmental, Air Temperature",
      "definition": "Environmental recorders designed primarily for storing information regarding the environmental air temperature. These recorders typically consist of a portable electronic unit which includes a mechanism for periodically sampling the temperature in the air using appropriate sensors, thermometers to measure a wide range of temperatures, and a solid-state memory capable of storing samples in the order of several thousands. Dedicated software for downloading the results in a standard computer is necessary for some recorders. Environmental air temperature electronic recorders are used for long-term recording of air temperature; they may be intended for use indoors, outdoors, or in both conditions. Some air temperature recorders use a mechanical or electromechanical mechanism to move a rotatory cylinder (i.e., chart recorders) to store the temperature information for relatively long-term (e.g., a week) recordings."
    },
    {
      "code": "33993",
      "display": "Recorders, Environmental, Soot",
      "definition": "Environmental recorders designed  for long-term storing information regarding the air concentration of black carbon (i.e., soot). These recorders usually consist of a pump that takes a continuous stream of air from the environment; the air pass through a filtering material strip wrapped on a roll where the particles are deposited. When the density of the deposit on the filter reaches a pre-established density the roll advances to a fresh spot and the process continue. The rate at which the filter moves is proportional to the quantity of soot deposited. The recorder also includes photometric detectors to assess the filter spots; at least two frequencies should be used, usually black carbon may be detected using a near infrared wavelength (e.g., 880nm) while the presence of other organic compounds such as those found in tobacco and wood smoke (known as white carbon) may be detected using light in the ultraviolet spectrum (e.g., 370nm). Some recorders measure at more than two wavelengths (e.g., seven) to facilitate the identification and physical properties of the primary components of the soot. The recorders are mainly used to determine air quality and visibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "12387",
      "display": "Recorders, Graphic, Trend, Heart Rate",
      "definition": "Trend graphic recorders used to record the heart rate.  Some recorders also record the number of abnormal beats."
    },
    {
      "code": "34535",
      "display": "Recorders, IVD Test",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to record physical, chemical, or other characteristics of the conditions existing during in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests; they are mainly intended for recording the conditions inside the testing chambers of IVD equipment. These recorders are intended for data examination after the events have occurred. IVD test recorders usually consist of an electromechanical or electronic device that includes amplifiers, data processors, and memory (e.g., electronic, optical, chart) to store the information. Some recorders may include a display and/or integral printers; other recorders provide output to computers for analysis of the recorded information employing dedicated software. The recorders usually store information regarding the parameters of the conditions during laboratory procedures (e.g., temperature, humidity, pH) and/or about the performance of the equipment used during the tests.  Some IVD test recorders warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined parameters of the test are outside a pre-established range."
    },
    {
      "code": "34536",
      "display": "Recorders, IVD Test, pH",
      "definition": "IVD test recorders designed to record the pH (a measure of hydrogen ion concentration) in solutions while performing laboratory tests that are mainly intended for data examination after the events have occurred. Recorders of pH usually consist of an electromechanical or electronic device that includes amplifiers, data processors, memory (e.g., electronic, chart) to store the information, and detachable electrodes to be placed in the solutions. These recorders usually can measure in the full range of pH values (i.e., 0 to 14) and some can also provide automated temperature compensation and/or alarm if the pH value is outside a pre-established range. The recorders may be associated or combined with pH controllers to keep the intended pH values during a given test."
    },
    {
      "code": "16373",
      "display": "Recorders, IVD Test, Platelet Aggregation",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders used for continuous recording of the changes in platelet shape and platelet aggregation. These recorders are coupled to platelet aggregation analyzers to store the information according the measuring method used (e.g., optical density, electric impedance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16816",
      "display": "Recorders, IVD Test, Temperature",
      "definition": "Temperature recorders designed for continuous measurement and recording of the temperature inside one or more clinical laboratory equipment components and/or products undergoing in-vitro diagnostic tests. These recorders typically consist of a local or remote central unit that stores the information for later review, and a set of sensors, transducers, and/or probes intended to be placed inside laboratory equipment (e.g., refrigerators, freezers, ovens) and/or into liquids, gases, and semisolids undergoing testing and/or during storage. The probes and sensors may be wired or wirelessly linked to the central recording unit. A great variety of temperature sensors and probes intended for specific laboratory equipment and/or tests are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18341",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders including sensors and amplifiers for measuring and recording two or more vital signs simultaneously (e.g., electrocardiogram and blood pressure).  These recorders are commonly used in patients to assess their physical conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18342",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Anesthesia Procedure",
      "definition": "Physiologic graphical recorders designed to simultaneously collect and record several physiologic parameters (e.g., invasive and/or noninvasive blood pressure, heart rate) during surgical procedures when general anesthesia is used. These recorders typically consist of an electronic unit, amplifiers, and sensors appropriate for the parameters to be assessed. Anesthesia physiologic graphical recorders are used for retrospective analysis and/or as evidence of the values and variations of the physiologic parameters during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18364",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Electronic data storage recorders that include a noninvasive sphygmomanometer (e.g., oscillometric, auscultatory).  These recorders are commonly used in ambulatory patients for assessing blood pressure variations during normal patient activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "12386",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Blood Pressure, Tape",
      "definition": "Data tape recorders that include a noninvasive sphygmomanometer (e.g., oscillometric, auscultatory).  These recorders are commonly used in ambulatory patients for assessing blood pressure variations during normal patient activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34566",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Electromyography/Evoked Potential",
      "definition": "Physiologic recorders that combine the capabilities of electromyographs (EMG) and evoked potential recorders. These recorders can detect, amplify, and record the electrical potential of skeletal muscle during muscular activity and also the brain bioelectric response (i.e., the evoked potential, EP) to visual, auditory, and/or somatosensory external stimuli. These recorders typically consist of signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic, optical/magnetic disc); a loudspeaker; and a display; they also include detachable electrodes. Electrodes for myographic recording consist of surface electrodes placed near the muscle (or, for more accurate measurements, needle or fine-wire electrodes are placed within the muscle). For evoked potential measurements the electrodes are usually placed on the scalp and/or the skin over the spine. EMG recordings may be displayed as a graphic of the measured voltages versus time (an electromyogram). The use of the recorders for EMG are mostly intended to assess the functional ability of the peripheral nerves, helping in the diagnosis of neurological and neuromuscular disorders; recorded evoked potential data is used in studies intended to diagnose auditory lesions and sensory function abnormalities; they are also used for screening the auditory function in infants as well as the sensory function after trauma or in comatose patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "11614",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Evoked Potential",
      "definition": "Physiologic recorders designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the brain's bioelectric response (i.e., the evoked potential [EP]) to visual, auditory, and/or somatosensory external stimuli. These recorders typically consist of detachable electrodes usually placed on the scalp and/or the skin over the spine; signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic or optical/magnetic disc); and a display. EP recorders usually include capabilities to deliver external stimuli (e.g., electric, visual) appropriate to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording. EP recorders are mainly used in studies intended to diagnose auditory lesions and sensory function abnormalities; they are also used for screening the auditory function in infants as well as the sensory function after trauma or in comatose patients. Devices that combine EP and myographic recording capabilities are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16303",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Evoked Potential, Auditory",
      "definition": "Evoked potential physiologic recorders designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the brain's bioelectric response (i.e., the evoked potential, EP) to auditory external stimuli. These recorders typically consist of a detachable electrode usually placed on the scalp at the vertex and a reference electrode placed on the earlobe; signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic or optical/magnetic disc); and a display. The non-stimulated ear is masked with white noise whose intensity is above the hearing level. Auditory EP recorders usually include capabilities to deliver external stimuli (e.g., clicks) at an appropriate repetitive level to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording. Auditory EP recorders are mainly used in studies intended to diagnose the function of the auditory pathways and to differentiate coma due to metabolic factors from a coma due to structural damage. They are also used for screening the auditory function in infants."
    },
    {
      "code": "18335",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Evoked Potential, Somatosensory",
      "definition": "Evoked potential (EP) physiologic recorders designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the bioelectric response of the central nervous system (brain and/or spine) in response to electric stimuli applied on or through the skin near an appropriate nerve fiber. These recorders typically include signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic or optical/magnetic disc); a display; and detachable electrodes that are usually placed on appropriate locations characterized by anatomic landmarks (e.g., standard EEG positions on the head, midline of the spine). Cephalic bipolar montages are relatively free from noise and are preferred for routine clinical use. EP recorders usually include capabilities to deliver external or transdermal electrical stimuli appropriate to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording. Somatosensory EP recorders are used in clinical studies of the spinal cord and upper and lower limb pathways and in assessment of the status of comatose patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18334",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Evoked Potential, Visual",
      "definition": "Evoked potential (EP) physiologic recorders designed for detecting, amplifying and recording the brain's bioelectric response to visual external stimuli. These recorders typically consist of detachable electrodes usually placed on the scalp (to pick up potentials originated in the cerebral cortex); signal amplifiers; filters (to suppress interference); memory (e.g., electronic, optical/magnetic disc); and a display. Visual EP recorders usually include capabilities to deliver external stimuli (e.g., color reversible checkerboard patterns, flashlights) at an appropriate repetitive level to elicit the bioelectric response needed for recording. Visual EP recorders are mainly used in studies intended to diagnose ophthalmic diseases, usually by measuring the absence, attenuation, or increase in the time response (i.e., latency) of the peak response after the stimulus is applied. Recorders with additional capabilities to perform specialized forms of visual EP responses (i.e., electrooculography and electroretinography) are available; independent recorders intended only for these purposes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18366",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, pH, Upper Gastrointestinal Tract",
      "definition": "Electronic data storage recorders that include catheters (e.g., esophageal, biliary) and an electronic amplifier. There are two basic types of recorders: real time and retrospective, according to the point at which analysis is performed. These recorders are commonly used in ambulatory patients to correlate pH data (e.g., data related to gastroesophageal reflux) to patient symptoms."
    },
    {
      "code": "16888",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, pH, Upper Gastrointestinal Tract, Catheter, Tape",
      "definition": "Data tape recorders that include catheters (e.g., esophageal, biliary) and an electronic amplifier. There are two basic types of recorders: real time and retrospective, according to the point at which analysis is performed. These recorders are commonly used in ambulatory patients to correlate pH data (e.g., related to gastroesophageal reflux) to patient symptoms."
    },
    {
      "code": "20196",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Physical Activity",
      "definition": "Electronic storage data recorders designed to measure and record body movements (i.e., physical activity). These recorders typically include electronic circuits that can process body part movement data, including  timing and counting; as well as external acceleration sensors that are typically attached to a patient's wrist or to the ankle of young children to detect body movements. The devices can store information for later computer analysis; some recorders allow the programming of the sample period (time on, time off, number of recording days). Physical activity recorders are used to assess patients with certain conditions (e.g., cardiac or pulmonary disorders) or healthy people (e.g., athletes) during their daily activities and/or while performing exercise; they are also used to record sleep and wakefulness (sleep/awake cycle) during normal patient activity for prolonged periods (e.g., a month)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33664",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Physical Activity/Sleep/Awake",
      "definition": "Electronic storage data recorders designed to measure and record physical activity (i.e., body movements) and physiologic parameters. These recorders are usually devices intended to be worn by the user. They include sensors to measure physiologic parameters (e.g., skin temperature, pulse rate) as well as external acceleration sensors that are typically attached to a patient's wrist or to the ankle to measure user's movement (i.e., activity). Physical activity/physiologic recorders also include electronic circuits that can process the data using dedicated software, and an electronic memory to store the information. The stored information is intended for later computer analysis; some recorders allow the programming of the sample period (e.g., time on, time off, number of recording days). These devices are used to assess the physical status of users in daily life activities, frequently during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "28280",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Respiration, Breath Sounds",
      "definition": "Physiologic recorders designed to store information of the breathing sounds produced during respiration, including lung (e.g., bronchi) sounds, cough, and wheezing in ambulatory patients and/or during sleep. These recorders typically consist of dedicated sound sensors, a processing unit, and an electronic digital recorder that can store the data for at least 24 hours. The data can be retrieved and assessed both in numerical and graphic format using computer algorithm software. This is dedicated software that is supplied with the recorder or available from the manufacturer. Breathing sounds physiologic recorders are intended for continuous assessment of patients suffering from wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, or nocturnal asthma; they may be used for continuous acoustic measurements of respiratory function for any other reason."
    },
    {
      "code": "20197",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Sleep/Awake",
      "definition": "Electronic storage data recorders designed to measure and record the amount, type, and timing of sleep typically during overnight or in 24-hour periods. These recorders usually consist of a small portable unit worn on the belt and physical parameter (e.g., electrooculograph, electromyograph) sensor electrodes attached to the patient's body. Recorders can store information analogous to that obtained in polysomnography studies, but for a limited set of parameters. Sleep/awake electronic storage recorders are used for ambulatory and/or home assessment of sleep disorders, such as hypersomnia and somnambulism."
    },
    {
      "code": "14128",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Transient",
      "definition": "Electronic data storage recorders that use a high-speed analog-to-digital converter to capture and hold the digital equivalent of an analog signal.  These recorders have the ability to record the signal preceding the trigger point by having the unit recording continuously, using the trigger to stop the recording process and freeze the data in memory. The recorded information can be output from memory in analog or digital form and can be displayed on any analog device (e.g., oscilloscope, graph recorder)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12391",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Trend",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders designed to record changing physiologic variables (e.g., heart rate, temperature, respiration rate) and/or their positive or negative changes from a preset \"normal\" value over a period of time up to one or two months.  Most recorders include an sensor appropriate for the variable to be measured or data taken from patient monitors.  The chart speed is very slow (e.g., 1 cm/hr), allowing continuous recording without the need to replace the paper roll.  These recorders are used to evaluate the long-term changes in patients' conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "12390",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Trend, Blood Oxygen",
      "definition": "Trend graphic recorders used to record the partial oxygen tension (pO2) in the blood, usually by taking data from a patient monitor (e.g., pulse oximeter)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16271",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Trend, Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Trend graphic recorders used to record one or more blood pressure parameters (e.g., systolic, diastolic, or mean pressure)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16305",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Trend, Respiration Rate",
      "definition": "Trend graphic recorders used to record the respiration rate."
    },
    {
      "code": "17572",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Trend, Temperature",
      "definition": "Trend graphic recorders used to record the patient's temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "24229",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Urodynamic",
      "definition": "Electronic storage data recorders designed to measure and record long-term (typically 24 hours) urodynamic data in ambulatory patients. These recorders typically include a portable (i.e., wearable) recorder to store data, electrodes to determine sphincter electromyography (EMG), and an appropriate urinary catheter to obtain data, including bladder and/or urethra pressure, urinary flow, and volume of micturition. Dedicated software for downloading the results in a standard computer (e.g., personal computer) is necessary for some recorders. Urodynamic electronic storage recorders are used to evaluate lower urinary tract functioning, including analysis of obstructions, bladder contractility, and incontinence; some recorders may be used as a component of a urodynamic measuring system."
    },
    {
      "code": "18367",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Vital Signs",
      "definition": "Electronic data storage recorders that include sensors and amplifiers for measuring and recording two or more vital signs simultaneously (e.g., electrocardiogram and blood pressure). These recorders are commonly used in patients to assess their physical conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16008",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic, Vital Signs, Tape",
      "definition": "Data tape recorders that include sensors and amplifiers for measuring and recording two or more vital signs simultaneously (e.g., electrocardiogram and blood pressure).  These recorders are commonly used in patients to assess their physical conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18058",
      "display": "Recorders, Physiologic/Anesthetic Gas",
      "definition": "Physiologic/gas graphic recorders used for automatic recording and plotting data at specific intervals from ventilation and anesthetic gases and from physiologic monitoring devices.  These recorders allow other data to be introduced manually (e.g., drug dosages, laboratory data)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34641",
      "display": "Recorders, Video",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to store video information. Video recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes external connectors to attach video cameras or other sources of video and sound signals, data processors, controls, and a memory. The recorders may include an analog/digital converter and other accessories. These recorders usually have playing capabilities for both video and sound, either through integral amplifiers and displays (typical in portable video recorders) or by providing output to video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets).  Most video recorders use hard disk, digital versatile disks, video compact disks, or magneto-optical discs; devices with tape memories (e.g., videocassettes) are less frequently used. Video recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34642",
      "display": "Recorders, Video, Hard Disk",
      "definition": "Video recorders designed to store video and usually also audio data in in digital format in an internal magnetic memory (i.e., hard disk drive, HDD). These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes external connectors to attach video cameras or other sources of video and sound signals, data processors, controls, and a HDD memory. Some recorders include external slots or connectors for compact or digital versatile disks (i.e., CDs and DVDs respectively) or external memory cards. The video and audio information may be recorded using a variety of standards (e.g., NTSC, PAL). Hard disk video recorders usually have playing capabilities that include a digital/analog converter and usually provide output to television reproduction devices (e.g., video monitors or television sets). Hard disk video recorders are mostly available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16974",
      "display": "Recorders, Video, Magneto-Optical Disk",
      "definition": "Video recorders designed to store video information in magneto-optical discs. These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes external connectors to attach video cameras or other sources of video and sound signals; a magneto-optical writer (a device that de-magnetize a specific area of the disk while laser writing); data processors; controls; and a magneto-optical disk memory. The recorders may include an analog/digital converter and other accessories. Magnetic/optical disk recorders usually have playing capabilities (using a laser reader) both for video and audio, either through integral amplifiers, displays, and loudspeakers (typical in portable video recorders) or providing output to video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets).  Video recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "34643",
      "display": "Recorders, Video, Solid State Drive",
      "definition": "Video recorders designed to store video  (sometimes audio data as well) in digital format in an internal solid state memory (i.e., solid state drive [SSD]). These recorders usually consist of an electronic device that includes external connectors to attach video cameras or other sources of video and sound signals; data processors; controls; and an SSD memory. Some recorders include external slots or connectors for compact and digital versatile disks (i.e., CDs and DVDs respectively) or external memory cards. The video and audio information may be recorded using a variety of standards (e.g., NTSC, PAL). SSD video recorders usually have playing capabilities that include a digital/analog converter and usually provide output to television reproduction devices (e.g., video monitors or television sets). SSD video recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "13274",
      "display": "Recorders, Video, Tape",
      "definition": "Video recorders designed to store the video on magnetic tapes. These recorders usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes external connectors to provide links to video cameras or other sources of video and audio signals (e.g., cable boxes, video cameras); data processors; controls; magnetic heads for writing/reading; and an open external slot to place a video cassette (reel-to-reel tape recorders may be also used). The recorders use a format known as video home systems (VHS) and usually have playing capabilities, both for video and audio signals, either through integral amplifiers, displays, and loudspeakers (typical in portable players) or by providing output to video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets). Videocassette tape recorders are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16512",
      "display": "Recorders, Video, Tape, X-Ray Image",
      "definition": "Video tape recorders where the picture elements of the image-intensifier output (i.e., radiographic and fluoroscopic images) are converted into electric signals and recorded. These recorders allow the repeated examination of radiographic images and the detection of abnormalities using still-frame or slow-motion playback."
    },
    {
      "code": "17781",
      "display": "Rectosphincteric Balloons",
      "definition": "Balloons used in conjunction with a manometer to assess function of rectal sphincter."
    },
    {
      "code": "15169",
      "display": "Refractometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments used to determine the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in another medium (i.e., index of refraction)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18633",
      "display": "Refractometers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Refractometers used for determining the specific gravity and the amount of solute in a solution by measuring the index of refraction.   These instruments usually include a monochromatic light source.  Laboratory refractometers are mostly used in the field of medicine to measure the concentration of analytes, such as total proteins in plasma and total solids in urine.   Some laboratory refractometers include temperature-compensation chambers to make corrections in the refractive index according to the room temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "18634",
      "display": "Refractometers, Laboratory, Urine",
      "definition": "Dedicated laboratory refractometers that usually directly indicate the refractive index, the specific gravity, and the serum or plasma protein contained in the urine sample."
    },
    {
      "code": "13313",
      "display": "Refractors, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine the refractive index of the eye, usually measured in diopters. These instruments are manual, consisting of a mechanism and a set of lenses with different refractive characteristics used in combination with an external chart; and automated, electronically powered refractors that use a set of lenses, an electronically controlled mechanism, and a digital display intended for measurement with minimal operator intervention. Automated refractors are frequently combined with keratometers in a single measuring device."
    },
    {
      "code": "24548",
      "display": "Refractors, Ophthalmic, Automated",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic refractors designed for automated detection and measuring of the refractive error by measuring the change in the light reflex from the eye to find the best focus on the retina over a variety of meridians. There are different types of automatic refractors, frequently consisting of light sources (LEDs), beam splitters mounted in a rotating drum or in a pin-hole mechanism (Scheiner's refractors); Badal lens systems which consist of a light sensor or photodetector, a computer controlled mechanism to detect the change of light reflection from the eye, and a digital display for the refraction data. Usually, the lens system or the light sources are moved to make the optimal focus on the eyes. Other refractors using retinoscopic scanning method are available; they consist of light sources, a slit mechanism, lenses, and a photodetector for measuring the movement of the light reflex (e.g., speed, motion) from the eye.  Automated refractors are used mainly for lens fitting; they are frequently combined with keratometers, tonometers, and/or pachymeters in a single measuring device."
    },
    {
      "code": "24549",
      "display": "Refractors, Ophthalmic, Manual",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic refractors designed to measure the refractive error by changing a set of different lenses mounted in the devices and other settings (also known as manual phoropters or phorometers); these instruments require the examinee's responses. These instruments usually consist of a refraction unit including a set of calibrated (i.e., containing a number of  plus and minus sphere and clylinder graduations) lenses, a cross-cylinder, a pulillary distance setting, prisms, lens controls, and an external eye chart. Manual ophthalmic refractors measure sphere power and cylinder power and axis, accommodation, convergence, and binocular balancing of the eyes; they are used mainly to establish eyeglass prescription."
    },
    {
      "code": "22034",
      "display": "Refrigeration Chamber Equipment",
      "definition": "Combinations of devices (units), ancillary devices, and accessories designed to provide low temperatures above the freezing point of water (i.e., 0 degrees Celsius [32 degrees Fahrenheit]), typically from 2 to 10 degrees Celsius (35 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit), to a walk-in enclosure (i.e., a chamber) especially designed for this purpose or conditioned from an existing healthcare facility room. This equipment typically consists of compressors, fans, evaporators, ducted-air distribution systems, thermometers, temperature controls, and warming systems to balance the temperature; it may also include a recording temperature chart and alarms for dependable long-term storage. The characteristics of the equipment depend on the size, location, and intended use of the chamber (e.g., food storage, laboratory, morgue)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13315",
      "display": "Refrigerators",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to keep a thermally insulated compartment at cool temperatures above the freezing point of water (i.e., 0 degrees Celsius  [32 degrees Fahrenheit]), typically between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). This equipment is used mainly for storage of perishable products. Refrigerators used in healthcare facilities are usually dedicated equipment manufactured with appropriate technical characteristics, such as range of temperature, size, shelving, accuracy, reliability, and configuration according to uses (e.g., clinical laboratories, blood banks, pharmacies); standard refrigerators for general use (e.g., food preservation) are also available. Some refrigerators include a separate, usually small, chamber to keep products at a temperature below the freezing point of water."
    },
    {
      "code": "15171",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Blood Bank",
      "definition": "Refrigerators designed to store blood bank products and samples, such as reagents, plasma, and red blood cells for short periods at temperatures typically between 1 and 8 degrees Celsius (34 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit). The temperature is frequently set at 4 degrees Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling (e.g., rotating shelves, pull-out drawers) of blood bank products (typically blood bags); a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and tubing; sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following blood bank standards; and an emergency power supply for the refrigerator and alarm."
    },
    {
      "code": "22028",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Food",
      "definition": "Refrigerators designed to store food at temperatures typically between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant or corrosion-proof (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration and/or contamination of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of food products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, temperature sensors, controls, possibly a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage. They are available in upright, walk-in, and undercounter configurations. Small dedicated units intended to maintain infant formula at about 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) are also available. Food refrigerators may also be available with a freezer attached."
    },
    {
      "code": "15923",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Food, Infant Formula",
      "definition": "Food refrigerators designed to quickly lower the temperature of heated infant formula to a temperature appropriate for infant ingestion (usually between 38 and 41 degrees Celsius [100 and 106 degrees Fahrenheit]). These devices typically consist of a small chamber for one or more containers and a refrigeration system that can provide quick cooling to the chamber unit, lowering the infant formula to the desired temperature. Infant formula cooling units are used to facilitate feeding of babies when breast feeding is not possible or desirable with a milk-based substitute or less frequently, with other formulas (e.g., soy based) depending on the infant's requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "22032",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Food, Undercounter",
      "definition": "Small food refrigerators with a configuration appropriate for use under counters (e.g., in nurse stations, patient rooms); they are designed for storage of food products at temperatures typically between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit).  Undercounter refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant or corrosion-proof (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration and/or contamination of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of food products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, temperature sensors, and controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "22029",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Food, Upright",
      "definition": "Food refrigerators with a front-opening (upright) configuration, designed to store laboratory products at temperatures typically between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant or corrosion-proof (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration and/or contamination of contents, internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of food products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, temperature sensors, and controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "15922",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Food, Walk-in",
      "definition": "Food refrigerators with a cabinet-like storage compartment large enough to permit a person to enter; they are designed for storage of food products at temperatures typically between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant or corrosion-proof (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration and/or contamination of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location and handling of food products once the user is inside the chamber; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and tubing; temperature sensors and controls and possibly a temperature recording chart and alarms for dependable long-term storage. Walk-in food storage refrigerators are available completely assembled or as separate structural elements (e.g., doors, panels, floors) and units (e.g., refrigeration system, condensing unit) for assembly at user facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17157",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Refrigerators designed to store laboratory products, cultures, and samples at temperatures typically between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of laboratory products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and tubing; sensors, controls, and monitors; a temperature recording chart and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory standards; and an emergency power supply for both the refrigerator and alarm. Dedicated laboratory refrigerators are available with the capability to store flammable materials and to perform chromatography tests. Explosion-proof refrigerators are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17158",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Chromatography",
      "definition": "Laboratory refrigerators designed to be used to perform in chromatography tests, typically at temperatures between 1 and 10 degrees Celsius (34 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; a glass door and internal shelving for easy setup of instrumentation and chromatography systems within the chamber, providing full access to the chromatography equipment it contains; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and tubing. Chromatography laboratory refrigerators include sensors, controls, monitors, forced-air circulation, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable performance of chromatography tests; they are usually available in single- or multiple-chamber, upright configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "15172",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Explosion-Proof",
      "definition": "Laboratory refrigerators designed to prevent ignition of flammable materials (vapors and/or gases) at temperatures between 1 and 10 degrees Celsius (34 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit); the flammable materials may be present outside the refrigerator or the result of vapors leaking from improperly sealed containers inside the refrigerator. These refrigerators' motors, switches, and thermostats are insulated to prevent arcing that can ignite flammable air-vapor mixtures; insulation prevents explosions inside and/or outside the unit. All explosion-proof refrigerators must be hardwired directly to a power source by rigid metal wires rather than connected by cord-and-plug assemblies. Explosion-proof laboratory refrigerators are used in areas in which a flammable atmosphere may develop; they are usually available in upright and undercounter configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "22010",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Flammable Material",
      "definition": "Laboratory refrigerators designed to store flammable products (typically liquids with a flash point below 38 degrees Celsius [100 degrees Fahrenheit]) at temperatures between 1 and 10 degrees Celsius (34 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit), preventing the ignition of flammable vapors inside the storage compartment. These refrigerators' electrical components are usually located outside the chamber, and the compressor is sealed or located at the top of the unit; they may also have self-closing doors, magnetic door gaskets, and special inner-shell materials that limit the damage should a reaction occur within the storage compartment. Flammable material laboratory refrigerators are usually available in upright and undercounter configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "22011",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Lead-Lined",
      "definition": "Laboratory refrigerators with a lead liner designed for temporary storage of low- or medium-level radioactive products (e.g., radiopharmaceuticals, tagged biological materials) that require refrigeration, typically at temperatures between 1 and 10 degrees Celsius (34 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; a thin (typically 3 to 6 mm [0.125 to 0.25 inch]) lead liner, a key-locked door, and internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of radioactive products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, and controls for dependable long-term storage following radioactive laboratory product storage standards. Cooling elements are frequently placed inside the lead shielding to avoid heating problems. Lead-lined laboratory refrigerators are usually available in small undercounter or tabletop configurations. High-energy radioisotopes must be stored in lead-lined safes with a thicker (e.g., 51 mm [2 inches]) lead liner than in other refrigerators."
    },
    {
      "code": "22012",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Multiuse",
      "definition": "Refrigerators designed to be used to perform test procedures and/or to store laboratory products, cultures, and samples at temperatures typically between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving (either fixed or detachable) appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of laboratory products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory standards. They may include an emergency power supply for the refrigerator and alarm. Refrigerators are available in upright, walk-in, and undercounter configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "22016",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Multiuse, Undercounter",
      "definition": "Small multiuse laboratory refrigerators with a configuration appropriate for use under laboratory counters; they are designed to store laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory samples (e.g., tissue, body fluid), at temperatures between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of laboratory products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory standards."
    },
    {
      "code": "22014",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Multiuse, Upright",
      "definition": "Multiuse laboratory refrigerators with a front-opening (upright) configuration designed to store laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory samples (e.g., tissue, body fluid), at temperatures between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of laboratory products; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory standards. They may include an emergency power supply for the refrigerator and alarm."
    },
    {
      "code": "22018",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Laboratory, Multiuse, Walk-In",
      "definition": "Multiuse laboratory refrigerators with a cabinet-like storage compartment large enough to permit a person to enter; they are designed to store laboratory products and samples, such as in vitro diagnosis reagents and laboratory samples (e.g., tissue, body fluid), at temperatures between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit); they may also be used to perform laboratory tests and experiments. These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of laboratory products once the user is inside the chamber; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following laboratory standards. They usually include an emergency power supply for the refrigerator and alarms. Walk-in laboratory refrigerators are available completely assembled or as separate structural elements (e.g., doors, panels, floors) and units (e.g., refrigeration system, condensing unit) for assembly at user facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13316",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Morgue",
      "definition": "Refrigerators designed to slow decomposition of stored cadavers in the morgue either during autopsy procedures or until the cadaver is disposed of; the refrigerator usually operates at temperatures between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of one or more chambers made with corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interiors, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; an internal configuration appropriate for storage and easy manipulation of cadavers; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, controls, and alarms for dependable long-term storage according to morgue procedures. Morgue refrigerators are available in end-opening, side-opening, and walk-in configurations for a single cadaver or, more frequently, for two or more cadavers."
    },
    {
      "code": "22022",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Morgue, End-Opening",
      "definition": "Morgue refrigerators with openings that permit the insertion of cadavers in a longitudinal (i.e., along the long axis of the body) position. These refrigerators are designed to slow decomposition of stored cadavers in the morgue during autopsy procedures or until the cadaver is disposed of; the refrigerator usually operates at temperatures between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). They typically consist of one or more chambers madewith corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interiors, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; a small (e.g., 54 x 70 cm [21 x 27.5 inch]) door, configured for appropriate storage and easy manipulation of cadavers; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, controls, and alarms for dependable long-term storage according to morgue procedures. When the door is opened and the tray is fully extended, the cadaver is displayed in a full head-to-toe view. End-opening morgue refrigerators are available with a telescoping mechanism or a conveyor tray system permanently located inside the refrigerator; both mechanisms fully support the body tray and cadaver outside the refrigerator chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "22026",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Morgue, Side-Opening",
      "definition": "Morgue refrigerators with openings that permit the insertion of cadavers in a transversal (i.e., along the short axis of the body) position. These refrigerators are designed to slow decomposition of stored cadavers in the morgue during autopsy procedures or until the cadaver is disposed of; the refrigerator usually operates at temperatures between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). They typically consist of one or more chambers made with corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interiors, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; a wide (e.g., 54 x 215 cm [21 x 84 inch]) door, configured for appropriate storage and easy manipulation of cadavers; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, controls, and alarms for dependable long-term storage according to morgue procedures. When the door is opened and the tray is fully extended, the cadaver is displayed in a full side view. Side-opening morgue refrigerators are available with the telescoping mechanism or a conveyor tray system permanently located inside the refrigerator; both mechanisms fully support the body tray and cadaver outside the refrigerator chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "22027",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Morgue, Walk-In",
      "definition": "Refrigerators with a cabinet-like storage compartment large enough to permit a person to enter; they are designed to slow decomposition of stored cadavers in the morgue during autopsy procedures or until the cadaver is disposed of; the refrigerator usually operates at temperatures between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius (39 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for accommodation, easy location, and handling of many bodies (e.g., 10, 50); compressors, condensers, evaporators, and tubing. Walk-in morgue refrigerators also include sensors, controls, and monitors; they may include a temperature recording chart and alarms for dependable long-term cadaver storage according to morgue procedures. Walk-in morgue refrigerators are available completely assembled or as separate structural elements (e.g., doors, panels, floors) and units (e.g., refrigeration system, condensing unit) for assembly at user facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17156",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Refrigerators designed for storage of drugs, pharmacy preparations, and other pharmaceutical products (e.g., live virus vaccines), typically at temperatures between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of pharmaceutical product containers; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following pharmacy standards. They are available in upright, walk-in, and undercounter configurations. They may also be available with a small freezer attached."
    },
    {
      "code": "22020",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Pharmacy, Upright",
      "definition": "Refrigerators with a front-opening (upright) configuration designed for storage of drugs, pharmacy preparations, and other pharmaceutical products (e.g., live virus vaccines) typically at temperatures between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a vertical chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of pharmaceutical product containers; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for dependable long-term storage following pharmacy standards."
    },
    {
      "code": "22021",
      "display": "Refrigerators, Pharmacy, Walk-In",
      "definition": "Pharmacy refrigerators with a cabinet-like storage compartment large enough to permit a person to enter; they are designed for storage of drugs, pharmacy preparations, and other pharmaceutical products (e.g., live virus vaccines) typically at temperatures between 2 and 10 degrees Celsius (35 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). These refrigerators typically consist of a chamber made with a corrosion-resistant (typically stainless steel) interior, minimizing the risk of adulteration, contamination, and/or corrosion of contents; internal shelving appropriate for storage, easy location, and handling of laboratory products once the user is inside the chamber; a compressor, condenser, evaporator, tubing, sensors, controls, monitors, a temperature recording chart, and alarms for a dependable long-term storage following pharmacy standards. Walk-in pharmacy refrigerators are available completely assembled or as separate structural elements (e.g., doors, panels, floors) and units (e.g., refrigeration system, condensing unit) for assembly at user facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13323",
      "display": "Regulators, High-Pressure Gas",
      "definition": "Regulators designed to reduce the output pressure of gases stored in high-pressurized gas containters (e.g., medical gas cylinders) to provide a controlled  pressure (typically 50psi/3.5bar) and flow rate appropriate for delivering gases to patients. These regulators include controllers and may also include a manometer to measure the output pressure of the gases. High-pressure gas regulators are placed between the output port of the high-pressure gas container at one end and the patient breathing circuit at the other end. The regulators are mainly used for delivery of respiratory (e.g., oxygen) and anesthetic gases at an appropriate pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "33107",
      "display": "Regulators, High-Pressure Gas, Spray Delivery",
      "definition": "Regulators designed to reduce the output pressure of gases stored in high-pressurized gas containters (e.g., a medical gas cylinder) to provide a controlled  pressure (typically less than 100psi/7bar) and flow rate appropriate for spray delivery to patients. These regulators include controllers and may include a  manometer to measure the output pressure of the gases. Spray delivery gas pressure regulators are placed between the output port of the high-pressure gas (e.g., carbon dioxide) container at one end and the spray applicator that delivers the aerosol mixture to the patient at the other end. The applicators may be intended for external application (e.g., tissue adhesives) on the skin and/or for use in endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13325",
      "display": "Regulators, Suction",
      "definition": "Regulators that provide a means of controlling vacuum levels and adjusting the suction flow rate, typically from wall vacuum outlets or vacuum pumps, during the evacuation of various substances from a patient's body. A suction regulator limits the maximum amount of suction that can be administered to the patient by maintaining negative pressure. These regulators usually include the pressure-regulation mechanism, pressure-adjusting controls, and a calibrated manometer. Most regulators are equipped with a gauge calibrated in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or in centimeters of water (cm H2O); others have both mm Hg and cm H2O calibrations. Suction regulators can have continuously, intermittently, or both function modes, with control valves that allow the user to switch between modes."
    },
    {
      "code": "13329",
      "display": "Regulators, Suction, Low-Volume",
      "definition": "Suction regulators designed to provide a low airflow rate (usually under 0.3 lpm). These regulators typically allow vacuum levels between 40 to 120 mm Hg. Low-volume suction regulators may be used in gastrointestinal suctioning."
    },
    {
      "code": "15051",
      "display": "Regulators, Suction, Surgical",
      "definition": "Suction regulators designed to control the high levels of negative pressure (usually from 400 to 600 mm Hg) applied at the surgical site; some regulators permit the application of full line suction from wall vacuum outlets. These regulators usually include the pressure-regulation mechanism, pressure-adjusting controls, and a calibrated manometer. Surgical suction regulators are usually a component of a suction system connected to the wall outlet of a central vacuum system; they are used to control the removal of secretions (e.g., vomitus, mucus, blood) during surgical procedures as well as secretions in wound cavities after surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13332",
      "display": "Regulators, Suction, Thoracic",
      "definition": "Suction regulators designed to produce the vacuum levels and high airflow rates needed to remove blood, exudate, and air from the pleural cavity. Thoracic suction regulators provide lower vacuum pressures, generally in the range of 0 to 45 mm Hg and 0 to 60 cm H2O."
    },
    {
      "code": "13333",
      "display": "Regulators, Suction, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Suction regulators designed to control suctioning that is performed directly or through an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube to clear excess secretions from the trachea or tracheobronchial tree. These suction regulators typically have a scale range of 0 to 200 mm Hg and sometimes are capable of providing full wall-line vacuum (usually greater than 500 mm Hg)."
    },
    {
      "code": "42084",
      "display": "Remote Access Cards",
      "definition": "Computer hardware components that allow users to remotely access and control a computer system. These cards may be a circuit board or chip, which are installed on a computer so it can connect to a network from an external location. These cards are typically installed in a computer or server and provide a way for the user to connect to the system even if it is turned off or unresponsive. Remote access cards can provide a variety of features, including remote power control, remote console access, virtual media support, and remote monitoring and alerting."
    },
    {
      "code": "13335",
      "display": "Resectoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for removal or resection of tissues and/or for biopsy of lesions. These instruments may include electric cautery and coagulating capabilities or other means for tissue resection. Most of these resectoscopes consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system (e.g., fiberoptic), a wide-angle telescope, electrosurgical wire loops, and a working channel for catheters and other operative devices. They may also include a television camera on the distal tip.  Dedicated resectoscopes have the appropriate dimensions and characteristics for insertion and operation in the natural canals where they are intended to be used (e.g., urinary tract, female genital tract); other simpler resectoscopes are intended to resect tissues through incisions performed in minimal-access surgery  procedures (e.g., wrist)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18186",
      "display": "Resectoscopes, Gynecologic",
      "definition": "Resectoscopes designed for removal or biopsy of lesions of the female genital tract (e.g., cauterization of endometrial lining, removal of fibroid tumors); they typically include electric cautery and coagulating capabilities. Gynecologic resectoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system (e.g., fiberoptic), a wide-angle telescope, electrosurgical wire loops, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "33750",
      "display": "Resectoscopes, Transverse Carpal Ligament",
      "definition": "Resectoscopes designed for resection of the carpal ligament through a surgical incision at the base of the wrist. These resectoscopes typically consist of a pistol-like handpiece, and a video endoscopic device and disposable blade that are attached to the handpiece. The resectoscope is inserted in the wrist to provide a view of the wrist anatomy, including the ligament. Once the ligament is visualized, the retractable blade is placed in an appropriate position to resect the ligament when actioned by the handpiece trigger. Carpal tunnel ligament resectoscopes are used in for carpal tunnel release procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18187",
      "display": "Resectoscopes, Urological",
      "definition": "Resectoscopes designed for transurethral removal or biopsy of lesions of the bladder, prostate, or urethra; they typically include electric cautery and coagulating capabilities.  Urinary tract resectoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system (e.g.,  fiberoptic), a wide-angle telescope, electrosurgical wire loops, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices. They may also include a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "16131",
      "display": "Resinous Compounds, Cranial",
      "definition": "Resin composite materials (compounds) appropriate for skull-defect repair (i.e., cranioplasty). These compounds typically consist of self-curing acrylic resin (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate) or a two-part resinous material of several compositions, frequently including methyl ester of methacrylic acid. Cranial resinous compounds may be conformed as an inert implant (i.e., allograft) in the appropriate shape (e.g., plate) needed to repair the skull defect, using intraoperatively cured solid compositions or preoperatively fabricated porous custom implants. They are used also as bone cement for cranioplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "20358",
      "display": "Respirators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide respiratory protection. They may prevent the device wearer from inhaling dangerous particles, gases, and/or vapors from the environment. Respirators may be designed to remove particles (e.g., dusts, mists, some bacteria),  gases/vapors, or both; typically, the user can attach the respirator to his/her face without help from another person. Some devices filter the ambient air before it reaches the respirator user; others supply clean air directly from a source different than the surrounding air. Respirators are mostly used in emergency situations to protect people from inhalation of bacteria, contaminated particulates, and gases and/or vapors from chemical spills."
    },
    {
      "code": "18094",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Purifying",
      "definition": "Respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particles, gases, and/or vapors by filtering the environmental air. These respirators typically consist of a filtering facepiece (e.g., mask) that includes air-purifying devices (e.g., filters, cartridges, canisters) that remove the contaminant before it reaches the user."
    },
    {
      "code": "20360",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Purifying, Gas/Vapor",
      "definition": "Air-purifying respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling specific gases and/or vapors. These respirators typically consist of a filtering facepiece (e.g., a mask) that includes  disposable filters (e.g., cartridges, canisters) that should be replaced when their absorbing capacity is depleted.  Gas air-purifying respirators do not protect against inhalation of  airborne particles."
    },
    {
      "code": "20359",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Purifying, Particulate",
      "definition": "Air-purifying respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particulates, including dusts, mists, fumes, and some bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis). These respirators typically consist of a filtering facepiece (e.g., mask) of multilayer filter material. Disposable respirators or the filters in reusable units should be replaced when breathing becomes difficult. Particulate air-purifying respirators do not protect against inhalation of gases and vapors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20361",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Purifying, Particulate/Gas/Vapor",
      "definition": "Air-purifying respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particulates and gases or vapors from the environment. These respirators typically consist of a filtering facepiece (e.g., a mask) that includes both a disposable particulate filter that should be replaced when breathing becomes difficult and a disposable filter that should be replaced when its absorbing capacity is depleted."
    },
    {
      "code": "20703",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Purifying, Particulate/Gas/Vapor, Chemical/Biological Agent",
      "definition": "Air-purifying respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling chemical and/or biological agents or radioactive materials from the environment, either as airborne particulates, gases, or vapors. They do not offer protection from radiation. These respirators typically include a mask that includes two appropriate disposable filtering cartridges, one for particulates and another to absorb and/or neutralize the chemical or biological agent. Chemical and biological agent respirators are intended for long-term (e.g., 24 hours or more) use in highly contaminated areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "41653",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Purifying, Particulate/Gas/Vapor, Powered",
      "definition": "Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR) designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particulates and gases or vapors from the environment. These powered respirators typically consist of a loose-fitting disposable hood or a face shield, inflow and exhaust fans, filter cartridges, and a wearable battery pack. Some of these respirators include a hose that connects from the hood to the filters. PAPR devices are used throughout healthcare facilities and other industries."
    },
    {
      "code": "20362",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Supplying",
      "definition": "Respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particulates, gases, and/or vapors from the environment by supplying air from a source other than the surrounding air to the user. Air-supplying  respirators typically include a mask, hoses, and a source of air; they are available either as self-contained devices that include the source or air or as devices that should be connected to a stationary source of compressed air. Air-supplying respirators must supply air that meets specific requirements, such as grade D air, as defined by the Compressed Gas Association."
    },
    {
      "code": "20364",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Supplying, Self-Contained",
      "definition": "Air-supplying respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particles, gases, and/or vapors from the environment by supplying air from a self-contained air container. These respirators usually include a mask, a hose, and a portable air container that may be attached to the user. Self-contained source respirators do not limit the range of mobility of the user. They are available in two configurations: open-circuit type (intended for short-term use, usually less than an hour) and closed-circuit type respirators that filter and recycle the air and that may be used for up to a few hours. They are intended to enter and escape from an environment that is or may be immediately dangerous to life or health (e.g., closed rooms with contaminated particles or hazardous chemical spills)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20363",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Supplying, Stationary Source",
      "definition": "Air-supplying respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particles, gases, and/or vapors from the environment by supplying air from a stationary source of compressed air. These respirators usually include a mask and a long hose that should be connected to a nonportable, high-capacity compressed air source. Stationary source respirators limit the range of mobility of the user, they are intended for use for extended periods in an environment that is potentially but not immediately dangerous to life or health (e.g., in the neighborhood of hazardous chemical spills)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20365",
      "display": "Respirators, Air-Supplying, Stationary Source/Emergency Container",
      "definition": "Air-Supplying respirators designed to prevent the wearer from inhaling airborne particles, gases, and/or vapors from the environment by supplying air either from a stationary source of compressed air or from a low-capacity emergency self-contained air container. These respirators usually include a mask, a portable air container that may be attached to the user, and a long hose that should be connected to a high-capacity compressed air source. Combined stationary source/emergency container respirators are intended for use for extended periods in an environment that is or may be immediately dangerous to life or health for the user (e.g., closed rooms with contaminated particles or hazardous chemical spills), providing a supplementary air supply that is enough to escape in emergency."
    },
    {
      "code": "41937",
      "display": "Respiratory Gas Exchange Hoods",
      "definition": "Hoods designed to mix a patient�s exhaled breath with a controlled airflow. These hoods typically consist of a rigid plastic shell that may enclose the head of an adult or infant; they have a blower that provides airflow inside the hood. The blower pumps air out at a defined flow rate at different dilution flows dependent on patient�s weight. A sample of this gas mixture is then conveyed to the sampling line in order to measure oxygen concentration and ventilation parameters. These measurement are typically used in indirect calorimetry methods to calculate the metabolic rate."
    },
    {
      "code": "37216",
      "display": "Respiratory Hygiene Stations",
      "definition": "Stations designed to dispense infection prevention items related to respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette (e.g., masks, tissues, hand sanitizer) in health care. These stations typically consist of a base that may be placed on the floor or a table, a stand, and brackets or slots into which supplies may be placed. Some stations come with instructions or include a sign holder into which instructions may be added. These stations are usually placed in high-traffic areas (e.g., lobbies, elevators and cafeterias) to promote respiratory hygiene."
    },
    {
      "code": "13346",
      "display": "Restraints",
      "definition": "Devices designed to restrict and/or control a person's movement to the extent that is necessary for treatment, examination, or protection of the person or others. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to a wristlet, anklet, vest, mitt, straight jacket, body/limb holder, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "13351",
      "display": "Restraints, Crib",
      "definition": "Restraints designed to totally or partially limit the movement of infants and/or toddlers when they are lying in cribs. These restraints typically consist of devices that directly restrain the child's movement (e.g., belts, straps) or devices placed on the crib top that limit the child's movement indirectly (e.g., covers, nets). Crib restraints are used mainly to prevent children from falling out of the crib or climbing the crib rails."
    },
    {
      "code": "16126",
      "display": "Restrictors, Orthopedic Cement",
      "definition": "Small plugs inserted into the medullary canal during orthopedic surgery to restrict the area where orthopedic cement is injected."
    },
    {
      "code": "13360",
      "display": "Resuscitators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to restore or assist the physiologic function of a patient's cardiac and/or respiratory system for a short time when the performance of one or both of those systems is inadequate to sustain life or is completely absent.  Most resuscitators are simple in design and operation, permitting their use in emergencies both inside and outside the hospital, and also during transportation.  Resuscitators are typically used in emergency rooms, ambulances, patient care areas throughout the hospital, and in emergency rescue."
    },
    {
      "code": "13361",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Resuscitators designed to artificially create blood circulation in a patient under cardiac arrest. These resuscitators apply mechanical compression cyclically to the thorax, compressing the sternum at least five centimeters (two inches), and forcing the heart to eject blood.  Some resuscitators use a load-distributing band to compress the thorax. Most cardiac resuscitators are pneumatically or electrically driven, but a manually operated cardiac press has also been used.  Cardiac resuscitators may be used as a substitute for manual external cardiac compression to prevent fatigue of emergency personnel and to provide better consistency in the applied force and rate of compression to ventilation ratio."
    },
    {
      "code": "13363",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Cardiopulmonary",
      "definition": "Resuscitators that combine in units the capabilities artificially create blood circulation and provide ventilation to a patient who is apneic or exhibits inadequate respiration and is simultaneously under cardiac arrest.  These resuscitators apply mechanical compression cyclically to the thorax, producing a compression of the sternum at least five centimeters (two inches), forcing the heart to eject blood; pulmonary resuscitation is performed by using an integral pneumatic pulmonary resuscitator, typically applying time-cycled ventilation.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitators are used as a substitute of manual external cardiac compression to prevent fatigue of emergency personnel and to provide a better consistency in the applied force and rate of compression to ventilation ratio.  These resuscitators may be used during emergencies involving cardiopulmonary arrest if an oxygen cylinder or an oxygen-piped wall outlet is present; they can also be used during patient transportation in ambulances."
    },
    {
      "code": "13364",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Resuscitators designed to provide or assist ventilation in patients who are apneic or exhibit inadequate respiration to sustain life.  These resuscitators may deliver air, oxygen, or a mixture of the two gases through a connector to a mask, tracheal tube, or other appropriate artifical airway attached to the patient.  Most pulmonary resuscitators are portable or handheld devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17141",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary, Exhaled Air",
      "definition": "Pulmonary resuscitators designed to provide respiratory support to a patient using the air exhaled by the rescuer.  These resuscitators consist of a mouthpiece, a nonrebreathing valve and/or filter to prevent rescuer's contact with fluids or gases from the patient,; and a device to deliver the air (e.g., mask, shield) to the patient airway.  Exhaled- air pulmonary resuscitators can be used either to provide gases through the mouth or nose;  they are used as an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to reduce the risk or cross-contamination by physically separating the rescuer from the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "18798",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary, Exhaled Air, Mask",
      "definition": "Exhaled-air pulmonary resuscitators that include a mask to deliver the gases to the patient airways.  These resuscitators typically include a nonrebreathing valve or filter in an adapter that has an outlet appropriate to fit any standard mask (22 mm in diameter) or attach to an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube (15 mm in diameter). Many masks include supplemental oxygen inlets.  Both include reusable mask and a disposable valve."
    },
    {
      "code": "18799",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary, Exhaled Air, Shield",
      "definition": "Exhaled-air pulmonary resuscitators that include a face shield (made of polymeric material) to deliver the gases to the patient airways.  The face shield includes a nonrebreathing valve or filter in the center.  These resuscitators are available only as disposable units."
    },
    {
      "code": "13367",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary, Manual",
      "definition": "Pulmonary resuscitators designed to provide respiratory support to a patient by manually squeezing a bag.  These resuscitators typically consist of a polymeric (e.g., resilient rubber) self-refilling bag, a nonrebreathing valve to prevent patients from rebreathing their own carbon dioxide. an adapter that has an outlet appropriate to fit any standard mask (22 mm in diameter) or attach to an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube (15 mm in diameter), and an oxygen inlet valve.   Some include an oxygen reservoir and/or accept positive end-expiratory pressure valves.  Manual pulmonary resuscitators are mostly used during emergencies involving pulmonary arrest or for ventilated patient transport."
    },
    {
      "code": "17592",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary, Manual, Disposable",
      "definition": "Manual pulmonary resuscitators designed either for single use or to be used more than once on a single patient (single-patient use) and then discarded.  These resuscitators are usually simpler in construction than reusable resuscitators; they are not generally suitable or recommended for sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "17591",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary, Manual, Reusable",
      "definition": "Manual pulmonary resuscitators designed for repeated use.  These resuscitators are suitable for sterilization using an appropriate procedure (e.g., autoclave, ethylene oxide)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13366",
      "display": "Resuscitators, Pulmonary, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Pulmonary resuscitators designed to provide respiratory support from regulated-pressure (usually 50 psi) oxygen or air supplies.  These resuscitators typically consist of a standard mask, a connector that has an outlet appropriate to fit any standard mask (22 mm in diameter) or attach to an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube (15 mm in diameter), and control devices (e.g., automatic frequency and tidal volume settings, manual operation).  Most of these resuscitators use internal batteries for control and display device operation.  Pneumatic pulmonary resuscitators deliver high flow rates and high oxygen concentrations and avoid direct rescuer/patient contact; they may be used during emergencies involving pulmonary arrest if an oxygen cylinder, a piped wall outlet, or a breathing air supply is present."
    },
    {
      "code": "13369",
      "display": "Retainers, Bandage",
      "definition": "Retainers used to fix a bandage in an appropriate position. These retainers typically consist of an open, expandable, tubular mesh made of plastics (e.g., nylon and spandex). These retainers are manufactured in several sizes according to the intended use (e.g., fingers/toes, knee, elbow), they are available either in rolls or in precut, ready to use segments. Bandage retainers are used on patients that are sensitive or allergic to adhesive tape and/or in parts of the body that are difficult to tape."
    },
    {
      "code": "23641",
      "display": "Retainers, Dental",
      "definition": "Retainers designed for use in dental treatments, either for permanent use as prosthesis support or for temporary use in orthodontic and/or restoration procedures. Retainers are typically metallic casts, wires, or bands that may be an integral component of fixed prostheses, partial dentures, or orthodontic devices.  Retainers intended to maintain natural or artificial teeth in an appropriate position are usually attached to abutment teeth; temporary retainers used in orthodontic procedures are used for relatively long periods of time (e.g., weeks, months, years) while temporary retainers intended to held matrix bands used to contour and confine dental restorative materials are used only during the dental procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "23644",
      "display": "Retainers, Dental, Fixed Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Retainers designed to fit onto the abutments (e.g., supporting teeth) and support through a connector the artificial teeth (i.e., pontics) of a fixed dental prosthesis. These retainers are typically metallic castings, bands, or wires; they are an integral part of complete or partial (e.g., complete or partial crown, onlay) dental prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "23646",
      "display": "Retainers, Dental, Matrix Band",
      "definition": "Dental retainers designed for retention of matrix bands intended to contour and confine dental restorative materials. These retainers typically consist of metallic (typically stainless steel) devices that hold the matrix band during the restorative procedure; the retainer's shape and mechanical characteristics should match the characteristics of the matrix band used in the procedure (e.g., Tofflemire, Nystroem). Matrix band dental retainers are used temporarily during the restorative procedure; procedures using matrix bands without requiring retainers (i.e., retainerless matrix bands) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13370",
      "display": "Retainers, Dental, Orthodontic",
      "definition": "Retainers designed to hold teeth in place during the period of functional adaptation while surrounding gingival tissue (i.e., gums) and bone adjusts to a new position following corrective orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic retainers may be fixed (i.e., nonremovable) metallic wires placed around tooth abutments or removable retainers that typically consist of a metallic wire surrounding the teeth or, less frequently, a transparent plastic device that fits over the entire tooth arch. These retainers are frequently used after the removal of or braces are removed to prevent rehearsal at the Modifications in  the positions of the teeth and jaws gained by orthodontic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23642",
      "display": "Retainers, Dental, Orthodontic, Fixed",
      "definition": "Orthodontic retainers, that cannot be easily removed by the patient, designed to hold teeth in place during the period of functional adaptation while surrounding gingival tissue (i.e., gums) and bone adjust to a new position following corrective orthodontic treatment. These retainers typically consist of metallic wires attached to the lower incisors; they are intended to prevent reversal of the substantial modifications in tooth position (e.g., great modifications in bite) gained by orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23643",
      "display": "Retainers, Dental, Orthodontic, Removable",
      "definition": "Orthodontic retainers that can be easily removed by the user, designed to hold teeth in place during the period of functional adaptation while surrounding gingival tissue (i.e., gums) and bone adjust to a new position following corrective orthodontic treatment. These retainers may consist of metallic wires that surround the teeth and are attached (i.e., anchored) to molded resin (e.g., acrylic) plates shaped to fit either on the mouth palate or floor (Hawley retainers). Clear or transparent molded resin retainers (e.g., Essix retainers) that fit over the entire arch of teeth and do not allow the upper and lower teeth to touch because plastic covers the chewing surfaces of the teeth are also used. Removable orthodontic retainers are typically used several hours a day (e.g., during the night) for a period of several months or a few years to prevent reversal of substantial modifications in tooth position (e.g., great modifications in bite) gained by orthodontic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23645",
      "display": "Retainers, Dental, Partial Denture",
      "definition": "Retainers designed to fit on the abutment teeth and support the suspended portion of a partial denture. These retainers are typically metallic castings, bands, or wires that are an integral part of a partial denture. The part of the retainer that fits on the abutment tooth is known as a clasp."
    },
    {
      "code": "13371",
      "display": "Retainers, Visceral",
      "definition": "Devices designed to retain organs (i.e., viscera) and/or omentum (a fold of the peritoneum) in appropriate position while abdominal wounds are sutured, frequently at the close of surgical procedures. These retainers typically consist of sheets of synthetic materials with a central opening; they are placed through the wound internally on the peritoneum. The devices include an attached string with a proximal ring that is kept outside the body during the procedure; after the wound is almost completely closed the foldable retainer is pulled out. Viscera retainers are available as sterile, individually packaged single-use devices in several sizes appropriate for children and adults. The retainers are intended to facilitate and accelerate suturing of abdominal wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "23708",
      "display": "Retinometers",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic diagnostic instruments designed mainly to assess the preoperative retinal acuity in patients with cataracts. These instruments typically consist of a handheld device that produces a grating pattern projected by a light source (e.g., halogen bulb) that produces an interference effect. The pupil is scanned with different values of acuity, grating angle, and ambient light until the patient cannot recognize the angle anymore. Retinometers are intended mostly for preoperative prediction of the visual acuity that a patient will have after cataract surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13372",
      "display": "Retinoscopes",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed for the automated detection and measurement of refractive errors by projecting light into the examinee's eye through the pupil and assessing its reflection. These instruments are typically handheld devices with a light source, a lens, and a mirror that throw either a streak or a spot of light through the pupil of the patient. The examiner moves the instrument and observes the movement of the shadow of the reflected light in the eye in the same or the opposite direction of the device; a set of trial lenses is used to neutralize the reflex. The optical power of the lenses and other data (e.g., the distance between the instrument and the examinee) are used to calculate the refractive errors. Retinoscopes are used mainly for lens fitting and for refractive surgery assessments."
    },
    {
      "code": "13373",
      "display": "Retractors",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of incisions usually performed during surgical procedures, exposing and/or giving access to other tissues or organs. Some retractors are used to hold back anatomical parts during dental and oral surgery procedures. Retractors are available in a variety of shapes and styles according to both the tissue and/or organ to be exposed or retracted. Some retractors can retain a position once they are set (i.e., self-retained retractors); other retractors incorporate a fiberoptic system to illuminate deep surgical sites. Dedicated retractors are available for many dental and surgical procedures; other dedicated retractors intended for use in the natural canals are usually classified as specula."
    },
    {
      "code": "13380",
      "display": "Retractors, Dental/Oral Surgery",
      "definition": "Retractors designed to temporarily separate and/or hold the complete mouth open or to hold back any of the edges of incisions performed in various oral anatomical structures, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or oral structures during dental and/or oral surgery procedures. Most of these retractors are manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles according to the oral structure to be retracted; they usually include blunt distal blades. Some dental/oral surgical retractors used to keep open the whole mouth (i.e., mouth gags) can retain their position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Dedicated dental/oral surgical retractors are available for particular oral structures such as the lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate tissue flaps."
    },
    {
      "code": "33128",
      "display": "Retractors, Dental/Oral Surgery, Cheek/Lip",
      "definition": "Retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the lips and/or the edges of incisions in the cheek tissue, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or oral structures during dental and/or oral surgery procedures. These retractors are available as handheld manual instruments including a blunt distal blade and an integral handle; self-retained devices that may be fixed to the patient mouth are also available. Cheek/lip retractors are also used for nasal antrum surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33131",
      "display": "Retractors, Dental/Oral Surgery, Tongue",
      "definition": "Retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the tongue, exposing and providing access to other tissues, teeth, or oral structures during dental and/or oral surgical procedures. These retractors are available as handheld manual instruments including a curved, blunt, frequently serrated, distal blade and an integral curved handle. Some retractors incorporate a fiber optic cable to provide illumination during surgery. Tongue retractors are used to avoid injuries to the tongue and also for nasal antrum surgical procedures.  Dedicated tongue retractors intended to protect the lingual nerve during molar (e.g., third molar) extractions are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13384",
      "display": "Retractors, Laminectomy (Retired)",
      "definition": "Instruments for holding back the margins of a surgical wound in order to excise a vertebral posterior arch."
    },
    {
      "code": "33134",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical",
      "definition": "Retractors designed for to temporarily separate and hold the edges of incisions performed during surgical procedures, exposing and/or giving access to other tissues or organs. Most of these retractors are manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles and typically include one or more sharp or blunt distal blades and a handle. The size and shape of the retractors used depends on the anatomic structure to be retracted and/or the procedure to be performed. Some surgical retractors used to keep open a surgical incision during a long period of time can retain their position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors); the retractors may also provide fiber optic illumination. Dedicated surgical retractors are available for particular anatomic structures (e.g., abdominal and thoracic wound edges and organs) or particular surgical procedures (e.g., reconstructive, tumor ablation, trauma treatment)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28442",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Abdominal Organ",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back any of the various abdominal organs, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or abdominal structures. These retractors are manual, handheld instruments, usually with wide, deep blades capable of holding back the intra-abdominal organs, frequently by placing abdominal packs between the organ and the retractor. Abdominal organ retractors are available in a variety of shapes and styles and are selected according to the thoracic structure or organ to be exposed or retracted. Dedicated abdominal retractors are available for particular structures and/or organs (e.g., liver, gall bladder)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13375",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Abdominal Wall",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the full thickness of an abdominal wall incision, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or abdominal structures. Abdominal wall surgical retractors consist of handheld, manual or mechanically operated instruments that are available in a variety of shapes and styles; most mechanically operated instruments can retain position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). The retractors are used to facilitate surgical procedures inside the abdomen. Dedicated abdominal wall retractors are available for particular abdominal structures and/or organs (e.g., ribs, liver)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28443",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Abdominal Wall, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Abdominal wall surgical retractors designed with a mechanism that retains its position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). These retractors usually include a very sturdy mechanism with blunt distal blades that are deep enough to hold back all the tissues from the skin to the peritoneum. The opening mechanisms ensure that the blades remain parallel to one another as they move apart. Self-retained abdominal retractors are provided in a great variety of shapes and mechanisms according to the tissue and/or abdominal structure or organ to be exposed; dedicated self-retained retractors are available for particular abdominal structures and/or organs (e.g., liver, appendix)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33192",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Abdominal Wall, Self-Retained, Laparoscopy",
      "definition": "Abdominal wall surgical retractors designed to retract any of the edges of incisions performed during laparoscopic surgical procedures that include a mechanism that retains its position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). These retractors usually include a very sturdy mechanism with blunt distal blades that are deep enough to hold back all the tissues from the skin to the peritoneum. The opening mechanisms are appropriate for small laparotomy and/or suprapubic incisions. Laparoscopic abdominal retractors are available in a great variety of shapes and mechanisms. They are selected according to the tissue and/or abdominal structure or organ to be exposed. Dedicated retractors are available for particular abdominal structures and/or organs (e.g., gall bladder, appendix, uterus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23474",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Abdominal Wall, Self-Retained, Laparoscopy, Disposable",
      "definition": "Laparoscopic surgery self-retained retractors designed for temporary lifting and holding back the abdominal wall, exposing and facilitating laparoscopic procedures on tissues or organs in the peritoneal cavity. They are intended for single-use (i.e., disposable). These retractors typically consist of manual, self-retained instruments including two \"J-\" or \"V-\" shaped paddles (vanes) radiating from a shaft at the working end, resembling an open fan (also known as fan retractors). The paddles are usually introduced into the peritoneal space through a small incision at the umbilicus. They are then spread to the open position and then attached using a connector to a specially designed external coupling arm, retracting the abdominal wall as the arm is lifted. Disposable laparoscopic retractors may be used both in standard pneumoperitoneum laparoscopy and in gasless procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33163",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Amputation",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of an incision before and during the performance of an amputation, exposing and providing access to the segment of the bone to be resected. Amputation retractors usually consist of handheld, manual instruments with a split semi-spherical shape that includes removable or reversible handles at the opposite sides to facilitate its manipulation. Surgical amputation retractors are used in procedures of limb amputation."
    },
    {
      "code": "33154",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Anal/Sphincter",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of surgical incisions in or around the anal canal and/or anal sphincter, exposing and providing access to the rectum. Anal canal and anal sphincter retractors usually consist of manual instruments, typically with two or three flexible bent blades and two scissors-like handles with a ratchet that permit self-retention. Anal/sphincter retractors are used in surgical and examination procedures of the anus and rectum."
    },
    {
      "code": "33172",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back one or more of the bones or segments of bone, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during orthopedic surgery procedures. These retractors are typically sturdy manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the bone retracted or the anatomical structure to be exposed. Dedicated bone retractors are available for many particular bones, such as the humerus, tibia, and femur."
    },
    {
      "code": "23730",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Bone, Femur",
      "definition": "Bone surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back one segment (usually one head or head and neck) of the femur, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during orthopedic (e.g., hip) surgery procedures. These retractors may consist of manual, sturdy, handheld instruments consisting of a curved, flat shaft with a two-pronged blunt blade forming a small angle to the shaft at the distal tip and an integral flat handle at the proximal end. Retractors with two adjustable blades and scissors-like proximal end with a self-retention ratchet are also available. Femoral retractors are used in trauma and/or orthopedic reconstructive procedures involving the femur (e.g., to distract the femur head and neck laterally) improving the access to the hip joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "33197",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Bone, Humerus",
      "definition": "Bone surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back one segment (usually one head) of the humerus, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during orthopedic (e.g., shoulder) surgery procedures. These retractors are typically manual, sturdy handheld instruments consisting of a doubled, curved, flat shaft with a U-shaped blunt blade with ends perpendicular to the shaft at the distal tip and an integral rounded handle at the proximal end. Humerus retractors are used in trauma and/or reconstructive procedures involving the humerus (e.g., to distract the humerus head laterally) improving the access to the shoulder joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "33196",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Bone, Tibia",
      "definition": "Bone surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back one segment (usually one head) of the tibia, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during orthopedic surgery procedures. These retractors are typically manual, sturdy handheld instruments consisting of a curved, concave shaft with a blunt blade at the distal tip and an integral rounded handle at the proximal end. Tibia orthopedic retractors are used in trauma and/or reconstructive procedures involving the tibia and associated structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13377",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Brain",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back segments of (or the entire) brain, to expose and provide access to other tissues and/or intracranial structures. These retractors are frequently manual, handheld instruments consisting of flat, malleable, doubled-ended strips that are either straight or curved (e.g., following an \"S\" shape). These retractors come in a variety of sizes in order to accommodate the brain sulcus, fissure, or margin to be retracted. Also available are self-retained brain retractors capable of retracting the entire brain.."
    },
    {
      "code": "13378",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Brain, Nerve Decompression",
      "definition": "Brain surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back a segment of the brain, opening a corridor to a nerve inside the brain (usually the trigeminal nerve), exposing and providing access to blood vessels causing compression to the intracranial nerve. These retractors are frequently manual, handheld instruments consisting of flat, malleable, shaft with a curved blade at the distal end and a flat or rounded handle at the proximal end. Self-retained brain retractors that include appropriate mechanisms intended to retract the whole brain are also available. Nerve decompression retractors are used in surgical procedures to relieve the symptoms (pain, muscle twitching) caused by compression of a nerve by an artery or vein."
    },
    {
      "code": "33135",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Brain, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Brain surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back segments of, or the entire brain, to expose and provide access to other tissues and/or intracranial structures. They include a mechanism that retains its position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). These retractors usually consist of two rake-like blades whose distance can be adjusted using a ratchet mechanism that includes scissors-like proximal ends. Self-retained brain retractors are used for surgery of the brain structures and cerebellum."
    },
    {
      "code": "33164",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Esophagus",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the esophagus, exposing and providing access to particular segments of the esophagus and/or other associated anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of handheld manual instruments with a rounded blade that fits the esophagus diameter at the distal tip of a shaft perpendicular to an integral tubular handle. Esophageal surgical retractors are used to deflect the esophagus from its position during surgical procedures, usually facilitating suturing the esophageal walls."
    },
    {
      "code": "13381",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edge of soft tissue incisions and/or anatomic parts of the eye, exposing and providing access to other tissues or eye structures. Eye (i.e., ophthalmic) retractors are handheld, manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles usually including a blunt working end and an integral handle according to the tissue and/or eye structure to be exposed or retracted. Some eye retractors can retain position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Dedicated eye retractors are available for particular eye parts (e.g., eyelid, sclera, orbit, iris)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33189",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Eye, Eyelid",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgical designed to maintain the eyelids in an open position during ocular surgery. These retractors typically consist of a manual, handheld instrument with a straight (flat or round) handle at the proximal end and wide curved blade, usually perpendicular to the shaft, at the distal end. Wire eyelid retractors are also available. Eyelid retractors are used during eye surgery procedures that require keeping the eyes completely open for some period of time. Self-retained eyelid retractors are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33190",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Eye, Iris",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgical designed to maintain the iris in a fixed position, enlarging and maintaining a constant papillary size, during surgery of the eye structures. These retractors may consist of a manual, handheld plastic (reusable polypropylene and disposable nylon) or metallic instrument with a straight (flat or round) handle at the proximal end; they usually include a fine blade at the distal end that is frequently shaped as a loop. Retractors that are intended for temporary fixation in the iris during the surgical procedure are also available. Iris retractors are used during eye surgery procedures that require iris fixation and consistent pupil size to facilitate ocular surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33191",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Eye, Lacrimal Sac",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgical designed to temporarily separate and hold back soft tissues in the upper end of the nasolacrimal duct, exposing and providing access to the duct and other related anatomic parts. These retractors are typically slender metallic (e.g., stainless steel) instruments that may include a curved, fork-like distal end and an integral handle. Some retractors have two blades each with two to four prongs at the distal end and may also include a self-retaining mechanism. Lacrimal sac eye retractors are used mainly during surgical procedures, but they may be also used for examination and/or treatment purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "13385",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Eye, Orbital",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back soft tissues in the orbit of the eye, exposing and providing access to other anatomic parts of the orbit. These retractors are typically slender metallic (e.g., stainless steel) instruments with a two-pronged, forklike blunt working end and an integral flat and serrated handle. Orbital eye retractors are used mainly during surgical procedures, but they may be also used for examination purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33210",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Hand/Finger",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back hand and/or finger tissues, exposing and providing access to other soft tissues, bones, and/or anatomic structures of the hands. These retractors usually consist of slender handheld manual instruments with a solid or fork-like curved blade at the distal tip and an integral flat or tubular handle. Hand/finger surgical retractors are used for reconstructive (orthopedic) and/or plastic surgery procedures of the hands; cross-action flexible retractors providing self-retention are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33213",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Hand/Finger, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Hand/finger surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back hand and/or finger tissues, exposing and providing access to other soft tissues, bones, and/or anatomic structures of the hands that provide self-retention. These retractors usually consist of slender manual instruments including two flat thin flexible and narrow laminar components with cross-action that joint together at the proximal end, with solid or raked blades at the distal end with a locking mechanism (known as ratchet catch) that provides self-retention. Self-retained hand/finger surgical retractors are used for reconstructive and or plastic surgery procedures of the hands."
    },
    {
      "code": "33198",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Joint Tissue",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back tissues other than bone (e.g., periosteal tissue) in a joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint during orthopedic surgery procedures. These retractors are typically manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are selected according to the tissue of the articulation that is retracted and/or the anatomical structure to be exposed. Dedicated joint tissue retractors are available for use in many particular articulations, such as the knee, shoulder, and hip."
    },
    {
      "code": "33200",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Joint Tissue, Elbow",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back tissues other than bone (e.g., periosteal tissue) in the elbow joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint during orthopedic procedures. These retractors are typically manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are selected according to the tissue of the shoulder articulation that is to be retracted and/or the anatomical structure to be exposed. The retractors frequently include double-ended instruments with bent distal ends (e.g., cobra style) to facilitate tissue retraction. Elbow joint tissue retractors are used in many orthopedic reconstructive procedures and/or after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "33201",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Joint Tissue, Hip",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back tissues other than bone (e.g., periosteal tissues around the femur and acetabulum) in the hip joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint during orthopedic procedures. These retractors are typically manual, handheld instruments (e.g., cobra style retractors) available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the tissue of the hip articulation that is retracted and/or the anatomical structure to be exposed. Hip joint tissue retractors are used in many orthopedic reconstructive procedures and/or after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "33202",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Joint Tissue, Knee",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back tissues (e.g., periosteal) other than bone in the knee joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint during orthopedic procedures. These retractors are typically manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are selected according to the tissue of the knee articulation that is retracted and/or the anatomical structure to be exposed. Knee joint tissue retractors are used in many orthopedic reconstructive procedures and/or after trauma; dedicated retractors intended for the whole knee, the patella, collateral ligaments and other knee structures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33199",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Joint Tissue, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back tissues other than bone (e.g., periosteal tissue) in the shoulder joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint during orthopedic surgery procedures. These retractors are typically manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are selected according to the tissue of the shoulder articulation that is retracted and/or the anatomical structure to be exposed. Shoulder joint tissue retractors are used in many orthopedic reconstructive procedures and/or after trauma. Dedicated retractors with a curved shaft and a fork-like distal blade are available for use in procedures that require a separation of tissue from the glenoid rim."
    },
    {
      "code": "33174",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Maxillofacial",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the maxilla and/or any of the edges of incisions performed in various other facial anatomic structures with the exception of the eyes, exposing and providing better access to the surrounding anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of handheld manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes including a blade and an appropriate flat or rounded handle; they may include fiber optic illumination. Other maxillofacial retractors consist of two blades and a scissors-like handle with a ratchet to permit self-retention. Dedicated retractors for particular facial anatomic structures such as the nose and chin are also available. Most maxillofacial retractors are intended for reconstructive and plastic surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33179",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Maxillofacial, Chin",
      "definition": "Maxillofacial surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back any of the edges of incisions performed in the chin (also known as mentum), exposing and providing better access to the surrounding anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of handheld manual instruments with a sharp single- or double-pronged distal end and a flat or rounded handle at the proximal end. Chin surgical retractors are used in a variety of reconstructive and plastic surgical procedures involving the face and dental structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33177",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Maxillofacial, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Maxillofacial surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the maxilla and/or any of the edges of incisions performed in various facial anatomic structures with the exception of the eyes, exposing and providing better access to the surrounding anatomic structures that are appropriate for several different purposes. These retractors usually consist of handheld manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes. They typically include a blade that is perpendicular or angled to the shaft at the distal end and have a flat or rounded handle. Multipurpose maxillofacial retractors are used for a great variety of reconstructive (e.g., after trauma) and plastic (e.g., face lifting, liposuction) surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33178",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Maxillofacial, Multipurpose, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Multipurpose maxillofacial surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the maxilla and/or any of the edges of incisions performed in various facial anatomic structures (with the exception of the eyes), These devices expose and provide better access to the surrounding anatomic structures and include a self-retention mechanism. These retractors usually consist of two blades and a scissors-like handle with a ratchet mechanism to permit self-retention at the proximal end; some retractors include a third central blade. Self-retained multipurpose maxillofacial retractors are used for a great variety of reconstructive (e.g., after trauma) and plastic (e.g., face lifting, liposuction) surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33180",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Maxillofacial, Nasal",
      "definition": "Maxillofacial surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back any of the edges of incisions performed in various nasal structures, exposing and providing better access to the nasal cavities and/or nasal sinuses. These retractors usually consist of handheld manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes; they frequently include instruments with a shaft ending in a rounded or hook-like blade perpendicular to the shaft and an integral flat or tubular handle. Nasal surgical retractors are used in a variety of therapeutic and surgical procedures inside the nose. Dedicated nasal retractors intended to retract the edges of the nasal sinuses (i.e., nasal antrum) are also available; other dedicated retractors intended to expand the natural nasal cavities are usually classified as nasal specula."
    },
    {
      "code": "33138",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed for temporary separation and holding back the edges of surgical incisions in or around the external auditory canal, exposing and providing access to the middle ear structures. These retractors usually consist of self-retained manual instruments, typically with two rounded (frequently swivel) blades and an integral adjustable flat-pointed third blade to retract the temporal muscle. All blades merge in a proximal-end rotating mechanism used to adjust the position of the blades. Retractors with two distal blades and scissors-like handles with a ratchet mechanism for self-retention are also available. Middle ear surgical retractors are used in many different types of endaural surgery procedures. Dedicated retractors for antral and trans-antral (i.e., in the mastoid cavity in the tympanic bone) retraction and also for the posterior fossa retraction during surgical procedures are also available. Other dedicated retractors intended to expand the natural external ear canal are usually classified as aural specula."
    },
    {
      "code": "15675",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Middle Ear, Mastoid Process",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the tissues and other anatomic structures surrounding the mastoid prominence of the temporal bone, exposing and providing access to the mastoid prominence (i.e., mastoid process). Mastoid process retractors are manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles. They usually include two adjustable blades at the distal end that are pivoted at the center and that have at the proximal end a threaded mechanism or scissors-like handles with a ratchet that retain the position once set (i.e., self-retaining retractors).  They are used mainly in surgical procedures of the temporal bone mastoid process and surrounding middle-ear structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33171",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and/or hold back the edge of incisions performed in one of many different anatomic structures, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during a variety of surgical procedures. Most of these retractors are manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles, typically including one or more sharp or blunt distal blades and a handle; the size and shape of the retractors depend on the anatomic structure to be retracted and/or the procedure to be performed. Some multipurpose surgical retractors used to keep open a surgical incision during a long period of time can retain their position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors); the retractors may also provide fiber optic illumination. Multipurpose surgical retractors are used in many types of procedures, such as plastic, general-purpose, bariatric, and orthopedic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "15635",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Multipurpose, Fiberoptic-Illuminated",
      "definition": "Multipurpose surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and/or hold back the edge of incisions performed in one of many different anatomic structures, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during surgical procedures that include a fiberoptic bundle to deliver light for illumination of the surgical site. These retractors may consist of manual, handheld or self-retained instruments with an integral or attached fiber optic bundle that delivers light to the surgical site from an external light source. Dedicated fiberoptic surgical retractors are available for particular anatomic structures (e.g., throat, perineal) or surgical procedures such as plastic, vaginal, gynecologic, or orthopedic surgery. Many particular types of retractors permit the attachment of fiberoptic bundles to them."
    },
    {
      "code": "13383",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Multipurpose, Handheld",
      "definition": "Multipurpose surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and/or hold back the edge of incisions performed in one of many different anatomic structures, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during surgical procedures that are held by the surgeon. These retractors usually consist of manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles typically including one or more sharp or blunt distal blades and a handle; the size and shape of the retractors depend on the anatomic structure to be retracted and/or the procedure to be performed. Dedicated handheld multipurpose surgical retractors are available for particular anatomic structures (e.g., skin edges, eyes, abdominal organs) or surgical procedures (e.g., plastic, ophthalmic, or orthopedic surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13390",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Multipurpose, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Multipurpose surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and/or hold back the edge of incisions performed in one of many different anatomic structures, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures during surgical procedures that permit self-retention once they are set. These retractors usually consist of manual instruments including two blades at the distal end with cross-action that joint join together at the proximal end and include a locking mechanism (known as ratchet catch) that provides self-retention; some self-retained retractors include blades mounted on a rigid frame that provides self-retention. Dedicated self-retained surgical retractors are available for particular anatomic structures (e.g., skin edges, abdominal and thoracic wounds) or surgical procedures such as plastic, cardiothoracic, and orthopedic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33182",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Nasopharyngeal",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back any of the edges of incisions performed in various nasal and pharyngeal structures, exposing and providing better access to the surrounding anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of handheld manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes; dedicated nasopharyngeal retractors for the palate (both soft and hard palate), the palate pillars, and the uvula palatine are also available. Nasopharyngeal surgical retractors are used in a variety of therapeutic and surgical procedures inside the nose, pharynx, and surrounding anatomic structures. Other dedicated retractors intended to expand the natural distal opening of the mouth to expose the pharynx are usually classified as pharyngeal specula."
    },
    {
      "code": "33183",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Nasopharyngeal, Palate/Pillar",
      "definition": "Nasopharyngeal surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back any of the edges of incisions performed in various palate and/or palate pillar structures, exposing and providing better access to the surrounding anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of handheld, manual, slender instruments in a variety of shapes, usually with long shafts including sharp blades at one or both ends and a handle at the proximal end or at the center. Dedicated retractors for the soft and hard palate and the palate pillars are also available. Palate/pillar nasopharyngeal surgical retractors are used in a variety of therapeutic and surgical procedures inside the nose, pharynx, and surrounding anatomic structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33186",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Nasopharyngeal, Palatine Uvula",
      "definition": "Nasopharyngeal surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the palatine uvula, exposing and providing better access to the throat and other surrounding anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of handheld, manual, slender instruments with long shafts including a blunt wire blade at the distal end and a flat or rounded handle at the proximal end. Palatine uvula nasopharyngeal surgical retractors are used in a variety of therapeutic and surgical procedures inside the nose, pharynx, throat and surrounding anatomic structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33162",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Nerve",
      "definition": "Retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back nerves and/or nerve roots, exposing and providing access to related anatomic parts. These retractors are typically slender metallic (e.g., stainless steel) instruments that typically include a curved, delicate distal blade at the distal end that may be straight or angled to the shaft and have an integral flat or tubular handle.  Surgical nerve retractors are used mainly during procedures involving neurosurgery or plastic and reconstructive surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33170",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Pelvic Organ",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back a pelvic organ and/or the edges of a pelvic or perineal incision, exposing and providing access to other (e.g., rectum, vagina, prostate) organs and/or structures. These retractors typically consist of sturdy, handheld manual instruments with a double-angled shaft ended in a rounded blade at the distal end and an integral heavy tubular handle at the proximal end. Pelvic organ retractors are used in hysterectomy, prostatectomy, and other open surgery procedures performed inside the pelvis; dedicated rectum, vagina, and prostate retractors are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33167",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Perineal Wall",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of a pelvic floor (i.e., perineum) wall incision, exposing and providing access to the rectum and associated sexual and/or urinary structures. Perineal retractors typically consist of a variety of manual instruments with two or three flexible bent swivel blades; they usually include towel pegs and two scissors-like handles with a ratchet that permit self-retention. Self-retained perineal retractors are also available. Perineal wall retractors are used in surgical procedures involving the rectum, prostate in males, vagina in women, and other tissues accessible through a perineal incision."
    },
    {
      "code": "33169",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Perineal/Pelvic Wall, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Retractors with a self-retained mechanism designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges a pelvic or pelvic floor (i.e., perineum) wall incision, exposing and providing access to the rectum and associated sexual and/or urinary structures. Perineal/pelvic retractors usually consist of a variety of manual instruments, typically consisting of two or three flexible bent swivel blades that may include towel pegs and two scissors-like handles with a ratchet that permit self-retention. Perineal/pelvic wall self-retained retractors are used in surgical procedures involving the rectum, prostate in males, vagina in women, and/or other tissues accessible through a perineal or pelvic incision."
    },
    {
      "code": "13388",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Rectum",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of abdomino-perineal surgical incisions, exposing and/or giving access to the rectum stump. Rectum perineal retractors usually consist of large, handheld manual instruments with two large curved blades at the distal end and two scissors-like handles with a ratchet that permits self-retention. Rectum retractors are used mainly in surgical procedures for excision of the rectum; other dedicated retractors intended to expand the natural anal canal and rectum are usually classified as rectal specula."
    },
    {
      "code": "17500",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Scalp",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the part of the head skin covered with hair (i.e., scalp), exposing and providing access to the bones of the skull. These retractors usually consist of manual instruments, including two blades that merge in a proximal-end rotating mechanism used to adjust the position of the blades. They also permit the retention of  the position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Scalp retractors that use scissors-like handles with self-retention at the proximal end are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33187",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Skin",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of an incision performed on the skin, exposing and providing access to subcutaneous tissues and/or other superficial anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of slender, handheld, manual instruments with a hook- or fork-like curved blade at the distal tip and an integral flat or tubular handle. Skin surgical retractors are used for cosmetic (plastic surgery) and/or therapeutic surgical procedures performed under the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "33203",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Spine",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of a back or thoracic incision, exposing and providing access to a segment of the spinal (e.g., cervical, thoracic, lumbar) structures. Spine retractors are handheld, manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles, usually including blunt distal blades and an integral handle according to the spinal structure to be exposed or retracted. Some spinal retractors can retain the position once they are set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Dedicated spinal retractors are available for particular spine areas (e.g., cervical, lumbar) and/or to perform particular procedures in the spine (e.g., laminectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33204",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Spine, Cervical",
      "definition": "Spine surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of a posterior cervical incision, exposing and providing access to the cervical vertebrae and surrounding anatomical structures. These retractors are handheld, manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles, usually including blunt distal blades and an integral handle according to the spinal procedure to be performed. Some cervical retractors include two blades and scissor-like ratchet handles that permit the retractor to retain the position once it is set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Dedicated retractors intended to perform minimal-access cervical (and upper thoracic) spinal surgery (e.g., including pivoting tubes and pliable skirts to permit appropriate visualization) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33206",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Spine, Lumbar",
      "definition": "Spine surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of a posterior lumbar incision, exposing and providing access to the lumbar vertebrae and surrounding anatomical structures. These retractors are handheld, manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles, usually including blunt distal blades and an integral handle and are selected according to the spinal procedure to be performed. Some lumbar retractors include two blades and scissor-like ratchet handles that permit the retractor to retain its position once it is set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Dedicated retractors intended to perform minimal-access lumbar (and lower thoracic) spinal surgery (e.g., including a split tube and expanding rails to permit appropriate opening and visualization) in procedures such as a microdiscectomy are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33208",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Spine, Lumbar, Laminectomy",
      "definition": "Lumbar spine surgery retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back fat and muscles that surround the lumbar spine, exposing and providing access to the lumbar vertebrae and surrounding anatomical structures that are appropriate for excision of one or more vertebral laminas and associated structures (i.e., laminectomy). These retractors are handheld, manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles, usually including blunt distal blades and an integral handle. some lumbar retractors include two blades and scissor-like ratchet handles that permit the retractor to retain the position once it is set (i.e., self-retained retractors), other self-retained retractors include two displaceable blades mounted on a rigid frame. Lumbar laminectomy retractors are used in open laminectomy procedures, usually to provide decompression of the nerves to avoid pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "33188",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Subcutaneous Tissue",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of an incision on the skin and underlying thin subcutaneous tissue, exposing and providing access to superficial anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of manual instruments with curved blades at the distal tip that can penetrate deeper than skin retractor blades and an integral scissors-like double handle with a ratchet to provide self-retention. Subcutaneous tissue surgical retractors are used for surgical procedures on delicate tissues such as the axilla or children tissue; some subcutaneous retractors are sometimes used for deeper procedures such as operation of varices and hernias, they may include a ratchet mechanism to provide self-retention."
    },
    {
      "code": "33145",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Organ",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back any of the various thoracic organs and/or structures, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or thoracic structures. Thoracic organ retractors are manual, handheld instruments usually with blades capable of holding back the intra-thoracic organs (e.g., heart, lungs) and/or their structures (e.g., cardiac valves). Thoracic organ retractors are available in a variety of shapes and styles and are selected according to the thoracic structure or organ to be exposed or retracted. Dedicated thoracic organ retractors are available for organs such as the heart and lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "13379",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Organ, Heart",
      "definition": "Thoracic organ surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the heart or any particular cardiac or associated vascular structure, exposing and providing access to other tissues or heart structures. Thoracic organ heart retractors are handheld, manual instruments usually including a blunt blade at the distal end. Dedicated retractors for the cardiac atrium and cardiac valves are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33147",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Organ, Heart, Aortic Valve",
      "definition": "Thoracic organ surgery heart retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the aortic valve while guarding the aortic orifice in the left ventricle of the heart, exposing and providing access to its structure during surgical procedures. These retractors are handheld, manual instruments usually including a cup-like blade perpendicular to the shaft at the distal end and a tubular handle at the proximal end. They are used mainly in heart procedures performed on the cardiac aortic valve."
    },
    {
      "code": "33146",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Organ, Heart, Atrial",
      "definition": "Thoracic organ surgery heart retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back one atrium of the heart, exposing and providing access to other heart structures. These retractors are handheld, manual instruments usually including an open, frequently serrated, blade that resembles a wire cage at the distal end and a tubular handle."
    },
    {
      "code": "33148",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Organ, Lung",
      "definition": "Thoracic organ surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the lungs, exposing and providing access to other tissues or thoracic structures and/or organs during surgical procedures. Thoracic lung retractors are handheld, manual instruments usually including a blunt distal end which resembles an egg whisk structure and an integral handle. Lung retractors with a soft and flexible solid distal end blade are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13391",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Wall",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the full thickness of a thoracic wall incision, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or abdominal structures during surgical procedures. Thoracic wall retractors consist of manual, handheld or mechanically operated instruments that are available in a variety of shapes and styles; most mechanically operated instruments can retain the position once it is set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Dedicated self-retained thoracic wall retractors are available to open the ribs (commonly known as rib spreaders) and sternum."
    },
    {
      "code": "13389",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Wall, Rib",
      "definition": "Thoracic wall surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of an incision around the ribs, exposing and providing access to tissues, thoracic structures, and/or organs. These retractors consist of handheld, manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and styles, usually including blunt distal blades and an integral handle; most rib retractors can retain the position once it is set (i.e., self-retained retractors). Mechanically operated retractors including a self-retained mechanism with gears that permit a wide separation of the ribs during the surgical procedure (known as rib spreaders) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13709",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Wall, Rib, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Thoracic wall surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of an incision around the ribs, exposing and providing access to tissues, thoracic structures, and/or organs, with a mechanism that retains its position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). These retractors usually include a very sturdy mechanism with blunt distal blades that are strong enough to hold back the ribs widely separated; the opening mechanism usually includes two blades that are moved along a frame that  ensures that the blades remain parallel to one another as they move apart. Self-retained rib thoracic retractors (also known as rib spreaders) are provided in a variety of blade shapes and configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33143",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Wall, Sternum",
      "definition": "Thoracic wall surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edge of an incision of the plate of bone forming the middle of the anterior wall of the thorax (i.e., the sternum), exposing and providing access to other tissues or thoracic structures and/or organs. Sternum retractors consist of handheld, manual or mechanically operated instruments that are available in a variety of shapes and styles. Most mechanically operated instruments can retain the position once it is set (i.e., self-retained retractors). The retractors are used to facilitate surgical procedures inside the thorax; dedicated retractors for particular procedures such as cardiac surgery and internal mammary artery dissection are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33144",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thoracic Wall, Sternum, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Thoracic wall surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edge of an incision around the sternum (i.e., the plate of bone forming the middle of the anterior wall of the thorax), exposing and providing access to other tissues or thoracic structures and/or organs, with a mechanism that retains its position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). These retractors usually include a mechanism with blunt distal blades that can hold back the sternum after it is widely separated; the opening mechanism usually includes two blades that are moved along a frame that  ensures that the blades remain parallel to one another as they move apart. Self-retained sternum thoracic retractors are provided in a variety of blade shapes and configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33165",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Thyroid",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of an incision in order to provide access to the thyroid gland and/or other associated anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of manual instruments whose blades at the distal tip are substituted by clips resembling forceps. They include ratchets for self-retention and an integral U-tube with adjustable width to fit around the neck at the proximal end without any additional handle. Thyroid surgical retractors are used for surgical procedures on the thyroid, including excision of tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "33166",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of the trachea, exposing and providing access to particular segments of the trachea and/or other tissues and surrounding anatomic structures. These retractors typically consist of handheld manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes; including flat bladed retractors curved at one end, one or more pronged fork-like retractors, and spring-wire retractors. Tracheal retractors are used in open surgery procedures performed in the throat, including excision of tracheal tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "33149",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Urinary Tract",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back any of the various organs and/or tubular structures of the urinary tract, exposing and providing access to other tissues, organs, or structures. Urinary tract retractors are manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are selected according to the urinary tract structure or organ to be exposed or retracted. Dedicated urinary tract retractors are available for the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra and other associated structures and organs (e.g., the prostate)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13376",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Bladder",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the urinary bladder, exposing and providing access to other tissues, urinary tract, and associated structures. These retractors are usually handheld manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes and selected according to the structure or organ to be exposed. Some instruments include fiber optics to provide illumination to the surgical area. Dedicated self-retained bladder retractors including appropriate mechanisms are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33151",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Bladder, Self-Retained",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the urinary bladder, exposing and providing access to other tissues, urinary tract, and associated structures, with a mechanism that retains its position once set (i.e., self-retained retractors). These retractors frequently include a mechanism with a blunt, central concave blade and two cup-like blades whose distance can be adjusted using a ratchet mechanism that includes scissors-like proximal ends. Some self-retained urinary bladder retractors include fiber optics to provide illumination to the surgical area."
    },
    {
      "code": "33152",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Prostatic",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the prostate, exposing and providing access to other tissues and/or urinary tract associated structures. These retractors are usually handheld manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are selected according to the structure or organ to be exposed; some instruments include fiber optics to provide illumination to the surgical area. Dedicated retractors intended to be used during prostatectomy are available; self-retained prostate retractors including ratchet mechanisms are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33153",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Renal Sinus",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back of the lips of the renal sinus, exposing and providing access to other tissues or renal structures. These retractors are usually handheld manual instruments which include a smooth concave and blunt blade at the distal end that is perpendicular to the shaft, and an integral flat handle. Renal sinus retractors are used during surgical procedures of the kidneys, including extraction of renal calculi through pyelotomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "33150",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Urinary Tract, Urethra",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the urethra, exposing and providing access to other tissues, the urinary tract, or associated structures. These retractors are usually handheld manual instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the structure or organ to be exposed; some instruments include fiber optics to provide illumination to the surgical area. Dedicated retractors for the anterior and posterior segments of the urethra are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33157",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Vagina",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the edges of surgical incisions around the vagina, providing access to the cervix and vagina during gynecologic and/or obstetric procedures. Vaginal retractors usually consist of large, handheld manual instruments with two smooth large and curved rounded blades at the distal end and two scissors-like handles with a ratchet that permit self-retention. Vaginal retractors consisting of a metallic ring holding three right-angled instruments with appropriate blades are also available; they are used in surgical and obstetric ante- and post-partum procedures. Dedicated vagina retractors, usually with heavy (weighted) right angled blades and light handles are used for hysterectomy; other dedicated retractors intended to expand the natural vagina are usually classified as vaginal specula."
    },
    {
      "code": "13393",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Vessel",
      "definition": "Surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back segments of the vasculature, exposing and providing access to other anatomical structures. These retractors consist of handheld, manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes, including double-ended instrument with perpendicular blunt blades and retractors including angulated shaft ended in a blade perpendicular to the shaft at the distal end. Vascular retractors are used in a great variety of surgical procedures, including thoracic, abdominal, brain, and peripheral surgery procedures. Dedicated vessel retractors intended to hold the aorta and the peripheral vessels are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33159",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Vessel, Aorta",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back the aorta, exposing and providing access to other thoracic or abdominal structures and/or organs. These retractors consist of handheld, manual instruments in a variety of shapes and sizes, including a double-ended instrument with perpendicular blunt blades at the working ends (e.g., Cooley aorta retractors); other retractors consist of a double-angulated shaft ended in a convex, frequently serrated blade perpendicular to the shaft at the distal end (e.g., Crawford aorta retractors). They are used mainly in heart procedures performed on the aorta and/or associated thoracic structures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33160",
      "display": "Retractors, Surgical, Vessel, Peripheral Vein",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical retractors designed to temporarily separate and hold back peripheral veins, exposing and providing access to other veins and/or surrounding anatomic structures. These retractors usually consist of handheld, manual instruments, typically with a straight shaft with a fork-like or rounded blade perpendicular to the shaft at the distal end and a straight handle. Peripheral vein retractors are used in many different types of surgical procedures. Dedicated self-retained retractors mounted on a frame that are intended for varicose vein surgery with minimum damage for other veins and/or the surrounding connective tissue are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13392",
      "display": "Retractors, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Instruments used to maintain vaginal exposure by separating the edges of the vagina and holding back the tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "27407",
      "display": "Retrieval Bags, Laparoscopy",
      "definition": "Bags designed for retrieval of tissues and/or small organs during laparoscopic procedures. These devices typically consist of a disposable folded bag made of plastic (e.g., polyethylene), fabrics, or other soft material usually with an open end (commonly known as the mouth), and an integral drawstring. Laparoscopic bags may also include rigid, usually detachable, metal wires around the neck to facilitate opening of the bag when deployed; some bags also include a proximal handle. There are a variety of configurations and sizes according to the tissue or organ to be retrieved (e.g., gallbladder, spleen, bowel, kidney, appendix) and/or the procedure performed. Laparoscopy retrieval bags are deployed and retracted using several different techniques that may include catheters, sleeves, rods, and/or cannulae."
    },
    {
      "code": "15629",
      "display": "Retrieval Baskets, Biliary Stone",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to trap, retrieve, and/or manipulate stones for the treatment of conditions such as cholelithiasis (i.e., presence of calculi in the bile duct or gallbladder). These instruments typically comprise a flexible sheath with a multiwire, self-expanding (typically nitinol) basket at the distal end and a handle at the proximal end designed to open, close, and rotate the basket. These devices are intended to be used through the working channel of an endoscope in procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17574",
      "display": "Retrieval Baskets, Urological Stone",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to trap, retrieve, and/or manipulate stones for the treatment of conditions such as nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis (i.e., presence of calculi in the kidneys or urinary tract). These instruments typically comprise a flexible sheath with a multiwire, self-expanding (typically nitinol) basket at the distal end and a handle at the proximal end to open, close, and rotate the basket. These devices are intended to be used through the working channel of an endoscope, such as a nephroscope or ureteroscope, during urological and related procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41970",
      "display": "Retrieval Nets, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Nets designed for retrieval of foreign body objects, food impactions, and resected polyps in the gastrointestinal tract or airway via the working channel of an endoscope. These devices are made of flexible, soft mesh material that creates a shallow concave compartment that can capture a targeted object. These retrieval nets can be variety of sizes and shapes and have special features, such as rotation functionality."
    },
    {
      "code": "41931",
      "display": "Rhinolaryngoscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Respiratory tract endoscopes with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure designed for direct insertion into the nasal cavity, for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. These devices usually consist of an outer sheath and a working channel through which catheters and operative devices are inserted."
    },
    {
      "code": "34212",
      "display": "Rhinolaryngoscopes, Flexible, Video",
      "definition": "Flexible respiratory tract endoscopes designed for direct insertion into the nasal cavity, including a television camera on the distal tip for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. These devices usually consist of an outer sheath, a fiberoptic lighting system, a working channel through which catheters and operative devices are inserted, and a digital camera, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording."
    },
    {
      "code": "15737",
      "display": "Rhinomanometers",
      "definition": "Manometers designed to measure the pressure in the nasal airways; most instruments can also determine the pressure gradient and the airflow through the upper airways. These manometers typically consist of a measuring and/or processing instrument (e.g., electronic) with probes that include pressure transducers (e.g., capable of reading values of pressure up to several centimeters or water/several hundred kPa and air flow up to 1000 ml/s); some rhinomanometers use ultrasound to determine the pressure and airflow. The use of a set of nose tips and masks of different sizes permits the performance of active anterior and posterior rhinomanometry in both children and adults. Some rhinomanometers include computerized capabilities or connections to personal computers for data processing and storage. Rhinomanometers are intended to measure nasal respiratory resistance for diagnosis (e.g., septum deviation, allergy tests, adenoid or tonsil enlargement), control of therapy progress after surgery or to assess efficiency of applied medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "13399",
      "display": "Ring Cutters",
      "definition": "Handheld instruments used to cut rings off of patients' fingers. Ring cutters usually have a long handle with a round saw-like blade that is strong enough to cut through metal and a finger-shaped guard to protect the patient's finger from the blade. Ring cutters may be manual or electric."
    },
    {
      "code": "41922",
      "display": "Robotic Arm Systems, Telemanipulation",
      "definition": "Systems that include one or more patient-side robotic arms or manipulators and a support for the robotic arms for telemanipulation surgery. Each manipulator may support a stereo endoscopic camera or a surgical instrument, such as a grasper, a scissor, or a needle driver. Typically, patient-side manipulators or arms are mounted to the patient-side cart via a setup structure. The systems may use a gantry system or boom to position the instrument manipulators. They also include a monitor and motor drive."
    },
    {
      "code": "33748",
      "display": "Robotic Arms, Sterile Supplies",
      "definition": "Robotic arms designed to handle sterile supply tasks such as counting, inspecting, sorting, and packing instruments. Robotic arms can move instruments to surgical trays based on the instruments specified on the count sheet. They usually use a magnetic-end effector to pick up instruments. In addition, these devices can update the hospital�s inventory control system with the status of each instrument. These robotic arms may also unload trays of instruments and sort the instruments into stacks."
    },
    {
      "code": "41849",
      "display": "Robots, Security",
      "definition": "Robots designed for the purpose of securing and monitoring a facility or other area. Security robots are typically small automated vehicles on wheels with an integrated video camera. Security robots can be programmed to patrol the perimeter of a facility, parking lots, pathways, parking garages or other areas where security surveillance is needed.   Some may be able to perform other security related tasks such as detect and then close open doors or use facial recognition to confirm or deny building access."
    },
    {
      "code": "37201",
      "display": "Robots, Socially Assistive",
      "definition": "Robot designed to provide assistance to human users through social interaction. Socially-assistive robots create interaction with a human user for the purpose of giving assistance and achieving measurable progress in areas such as convalescence, rehabilitation, learning, and activities of daily living. These robots have interactive modalities including speech, gestures, and direct input."
    },
    {
      "code": "16562",
      "display": "Safelights, X-Ray, Darkroom",
      "definition": "Lights designed to provide illumination from parts of the visible spectrum to which x-ray sensitive materials are nearly or completely insensitive under dark room conditions. These safelights use a low-wattage bulb (e.g., 7 to 15 watts) to reduce damage or fogging to the x-ray materials, located inside a lamp housing. A safelight filter is mounted over the lamp opening in the housing and filters the light produced by the bulb making the device safe for use with photosensitive materials. They are available in different sizes, shapes (circular, linear) and configurations (wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted, portable, penlight). Darkroom x-ray safelights allow x-ray technologists to see in dark rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "13432",
      "display": "Safes, Isotope",
      "definition": "Receptacles (e.g., cabinets) designed for safe storage of radioisotopes, protecting healthcare providers and patients from harmful radiation. These safes typically consist of heavy metallic key-locked boxes with a thick (e.g., two inches) lead shielding."
    },
    {
      "code": "24574",
      "display": "Safety Pins",
      "definition": "Devices that consist of a small pin (i.e., a piece of metal with a sharp point on one end) that is bent back on itself to form a spring mechanism, and that incorporates a guard to cover the point (i.e., a clasp). The clasp serves two purposes: (1) to form a closed loop thereby providing a mechanism to properly fasten the pin to whatever it is applied to; and (2) to cover the end of the pin to protect the user from the sharp point. In healthcare, safety pins are commonly used to fasten pieces of fabric, clothing, or other material together. They are available separately, or may be packaged together with other devices that typically utilize safety pins (e.g., triangular bandages), or in kits of common supplies used for a specific purpose (e.g., first aid kits)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27826",
      "display": "Safety Pins, Diaper",
      "definition": "Large safety pins designed to fasten a baby's cloth diaper in place. These devices usually consist of safety pins that have metal snap locks for the locking mechanism and/or plastic safety caps covering the pin heads to prevent the pins from accidently opening."
    },
    {
      "code": "34900",
      "display": "Sample Coaters, Electron Microscopy, Carbon Evaporation",
      "definition": "Devices designed to form an even coating of carbon by means of a carbon evaporation procedure on the surface of non-conductive samples to be observed using an electron microscope. The procedure is based on the controlled evaporation of a high purity carbon rod in a dedicated sample  coater that deposits a thin and even coat of carbon on the surface of non-metal samples, providing a uniform layer of carbon with a thickness (usually in the order of nanometers) according to the microscopic analysis to be performed. The samples are typically used for scanning and transmission electron microscopy examinations but may be used also for x-ray micro-analysis and other thin film applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "34901",
      "display": "Sample Coaters, Electron Microscopy, Metal Sputtering",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to form an even coating of metal by means of a sputtering procedure on the surface of a sample to be observed using an electron microscope. Sputtering is the process of bombarding a material with heavy atoms or ions with sufficient energy to dislodge and transfer the material to a different location. A high voltage creates a charge at the target surface and at the same time strips an electron from the sputtering gas (usually argon). Since the target has the opposite charge to the argon ion, the ions are attracted to the target forming a thin and even (usually in the order of nanometers) coating on samples placed close to the anode. The process is usually performed in a partial vacuum container with a suitable gas environment. Metallic sputtering of the samples avoid charging the sample, reduce thermal damage, and improve secondary electron emission during scanning electron microscopy and other thin film applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "30485",
      "display": "Sample Coaters, Electron Microscopy, Metal Sputtering/Carbon Evaporation",
      "definition": "Equipment designed with combined capabilities to perform both sputtering and carbon evaporation procedures to form an even coating of metal or carbon on the surface of a sample to be observed using an electron microscope. Sputtering is the process of bombarding a material with heavy atoms or ions with sufficient energy to dislodge and transfer the material to a different location. A high voltage creates a charge at the target surface and at the same time strips an electron from the sputtering gas (usually argon). Since the target has the opposite charge to the argon ion, the ions are attracted to the target forming a thin and even (usually in the order of nanometers) coating on samples placed close to the anode. The process is usually performed in a partial vacuum container with a suitable gas environment. Carbon evaporation procedures are based in the controlled evaporation of a high purity carbon rod in a dedicated sample  coater that deposits a thin even coat of carbon on the surface of non-metal samples, providing a uniform layer of carbon with a thickness (usually in the order of nanometers) according to the microscopic analysis to be performed. Metallic coating of the samples avoid charging the sample, reduce thermal damage, and improve secondary electron emission during scanning electron microscopy. Carbon coating is typically used for scanning and transmission electron microscopy examinations but may be used also for x-ray micro-analysis and other thin film applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "36557",
      "display": "Sample Preparation Equipment, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the pre-analytical preparation of a clinical specimen. This equipment facilitates procedures such as sampling, diluting, adding reagent, transferring and/or aliquoting of clinical specimens. Laboratory sample preparation equipment can be configured to accommodate various sample preparation requirements."
    },
    {
      "code": "36485",
      "display": "Sample Preparation Equipment, Laboratory, Cryo-Electron Microscopy",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for rapid freezing of samples in preparation for cryo-electron microscopy procedures. This equipment facilitates the application of the specimen to the electron microscopy grid, blotting of excess sample from the grid, and rapid vitrification (i.e., ultra-rapid freezing) of the sample, typically by plunging the sample into a vessel containing a liquid cryogen (e.g., ethane, propane)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36555",
      "display": "Sample Preparation Equipment, Laboratory, Flow Cytometry",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for preparation of samples before flow cytometry procedures. This equipment can perform procedures such as whole blood lysis for flow cytometry analysis, aliquoting blood and reagent into tubes, adding lysing solution, and mixing the sample according to preprogrammed or custom protocols."
    },
    {
      "code": "34878",
      "display": "Sample Preparation Equipment, Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for preparation of samples before mass spectrometry procedures. Most equipment is used for preparation of samples for matrix-assisted laser desorption/deionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry procedures. The equipment may use one of several different types of matrices as well as preparation techniques. The main aim is to obtain a homogenous layer of small matrix crystals containing a solid solution of the analyte. The preparation process is performed in two steps: (1) isolation and purification of a single or a mixture of components free from contaminants, and (2) sample processing in the MALDI target. The process includes the selection of matrix type [e.g., Sinapinic Acid, alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA)], analyte concentration, crystallization conditions, additives, and in-situ sample cleaning. The methods of sample preparation include wetting the target with appropriate solutions, washing, and drying using an inert gas; the most used methods are the dried droplet method, the thin layer method, and the double layer method."
    },
    {
      "code": "41994",
      "display": "Sample Preparation Equipment, Laboratory, Ultra-cold",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for rapidly freezing plasma samples in preparation for ultra-cold storage. This equipment blast freezes plasma to approximately -40 degrees Celsius using forced-air circulation, a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator fan. Most ultra-cold sample preparation equipment includes an alarm, programmable temperature controls, and may also include automatic defrost capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "36482",
      "display": "Sample Stabilization Units, Heat",
      "definition": "Units designed to stabilize biological samples by utilizing rapid conductive heating to eradicate the degradation processes. These devices heat samples for a short period of time at a precise temperature, which stops all enzymatic activity by denaturing the proteins responsible for enzymatic activity. These units may also have a vacuum to evacuate air from the sample card and a laser to measure the thickness of the sample to determine appropriate heating time. These heat stabilization units are usually benchtop and portable. They can also be used to inactivate pathogens in biological samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "20533",
      "display": "Samplers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to obtain a small quantity (i.e., a sample) of a substance. These devices may take samples of gases, liquids, and/or solids, including particulates. Samples are usually taken for analysis of their content. Both simple devices for manual tests and completely automated samplers are used in clinical laboratories; automated samplers are also available to obtain samples of substances that are present in the environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "25224",
      "display": "Samplers, Breast Cell, Noninvasive",
      "definition": "Electrically powered consoles that usually interface with cassettes designed for noninvasive vacuum collection of breast nipple aspirates which can be examined for the presence of precancerous and cancerous cells (sometimes referred to as a breast Pap test). These samplers typically consist of microprocessor-controlled breast cell samplers that self-monitor to ensure every cycle remains within specifications for vacuum, temperature and compression. The tubing from the vacuum in the console connects to adjustable, non-latex breast cups that fit any size breast and which apply suction, warmth, and massage to the breasts to elicit the aspirate from the nipples. The breast cups and sample wells that collect the aspirate are disposable so there is no patient contact with the console. Swabs and prep pads are used to sample the aspirate for cytological examination. Designated wheeled carts that attach to the sampling consoles are also available to move them from room to room. Non-invasive breast cell samplers are used in women's health care settings for early detection of changes in breast cells that may lead to cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20537",
      "display": "Samplers, Environmental",
      "definition": "Samplers designed for obtaining small quantities of one of the components of the surroundings (environment) to which individuals may be exposed. Environmental samplers may be designed especially to take samples from the air, water (either drinking or sewage), and/or soil. Environmental samplers are used mainly to take samples for analysis to determine whether abnormal concentrations of gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide), hazardous substances (e.g., toxic gases, chemical and biological agents), and/or physical conditions (e.g., high or low temperatures, ionizing radiation, high particle concentration) are present in the environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "10051",
      "display": "Samplers, Environmental, Air",
      "definition": "Environmental samplers designed to obtain samples of the air. Most of these devices can automatically collect samples using computerized controllers that permit either on-call or  periodic collection. The samples obtained may be used in specialized detectors to characterize particular types of air components (e.g., gases, aerosols, and particles, including toxic, chemical, and/or biological agents). Air samplers are used to collect samples from healthcare facilities, workplaces, and other indoor or outdoor places where air is or may be polluted and/or contaminated."
    },
    {
      "code": "20538",
      "display": "Samplers, Environmental, Air, Biological Agent",
      "definition": "Air samplers designed to obtain samples of biological agents that are present in the air, usually in the form of aerosol particles. These devices can capture small (e.g., from 2 to 10 microns) aerosol particles of biopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins for laboratory analysis. The samplers typically include blowers, which provide a high airflow rate and permit rapid biological sample collection in a short period (e.g., a few minutes), either in indoor or outdoor environments. Both dry systems that use special filters and wet systems that collect the samples in a liquid medium are available; some wet-system samplers include pumps for sample transfer to the detectors. Biological agent samplers are intended to monitor for infectious diseases in clinical wards, workplaces (e.g., mail rooms), and airports; they can also be used to detect biological pathogens in agricultural products and livestock."
    },
    {
      "code": "11848",
      "display": "Samplers, Environmental, Air, Gas/Vapor",
      "definition": "Environmental samplers designed to obtain gas and/or vapor samples from the air. These devices can capture organic vapors (e.g., benzene, trichloroethylene), mercury vapors, and other organic and inorganic gases. The samples collected are typically used in laboratory analyzers to characterize the contaminants and their concentration. These samplers are used mainly to detect toxic gases in potentially contaminated areas (e.g., operating room, clinical laboratory) of healthcare facilities and other indoor installations (e.g., factories)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28498",
      "display": "Samplers, Environmental, Air, Nitrous Oxide",
      "definition": "Environmental samplers designed to obtain samples of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the air in a closed environment. These samplers are typically portable units that include a small constant-sampling pump, filters, and a cassette (active samplers) or devices that include a material such as charcoal that adsorbs the nitrous oxide (passive sampler). The concentration of N2O is obtained later by measuring the value in the collected sample or by desorbing the vapor from the adsorbing material.  Nitrous oxide environmental samplers are used to determine the accumulated long-term value N2O in the environment when the gas is used for inhalation as an analgesic (e.g. during dental or minor surgical procedures); small passive samplers are also used as personal dosimeters. Some samplers are also used to check leaks in N2O administration systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20539",
      "display": "Samplers, Environmental, Water",
      "definition": "Environmental samplers designed especially to obtain samples of water, either potable (drinkable) or sewage water. Some of these devices are designed for manual collection of water samples (e.g., long tubes with sampling bottles), while others can automatically collect samples using computerized controllers that permit either on-call or periodic collection. Samples may be subsequently analyzed or inserted in special detectors to determine the presence of toxic industrial products and/or chemical or biological agents. Water samplers are used to collect samples from healthcare facilities, workplaces, and other places where water is or may be polluted and/or contaminated. They are also used in emergency situations and/or by rescuers to characterize the water in contaminated environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "20534",
      "display": "Samplers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Samplers used in the clinical laboratory to take samples of body fluids and/or other substances for analysis. Laboratory samplers may consist of either very simple devices that are intended for use by technicians (especially tubes and knives) while performing manual tests or devices designed to automatically obtain samples and deliver them to laboratory analyzers and/or other laboratory equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20536",
      "display": "Samplers, Laboratory, Automated",
      "definition": "Laboratory samplers designed for sequentially aspirating aliquots of liquid samples and delivering them to automated chemical analyzers or other laboratory equipment. These devices typically use robotic arms and/or other automated mechanisms to sample serum or other body fluids directly from primary collection tubes and/or from tubes or cups filled with body fluids transferred from the original collection tube. The cups or tubes are automatically covered until immediately before the specimen is analyzed to avoid evaporation. The samples are then transferred, usually at a uniform rate, either to a holding zone (which may be refrigerated) or directly to the loading zone of an analyzer or other piece of laboratory equipment. Automated samplers are intended for use as independent units, as a part of a laboratory automation system, or for both purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "25181",
      "display": "Samplers, Laboratory, Automated, Cytology",
      "definition": "Laboratory samplers designed for sequentially aspirating cell samples to provide specimens for cytology testing and delivering them to automated chemical analyzers or other laboratory equipment by using robotic arms and/or other automated mechanisms.  The specimen cells are obtained by health personnel by scraping and collecting cells from a particular area of the body. Automated cytology samplers are intended for use as independent units and/or as a part of a laboratory automation system."
    },
    {
      "code": "33522",
      "display": "Samplers, Laboratory, Automated, Frozen Sample",
      "definition": "Laboratory samplers designed for sequentially aspirating several homogeneous aliquots of frozen samples typically from a single cryo container (e.g., test tube), keeping both the aliquot and sample at cryogenic temperatures (e.g., -80 degrees Celsius/-112 degrees Fahrenheit). These samplers perform the complete set of operations needed to obtain the sample aliquot automatically, including the sample container managing, decapping, and recapping; sample coring; and dispensing of the aliquot into the destination tube. Frozen sample (e.g., cryo-sample) automated laboratory samplers are intended to obtain aliquots from frozen biological samples, without exposing the original sample to freeze-thaw cycles, thus protecting the integrity and permitting a longer storage period of useful life for the original samples; they are mainly used in bio-sample banks."
    },
    {
      "code": "23458",
      "display": "Samplers, Laboratory, Automated, High Pressure/Temperature",
      "definition": "Automated laboratory samplers designed to extract organic samples from solid materials using solvents at high pressure and temperature. These samplers typically include an extraction cell, pump, high-pressure gas container, set of solvent containers, oven, and a collection vial for the samples. The solvent is moved through the heated extraction cell. When the extraction is complete, compressed gas (e.g., nitrogen) moves the solvent to the collection vial for analysis. High-pressure/-temperature automated samplers are used to obtain samples of pharmaceuticals, including herbal products and pollutants (e.g., pesticides, explosives) from environmental samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "20535",
      "display": "Samplers, Laboratory, Manual",
      "definition": "Laboratory samplers designed to take samples using manual methods usually for testing procedures. Many manual samplers consist of tubes with some mechanism (e.g., a check valve) to prevent accidental spills and/or loss of liquid samples; others are configured to obtain samples of particulate materials. Samplers manufactured especially for manipulation of strong acids, viscous liquids, and other uses are also available. Manual samplers are available either as disposable plastic devices or reusable devices (which are typically made of stainless steel); some are supplied sterile. Specially designed scoops, ladles, spatulas, and other devices are also used to obtain samples in the clinical laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "37552",
      "display": "Satellite Phones",
      "definition": "Handheld phones with external antennae that operate via orbiting satellites. Satellite phones send and receive radio signals to and from satellites as opposed to using landlines (telephones) or cellular towers (cell phones).  Satellite phones may be used when terrestrial and cellular communications are not possible, for example, in mobile hospitals in remote locations and during disaster situations."
    },
    {
      "code": "13448",
      "display": "Saws",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to cut objects and tissue using one or more thin metal blades with a serrated edge. Saws are single-piece, handheld, manual instruments including the blade and a handle or, less frequently, stationary, powered (e.g., electrical, pneumatic) instruments with a combination of a driving mechanism and appropriate blades; power saws may include other attachments. Dedicated saws and blades are available according to the object or tissue to be cut and the procedure to be performed (e.g., surgery, cast cutting, amputation, postmortem)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22727",
      "display": "Saws, Cast",
      "definition": "Saws designed to cut plaster and/or synthetic (e.g., fiberglass, polyester cloth impregnated with resin) casts. Cast saws are available as handheld, manual instruments with a serrated blade and a handle or, less frequently, as stationary, powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instruments that can drive serrated blades. Cast saws are used to cut casts using dedicated plaster or fiberglass blades for cast removal, creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "16340",
      "display": "Saws, Cast, Electric",
      "definition": "Saws driven by electricity (either line or battery power), designed to cut casts. These saws are powered instruments with an electric motor, a mechanism to drive the blade, and an electric cable. Electric cast saws are available as handheld instruments or, less frequently, as stationary tabletop devices; oscillating or reciprocating saws are used to cut casts without damaging the patient's body; rotary saws are not appropriate for this use. Electric power cast saws are used to cut casts using dedicated plaster or fiberglass blades for cast removal, creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "22734",
      "display": "Saws, Cast, Electric, Oscillating",
      "definition": "Electric cast saws designed to cut casts using a serrated blade that oscillates at a very high speed perpendicular to the axis of the machine without full rotation. These saws are handheld instruments with an electric motor; a mechanism to drive the blade; a detachable, toothed, circular or semicircular flat blade; and an electric cable. Oscillating electric cast saws are used to cut casts using dedicated plaster or fiberglass blades for cast removal, creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue; they may also be used to cut plaster and/or fiberglass jackets, dressings, and molds."
    },
    {
      "code": "22736",
      "display": "Saws, Cast, Electric, Reciprocating",
      "definition": "Electric cast saws designed to cut casts with serrated blades that reciprocate alternately. These saws are handheld instruments with an electric motor; a mechanism to drive the blades; one or two detachable, toothed, straight or curved blades; and an electric cable; some saws include a foot guide for the blades. Reciprocating electric saws are used to cut casts using dedicated plaster or fiberglass blades for cast removal especially from the thorax or pelvis, creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue; saws using two parallel reciprocating blades that cut a strip of cast are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22742",
      "display": "Saws, Cast, Manual",
      "definition": "Cast saws designed for cutting casts by manual operation. These saws are handheld, manual instruments, typically with a sturdy metal structure including a handle and an integral or detachable wide, serrated blade. Manual cast saws are intended for cast removal, creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "17523",
      "display": "Saws, Cast, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Cast saws driven by pneumatic power designed to cut casts. These saws are powered instruments with a pneumatic motor, a mechanism to drive the blade, and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Pneumatic cast saws are usually available as handheld instruments and, less frequently, as stationary tabletop devices; oscillating or reciprocating saws are used to cut casts without damaging the patient's body. Rotary saws are not appropriate for this use. Pneumatic power saws are smaller and less noisy than electric saws but produce more debris; they are used to cut casts using dedicated plaster or fiberglass blades cast removal, creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "22740",
      "display": "Saws, Cast, Pneumatic, Oscillating",
      "definition": "Pneumatic cast saws designed to cut casts using a serrated blade that oscillates at a very high speed perpendicular to the axis of the machine without full rotation. These saws are handheld instruments with a pneumatic motor, a mechanism to drive the blade, and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Cast saws are usually handheld instruments and are available less frequently as tabletop stationary devices. Oscillating pneumatic cast saws are used to cut casts using dedicated plaster or fiberglass blades for cast removal, creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue; they may also be used to cut plaster and/or fiberglass jackets, dressings, and molds."
    },
    {
      "code": "22741",
      "display": "Saws, Cast, Pneumatic, Reciprocating",
      "definition": "Pneumatic cast saws designed to cut a strip of cast using serrated blades that reciprocate alternately. These saws are handheld instruments with a pneumatic motor; a mechanism to drive the blades; one or two detachable, toothed, straight or curved blades; and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source; some saws include a foot guide for the blades. Reciprocating pneumatic cast saws are used to cut casts using dedicated plaster or fiberglass blades for cast removal especially from the thorax or pelvis, for creation of a hinged cast, or to open a window in the cast to view underlying tissue; saws using two parallel reciprocating blades that cut a strip of cast are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22786",
      "display": "Saws, Laboratory, Electric, Rotary",
      "definition": "Electric saws designed to precisely cut laboratory samples of hard tissue (e.g., bone) with minimal damage and deformation, using a serrated blade that rotates at a variable speeds. These saws are typically heavy-duty bench-mounted, powered instruments with an electric motor; a mechanism to drive the blade; a flat, detachable, circular, toothed blade; a variety of sample holders; and an electric cable. Rotary electric laboratory saws are used to cut bone (including teeth), either in original form or embedded in resin, usually to prepare thin sample sections."
    },
    {
      "code": "15174",
      "display": "Saws, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Saws designed to cut hard tissue during autopsy and dissection (i.e., postmortem) procedures. These saws are handheld, manual instruments with a serrated-edge blade and a handle, or heavy-duty powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instruments that drive a circular rotating or oscillating blade.  Postmortem saws are used to cut bones (e.g., cranium) and other hard tissue; they are frequently provided with an extraction unit and a container for collecting bone/tissue debris."
    },
    {
      "code": "22750",
      "display": "Saws, Postmortem, Electric",
      "definition": "Saws designed to cut hard tissue during autopsy and dissection (i.e., postmortem) procedures, driven by electric (either line or battery) power. These saws are typically waterproof (doubled-insulated), heavy-duty handheld powered instruments with an electric motor, a mechanism to drive the blade, and an electric cable. Postmortem electric saws are used to cut bones (e.g., cranium) and other hard tissue; they are frequently provided with an extraction unit and a container for collecting bone/tissue debris."
    },
    {
      "code": "22751",
      "display": "Saws, Postmortem, Electric, Oscillating",
      "definition": "Electric saws designed to cut hard tissue during autopsy and dissection (i.e., postmortem) procedures using a serrated blade that oscillates at a very high speed perpendicular to the axis of the machine without full rotation. These saws are waterproof (doubled-insulated), heavy-duty, handheld instruments with an electric motor; a mechanism to drive the blade; a detachable, flat, circular or semicircular, toothed blade; and an electric cable. Special attachments, including deep cutting blades, double-bladed mechanisms, and dedicated trephines, are available for these saws. Oscillating electric postmortem saws are used to cut bone (e.g., cranium) and other hard tissue; they are frequently provided with an extraction unit and a container for collecting bone/tissue debris."
    },
    {
      "code": "22752",
      "display": "Saws, Postmortem, Electric, Rotary",
      "definition": "Electric saws designed to cut tissue during autopsy and dissection (i.e., postmortem) procedures using a serrated blade that rotates at a very high speed. These saws are waterproof (doubled-insulated), heavy-duty, handheld instruments with an electric motor; a mechanism to drive the blade; a detachable, toothed, circular flat blade; and an electric cable. Saws using a mechanism that operates two parallel rotating blades are also available. Rotary electric postmortem saws are used to cut tissue and/or bones not intended for subsequent examination or test; saws are frequently provided with an extraction unit and a container for collecting bone/tissue debris."
    },
    {
      "code": "22754",
      "display": "Saws, Postmortem, Manual",
      "definition": "Saws designed to cut hard tissue (e.g., bone) during autopsy and dissection (i.e., postmortem) procedures. These saws are typically handheld, manual instruments with a sturdy metal structure, a handle, and a detachable, straight or curved, often serrated blade. Manual postmortem saws are intended to uniformly and accurately cut bones; dedicated postmortem saws intended to cut spinal bone structures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22755",
      "display": "Saws, Postmortem, Manual, Spinal",
      "definition": "Manual saws designed to cut the spinal cord during autopsy and dissection (i.e., postmortem) procedures. These saws are typically handheld, manual instruments with a sturdy metal structure; a handle; a detachable, curved, wide, serrated double blade; and a guiding attachment. Spinal manual postmortem saws are intended to uniformly and accurately cut spinal cord bones."
    },
    {
      "code": "22757",
      "display": "Saws, Postmortem, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Saws designed to cut hard tissue during autopsy and dissection (i.e., postmortem) procedures, driven by pneumatic power. These saws are heavy-duty, handheld or, less frequently, stationary, powered instruments with a pneumatic motor, a mechanism to drive an oscillating blade, and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Postmortem pneumatic saws are usually oscillating saws intended to cut bones (e.g., cranium) and other hard tissue; saws are frequently provided with an extraction unit and a container for collecting bone/tissue debris."
    },
    {
      "code": "22758",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical",
      "definition": "Saws designed to cut hard tissue during surgical (e.g., orthopedic, microsurgery) procedures. These saws are typically handheld, manual instruments with a serrated blade and a handle or, less frequently, tabletop powered devices that drive a reciprocating, oscillating, or sagittal blade. Surgical saws are used mainly to cut bones with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue; dedicated manual surgical saws are available for amputation procedures. Small, thin saws intended for delicate plastic surgery procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22759",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Amputation",
      "definition": "Surgical saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue during total or partial amputation procedures of the extremities. Dedicated amputation saws are usually handheld, manual instruments with a sturdy metal structure including a handle and a detachable or integral wide, serrated blade. Amputation surgical saws are used mainly to cut bone with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue; electric and pneumatic saws designed to cut bones during surgical procedures may be also used for amputation."
    },
    {
      "code": "22760",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Amputation, Finger/Toe",
      "definition": "Surgical saws designed to completely or partially amputate a finger or toe. These saws are typically handheld, manual instruments (resembling a knife) with a metal structure including a handle and a detachable or integral serrated blade. Finger/toe amputation manual saws are intended to totally or partially cut fingers (metacarpal) and/or toes during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22761",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Surgical saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. These saws are typically handheld, manual instruments with a metal structure and a detachable or integral serrated blade or powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) instruments with a motor to drive an oscillating, reciprocating, or sagittal blade. Bone surgical saws are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other procedures; dedicated manual wire (e.g., Gigli) saws intended mainly for cranial cutting procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13450",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Electric",
      "definition": "Bone surgery saws driven by electric (either line or battery) power designed to cut bone and other hard tissue. These saws are typically, small, handheld, power instruments with an electric motor and a mechanism to drive an oscillating, reciprocating, or sagittal blade. Bone surgery electrical saws are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22762",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Electric, Oscillating",
      "definition": "Surgical saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue, driven by electric (either line or battery) power. These saws are typically small handheld, powered instruments with an electric motor to drive an oscillating, reciprocating, or sagittal blade. Bone surgery electric saws are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22763",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Electric, Reciprocating",
      "definition": "Electric surgical saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue using a serrated blade that oscillates at a very high speed perpendicular to the axis of the machine without full rotation. These saws are typically small, handheld, powered instruments with an electric motor to drive the blade, an electric cable, and a flat, detachable, circular or semi-circular, toothed blade. Electric bone surgical saws are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures (e.g., thyrotomy, laryngeal cartilage resection) to cut bone or cartilage with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "22764",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Electric, Reciprocating, Sternum",
      "definition": "Electric bone surgery saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue using a serrated blade that reciprocates alternately along the machine axis. These saws are typically small, handheld, powered instruments with an electric motor to drive the blades, an electric cable, and a detachable, toothed, curved blade. Electric bone surgery saws are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures to cut bone with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "22766",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Electric, Sagittal",
      "definition": "Electric bone surgery saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue using a serrated blade that oscillates at a very high speed in a plane that includes the axis of the machine (i.e., sagittal) without full rotation. These saws are typically small, handheld, powered instruments with an electric motor to drive the blade, an electric cable, and a detachable, toothed, flat blade. Electric bone surgery saws are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures to cut bone with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "22768",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Manual",
      "definition": "Surgical saws designed to cut hard tissue during surgical (e.g., orthopedic, microsurgery) procedures. These saws are typically handheld, manual instruments with a metal structure including a hinged back, a handle, and a solid, sturdy serrated blade. Manual bone surgical saws are used mainly in orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22769",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Manual, Wire",
      "definition": "Manual surgical saws (commonly known as Gigli saws or Olivecrona wire saws, depending on the design) designed to cut bone with a wire blade using a back-and-forth movement. These saws typically consist of a spiral wire or several twisted wires conformed in a loop and finished in a small ring at each end; the saws are manipulated by using two T-shaped handles that include a hook for insertion into each ring. Wire saws are frequently combined with a protector and/or a guide to minimize damage to surrounding tissue; they are used in osteotomy procedures (e.g., knee, elbow), to divide the sternum, and to remove segments of the skull; manual wire saws are also used in postmortem procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13452",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Bone surgery saws driven by pneumatic power designed to cut bone and other hard tissue. These saws are typically small, handheld, powered instruments with a pneumatic motor; a mechanism to drive an oscillating, reciprocating, or sagittal blade; and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Pneumatic power bone surgery saws are smaller and quieter than electric saws, but they produce a larger amount of debris in the environment. They are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22774",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Pneumatic, Oscillating",
      "definition": "Pneumatic surgical saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue using a serrated blade that oscillates at a very high speed perpendicular to the axis of the machine without full rotation These saws are typically small, handheld, powered instruments with a pneumatic motor to drive an oscillating blade and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Oscillating pneumatic-power bone surgical saws are smaller and less noisy than electric saws but produce a larger amount of debris in the environment. They are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22775",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Pneumatic, Reciprocating",
      "definition": "Pneumatic surgical saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue using a serrated blade that reciprocates alternately.  These saws are typically small, handheld, powered instruments with a pneumatic motor to drive a reciprocating blade and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Pneumatic-power bone surgery saws are smaller and less noisy than electric saws but produce a larger amount of debris in the environment. They are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22776",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Pneumatic, Reciprocating, Sternum",
      "definition": "Reciprocating pneumatic bone surgery saws designed to cut the elongated flattened bone forming the middle part of the thorax (i.e., sternum). These saws are typically handheld, powered instruments with a pneumatic motor to drive a reciprocating blade and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Pneumatic-power bone surgery saws are smaller and less noisy than electric saws but produce a larger amount of debris. The cut is performed by the blade that reciprocates alternately along the sternum. Pneumatic sternum bone surgery saws are usually more powerful and run at a higher speed than standard reciprocating saws; they are used mainly in cardiothoracic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22777",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Bone, Pneumatic, Sagittal",
      "definition": "Pneumatic surgical saws designed to cut bone and other hard tissue using a toothed blade that oscillates at a very high speed in a plane that includes the axis of the machine (i.e., sagittal) without full rotation. These saws are typically small, handheld, powered instruments with a pneumatic motor to drive a sagittal blade and a hose connected to the pressurized gas source. Pneumatic-power bone surgery saws are smaller and less noisy than electric saws but produce a larger amount of debris. They are used in orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22778",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Middle Ear, Manual, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Manual surgical saws designed to cut the structures of the middle ear, such as the ossicles. These saws are very small, handheld manual instruments (resembling a file) with a long, serrated distal end appropriate to cut the ossicles and an integrated handle. They are used in microsurgical procedures of the middle ear, especially to cut the leglike part (crus) of the stapes (i.e., crurotomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17858",
      "display": "Saws, Surgical, Nasal, Manual",
      "definition": "Manual surgical saws designed to cut the cartilage structures of nose. These saws are small, handheld, manual instruments, typically with a thin serrated blade attached to a handle that may be in line or at a right angle to the blade appropriate to cut the nasal cartilage. Manual nasal surgery saws are used in plastic (i.e., rhinoplasty) and reconstructive procedures of the nose."
    },
    {
      "code": "13454",
      "display": "Scalers, Dental, Handheld",
      "definition": "Handheld dental instruments with two cutting edges that converge in a sharply pointed tip and designed for removing calculus from the supragingival surface of the teeth. These scalers can be a single-ended or double-ended instrument with a handle at the proximal end or positioned centrally. They can be various shapes and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17497",
      "display": "Scalers, Dental, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Electronically powered units designed to remove adherent deposits, such as plaque and calculus, from teeth and periodontal pockets by applying ultrasonic oscillations. These units consist of a generator and a handpiece. The generator provides a high-frequency electrical current that the handpiece converts to 18,000 to 50,000 vibrations per second oscillations. The units can also provide fluid irrigation to cool the handpiece and wash away debris. Ultrasonic dental scaling units use either magnetostrictive or piezoelectric technology. These units can be used to remove dental cement."
    },
    {
      "code": "13455",
      "display": "Scales",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine the weight of bulk materials or large discrete objects. Scales use several methods for weighing, including gravimetric scales in which other masses are used to compare the mass of the unknown in the same way that balances work; spring scales, in which the gravitational force on the unknown is matched by a spring force of known constant; electromechanical scales using transducers and linear transformers or torque motors; and electronic scales using different types of sensors (e.g., strain gauges). Scales are used in the field of medicine to weigh patients for diagnostic or for some special treatments (e.g., dialysis, newborns), for clinical determinations (e.g., urine in diapers, blood in sponges), and also for general use (e.g., food weighing) in hospitals, nurseries, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "18464",
      "display": "Scales, Clinical",
      "definition": "Scales designed for clinical use other than the direct measurement of patient weight. These scales include an appropriate top surface or tray that is smooth and polished to permit easy cleaning and decontamination (e.g., stainless steel). Clinical scales are used in hospitals, nurseries, and physician offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "13457",
      "display": "Scales, Clinical, Autopsy",
      "definition": "Clinical scales that incorporate a detachable pan that hangs as part of a spring scale or is on the top of a mechanical or electronic scale. These scales typically have a capacity up to 3 to 15 kg (6 to 33 lb) and 10 to 20 g (0.025 to 0.05 lb) readability. Autopsy scales are used to weigh organs and other anatomic parts in autopsy rooms, morgues, and anatomic and pathology laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "13459",
      "display": "Scales, Clinical, Blood Collection",
      "definition": "Clinical scales designed to weigh the amount of blood drawn from a donor. These scales usually consist of a weighing mechanism and some type of arrangement for automatic cutoff of blood flow when the correct weight of blood has been withdrawn (e.g., trip balance); their capacity is typically 1 kg (2.2 lb), with 5 to 10 g (0.0125 to 0.025 lb) accuracy. Blood collection scales are mostly used in blood banks to weigh the blood drawn from a donor as it is filling a plastic bag; some of them are portable and can be mounted on a pole. Some of these scales are part of a blood mixer, which is capable of weighing and mixing blood with an anticoagulant simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "15175",
      "display": "Scales, Clinical, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Clinical scales designed for general use in the clinical laboratory; they include appropriate top surfaces, trays, or platforms. A great variety of laboratory scales exist, and their capacity ranges from 0.5 to 200 kg (1 to 440 lb), with a readability range of 1 to 100 g (0.0025 to 0.25 lb). Laboratory scales are used to determine the weight of bulk materials, solutions, or large discrete objects when it is not necessary to have the accuracy of a laboratory balance, when the weight is beyond the range of a laboratory balance, or when specimens must be weighed in special conditions (e.g., in fume hoods)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18465",
      "display": "Scales, Clinical, Precision",
      "definition": "Scales designed for clinical use when high accuracy and sensitivity are needed.  These scales typically have a capacity of up to 1 kg (2.2 lb), with an accuracy of 1 g (0.0025 lb); they include an appropriate top surface or tray to permit easy cleaning and decontamination (e.g., stainless steel). Precision clinical scales are used for accurate weighing, such as diaper weighing for urine measurements in infants, sanitary pad weighing to determine blood loss in women, sponge weighing in the operating room to determine blood loss, and dialysate-solution weighing during peritoneal dialysis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13462",
      "display": "Scales, Infant",
      "definition": "Scales designed to weigh infants that are either mechanical (e.g., beam lever system, spring type) or electronic. These scales usually include a weighing platform with a tray; according to the weighing system, they either include a moving weight along a balance beam to obtain balance (beam lever system), a moving dial to show the weight (spring system), or a display (electronic system). Infant scales usually have a weighing capacity up to 10 to 15 kg (22 to 33 lb), with an accuracy of 10 to 100 g (0.025 to 0.25 lb). Some of these scales include diaper-weighing capabilities, typically permitting diaper weight determination up to one kilogram (2.2 lb) with one gram (0.0025 lb) accuracy. These scales are mostly used for one-time or periodic general infant care in the hospital, in a pediatrician's office, or at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "18463",
      "display": "Scales, Infant, Warmer/Incubator",
      "definition": "Infant scales designed for high-precision and high-accuracy weighing of infants while they are either in a warmer or an incubator. These scales usually consist of a weighing platform with a transducer that is placed under the mattress and a separate electronic weighing module that includes the display; they may also include a tray and a mattress, depending on the warmer or incubator used. Most of these scales have a weighing capacity of up to 8 to 15 kg (18 to 33 lb), with an accuracy of 5 g (0.0125 lb). Warmer/incubator infant scales are mostly used for continuous monitoring of weight in critical care situations when highly accurate weighing is needed (e.g., water to monitor losses in low-birth-weight neonates, to detect dehydration or overhydration during pediatric hemodialysis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "39615",
      "display": "Scales, Mammographic Breast Compression",
      "definition": "Scales designed to weigh the compression force applied by the breast compression paddles of a mammography unit. These scales typically have a maximum force measurement in the range of 25-30 kg (245 to 294 N) and an accuracy in the range of 0.01 to 0.3 kg (0.1 to 3 N). These scales are used in quality assurance procedures to ensure that mammographic units are applying appropriate levels of compression force during breast tissue imaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "18455",
      "display": "Scales, Patient",
      "definition": "Scales designed to weigh adult patients. These scales are made with different configurations according to patient capabilities (e.g., ambulatory, bed-ridden, disabled) and/or the procedure or treatment (e.g., intensive care, dialysis) needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "18459",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Bedside",
      "definition": "Scales designed to weigh prone or supine patients by placing them on either a weighboard or a sling attached to a moving unit that includes the weighing mechanism. Bedside scales usually have a weighing capacity of up to 200 kg (440 lb) and an accuracy of 100 g (0.25 lb).  These scales may use mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic technologies; some of them are portable, battery-powered units, and other models are line powered as well. Most of these scales are used for periodic weight assessment of bedridden patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18460",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Bedside, Slab",
      "definition": "Bedside scales designed to weigh the patient by lifting him or her from the bed. These scales consist of a slablike padded board that the patient is rolled onto. The board is suspended by metal brackets from a cart that includes the lift mechanism (e.g., hydraulic, electrical), weighing unit, controls, and a display. Activating the lift mechanism raises the board and patient slightly off the bed, weighing nonambulatory patients with minimum discomfort."
    },
    {
      "code": "17195",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Bedside, Sling",
      "definition": "Bedside scales designed to weigh the patient by lifting him or her from the bed, similar to the way a patient lift does. These scales consist of a sling (stretcher) that is positioned underneath the patient, hooks to lift the stretcher through eyelets in its sidebraces, and a cart that includes the lift mechanism (e.g., hydraulic, electrical), weighing unit, controls, and display. Activating the lift mechanism raises the sling and patient slightly off the bed, weighing nonambulatory patients with minimum discomfort."
    },
    {
      "code": "13460",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Chair",
      "definition": "Patient scales that include as integral parts a horizontal platform that is placed on the floor, a chair for the patient, and a vertical column with measuring, control, and/or display capabilities. Some models do not use platforms; instead, they incorporate the weighing mechanism under the seat of the chair and a control and display unit on the back of the chair.  Chair scales usually have a weighing capacity of up to 150 to 300 kg (330 to 660 lb) and an accuracy of 100 g (0.25 lb). These scales may use mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic weighing technologies; they may also include an adjustable footrest to facilitate patient access. Chair scales are used for routine intermittent weighing of patients who cannot stand on a conventional scale."
    },
    {
      "code": "18461",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Chair, Dialysis",
      "definition": "Chair scales that include a precise and accurate weighing mechanism for measuring total weight, and, usually, weight variations, during the dialysis procedure. These scales typically include a horizontal platform that is placed on the floor, a chair for the patient, and a vertical column with measuring, control, and/or display capabilities; some other scales consist of a weighing frame attached between the legs and the caster of a conventional dialysis chair, as well as a separate display unit. Dialysis chair scales usually have a weighing capacity of up to 300 kg (660 lb) and an accuracy of 50 g (0.125 lb); most of them can measure and display changes in patient weight up to 5 kg (11 lb), with an accuracy of 10 g (0.025 lb) and negligible drift. These scales may use mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic weighing technologies. Dialysis chair scales are used to monitor the weight of patients for several hours during dialysis procedures as an additional control against accumulation or loss of fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "13461",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Floor",
      "definition": "Patient scales designed as stand-alone units to be placed on the floor. These scales are either mechanical (e.g., using springs) or electronic; they usually include the meter or display as an integral part. Most floor scales have a weighing capacity of up to 135 to 160 kg (300 to 350 lb) and a readability of 0.25 to 0.5 kg (0.5 to 1 lb); some electronic models can weigh up to 360 kg (800 lb). These scales are mostly used for diagnostic and weight control in physician's offices, field work, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "18462",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Modular Transducers",
      "definition": "Patient scales that include separate (e.g., four) transducer units (cells or pods) connected to a central unit that contains the electronic circuitry for weighing, the controls (e.g., for taring), and a display. The individual units with the transducers fit under the legs of a bed, stretcher, crib, chair, or platform. These scales usually have a total weighing capacity of up to 450 to 600 kg (1,000 to 1,300 lb) and an accuracy of 100 g (0.25 lb) in patient weighing; most of them can measure and display changes in patient weight up to several kilograms, with accuracy of 10 g (0.025 lb). Modular transducer patient scales are used to weigh patients when they are bedridden, disabled, weak, under dialysis procedures, or in other situations where they cannot stand on a conventional scale."
    },
    {
      "code": "18456",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Platform",
      "definition": "Patient scales that include a horizontal platform that is placed on the floor and a vertical column with measuring and/or display capabilities. These scales may include measuring rods to determine patient height, handrails to provide security for weak or unsteady ambulatory patients, and casters for easy movement. Some platform scales include ramps or are embedded into the floor to permit weighing of patients while they are standing or sitting on a chair or in a wheelchair."
    },
    {
      "code": "18458",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Platform, Electronic",
      "definition": "Platform scales that include a sensor (e.g., strain gauge) and electronic circuitry to process the signal and display it as weight. These scales usually have a weighing capacity of up to 270 kg (600 lb) and an accuracy of 100 g (0.25 lb); some have increased capacity to 400 kg (880 lb). Electronic platform scales are used in physicians offices, hospitals, and nursing facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18457",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Platform, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Platform scales that typically include a balance beam mechanism with two poise bars. These scales usually have a weighing capacity of up to 135 kg (300 lb) and a readability of 100 g (0.25 lb); some include a counterweight to increase the capacity to 200 kg (450 lb). Mechanical platform scales are used in physician offices, hospitals, and nursing facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13458",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Underbed",
      "definition": "Patient scales that are positioned under the hospital bed by lifting the bed off the floor so that the wheels rest on the scale transducers (load cells). Underbed scales may have a weighing capacity of up to 600 kg (1,300 lb) and an accuracy of 100 g (0.25 lb).  These scales typically consist of a platform with ramps to roll the bed onto the transducers; the transducers are connected to a separate control and display unit. Most underbed scales are electronic; the changes that occur in the current passing through the strain gauges are electronically processed and displayed as weight. Other scales use mechanical or electromechanical techniques. Underbed scales are used for constant monitoring of nonambulatory patient weight when small changes are critically important, such as in hemodialysis or for severe burn trauma, thus eliminating the risk of pain or injury in these critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "15053",
      "display": "Scales, Patient, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Patient scales typically including a weighing platform that is large enough and low enough for wheelchair access; they may also include ramps to facilitate rolling the scales on and off the platform.  Wheelchair scales usually have a weighing capacity of up to 275 to 450 kg (600 to 1,000 lb) and an accuracy of 100 g (0.25 lb). These scales may use mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic weighing technologies. Wheelchair scales are used for routine periodic weighing of patients who cannot stand on a conventional scale."
    },
    {
      "code": "13468",
      "display": "Scanning Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that produce an image by moving a beam (e.g., x-ray, electron) across an object or by sensing with a detector around an object. Scanning systems are used in the field of medicine to obtain and display images (most of them tomographic) of the body using x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance, or other means. These systems usually include a scanner and computerized processing devices and may also include digital capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "33752",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Body Pressure",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to provide images representing the pressure exerted by the body on a fixed pad or platform attached to body support surfaces. These systems usually include very thin pads with many pressure sensors, a data processing unit, software, and a computer monitor. The monitor display provides color images and data showing the pressure distribution (i.e., pressure mapping) and point-by-point pressure values.  Dedicated pads intended to determine the pressure while sitting (both for the seat and backrest), lying in bed, or other conditions are available. Pressure scanning systems are used to assess the body pressure distribution of patients that have to stay for long periods of time permanently sitting (e.g., on wheelchairs)  or in bed-ridden conditions. Some dedicated systems are intended only  to assess the plantar pressure exerted by the feet on the floor."
    },
    {
      "code": "29718",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Body Pressure, Plantar",
      "definition": "Pressure Scanning systems designed to provide images of the pressure exerted by the foot on a fixed platform while standing. These systems usually include a floor platform with many pressure sensors, a data processing unit, software, and a monitor with a display that shows images and data related to the pressure exerted by each foot region. The monitor is used to provide color images (i.e., a pressure mapping) according to the pressure values and also data related to other foot characteristics (e.g., foot size, arch type, high pressure points). Plantar pressure scanning systems are used to help in the selection of appropriate foot orthoses and also in the diagnostic of other orthopedic problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "13469",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that use a radiographic technique and computerized processing to generate thin cross-sectional (tomographic) images, or \"slices\" of a transverse plane of the body. Most computed tomography (CT) scanning systems are capable of three-dimensional (3-D) image reconstruction.  During a scan, the x-ray beam is moved across the patient so that the x-ray attenuations along many lines in the tissue slice can be determined and stored in a computer. A CT scanning system consists of an x-ray subsystem (i.e., x-ray generator, x-ray tube, gantry); a computer subsystem, including software for image processing, display monitors, and a data storage unit; and an operator console. The set of tomographic images of the human body reconstructed by the computer are used for a wide variety of medical procedures and examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "18446",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Axial",
      "definition": "Computed tomography (CT) scanning systems in which the table moves the patient into the gantry and the x-ray tube rotates around the patient in such a way that each revolution produces one slice. Axial CT scanners are classified according to the geometry of the x-ray tube detector system in generations (e.g., first, second). Typical scanning time for each slice is on the order of a few seconds. These systems are mostly used for diagnostic and examination purposes, including the diagnosis of injuries, lesions, and malignancies."
    },
    {
      "code": "15956",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Axial, Full-Body",
      "definition": "Axial computed tomography scanning systems designed to generate an image of the tissue density in any transverse plane of the whole human body. These scanners are used for a wide variety of diagnostic procedures, including spine and head injuries, lesions, and abdominal and pelvic malignancies; to examine the cerebral ventricles, the chest wall, and the large blood vessels; and to assess musculoskeletal degeneration."
    },
    {
      "code": "15955",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Axial, Head",
      "definition": "Axial computed tomography scanning systems designed to generate an image of the tissue density in any transverse plane of the head. These scanners are used for a wide variety of diagnostic procedures, including those for head injuries, lesions, and malignancies and to examine the cerebral ventricles and large blood vessels in the head."
    },
    {
      "code": "24311",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Cone-Beam",
      "definition": "Computed tomography scanning systems capable of delivering and detecting a cone-shaped x-ray beam. These systems typically consist of: 1) an x-ray subsystem that utilizes a beam which radiates from the x-ray source in a cone shape (i.e., a cone beam) which encompasses a large volume with a single rotation about the patient thus applying a relatively low dose of radiation; 2) a flat 2-D planar detector rather than a curve-shaped detector; 3) image display monitors; 3) a data storage unit; and 4) a computerized subsystem for image processing that is capable of producing high-resolution tri-dimensional (3-D) images reconstructed using dedicated software (algorithms).  Cone-beam scanning systems are typically smaller than conventional fan-beam systems; they are frequently intended for use with the patient in a sitting position. Dedicated systems intended for imaging of the head, neck, and teeth are available. Dedicated systems may be also used in other clinical applications such as angiographic studies and to obtain breast images in gynecologic departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "24312",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Cone-Beam, Head/Neck",
      "definition": "Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scanning systems designed for neck and/or head imaging, including dental applications. These systems typically consist of: 1) an x-ray subsystem that utilizes a cone beam (i.e., a beam which radiates from the x-ray source in a cone shape) which encompasses a large volume with a single rotation about the patient's head and/or neck thus applying a relatively low dose of radiation; 2) a flat 2-D planar detector rather than a curve-shaped detector; 3) image display monitors; 4) a data storage unit; and 5) a computerized subsystem for image processing that is capable of producing high-resolution tri-dimensional (3-D) images reconstructed using dedicated software (algorithms).  Head/neck CT scanning systems are typically used with the patient sitting on a dedicated chair which includes attachments (e.g., chin supports) to restraint head movements. Some systems combine conventional panoramic dental imaging in the same unit. The systems are used to obtain images for maxillo-facial, oral, and head surgery; they are also used in dental office procedures (e.g., prior to dental implants and/or oral surgery) to permit simultaneous scanning of the maxilla and mandible."
    },
    {
      "code": "33904",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Cone-Beam, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning systems designed to obtain  breast (mammographic) images. These systems typically consist of: 1) an x-ray subsystem that utilizes a cone beam (i.e., a beam which radiates from the x-ray source in a cone shape) which encompasses a large volume with a single rotation about the patient's breast thus applying a relatively low dose of radiation; 2) a flat  planar detector rather than a curve-shaped detector mounted on the gantry; 3) image display monitors; 4) a data storage unit; and 5) a computerized subsystem for image processing that is capable of producing high-resolution two- and three-dimensional (3-D) images reconstructed using dedicated software (algorithms). Mammographic CT scanning systems may include a dedicated  patient table; some tables include holes for breast placement with the patient in a prone position. CBCT systems are mainly used to assess breast lesions and tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16899",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Electron Beam",
      "definition": "Computed tomography scanning systems that use a magnetically rotating electron beam and stationary tungsten \"target\" rings rather than a standard x-ray tube to generate x-rays. Because there is no mechanical motion, the scan times can be very short, on the order of 50 ms each or less. These systems are mainly designed to allow transaxial imaging of the beating heart, but due to their very rapid image acquisition, they can also be used in quantification of coronary artery calcification and pericardial disease, as well as in uses in which motion could affect image acquisition (e.g., pediatric, geriatric, or trauma patients)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34409",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Peripheral Skeleton",
      "definition": "Computer tomography (CT) scanning systems designed to generate and process cross-sectional images of the peripheral anatomy. These systems consist of an x-ray subsystem (i.e., x-ray generator, x-ray tube, small diameter gantry); a computer subsystem including software for image processing, a monitor with image display, a data storage unit, and an operator console. During a scan, the x-ray beam is moved across the patient's extremity  so that the x-ray attenuations along many lines in the tissue slice can be determined and stored. A computerized  three-dimensional image reconstruction is then performed. Peripheral quantitative CT (also known as pQCT) scanning systems are usually mobile systems that deliver relatively low doses of radiation. The systems are mainly used for assessment of volumetric bone density in the extremities (e.g., femur, radius, tibia, knee); they may be also used for assessment of bone geometry and muscle parameters in the extremities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18443",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography, Spiral",
      "definition": "Computed tomography (CT) scanning systems in which the table moves the patient at a constant velocity into the gantry and the x-ray tube rotates around the patient in such a way that the beam traces a spiral path, continuously gleaning imaging data from the region of interest. These systems obtain multiple images in each revolution and allow the operator to alter some processing parameters after the scan, including, among other capabilities, \"reslicing\" data according to a different set of parameters without having to rescan the patient. Typical scanning time for each helix is on the order of one second, but faster scans are possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "20161",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography/Positron Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to combine computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) capabilities. These systems may consist either of CT and PET scanners mounted in a common mechanical support within a single gantry or of open-design CT and PET scanners that permit the use of CT and PET as stand-alone scanning systems. They also include common tables, workstations, monitors, and appropriate software to align the CT and PET images. The systems may be used when needed for separate CT and PET studies without loss of technical performance. The system provides fusion (i.e., integration) of anatomic images provided by CT slices and the functional (metabolic) images from PET scans taken in the same session with the patient in treatment position. CT/PET combined systems are intended to facilitate faster and more accurate evaluations; they are mostly used for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of therapy in cancer patients, characterizing the disease by both its anatomic and biological features."
    },
    {
      "code": "24013",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography/Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to combine computed tomography (CT), frequently a multislice helical CT, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system capabilities. The combined system uses SPECT imaging to detect metabolic abnormalities and CT scanning to localize lesions within the body; this combination permits acquisition of a fusion (i.e., integration) of anatomic and functional (molecular) information with a multiple scan in a single procedure with better results than those obtained when the two images are taken separately. These systems usually consist of CT and SPECT scanners mounted in a common mechanical support within a single gantry, common tables, workstation, monitors, and appropriate software to allign both scanning systems' data and images. The systems may be also used when needed for separate CT and SPECT studies without loss of technical performance. CT/SPECT combined systems are intended to facilitate faster and more accurate evaluations; they are used mainly for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of therapy in cardiac, orthopedic, and oncology patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "41942",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Computed Tomography/Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Small Animal",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to combine computed tomography (CT), frequently a multi-slice helical CT, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system capabilities to achieve the sub-millimeter spatial resolution that is needed for imaging in smaller laboratory research animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs). The CT component of the SPECT/CT system is mounted in line with the SPECT, and both typically share a gantry. In most cases the CT consists of a micro-focus x-ray tube source (tube current on the order of 1 mA at 50 kVp) and an x-ray detector (e.g., a charge-coupled device or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor with pixels on the order of 50 ?m) with reconstructed resolutions below 100 ?m. The systems also may be designed to conduct separate CT and SPECT studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "19323",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Electrical Impedance",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to record and display as images the difference in flow of electricity through tissues due to the difference in their electrical impedance."
    },
    {
      "code": "19324",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Electrical Impedance, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Electrical impedance scanning systems used to produce real-time images of the breast. These systems consist of a low-voltage electrical source (typically 1 to 2.5 V), an electrode attached to the source which is placed on the patient's arm, a second electrode included in a probe to be placed against the breast, and an electronic unit that records and displays the signal as an image. Cytological and histological changes in cancerous tissue cause a significant change in its electrical impedance, showing cancers as bright spots on a gray background. Mammographic electrical impedance scanning systems are used as an adjunct test for ambiguous mammograms to facilitate early diagnostics and reduce the number of biopsies."
    },
    {
      "code": "18448",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to measure the distribution of a radiopharmaceutical within a patient's body using a gamma camera as detector. These scanners typically consist of a single- or multiple-head gamma (scintillation) camera, a patient table, a computerized subsystem including appropriate imaging processing software, a graphical display, monitors, a data storage unit, and an operator console. Both stationary and portable gamma camera scanning systems intended for two-dimension (planar)  imaging are available; systems that produce cross-sectional slices that are reconstructed as tomographic images (single-photon emission tomography [SPET]) are also available. These scanning systems are used for a variety of clinical evaluations, including nuclear cardiology studies, and imaging of cerebral blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "16891",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Mobile",
      "definition": "Gamma camera scanning systems that permit the bedside assessment of critically ill patients. Some systems are configured with the detector, detector stand, and data-processing console integrated into a single-powered, wheeled unit; other systems include the data-processing console in a separate unit, which is also mounted on wheels and interconnected by coaxial or fiberoptic cable to the detector unit. The operation and image acquisition process in the mobile systems are similar to those in the stationary systems; most mobile systems can obtain only planar images, but some have single-photon emission capabilities. Mobile gamma camera scanning systems are used mostly for the assessment of cardiac function and perfusion in patients with myocardial infarction and in other critically ill patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "16892",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Planar Image",
      "definition": "Gamma camera scanning systems that produce a two-dimensional image (i.e., planar image) of a radiopharmaceutical distribution within a patient's body. These systems scan the patient by moving either the patient or the camera (i.e., using a track-mounted movable detector that passes over the patient or a patient table that moves beneath a stationary detector). They are used mostly for whole-body scanning."
    },
    {
      "code": "18444",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Gamma camera systems that produce cross-sectional slices of the in vivo distribution of an administered radiopharmaceutical in the body, acquired at various angles around the patient and displayed as a computer-reconstructed tomographic image. These systems typically include a mechanical gantry to support and rotate the camera head and collimators in a circular or elliptical orbit around the body. Systems with multiple camera heads and/or coincidence imaging capabilities are also available. Single photon emission tomography systems are mostly used for whole-body bone imaging, brain perfusion studies, and cardiac imaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "18445",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that use laser beams at one or more frequencies to generate an image of tissue in a transverse plane of the body. The light detected after passing across the tissue is analyzed to determine the absorption and changes in speed, resulting in optical slices that are reconstructed to form a continuous image  that can be viewed on a video display terminal. These systems can be used in diagnostic procedures to differentiate tissues according their optical properties (e.g., measurements of tissue, detection of cancerous tissue)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18447",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Laser scanning systems that use laser light at two different frequencies (e.g., 690 nm, 810 nm) to produce optical images of the breast. The light is modulated and transmitted through the breast using optical fibers and typically detected using a photomultiplier.  The breast is scanned with both laser rays in tandem, making multiple passes and obtaining optical slices that are processed and displayed to form a continuous image on a video optical display. These scanning systems are used to identify small cancerous lesions based on the fact that optical properties of cancerous tissue are significantly different from those of healthy tissue (e.g., angiogenesis associated with cancer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28374",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to generate an image of tissue in a given plane of the body using near-infrared (NIR) laser light sources, usually at more than one frequency (i.e., a process known as NIR spectroscopy). The light detected after passing across the tissue is analyzed to determine the absorption and changes in speed. This results in optical slices that are reconstructed to form a continuous image showing the chemical composition of tissue that can be viewed as a colored image on a video display terminal. These systems can be used in diagnostic procedures to differentiate tissues according their chemical and/or molecular composition; dedicated systems used to obtain intravascular images are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24128",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy) laser scanning systems designed to provide data and images showing the lipid composition of the inner layers of the vascular walls (i.e., intravascular). The light wavelength changes are detected and automatically analyzed to determine the absorption and changes in speed after the light passes across the tissue and is reflected back;, resulting in optical slice color images showing the chemical composition of the vascular wall tissue that can be viewed on a video display terminal. The system usually consists of a central computerized unit that includes the laser source, optical processors, analysis software, and a detachable intravascular dedicated fiberoptic catheter. Intravascular NIR spectroscopy systems are intended to assess the lipid content of artery (e.g., coronary) plaque to facilitate patient diagnosis and/or treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "34206",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Portable",
      "definition": "Near-infrared laser spectroscopy systems that contain a diode laser and detector in a small, lightweight, usually hand-held, unit. These systems also include electronic components to control the laser power and the detector signal amplifier. They incorporate a computer to digitize and analyze the detector signal. These systems may be used for applications such as detecting oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin changes in muscle tissue or identifying changes to the concentration of hemoglobin in brain tissue to diagnose hematomas."
    },
    {
      "code": "29819",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Optical Coherence Tomography",
      "definition": "Laser scanning systems that use coherent light and interferometer techniques (i.e., optical coherence tomography [OCT]) to obtain cross-sectional images. These systems typically consist of a computerized unit including a light source, a photodetector, and a display. The light beam (usually in the infrared range) is divided into two beams, one directed towards the sample and the other towards a mirror; tomographic images are obtained by detecting the interference between the light reflected by both beams. The images obtained can show tissue about two or three mm (0.08 to 0.12 inch) in depth which provides axial and lateral resolution in the order of micrometers. Clinical use of OCT laser scanning systems is intended mainly to obtain detailed tomographic images of tissues, especially ophthalmology and intravascular images."
    },
    {
      "code": "18191",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Optical Coherence Tomography, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning systems designed to obtain cross-sectional images of eye (i.e., ophthalmic) tissues. These systems typically consist of a computerized unit that includes a light source, a photodetector, and a display. The light beam (usually in the infrared range) is divided into two beams, one directed towards the sample and the other towards a moving reference mirror. Tomographic images are then obtained by detecting the interference between the light reflected by both beams. The images obtained can show tissue about two or three mm (0.08 to 0.12 inch) in depth and provide axial and lateral resolution in the order of micrometers. The systems reveal the underlying structure not directly observable (tomographic images) in an analogous way, but with higher image resolution than conventional B-mode ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Systems that use light sources at different frequencies simultaneously  (spectral domain systems), rather than a mechanical movement of a mirror, are also available. OCT ophthalmic scanning systems are used for a variety of clinical applications involving accurate retinal and intraretinal thickness measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "23549",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Optical Coherence Tomography, Ophthalmic, Biometry",
      "definition": "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) laser scanning systems that use noncontact partial coherence laser interferometry to measure the characteristics of eye structures (i.e., optical biometry). These systems typically include a laser diode that delivers a dual beam of infrared light at two different frequencies; a photodetector to measure the interference signal, which measures the distance between the corneal surface and retina; and software with an algorithm to derive the intraocular distance (geometric separation) based on the refractive indexes of the natural ocular media. Optical biometry laser scanning systems are intended to accurately predict postoperative refraction indexes used for intraocular lenses, especially in pseudophakic eyes."
    },
    {
      "code": "34490",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Optical Coherence Tomography, Ophthalmic, Spectral",
      "definition": "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning systems designed to obtain cross-sectional images of eye (i.e., ophthalmic) tissues by simultaneously measuring multiple wavelengths of the reflected light. These systems typically consist of a computerized unit that includes laser light sources, a photodetector, and a display. The light beam is composed of several light frequencies that are delivered simultaneously; the reflected light is measured in a spectrum of frequencies (spectral domain) at a high-rate of axial scans (e.g., 40,000) per second. Spectral OCT ophthalmic scanning systems are used for a variety of clinical applications involving accurate retinal and intraretinal thickness measurements. Some systems can also provide high resolution measurements of the anterior segment of the eye (e.g., the corneal thickness) and facilitate diagnosis of diseases such as glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "27338",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser, Optical, Coherence, Tomography, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) laser scanning systems designed to obtain real-time images inside the vasculature (i.e., intravascular). These systems typically consist of a central computerized unit that provides a laser scanning beam and includes a high-definition display showing the intravascular images, patient data management capabilities, and controls for both data and image characteristics; and an intravascular fiberoptic catheter that uses OCT technology is attached to the central unit. Intravascular OCT scanning systems are intended to assess complex lesions inside the vasculature (e.g., coronary arteries),  to facilitate internal measurement. These devices assess lesion length and size of appropriate stents in patients that are, or will be, candidates for intravascular procedures. Evaluation of coronary and peripheral arteries atherosclerotic plaque components is also possible using this technique."
    },
    {
      "code": "27081",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser/Light, Dental Impression",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to capture three-dimensional (3-D) in-vivo images of the topographical features of teeth using a combination of a focused point (i.e., confocal) laser and light scanning systems. These systems typically consist of a handheld wand that is displaced along the dental arches to scan and capture images from the teeth, a central unit that process the data and 3-D images, and a monitor that displays the video images in real time. The systems simultaneously record the digital data corresponding to the images as a digital dental impression using dedicated software. Once the digital impression is assessed, it is sent electronically to a dental laboratory for conventional prosthesis manufacturing or to a computer-aided manufacturing milling machine for automated manufacturing of the model of an appropriate prosthesis. The digital information may be used also to manufacture orthodontic devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "33467",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser/Light, Orthopedic Impression",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to capture three-dimensional (3-D) in-vivo images of the topographical features of body parts of orthopedic interest using laser, light, or a combination of laser and light scanning systems. These systems typically consist of a handheld wand that is placed parallel to the body to scan and capture images from the area of interest, a central unit (e.g., a personal computer) that process the data and 3-D images, and a monitor that displays the video images in real time. The systems simultaneously record the digital data corresponding to the images as a digital orthopedic impression using dedicated software. Once the digital impression is assessed, it is sent electronically to an orthopedic laboratory for conventional prosthesis manufacturing or to a computer-aided manufacturing milling machine for automated custom manufacturing of the model and/or an appropriate prosthesis. Orthopedic impression scanning systems are used in the manufacturing of a variety of prosthesis such as lower and, upper limb, and foot prostheses; they are also used to manufacture other orthopedic products including positive molds, helmets, and orthoses (e.g., braces)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36181",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser/Light, Orthopedic Impression, Foot Orthosis/Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to capture three-dimensional (3-D) in-vivo images of the topographical features of feet  using laser or light scanning systems or a combination of both. These systems typically consist of a stand-alone unit or a handheld wand that is displaced along the foot contour to scan and capture images from plantar and surrounding areas, a central unit that process the numerical data and 3-D images, and a monitor that displays the video images in real time. The systems simultaneously record the digital data corresponding to the images as a digital foot impression using dedicated software. Once the digital impression is assessed, it is sent electronically to a  computer-aided manufacturing milling machine that may be located in the same orthopedic area or in a remote orthopedic laboratory for automated manufacturing of the model of an appropriate orthosis or prosthesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "36422",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Laser/Light, Orthopedic Impression, Spinal Orthosis/Prosthesis/Seat Cushion",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to capture three-dimensional (3-D) in-vivo images of the topographical features of the spine using  laser or light scanning systems or a combination of both. These systems typically consist of a stand-alone unit or a handheld wand that is displaced along the spine contour to scan and capture images from spinal areas, a central unit that process the numerical data and 3-D images, and a monitor that displays the video images in real time. The systems simultaneously record the digital data corresponding to the images as a digital impression using dedicated software. Once the digital impression is assessed, it is sent electronically to a  computer-aided manufacturing milling machine that may be located in the same orthopedic area or in a remote orthopedic laboratory for automated manufacturing of the model of an appropriate orthosis, prosthesis, or seat cushions used accommodate the spine while seating."
    },
    {
      "code": "27333",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Light, Dental Impression",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to capture three dimensional (3D) in-vivo images of the topographical features of teeth using a combination of blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) and multiple lens optical systems.  These systems typically consist of a wand including an intraoral video camera that is displaced along the dental arches, delivering light and capturing images from the teeth, a central unit that process the data and 3D images, and a monitor that displays the video images in real time. The systems simultaneously record the digital data corresponding to the images as a digital dental impression using dedicated software. Once the digital impression is assessed it is sent to a dental laboratory for conventional prosthesis manufacturing or to a computer-aided manufacturing milling machine, either locally at the dentist's office or in a dental laboratory, for automated manufacturing of the appropriate prosthesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17786",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Light, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that use a combination of near-infrared and red light sources to transilluminate the breast and, through the difference in attenuation, to aid in the evaluation of breast tissue (e.g., cyst, fat, tumors).  These systems include red and infrared light sources, fiberoptic cable and scanning heads, a video camera, electronic processors, and monitors. These systems are designed as an aid in the evaluation of breast diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "41701",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Light, Spectroscopy, Dermatology",
      "definition": "Scanning systems intended to assess skin lesions using optical spectroscopy. These systems include a microprocessor-based computer, a light source, and a handheld unit that incorporates a spectrometer. During the scanning procedure, the handheld unit is placed in contact with the skin lesion, allowing pulses of light on the tissue surface and for spectroscopic data to be gathered. The computer in the base unit interprets the generated spectroscopy data based on a preprogrammed algorithm."
    },
    {
      "code": "36617",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Light, Spectroscopy, Uterine Cervix",
      "definition": "Scanning systems intended to assess the cervix for the presence of precancerous cells (i.e., moderate to high-grade cervical dysplasia) using both reflectance spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. These systems include a microprocessor-based computer, a light source, and a handheld unit that incorporates a camera and spectrometer. During the scanning procedure, a single-use cervical guide is attached to the handheld unit and the distal end of the guide is placed in contact with the cervix, allowing light to be shone on the tissue surface and for spectroscopic data to be gathered. The computer in the base unit interprets the generated spectroscopy data based on a preprogrammed algorithm."
    },
    {
      "code": "16260",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that use strong magnetic fields, radio-frequency (RF) radiation, and computerized processes to translate hydrogen nuclei distribution (some systems can translate other nuclei exhibiting nuclear magnetic resonance) in body tissue into images of anatomic structures. Following exposure to high magnetic and RF fields, body-tissue nuclei emit low-power RF signals that are detected by the system RF receiver. The computer uses these RF data to construct an image of the exposed tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems consist of a primary magnet (resistive, superconductive, or permanent); gradient magnets; an RF subsystem, including an RF transmitter/receiver and coils; a patient table; a computer subsystem, including software for image processing, display monitors, and a data storage unit; and an operator console. MRI scanning systems are used to obtain high-resolution images with good contrast of tissues without using ionizing radiation. Most of these systems are used to distinguish normal from diseased tissue and to diagnose and track the progress and treatment of diseases (e.g., cancer, brain edema, iron storage)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41906",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain/Head, Point-of-Care",
      "definition": "Point-of-care magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning systems that are intended for imaging of the brain and head. These MRI systems do not require a dedicated imaging room. Due to their smaller size and scope they can be used in the intensive care unit (ICU) or emergency department (ED); some point-of-care MRI systems can be transported to the patient�s bedside. The gap between the magnetic poles of the scanner is designed to accommodate the patient's head; the open side design permits easy access to the patient head. Point-of-care MRI scanning systems are used for imaging of the head, stroke assessment, screening for bleeding of the brain, headache screening and hydrocephalus assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18109",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Extremity",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning systems with small-bore diameter (typically 20 to 30 cm) that only allow imaging of the extremities of the body (e.g., limb, joint) and whose magnetic fields usually range from 0.1 to 0.3 Tesla. These systems include specialized surface coils for the extremities (e.g., extremity, knee, head)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18108",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Full-Body",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning systems that allow imaging of all areas of the body, and whose magnetic fields usually range from 0.5 to 1.5 Tesla.  The patient is accommodated in a long bore, typically 55 to 60 cm (22 to 24 inches) in diameter and 1.5 to 2.0 m (5.0 to 6.5 feet) long. Full-body MRI systems also include \"open\" or \"accessible\" units with a cylindrical bore that is 75 cm (30 in) or greater in diameter or a rectangular bore that is 100 cm (40 in) or wider; these units may also incorporate a design with open sides."
    },
    {
      "code": "18110",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning  systems dedicated to the imaging of the breast and whose magnetic field is typically in the order of 0.5 Tesla. These systems include a patient table designed to position the patient for optimal breast imaging and specialized breast surface coils. Mammographic MRI scanning systems are used as an adjunct to mammography in mammograms that are difficult to interpret."
    },
    {
      "code": "39679",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neonatal Head",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning systems dedicated to imaging the heads of infants. Neonatal head MRI scanning systems typically incorporate a dedicated head coil suitable for imaging the infant brain. Some systems may incorporate the head coil into an incubator-like compartment designed to hold the infant and to be inserted into the bore of the magnet."
    },
    {
      "code": "18862",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurosurgical",
      "definition": "Open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning systems dedicated to the imaging of the brain. The gap between the magnetic poles of the scanner is designed to accommodate the patient's head; the open side design permits easy access to the patient head from two or more sides.  Neurosurgical MRI scanning systems are intraoperative systems used in neurosurgery for visualization, providing real-time guidance for the neurosurgeon. The 3-D capabilities of these systems may be useful in planning and performing stereotactic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "36418",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Mechanical Contact, Orthopedic Impression, Plantar Digitizer",
      "definition": "Scanning systems designed to capture three-dimensional (3-D) in-vivo images of the topographical features of feet from a plantar image digitizer. The system may be based on a plantar digitizing unit based on the plantar impression of the foot on a soft material or on a set of pins that are conformed following the plantar contour,  a display of the digitized images, and controls for the numerical and image information data. Once the digital impression is assessed, it is sent electronically to a  computer-aided manufacturing milling machine that may be located in the same orthopedic area or in a remote orthopedic laboratory for automated manufacturing of the model of an appropriate orthosis or prosthesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "16375",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Positron Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that detect back-to-back gamma ray (photon) emissions as the result of the combination of an emitted positron and a free electron and that use computerized processing to generate in vivo cross-sectional images of an administered positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical. These systems consist of scintillation detectors arranged in stationary rings around the patient and photomultiplier tubes; coincidence circuits; a patient table; a computer subsystem, including software for image processing, display monitors, and a data storage unit; and an operator console. Clinical uses of these systems include demonstration of biological functions and the assessment of the physiology and pathology of various organs and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "14278",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that use sound waves at frequencies (typically in the range of 2 to 15 MHz) well above the level of human hearing to generate an image of tissue in a transverse plane of the body. These systems convert an electrical signal into ultrasonic energy that is transmitted into tissues. The intensity, time, and direction of the echoes are measured and processed to generate an amplitude display (A-mode), a two-dimensional \"brightness modulated\" image display (B-mode), or a one-dimensional graphic display of a moving structure (M-mode). Ultrasonic scanners are composed of transducers (to convert electrical signals to sound waves and sound waves to electrical signals); scanners that measure the intensity, time, and direction of the reflected (echoed) sound waves; and scan converters that display the image on a TV monitor (usually a high-resolution monitor). Ultrasonic scanning systems are used in many diagnostic procedures, including gynecologic, obstetric, cardiac, vascular, endoscopic, thyroid, and breast procedures. Some ultrasonic devices using the Doppler principle are used to display blood flow information."
    },
    {
      "code": "16241",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Abdominal",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems consisting of an ultrasonic scanner, transducers (typically from 2 to 5 MHz), abdominal calculation package software (e.g., renal), an image recorder (e.g., videocassette), and a printer. Abdominal ultrasonic systems usually include linear array and mechanical and/or electronic sector scanning configurations. These systems are used for abdominal examination (e.g., cysts, tumors) and diagnoses (e.g., hernias)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23996",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Abdominal, Liver Stiffness",
      "definition": "Abdominal ultrasonic scanning systems designed to noninvasively measure liver stiffness (i.e., elastography) as an assessment of the degree of scar tissue accumulation in the liver (i.e., liver fibrosis). These systems are typically an ultrasound probe (e.g., 5 MHz) on which an ultrasonic transducer is mounted with a mechanical vibrator at its tip, an electronic unit with a radiofrequency generator, data processing circuits, appropriate software, and a display. The vibrator delivers a low-frequency wave to the liver; the pulsed Doppler ultrasound echo simultaneously determines the velocity of the wave as a measure of the tissue stiffness, and the results are shown in pressure units (e.g., kilopascals). Liver stiffness ultrasonic systems (also known as elastography systems) are intended to assess liver damage (i.e., cirrhosis of the liver) in patients with chronic liver disease, as an alternative to liver biopsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17422",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner, transducers, cardiac analysis software, an image recorder (e.g., videocassette), and a printer. These systems usually produce sector images using mechanical or electronic transducer configurations.  Many cardiac ultrasonic scanning systems include additional transducers for improving resolution and for increasing tissue penetration. Most cardiac ultrasonic scanners include continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler capabilities for sensing the velocity and location of blood flow and can be operated in M mode and B mode (2-D), Doppler, and B-mode, color flow mapping, and triplex mode (simultaneous acquisition and display of 2-D gray-scale, spectral Doppler and color flow data). These systems are designed for real-time, noninvasive imaging of heart structures and are used to diagnose congenital cardiac defects (e.g., patent ductus arteriosus), to determine the extent of myocardial infarction, and to detect other abnormal conditions, such as mitral and aortic stenosis and insufficiency."
    },
    {
      "code": "20378",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems designed for endoscopic imaging. Some systems  include a processor attached to a dedicated ultrasonic endoscope, while other systems attach the processor either to an ultrasonic probe that can be passed through the working channel of standard endoscopes (e.g., gastroscopes, colonoscopes) or to rigid probes (e.g., rectal probes).  The ultrasonic system probes include ultrasonic transducers up to 20 MHz frequency to obtain high-resolution images that can be monitored, recorded, post-processed, and/or used for further studies. Endoscopic ultrasonic scanning systems are used to obtain additional information to endoscopic imaging, especially in colon, rectal, and upper gastrointestinal tract studies; they are also used in some special ultrasonic procedures (e.g., ultrasonic-guided needle biopsy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15976",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, General-Purpose",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner and transducers (e.g., 3.5 and 5.0 MHz). Many systems include dedicated software (e.g., obstetric/gynecologic calculation package), an image recorder (e.g., videocassette), and a printer; other systems send the images directly to a picture archiving and communication system. These systems generally use transducers with linear array and mechanical or electronic sector scanning configurations.  General-purpose ultrasonic scanning systems are used for general radiology purposes, including abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic examinations; most of them include additional transducers to facilitate specialized procedures such as small-parts, vascular, and endorectal examinations. Optional capabilities, such as Doppler and color flow mapping, and additional analysis software packages (e.g., vascular, urology) are usually available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17746",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner, high-frequency (typically 20 and 30 MHz) miniature transducers mounted on the tip of a catheter, intravascular analysis package software, an image recorder (e.g., videocassette), and a printer. Some systems include color-flow mapping capabilities.  Intravascular ultrasonic scanning systems produce 360-degree (cross-sectional) images of blood vessels for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including the identification of arterial plaque and vessel lesions, the measurement of vessel dimensions and stenosis, the monitoring of balloon angioplasty and atherectomy procedures, and the deployment of intravascular stents."
    },
    {
      "code": "15656",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner, transducers (frequencies of 7.5 to 15.0 MHz are typical because of the high resolution needed), dedicated software, an image recorder (e.g., videocassette), and a printer.  These systems generally use high-frequency broadband transducers, and some also include continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler capabilities and a spectrum analyzer.  Most mammographic ultrasonic scanning systems are used as an adjunct to mammography to distinguish cystic from solid lesions in the breast, but some high-resolution digital ultrasound systems that include Doppler capabilities are also used to differentiate between malignant and benign tissue in the breast."
    },
    {
      "code": "15657",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Obstetric/Gynecologic",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that consist of an ultrasonic scanner, transducers (typically from 2 to 5 MHz), obstetric/gynecologic calculation package software, an image recorder (e.g., videocassette), and a color printer. Obstetric/gynecologic ultrasonic systems usually include transducers with a linear array, but most of them also include mechanical and/or electronic sector scanning configurations. These systems are used in obstetric and/or gynecologic examinations, including in utero fetal scans, and in other abdominal procedures and diagnoses (e.g., cysts, tumors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11389",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner (usually operated in A or B mode), transducers (frequencies of 7.5 to 10.0 MHz are typically used because high-resolution imaging is needed), dedicated software, a recording subsystem, and a printer.  Most ophthalmic ultrasonic scanning systems are used to measure the axial length of the eye, to assess eyes in which opacity prevents direct ophthalmologic examinations, and to study both intraocular and orbital tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "18143",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Portable",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that are designed to be small and lightweight, typically less than 23 kg (50 lb), to allow them to be carried by hand from location to location. Most of these systems support basic diagnostic techniques only and do not offer the optional advanced scanning capabilities that are found in larger general-purpose systems (e.g., Doppler and color flow mapping). These systems are used in physician's offices, outpatient imaging centers, and small radiology departments and in hospitals for bedside scanning (e.g., abdominal small parts, obstetric/gynecologic) of patients who cannot be transported to the radiology department."
    },
    {
      "code": "35366",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Prostatic, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner, transducers, and dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fusion software used to perform biopsies of the prostate. The system uses software to superimpose previously-obtained MRI data with real-time ultrasound images of the prostate to create mappings for biopsy needle guidance. Some systems include additional hardware, such as needle navigation devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18052",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Small-Parts",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner, transducers (frequencies of 7 to 12 MHz are typically used because high-resolution and superficial imaging is needed), dedicated software, a recording subsystem, and a printer. Most ultrasonic scanners include continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler capabilities, including a spectrum analyzer. These systems are used for small (usually superficial) organ examinations, including bladder, thyroid, renal, dermatologic, and prostate examinations. Some of them also include capabilities for vascular peripheral and pediatric examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "34698",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Small-Parts, Urinary Bladder",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems intended for transabdominal examination of the bladder. These systems include an ultrasonic scanner and transducer (typically with resonant frequencies between 2 and 4 MHz). These systems typically include dedicated software that performs analysis of the generated ultrasound images, automatically calculating measurements such as bladder volume and post-void residual urine volume."
    },
    {
      "code": "15957",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Vascular",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems that include an ultrasonic scanner, transducers (frequencies of 5 to 12 MHz are typical for vascular scanning), dedicated software, an image recorder (e.g., videocassette), and a printer. Most vascular ultrasonic scanners include continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler capabilities (including a spectrum analyzer) for sensing the velocity and location of blood flow; they can be operated in mode, color flow mapping mode, and triplex mode (i.e., simultaneous acquisition and display of 2-D gray-scale, spectral Doppler, and color flow data). Vascular ultrasonic scanning systems usually  display images of the vessels in conjunction with spectrum analysis to depict the vessel and its obstructions. Some vascular scanners use a low-frequency (typically 2 MHz) Doppler transducer to obtain the blood flow velocity recording in the intracranial arteries. These systems are used for transdermal examination and diagnosis of diseases, occlusions, and obstructions in the peripheral vascular system, including a profile of the blood-flow velocity in the area under examination. Most of them also include capabilities for small-part examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "24861",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Vascular Access",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning systems designed to provide high-resolution images of anatomy that is a short distance below the skin (e.g., 1.5 to 6 cm), facilitating access to the vasculature and/or other superficial organs. These scanning systems typically consist of a portable, handheld unit that operates at frequencies from 5 to 12 MHz using dedicated probes. Vascular access ultrasonic scanners are used mainly to guide placement of needles and/or catheters in the vasculature either percutaneously or intraoperatively; the scanners may be also used to locate organs and other anatomic structures that are relatively close to the body surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "28463",
      "display": "Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic/Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Laser, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Scanning systems that combine ultrasonic and near-infrared (NIR) laser scanning spectroscopy that are designed to provide data and images showing both the characteristics of the structure (e.g., degree of stenosis) of the blood vessels and the lipid composition of the inner layers of the vascular walls (i.e., intravascular). These systems consist of a central unit typically mounted on a cart that includes a high frequency generator, a laser source, data processors, appropriate software, and a display; the system also includes a detachable catheter with a hub at the proximal end with connectors for the ultrasound and optical output of the central unit. Intravascular ultrasonic/NIR laser scanning systems are intended to facilitate diagnosis and most appropriate treatment of vascular diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "21053",
      "display": "Scar/Keloid Inhibition Sheets, Silicone",
      "definition": "Silicone sheets designed to treat dermal wounds, preventing hypertrophic scar tissue and keloids when applied as an occlusive or semi-occlusive covering to the wound. These sheets typically consist of a soft, thin, and slightly adherent layer of silicone that may also include other compounds (e.g., corticosteroids, vitamins) that are also intended to improve wound healing. Scar/keloid inhibition silicone sheets are available in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., strips, patches, flat rings); they are used, typically after surgery, as dressings in patients with dermal wounds, burns, or other wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "21054",
      "display": "Scar/Keloid Inhibition Sheets, Silicone Gel/Foam",
      "definition": "Foam sheets with a silicone-gel surface designed to treat dermal wounds, preventing hypertrophic scar tissue and keloids when applied as a wound covering, facilitating uniform compression on the wound edges. These sheets typically consist of a soft, thick (typically about 13 cm/0.5 inch) layer of foam with a slightly adherent covering of silicone gel on the side applied to the wound. Scar/keloid inhibition silicone-gel-foam sheets are usually available in large sizes (e.g., 20 x 30 cm/8 x 12 inch); they are used, typically after surgery, as dressings in patients with dermal wounds, burns, or other wounds. Silicone-gel-foam sheets provide a gentle adherent patient interface and a consistent compression distribution that helps reduce inflammation and edema when compression garments are applied, especially after surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13480",
      "display": "Scissors",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to cut objects, materials, and/or tissues using two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operation with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Squeezing the two handles together and then pulling them apart causes the cutting edges to cut the material placed between the blades. Some scissors intended for delicate surgical procedures (e.g., ophthalmology, neurosurgery, microsurgery) have flat handles and frequently flat springs, providing a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation. High-quality scissors are often manufactured using tungsten carbide blades to increase precision and durability; scissors intended to facilitate smooth tissue cutting with a razor-sharp edge (super-cut blade) are also available. Dedicated scissors are clinically used to cut materials (e.g., bandages, dressings, sutures), tissues during surgical (e.g., ophthalmic, plastic, obstetric), dental, and postmortem (e.g., autopsy, dissection) procedures, and also for grooming and hygienic purposes (e.g., to cut the fingernails)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13481",
      "display": "Scissors, Bandage",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut bandage, gauze, and dressing. These scissors are typically strong, handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); usually one blade is longer than the other and finished in a sharp or probe-like tip while the shorter blade has a rounded tip. The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "23031",
      "display": "Scissors, Cast",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut plaster cast. These scissors are typically strong, handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) curved or angled blades, with sharp and frequently serrated edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); usually one blade is longer than the other and is finished in a narrow blunt tip, while the shorter blade has a wider, rounded tip. The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "22939",
      "display": "Scissors, Dental",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut tissue and/or prosthetic material during dental procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Heavy-duty dental scissors are used for cutting and/or trimming dental prosthetic materials such as plates, crowns, and collars; dental scissors with one or both serrated blades are also used in dental surgery to trim the gums and/or other soft tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "22940",
      "display": "Scissors, Dental, Prosthetic Material",
      "definition": "Dental scissors designed to cut and/or trim prosthetic material. These scissors are typically handheld, manual, heavy-duty instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Prosthetic material dental scissors are used to trim and/or cut plates, collars, and crowns during dental prosthodontic procedures (including modeling plastic impressions)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22941",
      "display": "Scissors, Dental/Oral Surgery, Gum/Soft Oral Tissue",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut and/or trim the gums and/or other soft tissue in the oral cavity during dental and/or oral surgery. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades, including one short and one or both serrated to eliminate slippage. The blades are attached to long, curved handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "23032",
      "display": "Scissors, Finger Nail/Cuticle",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut and/or trim fingernails and/or cuticles. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two thin, curved metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Fingernail scissors are usually operated by a person to trim his/her own nails; they are used mainly for personal hygiene or grooming. Dedicated smaller scissors with finer blades only intended to trim cuticles are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23028",
      "display": "Scissors, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut and dissect tissue during postmortem procedures (e.g., autopsy, dissection). These scissors are typically handheld, manual, heavy-duty instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges and tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action) conformed according to the tissues to be dissected. The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Scissors with sharp and blunt blade tips are available; dedicated postmortem scissors (e.g., with probe tips for the coronary arteries, ball ends for anatomic ducts) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22945",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut tissue and/or material during surgical procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined  by a swivel pin in the center. Some surgical scissors intended for delicate procedures (e.g., ophthalmic, neurosurgery, microsurgery) have flat handles with serrations to provide a safer grip and inserted flat springs, avoiding uneven tension and providing a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation. Small fine scissors with sharp blades are used to cut and dissect soft tissue; heavy-duty scissors are used for cutting stronger tissue such as tendons and cartilage; dedicated surgical scissors with a variety of tips and blades are available for particular procedures (e.g., ophthalmic, abdominal, arteriotomy, obstetric)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22994",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Abdominal Wall",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut the abdominal wall. These scissors are typically sturdy, handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel blades), with straight or curved (sharp, blunt, or combined) tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Abdominal wall surgical scissors are used in open surgery procedures involving the abdominal organs."
    },
    {
      "code": "22983",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Abdominal/Thoracic Cavity Tissue Dissection",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed for dissection of soft tissue in deep surgery procedures performed in the abdominal and/or thoracic cavities. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight, angled, or curved blades with blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to large, strong handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Abdominal/thoracic cavity tissue dissection surgery scissors are mainly used to cut soft tissue from anatomic structures and organs, including the loose connective tissue forming the outermost coating of an organ (i.e., adventitia)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23020",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Arthroscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut tissue during arthroscopic procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), very thin blades with a variety of tips and angles that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). A long flexible and frequently rotating shank is attached to the blades and to handles with the proximal end conformed as rings to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers. Arthroscopic scissors are used to cut and excise tissue from the joints (e.g., parts of the meniscus) during endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23000",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Biliary Duct",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut biliary duct tissue. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) sharp blades that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to long shanks, usually conformed at a 60-degree angle; they also include handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Biliary duct scissors are used in open surgery procedures involving the opening, dissection, and/or removing of the biliary ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "22959",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Brain",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut and/or dissect brain tissue. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) angled or curved blades with sharp or blunt (e.g., pointed) tips and very long shanks that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Brain surgery scissors are used mainly for dissection of brain tissue during neurosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23017",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Cartilage",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut fibrous connective tissue (i.e., cartilage). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight or curved sturdy blades, frequently cutting on both sides, with sharp pointed tips and long shanks that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Cartilage surgery scissors are used mainly for dissection of tissues during orthopedic and plastic surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23019",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Dura Mater",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut the outermost of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and the spinal cord (i.e., the dura mater). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) angled or slightly curved blades with sharp or blunt (e.g., pointed) tips and very long shanks that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center.  Dura mater surgery scissors are used in neurosurgical procedures involving the brain and/or the spinal cord."
    },
    {
      "code": "41138",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to be used via the working channel of an endoscope or via a laparoscopic access device (i.e., trocar). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades that cut tissue or other material by shearing action. Endoscopic scissors typically incorporate ringed handles at their proximal end designed to allow blade actuation. Endoscopic scissors may also include proximal controls that allow for rotation and/or flexion of the distal blades. Some endoscopic surgical scissors include a power cord and appropriate insulation to allow for electrosurgical cutting and/or coagulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "22980",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Endoscopic, Bronchus",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut tissue in the bronchi through the working channel of a bronchoscope These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), very thin blades with sharp tips and a long flexible shank; usually, a movable blade slides toward a stationary blade (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached through the shank to handles at the proximal end conformed as rings to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers. Bronchoscopic scissors are used to cut and excise tissue from the bronchi, typically to widen the lumen or to excise small tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22978",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Endoscopic, Larynx",
      "definition": "Larynx surgery scissors designed to cut tissues during laryngoscopic procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two small metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or angled (to the right or left) sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are at the distal end of a long shaft that is attached, usually at a 60- to 90- degree angle, to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers. Sturdier laryngoscopic scissors with double-action lever mechanisms that permit more stable cutting of hard fibrous tissue with less rotation are also available. Larynx surgery scissors are used in many procedures, including the excision of large masses (e.g., the pedicle of polyps) and to cut the epithelium in surgical procedures intended to excise pathologic structures of the vocal cords (phonosurgery). They are used frequently in microsurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "23003",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Endoscopic, Urinary Tract",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut tissue in the urinary tract through the working channel of a cystoscope or resectoscope. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two very thin metallic (e.g., stainless steel), blades with sharp tips and a long flexible shank; typically, a movable blade is slid toward a stationary blade (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached through the shank to handles at the proximal end conformed as rings to facilitate holding and operating by squeezing with the fingers. Cystoscopic scissors are used to cut and excise tissues from the urinary tract (e.g., to widen the lumen, to excise polyps)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23010",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Episiotomy",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to perform an incision in the peritoneum and vagina during labor (i.e., episiotomy). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), wide angled or curved wide blades, long shanks, and rounded blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); usually one blade is longer than the other and has a serrated edge. The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Scissors with larger finger rings and flat shanks to facilitate operation (e.g., ribbon style) are also available. Episiotomy scissors are used in obstetric procedures to prevent traumatic tearing during delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13485",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut eye tissues during ophthalmic procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp or blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Small, fine scissors with serrated flat or curved handles to provide a safer grip and inserted flat springs to avoid uneven tension and provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation are also available. Dedicated scissors with a variety of tips and blades are available to cut the iris, sclera, cornea, lens capsule, and other eye tissues during eye surgery procedures (e.g., capsulotomy, sclerotomy, tenotomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13486",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Corneoscleral",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed to cut corneal and/or scleral tissues during ophthalmic surgical procedures. These scissors are typically small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight or curved blades (frequently beveled) and sharp or blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers and are joined by a swivel pin in the center; some corneal scissors are flat and include wider rings (e.g., ribbon style). Scissors with serrated flat handles with inserted flat springs to provide a safer grip and provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation and avoid uneven tension are also available; they may be used in microsurgical procedures. Corneoscleral eye surgery scissors are used in keratoplasty, corneal transplant, corneal section, and other ophthalmic procedures involving the cornea and/or the sclera."
    },
    {
      "code": "13487",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Enucleation",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed for removal of the eyeball (i.e., eye enucleation). Enucleation eye surgery scissors are used to remove teh eyeball after th eye muscles and eye nerve have been severed. These scissors are typically strong handheld, manual instruments with two heavy, rounded metallic (e.g., stainless steel) slightly or medium curved blades with blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers and are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "22965",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Extraocular Muscle/Strabismus",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed to cut the extraocular muscles during ophthalmic procedures, usually in surgery to correct strabismus. These scissors are typically very small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or slightly curved sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers and are joined by a swivel pin in the center; scissors with larger finger rings and flat shanks to facilitate operation (e.g., ribbon style) are also available. Extraocular muscle/strabismus scissors are used to cut one or more of the six extraocular muscles that provide motility to the eye, either in muscle recession or resection procedures intended to improve the alignment of the eyes (i.e., correct strabismus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22963",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Eyelid",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed to cut eyelid tissue during ophthalmic procedures. These scissors are typically very small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with slightly curved sharp and frequently serrated tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers and are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Eyelid scissors are used in ophthalmic procedures intended to repair the eyelids and/or for cosmetic procedures (i.e., blepharoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13488",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Iris",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed to cut the iris tissue during ophthalmic procedures. These scissors are typically very small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or curved sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers and are joined by a swivel pin in the center. The blades can be attached to serrated flat handles to provide a safer grip with inserted flat springs that avoid uneven tension and provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation. Iris surgery scissors are used for complete (i.e., sector) or partial (e.g., peripheral) surgical excision of the iris in procedures intended to enlarge small pupils and to treat glaucoma and other eye diseases. These scissors are frequently used in microsurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22962",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Lens Capsule",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to incise the lens capsule (i.e., capsulotomy) during ophthalmic procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with very thin and sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to serrated flat handles to provide a safer grip; the handles also have inserted flat springs to avoid uneven tension and that provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation. They are used in ophthalmic procedures such as cataract excision."
    },
    {
      "code": "22968",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed to cut tissue (e.g., corneal, scleral) during ophthalmic microsurgical procedures. These scissors are typically very small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades (frequently beveled) with straight or curved, either sharp or blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to serrated flat handles to provide a safer grip; the handles also have inserted flat springs to avoid uneven tension and to provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation. Ophthalmic microsurgery scissors are used in procedures such as keratoplasty, keratectomy, corneal trephination during corneal transplants, corneal section, and other ophthalmic procedures involving the eye tissues, including pediatric patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "13489",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Suture/Stitch Removal",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed to cut sutures and/or to remove stitches. These scissors are typically small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or curved sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); a blade may include a notch to facilitate rapid pickup and cutting. The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers and are joined by a swivel pin in the center. The blades are typically attached to serrated flat handles to provide a safer grip with inserted flat springs that avoid uneven tension and provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation.  Eye surgery scissors with larger finger rings and flat shanks to facilitate operation (e.g., ribbon style) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22967",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Eye, Vitrectomy",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery scissors designed for partial excision of vitreous tissue. These scissors are typically small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or angled (e.g., 60 degrees) sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing). The blades are attached to a serrated flat handle to provide a safer grip. Vitrectomy scissors are used mainly to remove the front part of the vitreous tissue, to perform a pars plana (the thinner part of the ciliary disc) incision to remove vitreous membranes and/or opacities, and for removal of the content of the vitreous chamber."
    },
    {
      "code": "22976",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Facelift",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut loose or redundant tissue from the facial skin, eliminating wrinkles (i.e., performing rhytidectomy, also known as facelift). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight or curved blades with blunt, strong, flat tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to very long slender shanks that are pivoted (using a swivel pin) at the point of union with handles that are conformed at the proximal end as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers. Some facelift scissors include a slightly spread tip to facilitate undermining of the facial skin with a few strokes during plastic surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22999",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Gall Bladder",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut and/or dissect the gall bladder. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight blades with sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action) and a long shank. The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Gall bladder scissors are used in surgical procedures for opening or complete dissection of the gall bladder."
    },
    {
      "code": "22989",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Heart",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut cardiac tissue. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) sharp blades that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). Typically, the blades are attached to long shanks, usually at an acute (e.g., 30, 45, 60 degrees) angle, finished in handles with the proximal ends conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin close to the blades. Heart surgery scissors are used in emergency procedures on the heart and in other cardiac procedures that include heart repair or heart valve transplants."
    },
    {
      "code": "22992",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Heart, Minimally Invasive",
      "definition": "Heart (cardiac) surgical scissors designed to cut cardiac tissue in minimal-access procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight, razor-like, very sharp blades that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action), making possible smooth cutting even of calcified tissue. Typically, the blades are attached to very long and slender shanks, finished in handles with the proximal ends conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin close to the blades. Minimally invasive heart surgery scissors are used in minimal-access cardiothoracic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22993",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Heart, Valve",
      "definition": "Heart (cardiac) surgical scissors designed to cut cardiac valve tissue (i.e., during valve replacement or repair procedures). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two slender and flat metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight or curved sharp blades that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). Typically, the blades are attached to long shanks finished in handles, with the proximal ends conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin close to the blades. Dedicated scissors designed for a particular heart valve (e.g., mitral) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22995",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Intestine",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut tissue from the intestine (bowels). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), straight or angled blades with long blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action), and a long shank attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Intestinal surgery scissors are mainly used in surgical procedures for partial resection of the bowels after appropriate suture and/or in procedures intended to provide surgical openings of the intestines through the abdominal wall (i.e., enterotomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13501",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Intestine, Rectum",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut tissue from the rectum. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight, curved, or bayonet-shaped blades with sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action) and a long shank. The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Rectal scissors are used in surgical procedures of the rectum and anal canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "15977",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Intestine, Rectum, Fistula",
      "definition": "Rectum surgery scissors designed to dissect tissue (e.g., adhesions, fibrotic tissue) from fistulas between the rectum and vagina (i.e., rectovaginal) or between the rectum and urinary bladder (rectovesical). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), very fine, either straight or curved blades with sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action) and a long shank. The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; the two parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Fistula rectum scissors are used in surgical procedures of the rectum intended to suppress abnormal rectal fistulas."
    },
    {
      "code": "22997",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to be used via a laparoscope to cut tissues encountered during laparoscopic procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), very thin, and frequently serrated blades with sharp tips that are slid past each other (i.e., shearing action). A long, flexible, and frequently rotating (e.g., 360 degrees) shank is attached to the blades and to handles at the proximal end conformed as rings to facilitate holding and operating by squeezing with the fingers. Laparoscopic scissors are used to cut and excise tissues from the abdomen during a variety of surgical (e.g., gynecologic, urinary tract, biliary tract) procedures; some are provided with a cord and appropriate insulation to perform monopolar electrosurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "22998",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Laparoscopic, Hooking Jaw",
      "definition": "Laparoscopic surgical scissors designed to cut tissue using a hook-like nonslipping jaw during laparoscopic procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), very thin blades with tips conformed as a hook to encircle the tissue. The blades slide past each other (i.e., shearing action) to cut the tissue. The blades are the integral part of a shank that is attached to a handle at the proximal end conformed as rings to facilitate holding and operating or are separate components that are used with a handle that is common to several laparoscopic instruments. Hooking jaw laparoscopic scissors are used mainly to cut secured ducts (e.g., cystic duct during cholangiography), arteries, and nerve bundles in neurectomy with no chance of slippage."
    },
    {
      "code": "22977",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Larynx",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut and/or dissect tissue from the larynx and associated structures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two long metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or angled sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers and are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "22970",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut middle-ear tissues during endaural procedures. These scissors are typically small handheld, manual instruments with two long metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight, angled, or curved, very fine sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached through long slender shanks to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Middle-ear surgery scissors are used to cut soft tissue in several procedures of the stapes and tympanic membrane (e.g., tympanoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22972",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Middle Ear, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Middle-ear surgery scissors designed to dissect tissue during endaural microsurgical procedures. These scissors are typically very small handheld, manual instruments with two long and very fine metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or angled sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached through long shanks to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers. Both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Middle-ear surgery scissors are used to cut soft tissue in microsurgical procedures of the structures of the middle ear such as stapes and tympanic membrane surgery (i.e., tympanoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22971",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Middle Ear, Ossicular Wire Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut small caliber wires used in prosthesis of middle ear ossicular structures. These scissors are typically light handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) and frequently serrated blades with straight, angled or curved sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Ossicular cutting scissors are used in middle-ear surgery to cut wire used in ossicle reconstruction; the wire is placed as a long prosthesis linking the malleus to the oval window to keep the ossicular chain continuity in stapedectomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13495",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut hard nasal (e.g., bony, cartilage) tissue during plastic and/or reconstructive procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two long metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or angled sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "22974",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Nasal, Septum",
      "definition": "Nasal surgery scissors designed to cut (resect) nasal septum tissue. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two long metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or angled sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Sturdier scissors with reverse action, serrated blades, and flat curved handles with inserted springs to provide a safer grip and a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation, avoiding uneven tension, are also available. Nasal septum surgery scissors are used to perform plastic and/or reconstructive procedures of the nose (i.e. rhinoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22975",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Nasal, Sinus",
      "definition": "Nasal surgical scissors designed to cut and/or excise tissue from one of the paranasal sinuses. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two small metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or angled (to the right or left) sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are at the distal end of a long shaft that is attached, usually at a 90-degree angle, to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers. Nasal sinus scissors are used mainly in procedures intended to excise abnormal tissues or materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "22973",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Nasal, Turbinate",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut hard bony internal nasal structures, usually the turbinate (i.e., nasal conchae). These scissors are typically sturdy handheld, manual instruments with two long metallic (e.g., stainless steel) doubled-action blades with straight blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to curved handles with inserted flat springs to provide a safer grip and a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation, avoiding uneven tension. Turbinate nasal scissors are used to perform plastic and/or reconstructive procedures of the nose (i.e. rhinoplasty)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23021",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Nerve",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed for fine and sharp dissection of nerves. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) straight or curved blades, a long shank, and inside sharp and outside semi-sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to long handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Nerve cutting and dissection surgery scissors are mainly used in delicate neurosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22982",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Pituitary",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut pituitary tissue during procedures involving pituitary gland tissues. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two small metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or curved sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached by a long shank (e.g., 360-degrees turntable) to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operation with the fingers (known as alligator action). Pituitary surgery scissors are used in neurosurgical procedures for total or partial removal of the pituitary gland (i.e., hypophysectomy). They are used during microsurgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "23001",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Spinal",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut spinal tissue during surgical procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two small metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached by a turnable (e.g., 360 degrees) long shank to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Spinal surgery scissors with larger finger rings; both parts are flat shanks (e.g., ribbon style) to facilitate operating are also available. Spinal surgery scissors are used in neurosurgical procedures of the spinal cord"
    },
    {
      "code": "23002",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Spinal, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Spinal surgery scissors designed to cut spinal (e.g., spinal disc) tissues during microsurgical procedures. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two small metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached by a turnable (e.g., 360 degrees) long shank to handles, with the proximal end conformed as a ring (e.g., ribbon style) to facilitate holding and operating; with the fingers both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "13502",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Suture/Stitch Removal",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut sutures and/or to remove stitches. These scissors are typically small handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with straight or curved sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); a blade may include a notch to facilitate rapid pickup and cutting. The blades are attached to handles, with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating; with the fingers both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center; scissors with larger finger rings and flat shanks to facilitate operation (e.g., ribbon style) are also available. Suture cutting and stitch removal scissors are used in general surgery and in most types of surgical procedures (e.g., cardiothoracic surgery, abdominal surgery, orthopedics); dedicated smaller scissors are available for very delicate procedures (e.g., ophthalmology, neurosurgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23022",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Tendon",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut a tendon (i.e., tenotomy). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to large, strong handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined together by a swivel pin in the center. Tendon surgery scissors are mainly used to cut tendons in neurosurgical procedures; they are also used to cut tendons that attach the ophthalmic orbital muscles in procedures intended to correct strabismus."
    },
    {
      "code": "16520",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Tonsil",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut and excise the lymphoid almond-shape masses located in the oropharynx (i.e., palatine tonsils). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), sharp or serrated blades with long shanks and straight or curved blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Scissors with larger finger rings and flat shanks to facilitate operation (e.g., ribbon style) are also available. Tonsil surgical scissors are used in tonsillectomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23005",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Uterine",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut and dissect tissues in the uterus and surrounding tissues. These scissors are typically handheld manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) wide, straight, or curved blades with rounded blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Uterine surgery scissors are used in procedures involving the uterus and surrounding tissues; dedicated scissors for cutting the parametrium in radical vaginal hysterectomy are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23008",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Uterine, Fetal Decapitation",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed for fetal decapitation. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) sturdy, curved, wide blades with blunt tips to prevent damage to the surrounding maternal tissues, attached shanks, and rounded blunt tips that are slid past each other (i.e., shearing action); the blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Fetal decapitation scissors are used during obstetric procedures when the fetus is not viable or to protect the mother during difficult labor."
    },
    {
      "code": "23007",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Uterine, Parametrium/Hysterectomy",
      "definition": "Uterine surgery scissors designed to cut the parametria. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) angled or curved blades with blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); one tip may include a ball. The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Parametrium uterine surgery scissors are used to sever the parametrium tissue bundles with little trauma to surrounding tissue in radical vaginal hysterectomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23011",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Vascular",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut and/or dissect blood vessel (vascular) tissues. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) angled or curved (and frequently serrated) blades with sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles, with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operation with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Dedicated vascular scissors are available with many different shapes, sizes, and blade configurations according to the vessel to be cut or the procedure to be performed (e.g., coronary artery bypass, peripheral vasculature dissection, vena cava excision, carotid endarterectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23012",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Vascular, Artery",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical scissors designed for fine and sharp incision and/or dissection of arteries (i.e., arteriotomy). These scissors are typically handheld manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) curved blades, a long shank, and very sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are typically attached to handles, with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Arterial surgery scissors are mainly used in vascular and cardiovascular procedures; smaller and more delicate scissors are used in neurosurgical procedures (e.g., intracranial vasculature). Dedicated artery surgery scissors are available for incision of the coronary arteries and to trim and prepare the internal mammary artery or the saphenous vein for coronary anastomosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "23015",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Carotid/Endarterectomy",
      "definition": "Vascular surgery scissors designed for excision of the atheromatous tunica intima of the carotid arteries (i.e., endarterectomy). These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) slender, angled, or straight blades with very sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Endarterectomy scissors are mainly used in vascular procedures intended to treat stenosis of the common carotid artery; they may be also used for endarterectomy of other main arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "23013",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Coronary",
      "definition": "Vascular surgery scissors designed for fine and sharp incisions of the coronary arteries. These scissors are typically handheld manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) either straight, curved, or bayonet-shaped blades with sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); an angled bayonet handle offers improved visualization of cutting tips. The blades are typically attached to serrated flat or curved handles to provide a safer grip; the handles also have inserted flat springs to avoid uneven tension and to provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation. Coronary artery surgery scissors are used in cardiovascular procedures involving the coronary arteries, including coronary anastomosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "23014",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Vascular, Artery, Coronary, Circumflex",
      "definition": "Vascular surgery scissors designed for fine and sharp incisions of the circumflex artery (i.e., a branch of the left coronary artery that curves back of the left ventricle in the coronary sulcus, supplying the left ventricle and the atrium). These scissors are typically handheld manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) small, straight blades with very sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); the blades are usually mounted at a 90-degree angle to very long shanks and are joined by a swivel pin in the center, located at the point of union with the shank. The shanks are finished at the proximal end in handles conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operation with the fingers; a stabilizing bar is frequently located on the shanks between the union of the blades and the ring handles. Circumflex artery surgery scissors are used in cardiovascular procedures involving the coronary arteries, including coronary anastomosis"
    },
    {
      "code": "23016",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Vascular, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Vascular surgical scissors designed for fine and sharp dissection of blood vessels in microsurgical procedures. These scissors are typically very small handheld, manual instruments with two straight or curved metallic (e.g., stainless steel) and frequently beveled blades with tips specially shaped to avoid vessel slipping and appropriate for roughening artery ends that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to serrated flat handles to to provide a safer grip; the handles also have inserted flat springs to avoid uneven tension and to provide a more uniform and/or sensitive manipulation. Vascular microsurgery scissors are mainly used in neurosurgery and plastic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "23025",
      "display": "Scissors, Surgical, Wire Cutting",
      "definition": "Surgical scissors designed to cut small-caliber suturing wires. These scissors are typically sturdy handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) and frequently serrated blades with straight, angled, or curved sharp tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action); a blade may include a notch to facilitate rapid pickup and cutting. The blades are attached to handles, with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Wire-cutting scissors are used to cut wire sutures in plastic and/or orthopedic surgery; many wire cutting scissors are also used to cut metallic mesh used in surgical procedures (e.g., hernia). Smaller dedicated wire cutting scissors are available to cut wire ossicle prosthesis."
    },
    {
      "code": "23036",
      "display": "Scissors, Toenail",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut and/or trim the toenails and/or toe cuticle. These scissors are typically handheld, strong manual instruments with two thin, straight metallic (e.g., stainless steel) blades with sharp edges that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are usually attached to handles, with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Toenail scissors may be operated by a person to trim his/her own nails for personal hygiene or grooming; they are also used in podiatric procedures (e.g., to trim ingrown toenails)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23026",
      "display": "Scissors, Umbilical Cord",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut the umbilical cord after delivery. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel), thin, very wide blades with large, rounded, blunt tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to handles with the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center. Umbilical cord scissors are used in labor (obstetric) procedures to cut the umbilical cord after the cord is appropriately clamped."
    },
    {
      "code": "23027",
      "display": "Scissors, Wound Debridement",
      "definition": "Scissors designed to cut and excise foreign material and/or damaged or contaminated tissue from or around a wound. These scissors are typically handheld, manual instruments with two metallic (e.g., stainless steel) sharp or serrated blades with fine tips that slide past each other (i.e., shearing action). The blades are attached to long, straight, or curved shanks finished in handles at the proximal end conformed as a ring to facilitate holding and operating with the fingers; both parts are joined by a swivel pin in the center."
    },
    {
      "code": "15794",
      "display": "Scleral Buckling Devices",
      "definition": "Devices intended to be implanted on the sclera to aid in retinal reattachment."
    },
    {
      "code": "34737",
      "display": "Screen Dividers",
      "definition": "Screens designed to provide a separation between adjacent healthcare areas. These screens are typically opaque or translucid stand-alone structures that include appropriate means to hold them. Some screen dividers include brackets for attachment to adjacent screens and/or to the ceiling and/or walls. Screen dividers (also known as wall partitions) are mainly used to provide a permanent or temporary barrier to conceal patient beds or tables during examination or other procedures; the screens are also used to facilitate the performance of medical procedures (e.g., catheterization, surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15287",
      "display": "Screen Dividers, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Screen dividers designed to separate the anesthesiologist working area and the surgical site during surgical procedures. These screens are typically opaque or translucid stand-alone structures that include appropriate means to hold them; some screen dividers may include brackets for attachment to the ceiling and/or walls. Anesthesia screen dividers  are mainly used to provide a permanent or temporary barrier between the sterile surgical area and the anesthesia staff and equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "13514",
      "display": "Screen Dividers, Bedside",
      "definition": "Screen dividers designed to separate the bed or examination table providing the patient and the clinical staff privacy and facilitating the procedure. These screens are typically opaque or translucid stand-alone structures that include appropriate means to hold them; some screen dividers may include brackets for attachment to the ceiling and/or walls. Bedside screen dividers  are mainly used to provide a permanent (e.g., in semi-private patient rooms) or temporary barrier between the patient bed or table (e.g., multibed patient rooms, catheterization laboratories)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33428",
      "display": "Screwdrivers",
      "definition": "Instruments (tools) designed to apply torque to (i.e., turn) screws and/or bolts. Screwdrivers typically consist of a handheld manual instrument with a cylindrical handle and an axial shaft with a slotted or cruciform (i.e., Philips) tip; less frequently screwdrivers have distal tips appropriate to turn square or hexagonal socket heads. There are several types of screwdrivers in use, including multi-bit handheld manual screwdrivers and battery powered screwdrivers. Screwdrivers are mainly used in healthcare facilities for orthopedic and dental procedures, in workshops (e.g., ophthalmic, orthopedic), and also for equipment maintenance."
    },
    {
      "code": "33427",
      "display": "Screwdrivers, Dental Implant",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to apply torque to screws and bolts used for placement (i.e., driving) dental implants.  These screwdrivers typically are miniature handheld manual instruments consisting of a cylindrical handle and an axial shaft with a slotted or cruciform (i.e., Philips) tip with the size appropriate to handle screws and bolts inside the oral cavity.  Dental implant screwdrivers can be dedicated for appropriate manipulation of particular types of implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "13517",
      "display": "Screwdrivers, Surgical, Bone/Bone Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Surgical screwdrivers designed to apply torque to screws and bolts used to attach bone prostheses (e.g., plates) and implants to each other or to bones during orthopedic surgery. These screwdrivers typically consist of a handheld manual instrument consisting of a cylindrical handle and an axial shaft with a slotted or cruciform (i.e., Philips) tip with the size appropriate to handle screws and bolts used in orthopedic procedures. Surgical bone/bone prosthesis screwdrivers with distal tips appropriate for square or hexagonal socket heads are also available; powered screwdrivers using batteries are available. Bone/bone prosthesis screwdrivers can be dedicated to fixation (e.g., spinal) and/or manipulation of particular types of orthopedic prostheses."
    },
    {
      "code": "16055",
      "display": "Screws",
      "definition": "Cylindrical rods incised with helical or advancing spiral threads designed to attach or tighten two objects, without the use of nuts or washers, when driven by rotating a manual screwdriver or by a powered rotary handpiece. Screws are typically made of a biocompatible substance that is synthetic (e.g., a bioabsorbable polymer) or metallic. Screws are used clinically in oral, dental, orthopedic, and other procedures; dedicated screws are available for particular uses, including direct internal fracture fixation, oral (maxillary and dental) surgery, and attachment of prostheses (e.g., long bone and skull plates) during orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16101",
      "display": "Screws, Bone",
      "definition": "Threaded metal rods used for internal fracture fixation.  They attach plates or nails to bone, fasten soft tissue to bone, or, most commonly, provide interfragmentary stabilization for bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "34196",
      "display": "Screws, Bone, Spinal",
      "definition": "Threaded rods (i.e., screws) intended for insertion in the bones of the spinal column and used in various spinal applications (e.g., fracture fixation, spinal fusion). These screws are typically composed of non-biodegradable materials (e.g., metal; carbon fiber, polyetheretherketone [PEEK]); however, screws composed of biodegradable materials are also available. Spinal screws frequently incorporate a head design that facilitates attachment of additional spinal fixation hardware (e.g., plates, rods), allowing stabilization and/or immobilization of one or more vertebral segments."
    },
    {
      "code": "32734",
      "display": "Screws, Bone/Graft",
      "definition": "Implantable threaded rods intended to be used for direct fixation of soft tissue grafts (e.g., bone-tendon grafts, ligament grafts, tendon grafts) to bone by compressing the graft between the threaded rod and bone. These devices can be cannulated or non-cannulated. They are available in bioabsorbable (e.g., synthetic polymer) and non-bioabsorbable (e.g., metal) forms."
    },
    {
      "code": "13873",
      "display": "Scrotal Supports",
      "definition": "Abdominal supports designed to provide support, protection, and some degree of movement restriction to the scrotum. These supports usually consist of soft or semi-rigid structures (e.g., dedicated briefs) supporting the scrotum. They are frequently made of fabrics combined with light metal or plastic components. Scrotum supports provide protection and support to the testes during working activities that involve heavy weight lifting and/or the practice of sports in order to prevent formation and/or displacement of hernias into the scrotum. Dedicated scrotum supports (known as trusses) intended for the reduction of hernias are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13520",
      "display": "Scrub Dresses",
      "definition": "Dresses designed to be worn by medical personnel. Scrub dresses are made of reusable woven materials (e.g., polyester, cotton, a combination of both). They have minimal places for dirt to adhere to and are easy to launder. Scrub dresses are usually stain resistant; they sometimes have pockets, belts, ties, and side vents. Some healthcare facilities require the use of uniform scrub dresses."
    },
    {
      "code": "27808",
      "display": "Scrub Pants",
      "definition": "Scrub pants are usually full-length pants made of light-weight woven (reusable) or nonwoven (disposable) materials and are designed to be worn by personnel and visitors in hospitals or other healthcare facilities. Scrub pants are mainly intended to provide a clean barrier in sterile and other clinical treatment environments such as emergency rooms, labor and delivery areas, and intensive care units.  To prevent people from carrying infectious materials on their clothing into these environments, medical and facilities personnel, as well as visitors, are often required to change into clean scrub pants before entering the area. Some healthcare facilities also require the wearer to change out of the used scrub pants before leaving certain areas of the facility to help prevent the spread of infectious materials out of those areas. Reusable scrub pants can be laundered and re-worn multiple times while disposable scrub pants are typically worn for one procedure and then discarded."
    },
    {
      "code": "13524",
      "display": "Scrub Suits",
      "definition": "Garments designed to be worn by personnel and visitors in hospitals or other healthcare facilities. that consist of two pieces of lightweight fabric apparel (i.e., a shirt and pants). Scrub suits are made of either reusable woven or disposable nonwoven materials. Scrub suits are mainly intended to provide a clean barrier in sterile and other clinical treatment environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "13526",
      "display": "Scrub Suits, Disposable",
      "definition": "Scrub suits that are intended for single use and are usually worn by nurses, surgeons, and other medical personnel during medical procedures. Disposable scrub suits are usually one or two pieces of apparel, a full body suit or a shirt and pants, and are typically made from nonwoven paper or plastic materials. Disposable scrub suits are mainly intended to provide a clean barrier in sterile environments and other clinical treatment environments such as emergency rooms, labor and delivery areas, and intensive care units.  To prevent people from carrying infectious materials on their clothing into these environments, medical and facilities personnel, as well as visitors, are often required to change into clean scrub suits before entering the area. Some healthcare facilities also require the wearer to change out of the used scrub suit before leaving certain areas of the facility to help prevent the spread of infectious materials out of those areas.  Disposable scrub suits are typically worn during one procedure and then discarded."
    },
    {
      "code": "13527",
      "display": "Scrub Suits, Reusable",
      "definition": "Scrub suits that are intended for multiple uses and are two pieces of apparel, a shirt and pants, made from woven materials such as polyester, cotton or a combination of both. Reusable scrub suits are mainly intended to provide a clean barrier in sterile and other clinical treatment environments. Reusable scrub suits can be laundered, usually after each use and re-worn multiple times."
    },
    {
      "code": "27807",
      "display": "Scrub Tops",
      "definition": "Scrub tops are usually short-sleeved shirts made of light-weight woven (reusable) or nonwoven (disposable) materials and are designed to be worn by personnel and visitors in hospitals or other healthcare facilities. Scrub tops are mainly intended to provide a clean barrier in sterile and other clinical treatment environments such as emergency rooms, labor and delivery areas, and intensive care units.  To prevent people from carrying infectious materials on their clothing into these environments, medical and facilities personnel, as well as visitors, are often required to change into clean scrub apparel before entering the area. Some healthcare facilities also require the wearer to change out of  the used scrub apparel before leaving certain areas of the facility to help prevent  the spread of infectious materials out of those areas.  Reusable scrub tops can be laundered and re-worn multiple times while disposable scrub tops are typically worn for one procedure and then discarded."
    },
    {
      "code": "21897",
      "display": "Seal Crimpers, Bottle/Vial/Tube",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to apply metal and/or plastic liners to seal tubes, bottles, and small containers (e.g., plates, vials) used in medical procedures and/or laboratory tests, preventing fluid leakage. These crimpers are typically instruments with a mechanism at the working end that is operated by a two-part squeezable handle; forceps-like handheld, manual instruments with jaws conformed to manipulate crimp seals are less frequently used. Bench-mounted automatic or semiautomatic manual or power (electric, pneumatic) machines are also available for facilities that perform a large amount of bottle/vial capping, sealing, and/or crimping."
    },
    {
      "code": "21900",
      "display": "Seal Decrimpers, Bottle/Vial/Tube",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to remove crimp seals and caps from tubes, bottles, and small containers (i.e., vials) used in medical procedures and/or laboratory tests. These decrimpers may be manual, automated electric, or pneumatically powered instruments. Manual instruments are intended for healthcare facilities with a low volume of operations while automated instruments are used in clinical pharmacies, laboratories, or any other area with a high-volume of daily operations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33028",
      "display": "Seal Decrimpers, Bottle/Vial/Tube, Automated",
      "definition": "Automated powered instruments designed to remove crimp seals and caps from tubes, bottles, and small containers (i.e., vials) used in medical procedures and/or laboratory tests; the automated instruments usually can perform reproducible decrimping cycles.  These decrimpers may be handheld (e.g., pistol-like) or bench-mounted instruments that perform semi-automated decrimping controlled cycles using electric or pneumatic powered mechanisms. The electric instruments include battery-powered cordless decrimpers. Automated seal decrimpers are used in clinical laboratories, pharmacies, and/or other areas of healthcare facilities when great quantities (e.g., several hundreds) of operations are needed in a short time."
    },
    {
      "code": "33027",
      "display": "Seal Decrimpers, Bottle/Vial/Tube, Manual",
      "definition": "Manual instruments designed to remove crimp seals and caps from tubes, bottles, and small containers (i.e., vials) used in medical procedures and/or laboratory tests. These decrimpers are typically handheld, manual instruments with a mechanism at the working end that facilitates the removal of crimp seals. The seals are removed by positioning the jaws and squeezing the handle. Seal decrimpers are used in clinical laboratories, pharmacies, and/or other areas of healthcare facilities that perform a low volume of daily operations."
    },
    {
      "code": "13532",
      "display": "Searchers, Mastoid",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed for exploration of the mastoid bone during middle-ear surgical procedures. The searchers are typically a handheld, manual, metal (e.g., stainless steel) instrument with a very thin tapered distal end, an integral flexible shaft to facilitate manipulation of the tip, and a flat handle at the proximal end. Mastoid searchers may be used as exploratory probes in all common middle-ear surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17976",
      "display": "Seat Lifters",
      "definition": "Cushion-like devices designed to facilitate raise from a standard chair or sofa. These lifters typically consist of a portable, two-part hinged structure with a mechanism that lifts the seating surface, raising the person close to an upright position. Self-powered (e.g., using springs) and electrically powered lifters are available. Seat lifters are used to assist people who have lost sufficient upper and/or lower body strength to get up unassisted."
    },
    {
      "code": "41143",
      "display": "Security Booths",
      "definition": "Enclosures designed to accommodate personnel and equipment for the purpose of securing, monitoring, and maintaining access control into a facility. The booths can be modular, prefabricated, and/or portable. Security booths can be equipped with multiple construction and security options, such as insulation, intercom system, lighting, protective glass, and cameras. These enclosures can be various sizes and configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33515",
      "display": "Sedation/Physiologic Monitoring Systems, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Systems designed for automated delivery of low levels of anesthetics to provide patient sedation and simultaneous monitoring of physiologic parameters during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures performed in the lower (i.e., colonoscopy) and/or upper tract (i.e., esophago-gastroduodenoscopy also known as EGD). These systems typically consist of a module intended for anesthetic (e.g., propofol) and oxygen delivery, and monitors of patient's responsiveness, vital signs and other physiologic parameters such as oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and electrocardiography. The quantity of drug administration and level of oxygen delivery are based on the results of computerized algorithms processing physiologic parameters data. The system includes controls to regulate the quantity of drug delivered and alarms (e.g., apnea, hypoxia, low respiratory rate). Gastrointestinal endoscopy automated sedation/monitoring systems are intended for use in routinely procedures performed by trained nurses without the presence of an anesthesiologist."
    },
    {
      "code": "13538",
      "display": "Sensors, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Devices that detect the presence and concentration of oxygen.  They are typically used as a component of oxygen analyzers and monitors that display oxygen percentage in atmospheric air or medical gases used in respiratory care equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "37615",
      "display": "Sensory Stimulation Aids",
      "definition": "Devices of various forms (e.g., interactive playthings, swings, tunnels, brushes) designed to provide stimulation of the sensory system. Sensory stimulation aids are mainly used to provide sensory stimulation (e.g., tactile, vestibular, proprioceptive) to individuals with sensory processing issues, which occur frequently in patients with various conditions (e.g., anxiety disorders, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16793",
      "display": "Service Columns, Prefabricated",
      "definition": "Prefabricated self-standing or ceiling-mounted structures designed to organize utility services (e.g., electrical, gas, vacuum) and devices. These service columns are usually factory-made, pre-wired and pre-piped; designed and manufactured from a standard system of components. Most service columns have a rectangular cross-section; they eliminate the need for individual installation of services and afford nearly 360-degree access to the patient. A typical column includes: oxygen, air, and vacuum station outlets; electrical power receptacles; provision for nurse call and code buttons; telephone jacks; physiologic monitor support brackets; and various types of lighting (ambient, reading, exam, night-light)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16997",
      "display": "Service Rails, Prefabricated",
      "definition": "Prefabricated rails designed to organize the utility services (e.g., electrical, gas, vacuum) and devices at the head of the patient's bed. These systems consist of horizontal metal rails with raceways for gas an electrical power lines that can be mounted in the corner of a room, across windows, or on  wall surfaces. Service rails are frequently modular, facilitating their modification; they eliminate the need for individual  installation of services within a wall.  A typical service rail includes: oxygen, air, and vacuum station outlets; electrical power receptacles; provision for nurse call and code buttons; telephone jacks; physiological monitor support brackets; and  various types of lighting (ambient, reading, exam, night-light)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23430",
      "display": "Shaker/Orbiters, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Tabletop laboratory devices designed to combine shaking and/or orbital movement capabilities. These devices typically consist of an automated, electrically powered countertop unit that provides shaking or orbital (e.g., elliptical) movement to containers (e.g., flasks, funnels, test tubes) in several internal or external holders. Shakers/orbiters may also include controls for the frequency and/or the degree (intensity) of the movement. Laboratory shakers/orbiters are intended for use in many analytic procedures, including drug testing, water pollution analysis, and hemolysis. Dedicated tabletop shakers appropriate for operation in the humid and polluted environment inside fume hoods, incubators, and/or other laboratory devices are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13550",
      "display": "Sharpeners, Dental",
      "definition": "Devices for grinding the edge of a dental cutting instrument in an effort to make it thin and sharp, thereby improving its cutting capability."
    },
    {
      "code": "15179",
      "display": "Sharpeners, Microtome Knife",
      "definition": "Devices that mechanically restore the cutting angle of knives that are used to cut thin tissue sections for microscopic examintion. Some sharpeners use a reciprocating process in which the microtome knife is affixed to a mechanical arm extending from the drive mechanism of the device. The arm lowers the knife onto a stationary, abrasive-coated glass or copper sharpening plate and moves the knife back and forth. Other sharpeners use a sliding mechanism that draws the knife back and forth across pairs of honing and stropping wheels. Another method uses an arm to hold the blade against a rotating horizontal lapping disk that contains an abrasive compound. Most sharpeners allow the operator to adjust the angle of the knife; many instruments also have automatic controls for setting the duration of the knife sharpening."
    },
    {
      "code": "13561",
      "display": "Sheets",
      "definition": "Devices used to cover the surface of a bed and/or operating and examination table. Sheets consist of broad rectangular pieces of fabric serving as basic articles of bedding and are made of woven (e.g. cotton and/or polyester, sateen) and nonwoven materials (e.g., tissue, paper). Some sheets are specifically made to fit adjustable beds and/or operating and examination tables and have wings and anchor straps designed to keep the sheets tucked in and tightly fitted. They are widely used in healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, medical offices, and at home. Dedicated sheets intended for examination and/or operating room tables and for patient beds are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16058",
      "display": "Sheets, Cranioplasty (Retired)",
      "definition": "Metallic sheets designed to repair small cranial bone defects (i.e., cranioplasty) intraoperatively. These materials usually consist of an inert, malleable metal (typically tantalum) perforated sheet that can be shaped to the desired contour using a mallet and a wood block and cut with shears to the appropriate dimension. Prefabricated metallic plates, which may be manufactured from metallic sheets, are frequently used to repair larger cranial bone defects."
    },
    {
      "code": "15661",
      "display": "Sheets, Examination Table",
      "definition": "Sheets designed to be placed on the surface of an examination table. These sheets usually consist of absorbent rectangular fabrics that offer some degree of protection to patients and to the table during the medical examination or procedure. Examination table sheets are made of disposable or reusable materials. They are widely used in healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, and medical offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15738",
      "display": "Sheets, Examination Table, Disposable",
      "definition": "Examination table sheets intended for single use to be placed on the surface of an examination table. These examination table sheets are used for one examination and then discarded. Disposable examination table sheets are made of nonwoven materials (e.g. tissue, paper) for maximum absorbency and strength; they protect against stains and spills, and aid in infection control. These sheets are widely used in healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, and medical offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15739",
      "display": "Sheets, Examination Table, Reusable",
      "definition": "Examination table sheets intended for multiple uses to be placed on the surface of an examination table. Reusable examination table sheets are made of woven materials (e.g., cotton and/or polyester). They are widely used in healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, and medical offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "12370",
      "display": "Sheets, Operating Room Table",
      "definition": "Sheets designed to be placed on the surface of an operating table. These sheets usually consist of absorbent rectangular fabrics providing some protection for the patient and for the table, but not sterile conditions during surgical procedures. Operating room table sheets can be disposable or reusable. Some sheets are specifically made to fit operating tables. They are used in operating rooms for surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15707",
      "display": "Sheets, Operating Room Table, Disposable",
      "definition": "Operating room table sheets intended for single use to be placed on the surface of an operating table. These operating room table sheets are used for just one surgical procedure and then discarded. Disposable operating room table sheets are made of nonwoven materials (e.g., tissue, paper) for maximum absorbency and strength; they protect against stains and spills, and aid in infection control. They are used in operating rooms for surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15708",
      "display": "Sheets, Operating Room Table, Reusable",
      "definition": "Operating room table sheets intended for multiple uses to be placed on the surface of an operating table. Reusable operating room table sheets are made of soft and woven fabrics (e.g., cotton and/or polyester) able to withstand institutional laundering. They are used in operating rooms for surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "32039",
      "display": "Sheets, Patient Bed, Disposable",
      "definition": "Patient bed sheets intended for single use to be placed on the surface of patient beds. These patient bed sheets are used and then discarded. Disposable patient bed sheets are made of nonwoven materials (e.g., tissue, paper) for maximum absorbency and strength; they protect against stains and spills and aid in infection control. They are widely used in healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "31688",
      "display": "Sheets, Patient Bed, Reusable",
      "definition": "Patient bed sheets intended for multiple uses to be placed on the surface of the patient's bed. These patient bed sheets consist of soft fabrics able to withstand institutional laundering. Reusable patient bed sheets are made of woven materials (e.g., cotton and/or polyester); they provide patient comfort and ease of care. They are widely used in healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, and medical offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20705",
      "display": "Shelters",
      "definition": "Facilities that can be easily transported and rapidly deployed  to offer protection from the environment and temporary housing to people after natural disasters, industrial accidents, or otherwise affected areas. Shelters without special protection can be used also to protect victims of chemical, biological, or radiological disasters outside the contaminated areas. Shelters typically include a soft canvas with supporting columns, an electric power unit, and an environmental (e.g., heating, ventilation) control unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "20706",
      "display": "Shelters, Chemical/Biological/Radioactive Particle Protection",
      "definition": "Shelters that can be easily transported and rapidly deployed to provide temporary housing and protection from biological and/or chemical agents and from breathing of radioactive particulates; they do not offer protection from radiation. These shelters typically consist of a soft impermeable canvas with supporting columns, an electric power unit, and a control unit that provides heating, cooling, ventilation, and filtration of contaminating (e.g., chemical, biological) agents and/or radioactive particles. Chemical/biological protection shelters are usually over pressured to prevent any contaminated air from entering."
    },
    {
      "code": "18322",
      "display": "Shields, Heat Loss",
      "definition": "Shields used for thermal protection against the loss of heat by the patient's body."
    },
    {
      "code": "15752",
      "display": "Shields, Heat Loss, Infant",
      "definition": "Heat loss shields used to reduce heat loss due to evaporation (i.e., insensible water loss) during radiant warming on infants, mostly premature newborns."
    },
    {
      "code": "18314",
      "display": "Shields, Laser",
      "definition": "Shields used for protection from laser radiation. These shields are used to attenuate, reflect or otherwise block laser energy and are manufactured according to the wavelength of the laser radiation they are intended to shield."
    },
    {
      "code": "18151",
      "display": "Shields, Laser, Barrier",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide protection from laser radiation by attenuating, reflecting, and/or blocking laser energy. These devices can be configured to cover a window or doorway or to partition an area of a room."
    },
    {
      "code": "18153",
      "display": "Shields, Laser, Eye",
      "definition": "Individual laser shields designed to be placed either under or over the patient's eyelids in order to protect the eyes from injury during laser surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13564",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Breast",
      "definition": "Mechanical shields in form of a cup or dome mostly used to protect women's nipples during nursing."
    },
    {
      "code": "11663",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Eye",
      "definition": "Mechanical shields used for protection of one or both eyes following surgery or trauma. These shields usually are plastic or metallic."
    },
    {
      "code": "18313",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Eye, Banded",
      "definition": "Mechanical eye shields that usually consist of a plastic or metallic eye cover attached to a tie tape fastening or elastic band to facilitate their retention. These shields protect the eyes from light and injuries and are mostly used over eye dressings."
    },
    {
      "code": "17652",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Eye, Collagen",
      "definition": "Mechanical eye shields made of collagen that are placed on the eyes to protect the cornea. These shields are biodegradable and permit clinical observation and partial patient vision during epithelial resurfacing of the cornea."
    },
    {
      "code": "18012",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Hip",
      "definition": "Mechanical shields worn over the hip area to prevent against hip fractures in the event of a patient fall. These shields are designed to transfer energy from the impact to the soft tissue and muscles anterior and posterior to the femoral bone, thus diverting the force of the impact away from the greater trochanter."
    },
    {
      "code": "14172",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Nasal",
      "definition": "Shields designed for mechanical protection and support of the nose. These trusses typically consist of a hard plastic, thermoplastic, or metallic cup-like prefabricated or custom-made device that is attached to the face using dressings and/or straps. Nose mechanical shields are mainly used to protect the external nasal bones and cartilage from injuries after trauma, illness, and/or surgery (e.g., rhinoplasty). Dedicated masks intended mainly to shield the nose are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16290",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Workbench",
      "definition": "Mechanical shields usually made of high-impact transparent plastics attached to or placed on the laboratory benches. These shields are used in clinical laboratories to protect the workers from explosions, flames, spurting liquids, and other physical or chemical reactions."
    },
    {
      "code": "13570",
      "display": "Shields, Mechanical, Wound",
      "definition": "Mechanical shields designed to form a protective cagelike structure over injured skin.  The structure allows exposure to air and permits access to the injured area while protecting against accidental damage."
    },
    {
      "code": "18317",
      "display": "Shields, Nuclear Radiation",
      "definition": "Shields used for protection from nuclear radiation (e.g., radioisotopes). These shields are intended to attenuate or block radiation during nuclear medicine procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18320",
      "display": "Shields, Nuclear Radiation, Barrier",
      "definition": "Radiation shields that usually consist of a protective screen including a transparent lead-plastic section.  Most of these shields are designed to provide visibility while protecting healthcare personnel from radiation nuclear medicine procedures. Nuclear radiation barrier shields may be a stand-alone fixed or mobile panel or be attached to a wall, ceiling, or table-mounted articulated arm."
    },
    {
      "code": "18321",
      "display": "Shields, Nuclear Radiation, Intra-Oral",
      "definition": "Nuclear radiation shields designed to protect normal oral tissue during oral cavity (e.g., tongue) tumor radiation therapy. Intra-oral radiation shields are molded for individual fit and made of resins and/or metals capable of appropriate shielding. These shields may also be used during neck or head radiation procedures"
    },
    {
      "code": "18319",
      "display": "Shields, Nuclear Radiation, Vial",
      "definition": "Radiation shields that usually consist of a lead cylinder, sometimes with a lead-glass window, in which vials containing radioisotopes are enclosed. These shields may include a lead-glass window for viewing the liquid level in the vial and an opening in the cover for the insertion of a syringe to withdraw the radioisotope."
    },
    {
      "code": "18318",
      "display": "Shields, Nuclear Radiation, Workbench",
      "definition": "Radiation shields designed for use on work benches in clinical laboratories. These shields are usually made of lead and include a lead-glass transparent window.  Work bench nuclear radiation shields are used to provide protection to personnel handling radioactive materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "31251",
      "display": "Shields, Radiotherapy Block",
      "definition": "Shields designed to block or attenuate the radiation beam during radiotherapy procedures (also known as radiotherapy block shields or shielding blocks). These shields may consist of pre-shaped lead blocks or custom-made devices created using a low-melting-point alloy (i.e., one that melts at less than 100 degrees Celsius [212 degrees Fahrenheit]) in the casting procedure. These low-melting-point alloys are also known as Cerrobend and Lipowitz's alloys. Radiotherapy block shields have a shape that permits the performance of the radiotherapy procedure on the target tissues while shielding unwanted radiation in order to avoid damage to healthy tissues. They are used in radiotherapy areas in healthcare facilities.  Other alloys (e.g., tungsten based) are also used to make radiotherapy block shields."
    },
    {
      "code": "18323",
      "display": "Shields, Splash",
      "definition": "Barriers (i.e., shields) designed to protect something (e.g., a healthcare worker, a patient) from flying masses of fluid/fluid-like substances (i.e., splashes, sprays) that may be harmful and/or pose a risk for contamination, such body fluids or hazardous chemicals. Various forms of shields are included in this category, such as moderate-size  barriers designed to worn over the face or smaller-size  barriers that are designed to be attached to a particular device such as a syringe or an endoscope. Garments intended to protect against splashes are not included in this category - see \"Gowns, Splash, Protection.\""
    },
    {
      "code": "11961",
      "display": "Shields, Splash, Face",
      "definition": "Splash shields worn over the face to protect the healthcare worker from blood and other body fluid splashes while performing a clinical procedure. These shields are usually transparent."
    },
    {
      "code": "18324",
      "display": "Shields, Splash, Syringe",
      "definition": "Barriers (i.e., shields) designed to be attached to a syringe and used to protect against flying masses of fluid/fluid-like substances (i.e., splashes, sprays) that may be harmful and/or pose a risk for contamination. These shields are designed to protect the healthcare worker as well as the patient. Specific designs of syringe splash shields are available for use in wound irrigation - these devices (e.g., protective domes that are fitted around the wound) are designed to prevent cross-contamination from bacteria, etc., during wound irrigation/cleansing procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "14490",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray",
      "definition": "Shields used for protection from x-ray radiation. These shields are intended to attenuate or block x-ray energy."
    },
    {
      "code": "14491",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Apron",
      "definition": "X-ray radiation shields used as aprons and designed for front or front and back protection of the healthcare worker."
    },
    {
      "code": "15872",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Barrier",
      "definition": "X-ray radiation shields that usually consist of a protective screen including a transparent lead-plastic section. Most of these shields are designed to provide visibility while protecting healthcare personnel from radiation when doing long term x-ray procedures (e.g., cardiac catheterization). Barrier radiation shields may be a stand-alone fixed or mobile panel or be attached to a wall-, ceiling- or table-mounted articulated arm. Some portable, usually height-adjustable barrier shields, are used for shielding patients in such procedures as chest, skull, and spine radiography."
    },
    {
      "code": "15871",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Eye",
      "definition": "X-ray radiation shields, usually cup-shaped lead-glass lenses held by a cord to fit to the patient or healthcare worker. These shields are designed for protection of the patient's eye lens during therapeutic and diagnostic imaging procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "14493",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Glove",
      "definition": "X-ray radiation shields used as gloves and designed for hands protection of the healthcare worker."
    },
    {
      "code": "14494",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Gonadal",
      "definition": "X-ray radiation shields used for patient's and/or healthcare worker gonad protection during x-ray procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16496",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Mask",
      "definition": "X-ray radiation shields that include a lead-glass lens inserted in an x-ray shielded frame that provides protection from direct-beam and scattered radiation, usually placed on the face with an adjustable headband. Most of these masks fit over eyeglasses and are vented to reduce fogging. These shields are used by healthcare personnel during cardiac catheterization and other lengthy fluoroscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16564",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Thyroid",
      "definition": "X-ray radiation shields used for thyroid protection during x-ray examinations and other procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18316",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Thyroid, Articulated Arm",
      "definition": "Thyroid x-ray shields that are wall, ceiling, or table mounted. Most of these units offer thyroid and eye protection for the patient while performing C-arm, angiographic, and other x-ray procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18315",
      "display": "Shields, X-Ray, Thyroid, Collar",
      "definition": "Thyroid x-ray shields adjusted around the throat as a soft padded fabric. These shields are used by healthcare personnel and/or the patients during x-ray examinations and procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34345",
      "display": "Shock Wave Applicators, Electrohydraulic",
      "definition": "Handpieces designed to deliver electrohydraulic shockwave pulses generated in a main unit (i.e., console). These handpieces are handheld devices that are connected at the proximal end to the main unit and include a planar, radial, or focused shock-wave applicator at the distal tip. The handpieces are usually placed on the area under treatment and triggered to deliver the shock-wave pulses typically in the ultrasound frequency spectrum. Electrohydraulic handpieces are components of electrohydraulic shock-wave therapy systems intended to trigger biological actions; they are used for the treatment of orthopedic, dermatologic, and other types of diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "34702",
      "display": "Shoe Cover Removers, Automated",
      "definition": "Devices designed for automated removal (i.e., doffing) of disposable shoe covers. These devices typically consist of a machine that automatically extracts (e.g., by suctioning) without manual touching the shoe covers; the device is attached to a container for temporary storage of the disposed covers. Shoe cover automated removers are used mainly in hospital or other health care facility areas (e.g., treatment, clean and operating rooms; clinical laboratories)  where a high volume of covers should be quickly and easily removed. The removers are intended to take-off shoe covers for hygienic purposes and/or personal protection. They are usually available as stand-alone units or units to be placed attached to a wall."
    },
    {
      "code": "13576",
      "display": "Shoes",
      "definition": "Outer coverings for the human foot that are designed for long-term use and usually extend no higher than the ankle. Shoes typically consist of a rigid or semirigid external covering for the foot, including heels, linings, soles, and/or reinforcements; they are usually made of leather, fabric, plastic, and/or other appropriate material. Dedicated shoes intended for special purposes such as the prevention and/or correction of deformities of the feet and/or to improve their function (i.e., orthopedic shoes) are available; dedicated shoes with particular characteristics needed for a specific use, such as rehabilitation training and conductive shoes worn by healthcare workers during surgical procedures in rooms with conductive floors, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23550",
      "display": "Shoes, Balance Training",
      "definition": "Shoes designed to facilitate walking on mats for balance training. These shoes are typically fixed over the normal shoes (e.g., sneakers) using straps and bands; the number of bands usually regulates the height of the balance shoes. Balance training shoes are intended for walking on flat mats with appropriate user protection (e.g., helmet, knee pads); they are mainly used in training children to improve balance and coordination."
    },
    {
      "code": "10668",
      "display": "Shoes, Cast Protection",
      "definition": "Shoes designed to protect a foot embedded in cast. These shoes typically consist of an external covering and sole that conforms to cast contours; they are made of plastic materials, fabric (e.g., canvas), and/or rubber with appropriate bands (e.g., Velcro) and/or straps. Cast shoes are intended to be worn over the cast, providing a comfortable gait and protecting both the cast and the foot from dirt, moisture, and shock."
    },
    {
      "code": "13578",
      "display": "Shoes, Conductive",
      "definition": "Shoes designed to prevent the development of electrostatic charge in the user. These shoes are made of conductive materials (e.g., conductive rubber), providing a path of low impedance from the user to a conductive floor. Conductive shoes are intended for use on conductive floors in environments where the risk of fire and/or explosion is present (e.g., operating rooms where flammable anesthetics are administered) or that contain equipment that is especially susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharge."
    },
    {
      "code": "16012",
      "display": "Shoes, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Shoes designed to protect, support, and/or improve the function and/or correct deformities of the feet. These shoes typically include heels, linings, soles, and/or reinforcements with particular characteristics according to the functional and/or anatomic abnormalities of the patient. Orthopedic shoes are intended for temporary or permanent use to prevent and/or correct musculoskeletal deformities of the feet and/or to improve their function; dedicated shoes for temporary use during therapeutic and/or rehabilitation procedures (e.g., cast use) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13579",
      "display": "Shoes, Orthopedic, Rotation Correction",
      "definition": "Orthopedic shoes designed to correct abnormal rotation of the feet, either pronation (i.e., by turning the feet outward) or supination (i.e., by turning the feet inward). These shoes may include wedges or friction disks attached to the soles and/or internal devices (e.g., inner heel wedges) intended for similar purposes. Rotation correction orthopedic shoes are intended mainly to correct foot position while gaiting in the treatment of diseases such as metatarsus varus and tibial torsion, especially in infants and toddlers."
    },
    {
      "code": "28932",
      "display": "Shoes, Orthopedic, Spring-Loaded",
      "definition": "Orthopedic shoes designed to compensate for weak muscles by attaching a spring-loaded device to the sole. These devices typically consist of a double-soled shoe with metallic wire springs between them that provide additional energy to the user when walking, facilitating gait. Spring-loaded shoes are intended for weak (i.e., flaccid or paralyzed) equinus in patients suffering from muscular dystrophy, usually after cerebrovascular accidents, and/or other diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20336",
      "display": "Showers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for bathing. The water is sprayed on the bather from a showerhead, usually secured overhead. Showers are used in healthcare for bathing of patients and healthcare workers; some are specifically designed and located for emergency situations (e.g., contamination from chemicals)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15925",
      "display": "Showers, Emergency",
      "definition": "Showers designed for decontamination in emergency situations (e.g., contact with corrosive chemicals or materials). These devices typically consist of showers that can deliver a sudden and abundant flow of water to the person. They may also include a second water source at waist or eye level to spray a controlled stream of water for an extended period of time into the eyes and face."
    },
    {
      "code": "20337",
      "display": "Showers, Emergency, Portable",
      "definition": "Emergency showers that can be easily installed on-site, either in a healthcare facility or in the field. They usually include a reusable or disposable showerhead and controls for effective use of water; some may include pumps and/or a lightweight structure with curtains for patient privacy. These showers can be installed either using standard water services or that from water tanks. Portable emergency showers are used for patient decontamination and/or by emergency teams in the event of an emergency, such as industrial disasters and chemical or biological spills."
    },
    {
      "code": "13586",
      "display": "Shunts, Arteriovenous",
      "definition": "Shunts designed to create a graft fistula, a passage between an artery and a vein (typically in an arm), that provides access for hemodialysis procedures. These shunts typically consist of a synthetic (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, Dacron) tube with a thin wall and appropriate size (6 mm [0.25 inch] in diameter is the most common) and configuration to facilitate puncturing. A hollow tunneler is used to implant the shunt under the skin; a straight shunt is placed between the radial artery and the antecubital vein, and a loop shunt is placed between the brachial artery and the antecubital vein. Arteriovenous shunts are used for hemodialysis procedures when it is not possible or convenient to create a direct fistula between an artery and a vein. Percutaneous shunts (e.g., Quinton-Scribner, Thomas) intended for arm and/or leg use are no longer frequently used for hemodialysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "17797",
      "display": "Shunts, Carotid Artery",
      "definition": "Shunts used to divert blood flow away from a section of the carotid artery connecting the distal internal carotid artery to the proximal common carotid artery. It is typically made of silicone elastomer and polyester radiopaque materials. These shunts can be a range of diameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "17811",
      "display": "Shunts, Pulmonary Artery",
      "definition": "Shunts designed to provide an anastomosis (i.e., surgical connection) between the left subclavian artery (or, less frequently, the aorta) and either the left or right pulmonary artery; they are intended mainly to shunt some of the systemic circulation into the pulmonary circulation. These shunts typically consist of a synthetic (e.g., extended polytetrafluoroethylene) tube (i.e., a vascular graft) with a thin wall and appropriate size (3 to 5 mm diameter and 2 to 5 cm length are typical) and configuration to facilitate the connection between the subclavian artery and the pulmonary artery (i.e., to perform a modified Blalock-Taussig procedure). Pulmonary artery shunts are used as implants in palliative surgery for temporary improvement of circulatory conditions of infants suffering from congenital heart defects, such as tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary valve stenosis, and other congenital defects of the cardiopulmonary circulatory system."
    },
    {
      "code": "41632",
      "display": "Shunts, Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic",
      "definition": "Shunts designed to provide an anastomosis (i.e., surgical connection) between the inflow portal vein and the outflow hepatic vein; they are intended mainly to create an alternative pathway for portal venous circulation. These shunts typically consist of a synthetic tube (e.g., expandable nitinol partially lined with polytetrafluoroethylene) with a thin wall and appropriate size (8 to 10 mm diameter and 6 to 10 cm length are typical) and a configuration to facilitate the connection between the inflow portal vein and the outflow hepatic vein (i.e., to perform a TIPS procedure). Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are used as implants to treat portal hypertension and its complications (e.g., bleeding varices, gastropathy, ascites, and/or hepatic hydrothorax). This device may also include a percutaneous delivery catheter."
    },
    {
      "code": "20488",
      "display": "Sialoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for insertion through the natural orifice or through a surgical opening into the salivary duct for visual examination, biopsy, and removal or crushing of stones. Sialoendoscopes consist of an outer sheath and exploratory and/or surgical units to introduce forceps, stone baskets, graspers, and other miniature instruments typically 1 mm or less in diameter."
    },
    {
      "code": "13594",
      "display": "Sigmoidoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the rectum into the lower gastrointestinal tract for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the lower (i.e., sigmoid) part of the colon. Sigmoidoscopes usually consist of a flexible outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15057",
      "display": "Sigmoidoscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Sigmoidoscopes with a nonrigid structure, capable of being manipulated and pointed in different directions through the lumen of the curved path of the lower (i.e., sigmoid) part of the colon. Flexible sigmoidoscopes usually include a fiberoptic illumination and imaging system that facilitates the examination and performance of therapeutic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17664",
      "display": "Sigmoidoscopes, Flexible, Video",
      "definition": "Flexible sigmoidoscopes equipped with a television camera on the distal tip, typically in the form of a microchip (a charge-coupled device [CCD]). The image is electronically transmitted through wires in the endoscope for external processing, display, and recording of video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "15058",
      "display": "Sigmoidoscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Sigmoidoscopes with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path through the lower (i.e., sigmoid) colon; they include illumination and imaging systems enabling the examination and treatment of the sigmoid colon. The sheath is usually made of stainless steel."
    },
    {
      "code": "16502",
      "display": "Signaling Devices, Personal Emergency",
      "definition": "Systems designed to summon help through the telephone system by people who are unable to dial a telephone. These systems usually consist of a portable wireless radiofrequency transmitter and a receiver console that are connected to the telephone system. Typically, the user wears the transmitter around the neck, on a belt, or on a wrist; pressing a button initiates the system's response sequence. The system may be activated by people who cannot operate the standard transmitter button using other means, including pressure bars that are located on the forearm and that can be pressed with the chin; breath-activated transmitters are also available. Personal emergency response systems (PERSs) are available in two types: programmed calling PERSs designated to alert responders (e.g., neighbors, relatives, emergency personnel) directly and monitored PERSs that call an emergency response center that in turn communicates with the responders. PERSs are used mainly by the elderly and others with chronic illnesses or disabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15926",
      "display": "Signs",
      "definition": "Boards, placards or other written or image displays used for identification, direction, warning or other information of general concern. Signs are used in health care facilities to identify laboratories, offices, patient rooms, and other areas; to give visual directions to staff, patients, and visitors; or to warn from biological, chemical, radioactive, and/or other hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "15927",
      "display": "Signs, Directional",
      "definition": "Signs intended to give visual directions within a healthcare facility. These signals typically consist of boards or placards with legends such as \"Exit\", \"Examination Room\", \"Mammography\", or \"Reception,\" frequently followed by an arrow pointing in the appropriate direction. Directional signs are placed throughout healthcare facilities to facilitate staff, patient, and visitor orientation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20676",
      "display": "Signs, Identification",
      "definition": "Signs intended to allow visual identification of healthcare facility areas and/or rooms. These signals typically consist of boards or placards with legends such as \"Patient Rooms 300-320\", \"Nuclear Medicine\", \"Nursing Station\", \"Reception\", or \"Clinical Laboratory.\" Identification signs are placed throughout healthcare facilities to facilitate area identification by staff, patients, and visitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "15928",
      "display": "Signs, Safety",
      "definition": "Signs intended to give visual warning of biological, chemical, radioactive, and/or other hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions within a healthcare facility. These signals typically consist of boards or placards with legends such as \"X-Ray in Use\", \"Radiation\", or \"Isolation Room.\" Safety signs are placed throughout healthcare facilities to protect staff, patients, and visitors from accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "23965",
      "display": "Silicone Oil, Intraocular",
      "definition": "Highly purified, sterile liquid silicone oil with specific gravity, refractive index, and surface tension characteristics appropriate for use as a temporary vitreous media replacement in intraocular operative procedures or for a longer term (e.g., several months). Silicone oil is usually supplied in sterilized pre-filled syringes or vials, the oil is injected into the cavity after the vitreous gel is withdrawn and it is usually removed after a few months. Intraocular silicone oil as vitreous humor replacement media is mainly used in the treatment of retinal detachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "39733",
      "display": "Silver Nitrate Sticks",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of slender wooden sticks of approximately 6 to 18 inches (15 to 10 cm) in length with one tip coated with silver nitrate/potassium nitrate in solid form. Silver nitrate sticks may be used in the chemical cauterization of wounds and/or in the removal of granulation tissue and warts/verrucae."
    },
    {
      "code": "15822",
      "display": "Silver Recovery Systems",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to recover silver from solutions for later use. These systems employ one of a variety of different technologies to recover the silver, including chemical precipitation, electrolysis, gravity, and ion exchange. These systems are used mainly in healthcare facilities to recover silver from the solutions used during radiographic film processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "16950",
      "display": "Silver Recovery Systems, Chemical Precipitation",
      "definition": "Systems designed to recover silver from solutions by placing the solutions in a container and adding a precipitation substance (e.g., trisodium salt) to separate the silver from the solution; the precipitant causes the silver to settle in a very short period of time. Chemical precipitation silver recovery systems are a reliable method for recovering silver; they are used mainly in healthcare facilities to recover silver from solutions used during radiographic film processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "16951",
      "display": "Silver Recovery Systems, Electrolytic Plating Cell",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to recover silver from solutions using an electrolytic process consisting of electroplating silver onto a plating cell. The electrolytic plating cell acts as the cathode in the electrolytic process; the process may be performed in a fixing tank or in a separate tank to facilitate collection of the used fixer. Silver is removed from the fixing solution when a controlled, direct electric current passes between the electrodes, causing the silver to plate onto the cathode in a form that is 90 to 96 percent pure; the plated cathodes are periodically removed and the plated silver is stripped off for later use. Electrolytic plating cell systems are used mainly in healthcare facilities to recover silver from solutions used during radiographic film processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "17167",
      "display": "Silver Recovery Systems, Ion-Exchange Cartridge",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to recover silver from solutions by substituting ions in the solution for other ions bound to a large polymer molecule. The silver solution is passed through a packed resin cartridge (or column), and then the resin releases its exchange ion for an ion of higher preference; in photographic (or x-ray) film processing, it can be the silver thiosulfate complex. Once the ion-exchange cartridge is exhausted, an acid solution (typically low-concentrated sulfuric acid) is sent through the resin, breaking down the silver thiosulfate complex that is held by the resin. A well-controlled system can remove silver to less than one part per million (ppm). Ion-exchange systems are used mainly in healthcare facilities to recover silver from solutions used during radiographic film processing. This technique is intended to treat dilute solutions like wash water; systems are usually used to achieve very low silver content in disposed water according to regulatory limits."
    },
    {
      "code": "16952",
      "display": "Silver Recovery Systems, Metallic Replacement Cartridge",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to recover silver from solutions using a process in which a sealed cartridge filled with iron (usually steel wool) undergoes an oxidation-reduction reaction with silver solutions (e.g., silver thiosulfate) to produce ferrous ions and metallic silver. Usually, two cartridges are placed in a series so that a secondary cartridge will collect the silver that the first one may miss in the event of a breakthrough. A typical system can recover about 95% of the silver in the solution; silver is usually recovered as sludge in the bottom of the cartridge (typically containing 30% of pure silver). Metallic replacement cartridge systems are used mainly in healthcare facilities to recover silver from solutions used during radiographic film processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "18979",
      "display": "Silver Recovery Test Kits",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for assessing the silver content of solutions during processes intended to recover silver. Items in these kits usually include an instrument to detect, measure, and display the silver content of the solution (e.g., a handheld colorimeter), pipettes with appropriate tips, reagents, flasks, and an instruction manual. Silver recovery test kits are intended to evaluate the silver content during recovering procedures performed both for financial and environmental reasons. These kits are mainly used in healthcare facilities to test solutions during silver recovery from discarded x-ray films and/or solutions used in processing x-ray films."
    },
    {
      "code": "15059",
      "display": "Simulators",
      "definition": "Testers designed to mimic physical or physiologic process by artificial means, in such a way that a measuring instrument measures with the same accuracy when tested with the simulator that it displays when measuring a patient. Most of these devices mimic one or more functions of human organs or tissues (e.g., using a computer program, by a physical process with analogous behavior); they typically can reproduce bioelectric signals (e.g., electrocardiographic), pressures (e.g., blood pressure), gas flows (e.g., respiratory), movement, and/or other characteristics of the human body. Some simulators generate electrical signals that mimic the electrical output of transducers (e.g. pressure, temperature). Simulators are mostly used to test and or calibrate monitors (e.g., non-invasive blood pressure), recorders (e.g., electroencephalographs), and/or measuring instruments (e.g., thermometers); transducer simulators perform the test of devices independently of the device's transducer. Simulators may be also specially designed and/or used for training of healthcare personnel to recognize a variety of physiologic characteristics and/or medical device use."
    },
    {
      "code": "34400",
      "display": "Simulators, Acoustic Impedance, Ear",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the acoustical impedance of the human ear that are mainly intended to assess the sensitivity and frequency response of ear and head phones. These simulators are available using several shapes and characteristics; many of them consist of a tabletop electromechanical device that includes a clamp to fix the device under test, an acoustic coupler, and connectors for external microphones. Ear acoustical impedance simulators are intended to evaluate the electroacoustical characteristics of the devices  under assessment following a given standard (e.g., ANSI, IEC). The simulators are also used for calibration of audiometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "27651",
      "display": "Simulators, Bio-Acoustic",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for periodic biological audiometer calibration checks without the involvement of human listeners. These simulators typically consist of tabletop or portable, electrically (e.g., battery) powered devices capable of testing continuous or intermittent sound levels in a frequency range from 125 Hz to 8 kHz, usually from standard earphones. The simulator includes sound to electrical transducers (i.e., microphones), electronic circuits, and controls; some devices also include a display. Bioacoustic simulators are intended to check (typically daily) the appropriate calibration of manual and/or automated audiometers following a given standard (e.g., OSHA, FDA). Some devices may also measure background noise in the environment (e.g., inside an audiometric booth). Bioacoustic simulators are not intended for the electroacoustic calibration of audiometers that is usually performed during preventive maintenance procedures or after a main repair procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "34399",
      "display": "Simulators, Bone Sound Conduction, Mastoid",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the sound conduction characteristics of the human mastoid bone that are mainly intended to assess and calibrate bone-conducting hearing aids. These simulators usually consist of a tabletop electromechanical device that resembles a human head  and a force transducer to evaluate the output level and frequency response of the device under assessment following a given standard (e.g., ANSI, IEC).  The simulator is mounted on springs to provide isolation from the table. Mastoid simulators are also used to assess the characteristics of audiometer bone vibrators."
    },
    {
      "code": "19026",
      "display": "Simulators, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic some characteristics (e.g., electrical, mechanical, sound) of normal or abnormal functions of the human heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "11381",
      "display": "Simulators, Cardiac, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Cardiac simulators designed to mimic the electrical signals of the normal sinus rhythms of the heart. They usually include an analog circuit generator and/or digitally recorded signals in their memory.  When activated they produce a typical electrocardiographic wave (including the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave), usually at a set of preestablished rates (e.g., 30, 60, 90 beats per minute), at several possible amplitudes, and with up to 12 lead outputs. Some simulators can also measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of data of the electrocardiographic device parameters and/or waveforms, typically including gain, frequency response, common mode rejection ratio, alarms, paper speed, dynamic range, linearity, and rate alarms; they may also simulate pacemaker signals. Electrocardiographic simulators are used to determine the precision of electrocardiographic devices (e.g., recorders, monitors), to check patient lead continuity and alarm functions, and to train healthcare personnel to properly operate devices used in cardiac procedures (e.g., cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cardiac catheterization). Most electrocardiographic simulators can also simulate a set of abnormal electrocardiographic signals to test arrhythmia monitors and recorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "10190",
      "display": "Simulators, Cardiac, Electrocardiography, Arrhythmia",
      "definition": "Electrocardiographic simulators designed to mimic a set of abnormal electrocardiographic signals (e.g., bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia). These simulators usually can also generate waveforms to check the performance of the device being tested, including sine, square, triangular, and pulse waveforms; some can also simulate pacemaker signals. Arrhythmia simulators are used to test complex functions of arrhythmia monitoring and recording devices and to train healthcare personnel. Typically, they can also be used to check patient lead continuity and alarms function."
    },
    {
      "code": "18057",
      "display": "Simulators, Electroencephalographic",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the waveforms of the electrical activity of the brain; they usually include an electronic analog circuit generator or digitally recorded signals in their memory. When activated these simulators produce typical electroencephalographic signals. They may also generate low- and high-frequency sine and multifrequency waves. Some simulators can also simulate evoked potential signals."
    },
    {
      "code": "20524",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic detectors and/or monitors of environmental agents that are dangerous or potentially dangerous to humans. These simulators typically closely replicate the physical and/or functional characteristics of the actual detectors or monitors but use techniques that avoid the use of hazardous agents. They may or may not use chemical and/or other simulants of the substances to be detected or monitored. There are simulators available for detectors and/or monitors of hazardous chemicals such as industrial toxic gases and chemical-warfare agents (e.g., nerve and blister agents), as well as for detectors and/or monitors used for ionizing radiation. Some simulators are computerized and keep record of the testing conditions and/or the operator's performance during the test. Environmental detector simulators permit training of personnel on tests for environmental detection and/or monitoring of hazardous agents, replicating real systems as closely as possible without using the real contaminants."
    },
    {
      "code": "20528",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor, Biological Agent",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic detectors and/or monitors of environmental hazardous biological agents such as bacteria and virus pathogens and/or toxins that may kill or seriously injure human beings (i.e., biological agents). Some of these simulators detect simulants with characteristics similar to those of the real biological agent. Biological agent detector/monitor simulators may have recording systems that can store error messages showing incorrect use by the operator or other abnormal situations. They are used to simulate biological detectors and/or monitors during training, both for contamination detection/monitoring and decontamination procedures, without using the real contaminants."
    },
    {
      "code": "20525",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor, Chemical Agent",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic detectors and/or monitors of environmental chemical agents such as industrial toxic chemicals (e.g., ammonia, nitric acid, phosgene, formaldehyde), nerve agents (e.g., tabun, sarin, VX), and/or blister (vesicant) agents (e.g., mustard, lewisite).  Some of these simulators have recording systems that can store error messages showing incorrect use by the operator or other abnormal situations. These simulators are used to simulate chemical detectors and/or monitors during training, both for contamination detection and decontamination procedures, without using the real contaminants."
    },
    {
      "code": "20526",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor, Chemical Agent, Chemical Simulant",
      "definition": "Chemical agent detector and/or monitor simulators designed to detect a nonhazardous chemical simulant with characteristics similar to the hazardous agent. Chemical agent simulators may detect and/or monitor either liquid or powder simulants. The simulants can be mixed to produce simulant contaminants of different consistencies (e.g., water, oil); several technologies are used for this purpose (e.g., fluorescence). These simulators are used to simulate chemical detectors and/or monitors during training, both for contamination detection and decontamination procedures, without using the real contaminants."
    },
    {
      "code": "20527",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor, Chemical Agent, Nonchemical Simulant",
      "definition": "Chemical agent detector and/or monitor simulators designed to mimic the detection of a hazardous chemical agent without using a chemical simulant. These devices may use different technologies to simulate the chemical contamination detection procedure, such as ultrasound (US) (e.g., US transmitters and receivers) or magnetic systems (e.g., magnetic detectors and tags). They are used to simulate chemical detectors and/or monitors during training, both for contamination detection/monitoring and decontamination procedures without using the real contaminants."
    },
    {
      "code": "20529",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor, Ionizing Radiation",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic detectors and/or monitors of ionizing radiation, such as alpha and/or beta particle detectors and gamma radiation detectors. These devices use different technologies to simulate the ionizing radiation detection procedure. They may also include simulated gamma and/or alpha/beta radiation sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "20531",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor, Ionizing Radiation, Alpha/Beta",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic detectors and/or monitors of alpha and/or beta radiation. These simulators may use different technologies to simulate the ionizing radiation detection procedure; they frequently use nonhazardous simulation sources that can be located anywhere without radiation risks. Some simulators include a simulation probe that can be connected to the real detector and responds to the simulation sources as if it were detecting the real radioactive contamination. Alpha/beta particle radiation detector/monitor simulators are used for training in safe-area demarcation, instrument operation, and appropriate use of shielding without ionizing radiation sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "20530",
      "display": "Simulators, Environmental Detector/Monitor, Ionizing Radiation, Gamma",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic detectors and/or monitors of gamma radiation. These simulators may use different technologies to simulate the gamma detection procedure, such as ultrasound (US) (i.e., US transmitters and receivers). The inclusion of nonhazardous simulated gamma sources permits simulation of various patterns of radioactive radiation (e.g., directional, circular). These simulators allow simultaneous deployment of various simulated sources. Gamma radiation detector/monitors simulators are used for training in safe-area demarcation, instrument operation, and appropriate use of shielding without ionizing radiation sources."
    },
    {
      "code": "41566",
      "display": "Simulators, Hearing Loss",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to replicate hearing impairment. The simulators are usually computer-based with the output of the simulators through headphones or speakers. These devices can simulate different degrees and patterns of hearing loss. Hearing loss simulators use stored signals and/or real-time ambient sounds. They may have a display screen. These devices can be used for education, training, lip reading demonstrations, and hearing device fitting."
    },
    {
      "code": "18106",
      "display": "Simulators, Invasive Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the the characteristics of the blood pressure in the interior of the blood vessels (e.g., central venous pressure, intra-arterial pressure). These simulators usually include an internal mechanism to generate the static and/or time-varying testing pressures, electronic circuitry, controls, and/or manometers; some of these simulators may be used to test the invasive blood pressure monitors as a complete set, including the frequency response of the transducer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19030",
      "display": "Simulators, Multiparameter",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the bioelectrical signals of human organs (e.g., heart, brain) and/or the electrical output of transducers that detect patient vital signs (e.g., blood pressure, temperature). These simulators mimic multiple different signals, typically including the bioelectric signal of the heart; the thorax impedance baseline and its variations with respiration; and the output of invasive blood pressure, cardiac output, and temperature transducers. These simulators typically consist of a signal generator, a display, and appropriate cables/leads to match with the units being tested; most include computer capabilities. Multiparameter simulators are used to test the performance of single and multiparameter physiologic monitors and other recording and measuring devices of physiologic parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "18107",
      "display": "Simulators, Noninvasive Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the pressure variations acting on the cuff of noninvasive arterial blood pressure monitoring or measuring devices when the cuff is placed on a patient's arm. Typically, these devices can simulate normal adult, infant, and neonatal blood pressure (e.g., systolic, diastolic, mean) and abnormal (e.g, hypertensive, hypotensive) values. Most simulators can perform static accuracy, leak, and overpressure tests. These simulators usually consist of an internal pump to generate the testing pressures, manometers, electronic circuitry, and a display. Noninvasive blood pressure simulators are used to test oscillometric noninvasive blood pressure monitors and electronic sphygmomanometers as a complete set, including the transducer. Some are also capable of simulations appropriate for testing auscultatory sphygmomanometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "34183",
      "display": "Simulators, Rehabilitation",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to facilitate healing and assess the status of patients who are recovering their normal capabilities. These simulators frequently consist of a structure that resembles the main components of the activity that the patient needs to recover (e.g., lifting packages, driving). The simulators may also include computerized devices with dedicated software that allows the users to perform interactive operations that simulate actual conditions while training. The software may also assess the performance of the user in different stages of the recovery. Rehabilitation simulators are mainly used for patients who are recovering from diseases or trauma, permitting a faster recuperation of their capabilities. Dedicated training simulators for daily activities such as car access and driving are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27892",
      "display": "Simulators, Rehabilitation, Car Access",
      "definition": "Rehabilitation simulators used for the rehabilitation of patients who are partially disabled. These units permit a faster recuperation by improving and evaluating their capabilities to enter and exit a parked car. These simulators typically consist of a structure that resembles the front compartment of an actual car, including doors, seat, steering wheel, brake and accelerator pedals, and other standard and/or custom components."
    },
    {
      "code": "28097",
      "display": "Simulators, Rehabilitation, Driving",
      "definition": "Rehabilitation simulators used for the rehabilitation of patients to help them recover their driving capabilities and assess their progress. These simulators frequently consist of a structure that resembles the main components of the front compartment of an actual vehicle; the structure includes a driver seat mounted on casters, a steering wheel, a gear shifter, doors, turn signals, brakes and accelerator pedals, and a horn.  Driving training simulators are computerized devices with dedicated software that permits the user perform interactive operations such as steering, throttle and brake action, and activate turn signals. The training includes most of the actual operations performed with a vehicle, such as change of lanes, control of speed, and reading of road signals. The software program also assesses the performance of the driver during the virtual driving training (i.e., keeping in the appropriate lane, reaction times, attention deficit), and providing a printed report after each training session. Driving training simulators are mainly used for rehabilitation of patients who are recovering from diseases or accidents, permitting a faster recuperation of the driving capabilities. Dedicated training aids for both cars and trucks are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13341",
      "display": "Simulators, Respiration",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic some characteristics (e.g., rate, sound, thoracic impedance variation) of the normal or abnormal functioning of the human respiration cycle."
    },
    {
      "code": "19029",
      "display": "Simulators, Respiration, Breath Sound",
      "definition": "Respiration simulators designed to mimic the normal or abnormal sounds of breathing, either using simulated sounds from an analog circuit generator and/or digitally recorded signals stored in their memory from a real patient . The characteristics of the sounds can be altered in a certain range, such as respiration rate from 10 to 100 bpm and inspiration/expiration rate. Abnormal sounds can be added in any part of the respiratory cycle. Breathing sound simulators are mostly used for training purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "12408",
      "display": "Simulators, Respiration, Lung",
      "definition": "Respiration simulators designed to mimic the pulmonary mechanics of the lungs by taking in air and then expelling it. Typically, they can simulate the normal adult, pediatric, and/or infant breathing characteristics (e.g., breath rate, inspiratory and expiratory times, tidal volume). Most simulators can also simulate abnormal (e.g., diseased) conditions. These simulators typically consist of a mechanism that includes one or more chambers, elastomer bellows, and simulated airways. They may also include measuring instruments (e.g., volume, time, pressure) and capabilities to adjust compliance and airway resistance and/or to simulate leaks. Lung simulators are used to test the performance of mechanical ventilators, spirometers, and anesthesia devices and/or for training purposes. Some lung simulators can display and/or record the performance of devices being tested (e.g., ventilators) using computing capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "19028",
      "display": "Simulators, Respiration, Thoracic Impedance",
      "definition": "Respiration simulators designed to mimic a set of several baseline impedances (e.g., 500, 1000 ohms) and  dynamic impedance variations (e.g., 0.2, 0.5 ohm) of the human thorax during the respiration cycle at different respiration rates (e.g., 20, 30, 60, 100 bpm). They may also simulate apnea for short periods (e.g., 12 or 32 seconds) or continuously. These simulators are used to verify the performance and/or calibrate respiration and apnea monitors that work by sensing changes in thoracic impedance."
    },
    {
      "code": "34603",
      "display": "Simulators, Respiration, Tobacco Smoking",
      "definition": "Respiration simulators designed to mimic the smoke generated by the exhaled smoke of a human cigarette smoker. These simulators consist of a magazine and/or one or more cigarette holders, pumps, regulators, leak detectors, and outlet ports; some simulators include a remote control and/or software to control the operation. The simulators can be adjusted for different puff duration, volume, and frequency. Tobacco smoke simulators are used to provide input to tissue culture systems intended for in vitro diagnostic tests to detect the effect of toxic substance exposure on cells and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "15061",
      "display": "Simulators, Temperature",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic temperatures in the range of normal and abnormal human body variations. These simulators typically include heating and cooling devices, a chamber for the device or probe being tested, controls, and a high-accuracy thermometer. The temperature may be adjusted in a continuous range (e.g., 0 to 100 degrees C) or at preestablished fixed values. Temperature simulators are used to test and/or calibrate thermometers and temperature monitors and recorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "15666",
      "display": "Simulators, Training",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in one or more of particular clinical or surgical procedures that usually include a human anatomic model, either of the whole body (i.e., a manikin) or a partial model for a particular anatomic part, such as a head, torso, or an extremity according to the procedure to be trained. Training simulators also include a set of devices that permit the simulated training in the performance of the procedure as close as possible to the real activity. Training simulators intended for a variety of purposes, such as learning device functioning (e.g., external defibrillators), therapeutic procedures (e.g., ophthalmic, intravenous infusion), surgical and/or endoscopic procedures (e.g., arthroscopy, laparoscopy), monitoring (e.g., hemodynamic status), and other procedures are available. The simulators facilitate the training of healthcare personnel with less need for practice on human beings or animal models."
    },
    {
      "code": "23558",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Airway Management/Intubation",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for use in airway management and intubation training. These simulators usually include an anatomic model of the human head, neck and torso with life-size anatomic reproductions of the nose, tongue, oral and nasal pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, esophagus, and stomach. The anatomic models can be intubated with the same equipment used on actual patients; some manikins can simulate patient vomiting. Instructors can use airway management anatomic models to demonstrate the proper way to perform face mask ventilation, endotracheal or nasotracheal intubation, and suction. Emergency medical technicians and other healthcare workers can practice intubation techniques and clearing obstructions from the airway. Manikins used in these simulators are available in different body types and sizes such as infant, child, adult, and bariatric."
    },
    {
      "code": "24124",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Automated External Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training users in the operation of an automated external defibrillator (AED) and its accessories. These simulators typically include one or more anatomic models of the head, neck, and torso with appropriate anatomical landmarks, a set of electrodes and cables, and a defibrillator that simulates the controls found in a real AED. A range of different simulators are available; some provide different rescue/emergency situation scenarios that present the opportunity to train and practice all aspects of AED use. Other AED simulators can provide the opportunity to train and practice the use of a specific component of an AED (e.g., applying defibrillator pads in the correct position). Anatomic models included in these simulators are available in different body types and sizes such as infant, child, adult, and bariatric."
    },
    {
      "code": "32892",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Biopsy, Thyroid, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training clinicians in the use of ultrasound images and surgical instruments needed to perform fine needle thyroid biopsy procedures. These simulators typically include anatomical models made of materials resembling human soft tissues. The models simulate the characteristics of the left and right lobes and the isthmus of the thyroid gland as well as the surrounding anatomic structures such as the trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, and jugular veins. The anatomic model also includes masses that simulate a variety of sonographic appearances (e.g., hypoechoic, echolucent)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15309",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for use in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. The anatomic models used in these simulators typically include a model of the head, neck, and torso with anatomical landmarks such as nose, mouth, tongue, and larynx. The simulators also include devices such as masks, gloves, and inflatable bags (with face shields on the open end) that can be inserted in the model's torso to represent the lungs. Many of these anatomic models provide realistic resistance for chest compressions. Instructors can use the CPR simulators and the anatomic models to demonstrate various scenarios in which CPR is needed and possible patient reactions. Emergency medical technicians and other healthcare workers can learn and practice their CPR skills, rescue breathing, and choking first-aid instruction using CPR simulators. Anatomic models used in these simulators are available in different body types and sizes such as infant, child, adult, and bariatric."
    },
    {
      "code": "27326",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Dental",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for dental procedure training. These simulators usually include a life-size model of the human head with a full set of teeth and a tongue. Some of these models are made with plastic to look and feel like human flesh, others are made of metal structures. Most of these anatomic models include radio-opaque metal teeth and flexible jaws with life-like articulation. The anatomic models can be used to practice dental procedures using the same tools and techniques used on a real patient. Most of these head models can be clamped to dental chairs and many can be also used to take x-rays which facilitate the learning and/or improving practical skills needed for proper x-ray procedures before taking radiographies of an actual patient. Anatomic models used in the simulators are often available in different sizes (e.g., child, adult)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34165",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These simulators typically include an anatomic model resembling the characteristics of a body part and the associated natural anatomic tracts (e.g., gastrointestinal, airways, urinary). The anatomic model is typically made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these. The simulator also includes the instruments, supplies, and other devices needed to perform the intended procedure. The device simulates the conditions for endoscopic procedures by providing access to entrances in the anatomic models resembling the natural openings and internal tracts, permitting the use of endoscopes, endoscopic resectoscopes, surgical instruments, and cameras, as well as the external use of video monitors. Most endoscopic simulators are computerized and include a central unit with dedicated software that permits both training following a given program and recording of the simulated endoscopic procedure in real time. Endoscopic training simulators may include (as integral parts or attached modules) accessories intended for training in particular endoscopic procedures, such as suturing, polyp resection, biopsy, and other interventional endoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26673",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Endoscopic, Bronchial",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed in the bronchi. These simulators typically include an anatomic model resembling the characteristics of the bronchial tree that is capable of simulating coughing, breathing, and bleeding; the anatomic models are made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these. The equipment simulates the conditions for endoscopic procedures by providing access to entrances in the anatomic model resembling the body natural airways, permitting the use of flexible endoscopes, surgical instruments, cameras as well as the external use of video monitors. The simulator also includes a main control unit with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the simulated endoscopic procedure in real time. Bronchial endoscopic training simulators may include as integral parts or attached modules and/or accessories intended for training in particular procedures, such as diagnostic, emergency, ultrasonic, and other interventional bronchial procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34172",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Endoscopic, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed in the gastrointestinal tract (GI). These simulators typically include whole body human anatomic models made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these that resemble the characteristics of the upper and/or lower GI. The anatomic models are capable of simulating lesions, peristaltic movements, and bleeding. The simulators also include a main control unit with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the endoscopic procedure in real time. The equipment simulates the conditions for endoscopic procedures by providing access to entrances in the anatomic models resembling the GI tract natural openings (i.e., mouth and anus) permitting the use of endoscopes, surgical instruments, cameras as well as the external use of video monitors. GI endoscopic training simulators may include (as integral parts or attached modules) accessories intended for training in particular procedures such as examination, biopsy, treatment, and excision of abnormal tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "34178",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Endoscopic, Urologic",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed in the urinary tract. These simulators are made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these and include a human anatomic model resembling the characteristics of the male and/or female urinary tract. The anatomic models are capable of simulating lesions, bleeding, and abnormal characteristics. The simulator also includes a main control unit with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the endoscopic procedure in real time. The equipment simulates the conditions for endoscopic procedures by providing access to entrances in the anatomic models resembling the urinary tract openings which permits the use of cystoscope and ureteroscopes, surgical instruments, and cameras, as well as the external use of video monitors. Urinary tract endoscopic training simulators may include (as integral parts or attached modules) accessories intended for training in particular procedures such as examination, biopsy, tissue excision, and stone (calculi) movement and/or extraction."
    },
    {
      "code": "34120",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Endovascular Procedure",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the vascular system. These simulators typically include an anatomic model resembling the characteristics of a body part that are usually made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these, permitting the intervention through one or more vascular access points (e.g., femoral arteries). Angiovascular endoscopic training simulators make possible the use of catheters, small surgical instruments, prostheses, and embolization devices. The process may be followed in real time using fluoroscopic angiography or other imaging systems and appropriate video displays. The simulator also includes a main control unit frequently located on an adjustable-height table or cart with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the simulated procedures in real time. Endoscopic training simulators may include (either as integral or attached) modules and/or accessories intended for training in particular procedures, including cardiac, aortic, and neurovascular procedures, and also carotid, iliac, renal, and other peripheral vascular interventions."
    },
    {
      "code": "40132",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training users in the performance of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) procedures. These simulators typically include an anatomic model (i.e., manikin) and an ECMO circuit (i.e., blood pump, oxygenator, and heat exchanger interconnected by tubing). These simulators typically allow users to simulate various conditions that may occur during ECMO procedures (e.g., thrombus, air embolus, hypervolemia) either by direct manipulation of the circuit by a user or by introduction of a computer-controlled unit introduced into the ECMO circuit. Some ECMO simulators also allow the simulation of the puncture and venous/arterial cannulation steps of the ECMO procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "19027",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Heart Beat",
      "definition": "Training simulators that produce images imitating the mechanical movement of actual heartbeats. In addition to the normal heartbeat pulsations, the simulators can mimic partial images showing only the movement of several internal heart structures. Some of these simulators can provide three dimensional images of the heartbeat by taking images from CT scans of a healthy person or a cardiac patient. Cardiac heartbeat simulators are mainly used for learning and training in the interpretation of the complex mechanical movements associated with cardiac pulsation."
    },
    {
      "code": "11977",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Heart Sound",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to produce sounds and murmurs mimicking the timing and pitch of actual heart sounds. In addition to the normal heart sounds, the simulators can mimic other sounds such as clicks, snaps, murmurs, and regurgitation. These simulators usually include an anatomic model of the torso or head, with the neck and torso showing the anatomic landmarks. The torso model is also used to detect and recognize the correct anatomic locations of the sounds. Some of these simulators include capabilities for simultaneous electrocardiograph and/or phonocardiograph display, speakers for auditorium listeners, and auscultation units for group listening of a patient's heart sounds. Heart-sound simulators are used for training of healthcare staff in the auscultation of normal and abnormal heart sounds; some simulators may also include breath and/or bowel sounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "41947",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Infant Care",
      "definition": "Training simulators that include a realistic manikin that meets specific learning objectives focusing on initial assessment and treatment of infant patients. These simulators can be used to train medical staff to recognize and respond to respiratory emergencies, shock, and cardiopulmonary arrest. They can usually be programmed for different scenarios and monitored with software."
    },
    {
      "code": "15816",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Intravenous Insertion",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for use in training healthcare personnel in various intravenous device insertion techniques. These simulators include a model of a human upper extremity (i.e., arm) with an accessible replica of the vasculature. Anatomic models included in the simulators are made from foam, vinyl or other plastics which are molded to look and feel like human flesh. The anatomic models can be accessed with the same equipment used on actual patients. Instructors can use the model of the arms to demonstrate various medical techniques performed during intravascular line insertion procedures, including the insertion of various types of intravenous needles, cannulae, and catheters in normal and difficult to reach vasculature systems. Intravenous therapy anatomic models are available in different body types and sizes such as infant, child, adult, and bariatric arms."
    },
    {
      "code": "34131",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Nursing Skills",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for use in nursing skill training. These simulators usually include a whole body anatomic model (i.e., manikin) that includes many detachable components and multiple anatomic landmarks (e.g., nose, mouth, tongue, and also the main body tracts [e.g., gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary]). The simulators also include devices such as masks, gloves, bandages, catheters, and suctioning devices; some of the devices can be applied to the manikin and/or inserted in the manikin's tracts. Instructors can use nursing skill simulators and the associated manikins for training in a great variety of nursing procedures, including the application of bandages and wound care, eye irrigation, suctioning, enema administration, and catheter and cannulae placement as well as in dressing and bed bathing of patients.  Manikins included in these simulators are available in different body types and sizes such as child, adult, and bariatric."
    },
    {
      "code": "41946",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Obstetric Care",
      "definition": "Training simulators designed for obstetric procedure training, including training for childbirth. These simulators usually include a life-size model of a pregnant patient or of the lower torso and a fetal model. Most of these anatomic models include life-like articulation. The models can be position or adapted with different parts for skill training in normal deliveries, in complicated deliveries, and in obstetric emergencies. Some units include patient simulation software and augmented reality."
    },
    {
      "code": "16248",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Orthopedic Diagnosis/Therapy",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in external orthopedic procedures, including diagnosis and treatments of orthopedic injuries. Orthopedic training simulators frequently consist of: (1) a whole (i.e., a manikin) or partial anatomic model such as a head, torso, or an extremity. The anatomic model usually has the external appearance of a human body or body part and includes an internal skeleton where normal and injured conditions (e.g., fractures, dislocations, and luxations) can be simulated and (2) a central electronic unit that may control the simulation of the physical characteristics of the injuries by means of sensors, controls, and motors. The training simulator may also mimic the radiographic images that would be obtained in an actual event. Orthopedic therapy simulators can assess the corrective therapeutic procedures performed during the training, facilitating the training of healthcare personnel with less need for practice on human beings or animal models."
    },
    {
      "code": "41991",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Otoscopy",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to assist with training in ear examinations using otoscopy. These simulators typically include an anatomic model resembling the characteristics of the ear structure. The anatomic model can be made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these. They consist of a control console and an external power supply. The simulator may also include an otoscope and other devices needed to train a clinician in the examination. The device simulates the conditions for otoscopy examination by providing images of various ear diseases and conditions. Most otoscopy training simulators are computerized and include a central unit with dedicated software that permits both training following a given program and testing materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "25593",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Surgical",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training on various surgical procedures (e.g., incision, biopsy, suturing, laparoscopy, arthroscopy). Surgical training simulators usually consist of human anatomic models that may simulate the whole body (i.e., manikins) or parts of the physical anatomy in normal and/or disease states. The simulators include surgical instruments, supplies, and other devices needed to simulate the intended procedure. Typically, the manikins and anatomic models feature simulated parts of the anatomy (made from foams, hard and soft plastics, and other materials) and that are typically mounted on a table. They house a system of guide wires or other sensors that can detect motion of the surgical instruments being used on them. Most surgical simulators are computerized and include a central unit with appropriate software. They use sensors to transmit signals to a computer which uses a dedicated software to display feedback to the surgeon on a computer monitor and/or show a virtual image (usually taken from procedures on actual patients) on the monitor according to how the instruments are being manipulated. Some computerized surgical training simulators include ultrasonic or fluoroscopic guidance interfaces to simulate surgical procedures that are normally performed using these technologies. The computer software used is specific to the surgical procedures that are being learned, and can simulate different scenarios that may be encountered during actual surgery and provide feedback on patient discomfort, 3-D maps, and problems of surgical technique. Surgical training simulators are used to provide surgical trainees with a visual and haptic (touch sensation) practice platform to acquire the skills they need to work on actual patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "34146",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Surgical, Arthroscopy",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in arthroscopic minimal access surgical procedures. These simulators typically include anatomical models resembling the characteristics of the human articulations made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these. They also include a central computerized unit located on an adjustable-height table or cart. The equipment simulates the conditions for arthroscopic minimally invasive operating conditions by providing the artificial models as well as making possible the use of surgical instruments, cameras, and video monitors through arthroscopes. The simulator also includes a main control unit with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the surgical procedure in real time. Arthroscopy surgical training simulators may include (as integral parts or attached modules) anatomic models and other accessories intended for training in particular arthroscopic procedures such as treatment of mini-fractures, loose body removals, and meniscectomy performed in articulations such as the shoulder or knee."
    },
    {
      "code": "18423",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Surgical, Beating Heart",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in the performance of procedures in a beating heart. Beating heart simulators may consist of: (1) a movable platform mounted on a table that mimics the pericardial surface of the heart and a motor underneath the platform carrying projection wheels that intermittently elevate the platform simulating heartbeats or (2) a three-dimensional replica of the heart mainly made of plastic materials that include appropriate mechanisms to simulate a natural heart in motion. Beating heart simulators are used to train surgeons in the performance of cardiac procedures such as coronary artery surgery, vascular anastomosis, and sewing of the heart membranes without the use of external cardiac bypass."
    },
    {
      "code": "28482",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Surgical, Laparoscopy",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in laparoscopic surgical procedures. These simulators typically include a human anatomic model of the torso that is made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these and a central computerized unit located on an adjustable-height table or cart. The equipment simulates the conditions for abdominal minimally invasive operating conditions by providing the anatomic model of the torso with a great number of openings with grommets that can hold trocars located in the appropriate positions, laparoscopic equipment such as insufflators and laparoscopes, surgical instruments, cameras, and video monitors. The simulator also includes a main control unit with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the simulated surgical procedure in real time. Laparoscopy surgical training simulators may include (as integral parts or attached modules) anatomic models and accessories intended for training in particular laparoscopy procedures such as suturing, anastomosis, urinary, and gynecologic."
    },
    {
      "code": "28477",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Surgical, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for training in the performance of intraocular surgical procedures. These simulators typically include an anatomic model of a movable artificial eye mounted on a simulated head that lies on an adjustable-height table and uses a computerized control unit. The equipment simulates a complete scenario of an ophthalmology operating room including the surgeon stool; surgical instruments, an ophthalmic surgery microscope with a display coupled with a computerized main control unit, and dedicated software that permits a simulation of the surgical procedure in real time. Ophthalmology surgical training simulators may include (as integral parts or attached modules) components intended for training in particular procedures such as cataract and/or vitrectomy surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "34151",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Surgical, Pelvis",
      "definition": "Surgical training simulators designed for training in the performance of surgical procedures in the pelvis. These simulators typically include an anatomic model of the female and/or male pelvis made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these and a central computerized unit located on an adjustable-height table or cart. The equipment simulates the conditions for minimally invasive operating conditions by providing the artificial models and making possible the use of surgical instruments, cameras, and video monitors. The simulator also includes a main control unit with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the surgical procedure in real time. Pelvic surgical training simulators may include (as integral parts or attached modules) anatomic models and other accessories intended for training in particular obstetric/gynecologic examinations, measurements, reconstruction surgery, organ prolapse, morcellation, and urinary incontinence. Some simulators may provide  simulation of procedures for transurethral resection of the male prostate (TURP)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34132",
      "display": "Simulators, Training, Tension Pneumothorax",
      "definition": "Simulators designed for tension pneumothorax management training. These simulators usually include an anatomic model of the human torso with life-size anatomic reproductions of the skin, ribcage, and pleural chamber (usually disposable) and an air pump. Emergency medical technicians and other healthcare workers can practice needle insertion or performance of thoracotomy including the simulation of air escape from the pleural chamber with the same equipment used on actual patients. The anatomic model of the human torso provided with these simulators may include different body types and sizes such as infant, pediatric, adult, and bariatric."
    },
    {
      "code": "19031",
      "display": "Simulators, Transducer Output",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the electrical signals at the output of transducers used for conversion of a physiologic variable (e.g., pressure, temperature, cardiac output) into an electrical signal. These simulators typically include a pulse generator, electronic circuitry, controls, and a display; they generate signals that can be processed and displayed by a monitoring device in the same way as the output of their own transducers (e.g., as a numerical value and/or waveform representing the physiologic variable). Transducer output simulators are mostly used for testing and/or calibration of monitors, recorders, or measuring devices, excluding the transducer of the device being tested."
    },
    {
      "code": "19034",
      "display": "Simulators, Transducer Output, Cardiac Output",
      "definition": "Transducer output simulators designed to mimic the electrical signals at the output of a cardiac output transducer, typically simulating a particular catheter system (e.g., Edwards and Baxter), at several possible combinations of blood flow rates (e.g., 3, 5, 7 liter/minute), blood temperatures (e.g., 36 degrees, 37 degrees, and 38 degrees C), and injection temperatures (e.g., 2 degrees and 20 degrees C). These simulators are used to test cardiac output monitors excluding the monitor transducer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19033",
      "display": "Simulators, Transducer Output, Invasive Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Transducer output simulators designed to mimic the electrical output of an invasive blood pressure transducer (e.g., central venous pressure, intra-arterial pressure). These simulators include an electronic  generator that simulates the electrical output of the transducer, typically equivalent to wide a range of pressure variation (e.g., from -50 to +300 mm Hg); either static pressures or time-varying (i.e., dynamic) pressures can be simulated. Invasive blood pressure transducer output simulators are used to test invasive blood pressure monitors excluding the monitor transducer."
    },
    {
      "code": "19032",
      "display": "Simulators, Transducer Output, Pressure",
      "definition": "Transducer output simulators designed to mimic the electrical signals at the output of a pressure transducer. Typically, the range of simulated pressures varies in a wide range (e.g., from -500 to +500 mm Hg); either static pressures or time-varying (i.e., dynamic) pressures can be simulated. Pressure transducer simulators are mostly used for testing the performance, trend, and alarm values of electronic pressure monitors (e.g., arterial and venous blood pressure, intracranial pressure, esophageal pressures) excluding the transducer of the device being tested."
    },
    {
      "code": "18124",
      "display": "Simulators, Transducer Output, Pulse Oximetry",
      "definition": "Transducer output simulators designed to mimic the electrical output of pulse oximetry monitor transducers. Tests may be performed at any preestablished heart rate values (e.g., 45, 60, 90 bpm) and at various saturation values. Pulse oximetry transducer simulators are mostly used to assess an oximetry monitor's ability to reproduce the calibration ratio of the absorption ratio curve (i.e., R curve) that the manufacturer designed into it. Some simulators include capabilities for testing the electrical integrity of oximeters probe (e.g., short and open circuits)."
    },
    {
      "code": "19035",
      "display": "Simulators, Transducer Output, Temperature",
      "definition": "Transducer output simulators designed to mimic the electrical signal at the output of a temperature transducer, typically a thermistor probe. The range of temperatures simulated usually varies in a wide range (e.g., from -40 degrees to +150 degrees C). Temperature transducer output simulators are mostly used for testing the performance and alarm values of electronic thermometers, temperature monitors, and recorders excluding the transducer of the device being tested."
    },
    {
      "code": "39677",
      "display": "Simulators, Tympanic Membrane Temperature",
      "definition": "Simulators designed to mimic the emission of infrared thermal radiation from the tympanic membrane at various body temperatures. These simulators typically incorporate multiple infrared radiation sources, representing a range of preset body temperatures. Tympanic membrane temperature simulators are used to test and/or calibrate tympanic membrane thermometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15932",
      "display": "Sinks",
      "definition": "Installations designed for washing, collecting of fluids, and drainage. These devices typically consist of a stationary basin with water supply, faucets, and connection to drainage; they may include garbage disposal units. Dedicated sinks are used in healthcare facilities in examination rooms, clinical and dental offices, clinical laboratories, dissection and autopsy rooms, and for surgical scrub; standard sinks are also used for common tasks such as food preparation, cleaning of kitchen and food service utensils, and housekeeping. Portable sinks for use in the field, during emergencies, and/or by disabled persons are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15180",
      "display": "Sinks, Autopsy/Dissection",
      "definition": "Sinks designed to collect and drain fluids discharged from a cadaver during autopsy and/or dissection procedures; they are usually configured to permit the direct collection of the fluids from dissection and autopsy tables without additional manipulation of the bodies. These sinks typically consist of a metallic structure with one or more stainless steel bowls with a seamless and without crevices construction including several faucets, cold and hot water supply, a vacuum aspirator, soap dispensers, and appropriate tubing for drainage. The sinks may also include sponge bowls to rinse and drain organs and/or instruments, exhaust ducts for connection to the building ventilation system, drawers for instruments and supplies, and electrical receptacles. Autopsy/dissection sinks are available in stand alone and wall-mounted configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "15934",
      "display": "Sinks, Examination/Treatment",
      "definition": "Sinks designed primarily for cleaning the hands of healthcare personnel in hospital examination and/or treatment rooms, including physician and dental offices, and nurse stations. These sinks typically consist of one or more stainless steel bowls, with a seamless construction without crevices, that include several faucets, cold and hot water supply, and appropriate tubing for drainage; the sinks may include electrical receptacles, and/or drawers for instruments and supplies storage. They are frequently operated using infrared devices or footpedals. Healthcare staff handwashing is used to reduce/prevent the transmission of infection to patients; the sinks are usually available as stand-alone equipment, but may be also included as an integral part of a nurse station. Examination/treatment sinks are usually located throughout healthcare facilities to facilitate personnel handwashing and/or cleaning of small devices and supplies close to the site of patient care."
    },
    {
      "code": "22645",
      "display": "Sinks, Janitorial/Housekeeping Service",
      "definition": "Sinks designed for cleaning utensils and supplies used for janitorial and housekeeping tasks. These sinks typically consist of one or more large, deep metal and/or epoxy resin bowls; one or more faucets; a cold and hot water supply; and appropriate tubing for drainage. Janitor/housekeeping sinks are distributed among different departments and installations of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "22644",
      "display": "Sinks, Kitchen",
      "definition": "Sinks designed for cleaning food preparation and delivery utensils and/or washing dishes. These sinks typically consist of one or more large, deep stainless steel bowls with a seamless construction without crevices; several faucets; a cold and hot water supply; and appropriate tubing for drainage. Kitchen sinks are used in central food preparation and nourishment stations of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15935",
      "display": "Sinks, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Sinks designed for cleaning and manipulation of laboratory devices, instruments, and supplies. These sinks typically consist of one or more non-absorbent and resistant to acids, salts, and solvents bowls (e.g., made of epoxy resin or stainless steel) with a seamless, without crevices, and rounded corner construction that includes several faucets, cold, hot, and deionized water supply, soap dispensers, and appropriate tubing for drainage. The sinks may also include exhaust ducts for connection to the building ventilation system and a waste bin. They are usually operated using hand and/or foot pedals. Clinical laboratory sinks are available as stand alone units or more frequently to be mounted on standard laboratory cabinets. Stand-alone bigger, deeper, and wider laboratory sinks intended to wash glassware are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16023",
      "display": "Sinks, Portable",
      "definition": "Sinks designed for cleaning the hands of healthcare personnel, patients, or other individuals without connection to external water supplies and/or drainage. These sinks typically consist of a structure made of plastic and/or metal. The sinks usually include a freshwater tank, a wastewater tank, tubing, and faucets; they a soap dispenser, a paper towel rack, and an electrically powered water pump. Portable sinks are used in field operations during emergencies, in mobile medical facilities and shelters, and for disabled patients who cannot move from a location."
    },
    {
      "code": "15936",
      "display": "Sinks, Surgical Scrub",
      "definition": "Sinks designed for thorough cleaning and disinfecting (i.e., scrubbing) of the hands and arms before surgery or other procedures that require a certain level of cleansing by participating personnel in order to reduce or prevent the transmission of infection to patients. These sinks are single units consisting of one stainless steel bowl, with a seamless construction without crevices. They that may include several faucets, cold and hot water supply, and a soap dispenser. They are used by surgeons and other medical staff before approaching a designated sterile area (e.g., surgical suite)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33068",
      "display": "Sinuscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion through the one of the nares into the paranasal sinuses for visual examination, biopsy, retrieval of foreign bodies, and treatment of lesions during an ear/nose/throat (ENT) intervention. Sinuscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "33069",
      "display": "Sinuscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Sinuscopes with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path through the one of the nares and paranasal sinuses; Anatomical images are transmitted to the user by the device through relayed lens optics or a fiber-optic bundle."
    },
    {
      "code": "18086",
      "display": "Sizers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure and calibrate the dimensions (e.g., length, diameter) of anatomic parts to facilitate the selection of the size of their replacements (i.e., grafts, implants, and/or prostheses) and/or the instruments needed to perform a procedure. These devices are typically manual, handheld instruments, including dedicated calipers, rulers, tapered rods, or other instruments, that permit fast and simple measuring intended for classification of sizes. Sizers are not intended for a very accurate measurement of anatomic parts but to facilitate the selection of the surgical instrument and/or prostheses (e.g., heart valves), implants (e.g., breast, penile), and/or grafts (e.g., vascular) that best fit for a given procedure from a series of preestablished sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41972",
      "display": "Sizers, Annuloplasty Ring Implant",
      "definition": "Sizers designed to measure and calibrate the annulus diameter to determine the appropriate size of annuloplasty ring implant to be inserted during a surgical procedure. These instruments typically consist of a set of sterile, reusable, sizing portions for measuring the annulus and a coupling portion for attaching to a handle. Most sizers consist of a handle holding a D-shaped platform that includes two notches. Both the dimensions of the platform and the distance between the notches may be used to determine appropriate ring size."
    },
    {
      "code": "39194",
      "display": "Sizers, Antireflux Gastroesophageal Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Surgical sizers designed to facilitate the selection of an appropriate size (i.e., diameter) of antireflux gastroesophageal prosthesis. Surgeons typically place these sizers around the prosthesis implantation site (i.e., gastroesophageal junction) intraoperatively and select the prosthesis size based on the patient's anatomic measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "23779",
      "display": "Sizers, Breast Implant",
      "definition": "Sizers designed to facilitate the selection of an appropriate size of and position for breast implants. These sizers typically consist of temporary implants attached to a tube; the surgeon can work inside the implant pocket and fill up to test placement, size, and fill levels. Once the appropriate size and position have been determined, the sizer is removed and replaced with the permanent implant; when inflatable implants are used, they are rolled up and pushed into the incision.  Breast implant sizers are used in reconstructive and/or plastic surgery, frequently after mastectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17703",
      "display": "Sizers, Cardiac Valve Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Sizers designed to measure and calibrate the annulus diameter and positioning (e.g., valve seating) of cardiac valves to determine the appropriate size of the replacement valve prosthesis (either mechanical or biological) to be implanted during a surgical procedure. These instruments typically consist of a set of sterile, reusable, handheld, manual instruments with single or double working ends, usually with an integral calibrated cylinder or ring at one end to calibrate the annulus and a flanged end at the other extreme to calibrate the supra-annular placement and/or valve seating. Cardiac valve sizers are used in surgical procedures intended to replace stenotic or otherwise abnormal cardiac valves (e.g., atrial, mitral). Smaller sizers for use in minimally invasive surgery (typically for annuloplasty procedures) with a thickness of about 2 to 3 mm (0.1 inch) and that include a sizing portion for measuring the valve annulus and a coupling portion for attaching to a handle are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23785",
      "display": "Sizers, Corneal Diameter",
      "definition": "Surgical sizers designed to measure and calibrate corneal diameters. These instruments typically consist of a set of reusable, handheld, flexible flat templates with size-marking holes (e.g., in 0.5 mm steps from 10 to 13.5 mm). They are used mainly in the selection of an appropriate diameter during corneal transplants; the sizers may be also used to determine abnormal corneal size in diagnostic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23780",
      "display": "Sizers, Nasal Implant",
      "definition": "Sizers designed to facilitate the selection of the appropriate nasal bone and/or cartilage implant size and position. These sizers typically consist of a set of silicone devices of several sizes that resemble the form of a normal nose. Nasal sizers are used in reconstructive and/or plastic surgery procedures intended for the insertion of implants that resemble the natural nasal pyramid to augment the nasal bones and/or the upper lateral cartilage."
    },
    {
      "code": "23783",
      "display": "Sizers, Penile Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Sizers designed to facilitate the selection of an appropriate size (i.e., length) of penile prosthesis. These sizers typically consist of a calibrated (e.g., marked in 0.5 cm [0.02-inch] increments from 2 to 20 cm [0.8 to 8 inches) nonsterile plastic bar finished in rigid and softer ends, respectively, that is placed (after sterilization and during a surgical procedure) within the corpus cavernosa to determine the size (length) of the prosthesis to be implanted. The prosthesis is selected and/or trimmed according to the length determined by the sizer and then inserted. Penile sizers are used in surgical procedures intended for the insertion of prostheses to treat erectile dysfunction (i.e., impotence)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32686",
      "display": "Sizers, Thyroplasty Implant",
      "definition": "Sizers designed to facilitate the selection of an appropriate size of implant that are used to improve the voice quality by altering the position of a paralyzed vocal cord (i.e., a thyroplasty implant). These sizers typically consist of calibrated plastic measuring devices that are inserted in the laryngeal surgical window to determine the appropriate size of the implant to be placed. Once the appropriate size of the implant is determined the sizer is removed and replaced with the permanent implant. Thyroplasty implant sizers are used in surgical procedures performed in patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "23784",
      "display": "Sizers, Tracheoesophageal Speech Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Surgical sizers designed to facilitate the selection of an appropriate size (i.e., length) of tracheoesophageal speech (voice) prosthesis. The sizer measures the distance of the puncture between the trachea and the esophagus. These sizers typically consist of a calibrated (e.g., 16 or 20 Fr diameter, marked in millimeter increments that correspond with prosthesis sizes), and a hollow, silicone tube that is similar to the prosthesis but without a slit-valve; the sizer is usually placed using a disposable inserter. The prosthesis is selected according to the length determined by the sizer and then inserted. Voice prosthesis tracheoesophageal sizers are used in surgical procedures intended to insert prostheses to make speech possible for patients after tracheostomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23782",
      "display": "Sizers, Vascular Graft",
      "definition": "Sizers designed to measure and calibrate the vascular lumen of a vessel that will be replaced by a vascular graft. These sizers typically consist of a set of disposable flat single- and/or dual-gauge instruments made of biocompatible synthetic materials and usually calibrated in millimeters (e.g., 5 to 24 mm, 24 to 38 mm). Vascular graft sizers are intended to facilitate the selection of the size of the vascular graft (e.g., a synthetic knitted graft) to be implanted."
    },
    {
      "code": "28103",
      "display": "Skin Elasticity Measuring Instruments, Suction",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine the elasticity of the skin by suctioning a small skin area into a probe. The instrument consists of a main unit that provides a relatively low pressure to a probe; a light source; electronic circuits and controls; and a display that shows data and curves for the elasticity of the skin and other skin parameters. The measure is performed using one of a set of detachable probes that apply constant pressure to the skin and draw inside small (e.g., from 2 to 8 mm diameter) skin sections according to the diameter of the probe aperture. A light system is used to measure the depth of the skin drawn into the probe. The ability of the skin to return to its original position when suction is released (i.e., the elasticity) and its resistance to be sucked by the probe (i.e., firmness) are the main parameters determined. Suction skin elasticity measuring instruments usually work together with a personal computer that process data in real time. Some skin physiologic analyzers may include modules for measuring elasticity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16045",
      "display": "Skin Expansion Implants",
      "definition": "Devices designed for temporary implantation under the skin to produce tension and an increase in the amount of skin tissue. These devices are typically balloons that are inserted under the skin and periodically expanded by injections of fluid (e.g., saline solution). The excess of skin grown (e.g., on the back or buttocks) can be harvested and used at another body site where skin was lost due to trauma, burns, or wounds; the technique is sometimes used for breast reconstruction surgery after radical mastectomy to facilitate the subsequent implantation of a permanent (e.g., a silicone) breast implant)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41747",
      "display": "Skin Protection Fabrics",
      "definition": "Textiles designed to protect skin from moisture and friction caused by skin-to-skin or skin-to-device contact. These fabrics provide moisture transportation or absorbency and may contain substances, such as silver or hydrogen peroxide, to reduce bacteria. They can be made of natural or synthetic material. They are intended to be used to prevent skin irritation and inflammation."
    },
    {
      "code": "15777",
      "display": "Skin Scrub Trays",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections (either custom or standard) of the necessary equipment and supplies for healthcare personnel to use for thorough cleaning and hard rubbing (i.e., scrubbing) of the hands and arms before surgery or other procedures that require a certain level of cleansing by participating personnel in order to reduce/prevent the transmission of infection to patients. These trays (also known as kits) typically include a scrub brush impregnated with an antimicrobial soap/solution (e.g., povidone-iodine, chloroxylenol, etc.) and are packaged as single-use, sterile items."
    },
    {
      "code": "13620",
      "display": "Sleeves, Topical Oxygen Therapy",
      "definition": "Devices designed to serve as a reservoir for low-pressure (i.e., 1.05 ATM) oxygen-enriched air during topical oxygen therapy procedures. During a procedure, these sleeves are placed on the patient over/surrounding a wound site, and the sleeve is insufflated with oxygen-enriched air to the intended pressure. These sleeves are typically constructed of a flexible plastic material and are available in multiple shapes appropriate for various patient anatomic locations (e.g., lower limb boot, sacral patch). These devices typically incorporate an air-inlet valve, a pressure-relief valve, and a method of sealing the open end of the sleeve to the patient's skin in order to prevent air loss."
    },
    {
      "code": "15599",
      "display": "Slide Stainers",
      "definition": "Laboratory equipment designed to automate the staining of fixed samples intended for microscopic examination. These stainers may use several different techniques, including surface adsorption, direct and indirect staining, and mordant staining. Automated slide stainers perform staining faster and more uniformly than manual methods; the standardized procedure usually improves the quality and consistency of results. Dedicated slide stainers are available for use in hematology, microbiology, and cytology/histology; slide stainers that can perform immunostaining of cytology/histology specimens (i.e., for immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, and/or in situ hybridization) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15183",
      "display": "Slide Stainers, Cytology/Histology",
      "definition": "Slide stainers that automate the staining of prepared cytology and/or histology tissue specimens by diffusing dyes into the specimens through surface adsorption, direct staining, indirect staining, or mordant staining. The two processing systems used by automated slide stainers are rotating and linear transport. Rotating systems usually use a transport arm that moves a basket to the appropriate staining or wash vessel located on a circular platform and then lowers and lifts the basket into and out of the vessels. The linear transport system uses either a conveyor belt that transports the slides singly into each vessel or a transport basket with one or more linear transport arms and a series of parallel staining and wash vessels. Most designs have built-in fume hoods or lids affixed to each staining vessel to prevent laboratory personnel exposure. Some devices incorporate programmable microprocessor controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "15182",
      "display": "Slide Stainers, Hematology",
      "definition": "Slide stainers that automate the staining of peripheral blood and other hematologic smears to facilitate laboratory microscope differential counts using Wright's stain, a Romanowsky stain. The operator inserts slides into a carrier and selects a time or programmed procedure. Linear transport slide stainers have a transport arm that moves baskets of slides into and out of parallel regent vessels. Robotic arm stainers allow the user to program the stainer to move the robotic arm carrying the slides to the desired bucket. Centrifugal stainers spray reagents onto slides placed in a rotating carousel and uses centrifugal force to remove excess reagents and dry the slides. Linear transport and triaxial arm stainers are microprocessor controlled. The centrifugal slide stainer is controlled by a microprocessor that regulates the amount of stain and wash solution sprayed onto the slide and centrifugation time and speed. Platen stainers apply reagents by capillary action. Slides are placed in grooves on conveyor spirals and moved face down along a platform."
    },
    {
      "code": "23459",
      "display": "Slide Stainers, Immunohistochemistry",
      "definition": "Slide stainers designed for the automated application of specific labeled antibodies, conjugated enzymes, and peroxidase to individual slides, which are applied in a specific predetermined order. These reagents are applied in small, controlled volumes to the tissue on the slides; slides are not immersed in the reagents. The slides are usually mounted in a pattern resembling a matrix (array) or rotary disposition (i.e., using robotic and carousel transfer, respectively); dedicated probes and/or pipette tips are typically used in matrix arrays, and spring-loaded syringe- or cartridge-like dispensers are used in carousel dispositions. Other special features of the stainers depend on the physical characteristics of the device.  Immunohistochemistry (IHC) slide stainers deliver the proprietary reagents to several staining stations following one or more software programs; IHC slide stainers are used to identify specific proteins of interest in biological tissue, such as that occur in cancerous tissue, using an antigen/antibody reaction very similar in process to that of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) staining except that the antigen is located on tissue that is fixed on a microscope slide. Some IHC stainers are also capable of staining slides intended for in situ hybridization (ISH), a technique that labels complementary DNA or RNA to target a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a tissue section, and less frequently, of staining slides intended for histochemistry (i.e., using special stains) tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "16961",
      "display": "Slide Stainers, Microbiology",
      "definition": "Slide stainers that automate the Gram staining method of classification of gram-positive or -negative bacteria. The operator inserts slides into a carrier and selects a time or programmed procedure. Linear transport slide stainers have a transport arm that moves baskets of slides into and out of parallel reagent vessels. Robotic arm stainers allow the user to program the stainer to move the robotic arm carrying the slides to the desired bucket. Centrifugal stainers spray reagents onto slides placed in a rotating carousel and use centrifugal force to remove excess reagents and dry the slides. The centrifugal slide stainer is controlled by a microprocessor that regulates the amount of stain and wash solution sprayed onto the slide and centrifugation time and speed. Linear transport and triaxial arm stainers are microprocessor controlled. Platen stainers apply reagents by capillary action. Slides are placed in grooves on conveyor spirals and moved facedown along a platform."
    },
    {
      "code": "15185",
      "display": "Slides, Microscope",
      "definition": "Two layers of small rectangular strips of glass or plastic between which the specimen to be examined is contained. The slides with the contained specimen are placed on a microscope stage for magnification."
    },
    {
      "code": "23447",
      "display": "Slit Lamp/Camera Adapters",
      "definition": "Optical devices designed to match a slit lamp with a variety of microscope still and/or digital video cameras, providing accurate images. These adapters usually include high-precision optics, an illumination system for homogeneous illumination, and appropriate mechanisms for camera mounting. Slit-lamp/camera adapters are used for image documentation of ophthalmic diagnoses, including survey, slit-camera, or high-power endothelium pictures."
    },
    {
      "code": "12281",
      "display": "Slit Lamps",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic diagnostic instruments designed for examining the eye (mostly the anterior part of the eye) using an illumination system combined with a binocular microscope. The instruments usually consist of illumination sources with a mechanism that provides a slit beam of light into the eye with different types of illumination (e.g., direct or indirect, focal or diffuse, background illumination), a binocular microscope for viewing the magnified slit image, and a control component for adjusting the focus of the microscope and the slit (e.g., slit rotation, slit width); some also have refraction mirrors to direct light to a camera mounted above the microscope. Slit lamps provide a magnified view of eye structures (e.g., eyelid, sclera, iris, crystalline lens, cornea); some instruments can also examine the retina using specific lenses. Slit lamps are used mainly in the diagnosis of eye conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27408",
      "display": "Smartphones",
      "definition": "Portable telephones designed to provide full duplex mobile communication through a network of wireless stations. These telephones usually consist of a small computerized device that includes voice communication, a display, and frequently a touch screen and/or a keypad used for entering data; smartphones may provide access to the internet.  Smartphones typically include several capabilities such as text messaging (also known as short message service or SMS), e-mail, a photo and/or video camera, audio recording, gaming, and voice messaging. They may provide access to applications (dedicated software) that permit the performance of a great quantity of additional functions. The use of smartphones in the healthcare environment includes receiving and displaying data and images from physiologic monitors (e.g., glucose, electrocardiography) using dedicated applications and the transmission of text and voice messages (i.e., messaging) to and from hospital communication and/or information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41751",
      "display": "Smartwatches",
      "definition": "Computing devices that are designed to be worn on the wrist and to support various software applications. A smartwatch may use internal or external sensors, including biomonitoring sensors, to collect physiologic data, such as step count, heart rate, electrocardiography, oxygenation, and blood pressure. These devices can also control or retrieve data from or send data to other instruments or computers. They usually have preinstalled software applications and integrated wireless technology."
    },
    {
      "code": "16262",
      "display": "Smoke Evacuation Systems, Surgical",
      "definition": "Smoke evacuation systems designed to capture smoke generated during surgical procedures (e.g., laser, electrocautery, electrosurgery) including minimally access, endoscopic, and laparoscopic procedures in which there is tissue ablation. These systems capture the plume (smoke composed of carbonized cell fragments, water vapor, and hydrocarbons) from vaporized tissue near its origin before it becomes air-dispersed and deposits in the respiratory tracts of the surgical team. Surgical smoke evacuation systems consist of a single-use or reusable capture tube or wand and four elements to evacuate surgical smoke: user interface, filters, suction source, and exhaust; they are used to minimize staff exposure and reduce potential health risks to create a more comfortable working environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "18855",
      "display": "Smoke Evacuation Systems, Surgical, Mobile/Portable",
      "definition": "Surgical smoke evacuation systems that integrate all functional elements (i.e., user interface, filters, suction source, and exhaust) in a single, stand-alone unit, small enough to be either carried (i.e., portable) or wheeled (i.e., mobile).  Mobile/portable systems can be transported from operating room to operating room as needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "18856",
      "display": "Smoke Evacuation Systems, Surgical, Stationary",
      "definition": "Surgical smoke evacuation systems in which most components are installed outside the operating room as a part of the physical plant.  The evacuation modules of these systems may be installed in one of several different configurations (i.e., central designs with most components being used in common by several operating rooms, local systems with individual components for each operating room, or hybrid combinations of both).  Stationary smoke evacuation systems are typically permanently installed during building construction or major renovations."
    },
    {
      "code": "25129",
      "display": "Snare Wire Loops, Surgical",
      "definition": "Wire loops designed for use in surgical snares. These wire loops may consist of a single filament (i.e., monofilament), metal (usually stainless steel) wire loop or a combination of several wire filaments that are typically braided or twisted; the wires may be soft or stiff according to the intended use of the snare. Wire loops are available in a variety of calibers, lengths, and shapes (e.g., oval, circular, hexagonal, and crescent); dedicated wire loops intended for a particular type of snare (e.g., eye enucleation, tonsil resection, and gastrointestinal polypectomy) and model and/or manufacturer are also available. Dedicated snare wire loops may be used through insulated snare guides to act as active electrodes when externally attached to an external electrical supply."
    },
    {
      "code": "25128",
      "display": "Snare Wires",
      "definition": "Wires designed to be conformed as loops used in surgical snares. These wires may consist of a single filament (i.e., monofilament), metal (usually stainless steel) wire or a combination of several wire filaments that are typically braided or twisted; the wires may be soft or stiff according to the intended use of the snare. Snare wires are usually supplied as spare components of surgical snares, dedicated wires intended for a particular type of snare (e.g., eye enucleation, tonsil resection) and model and/or manufacturer are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13630",
      "display": "Snares",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed to position and tighten fine gauge flexible or semirigid adjustable wire loops around a region of tissue for mechanical and/or electrosurgical resection and hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops (rings) that protrude at the working end; snares may include a stationary loop and a sliding loop. A mechanism at the proximal end (handle) controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding (cutting) loop. Some snares allow circulation of RF electric current between the isolated metal loop (i.e., acting as an active electrode) and an external neutral electrode to heat the tissues, to facilitate cutting and coagulation. Snares are used mainly to remove polyps, tumors, and other abnormal tissue; dedicated endoscopic snares are used in procedures such as gastrointestinal (upper and lower tract) and airway polyp resection."
    },
    {
      "code": "25121",
      "display": "Snares, Ear",
      "definition": "Snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge flexible, adjustable, wire loops around a region of the ear canal or Eustachian tube tissue for mechanical resection. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops that protrude at the working end; frequently they include a stationary loop and a sliding loop. A mechanism at the proximal end controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding (cutting) loop; the handle is usually straight (e.g., Krause type) to the cannula. Ear (endaural) snares may be single-use or reusable; they are used mainly to remove polyps, tumors, and other abnormal tissue from the ear canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "25122",
      "display": "Snares, Eye, Enucleation",
      "definition": "Snares designed to position and tighten fine gauge flexible adjustable wire loops around the optical nerve for mechanical resection. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable fine-gauge wire loops that protrude at the working end. The snare loops are made of twisted wires that are attached to a mechanism at the proximal end that includes a butterfly nut and a ratchet (e.g., Foster enucleation snare) and controls how much wire extends out of the channel and may stop the movement at any time; the handle is usually wide and straight to the cannula. Ophthalmic enucleation snares are usually reusable devices intended for resection of the optical nerve deep into the orbit when total eye enucleation procedures are performed (e.g., to insert implants)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25125",
      "display": "Snares, Gastrointestinal Tract, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Gastrointestinal snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge, flexible or semirigid, adjustable wire loops around a region of tissue through an endoscope for mechanical or electrosurgical resection and hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops (rings) that protrude at the working end. The snare is introduced in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract through the working channel of a flexible endoscope (e.g., colonoscope, gastroscope); a mechanism at the proximal end (handle) controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding (cutting) loop as the loop is withdrawn into the cannula. The snare loops are made of monofilament or braided wires that are attached at the proximal end to an electrosurgical (usually monopolar) unit that provides circulation of radio-frequency electric current between the isolated metal loop (i.e., acting as an active electrode) and an external neutral electrode to heat the tissues and facilitate resection and cauterization. Endoscopic gastrointestinal snares are used mainly for electrosurgical removal of polyps, tumors, and other abnormal tissue from the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract, but mechanical (cold) resection may be used for small polyps."
    },
    {
      "code": "15676",
      "display": "Snares, Nasal",
      "definition": "Snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge, flexible, adjustable wire loops around a region of nasal tissue for mechanical or electrosurgical resection and hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops (rings) that protrude at the working end; frequently they include a stationary loop and a sliding loop. A mechanism at the proximal end (handle) controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding (cutting) loop as the loop is withdrawn into the cannula; the handle may be straight (e.g., Krause type) to the cannula or offset (bayonet type, also known as Lange type). Nasal snares may be single-use (i.e., disposable) or reusable; they are used mainly to remove polyps, tumors, and other abnormal tissue from the nasal cavities."
    },
    {
      "code": "15988",
      "display": "Snares, Rectal",
      "definition": "Snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge, flexible, adjustable wire loops around a region of rectal tissue (e.g., polyps) for mechanical or electrosurgical resection and hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular straight or bent structure (e.g., a cannula, typically with a length of 8 to 18 inches/20 to 45 cm) with one or more adjustable wire loops (rings) that protrude at the working end; frequently they include a stationary loop and a sliding loop. The snare loops are made of monofilament or braided wires that may be attached at the proximal end to an electrosurgical (usually monopolar) unit that provides circulation of radio-frequency electric current between the isolated metal loop (i.e., acting as an active electrode) and an external neutral electrode to heat the tissues and facilitate resection and cauterization. Reusable and single-use (i.e., disposable) rectal snares are intended mainly for electrosurgical removal of polyps, tumors, and other abnormal tissue from the rectal mucosa, but devices that provide only mechanical resection are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25124",
      "display": "Snares, Respiratory Tract, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Respiratory tract snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge, flexible or semirigid, adjustable wire loops around a region of tissue through an endoscope for mechanical or electrosurgical resection and hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops that protrude at the working end. The snare is introduced into the respiratory tract through the working channel of a bronchoscope (or directly through the nose); a mechanism at the proximal end (handle) controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding cutting loop as the loop is withdrawn into the cannula. The snare loops (e.g., 0.5 and 1 inch/13 and 23 mm size) are made of monofilament or braided wires that are attached at the proximal end to an electrosurgical (usually monopolar) unit that provides circulation of radio-frequency electric current between the isolated metal loop (i.e., acting as an active electrode) and an external neutral electrode to heat the tissues and facilitate resection and cauterization. Endoscopic respiratory tract snares are used mainly for electrosurgical removal of polyps, tumors, and other abnormal tissue from the respiratory tract, but mechanical (cold) resection may be used for small polyps."
    },
    {
      "code": "13632",
      "display": "Snares, Tonsil",
      "definition": "Snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge, flexible, adjustable, wire loops around the tonsils for mechanical resection. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops (rings) that protrude at the working end; frequently they include a stationary loop and a sliding loop. A mechanism at the proximal end controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding (cutting) loop; the handle is usually straight (e.g., Eves and Bruning types) or at a right angle to the cannula (e.g., Tyding type). Tonsil snares are usually reusable devices; they are used for partial or total removal of the tonsils (i.e., tonsillectomy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "25127",
      "display": "Snares, Urinary Tract, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Endoscopic urinary tract snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge, flexible or semirigid, adjustable, wire loops around a region of tissue for mechanical or electrosurgical resection and hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops that protrude at the working end. The snare is introduced into the urinary tract through the working channel of a cystoscope or ureteroscope; a mechanism at the proximal end (handle) controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding cutting loop as the loop is withdrawn into the cannula. The snare loops are made of monofilament or braided wires and may be attached at the proximal end to an electrosurgical (usually monopolar) unit that provides circulation of radio-frequency electric current between the isolated metal loop (i.e., acting as an active electrode) and an external neutral electrode to heat the tissues, facilitating coagulation. Endoscopic urinary tract snares may be single-use (i.e., disposable) or reusable; they are used mainly for electrosurgical removal of polyps, tumors, and other abnormal tissue from the urinary tract, but mechanical (cold) resection may be used for small polyps."
    },
    {
      "code": "25126",
      "display": "Snares, Uterine, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Endoscopic uterine snares designed to position and tighten fine-gauge, flexible or semirigid, adjustable, wire loops around a region of tissue for mechanical or electrosurgical resection and hemostasis. These devices typically consist of a hollow tubular structure (e.g., a cannula), with one or more adjustable wire loops that protrude at the working end. The snare is introduced into the uterus through the working channel of a hysteroscope; a mechanism at the proximal end (handle) controls how much wire extends out of the channel and the movement of the sliding cutting loop as the loop is withdrawn into the cannula. The snare loops are made of monofilament or braided wires with a beak-like side (typically known as duckbill snares) that may be attached at the proximal end to an electrosurgical (usually monopolar) unit that provides circulation of radio-frequency electric current between the isolated metal loop (i.e., acting as an active electrode) and an external neutral electrode to heat the tissues, facilitating coagulation. Endoscopic uterine snares may be single-use (i.e., disposable) or reusable; they are used mainly for electrosurgical removal of polyps, tumors, and fibroid tissue from the uterus, but mechanical (cold) resection may be used for small polyps and fibroids."
    },
    {
      "code": "13633",
      "display": "Socks/Stockings",
      "definition": "Garments designed to be worn on the users' feet and legs to provide warmth, comfort, to wick moisture away from the skin, and/or cushioning. Socks or stockings are typically knit as stretchy fabric tubes open at the leg end and closed at the toe end for ease in fit; they can be washed and reused. They are made from natural plant fibers such as cotton, bamboo, linen; animal fibers such as wool, silk, cashmere, or mohair; or synthetic fibers such as nylon, acrylic, polyester, olefins, or spandex; or a combination of two or more of these fibers."
    },
    {
      "code": "37111",
      "display": "Socks/Stockings, Antiskid",
      "definition": "Socks that incorporate treading intended to improve grip between the sock and standing surfaces (e.g., floors, stairs). Treading typically consists of raised rubber (e.g., silicone) dots or lines on the surface of the sock sole. These socks are intended to reduce the likelihood of falls."
    },
    {
      "code": "10671",
      "display": "Socks/Stockings, Cast Toe",
      "definition": "Socks or stockings designed to be worn on the toes of the feet of patients who are using open-toe casts, splints, braces, or walking boots, or who have a bandaged foot with exposed toes. Cast toe socks are worn in order to keep the toes clean, warm, and protected. Cast toe socks are usually made of synthetic, washable fibers and can be worn on either foot. They are sized to fit either an adult's or child's foot and they can be secured with an adjustable strap."
    },
    {
      "code": "13789",
      "display": "Socks/Stockings, Elastic Compression",
      "definition": "Elastic socks or stockings designed to provide continual pressure or compression to help stimulate circulation in the wearer's legs or feet. Compression is graduated from greatest pressure around the ankles to lesser pressure around the knees and thighs. Different styles of compression socks or stockings offer various compression supports, ranging from mild (8-15 mm hg), medium (15-20 mm hg), moderate (20-30 mm hg), firm (30-40 mm hg), extra firm (40-50 mm hg), to heavy (50-60 mm-Hg). The heights of compression socks or stockings can vary from ankle-high, mid-calf, to the knee, or to the middle or upper thigh; they can be fashioned as pantyhose, leggings, sport socks, or calf sleeves. They are usually made of wool, olefin, nylon, spandex, Lycra, or rubber, or combinations of these fibers, with open toe or closed toe, and they often include reinforced toes and heels, extra cushioning, and large toe boxes. Compression socks or stockings are worn therapeutically for circulation irregularities or vascular conditions, such as varicose veins, edema, lymphedema, or post-thrombotic syndrome. They are also worn by people who have mild leg swelling or who have to stand all day; during pregnancy; after surgery; or after a vein treatment. Sizes are based on shoe size."
    },
    {
      "code": "13634",
      "display": "Socks/Stockings, Fracture",
      "definition": "Socks or stockings designed to be worn next to the skin under splints, braces, or removable casts being used by patients during fracture healing. Fracture socks or stockings are usually made with a combination of a plant or animal fiber (such as cotton or wool), a synthetic fiber (such as polypropylene), and an elastic fiber for ease of fit. They provide comfort to the patient and wick moisture away from the skin. They can be washed and reused. Lower limb fracture socks or stockings are available in above- or below-the-knee length; each type may have open-toe or full-foot design. Upper limb fracture socks are available for use under casts, braces, or splints for the upper arm, lower arm, hand, or wrist."
    },
    {
      "code": "13635",
      "display": "Socks/Stockings, Stump",
      "definition": "Socks or stockings designed to be worn by leg and arm amputees over the residual limb (i.e., stump) for warmth and protection, to add padding or cushioning, to reduce friction, to provide a more comfortable prosthetic fit, and to wick moisture away from the skin. Stump socks or stockings are made in various sizes to fit above-knee or below-knee amputation stumps, or to fit arm stumps. They are typically knit as stretchy fabric tubes and in various sizes for ease in fit. They are washable and made from natural plant fibers, animal fibers, or synthetic fibers, or a combination of two or more of these fibers. Stump socks or stockings are made either with one closed end and one open end, or with an open end and a small hole in the other end intended for use with locking prosthetic liners."
    },
    {
      "code": "39532",
      "display": "Soft Serve Machines",
      "definition": "Machines that churn, freeze, and dispense soft serve frozen dessert items. A liquid mixture is put into the storage chamber of the machine. Air is introduced into the freezing chamber by a pump and added to the mixture. The freezing cylinder churns and quick freezes the mixture. Soft serve machines usually have one or more hoppers for adding the mixture and one or more heads for dispensing the frozen product. The machines can be used for freezing and serving ice cream, custard, frozen yogurt, gelato, and sorbet."
    },
    {
      "code": "37617",
      "display": "Soft Tissue Mobilization Instruments",
      "definition": "Instruments, usually made of stainless steel, that are designed with beveled edges and angles to detect myofascial restrictions. These instruments come in various sizes and shapes to conform to different body anatomical locations. They are used for the detection and treatment of soft tissue disorders, including fascial restrictions as well as muscle and tendon dysfunction."
    },
    {
      "code": "26709",
      "display": "Software",
      "definition": "Information, either instruction or data that is typically stored electronically. Software is frequently classified as either: (1) system software that includes the operating systems or the utilities that enable the computer to function; or (2) application software consisting of programs that perform specific tasks for users. Software specifically intended for healthcare use is usually application software; not included in this term is software that is not intended to be modified, either because it is supplied as an integral component of a particular piece of equipment or system (i.e., firmware) or used in non-expensive devices. Software used in healthcare facilities is usually associated with a device or system (e.g., monitoring software to monitors, chemical chemistry analysis software to laboratory analyzers, data management software to information systems) and is not frequently obtained separately from the equipment. But updates, upgrades and new application software is frequently available from the manufacturers of the equipment. Dedicated healthcare software intended for educational or other purposes and that is typically intended for use with standard computers (e.g., personal computers) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41778",
      "display": "Software, 3D Printing",
      "definition": "Software designed to process image data to produce a three-dimensional object. This software can be used for image segmentation to remove unwanted data, conversion of two-dimensional image data to a virtual three-dimensional object or for conversion of a virtual three-dimensional object to specific instructions for a three-dimensional printer."
    },
    {
      "code": "26738",
      "display": "Software, Anesthetic Gas Monitoring",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate anesthetic gas monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of anesthetic gas monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring anesthetic gases and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from anesthesia units, workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Anesthetic gas monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment.  Dedicated software intended for combined anesthetic gas/physiologic monitoring is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26751",
      "display": "Software, Anesthetic Gas Recording",
      "definition": "Software designed for later processing of anesthetic gas data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of anesthetic gas recorders, usually from the same manufacturer; the software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during anesthetic gas concentration recording; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to anesthesia units and/or hospital information systems. Anesthetic gas recording software is mainly intended for use with recorded data processors; some recorders include the software needed for processing the information using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41958",
      "display": "Software, Artificial Conversation",
      "definition": "Software designed to simulate human conversation through voice commands or text dialogues or both. This software operates using artificial intelligence (AI), automated rules, natural-language processing (NLP), and machine learning (ML) and/or set guidelines. Some artificial conversation software can only respond to a set number of requests and vocabulary. Other software can self-learn as it is introduced to new dialogues and words. Artificial conversation software can be used for customer service as well as other applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "26824",
      "display": "Software, Automation System",
      "definition": "Software designed to control a system that performs a specialized procedure that can follow a pre-established program with minimal human intervention, through a user interface, or a combination of both (i.e., an automation system). This software usually interacts with the hardware needed to perform the mechanical operations and that shares the same information protocol. Automation system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of automation systems and related devices, usually supplied from the same manufacturer and/or configured according to particular healthcare facility requirements. The system also facilitates the processing and/or sending of information from the automation system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the automation system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated automation system software intended for the operation of clinical laboratory, surgery, medication and/or supplies dispensing, and other particular procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26825",
      "display": "Software, Automation System, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Automation system software designed to control a system that prepares, analyzes, and evaluates clinical laboratory samples (i.e., a laboratory automation system).This software usually interacts with the hardware needed to perform the laboratory procedure (e.g., modules for specimen handling and processing connected by a transportation system) with minimal operator intervention. Laboratory automation system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of automation systems and related devices, usually supplied from the same manufacturer and/or configured according to particular clinical laboratory requirements. The system may also facilitate the processing and/or sending of information from the automation system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the automation system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Laboratory automation system software is intended to improve the safety and/or efficiency of laboratory procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26995",
      "display": "Software, Automation System, Operating Room",
      "definition": "Automation system software designed to control a system that performs a specialized surgical procedure either following a pre-established program with minimal human intervention, through a user interface, or a combination of both (i.e., an operating room automation system).This software usually interacts with hardware needed to perform the surgical procedure, such as a user interface, surgical and ancillary devices, and video systems that share the same information protocol. Operating room automation system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of automation systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer and/or configured according particular healthcare facility requirements. The system may also facilitate the processing and/or sending of data from the automation system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life  of the equipment. Operating room automation system software is intended to improve the ergonomics, safety, and efficiency of surgical procedures, particularly during minimally invasive surgery; software intended for a variety of particular surgical procedures is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26812",
      "display": "Software, Chromatography System",
      "definition": "Software designed to provide operating parameters for a chromatography system.  The analysis of results can be facilitated by a library.  The library, which would have its own separate, periodic updates, would suggest possible results based on previously run, known specimens.  The software is intended to only work with one or a few models of chromatography systems, usually from the same manufacturer.  The software may send/receive patient information from the laboratory or hospital local information system.  Chromatography software is usually not available separate from the chromatography system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment.  Dedicated software intended for particular chromatography systems (e.g., gas, liquid, high-pressure liquid) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26813",
      "display": "Software, Chromatography System, Gas",
      "definition": "Chromatography system software designed to provide operating parameters for a gas chromatography system. The analysis of results can be facilitated by a library. The library, which would have its own separate, periodic updates, would suggest possible results based on previously run, known specimens.  This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of gas chromatography systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may send/receive patient information from the laboratory or hospital local information system. Gas chromatography software is usually not available separate from the chromatography system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26815",
      "display": "Software, Chromatography System, High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography",
      "definition": "Chromatography system software designed to provide operating parameters for a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The analysis of results can be facilitated by a library. The library, which would have its own separate, periodic updates, would suggest possible results based on previously run, known specimens.   This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of HPLC systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may send/receive patient information from the laboratory or hospital local information system. HPLC chromatography software is usually not available separate from the chromatography system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26814",
      "display": "Software, Chromatography System, Liquid",
      "definition": "Chromatography system software designed to provide operating parameters for a liquid chromatography system. The analysis of results can be facilitated by a library. The library, which would have its own separate, periodic updates, would suggest possible results based on previously run, known specimens.  This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of liquid chromatography systems usually, from the same manufacturer. The software may send/receive patient information from the laboratory or hospital local information system. Liquid chromatography software is usually not available separate from the chromatography system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "42031",
      "display": "Software, Clinical, Pharmacy, Intravenous Solution Compounding Workflow",
      "definition": "Software that integrates with a pharmacy information system to automate the process of routing, preparing, inspecting, tracking, and reporting on intravenous dosages. This software can automatically route dose orders to the appropriate workstation or pharmacy, displays facility-based preparation instructions, and provide automated dose and dilution calculations. The software can also incorporate barcode-based ingredient and dose tracking and provide detailed reporting on every dose including image and text documentation of steps taken by the pharmacy technician to prepare the medication."
    },
    {
      "code": "42019",
      "display": "Software, Clinical, Telemedicine, Videoconferencing, Surgical",
      "definition": "Telemedicine software designed to facilitate remote collaboration to prepare for or during surgical procedures. The software is designed for real-time consultation, including voice, data, and imaging interchange, from remote sites using a video link. This software can also incorporate augmented reality artificial intelligence and real-time communications using data specific to surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26874",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate computed tomography (CT) scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of CT scanning systems, usually by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and facilitate sending/receiving patient information from and to information systems.  CT scanning system software is usually not available separate from the CT system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated CT scanning system software is available for a variety of different applications (e.g., renal, cardiac, pulmonary) performed using axial (either whole body or head), spiral, or electron beam CT scanning systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26875",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography Study",
      "definition": "Software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during computed tomography (CT) studies. This software usually works with CT scanning systems and may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. CT study software is intended to work only with one or a few models of CT scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems. The software may or may not be available separate from the CT equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software is available for a variety of CT studies, such as bone mineral and cerebral blood flow analysis and also for cardiac, dental, and pulmonary image studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "26879",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography Study, Blood-Flow",
      "definition": "Computed tomography (CT) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during blood flow studies. This software usually works with CT scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of CT scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Blood flow studies typically use CT images to analyze blood vessel lumen and stenosis and/or thrombus characteristics; dedicated software for assessment of the aorta and cerebral blood flow is also available. The software may or may not be available separate from the CT equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment"
    },
    {
      "code": "26880",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography Study, Blood-Flow, Cerebral",
      "definition": "Blood flow computed tomography (CT) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during cerebral (intracranial) blood flow studies. This software usually works with CT scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only  with one or a few models of CT scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Cerebral blood flow studies typically use CT images to analyze blood vessel lumen and stenosis, brain strokes, and tumors. The software may or may not be available separate from the CT equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26876",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography Study, Bone Mineral",
      "definition": "Computed tomography (CT) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during studies intended for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment. This software usually works with CT scanning systems and workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of CT scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Bone mineral analysis studies typically use CT images to provide measurements and assessments of BMD in particular areas of the body (e.g., hip, spine). The software may be used also to detect areas of bone growth, fractures, tumors, bone infections, and/or arthritis. The software may or may not be available separate from the CT equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26877",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography Study, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Computed tomography (CT) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during studies intended for cardiac assessment. This software usually works with CT scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of CT scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Cardiac studies typically use CT images to analyze the cardiac functions, such as ejection fractions and cardiac chamber and stroke volumes; they may also be used to assess cardiac wall motion and thickness. The software may or may not be available separate from the CT equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26878",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography Study, Dental",
      "definition": "Computed tomography (CT) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during dental studies. This software usually works with CT scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of dental CT scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Dental studies typically use CT panoramic images to perform real-time image reformation and/or other dental assessments. The software may or may not be available separate from the CT equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26881",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography Study, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Computed tomography (CT) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during lung (i.e., pulmonary) studies. This software usually works with CT scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of CT scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Pulmonary studies typically use CT images to analyze structures of interest in the lung, assess nodule types (e.g., solid and non-solid), as well as evaluate pulmonary nodule size and its progress. The software may or may not be available separate from the CT equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26882",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography/Positron Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate equipment that combines computed tomography (CT) scanning and positron emission tomography (PET) systems in a single combined system, providing control/monitor of a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of the combined scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedures. The software usually provides fusion (i.e., integration) of anatomic images provided by CT slices and the functional (metabolic) images from PET scans taken in the same session with the patient in treatment position.  CT/PET scanning system software is usually not available separate from the combined system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated CT/PET scanning system software is intended to facilitate faster and more accurate evaluation than separate CT and PET systems can provide; they are mostly used for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of therapy in cancer patients, characterizing the disease by both its anatomic and biological features."
    },
    {
      "code": "26886",
      "display": "Software, Computed Tomography/Single Photon Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate equipment that combines a computed tomography (CT) scanning (frequently a multislice helical CT) and a single emission photon computed tomography (SPECT) scanning in a single system. It provides control/monitoring of a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of the combined scanning systems usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedures. The software combines SPECT imaging to detect metabolic abnormalities and CT scanning to localize lesions within the body; this combination permits acquisition of images from multislice CT and SPECT systems taken in the same session with the patient in treatment position. CT/SPECT scanning system software is usually not available separate from the combined system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated CT/PET scanning system software is intended to facilitate faster and more accurate evaluations than separate CT and SPECT systems can provide. Dedicated software intended for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of therapy in patients suffering from illnesses such as cardiac, orthopedic, and oncology is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36431",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing System",
      "definition": "Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)  system software designed to operate systems that acquire, process, and store digital  data and images needed for manufacturing a healthcare product and then send the data directly or through a network to milling units or other manufacturing machines (e.g., additive manufacturing) for automated manufacturing and/or repair of the product. The software may also control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as optical scanning system and milling/drilling machines. Some system software may allow also the processing and/or sending data from the digitization system to and from hospital information systems. CAD/CAM system software may be available as a component of the CAD/CAM system or as a separate software package; the software may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system equipment. CAD/CAM system software is used in specific healthcare areas (e.g., dental, orthopedic, ophthalmic) and/or in associated laboratories and workshops."
    },
    {
      "code": "27336",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing System, Dental Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) dental prosthesis system software designed to operate systems that obtain, process, and store digital dental topographic data and images (i.e., digital dental impressions) and send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing and/or repair of the required prostheses; the software may also control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as the optical scanning system and milling/drilling machines; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from the unit used to obtain the digital dental impression data. Computed dental CAD/CAM system software may be intended for the unit (e.g., digital scanner) that designs the dental impression, the dental milling machine, or both; the software is intended to work only with one or a few models of dental CAD/CAM systems and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. Some system software may allow also the processing and/or sending data from the digitization system to and from hospital information systems. Dental image digitization system software is not usually available separately from the digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; it is used in dentists' offices and/or dental laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "28264",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing System, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) orthopedic prosthesis system software designed to operate systems that obtain, process, and store digital orthopedic topographic data and images (i.e., orthopedic impressions) and send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing of the required prostheses, orthoses, and/or molds; the software may also control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with other devices used in the procedure, such as the optical scanning system and milling/drilling machines; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from the unit (e.g., a scanner) used to obtain the digital orthopedic impression data. Computed orthopedic CAD/CAM system software may be intended for the unit (e.g., digital scanner) that designs the impression, the orthopedic milling machine, or both; the software is intended to work only with one or a few models of orthopedic CAD/CAM systems and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. Some system software may allow also the processing and/or sending data from the digitization system to and from hospital information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "36421",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Systems, Orthopedic, Foot Orthosis/Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) orthopedic prosthesis system software designed to operate systems that obtain, process, and store digital foot orthopedic topographic data and images (i.e., orthopedic impressions) and send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing of the required prostheses and/or orthoses. The software may also control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually works in a computerized workstation and may interact with other devices used in the procedure, such as optical and/or mechanical scanning systems and milling drilling machines. Foot orthosis/prosthesis computed orthopedic CAD/CAM system software may be intended for the unit (e.g., digital scanner) that designs the impression, the orthopedic milling machine, or both. CAD/CAM system software is used in podiatric areas and associated orthopedic laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "36429",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Systems, Orthopedic, Spinal Orthosis/Prosthesis/Seat Cushion",
      "definition": "Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) orthopedic prosthesis system software designed to operate systems that obtain, process, and store digital spinal orthopedic topographic data and images (i.e., orthopedic impressions) and send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing of the required prostheses, orthoses, and/or seat cushions. The software may also control/monitor a limited number of the system functions.  This software usually works in a computerized workstation and  interacts with other devices used in the procedure, such as optical and/or mechanical scanning systems and milling drilling machines. Spinal orthosis/prosthesis/seat cushion computed orthopedic CAD/CAM system software may be intended for the unit (e.g., digital scanner) that designs the impression, the orthopedic milling machine, or both. CAD/CAM system software is used in spinal orthopedic areas and associated orthopedic laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "26935",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate computer-aided detection systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of images and the sending/receiving of patient information from and to information systems.  Computer-aided detection system software is usually not available separate from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated computer-aided system software is available for a variety of different applications, either using in-vivo images (e.g., breast, pulmonary) or from tissue (pathology) slides (e.g., Pap smear, prostatic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26936",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Image",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems intended to analyze in-vivo images and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of images and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Image computer-aided detection system software is usually not available separate from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated image computer-aided system software is available for a variety of different applications, such as the analysis of in-vivo images taken from the breast and lung, using scanning imaging systems (e.g., MRI, CT, ultrasonic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26937",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Image, Lung Nodule",
      "definition": "Image computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems intended to analyze pulmonary images and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of pulmonary images and facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. The software is usually not available separate from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Lung image computer-aided detection system software facilitates the analysis of in-vivo images intended to detect lung nodules by showing regions of interest (ROI) in the chest radiography, including lung and mediastinum."
    },
    {
      "code": "26938",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Image, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Image computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems intended to analyze breast images and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of mammographic images and facilitate the sending/receiving of patient information from and to information system.   The software is usually not available separate from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Mammographic image computer-aided detection system software facilitates the analysis of images intended to detect abnormalities in mammograms."
    },
    {
      "code": "32783",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Image, Virtual Colonoscopy",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection system software designed for systems used to analyze images performed during virtual colonoscopy (i.e., CT or MRI colonography) and to control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided detection systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the images with abnormalities (e.g., polyps) that may be indicative of colon cancer and the sending/receiving patient information from and to the local information system. The software is usually not available separate from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Virtual colonoscopy computer-aided detection system software facilitates the analysis of images intended for screening of malignant conditions of the colon, aid in the follow-up of patients, and/or help to determine cancer recurrence."
    },
    {
      "code": "26822",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Pathology Slide",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems that are intended to analyze pathology slides and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is typically intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the slides and sending/receiving patient information from and to the local information system. The software is usually not available separately from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated pathology slide computer-aided detection system software that is intended for particular applications, such as the analysis of Papanicolaou smears and prostate tissue, is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28316",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Pathology Slide, Blood Cell Classification",
      "definition": "Pathology slide computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems designed for automated in-vitro detection, identification, and pre-classification of blood cells in peripheral blood and/or other body fluid samples placed on slides and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the slides, providing automated location and identification of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) and pre-classification of RBCs according to their morphology and WBCs according to their different types. The software also provides an overview image of the platelets and identifies areas of interest in the slides for pathology review; it also facilitates sending/receiving patient information from and to the local information system. Blood cell classification computer-aided detection system software facilitates a uniform processing of hematology smears and/or blood cells and other body fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid) by laboratory technicians."
    },
    {
      "code": "34098",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Pathology Slide, Karyotyping",
      "definition": "Computer-aided detection system software designed to operate, control, and monitor a limited number of the functions of systems that are used for automated detection and classification of the size, shape, and number of chromosomes (i.e., karyotyping) on a slide containing a suspension of cell samples. This software is typically intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the detection of chromosomes, classification of the karyotype, data processing, as well as delivery of report templates in electronic and printed format. The software is usually not available separately from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system.  Dedicated karyotyping computer-aided detection system software is intended to detect extra, missing, or abnormal chromosomes for genetic diagnostic (cytogenetics) and/or research purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "26823",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Pathology Slide, Papanicolaou Smear",
      "definition": "Pathology slide computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems that are intended to analyze Papanicolaou smear slides and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the slides and sending/receiving patient information from and to the local information system. The software is usually not available separate from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. This software facilitates the analysis of slides intended for screening for malignant conditions of the female genital tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "28309",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection System, Pathology Slide, Prostate Tissue",
      "definition": "Pathology slide computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems that are intended to analyze prostate tissue histologic slides and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of computer-aided systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the slides and sending/receiving patient information from and to the local information system. The software is usually not available separate from the computer-aided system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Prostate tissue computer-aided detection system software facilitates the analysis of slides intended for screening of malignant conditions of the prostate and to aid in the prediction of prostate cancer recurrence."
    },
    {
      "code": "29577",
      "display": "Software, Computer-Aided Detection Systems, Image, Spine, Skin Surfacing",
      "definition": "Image computer-aided detection system software designed to operate detection systems used to analyze in-vivo images of the spine. These detection systems assess the spine structure (i.e., spine configuration and its abnormalities) from the skin surface without using ionizing radiation. This software can work with personal computers that provide a minimum of the required capabilities; the software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of spinal images taken from the skin. The software is usually supplied with the computer-aided systems and may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Spine skin surface image computer-aided detection system software facilitates the analysis of deformities in the sagittal and frontal planes (e.g., segmental angles, perpendicular inclination) and the segmental motion of the spine; it is mainly used to determine the status and progress of spinal disorders, including kyphosis or lordosis of particular spinal areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "32662",
      "display": "Software, Data Interface Unit/System",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage/operate computerized data interface information units or systems intended for healthcare facilities. This software may be intended for a particular set of devices and information systems or flexible enough to integrate the entire network of the healthcare facility, including most or all of the independent information systems and devices of the facility; the software is usually associated with a dedicated network server. Data interface software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data obtained in specific areas or throughout the facility; software that can work as a separate component that is matched to the existing network is also available. Data interface software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated and/or upgraded versions. Dedicated software intended only for interfacing medical devices to information systems and for interfacing information systems to each other are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26767",
      "display": "Software, Device Programming/Testing",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate non-invasive device programmer/testers, control/monitor a limited number of the functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of programmer/testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing and/or changing the characteristics (i.e., programming) of a medical device parameters, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Device programming/testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in particular areas of a healthcare facility such as cardiac and neurology departments.  Dedicated device programming/testing software is available for several, frequently implantable, medical devices such as implantable pacemakers, defibrillators, cardioverters, stimulators, and infusion pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "28501",
      "display": "Software, Device Programming/Testing, Hearing Aid",
      "definition": "Device programming and testing software designed for non-invasively programming or re-programming and testing hearing aids by processing data from an associated computer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to allow the analysis of the measurements performed on the user while assessing and/or changing the characteristics (i.e., programming, also known as fitting) of the hearing aid. Hearing aid programming/testing software is not usually available separate from the tester (e.g., a hearing aid/computer interface) but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the programmer/tester. The software is used for programming, testing, and/or fitting a programmable hearing aid to a particular patient in audiometry departments or doctors' offices; some programs may be intended for home use."
    },
    {
      "code": "26772",
      "display": "Software, Device Programming/Testing, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Device programming and testing software designed for non-invasively re-programming (e.g., modifying the pacemaker rate) and testing implantable cardiac pacemakers, control/monitor a limited number of the implanted pacemaker functions, and/or process data obtained from the pacemaker. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of infusion pump programmer/testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing and/or changing the characteristics (i.e., programming) of the implanted cardiac pacemaker; the software may also transmit and/or receive information from hospital information systems. Implantable cardiac pacemaker programming/testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the programmer/tester; the software is mainly used in particular areas of a healthcare facility such as cardiac and neurology departments.  Dedicated implantable pacemaker programming/testing software is also available for implantable defibrillator/pacemakers."
    },
    {
      "code": "26773",
      "display": "Software, Device Programming/Testing, Implantable Infusion Pump",
      "definition": "Device programming and testing software designed for non-invasively re-programming (e.g., modifying the drug-delivery rate)  and testing implantable infusion pumps, control/monitor a limited number of the implanted pump functions, and/or process data obtained from the pump. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of infusion pump programmer/testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing and/or changing the characteristics (i.e., programming) of the implanted infusion pump; the software may also transmit and/or receive information from hospital information systems. Implantable infusion pump programming/testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the programmer/tester."
    },
    {
      "code": "31194",
      "display": "Software, Device Programming/Testing, Implantable Sleep Apnea Neuromuscular Stimulator",
      "definition": "Device programming and testing software designed for non-invasively re-programming (e.g., modifying the stimulator rate range) and testing implantable sleep apnea neuromuscular stimulators, control/monitor a limited number of the stimulator functions, and/or process data obtained from the sleep apnea stimulator. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of sleep apnea programmer/testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may also communicate with hospital information systems. Implantable sleep apnea neuromuscular stimulator programming/testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the programmer/tester."
    },
    {
      "code": "26760",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate device testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software may be intended to work with one or a few models of device testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing the device parameters, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Device testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in biomedical engineering departments located in healthcare facilities.  Dedicated device testing software is available for a great variety of functions and/or devices, including electrical safety, cardiac pacemakers, infusion pumps, and ventilators."
    },
    {
      "code": "34704",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing, Ear Plug/Muff Fitting",
      "definition": "Device testing software designed to operate ear plug and muff fitting testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while testing plug and muff fitting to a particular user. Ear plug/muff fitting software is intended to work in personal computers; it is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester. The software is mainly used to test the fitting of ear plugs and muffs used to provide protection to people that work in noisy environments, avoiding overprotection."
    },
    {
      "code": "26761",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing, Electrical Safety",
      "definition": "Device testing software designed to operate electrical safety device testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software may be intended to work with one or a few models of electrical safety testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing the device electrical safety, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Electrical safety testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in biomedical engineering departments located in healthcare facilities.  Dedicated electrical safety software intended to assess the safety of electrical devices and accessories, such as line voltage/wiring in receptacles and the integrity and operation of ground-fault circuit interrupters is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26763",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing, Electrosurgical Unit",
      "definition": "Device testing software designed to operate electrosurgical unit (ESU) testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software may be intended to work with one or a few models of electrosurgical unit testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing the electrosurgical unit parameters. Electrosurgical unit testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in biomedical engineering departments located in healthcare facilities.  Dedicated device testing software that can run user-programmable automatic test protocols for a specific ESU is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26764",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing, External Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Device testing software designed to operate external cardiac pacemaker testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software may be intended to work with one or a few models of external pacemaker testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing the pacemaker parameters. External cardiac pacemaker testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in biomedical engineering departments located in healthcare facilities.  Dedicated device testing software that can simulate the electrocardiographic signal and arrhythmia waveform to verify the monitoring capabilities of the pacemaker is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26762",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing, External Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Device testing software designed to operate external defibrillator testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software may be intended to work with one or a few models of defibrillator testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing the defibrillator tester parameters. Defibrillator testers software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in biomedical engineering departments located in healthcare facilities.  Dedicated defibrillator testing software that can simulate human electrocardiographic signals and arrhythmia waveforms to verify the monitoring capabilities of the defibrillator is also available; the software frequently includes test sequence protocols to test both semi- and fully automatic defibrillators."
    },
    {
      "code": "26765",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing, Infusion Pump",
      "definition": "Device testing software designed to operate infusion pump testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software may be intended to work with one or a few models of infusion pump testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing the infusion pump parameters. Infusion pump testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in biomedical engineering departments located in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "26766",
      "display": "Software, Device Testing, Ventilator",
      "definition": "Device testing software designed to operate mechanical ventilator testers, control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software may be intended to work with one or a few models of ventilator testers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing the ventilator parameters. Ventilator testing software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the tester; the software is mainly used in biomedical engineering departments located in healthcare facilities.  Dedicated ventilator testing software that can simulate the human respiration is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41759",
      "display": "Software, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction",
      "definition": "Software designed for analysis of data derived from a digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of digital PCR processors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during PCR processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "26949",
      "display": "Software, Digital Radiographic System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate digital radiography systems and control/monitor a limited number of the radiographic system functions. This software usually interacts with the x-ray subsystem, detectors, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the radiographic procedure. Digital radiographic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of radiographic systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digital radiographic system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiographic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated digital radiography system software intended for chest, dental, mammographic, and other radiographic procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26950",
      "display": "Software, Digital Radiographic System, Chest",
      "definition": "Digital radiography software designed to operate chest (thoracic) radiography systems and control/monitor a limited number of the chest radiographic system functions. This software usually interacts with the radiographic unit, detectors, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the radiographic procedure. Chest digital radiographic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of radiographic systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digital radiographic system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the chest radiographic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated digital chest radiography system software is intended mainly for assessing pulmonary and/or cardiac problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26951",
      "display": "Software, Digital Radiographic System, Dental",
      "definition": "Digital radiography software designed to operate dental radiography systems and control/monitor a limited number of the dental radiographic system functions. This software usually interacts with a conventional dental radiographic unit, detectors, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images (e.g., zooming, multi-image viewing) obtained during the dental radiographic procedure. Dental digital radiographic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of dental radiographic systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software may also facilitate the processing and/or sending of data from the dental digital radiographic system to and from to a local patient information system located in the dentist's office and, when used in hospitals, to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the dental radiographic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26952",
      "display": "Software, Digital Radiographic System, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Digital radiography software designed to operate breast radiography (i.e., mammographic) systems and control/monitor a limited number of the mammographic system functions. This software usually interacts with mammographic and positioning units, detectors, and monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images (e.g., zooming, multi-image viewing) obtained during the mammographic procedure. Digital mammography system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of mammographic systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digital mammographic system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the chest radiographic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Digital mammographic software is intended for assessing or screening breast lesions and/or tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "34889",
      "display": "Software, Drug of Abuse Test Systems, IVD Screening",
      "definition": "Software designed to capture quantitative test results from analysis of body fluids intended to detect one or more of a group of drugs with a high potential of abuse. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of drug-of-abuse systems that should include urine sampling devices that prevent tampering and an automated sample analyzer; the software is usually capable of managing additional results from laboratory and breath tests (e.g., alcohol), and/or manual data from physical examinations. The software package that controls the process is typically operated through an internet connection. Drug-of-abuse screening test software is used to operate drug-of-abuse screening systems located in occupational health facilities that perform tests for employee screening as well as for use in emergency situations when use of drugs-of-abuse may be involved."
    },
    {
      "code": "26890",
      "display": "Software, Electrical Impedance Scanning",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate electrical impedance scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of electrical impedance scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and facilitate sending/receiving patient information from and to information systems.   Electrical impedance scanning system software is usually not available separate from the electrical impedance system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated electrical impedance scanning system software intended for use as an adjunct test for ambiguous mammograms is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26891",
      "display": "Software, Electrical Impedance Scanning, Mammography",
      "definition": "Electrical impedance software designed to operate mammographic systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of electrical impedance mammographic systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of impedance measurements performed during the scanning procedure and facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  The software is usually not available separate from the electrical impedance system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Mammographic electrical impedance scanning system software is mainly intended as an adjunct test for ambiguous mammograms to facilitate early diagnostics and reduce the number of biopsies."
    },
    {
      "code": "26816",
      "display": "Software, Electrophoresis System",
      "definition": "Software designed to provide operating parameters for an electrophoresis system. The analysis of results can be facilitated by a library. The library, which would have its own separate, periodic updates, would suggest possible results based on previously run, known specimens.  This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of electrophoresis systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may send/receive patient information from the laboratory or hospital local information system. Electrophoresis software is usually not available separate from the electrophoresis system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; dedicated software intended for capillary electrophoresis systems are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26817",
      "display": "Software, Electrophoresis System, Capillary",
      "definition": "Software designed to provide operating parameters for a capillary electrophoresis system. The analysis of results can be facilitated by a library. The library, which would have its own separate, periodic updates, would suggest possible results based on previously run, known specimens.  This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of capillary electrophoresis systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may send/receive patient information from the laboratory or hospital local information system. Capillary electrophoresis software is usually not available separate from the electrophoresis system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26794",
      "display": "Software, Environmental Monitoring",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate environmental parameter monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of environmental monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring environmental parameters either in the atmosphere or in enclosed environments (e.g., patient or clean rooms),  and/or while processing and or transmitting/receiving  information from  hospital information systems. Environmental monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used in closed environments located in healthcare facilities.  Dedicated software for environmental measuring of temperature, gases (e.g., oxygen, ethylene oxide), and radiation is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26796",
      "display": "Software, Environmental Monitoring, Carbon Dioxide",
      "definition": "Environmental monitoring software designed to operate carbon dioxide monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of carbon dioxide monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring carbon dioxide (e.g., graphical display of concentration in a period of time) in enclosed environments such as anaerobic chambers, glove boxes, and laboratory hoods."
    },
    {
      "code": "26797",
      "display": "Software, Environmental Monitoring, Ethylene Oxide",
      "definition": "Environmental monitoring software designed to operate ethylene oxide monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ethylene oxide monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring ethylene oxide (e.g., graphical display of concentration in a period of time, staff exposure) in enclosed environments and/or while processing and or transmitting/receiving information from hospital information systems.  Ethylene oxide monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used in closed environments located in healthcare facilities such as sterilization rooms and gas cylinder storage areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "26798",
      "display": "Software, Environmental Monitoring, Multigas",
      "definition": "Environmental monitoring software designed to operate multigas (including toxic and/or flammable gases) monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of multigas monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation, analysis (may trigger alarms) of the measurements performed while monitoring the gas concentration (e.g., graphical display of concentration in a period of time, staff exposure) in enclosed environments and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems.  Multigas monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used in closed environments located in healthcare facilities such as operating rooms, intensive care units, clinical laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "26795",
      "display": "Software, Environmental Monitoring, Temperature",
      "definition": "Environmental monitoring software designed to operate temperature monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of temperature monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring temperature (e.g., graphical display of temperature trends in a period of time) in enclosed environments such as chambers, refrigerators, and/or freezers."
    },
    {
      "code": "33408",
      "display": "Software, Forensic Data Copier",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate forensic digital data copiers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or acquire, process, and archive digital data obtained during the investigation. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedures, such as computer hard disks, smart telephones, and digital cameras. Forensic copier software is intended to work only with one or a few models of copiers and related devices, typically supplied by the same manufacturer. The software is not usually available separately from the copier but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. The software may process the computer hard disk (including encrypted files), analyze e-mail and Internet use; and analyze the content of compact disks (CD) and/or digital versatile disks (DVD, also known as digital video disk). Some software is intended only for hard disk forensic analysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "26892",
      "display": "Software, Gamma Camera Scanning",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate gamma camera scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of  gamma camera scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Gamma camera scanning system software is usually not available separate from the gamma camera system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated software intended for two-dimension (planar) imaging and for the assessment of cross-sectional slices that are reconstructed as tomographic images (single-photon emission tomography [SPET]) is also available. The software is used for a variety of clinical evaluations, including nuclear cardiology studies, and imaging of cerebral blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "26893",
      "display": "Software, Gamma Camera Scanning, Planar Image",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate a two-dimension (planar) imaging gamma camera scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of gamma camera scanning systems usually, supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Gamma camera scanning system software is usually not available separate from the gamma camera system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Two-dimension (planar) imaging system software is used for a variety of clinical evaluations, including nuclear cardiology studies, and imaging of cerebral blood flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "26894",
      "display": "Software, Gamma Camera Scanning, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography",
      "definition": "Gamma camera scanning software designed to operate single photon emission computed tomography scanning (SPECT) systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of SPECT systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.   SPECT  scanning system software is usually not available separate from the  gamma camera  scanning system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. SPECT system software is intended for the reconstruction of tomographic images of the cross-sectional slices obtained during the scanning procedure. Dedicated SPECT software is available for particular applications, such as whole-body bone imaging, brain perfusion studies, and cardiac imaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "26848",
      "display": "Software, Identification/Tracking/Security System",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage/operate computerized systems intended for asset and/or person identification and tracking due to safety and/or security concerns. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of asset identification and location systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software may perform a variety of algorithms for asset and/or person location and movement throughout a healthcare facility and to manage the operation of the computerized system.  Identification, tracking, and security system software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment by releasing updated versions. Dedicated software intended only for asset, adults, and infants is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26852",
      "display": "Software, Identification/Tracking/Security System, Asset",
      "definition": "Identification/tracking/security system software designed to manage/operate computerized systems intended for asset identification and tracking due to safety and/or security concerns. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of asset identification and location systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software may perform a variety of algorithms for asset location and movement throughout a healthcare facility.  Asset identification, tracking and security system software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment by releasing updated versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "26854",
      "display": "Software, Identification/Tracking/Security System, Infant",
      "definition": "Identification/tracking/security system software designed to manage/operate computerized systems intended for infant identification and tracking due to safety and/or security concerns. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of infant identification and location systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software may perform a variety of algorithms for infant location and movement throughout a healthcare facility. Infant identification, tracking and security system software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e.,  through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment by releasing updated versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "26853",
      "display": "Software, Identification/Tracking/Security System, Person",
      "definition": "Identification/tracking/security system software designed to manage/operate computerized systems intended for person identification and tracking due to safety and/or security concerns. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of person identification and location systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software may perform a variety of algorithms for person location and movement throughout a healthcare facility and to manage the operation of the computerized system.  Person identification, tracking and security system software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment by releasing updated versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "26855",
      "display": "Software, Identification/Tracking/Security System, Pharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Identification/tracking/security system software designed to manage/operate computerized systems intended for pharmaceutical identification and tracking due to safety and/or security concerns. This software is intended identify and track pharmaceutical container entry, exit, and location within factories, distribution centers, healthcare facilities, and pharmacies, permitting the tracking of pharmaceuticals along the supply chain. The software usually works with one or a few models of pharmaceutical identification and location systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  It may perform a variety of algorithms for pharmaceutical location and movement throughout all the distribution chain.  Pharmaceutical identification, tracking and security system software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment by releasing updated versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "26939",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate systems that process and store digital data and images (i.e., a digitization system) obtained from an external source (e.g., video camera) and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as computers, digital storage recorders, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from a video camera and/or other data or image source. Digitization system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of digitization systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. Image digitization system software is not usually available separate from the digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated digitization system software intended for specific data and images obtained in angiographic/cardiovascular, computed radiography, mammographic, microscopic, ophthalmic, and other particular procedures is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26940",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System, Angiographic/Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Image digitization system software designed to operate systems that process and store digital angiographic and/or cardiovascular data and images obtained from an external source (e.g., video camera) and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as computers, digital storage recorders, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from a video camera and/or other data or image source. Angiography/cardiovascular digitization system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of digitization systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Angiography/cardiovascular digitization system software permit the performance of digital subtraction angiography and other computer assisted procedures when using radiographic/fluoroscopic systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26943",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System, Computed Radiography",
      "definition": "Image digitization system software designed to operate systems that process and store digital data and image radiographic data obtained from an external source (e.g., phosphor plate) and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as computers, digital storage recorders, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from a data and/or image source. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of digitization systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. Computed radiography digitization system software is not usually available separate from the digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated computed radiography digitization system software intended for specific data and images obtained in dental, mammographic, and other particular procedures is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26944",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System, Computed Radiography, Dental",
      "definition": "Image digitization system software designed to operate systems that process and store digital dental (typically intraoral) radiographic data and images obtained from an external source (e.g., phosphor plates) and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as an image reader and a control console. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from the external radiographic data or image source. Computed dental radiography digitization system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of radiographic digitization systems and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer; the system may allow also the processing and/or sending data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dental image digitization system software is used mainly in a dentist's office."
    },
    {
      "code": "26945",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System, Computed Radiography, Mammography",
      "definition": "Image digitization system software designed to operate systems that process and store digital mammographic data and images obtained from an external source (e.g., phosphor plate) and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as computers, digital storage recorders, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from the data and image source. Mammographic digitization system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of mammographic systems and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the mammographic digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26946",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System, Microscopy",
      "definition": "Image digitization system software designed to operate systems that process and store digital microscopy data and images obtained from a microscope and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as a control console, digital storage recorders, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from the optical path of a microscope. Microscopy digitization system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of digitization systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the microscopy digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Microscopy digitization system software permit the performance of a variety of computer assisted image acquisitions; dedicated software is also available for use with scanning laser confocal microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "26947",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System, Microscopy, Confocal Laser",
      "definition": "Microscopy Image digitization system software designed to operate systems that process and store digital microscopy data and images obtained from a scanning laser confocal microscope and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as a light source, digital storage recorders, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained from the optical path of a scanning laser confocal microscope. Scanning laser confocal microscopy digitization system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of microscopy digitization systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the microscopy digitization system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Scanning laser confocal microscopy digitization system software permit the performance of a variety of computer assisted image acquisitions; including observing the structure of both normal and living cancer cells assisting in-vivo histological diagnosis (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract) without the need for biopsy."
    },
    {
      "code": "26948",
      "display": "Software, Image Digitization System, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Image digitization system software designed to operate systems that process and store digital ophthalmic data and images obtained from a fundus camera, fluorescent angiography, and/or other source; the digitization system software may also control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as a digital video camera, digital storage recorders, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of ophthalmic data and images obtained from the source. Ophthalmic digitization system software is intended to work with ophthalmic digitization systems and related devices. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the digitization system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. Ophthalmic digitization system software permit the performance of a variety of computer assisted image procedures from images taken from fundus and fluorescing angiography cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "26856",
      "display": "Software, Information System",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage/operate computerized information systems intended for healthcare facilities. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of information systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data obtained in specific areas or throughout the facility. Information system software is available as part of the complete information system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated and/or upgraded versions. Dedicated information software intended for one or more particular applications such as data management, telemedicine, and education is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41963",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Animal Facility",
      "definition": "Software designed to collect, process, and record information related to the management of animal facilities (e.g., research animal colonies). This software may facilitate one or more aspects of animal facility management, including tracking of animal procurement; tracking inventory of animals and supplies; and tracking animal husbandry requirements including generation of work orders and monitoring task completion. The software may also facilitate the generation and review of compliance with protocols for ensuring the ethical treatment of animals used in research (e.g., Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee [IACUC] protocols)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26857",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management",
      "definition": "Information system software designed to manage/operate computerized information systems intended for healthcare facility data management. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of data management information systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data obtained in specific areas or throughout the facility. Information system data management software is available as part of the complete information system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated software intended for administrative, hospital record, and clinical data is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26858",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Administrative",
      "definition": "Data management information system software designed to manage/operate computerized information systems intended for healthcare facility administrative data management. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of administrative data management information systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data obtained in specific areas or throughout the facility. Administrative data management information system software is available as part of the complete information system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated administrative data management software intended only for particular applications, such as bed management, coding/reimbursement, financial, human resources, and materials management is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41804",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Administrative, Central Sterile Supply",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage, process, and record computerized comprehensive information related to central sterile supply. This software typically integrates the workflow of sterilizing and reprocessing equipment, instruments, and linens; standard operating procedures and associated documentation; compliance management; task organization; and data storage. The software can store data from sterilizers and washers and biological and chemical indicator results. Central sterile supply software usually provides the ability for management of maintenance and daily service tasks for sterilization equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41567",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Administrative, Compliance Management, Pharmacy",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage, process, and record computerized comprehensive information related to standards and/or regulatory compliance in pharmacies. This software typically integrates standard operating procedures and associated documentation, compliance management, task organization, and data storage. Pharmacy compliance management software usually provides the ability for scheduling and tracking compliance tasks, compliance training, standard operating procedures, and documentation requirements. Some software also can manage information related to drug diversion regulation compliance."
    },
    {
      "code": "41882",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Administrative, Dependent Care",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage, process, and record computerized comprehensive information related to services and facilities for dependent care. This software typically integrates business management data and information unique to each dependent. The software can include invoicing, billing, and payments capabilities, as well as staff management. It can also be used to collect and analyze data specialized to dependent care such as immunization records, staff-client ratios, and attendance. Dependent care administrative software may also be used for check-in and check-out procedures, registrations, and interactions with home caregivers."
    },
    {
      "code": "26860",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Clinical",
      "definition": "Data management information system software designed to manage/operate computerized information systems intended for clinical and patient data management. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of hospital data management information systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data usually in specific areas or particular procedures or, less frequently, throughout the facility and also manage the operation of the system. Clinical data management information system software is available as part of the complete information system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated clinical data management software intended only for particular healthcare applications, such as electrocardiography, clinical pharmacy, emergency care, clinical laboratory, anatomic pathology, obstetrics, oncology, radiotherapy, radiology, bedside, blood bank, provider order entry, home care, health record, perioperative, physician practice, and risk management is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27652",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Clinical, Cell Therapy",
      "definition": "Data management information system software designed to manage/operate cell therapy patient and product data, including information needed for transplantation. This software is intended to work with standard clinical data management information systems which meet appropriate technical characteristics. The software performs a variety of algorithms to process and store all data related to cell therapy standard working procedures and/or other particular dedicated procedures performed in the facility. The software may interact with other information systems and/or equipment, keep track of consumable availability and inventories, and provide outcome reports according to the healthcare facility needs. Cell therapy data management information system software may be available as part of a complete clinical information system package or as a separate component intended for use in specialized departments of healthcare facilities (e.g., cellular therapy laboratories, blood banks, cell distribution centers). The software may be modified during the life of the information system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated software intended for particular applications, such as cord blood, cardiology, oncology, and bone marrow cell/transplantation is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27406",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Clinical, Cell Therapy, Cord Blood",
      "definition": "Cell therapy information system software designed to manage/operate cord blood patient and product data, including information needed for transplantation. This software is intended to work with standard clinical healthcare and/or blood bank data management information systems which meet appropriate technical characteristics. The software performs a variety of algorithms to process and store all data related to cord blood standard working procedures, including built-in workflows for cord blood, apheresis procedures, and/or other particular dedicated procedures performed in the facility. The software may interact with other information systems and/or equipment, keep track of consumable availability and inventories, and provide outcome reports according to the facility needs. Cord blood data management information system software is available as part of a cell therapy department and/or blood bank complete information system software package or as a separate component. The software may be modified during the life of the system by releasing updated versions."
    },
    {
      "code": "26859",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Hospital",
      "definition": "Data management information system software designed to manage/operate computerized information systems intended for hospital centralized data management. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of hospital data management information systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data obtained throughout the facility. Hospital data management information system software is available as part of the complete information system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated hospital data management software intended only for particular applications, such as centralized scheduling, admission/discharge/transfer, integrated (high-level patient management), and master patient index is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33446",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Hospital, Asset/Maintenance",
      "definition": "Information system software designed to manage/operate computerized hospital information systems intended to record, process, and display comprehensive financial, management, and technical information including maintenance procedures regarding the assets of hospitals and/or other healthcare facilities, facilitating the performance of enterprise asset management systems (EAMSs) and/or computerized maintenance management systems (CMMSs). This software is intended to work with standard or customized data management information systems which may be supplied by the same manufacturer. Asset/maintenance data management software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the information system by releasing updated versions. Some dedicated software is intended to provide only some of the capabilities (e.g., inventory and maintenance of devices, assets management)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34916",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Data Management, Hospital, Rounding",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage, process, and record computerized comprehensive information related to hospital rounding. This software typically integrates staff hospital rounding information with patient satisfaction data. The software can include checklists and task lists for doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals related to hospital rounding. It can also be used to collect and analyze data on patient care experience. Hospital rounding software may also be used for scheduling staff based on need and administering questionnaires to staff and patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "26867",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Educational",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage/operate patient and/or clinical staff educational information systems. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of educational information systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data, either for education of staff and/or credentialing. Educational software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated educational software intended for patients and for healthcare staff and/or human resources databases is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "37194",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Healthcare Facility, Administrative, Hygiene Management",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage, process, and record computerized comprehensive information related to hygiene management in healthcare. Usually, this software is related mainly to monitoring of hand disinfection procedures by healthcare facility staff. The software typically provides automatic monitoring, analysis, and real-time reports based on the information provided by pressure sensors and remote computerized devices that interact with soap and disinfectant dispensers, clean-hand badges used by the staff that interact with the dispensers, and detectors placed on the patient's room to assess the badges status (i.e., hands cleaned or not). Hand disinfection hygiene software is used for acquiring, assessing, and processing data related to the management of healthcare facility staff hand hygiene; some software packages may also keep record of staff accomplishment of the hospital hygienic rules and/or provide alarms in the event of high risk hygienic conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "41012",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Healthcare Facility, Administrative, Internet of Things Security",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage, process, and record computerized information related to cybersecurity for internet-enabled, non-computer devices interconnected on facility information technology networks (i.e, the internet of things). Internet of things security software typically is capable of automatically detecting and identifying devices connected to the network. The software may also be capable of managing a number of other internet of things cybersecurity functions including network-connected device maintenance (i.e., software updates, patches), tracking device utilization (including anomalous device network activity), and establishing device-level network access policies."
    },
    {
      "code": "26865",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Telemedicine",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage/operate telemedicine systems intended for clinical and patient data management. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of telemedicine systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data, frequently for specific areas or particular procedures and also manage the operation of the system. Telemedicine software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated telemedicine data management software intended for particular applications such as radiology, pathology, ophthalmology, and videoconferencing is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31215",
      "display": "Software, Information System, Telemedicine, Diagnostic Image",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage/operate telemedicine systems intended for patient image management. This software is intended to work with a variety of image devices (e.g., smart phones, tablet computers) which are used to transmit information through a healthcare Internet telephone network that follows a set of security and privacy rules (e.g., The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [HIPAA]). The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the image data, frequently for particular conditions (e.g., burnt skin) and/or procedures as well as manage the operation of the system. Diagnostic image telemedicine software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component. The software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated telemedicine image management software intended for particular applications such as dermatology, radiology, pathology, ophthalmology, and videoconferencing is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "37484",
      "display": "Software, Information Systems, Healthcare Facility, Clinical, Radiotherapy, Quality Assurance",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage, process, and record computerized information related to quality assurance for radiation therapy. This software typically receives data from radiotherapy quality assurance devices, linear accelerators, brachytherapy equipment, and/or imaging systems (e.g., CT simulators) and facilitates the tracking of quality assurance procedures within the radiation therapy department."
    },
    {
      "code": "27367",
      "display": "Software, Infusion Pump System, Control/Programming",
      "definition": "Infusion pump system software designed for controlling and programming infusion systems and their associated infusion pumps and/or to reduce programming errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems, also known as DERS) during the administration of medications. The software is intended to facilitate control and programming and to improve the safety of infusion procedures by warning users of incorrect medication orders, calculation errors, and misses in programming. The software only works with only one or a few models of infusion pumps, usually from the same manufacturer. Some software packages include automated programming and data logging. Some can perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the information related to the drug to be administered by using drug dose libraries and standard limits for a facility's medications, electrolytes, and other infusates. Control/programming software for infusion pump systems typically includes interfaces to pharmacy, electronic documentation, and/or other hospital information systems; they are used in areas of healthcare facilities where the simultaneous use of several infusion pumps is frequent."
    },
    {
      "code": "41902",
      "display": "Software, Infusion Pump System, Control/Programming, Glucose/Insulin",
      "definition": "Infusion pump system software designed for controlling and programming infusion systems and their associated infusion pumps and/or to reduce programming errors (i.e., dose error reduction systems, also known as DERS) during the administration of insulin and for continuous surveillance of patients� blood glucose levels. Dosing is calculated based on individual patient data. This software is intended to facilitate control and programming and to improve the safety of infusion procedures by warning users of incorrect medication orders, calculation errors, and misses in programming. Some software packages include automated programming and data logging. Control/programming software for insulin infusion pump systems typically includes interfaces to pharmacy, electronic documentation (EHR), and/or other hospital information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26756",
      "display": "Software, Infusion Pump, Dose Error Reduction",
      "definition": "Infusion pump software designed to reduce programming errors during the administration of medications using infusion pumps (the pumps are typically known as 'smart' pumps) by using drug dose libraries and standard limits for a facility's medications, electrolytes, and other infusates. Dose error reduction system (also known as DERS) software is intended to improve the safety of infusion procedures by warning users of incorrect medication orders, calculation errors, and misses in programming; the software only works with one or a few models of infusion pumps, usually from the same manufacturer. Some software packages include automated programming and data logging and perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the information related to the drug to be administered; the software typically includes interfaces to pharmacy, electronic documentation, and/or other hospital information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26801",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate computerized laboratory analyzers and monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of laboratory analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system, in addition to facilitating the operation of the computerized device.  Laboratory analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated laboratory analysis software for a variety of tests using clinical chemistry, hematology, immunoassay, and molecular assay (both infectious diseases and genetic test) techniques is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26802",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Clinical Chemistry",
      "definition": "Laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized chemical chemistry analyzers and monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of clinical chemistry analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system. Clinical chemistry analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26803",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Hematology",
      "definition": "Laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized hematology analyzers and monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of hematology analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system.  Hematology analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26804",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Hematology, Coagulation",
      "definition": "Laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized coagulation hematology analyzers and monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of coagulation analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system.  Coagulation hematology analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26805",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Immunoassay",
      "definition": "Laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized immunoassay analyzers and monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of immunoassay analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system. Immunoassay analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "34492",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Mass Spectrometry, Microorganism",
      "definition": "Mass spectrometry laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized mass spectrometry analyzers intended to detect and identify infectious microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, yeast, fungi) and to control and monitor some of the analyzer functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of mass spectrometry analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms for the classification and identification of microorganisms as well as to perform analysis of the data including a comparison with a library of microorganism mass spectra. Microorganism mass spectrometry analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26806",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Microbiology",
      "definition": "Laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized microbiology analyzers and monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of microbiology analyzers, usually from the same manufacture. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system.  Microbiology analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26807",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Molecular Assay",
      "definition": "Laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized molecular assay analyzers and monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of molecular assay analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system. Molecular assay analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software intended for analysis of infectious microorganisms and genetic tests is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26809",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Molecular Assay, Genetic Testing",
      "definition": "Laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized molecular assay analyzers intended for genetic tests and to monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of molecular assay analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system. Genetic test molecular assay analyzer software is usually not available separately from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26808",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Molecular Assay, Infectious Microorganism",
      "definition": "Molecular laboratory analysis software designed to operate computerized molecular assay analyzers intended for infectious microorganisms and to monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of molecular assay analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the local information system.  Infectious microorganism molecular assay analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26810",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Analysis, Urine",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate computerized urine analyzers and perform automated microscopy. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of urine analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to provide initial identification of formed element in the urine (automated microscopy) in addition to facilitating the operation of the computerized device. Urine analyzer software is usually not available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41943",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Case Simulation",
      "definition": "Software designed to simulate laboratory specimen identification and interpretation by providing images, descriptions, and other information pertaining to laboratory specimens. The software consists of images of specimen slides, incubated culture plates, reagent strips, etc. These images can be viewed at different magnifications using a virtual microscope option. The software can include other various types of educational material such as identification flow charts and testing pathways."
    },
    {
      "code": "33977",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Fermenter/Bioreactors",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate laboratory fermenters and bioreactors, control and monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while operating. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of laboratory fermenters and bioreactors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms that permit managing and monitoring of the process. It establishes parameters and alarm set points, provides batch records, and obtains data needed for quality control and/or to audit the performance during a procedure. Laboratory fermenter/bioreactor software is not usually available separate from the equipment but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software may be capable of interacting with laboratory and/or hospital information systems. Dedicated software intended for particular procedures used in microbiology and/or plant, animal, or human cell fermentation procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26799",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Measurement",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate laboratory measuring instruments, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while measuring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of measuring instruments usually from the same manufacturer; the software may perform a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detect out of range specimens, provide customized reports, and send/receive patient information from the local information system.  Laboratory measuring instrument software is usually not available separate from the instrument but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifetime of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26800",
      "display": "Software, Laboratory Measurement, In-Vitro Oximetry",
      "definition": "Laboratory measurement software designed to operate in-vitro oximeters, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while measuring (e.g., hemoglobin forms). This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of in-vitro oximeters, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, provide customized reports, and send/receive patient information from the local information system.  Laboratory oximeter software is usually not available separate from the oximeter but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26933",
      "display": "Software, Laser Scanning",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate laser scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of laser scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Laser scanning system software is usually not available separate from the laser scanning system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated laser scanning system software is available for a variety of different applications, such as mammography and optical tomography, including the characteristics of the eye structure (i.e., optical biometry)."
    },
    {
      "code": "29966",
      "display": "Software, Laser Scanning, Optical Coherence Tomography, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Laser scanning software designed to operate optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning systems that use interferometer techniques to get real-time images inside the vasculature (i.e., intravascular). The software performs a variety of algorithms for analysis of both data and image characteristics. This permits the assessment of complex lesions inside the vasculature (e.g., peripheral and coronary arteries). The software allows for accurate internal measurement in the vasculature such as lesion length and determination of the size of appropriate stents in patients that are or will be candidates to intravascular procedures. Intravascular OCT laser scanning system software is usually not available separate from the laser scanning system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated intravascular OCT laser scanning system software with algorithms for evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque components and performing internal measurements in the coronary arteries is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26934",
      "display": "Software, Laser Scanning, Optical Coherence Tomography, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Laser scanning software designed to operate scanning systems that use interferometer techniques to obtain cross-sectional images of the retina and cornea (i.e., optical tomography) and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of optical tomography scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images that reveal the underlying structure of the eye that are obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Optical tomography laser scanning system software is usually not available separate from the laser scanning system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated optical tomography laser scanning system software with algorithms to derive the intraocular distances (geometric separation) based on the refractive of the structures of the eye is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26931",
      "display": "Software, Light Scanning",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate light (i.e., photo) scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of light scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information system.  Light scanning system software is usually not available separate from the scanning system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifetime of the system. Dedicated light scanning system software intended for breast tissue (i.e., mammographic) assessment systems that typically use infrared light for scanning is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26932",
      "display": "Software, Light Scanning, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Light scanning software designed to operate mammographic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of mammographic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure (typically using infrared light) and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information system.  Mammographic light scanning system software is usually not available separate from the scanning system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "28306",
      "display": "Software, Luminometer, Adenosine Triphosphate Organic Contamination",
      "definition": "Luminometer software designed to process data obtained while measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to evaluate organic contamination using a standard computer. This software is intended to evaluate the results of measurements performed with the luminometer; they work only with one or a few models of ATP luminometers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to provide customized reports, differentiate re-testing data, and provide data archive capabilities that enable analysis of historical records; the software may also establish limits for pass/fail interpretation. ATP organic contamination software is usually not available separate from the luminometer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26909",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  MRI scanning system software is usually not available separate from the MRI system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated MRI scanning system software is available for a variety of different applications, such as whole body, extremity, mammography, neurosurgery, and endoscopy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26914",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) software designed to operate MRI systems that use endoscopic scanning reception coils and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work with one or a few models of MRI systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Endoscopic MRI scanning system software may be available separate from the MRI system and updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifetime of the system. Dedicated endoscopic MRI scanning system software is available for MRI procedures in the gastrointestinal tract; either for the lower or upper tract or both."
    },
    {
      "code": "26910",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning, Extremity",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) software designed to operate systems intended for scanning the body extremities and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Extremity MRI scanning system software is usually not available separate from the MRI system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. The software facilitates the assessment of MRI procedures using specialized surface coils (e.g., knee, upper extremity)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26911",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning, Full-Body",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) software designed to operate whole (i.e., full) body scanning   systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended tow work only with one or a few models of MRI systems usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Whole body MRI scanning system software is usually not available separate from the MRI system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated whole body MRI scanning system software is also available for open MRI systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26912",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) software designed to operate mammographic systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Mammographic MRI scanning system software is usually not available separate from the MRI system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system.  The software facilitates the assessment of MRI procedures using specialized breast surface coils; it is used as an adjunct to mammography in mammograms that are difficult to interpret."
    },
    {
      "code": "26913",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning, Neurosurgical",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) software designed to operate neurosurgical (i.e., intraoperative) systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Neurosurgical MRI scanning system software is usually not available separate from the MRI system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated MRI scanning system software is available for neurosurgery; software with 3-D analysis capabilities is used for planning and performing stereotactic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26915",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study",
      "definition": "Software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. This software usually works with MRI scanning systems and may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. MRI study software is intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems. The software may or may not be available  separate from the MRI equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software is available for a variety of MRI studies; some software is also capable of processing spectrographic data. Dedicated MRI study software is available for particular studies, such as blood flow analysis and also for cardiac, prostatic, and breast image studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "26918",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Blood-Flow",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during blood flow studies. This software usually works with MRI scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Blood flow studies typically use MRI images to analyze blood vessel lumen, stenosis, and/or arterio-venous malformations. The software may or may not be available separate from the MRI equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "33902",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Brain",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during brain studies. This software usually works with MRI scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, and recorders. This software also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. It is used for automatic labeling, visualization, and volumetric quantification of segmentable brain structures and lesions. The software may or may not be available separate from the MRI equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26916",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during studies intended for cardiac assessment. This software usually works with MRI scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Cardiac studies typically use MRI images to analyze the cardiac functions in real time, such as ejection fractions and cardiac chamber and stroke volumes; they may also assess cardiac wall motion and thickness. The software may or may not be available separate from the MRI equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26919",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during breast (i.e., mammographic) studies. This software usually works with MRI mammographic scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, and recorders. The software is intended to work only  with one or a few models of MRI scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Breast studies typically use MRI images for a better characterization of lesions and monitoring of treatment progress.  The software may or may not be available separate from the MRI equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26917",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Prostatic",
      "definition": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during prostate assessment studies. This software usually works with MRI scanning systems and post-imaging workstations; it may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as monitors, printers, contrast media injectors, and recorders. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of MRI scanning systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems and other (e.g., picture archiving and communication) workstations. Prostatic studies typically use MRI images to analyze the prostate providing positional and functional information about abnormalities. Some software is also capable of processing spectrographic data. The software may or may not be available separate from the MRI equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "28236",
      "display": "Software, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Positron Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate equipment that combines magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in a single combined system, providing control/monitor of a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work with only one or a few models of the combined scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedures. The software usually provides fusion (i.e., integration) of anatomic images provided by MRI slices and the functional (metabolic) images from PET scans taken in the same session, either simultaneously or sequentially, with the patient in treatment position. MRI/PET scanning system software is usually not available separately from the combined system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated MRI/PET scanning system software is intended to facilitate faster and more accurate evaluation than separate MRI and PET systems can provide; they are mostly used for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of therapy in specialties such as oncology, cardiology, and neurology, characterizing the disease by both its anatomic and biological features."
    },
    {
      "code": "30648",
      "display": "Software, Neuropsychological Assessment",
      "definition": "Software designed to make a computerized assessment of a neurophysiological conditions of a patient while using a dedicated program. The software can detect, evaluate, and record the relationship between the functioning of the brain and cognitive processes or behavior (i.e., neuropsychological characteristics) such as speed and accuracy of attention, memory, and thinking capability of people by self-testing using a computer. This software is intended to work by assessing the responses provided by the patient to a computer program. Neuropsychological computerized assessment software may be used to store the parameters of a group of people (e.g., workers, military personnel) in a database. It allows the comparison of the registered data with new assessments performed after trauma or illness by a medical specialist. The program facilitates the evaluation of the capability for future performance during work or combat and/or the need of medical treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41692",
      "display": "Software, Neuropsychological Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Software designed for the treatment of neurophysiological conditions of a patient while using a dedicated program. The software targets activation of specific neural systems in the brain to treat diseases with associated cognitive dysfunction. The software may present specific sensory stimuli and simultaneous motor challenges designed to target and activate the neural systems, such as attention, memory, and thinking capability. This software can be used to treat attention deficit disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "26920",
      "display": "Software, Nuclear Medicine Study",
      "definition": "Software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during nuclear medicine studies. This software usually works with nuclear medicine and/or gamma camera workstations and  interacts with devices used in the procedures, such as gamma cameras, single photon emission computed tomography, and thyroid uptake systems. Nuclear medicine study software is intended to work only with one or a few models of nuclear medicine equipment and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to and from hospital information systems. The software may or may not be available separate from the nuclear medicine equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software is available for a variety of nuclear medicine studies, including programs for thyroid function and coronary artery, liver, pulmonary, and renal scanned imaging."
    },
    {
      "code": "26922",
      "display": "Software, Nuclear Medicine Study, Cardiac Stress Exercise/Thallium",
      "definition": "Nuclear medicine study software  designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained from nuclear medicine studies. These studies are performed on patients during and after practicing stress exercises (or after the administration of drugs such as dipyridamole for patients not capable of exercising) with radioactive thallium injected in the bloodstream. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedures, such as scanning gamma cameras and nuclear medicine workstations. Thallium stress exercise nuclear medicine study software is intended to work only with one or a few models of nuclear medicine equipment and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to nuclear medicine workstations to and from other hospital information systems. Thallium-based nuclear medicine studies are used to diagnose the presence of coronary artery disease by assessing the Thallium absorbed by the heart walls. The software may or may not be available separate from the nuclear medicine equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software for Thallium studies performed using planar and/or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26927",
      "display": "Software, Nuclear Medicine Study, Liver",
      "definition": "Nuclear medicine study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained from studies of the liver performed on patients after injection of a radioactive substance in the bloodstream. This software usually works with a nuclear medicine and/or gamma camera workstation and may also interact with other devices used in the procedures such as scanning gamma cameras; the software is intended to work only with one or a few models of nuclear medicine equipment and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates facilitating the processing and/or sending of data to other nuclear medicine workstations and hospital information systems. The software may or may not be available separate from the nuclear medicine equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Liver nuclear medicine studies are used to diagnose the presence of tumors and/or liver cirrhosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "26928",
      "display": "Software, Nuclear Medicine Study, Pulmonary",
      "definition": "Nuclear medicine study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained from lung studies. The study is usually performed in two parts: first, a series of images are taken after inhalation of a radioactive gas to show the tissue of the lungs; then, a radioactive substance is injected in the bloodstream and more images are taken to check the blood supply to the lungs. This software usually works with a nuclear medicine and/or gamma camera workstation and may also interact with other devices used in the procedures such as scanning gamma cameras. Lung nuclear medicine study software is intended to work only with one or a few models of nuclear medicine equipment and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to other nuclear medicine workstations and hospital information systems. Lung nuclear medicine studies are used mainly to detect air and/or blood circulation in the lungs, especially to find blood clots in the lungs (i.e., to diagnose pulmonary embolism). The software may or may not be available separate from the nuclear medicine equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26929",
      "display": "Software, Nuclear Medicine Study, Renal",
      "definition": "Nuclear medicine study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained from studies of the kidneys performed on patients after injection of a radioactive substance in the bloodstream. This software usually works with a nuclear medicine and/or gamma camera workstation and may also interact with other devices used in the procedures such as scanning gamma cameras; the software is intended to work only with one or a few models of nuclear medicine equipment and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates  the processing and/or sending of data to other nuclear medicine workstations and hospital information systems. The software may or may not be available separate from the nuclear medicine equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Renal (i.e., kidney) nuclear medicine studies are used to assess the anatomy, function, and blood supply to the kidneys, especially to diagnose the presence of tumors and/or liver cirrhosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "26921",
      "display": "Software, Nuclear Medicine Study, Thyroid Function",
      "definition": "Nuclear medicine study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during studies of the thyroid gland. This software usually works with nuclear medicine workstations; the software may also interact with devices used in the procedures, such as gamma cameras and thyroid uptake systems. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of nuclear medicine equipment and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or data interchange with other nuclear medicine workstations and/or hospital information systems. Thyroid function software may or may not be available separate from the nuclear medicine equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated thyroid function nuclear medicine software facilitates the determination of how active the thyroid gland is; it is used to check the size and shape of the gland and to localize nodules or tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "26930",
      "display": "Software, Nuclear Medicine Study, Whole-Body/Bone",
      "definition": "Nuclear medicine study software designed to acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained from studies performed on the patient's whole body. These studies are mainly intended to scan for bone absorption after injection of a radioactive substance (e.g., Technetium) in the bloodstream. This software usually works with a nuclear medicine and/or gamma camera workstation and may also interact with other devices used in the procedures such as scanning gamma cameras. The software is intended to work only with one or a few models of nuclear medicine equipment and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data to other nuclear medicine workstations and hospital information systems. Whole-body/bone nuclear medicine studies are mainly used to detect areas of bone growth, fractures, tumors, bone infections, and/or arthritis; some bone studies are limited to a particular area of the body. The software may or may not be available separate from the nuclear medicine equipment and may be updated and/or upgraded (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26774",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate computerized physiologic analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of physiologic analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing physiologic data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Physiologic analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated physiologic analyzer software is available to assess a  variety (e.g., neuromuscular, visual, peristaltic motility) of functions as well as other physiologic characteristics (e.g., body composition, somnography assessment)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26775",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Body Composition",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized body composition analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of body composition analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing body composition data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Physiologic analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated body composition analysis software is available for several different techniques used for assessment of the body composition, including direct (e.g., neutron activation analysis) or indirect (e.g., densitometry, absorptiometry, electrical conductivity) techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "34876",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Cardiovascular Function",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized cardiac function analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of cardiac function analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing cardiac function (e.g., heart rate and heart rate variability, cardiac output, plethysmographic) data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from cardiac and vascular measuring devices. Cardiac function analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer. Some dedicated cardiac function analyzer software is intended for assessment using one or a few specific methods, such as heart rate variability."
    },
    {
      "code": "26776",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Erection/Tumescence",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized erection and tumescence analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of erection and tumescence analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing male sexual arousal data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Erection/tumescence software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated body composition analysis software is used in the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction (impotence)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33899",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Hearing",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to manage data from computerized (i.e., automated) audiometers and other audiometric equipment including hearing aid programmers and testers; the program may control a limited number of the device functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. Hearing analysis software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing audiometric data; the software is usually capable of managing data from many audiometer and hearing aid programmer models and manufacturers."
    },
    {
      "code": "26777",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Joint Laxity",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized joint laxity analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of joint laxity analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing joint laxity data (e.g., range of motion, acceleration), and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Joint laxity analysis software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated joint laxity analysis software that can assess other characteristics of the joints such as joint laxity and stability of the knee and the length of reconstructed ligaments is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26778",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Metabolic Rate",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized metabolic rate analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of metabolic analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing metabolism data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Metabolic analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated body metabolic rate analysis software based in oxygen or oxygen/carbon dioxide measurements is available; software intended to evaluate metabolism during stress exercises is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26779",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized middle ear analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of middle ear analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing middle ear data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Middle ear analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated middle ear analysis software is available for several different techniques (e.g., impedance tympanometry, acoustic reflectometry) used for assessment of the middle ear characteristics (e.g., obstructions, stiffness or flaccidity of the tympanic membrane)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26780",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Neuromuscular Function",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized neuromuscular analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of neuromuscular function analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing neuromuscular (e.g., motor and somatosensory evoked potentials, electromyography, diagnostic imaging, biomechanical) data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Neuromuscular analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated neuromuscular function analyzer software intended for assessment of body motion and gait as well as for dynamometric and posturographic evaluation is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26781",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Neuromuscular Function, Body Motion",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analysis software designed to operate computerized body motion analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of body motion neuromuscular analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed by equipment (e.g., video devices, image processors, electromagnetic devices) while assessing body motion data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Body motion neuromuscular analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated neuromuscular function analyzer software intended for assessment of body motion using optoelectronic devices and pattern recognition, video systems, or electromagnetic sensing equipment is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26782",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Neuromuscular Function, Dynamometric",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analysis software designed to operate computerized dynamometric (i.e., muscle strength) analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of dynamometric neuromuscular analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed by equipment (e.g., constant length, resistance, or speed; known as isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic measurements respectively) while assessing dynamometric data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Dynamometric neuromuscular analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated dynamometric neuromuscular function analyzer software intended for assessment of muscle strength in the extremities and/or the trunk is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33802",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Neuromuscular Function, Functional Age",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analysis software designed to facilitate the operation of computerized functional-age evaluation analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of functional-age analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and the analysis of the measures taken by measuring instruments (e.g., headphones, vibrometers, spirometers); assess the reaction times; evaluate other capabilities following pre-established protocols; and provide reports regarding the complete evaluation and the estimated value of the functional age of the person. Functional-age physiologic analysis software is intended for use with the appropriate analyzers during the assessment of the status of a person. This facilitates the development of programs for lifestyle, diet, exercise, and/or other therapeutic (e.g., use of assistive devices) actions to improve daily living of aging people."
    },
    {
      "code": "26783",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Neuromuscular Function, Gait",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analysis software designed to operate computerized gait (i.e., human walking cycle) analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of gait neuromuscular analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed by equipment (e.g., movement in the space, forces on the ground) while assessing gait data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Gait neuromuscular analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated neuromuscular function analyzer software intended for assessment of dynamic and static body balance and/or analysis of joint movement is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26784",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Neuromuscular Function, Posturographic",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular function analysis software designed to operate posturographic (i.e., upright posture, balance, and sense of equilibrium) analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of posturographic neuromuscular analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed by equipment (e.g., stability under destabilizing perturbations) while assessing posturographic data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Posturographic neuromuscular analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Posturographic neuromuscular function analyzer software is intended for assessment of equilibrium disorders and other diseases of the nervous system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26785",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Peristaltic Motility",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized peristaltic motility (i.e., the smooth movement of some part of the digestive tract) analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of peristaltic motility analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing peristaltic motility (e.g., pressure, pH) data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Peristaltic motility analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated peristaltic motility analyzer software intended for the complete gastrointestinal tract as well as software used only for assessment of motility in the esophagus and/or colon/rectum is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26786",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Respiratory Function Mechanics",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized respiratory function mechanics (i.e., assess the volume and air flow, the devices are also known as pulmonary function analyzers), control/monitor a limited number of the tester functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of pulmonary function analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing pulmonary function data (e.g., diffusion and distribution of tracking gases, airway compliance and resistance), and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Respiratory function mechanics software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated respiratory function mechanics analyzer software intended for assessment of adults, children, and neonates is also available"
    },
    {
      "code": "34068",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Skin Electrical Resistance-Based Screening",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed for processing of data obtained by skin electrical-resistance-based physiologic analyzers. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of the screening analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer; the software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the testing period using a standard computer. Electrical-resistance-based screening analysis software is intended to process the resistance data obtained by the sensors attached to the analyzer and provide graphic preliminary estimates of the internal organs and/or physiologic systems conditions, such as the presence of chronic diseases and/or cancer and other types of tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "26787",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Somnography",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized somnography analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of somnography function analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing somnography (e.g., electroencephalography, electrocardiography, temperature, behavior while sleeping) data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems.  Somnography analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated somnography analyzer software with additional capabilities of analysis (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux, enuresis, penile tumescence) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33819",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Temperature-Based Screening",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed for processing data obtained by temperature-based physiologic analyzers. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of temperature-based screening analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the testing period using a standard computer. Temperature-based screening analysis software is intended to process the temperature data obtained by the analyzer and provide preliminary estimates of  hematology values, such as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels; red, white, and lymphocyte cell counts; electrolytes (e.g., sodium potassium, calcium); and other blood components (e.g., cholesterol). The software is intended for health status screenings."
    },
    {
      "code": "26788",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Analysis, Visual Function",
      "definition": "Physiologic analysis software designed to operate computerized visual function analyzers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while testing. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of visual function analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while assessing visual function (e.g., visual acuity, color perception, visual field) data, and/or while processing and or receiving information from hospital information systems. Visual function analyzer software is not usually available separate from the analyzer but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the analyzer.  Dedicated neuromuscular function analyzer software intended for assessment of eye movement and macular integrity is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26752",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Measurement",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate physiologic measuring instruments, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while measuring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of physiologic measuring instruments, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements. Physiologic measuring software is not usually available separate from the tester but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the measuring instrument. Dedicated physiologic measuring software intended for a great variety of measurements (e.g., cardiac output, spirometry, blood pressure) is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26753",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Measurement, Spirometry",
      "definition": "Physiologic measuring software designed to operate spirometers, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while measuring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of diagnostic spirometers, usually from the same manufacturer. Spirometer software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements (e.g., volume, flow). Spirometer software is not usually available separate from the instrument but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the measuring instrument."
    },
    {
      "code": "26754",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Measurement, Transcranial Ultrasonic Blood Flow",
      "definition": "Physiologic measuring software designed to operate ultrasonic transcranial flowmeters, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while measuring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of transcranial flowmeters, usually from the same manufacturer. Ultrasonic transcranial flowmeters software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements (e.g., volume, flow). The software is not usually available separate from the instrument but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the measuring instrument. Dedicated software intended for detection of emboli and/or diagnoses vasospasm and/or stenosis is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26708",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate physiologic monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of physiologic monitors or monitoring systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from and to workstations and hospital information systems. Also available is dedicated physiologic monitoring software intended to assess physiologic parameters at the bedside, in doctors' offices, or using telemetry or physiologic  monitoring systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26729",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Acute Care",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate acute care monitoring systems, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is  usually installed in a central station or dedicated workstation, acting as an interface between the central station and bedside or telemetric monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring. Acute care monitoring software is intended to work only with one or a few models of acute care monitoring systems, usually from the same manufacturer, also facilitating the processing and/or sending data from the acute care monitoring system and a hospital information system. The software is not usually available separate from the monitoring system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26710",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Blood Gas",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate blood gas monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of blood gas monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring blood gases and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Blood gas monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifeduring the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26711",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate blood pressure monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of blood pressure monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring blood pressure and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Blood pressure monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifeduring the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems. Dedicated software is available for non-invasive and invasive blood pressure monitoring (NIBP and IBP) respectively."
    },
    {
      "code": "26730",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Cardiac Catheterization",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate cardiac catheterization monitoring systems, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is usually installed in a central station or dedicated workstation, acting as an interface between the central station and other devices such as recorders and bedside or telemetric monitors.  It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring. Cardiac catheterization monitoring software is intended to work only with one or a few models of acute care monitoring systems, usually from the same manufacturer, also facilitating the processing and/or transmitting/sending data from the acute care monitoring system to and from other catheterization laboratories and/or a hospital information system. The software is not usually available separate from the monitoring system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software intended for ventriculography and coronary arteriography procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26731",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Cardiac Electrophysiology",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate cardiac electrophysiology monitoring systems, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software usually installed in a central station or dedicated workstation, acting as an interface between the central station and other devices such as recorders, stimulators, and bedside or telemetric monitors.  It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring. Cardiac electrophysiology monitoring software is intended to work only with one or a few models of acute care monitoring systems, usually from the same manufacturer, also facilitating the processing and/or transmitting/sending data from the cardiac electrophysiology monitoring system to and from other catheterization laboratories and/or a hospital information system. The software is not usually available separate from the monitoring system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26712",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Cardiac Output",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate cardiac output monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of cardiac output monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring cardiac output and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Cardiac output monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifeduring the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside, telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems. Dedicated software specific to a particular technique used to measure cardiac output is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26727",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Electro-Oculography",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate electro-oculography monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of electro-oculography monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring electro-oculography and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Electro-oculography monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by telemetric monitors and/or physiologic monitoring systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26713",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate electrocardiography (ECG) monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of electrocardiography monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring ECG parameters and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. ECG monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifeduring the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems. Dedicated ECG software is available according to the parameters that the equipment can measure (e.g., pulse rate, electrocardiogram, hemodynamic)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26714",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate electroencephalography (EEG) monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of EEG monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring the EEG parameters and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. EEG monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors. Dedicated software is available according to the parameters that the equipment can measure (e.g., spectral array, bispectral analysis, level-of-consciousness)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26728",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Electromyography",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate electromyography (EMG) monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of EMG monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring EMG bioelectrical signals and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. EMG monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside, telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems. Dedicated software is available according to the type of monitor used to measure electromyography."
    },
    {
      "code": "26715",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Fetal",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate fetal monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of fetal monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring the fetus and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Fetal monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors. Dedicated software is available for antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "26716",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Glucose",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to control/monitor a limited number of glucose monitor functions and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of glucose monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring glucose levels and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations and/or hospital information systems. Glucose monitoring software may be available separate from the monitor (e.g., as a central station or telephone system software) and may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the monitor; the software is mainly used to process data from personal and telemetric monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "36520",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Hemodynamic",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate hemodynamic monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring hemodynamics. This software applies a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring hemodynamic parameters such as electrocardiographic data and waveform, blood pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, temperature, peripheral venous oxygen saturation, and blood gas analysis. The software usually works with many models of hemodynamic monitors; it may also work with patient information obtained from workstations and remote monitors and interact with hospital information systems. Dedicated hemodynamic software is available to extend the capabilities of the parameters that can be processed [e.g., coronary flow reserve (CFR), first time derivative of pressure (dP/dt)]."
    },
    {
      "code": "26719",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Intracranial Pressure",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate intracranial pressure monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of intracranial pressure monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring intracranial pressure and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Intracranial pressure monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "26721",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate multipurpose, multiparameter monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of multipurpose monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring the parameters and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Multipurpose monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used for simultaneous bedside, telemetric, and central station monitoring used in physiologic monitoring systems. Dedicated software is available according to the parameters that the physiologic monitor or monitoring system can measure; additional software intended to add capabilities to modular monitors or monitoring systems is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26720",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Neurology",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate neurology monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of neurology monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring neurologic parameters such as evoked potentials (EP),  electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG) and/or neuromuscular block response and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Neurologic output monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems. Dedicated software is available to measure all or several EP, EMG, and EEG parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "32879",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Neurology, Level-of-Consciousness, Entropy",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate level-of-consciousness neurology monitors or monitoring modules, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring based on the calculus of entropy values during general anesthesia procedures. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the signal entropy while monitoring neurologic parameters. Entropy values are calculated as state entropy (SE) and response entropy (RE). The values of SE and RE are respectively based on: (1) continuously monitoring electrical signals generated by the brain and the associated electroencephalogram (EEG) and (2) frontal electromyographic (FEMG) signals taken from the frontal facial muscles. Entropy level-of-consciousness software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used for intraoperative monitoring during general surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26735",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Remote Alarm",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate remote alarms, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while gathering information about a patient's physiologic parameters. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of physiologic monitors or monitoring systems, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the monitored parameters, such as the reason for the alarm and/or the room number of the patient whose status triggered the alarm.  Physiologic monitoring remote alarm software is intended for use with alarm systems placed in hallways and/or multipatient rooms, helping the healthcare staff obtain ready access to real time patient alarm information."
    },
    {
      "code": "26723",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Respiration",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate respiration monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of respiration monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring respiration (e.g., respiration rate, exhaled gases, apnea) and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems. Respiration monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors, and/or physiologic monitoring systems. Dedicated software is available according to the technique used to measure respiration (e.g., electrical impedance)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26732",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Stress Exercise",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate monitoring systems while performing stress exercise, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is usually installed in a central station or dedicated workstation, acting as an interface between the central station and other devices such as ECG monitors, exercisers, and ergometers.  It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring. Stress exercise monitoring software is intended to work only with one or a few models of stress exercise monitoring systems, usually from the same manufacturer, also facilitating the processing and/or transmitting/sending data from the acute care monitoring system to and from a hospital information system. The software is not usually available separate from the monitoring system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software packages intended only for cardiac or pulmonary stress exercise are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26724",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Uterine Activity",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate uterine activity monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of uterine activity monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring uterine activity and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations and/or hospital information systems. Uterine activity monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by bedside and telemetric monitors"
    },
    {
      "code": "26722",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Monitoring, Vital Signs",
      "definition": "Physiologic monitoring software designed to operate vital sign monitors, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained while monitoring. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of vital signs monitors, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed while monitoring vital signs (e.g., temperature, non-invasive blood pressure) and/or while processing and/or transmitting/receiving patient information from workstations, and/or hospital information systems.  Vital signs monitoring software is not usually available separate from the monitor but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment; the software is mainly used by monitors designed to perform periodic measurements but that may be used also during transportation or at the bedside."
    },
    {
      "code": "26739",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of physiologic data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of physiologic recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during physiologic parameter recording; it may also be used to transmit and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Physiologic recording software is mainly intended for use with recorders and recorded data processors; some recorders include the software needed for processing the information using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer). Dedicated software for analysis of the recording of one or more physiologic parameter (e.g., blood pressure, temperature) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26740",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of blood pressure data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of blood pressure recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during blood pressure recording; it may also be; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Blood pressure recording software is mainly intended for use with recorded data processors; some recorders include the software needed for processing the information using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26741",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of electrocardiography (ECG) data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ECG recorders, usually from the same manufacturer; the software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during ECG recording; it may also be; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Electrocardiography recording software is mainly intended for use with recorders and recorded data processors; some recorders include the software needed for processing the information using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer). Dedicated software for analysis of data from impedance and magnetic recorders, as well as from echocardiographs, is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26742",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of electroencephalography (EEG) data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of EEG recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during EEG recording; it may also be; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Electroencephalography recording software is mainly intended for use with recorders and recorded data processors; some recorders include the software needed for processing the information using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer). Dedicated software for analysis of data from magnetic and/or echoencephalographs is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26746",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Electromyography",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of electromyography (EMG) data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of EMG recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during EMG recording; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Electromyography potential recording software is mainly intended for processing the data using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32907",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Esophageal pH",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for processing of esophageal pH data recorded at a previous time. This software is usually intended to work with a limited number of pH recorder models, typically from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during pH recording, including correlation to gastroesophageal reflux events and/or to interpret other study results. It may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Software of esophageal pH stored records is mainly intended for processing the data using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer) or, less frequently, a dedicated processor."
    },
    {
      "code": "26745",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Evoked Potential",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of evoked potential (EP) data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of evoked potential recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during EP recording; the software may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Evoked potential recording software may be intended for processing the data using a dedicated data processor or a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer). Dedicated software to assess recordings of visual, somatosensory, and auditory evoked potential (VEP, SEP, and AEP respectively) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28001",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Intraocular Pressure",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of intraocular pressure (IOP) data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of IOP recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during IOP recording; the recording is usually performed in a time period of 24 hours or less. IOP recording software is mainly intended for processing the information by an ophthalmologist using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer), to facilitatefacilitating the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "26747",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Physical Activity",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of physical activity (i.e., movement) data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of physical activity recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during recording; the software may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Physical activity recording software is mainly intended for processing the data using a recorded data processor or a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26749",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Plethysmography",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of plethysmograph data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of plethysmography recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during plethysmograph recording; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Plethysmography recording software is mainly intended for processing the data using recorded data processors and/or a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer). Dedicated software intended for whole body and/or for segmental plethysmography (e.g., eye, lower limb, brain) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26743",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Respiration",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of respiratory data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of respiratory recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during recording; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Respiratory recording software is mainly intended for use with the recorders and/or recorded data processors."
    },
    {
      "code": "28286",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Respiration, Breath Sounds",
      "definition": "Respiratory physiologic recording software designed for later processing of breathing sound data (e.g., cough, wheezing, bronchi sounds) obtained while recording, typically during a time period of 24 hours or less. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of breathing sound respiratory recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during recording.; It may also be used to send and/or receive patient information to and from hospital information systems. Breathing sound respiratory recording software is mainly intended for use in computers that retrieve and assess the information stored in the recorder."
    },
    {
      "code": "26748",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Somnography",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later process of recorded data such as ECG, EEG, and respiratory obtained while sleeping (i.e., somnography). This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of recorders, usually from the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during somnography recording; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Somnography recording software is mainly intended for processing the data using a recorded data processor or a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer). Dedicated software used to assess data from sleep/awake recording (i.e., using a reduced number of parameters to compare to somnography studies) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26744",
      "display": "Software, Physiologic Recording, Temperature",
      "definition": "Physiologic recording software designed for later processing of temperature data obtained while recording. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of temperature recorders, usually from the same manufacturer; the software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during recording; it may also be used to send and/or receive patient information from and to hospital information systems. Temperature recording software is mainly intended for use with recorders and recorded data processors; some recorders include the software needed for processing the information using a standard computer (e.g., a personal computer)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26869",
      "display": "Software, Picture Archiving and Communication System",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage/operate picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) intended for clinical and patient data management. This software is intended to work with one or a few models of hospital PACS, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  The software performs a variety of algorithms to process the data, usually in specific areas or particular procedures or throughout the facility. This software permits a film-less environment in reading rooms and physician offices. PACS software is available as part of the complete system or as a separate component; the software may be modified (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system by releasing updated versions. Dedicated PACS software intended for particular applications, such as radiology, cardiology, and endoscopy is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33722",
      "display": "Software, Pill Counting/verification",
      "definition": "Software designed to manage machines that count and verify the quantity of pills inside containers (e.g., pouchs).  The software controls the machine's funtions, and acquires, processes, and archives digital data obtained during the counting and verification procedure. This software usually imports information from a server that provides data regarding the pills (e.g., patient, date, intended location). All data of new types of pills to be introduced in the systems should be programmed prior to the process of counting and verification. Pill counting/verification unit software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of machines, typically supplied by the same manufacturer. The software  may be used with stand-alone units or as components of pill distribution systems (e.g., pharmacies, hospitals)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26811",
      "display": "Software, Point-of-Care Analysis",
      "definition": "Software designed to capture all downloaded test results from any interfaced point-of-care analyzer and monitor a limited number of the analyzer's functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of point-of-care analyzers, usually from the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms such as quality control, detecting out-of-range specimens, and send/receive patient information from the laboratory or hospital local information system.  Point-of-care analyzer software is usually not available separate from a set of point-of-care analyzers, but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "41944",
      "display": "Software, Publication Management",
      "definition": "Software designed to facilitate the process of preparing, producing, and issuing information to make it available to the public. Publishing management software assists in advertisement sales, editorial, production, billing, analysis and forecasting functions. It can manage editorial content, including content workflow and costs. This software may also provide a centralized way to research, create and publish stories for print, online, mobile and social channels."
    },
    {
      "code": "26953",
      "display": "Software, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate digital radiographic and fluoroscopic (R/F) systems and control/monitor a limited number of the R/F system functions. This software usually interacts with the x-ray subsystem, detectors, and monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the procedure. Digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of R/F systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the R/F digital system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiographic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software intended for angiographic, interventional, renal, and other special procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26956",
      "display": "Software, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic System, Angiographic/Interventional",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic system software designed to operate angiographic and/or interventional digital radiographic and fluoroscopic (R/F) systems and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with the x-ray subsystem, detectors, tables, contrast media injectors, and monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the procedure. Angiography/interventional digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of R/F systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the R/F digital system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiographic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Angiography/interventional digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software is mainly used in a special imaging suite (angiographic or special procedures room)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26959",
      "display": "Software, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic System, Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic software designed to operate cardiovascular digital radiographic and fluoroscopic (R/F) systems and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with the x-ray subsystem, detectors, tables, contrast media injectors, and monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the cardiovascular procedure. Cardiovascular digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of R/F systems and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the R/F digital system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiographic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Cardiovascular digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software is mainly used in special cardiac catheterization rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "26960",
      "display": "Software, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic System, Urologic",
      "definition": "Radiographic/fluoroscopic software designed to operate urologic digital radiographic and fluoroscopic (R/F) systems and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with the x-ray subsystem, detectors, tables, contrast media injectors, and monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the urologic procedure. Urology digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of R/F urologic systems and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the R/F digital system to and from picture archiving and communication  systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the urologic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Urologic digital radiographic/fluoroscopic system software is mainly used in the urinary tract and/or gynecologic procedures that require radiography and fluoroscopic support."
    },
    {
      "code": "26961",
      "display": "Software, Radiographic/Tomographic System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate digital radiographic and tomographic (R/T) systems and control/monitor a limited number of the system functions. This software usually interacts with the x-ray subsystem, detectors, and monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the tomographic procedure. Digital radiographic/tomographic system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of R/T systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the R/T digital system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the R/T system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated digital radiographic/tomographic system software intended for linear and multidirectional R/T systems is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "39614",
      "display": "Software, Radiopharmaceutical Synthesizer",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate radiopharmaceutical synthesizers, control/monitor their functions, and/or acquire, process, and record data generated during radiopharmaceutical synthesis procedures. This software typically runs on a standard computer; however, it is usually designed to control only one or few models of radiopharmaceutical synthesizers, usually also supplied by the software manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "26964",
      "display": "Software, Radiotherapy System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate radiotherapy systems and control/monitor a limited number of the radiotherapy system functions. This software usually interacts with the radiation delivery equipment, control units, monitors, and recorders; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the procedure. Radiotherapy system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of radiotherapy systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the radiotherapy system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiotherapy system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated radiotherapy system software intended for cobalt, linear accelerator, neutron and proton beam, and orthovoltage radiotherapy systems is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26965",
      "display": "Software, Radiotherapy System, Cobalt",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy system software designed to operate cobalt radiotherapy systems and control/monitor a limited number of the radiotherapy system functions. This software usually interacts with the cobalt unit, control units, monitors, and recorders; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the procedure. Cobalt radiotherapy system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of cobalt radiotherapy systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the cobalt radiotherapy system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiotherapy system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated cobalt radiotherapy system software intended for specific areas of the body (e.g., head, neck, breast) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26966",
      "display": "Software, Radiotherapy System, Linear Accelerator",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy system software designed to operate linear accelerator radiotherapy systems and control/monitor a limited number of the radiotherapy system functions. This software usually interacts with the linear accelerator, control units, monitors, and recorders; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the procedure. Linear accelerator radiotherapy system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of linear accelerator radiotherapy systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the linear accelerator radiotherapy system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiotherapy system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated linear accelerator radiotherapy system software intended for low energy systems to treat superficial areas (e.g., head, neck, breast) and for deeper tumors (e.g., pelvis and thorax tumors) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26967",
      "display": "Software, Radiotherapy System, Neutron Beam",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy system software designed to operate neutron beam radiotherapy systems and control/monitor a limited number of the radiotherapy system functions. This software usually interacts with the radiation unit (e.g., a cyclotron), control units, monitors, and recorders; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the procedure. Neutron beam radiotherapy system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of neutron beam radiotherapy systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the neutron beam radiotherapy system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiotherapy system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated neutron beam radiotherapy system software intended for low energy neutron (epithermal) systems to treat tumors in particular areas (e.g., gliomas) and for high-energy neutron systems for deeper tumors (e.g., inoperable sarcomas) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26968",
      "display": "Software, Radiotherapy System, Orthovoltage",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy system software designed to operate orthovoltage radiotherapy systems and control/monitor a limited number of the radiotherapy system functions. This software usually interacts with the radiation unit.  Orthovoltage radiotherapy system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of orthovoltage radiotherapy systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software is not usually available separate from the radiotherapy system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26969",
      "display": "Software, Radiotherapy System, Proton Beam",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy system software designed to operate proton beam radiotherapy systems and control/monitor a limited number of the radiotherapy system functions. This software usually interacts with the radiation unit (e.g., a cyclotron, synchrotron), control units, monitors, and patient alignment devices; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data and images obtained during the procedure. Proton beam radiotherapy system software is intended to work only with one or a few models of proton beam radiotherapy systems and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the proton beam radiotherapy system to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the radiotherapy system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated proton beam  radiotherapy system software intended for systems that deliver low energy protons intended to treat superficial disorders and software for  high-energy neutron systems intended to treat deep tumors in the chest and abdomen is available; software intended for specific tumor treatment (e.g., spinal and skull based tumors) is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26970",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate stereotactic computer-aided systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of stereotactic systems usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during a biopsy, surgical, or radiosurgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated stereotactic system software using computerized data that are either guided by images, do not use images (i.e., imageless), or are guided by a rigid frame is also available for a variety of applications (e.g., mammographic biopsy, neurosurgery, orthopedics)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26988",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Frame-Guided",
      "definition": "Stereotactic system software designed to operate frame-guided, computer-aided stereotactic systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of frame-guided systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. Tthe software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient information from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Frame-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the stereotactic system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated frame-guided stereotactic system software intended for neurosurgery and radiosurgery is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26990",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Frame-Guided, Neurosurgery",
      "definition": "Frame-guided stereotactic system software designed to operate frame-guided, computer-aided neurosurgical systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of frame-guided neurosurgical systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Neurosurgical frame-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26991",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Frame-Guided, Radiosurgery",
      "definition": "Frame-guided stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided radiosurgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of frame-guided radiosurgical systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Radiosurgical frame-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated software for cobalt systems using gamma radiation (e.g., gamma knife) and linear accelerators is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26992",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Frame-Guided, Radiosurgery, Gamma",
      "definition": "Frame-guided radiosurgical stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided gamma systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of frame-guided gamma radiosurgical (e.g., gamma knife) systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Radiosurgical frame-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26993",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Frame-Guided, Radiosurgery, Linear Accelerator",
      "definition": "Frame-guided radiosurgical stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided linear accelerator systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of frame-guided linear accelerator radiosurgical systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Linear accelerator frame-guided radiosurgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifetime of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26971",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Biopsy",
      "definition": "Stereotactic system software designed to operate image guided, computer-aided biopsy systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of stereotactic systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during a biopsy or surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Image-guided stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated image-guided surgical system software is available for a variety of different surgical applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "26972",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Biopsy, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Image-guided stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided mammography biopsy systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of stereotactic mammography biopsy systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during a biopsy procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Mammographic biopsy image-guided stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the biopsy system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26973",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Cardiac Mapping/Ablation",
      "definition": "Image-guided stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided cardiac mapping and ablation stereotactic systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of stereotactic cardiac mapping/ablation systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during a mapping and/or ablation procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Cardiac mapping/ablation image-guided stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated image-guided system software intended only for cardiac mapping or cardiac ablation procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26983",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Radiosurgery",
      "definition": "Image-guided radiosurgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided radiosurgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of radiosurgery systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Image-guided radiosurgery stereotactic system software may be available separate from the radiosurgery system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated image-guided radiosurgery system software is available for a variety of different applications, either for cobalt systems using gamma radiation (e.g., gamma knife) or linear accelerators."
    },
    {
      "code": "26984",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Radiosurgery, Gamma",
      "definition": "Image-guided radiosurgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided gamma systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of radiosurgery systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Gamma radiation image-guided radiosurgery stereotactic system software may be available separate from the radiosurgery system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system; dedicated software for a variety of different applications is also available"
    },
    {
      "code": "26985",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Radiosurgery, Linear Accelerator",
      "definition": "Image-guided radiosurgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided linear accelerator systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of radiosurgery systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Linear accelerator Image-guided radiosurgery stereotactic system software may be available separate from the radiosurgery system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system; dedicated software for a variety of different applications is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26976",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Surgery",
      "definition": "Image-guided surgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided surgical systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of surgical systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Image-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated image-guided surgical system software is available for a variety of different applications, including intracranial, spinal, orthopedic, otolaryngology, and trauma procedures or combinations of them."
    },
    {
      "code": "39664",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Surgery, Dental",
      "definition": "Image-guided surgery stereotactic system software designed to operated computer-aided dental surgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to only with one or a few models of dental surgical systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure. Dental image-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26978",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Surgery, Intracranial",
      "definition": "Image-guided surgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided intracranial neurosurgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of intracranial neurosurgical systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Intracranial image-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26980",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Surgery, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Image-guided surgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided orthopedic surgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of orthopedic surgical systems usually, supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Orthopedic image-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26981",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Surgery, Otolaryngology",
      "definition": "Image-guided surgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided otolaryngology surgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of otolaryngology surgery systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Otolaryngology image-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26979",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Surgery, Spinal",
      "definition": "Image-guided surgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided spinal surgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of spinal surgery systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Spinal image-guided surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26982",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Image-Guided Surgery, Trauma",
      "definition": "Image-guided surgery stereotactic system software designed to assess traumatic lesions using image-guided surgical and/orthopedic systems, frequently controlling and/or monitoring the functions of the system. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of surgical (e.g., orthopedic, spinal) systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Trauma image-guided stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated image-guided trauma software is available for a variety of different applications, including orthopedic and spinal applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "26986",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Imageless Surgery",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate imageless computer-aided surgical systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of imageless surgical systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems. Imageless surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system. Dedicated image-guided surgical system software is also available for a few of different applications, including orthopedics"
    },
    {
      "code": "26987",
      "display": "Software, Stereotactic System, Imageless Surgery, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Imageless surgery stereotactic system software designed to operate computer-aided orthopedic surgery systems and control/monitor their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of orthopedic imageless surgery systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to make possible the appropriate performance of the system during the surgical procedure and to facilitate the sending/receiving of patient data from and to a workstation and/or imaging and information systems.  Orthopedic imageless surgical stereotactic system software is frequently available separate from the surgical system and may be also updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the surgical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26895",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate computed ultrasonic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated ultrasonic scanning system software is available for a variety of different procedures (e.g., small parts, endoscopy) and/or applications (e.g., mammography, ophthalmology, cardiology)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26897",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Abdominal",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate computed abdominal ultrasonic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of abdominal ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Abdominal ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26898",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate cardiac scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Cardiac ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifetime of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26899",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Endoscopy",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate endoscopic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Endoscopic ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26896",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, General Purpose",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate computed general (i.e., multi) purpose ultrasonic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  General purpose ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26908",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Intracardiac",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate intracardiac scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Intracardiac ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26900",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate intravascular scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Intravascular ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26901",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate mammographic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Mammographic ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26902",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Obstetric/Gynecologic",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate obstetric and/or gynecologic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Obstetric/gynecologic ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26905",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate ophthalmic scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems, in addition to facilitating the operation of the computed device.  Ophthalmic ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26906",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Small-Parts",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate small-part (usually for examinations close to the body surface, including bladder, thyroid, renal, dermatologic, and prostate examinations) scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems.  Small-parts ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "37135",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Small-Parts, Bladder",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate bladder scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic bladder scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Small-parts ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26907",
      "display": "Software, Ultrasonic Scanning, Vascular",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic scanning software designed to operate vascular scanning systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ultrasonic scanning systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements performed during the scanning procedure and the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems, in addition to facilitating the operation of the computed device. Vascular ultrasonic scanning system software is usually not available separate from the ultrasonic system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26870",
      "display": "Software, Video System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate video systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of video systems, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of data obtained during the video system operation and facilitates the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Video system software is usually not available separate from the video system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated video system software is available for a variety of different techniques and/or applications, including endoscopic, operating room, patient monitoring, and microscope video images."
    },
    {
      "code": "41960",
      "display": "Software, Video System, Animal Tracking",
      "definition": "Video system software designed to be used with video systems to track and analyze the behavior, movement, and activity of research animals. The software can manipulate the video data to visualize the movement track in three dimensions, play back, rotate and zoom in and out. The software may also calculates a large number of flight parameters such as distance moved, absolute and ground speed, and turn angles relative to the different planes."
    },
    {
      "code": "34384",
      "display": "Software, Video System, Capillaroscopy",
      "definition": "Video system software designed to operate capillaroscopy video systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of video systems, typically supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms that facilitate the analysis of capillaries and their characteristics, including measurements and images from the capillaries which can be recorded and allow mapping the examined positions and fingers (known as nail fold capillaroscopy). The comparison of new images with old ones side by side allows users to assess and document the progress of the diseases; the software also facilitates the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Capillaroscopy video systems are mainly used to analyze microvascular abnormalities frequently present in patients with autoimmune rheumatoid diseases. The software is usually not available separately from the video system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system."
    },
    {
      "code": "26871",
      "display": "Software, Video System, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Video system software designed to operate endoscopic video systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of endoscopic video systems typically supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the endoscopic procedure and also facilitates the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Endoscopic video system software is usually not available separate from the video system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the system. Dedicated endoscopic video system software is available for a variety of different video techniques, including systems that use a chip camera at the tip of a dedicated catheter, systems using external cameras, and also for systems using ingestible cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "26872",
      "display": "Software, Video System, Operating Room",
      "definition": "Video system software designed to operate surgical video systems and control/monitor a limited number of their functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of surgical video systems, typically supplied by the same manufacturer. The software performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of measurements and images obtained during the surgical procedure and also facilitates the sending/receiving of patient data from and to information systems. Surgical video system software is usually not available separate from the video system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifetime of the system. The software is intended to facilitate the observation of the operatory field simultaneously by several surgeons in the operating room, the transmission of images to remote locations (e.g., for educational purposes), and keeping a record of the procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26873",
      "display": "Software, Video System, Patient Monitoring",
      "definition": "Video system software designed to operate video systems used for remote observation of patients in healthcare facilities and control/monitor a limited number of video systems' functions. This software is usually intended to work only with one or a few models of patient video systems, typically supplied by the same manufacturer. The software may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of images obtained in patient rooms and also facilitates the sending/receiving of patient data  from and to information systems. Patient monitoring video system software is usually not available separate from the video system but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the lifetime of the system. Dedicated patient video system software is intended mainly to facilitate the observation of patients from a remote station (e.g., a nurse station)."
    },
    {
      "code": "42085",
      "display": "Software, Virtualization",
      "definition": "Software designed to create virtualized versions of the underlying hardware and that allows multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical host machine  and creates virtualized versions of the underlying hardware. This software allows the hardware elements of a single computer�processors, memory, storage and more�to be divided into multiple virtual computers, commonly called virtual machines (VMs). Typically this software installs a virtualization layer, called a hypervisor, on the host machine which creates a layer of abstraction between the physical hardware and virtual machines. Virtualization software allocates each virtual machine a portion of the host machine�s resources such as CPU, memory, and storage, and operates as if it were running on its own dedicated hardware. This software enables multiple VMs to run simultaneously on a single physical host. Virtualization software is commonly used for server consolidation, application isolation, and testing and developing environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "26818",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate a workstation, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during a particular procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as recorders, measuring instruments, and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed during the procedure. Workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated workstation management software intended for specific procedures such as cardiac catheterization, radiotherapy, hemodialysis, and radiotherapy planning and treatment is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "36620",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Bone Histomorphometry",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate bone histomorphometric analysis workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained from bone pathology slides. This software may interact with devices used in data acquisition such as microscopes and cameras or be capable of sending/receiving data from and to the local information system. It may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of bone image data including static bone histomorphometric measurements (e.g., bone area, bone perimeter, osteoblast/osteoclast number) and dynamic bone histomorphometric measurements (e.g., apposition rates, formation and resorption rates)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26828",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Cardiac Catheterization",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate cardiac catheterization workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the catheterization procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as recorders, cardiac output units, and monitors; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed during the catheterization procedure. Cardiac catheterization workstation software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life  of the equipment. Dedicated software intended for ventriculography and coronary arteriography procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26819",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Clinical Chemistry/Immunoassay Analyzer",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate a laboratory clinical chemistry and immunoassay test workstation, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during a particular procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as recorders, measuring instruments, and analyzers; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed during the procedure. Workstation management software used in clinical chemistry and immunoassay analysis is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. They also facilitate the processing and/or sending data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other laboratory and/or hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated workstation management software intended for specific procedures such as the determination of the concentration of metabolites, electrolytes, proteins, and drugs in body fluids (e.g., plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) is available. Software for endocrine hormone testing and for protein, viral, or bacterial toxin determination is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26829",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Dental Digital Radiography",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate dental digital radiography workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the dental radiographic procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as digital dental radiographic systems, recorders, displays, and sometimes with digitized scans of radiography films or image plates; it also performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained during the dental procedure. Digital radiography dental workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life time of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26831",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Gamma Camera/Single Photon Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate gamma camera and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the scanning procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as a gamma camera, recorders, and array processors; it may perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation of the workstation and the analysis of the spatial distribution and intensity of radiation emitted from radiopharmaceuticals. Gamma camera workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Also available is dedicated software intended for SPECT scanning systems. This permits computer reconstruction of transverse image slices taken through the patient's body."
    },
    {
      "code": "33578",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Healthcare, Medical Diagnostic Kiosk",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate healthcare workstations that are placed in medical diagnostic kiosks, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during a particular diagnostic procedure. This software usually interacts with integral devices used in the procedure, such as measuring instruments and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements to facilitate an appropriate diagnosis. Diagnostic kiosk workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the kiosk workstation to and from hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separately from the kiosk workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated diagnostic kiosk workstation management software may be intended for self-operated and/or staff-operated workstations as well as for specific diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "33579",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Healthcare, Medical Monitoring Kiosk",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate monitoring healthcare workstations. This software is used in medical monitoring kiosks to control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during a particular monitoring procedure. This software usually interacts with integral devices used in the procedure, such as measuring instruments and monitors. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measured data. Monitoring kiosk workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer, facilitating the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separately from the kiosk workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated monitoring kiosk workstation management software may be intended for a specific diagnosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "33577",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Healthcare, Registration/Administrative Data",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate registration workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process and store health-related administrative data from the patient and the healthcare information system during a self-registration (check-in) process. This software usually performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the patient data and also interacts with data to and from healthcare information systems. Registration and administrative software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26834",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate hemodialysis treatment workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained during the hemodialysis procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as hemodialysis machines, measuring instruments, and recorders. It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation of the hemodialysis machine and process patient and treatment data, send treatment parameters to the hemodialysis machines, and provide complete patient prescription and treatment. Hemodialysis treatment workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the hemodialysis workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26830",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Mammographic Digital Radiography",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate mammographic digital radiography workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the mammographic procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as digital mammography systems, recorders, displays, breast compressors, and sometimes with digitized scans of radiography films or image plates; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the data obtained during the procedure. Digital radiography mammographic workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26835",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Nuclear Medicine",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate nuclear medicine workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or acquire, process, and archive data and images obtained during nuclear medicine studies. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedures, such as gamma cameras, single photon emission computed tomography, and thyroid uptake systems. Nuclear medicine workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the nuclear medicine workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software is available for a variety of nuclear medicine procedures (studies), including programs for tomographic, cardiac, pulmonary, and renal studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "28390",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate ophthalmology workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the procedure planning or performance. This software usually interacts with ophthalmic devices used during the procedure, such as image recorders, surgical microscopes, lasers, slit lamps, printers, and displays. The software may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate an accurate planning and performance of the ophthalmic procedure. Ophthalmology workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of ophthalmic workstations and related devices which are usually supplied by the same manufacturer. The software may also facilitate the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. Ophthalmology workstation management software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated ophthalmic workstation software intended for a variety of particular procedures including procedures performed using laser technology (e.g., treatment of presbyopia, endothelial keratoplasty, LASIK flap procedures) and cataract surgery are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26836",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Picture Archiving and Communication System",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during scanning imaging procedures. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as diagnostic imaging systems (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound scanning systems) as well as with recorders with high image archiving capabilities. The software also performs a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the images obtained during the procedures. PACS workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from other hospital information systems. PACS software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software intended for three-dimensional processing and analysis of the images is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26838",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Picture Archiving and Communication System, Three-Dimensional Image",
      "definition": "Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) workstation management software designed to operate, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and high-resolution volumetric digital images obtained during imaging procedures, typically providing three-dimensional (3-D) images and segmentation of the images obtained during imaging procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as diagnostic imaging systems (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound scanning systems) as well as with recorders with very high image quality and archiving capabilities. The software may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the images obtained during the procedures. Three dimensional PACS workstation software is intended to work only with one or a few models of PACS workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates  the processing and/or sending data from the workstation to and from other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26844",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Radiotherapy Planning",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate radiotherapy planning workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the radiotherapy planning or simulation procedures. This software usually interacts with the radiotherapy units or systems using during the procedure (e.g., recorders, linear accelerators, and automated brachytherapy systems). It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate an accurate planning for dosage calculation and choosing of radiation beams and modalities needed for the best possible radiotherapy treatment. Radiotherapy planning workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates  the processing and/or sending data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26842",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Radiotherapy Record/Verify",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate radiotherapy record and verify workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data obtained during the radiotherapy procedure. The software may interrupt the radiotherapy procedure if the parameters (e.g., radiation intensity, target area) are outside pre-established values. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as the radiotherapy unit (e.g., linear accelerator, cobalt unit), recorders, and monitors; it may also run a variety of algorithms to facilitate the analysis of the measurements performed during the radiotherapy procedure. Radiotherapy record and verify workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer, facilitating also the processing and/or sending data from the workstation to and from hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26843",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Radiotherapy Treatment",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate radiotherapy treatment workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during radiotherapy treatment performance or simulation procedures. This software usually interacts with the radiotherapy units or systems using during the procedure, (e.g., recorders, linear accelerators, and automated brachytherapy systems). It may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed and images obtained during the radiotherapy procedure. Radiotherapy workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "26845",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Stereotactic Surgery",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate stereotactic surgery workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the surgical planning or performance. This software usually interacts with the surgical system and devices used during the procedure, such as image recorders, instrument tracking and navigation systems, printers, and displays; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate an accurate planning and performance of the surgical procedure. Stereotactic surgery workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of stereotactic workstations and related, devices usually supplied by the same manufacturer. This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and/or other hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated stereotactic surgery workstation software intended for a variety of procedures (e.g., neurologic, orthopedic) performed using image-guided, imageless, or frame-guided surgical systems is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26847",
      "display": "Software, Workstation Management, Stress Exercise",
      "definition": "Software designed to operate stress (cardiac and/or pulmonary) exercise workstations, control/monitor a limited number of their functions, and/or process data and images obtained during the stress exercise procedure. This software usually interacts with devices used in the procedure, such as recorders, electrocardiography monitors, static bicycles or treadmills, and ergometers; it may also perform a variety of algorithms to facilitate the operation and analysis of the measurements performed during the exercise procedure. Stress exercise workstation management software is intended to work only with one or a few models of workstations and related devices, usually supplied by the same manufacturer.  This also facilitates the processing and/or sending of data from the workstation to and from hospital information systems. The software is not usually available separate from the workstation but may be updated (i.e., through the release of modified versions) during the life of the equipment. Dedicated software intended for cardiac, pulmonary, and cardiopulmonary procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20374",
      "display": "Solutions, Postsurgical Adhesion Inhibition",
      "definition": "Solutions designed to act as a temporary barrier inhibiting postsurgical adhesion between tissues and organs. These solutions are applied to the surface of tissues and organs at the end of surgery, before surgical closure, and are typically resorbed by the body in a short period (e.g., several days). Postsurgical adhesion inhibition solutions are intended for use in pelvic and gynecological surgery, both in open and laparoscopic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18084",
      "display": "Spacers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to create and/or maintain space between two anatomic structures or their prosthetic equivalents. They may be removable (e.g., made of metal, rubber, or plastics) or absorbable (e.g., made of hydrogel)."
    },
    {
      "code": "36818",
      "display": "Spacers, Prostate/Rectum",
      "definition": "Spacers used to create and/or maintain space between the prostate and rectum. These spacers are typically made of absorbable materials (e.g., hydrogel, hyaluronic acid, collagen) that create a space throughout the duration of treatment and then disintegrate over time."
    },
    {
      "code": "18082",
      "display": "Spacers, Teeth",
      "definition": "Spacers used to create and/or maintain space between teeth during dental/orthodontic treatments. Teeth spacers are typically made of metal, plastic, or rubber and are removed once treatment is completed."
    },
    {
      "code": "16102",
      "display": "Spacers, Tendon",
      "definition": "Spacers that are temporarily implanted within a tendon sheath during the first stage of a two-stage tendon reconstruction procedure. These spacers are intended to hold apart the inner surfaces of the tendon sheath and promote formation of a pseudosheath, a reorganization of tissue around the spacer that resembles a natural tendon sheath and will envelope the tendon graft implanted in the second stage of the procedure. Tendon spacers are typically made of polymeric materials and come in various sizes that may be cut and shaped as needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "13645",
      "display": "Spatulas",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to remove cells or tissues from a surface or cavity, spread materials on a surface, or mix materials. Spatulas typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) or plastic handheld instrument, with a straight or curved thin, flat, blunt distal working tip. Some spatula handles have working tips on both ends. Dedicated spatulas are available to mix dental and orthopedic cements and other compounds, for superficial removal of cells for cytology, and to manipulate and/or dissect tissues during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13647",
      "display": "Spatulas, Cement (Retired)",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to mix and spread bone cement. These instruments typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved thin flat blunt distal tip. Most bone cement spatulas are designed with special finishes so that the cement will not stick to them. Bone cement spatulas are used in the preparation of bone cement and also to spread the cement during orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27937",
      "display": "Spatulas, Cytology",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to remove small samples of tissue from the body for cytology. These instruments typically consist of a handheld metallic (e.g., stainless steel) or plastic instrument with a straight or curved blunt distal working tip, and a handle. Dedicated cytology spatulas are used in the vagina and uterine cervix, and on other body surfaces (e.g., tongue, skin)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27991",
      "display": "Spatulas, Cytology, Uterine Cervix",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to scrape the surface of the uterine cervix and/or vagina to obtain cells for microscopic examination (i.e., cytology). These instruments typically consist of a metallic (stainless steel, reusable) or plastic (single-use) handheld instrument, with a curved thin, flat, blunt distal working tip that is usually specially shaped for ectocervical/endocervical cell collection. Uterine cervix cytology spatulas are typically used in obtaining cells for the Papanicolau test for cervical cancer screening."
    },
    {
      "code": "27945",
      "display": "Spatulas, Dental",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed for use in dental preparatory and/or operative procedures. These instruments typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) or plastic handheld instrument with a straight or curved thin. Flat, blunt distal tip. Some dental spatulas have working tips on both ends; others are double-ended instruments combined with picks and carvers at one end. Dental spatulas are used in the preparation of restorative materials (e.g., cement, composites, plasters); dental spatulas are also used occasionally to spread dental restorative materials during prosthodontic procedures or to shape wax during the making of dental impressions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27946",
      "display": "Spatulas, Dental, Mixing",
      "definition": "Dental spatulas designed to mix dental materials used for impressions, restoration, and/or other dental operative procedures. These instruments typically consist of a sturdy metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a working distal tip that may be flat or curved. The tips of some of these spatulas are made from materials that resist sticking to the materials being mixed. Some material mixing disposable spatulas may be wood or plastic. Dental material mixing spatulas are used in the preparation of dental materials used for prosthodontics procedures, such as impression (e.g., wax) and restoration (e.g., composite resins); they are also used to mix cements and/or other dental materials used in dental procedures. Dedicated smaller spatulas used to mix small quantities of cements are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27947",
      "display": "Spatulas, Dental, Mixing, Cement",
      "definition": "Dental mixing spatulas designed to mix dental cements. These instruments typically consist of a sturdy metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a working distal tip that may be flat or curved.  Some may have working tips at both ends. The tip may have a wider surface area to aid in the mixing of cement powders with liquids and is designed not to stick to the cement being mixed. Some dental mixing spatulas are made from plastic (used mainly for mixing glass ionomer cement) because stainless steel would react with the material being mixed.  Dental cement mixing spatulas are used in the preparation of dental cements for prosthodontics procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27949",
      "display": "Spatulas, Eye Surface",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to spread a substance (e.g., an ointment) on the surface of the eye during ophthalmological procedures. These instruments typically consist of a plastic or wooden straight handheld instrument with a thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Although some may be metal and reusuable, they are usually made from cheaper materials and are disposable and designed for a single use application."
    },
    {
      "code": "27950",
      "display": "Spatulas, Postmortem",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to spread/remove materials, cells, and/or tissues from the body (e.g., skin, body cavity, organ) following death (i.e., autopsy procedures). Postmortem spatulas are typically sturdier than regular spatulas and consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved, thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Some postmortem spatulas have working tips on both ends and can be used in gross dissection. Postmortem spatulas are used during autopsy, forensic, and other procedures on cadavers."
    },
    {
      "code": "27953",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect tissues during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a very thin straight or curved, flat, blunt distal tip. Some surgical spatulas have working tips on both ends. Dedicated surgical spatulas are used in ophthalmic, brain (neurosurgical), middle ear, and other delicate or microsurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27954",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Abdominal/Intestinal",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect abdominal or intestinal tissue during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. They come in various sizes and some may have a working tip at each end. The working end is usually rounded to manipulate tissues in the abdomen or intestines without damaging the tissues. Intestinal surgical spatulas are used to manipulate and/or dissect intestinal tissue during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27955",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Bone",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect bone tissue during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a sturdy metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Some spatulas are sharp enough to be used in the dissection of the bone medulla soft section. Bone surgical spatulas are used in orthopedic and other bone surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27984",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Bone Cement",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to mix and spread bone cement. These instruments typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved thin flat blunt distal tip. Most bone cement spatulas are designed with special finishes so that the cement will not stick to them. Bone cement spatulas are used in the preparation of bone cement and also to spread the cement during orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13646",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Brain",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect brain tissue during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Some brain spatulas are flexible and include a silicone coating to make their use less traumatic to the delicate brain tissue. Dedicated very small and delicate brain spatulas are also available for microsurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27957",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Brain, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Small brain surgical spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect brain tissue during microsurgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) very slender, delicate handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat blunt distal tip. Some brain microsurgical spatulas are flexible and include silicone coating to make them less traumatic to the delicate brain tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "27958",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect eye tissue during surgical ophthalmological procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, distal tip or in some cases, a semi-sharp distal tip. Dedicated eye surgical spatulas are available for adhesions (synechiae), cyclodialysis surgical procedures for glaucoma, implantation of intraocular lenses, and other ophthalmic microsurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27960",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Eye, Adhesion Dissection",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect eye tissue adhesions, especially iris adhesions to the cornea and/or lens (synechiae). These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, semi-sharp distal tip. Surgical eye spatulas for adhesions are used during synechiolysis ophthalmic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27965",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Eye, Glaucoma",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect eye tissue during the surgical formation of a communication between the anterior chamber of the eye and the suprachoroidal space (i.e., cyclodialysis) performed during surgical procedures for treatment of glaucoma. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Some glaucoma surgical eye spatulas are double-ended with a spatula on each end of the handle. Surgical eye spatulas for glaucoma are used in cyclodialysis ophthalmic surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27969",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Eye, Intraocular Lens Implant",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect eye tissue during implantation of intraocular lenses or to manipulate the intraocular lens during placement. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Intraocular lens implant spatulas sometimes have small notches on the spatula for manipulating the intraocular lens. Surgical eye spatulas for intraocular lens implantation are typically used during ophthalmic surgery for the implantation of an intraocular lens after cataract removal or other refractive surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "27970",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Eye, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Small eye surgical spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect eye tissue during ophthalmic microsurgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a slender, delicate, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip that is sometimes coated with a fine diamond dust. The tips may be available in many ranges of angulation and can attach to a standard handle. Eye microsurgical spatulas are used mainly to manipulate and/or dissect eye tissue during ophthalmic microsurgical procedures such as vitreoretinal surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17587",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Laparoscopy",
      "definition": "Surgical tissue dissection spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect tissue during laparoscopic procedures. These spatulas typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) or plastic handheld instrument with a straight or curved, thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Some may have sharp edges to the working tip to aid in tissue dissection. They are slender enough to be introduced through a laparoscope to the surgical site and are used to dissect or manipulate tissue during various laparoscopic surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13649",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Lung",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect lung tissue during pulmonary surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Typically, lung surgical spatulas have wider, curved, flat working ends designed to more easily manipulate delicate lung tissue. Lung surgical spatulas are used to manipulate and/or dissect lung tissue during pulmonary surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13651",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect middle ear tissue during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved very thin, flat, blunt distal tip that is small enough to enter the middle ear structures. Dedicated middle ear surgical spatulas are available for microsurgical procedures. Surgical middle ear spatulas are used to manipulate and/or dissect middle ear tissue during otologic surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27974",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Middle Ear, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Small ear surgical spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect middle ear tissue during microsurgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a very slender, delicate, metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved, very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Some middle ear microsurgery spatulas have angled tips to reach into the delicate middle ear canal structures during cochlear surgery. Middle ear microsurgical spatulas are used for microsurgical otological procedures on the middle ear."
    },
    {
      "code": "27976",
      "display": "Spatulas, Surgical, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Spatulas designed to manipulate and/or dissect tissues during vaginal surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) handheld instrument with a straight or curved, very thin, flat, blunt distal tip. Some vaginal spatulas have sturdy handles and curved distal tips to conform to the walls of the vagina to assist in spreading open the vagina for various procedures. Surgical vaginal spatulas are used to manipulate and/or dissect vaginal tissue during gynecologic surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41752",
      "display": "Specimen Cards",
      "definition": "Cards that are used to collect and/or store biological samples, such as blood or hair. These cards can contain absorbent filter paper that is usually printed with circles to guide the size and placement of samples or bands to hold and protect samples. The cards usually have a place to write specimen identification information, such as name and date of collection. The filter paper or bands may contain chemicals that facilitate specimen processing and storage; for example, chemicals that lyse cells and stabilize nucleic acids on contact for long-term storage at room temperature. To help with collection of clear samples, some specimen card filter paper will contain color-changing component that allows the user to see exactly where the sample was placed."
    },
    {
      "code": "13655",
      "display": "Specimen Containers",
      "definition": "Containers designed for collection, short-term storage, and/or transportation of clinical samples (i.e., specimens) such as urine, feces, or sputum collected for diagnostic testing. These containers usually consist of glass or plastic cups, bottles, bags, or tubes with appropriate caps to prevent leakage and to seal the specimen from the environment. Most containers are available as sterile, single-use items."
    },
    {
      "code": "14303",
      "display": "Specimen Containers, Urine",
      "definition": "Specimen containers designed for short term storage and/or transportation of urine samples. These containers are available in a variety of sizes, including smaller specimen cups (e.g., 100 mL) to larger containers (e.g., 2.5 L) that support the collection of urine samples over an extended period of time (e.g., 24 hours). The containers are typically made of plastic or glass, and often include graduations (for measuring). Most containers are supplied as sterile, single-use items."
    },
    {
      "code": "41633",
      "display": "Specimen Transfer Bags",
      "definition": "Bags designed for holding specimen containers to reduce contamination and exposure during transfer of specimens within a medical facility. The bags usually are made from transparent low-density polyethylene, are re-sealable, and have biohazard labeling. Specimen transfer bags may have a separate attached exterior pouch for holding and protecting accompanying documents or paperwork."
    },
    {
      "code": "33905",
      "display": "Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography System Modules, Anterior Segment",
      "definition": "Modules designed to be added to spectral optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems to obtain high-resolution images of the anterior segment of the eye, including the sclera, cornea, and anterior chamber angle. These modules usually consist of an add-on lens, interactive measuring tools, and dedicated software that are incorporated to the OTC system.  The modules provide images that facilitate measurement of the cornea (e.g., thickness) and diagnosis of diseases such as glaucoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "15080",
      "display": "Spectrofluorometers",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometers that determine the emission of electromagnetic radiation by a substance at one wavelength after it has absorbed radiation at another wavelength.  These instruments usually determine the presence of fluorescent compounds by placing the sample in a beam of light (most frequently ultraviolet [UV]) where fluorescent compounds are excited, emitting visible light.  Their principal components are a stable light source (e.g., a mercury vapor lamp), a grating that allows only a certain range of wavelengths to strike the sample, a sample cuvette (glass for exciting wavelengths above 320 nm, otherwise quartz), a secondary filter that removes scattered UV from the beam, and usually a photomultiplier tube as detector."
    },
    {
      "code": "34842",
      "display": "Spectrographs",
      "definition": "Analytical instruments designed to identify and quantify elements and compounds by sorting of gaseous ions in electric and/or electromagnetic fields to determine their mass-to-charge ratio using photographic or other non-electrical means of detection. These devices typically consist of a sample inlet, a high vacuum system, an ionization chamber with an ion source to produce a beam of charged particles, a mass analyzer to separate the beam in its components, a photographic or other non-electrical detector, and computerized data system with a software to manage the spectrograph and associated equipment (e.g., microscopes). The photographic detectors may consist of one or more of a variety of CCD, intensified CCD, or other dedicated cameras in the visible, near infrared, and ultraviolet spectrum. Spectrographs are used for micro-spectrography and microfluorescence applications and chemical mapping."
    },
    {
      "code": "15062",
      "display": "Spectrometers, Mass",
      "definition": "Analytical instruments designed to identify and quantify elements and compounds by sorting of gaseous ions in electric and/or electromagnetic fields to determine their mass-to-charge ratio using electrical detection.. These devices typically consist of a sample inlet, a high vacuum system, an ionization chamber with an ion source to produce a beam of charged particles, a mass analyzer to separate the beam in its components, an electrical detector, and computerized data system. Samples can be inserted directly into the sample inlet or injected into a gas or liquid chromatograph previously to separate the sample into individual components. Mass spectrometers are frequently classified according to the type of mass analyzer used (e.g., magnetic sector, double focusing, ion trap). They are used in the clinical laboratory and also in monitors dedicated to measure inspired and/or exhaled gas concentrations (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, halogenated anesthetics) during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17199",
      "display": "Spectrometers, Mass, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Mass spectrometers (MS) designed to identify and quantify compounds in the microgram to nanogram range, usually having mass ranges between one and 4,000 atomic mass units (amu). These devices typically include magnetic sector, ion trap, or quadrupole mass analyzers. Laboratory mass spectrometers are frequently used coupled with a gas or liquid chromatograph, or in tandem with another MS. Such combined systems are used in clinical laboratories to determine substances in body fluids found in pathologic conditions (e.g., ketoacidosis, cancer), to verify results of screening immunoassay tests (e.g., to identify drugs of abuse), and to identify other substances (e.g.., toxins, lipids, trace metals)."
    },
    {
      "code": "15601",
      "display": "Spectrophotometers",
      "definition": "Photometers that determine the absorbance or transmission of the light energy transmitted through a solution (or a gas) at any narrow adjustable (typically from 0.1 to 10 nm) bandwidth.  Their principal components are a stable light source, a dispersing device (grating or prism monochromator), a cuvette, an adjustable slit, a photodetector, appropriate electronics to process the detector signal, and a means of displaying the results.  These instruments have clinical applications primarily for the quantitative analysis of biological substances and enzymes or drugs and their metabolites in specimens."
    },
    {
      "code": "15079",
      "display": "Spectrophotometers, Atomic Absorption",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometers in which the analytical determination of elements is based on the absorption of radiation by free atoms.  The atom cloud necessary for atomic absorption measurements is produced by supplying sufficient thermal energy to the sample (typically using an air-acetylene flame or an electrically heated graphite furnace) to dissociate its chemical components into free atoms.  These instruments include a light source (usually hollow cathode lamps), an atom source, a monochromator, a photomultiplier to measure the absorbed light, appropriate electronics to process the detector signal and a means to display the results.  Atomic absorption spectrophotometers may be used on body fluids and tissues to determine electrolytes, essential trace elements, and metals used in therapy and to monitor for exposure to industrial and environmental pollutants."
    },
    {
      "code": "15081",
      "display": "Spectrophotometers, Infrared",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometers that operate in the infrared spectrum (usually in a wavelength range from 750 to 25,000 nm).  These instruments generally use special cuvettes (made of NaCl or KBr) for the far infrared region. Infrared spectrophotometers have fewer biomedical applications than ultraviolet and visible light spectrophotometers and are generally used to determine whether specific functional groups are present or absent and also to identify compounds by comparing their spectra with those in a library of pure compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "29408",
      "display": "Spectrophotometers, Near Infrared",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometers that operate in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (approximately in the wavelength range from 780 nm to 2500 nm). These instruments generally include a NIR radiation source, a detector, and a dispersive element (i.e., a diffraction grater) to allow the intensity at different wavelengths to be recorded. The NIR radiation source can be incandescent or quartz halogen light bulbs or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These spectrophotometers can be used to measure the absorbance, reflectance, transmission, fluorescence and polarization of a sample."
    },
    {
      "code": "15082",
      "display": "Spectrophotometers, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometers that operate in the ultraviolet spectrum (usually in the wavelength range from 190 to 400 nm).  These instruments generally use hydrogen, deuterium, or xenon arc lamps and usually hold rectangular quartz or silica cuvettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "15083",
      "display": "Spectrophotometers, Ultraviolet/Visible",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometers that operate in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectrum (usually in the wavelength range from 190 to 800 nm).  These instruments generally use ordinary tungsten lamps and usually hold rectangular silica or quartz (or glass if wavelength is above 330 nm) cuvettes.  Some recording UV/visible spectrophotometers use a double beam that automatically scans the entire spectrum and produces a graph relating the transmittance or absorbance as a function of wavelength."
    },
    {
      "code": "15084",
      "display": "Spectrophotometers, Visible",
      "definition": "Spectrophotometers that operate in the visible spectrum (usually in the wavelength range from 400 to 800 nm).  These instruments generally use ordinary tungsten lamps and usually hold rectangular glass cuvettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "15602",
      "display": "Specula",
      "definition": "Mechanical instruments (retractors) designed to be used to separate the walls of a cavity to make examination and/or treatment possible. These instruments frequently include two pivoted arms.  The portions closer to the pivot point are usually the handle, while the distal portions are inserted into the cavity; specula may be of many different sizes and shapes. When force on the specula handle is exerted, the blunt distal tips open the cavity. Other specula consist of hollow, funnel-like devices. Specula are used for examination and/or treatment through natural canals of internal tissues and/or organs of the human body that are otherwise inaccessible, frequently by inserting other instruments through them. Both reusable (typically made of stainless steel) or disposable (usually plastic) specula are available for many applications, and some include a lighting system."
    },
    {
      "code": "13662",
      "display": "Specula, Aural",
      "definition": "Specula designed for expanding the ear canal. These instruments typically consist of a hollow, funnel-like device. Ear specula may be used directly to perform examination and manual procedures in the ear canal and middle ear or as part of an otoscope for examination or surgery. Both disposable (e.g., plastic) and reusable ear specula are available in different sizes and shapes; some include a lighting system."
    },
    {
      "code": "13664",
      "display": "Specula, Nasal",
      "definition": "Specula designed for expanding the nasal cavity. These instruments typically consist of a mechanical instrument that includes two pivoted arms.  The portions closer to the pivot point are usually the handle, while the distal portions are inserted in the nasal cavity. Nasal specula are used for examination and treatment of the inner surface of the nasal cavity. They are usually stainless steel instruments available in many different sizes and shapes (e.g., bi-valve nasal specula); some include a lighting system."
    },
    {
      "code": "13663",
      "display": "Specula, Ocular",
      "definition": "Specula designed to keep the eyelids apart. These specula typically consist of a mechanical device with distal tips that are introduced under the eyelids; some include a mechanism to control the degree to which its branches are spread.  Eye specula are used for examination and/or treatment of the outer surface of the eye (e.g., extraction of foreign bodies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20489",
      "display": "Specula, Pharyngeal",
      "definition": "Specula designed to expand the distal opening of the oral cavity for examination and/or treatment of the pharynx. These specula typically consist of a metallic instrument comprising a hollow cylinder and a solid handle that elevates the palate and depresses the tongue at the same time. Pharyngeal specula may be of many different sizes and shapes; they are usually stainless steel and reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "13665",
      "display": "Specula, Rectal",
      "definition": "Specula designed to expand the anal canal, rectum, and/or sigmoid colon. These specula typically consist of either a hollow, funnel-like device or a mechanical instrument that frequently includes two pivoted arms.  The portions closer to the pivot point are usually the handle, while the distal portions are inserted through the anal canal into the rectum. Specula may be used directly to perform examinations and manual procedures or as part of an anoscope, proctoscope, or sigmoidoscope for examination or surgery (e.g., hemorrhoid treatment). Both disposable (e.g., plastic) and reusable rectal specula are available in different sizes and shapes; some include a lighting system."
    },
    {
      "code": "13666",
      "display": "Specula, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Specula designed to expand the vagina. These specula typically consist of a mechanical instrument that includes two pivoted arms. The portions closer to the pivot point are usually the handle, while the distal portions are inserted into the vagina.  Vaginal specula permit direct performance of  examination and manual procedures in the interior of the vagina and/or uterine cervix."
    },
    {
      "code": "13671",
      "display": "Sphygmographs",
      "definition": "Graphical recorders designed to record the waveform, strength, and variations of the arterial pulse. These recorders usually consist of a lever, the short end of which rests on a superficial artery, typically the radial artery at the wrist; a pressure sensor; and a stylet, which makes a graphical record (usually on a moving paper) of the excursions of the pulse. Sphygmographs are used for noninvasive evaluation and recording of the pulse strength and its variations."
    },
    {
      "code": "13106",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers",
      "definition": "Instruments used for the indirect (noninvasive) measurement of arterial blood pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "16156",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Aneroid",
      "definition": "Sphygmomanometers that consist of an inflatable cuff that fits around the arm, a bulb for controlling the air pressure within the cuff, and an aneroid manometer."
    },
    {
      "code": "16157",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic",
      "definition": "Sphygmomanometers designed for noninvasive measurement of blood pressure. These electronic devices include sound, pressure, volume, displacement, or other pressure-dependent variable sensors placed externally on the arteries; a transducer for conversion into an electric signal; and an electronic unit that converts and displays the signals as blood pressure values. Electronic sphygmomanometers that measure blood pressure by detecting and transducing blood sound turbulences (Korotkoff sounds) and/or air pressure fluctuations (i.e., auscultatory and oscillometric measurements) are available; other instruments may use different techniques (e.g., plethysmography).  Electronic sphygmomanometers are used mainly for routine blood pressure measurement in hospital outpatient departments, doctor's offices, and other healthcare facilities; they are not usually intended to monitor or record blood pressure. Devices intended for either manual or automatic cuff inflation are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34371",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic, Animal",
      "definition": "Electronic sphygmomanometers designed for noninvasive measurement of blood pressure in animals. These electronic devices include sound, pressure, volume, displacement, or other pressure-dependent variable sensors placed externally on the arteries; a transducer for conversion into an electric signal; and an electronic unit that converts and displays the signals as blood pressure values. Some electronic animal sphygmomanometers may feature special enclosures or restrainers to hold the animal in position in relation to the cuff; they may also have environmental controls (e.g., temperature controls) to provide a less stressful environment for the animal to allow more accurate blood pressure readings. Electronic sphygmomanometers used on research animals may include the ability to send data electronically to a computer for storage and analysis purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16173",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic, Automatic",
      "definition": "Electronic sphygmomanometers designed with a self-contained program for proper function and automatic cuff inflation and measurement cycles. These instruments usually display current heart rate and mean arterial pressures in addition to systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Most automatic electronic sphygmomanometers will sound an alarm if blood pressure exceeds preset limits, and some can be set to take readings continuously. Although these instruments are not intended for monitoring for recording purposes, they may include a printer and keep a record of several measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "18325",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic, Automatic, Auscultatory",
      "definition": "Automatic electronic sphygmomanometers that measure by the use of sound and detection of blood sound turbulence (Korotkoff sounds)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18327",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic, Automatic, Differential Sensor",
      "definition": "Automatic electronic sphygmomanometers that measure by detecting and transducing both blood sound turbulences (Korotkoff sounds) and air pressure fluctuations (i.e., auscultatory and oscillometric measurements). They subtract one signal from the other for removing interferences from artifact signals."
    },
    {
      "code": "16986",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic, Automatic, Plethysmographic",
      "definition": "Automatic electronic sphygmomanometers that measure the change in blood volume taking place in a single finger.  Most of these instruments use a cuff wrapped around a finger; the cuff detects minute arterial volume changes in conjunction with an inflatable bladder which exerts pressure (counterpressure) just sufficient to equal the arterial pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "23551",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic, Automatic, Wrist",
      "definition": "Automated electronic sphygmomanometers designed to measure blood pressure on the wrist. These instruments may display mean arterial pressure values in addition to systolic and diastolic blood pressure; some devices also measure heart rate and temperature. These instruments usually consist of a wristband, an automated self-inflation mechanism, and a display; they typically work with a self-contained program that provides automatic cuff inflation and programmed measurement cycles. The instruments typically use oscillometric technology to determine blood pressure, but devices using other measuring techniques are also available. Wrist electronic sphygmomanometers are intended mainly for personal use and may keep a record of one or more measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "16174",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Electronic, Manual",
      "definition": "Electronic sphygmomanometers whose cuff is manually inflated and deflated.  These devices usually show the blood pressure in a digital display."
    },
    {
      "code": "16158",
      "display": "Sphygmomanometers, Mercury",
      "definition": "Sphygmomanometers that consist of an inflatable cuff that fits around the arm, a bulb for controlling the air pressure within the cuff, and a mercury manometer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17488",
      "display": "Spill Recovery Kits",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the recovery of spills of hazardous or potentially hazardous materials such as chemicals, mercury, infectious waste, or radioactive material. Items in these kits usually include absorbents, towelettes, gloves, goggles, gowns, labels, disposal bags/containers, documentation forms, and scoops/scrapers. Spill recovery kits are intended for use during immediate cleanup of fluids in hospitals, clinical laboratories, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17415",
      "display": "Spill Recovery Kits, Cytotoxic Material",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the recovery of spills/leaks of cytotoxic material (e.g., chemotherapeutic or antineoplastic agents). Items in these kits usually include absorbents, towelettes gloves, goggles, gowns, labels, disposal bags/containers, scoops/scrapers, and documentation forms. The kits are frequently supplied in supporting trays (i.e., procedure trays) consisting of a flat-bottomed receptacle with a border around the periphery supporting all the instruments and supplies needed for the procedure. Cytotoxic material spill recovery kits are intended for absorbing and/or encapsulating cytotoxic material for removal and/or disposal in hospitals, nuclear medicine laboratories, and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17983",
      "display": "Spill Recovery Kits, Infectious Waste",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the recovery of spills/leaks of infectious waste (i.e., waste that may contain pathogens). Items in these kits usually include gloves, goggles, labels, disposal bags/containers and documentation forms. Infectious waste spill recovery kits are intended for absorbing and encapsulating infectious waste for removal, decontamination, storage/transport, and disposal in hospitals, clinical laboratories and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17487",
      "display": "Spill Recovery Kits, Mercury",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the recovery of spills/leaks of mercury. Items in these kits usually include gloves, goggles, labels, disposal bags/containers and documentation forms. Mercury spill recovery kits are intended for absorbing and/or encapsulating mercury for removal, storage/transport and disposal in hospitals, laboratories and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "17706",
      "display": "Spill Recovery Kits, Radioactive Material",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for the recovery of spills/leaks of radioactive material (i.e., material that emit radioactive radiation). Items in these kits usually include absorbent pads/towels, decontaminating solutions, brushes/sponges, radiation-shielding gloves, goggles, gowns, shoe covers, labels, disposal bags/containers and documentation forms. Radioactive material spill recovery kits are intended for use during procedures for cleanup and/or decontamination of affected areas before disposal. They are used in hospitals, laboratories and other healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "24130",
      "display": "Spinal Disc Diagnostic Systems, Intradiscal Pressure/Volume",
      "definition": "Devices designed to measure and display the intradiscal pressure and volume during a discography procedure. These devices usually consist of a syringe used to inject the contrast medium into the disc to stimulate the nerves to invoke pain; a pressure transducer on the syringe plunger that transfers the data of the pressure to a central unit that control and monitor the fluid delivery pressure and volume; software that calculates the disc pressure and volume; and a display that shows the procedure and/or patient data. Intradiscal pressure/volume spinal disc diagnostic systems are used to facilitate discography procedures on patients, especially for those with chronic back pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "32919",
      "display": "Spinal Surgery Percutaneous Introducers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to permit percutaneous access to the spine, facilitating the introduction of devices and/or products inside the spinal vertebrae during surgical procedures.  These instruments consist of devices that combine stylets, hollow cannulae, and needles; they may also include drill tips at the distal end to facilitate the creation of tunnels in the vertebrae. Spinal surgery percutaneous introducers are intended for use in minimum invasive surgery of the spine including procedures such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "41735",
      "display": "Spiral Entersocope Overtubes",
      "definition": "Endoscope overtubes designed to facilitate the advancement of flexible enteroscopes through the gastrointestinal tract, such as the small intestine, using soft spiral-shaped fins that pleat the small bowel onto the enteroscope. These overtubes are typically motorized units with the ability to control the speed and direction of the spiral. They have an inner diameter and length appropriate to accommodate the endoscope (i.e., approximately 10 mm inner diameter, approximately 140 cm in length)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13674",
      "display": "Spirometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the volume and flow rate of air inhaled and/or exhaled from the lungs and additional variables needed for pulmonary function assessment. These instruments are typically a mechanical or electromechanical device with volume and/or flow sensors and a gauge or display; they may also include a computerized unit to process the data and a graphical recorder. Simple, usually handheld instruments that are capable only of measuring the maximum volume of gas that can be expired from the lungs (i.e., expiratory vital capacity [EVC]) used for pulmonary capacity screening and diagnostic spirometers (i.e., both tabletop and handheld instruments) that can perform all measurements needed for a complete pulmonary function assessment are available. Spirometers are intended for the evaluation of pulmonary status and the diagnosis of patients with pulmonary diseases (e.g., emphysema, asthma). Respiration exercisers intended to increase and measure the respiratory capacity of the lungs using spirometry techniques (also known as incentive spirometers) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13680",
      "display": "Spirometers, Diagnostic",
      "definition": "Spirometers designed to perform all respiratory gas volume and flow measurements needed for diagnosis of basic pulmonary functions. These instruments measure quiet breathing, determining tidal volume, and trace deep inspirations, evaluating variables such as the maximum volume of gas that can be expired from the lungs (i.e., expiratory vital capacity [EVC]) and the maximum volume of gas that can be inspired into the lungs (i.e., inspiratory vital capacity [IVC]). The IVC test may be performed under static conditions (e.g., to determine the vital capacity) or as a dynamic test using maximum effort against time (e.g., to determine forced expiratory volume [FEV]). Diagnostic spirometers consist of a mechanical or electromechanical device with a computerized unit to process the data, volume and/or flow sensors, a display, and a graph recorder. Some instruments can also determine other parameters, such as oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expiration, either for both lungs simultaneously or for each one independently. These spirometers are intended to assess pulmonary status, to monitor diseases, and/or to evaluate treatment effectiveness and/or disability; they cannot determine lung volume, residual pulmonary, or total lung capacity. Instruments combining spirometry and pulse oximetry capabilities are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24794",
      "display": "Spirometers, Screening",
      "definition": "Spirometers designed to measure only the maximum volume of gas which can be expired from the lungs (i.e., the expiratory vital capacity [EVC]) and/or a few breathing parameters (e.g., forced expiratory volume at 1 and/or 6 seconds [FEV1, FEV6]) but not the complete set of parameters needed for complete diagnosis. These spirometers may consist either of a simple handheld instruments with a disposable mouthpiece where the person blows and a gauge with an indicator needle that registers the EVC usually up to a limit (e.g., 7 liters) or more elaborate instruments with additional measuring capabilities. Screening spirometers are used to discriminate the pulmonary status in routine tests performed in hospitals, doctor's offices, and the field; some instruments (also known as incentive spirometers) may be used as pulmonary exercisers."
    },
    {
      "code": "13681",
      "display": "Splints (Retired)",
      "definition": "Rigid or flexible appliances of plastic, wood, metal, or plaster that are used to immobilize and protect body parts injured by fractures, sprains, dislocated joints, and muscle strains.  They are also used during x-ray and before casting to keep the injured part stable.  Generally, splints are placed on the posterior side of the body part and are kept on with straps or belts or by wrapping a bandage around both the body part and splint."
    },
    {
      "code": "28323",
      "display": "Sponge Counters, Bar-Code Identification",
      "definition": "Counters designed to verify the quantity of sponges used during a surgical procedure to help prevent the retention of surgical sponges inside the patient before closure of the operative field by reading bar-coded identified sponges.  These counters typically consist of a bar-code handheld reader that is used to scan a unique code identifier previously embedded in the sponges before and at the end of the surgical procedure. The reader is linked to a central computerized unit that shows in real time the results of the sponge identification and counting and also other patient and/or procedure related data. The computerized unit may be connected to hospital information systems. Sponge retention prevention surgical bar-coded counters are used to identify and count the sponges and other related devices (e.g., bar-code labeled swabs and towels) during a surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "13693",
      "display": "Sponge Counters, Surgical",
      "definition": "Counters designed to verify the quantity of sponges used during a surgical procedure to help prevent the retention of sponges inside the patient before closure of the operative field. These counters may consist of a mechanical holder intended to facilitate the manual count of the sponges or devices that can detect, identify, and count the quantity of sponges, typically based either on the identification of radiofrequency (RF) labeled sponges or on the reading of bar-coded identified sponges. Bar-coded readers can also identify and count the sponges and related devices at the beginning and during the last steps of a surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "28321",
      "display": "Sponge Counters, Surgical, Holding Rack",
      "definition": "Counters that include a holding rack to help organize and facilitate manual counting of surgical sponges used during a surgical procedure.  These devices typically consist of a holding frame (i.e., rack) that permits the location of transparent bags; each bag has several pockets to place individual sponges. Holding rack counters used for sponge counting are typically hung from intravenous poles close to the operating table."
    },
    {
      "code": "28322",
      "display": "Sponge Counters, Surgical, Radiofrequency Identification",
      "definition": "Counters designed to verify the quantity of sponges used during a surgical procedure to help prevent the retention of surgical sponges inside the patient before closure of the operative field by reading passive radiofrequency (RF) tagged sponges.  These counters typically consist of a central unit that delivers and detects the RF signals from tags in the sponges. The unit counts the initial number of sponges introduced into a surgical case, and using a software program, reports the total sponges discarded at the end of the procedure. A comparison of the count of items entered into surgery, and of those removed from the surgical field, provides information regarding the sponges that may still remain in the surgical field prior to closing the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "28318",
      "display": "Sponge Detectors, Surgical",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to locate sponges during the last steps of a surgical procedure to help prevent the retention of surgical sponges inside the patient before closure of the operative field. These detectors may consist of conventional mobile or portable radiographic units that can detect sponges which include a radio opaque label or handheld devices that can detect radiofrequency labeled sponges. Sponge retention prevention surgical detectors can detect sponges and/or other related devices (e.g., swabs, towels) that are difficult to locate during the surgical procedure but cannot count and/or identify particular sponges or other items."
    },
    {
      "code": "27642",
      "display": "Sponge Detectors, Surgical, Radiofrequency",
      "definition": "Detectors designed to locate the presence or absence of sponges by means of a handheld radiofrequency (RF) wand during the last steps of a surgical procedure to help prevent the retention of surgical sponges inside the patient before closure of the operative field. These detectors typically consist of a central unit that provides and detects RF signals from the sponges and that also shows successful scanning evidence; a handheld wand that is displaced (i.e., scans) along the patient (both vertical and horizontal scans) to detect sponges with integrated radiofrequency tags; and a mat that includes a radiolucent RF antenna that is placed on the operating table.  Sponge retention prevention surgical RF detectors can effectively detect the presence of sponges and/or other related devices (e.g., RF labeled swabs and towels) as long as these devices contain a radiofrequency tag. However, they cannot count and/or identify particular sponges or other devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "13695",
      "display": "Sponges",
      "definition": "Single-use pieces of absorbent porous synthetic or semi-synthetic materials resembling natural sponges (i.e., multicellular organisms with bodies full of pores and channels) designed for a variety of purposes, such as to protect, clean, cover, and/or promote wound healing. Synthetic sponges are typically made of gauze, gauze and cotton, or polyurethane foam; sterile and non-sterile sponges are available. Sponges are used in healthcare for a variety of different non-clinical (e.g., equipment surface and clinical laboratory countertop cleaning) and clinical (e.g., to keep a moist environment, absorb exudates, and protect wounds from contact with bacteria) purposes. Dedicated sponges for contraception, scrubbing, and surgery (e.g., dissection, laparotomy, neurosurgery, ophthalmology) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "41035",
      "display": "Sponges, Antiseptic",
      "definition": "Single-use sponges supplied pre-soaked with an antiseptic solution and intended for application of the antiseptic solution to skin for the purpose of preparing a site for surgical incision or other invasive procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16791",
      "display": "Sponges, Hemostatic, Absorbable",
      "definition": "Sponges made of material that is absorbable by the body and intended to to stop bleeding. Hemostatic absorbable sponges are typically applied to a surgical incision, other skin wound, or an internal structure."
    },
    {
      "code": "33294",
      "display": "Sponges, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Sponges designed for a variety of clinical and non-clinical purposes. These sponges typically are single-use pieces of absorbent porous material made of gauze, gauze and cotton, rayon, or polyurethane foam. Some sponges may be impregnated with an agent or substance to facilitate their use (e.g., odor, moisture control) or with antimicrobial drugs. Sterile and non-sterile sponges are available. Sponges are used in healthcare facilities and at home for a variety of clinical (wound care, surgery, patient bathing, equipment cleaning) and non-clinical purposes such as cleaning of kitchen and dining counters and/or cabinet surfaces."
    },
    {
      "code": "13700",
      "display": "Sponges, Multipurpose, Gauze",
      "definition": "Multipurpose sponges that are typically made of non-woven, open-mesh fabrics such as cotton or a similar material. Gauze sponges may be sterile or non-sterile; they are available in multiple shapes and sizes. Gauze sponges are intended for cleaning and applying medication to minor cuts, scrapes, and burns as well as to help in cleaning wounds and prevent irritation; they can also be used as absorbent dressings."
    },
    {
      "code": "13701",
      "display": "Sponges, Multipurpose, Germicidal",
      "definition": "Multipurpose sponges designed and manufactured with an impregnated germicide. These devices are typically single-use sterile sponges made of cotton and/or other porous absorbent non-woven materials tightly impregnated with germicidal solutions; the sponges are available in a variety of sizes and shapes. Germicidal sponges are mainly intended to protect wounds and tissues against contamination as well as to absorb fluids and control bleeding; they are used in hospitals (e.g., emergency and operating rooms), other healthcare facilities, and at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "13699",
      "display": "Sponges, Multipurpose, Multilayer",
      "definition": "Multipurpose sponges designed with thin even films distributed over each layer creating a multi-layer absorbent. These sponges are typically made of folded absorbent gauze with thin, even films of cotton or rayon distributed over each layer; they are very soft, provide ample dressing volume and increase its absorption power quickly with little adhesion to wounds. Multilayer sponges are intended for external or internal application to disperse exudates and to provide enhanced absorption capability; they are mainly used to treat wounds and during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13703",
      "display": "Sponges, Multipurpose, Rayon",
      "definition": "Multipurpose sponges made of rayon (regenerated cellulose fiber, also known as viscose) designed with small holes inside for a higher level of absorbency. These sponges are made with a soft outer facing; they are typically treated with a soapy solution to keep them pliable and to prevent bacteria from growing inside. Rayon sponges are mainly intended for surface-cleaning purposes; single-use as well as reusable rayon cellulose sponges are available. Dedicated rayon sponges are also intended for use in wound care and surgical procedures in addition to other clinical purposes such as cleaning the surface of equipment and counters, and for bathing patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "15281",
      "display": "Sponges, Scrub",
      "definition": "Sponges designed for thorough cleansing and disinfection of the hands, fingers, nails, and arms when a high degree of cleanliness is required before surgical and other (e.g., catheterization) procedures. These sponges are usually flexible for improved cleaning; scrub sponges are made of absorbent porous materials (e.g., rayon, plastic, rubber) and some may be treated with an antibacterial agent that prolongs sponge life. Disposable and reusable scrub sponges as well as a disposable combination of scrub brushes and sponges are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33285",
      "display": "Sponges, Surgical",
      "definition": "Sponges designed for use during surgical procedures. These sponges are typically small pieces of sterile absorbent porous materials (e.g., cotton twill, gauze, rayon) that frequently include a detectable (e.g., x-ray radiopaque element, radiofrequency label) component and/or are impregnated with an agent or substance to facilitate their use (e.g., odor, moisture control) or an antimicrobial drugs. Dedicated surgical sponges intended for particular specialties such as laparoscopy, neurosurgery, and ophthalmology and/or procedures (e.g., blunt dissection) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13698",
      "display": "Sponges, Surgical, Dissector",
      "definition": "Sponges designed for use during surgical procedures where precise sponging/absorption is needed. These sponges are typically sterile single-use devices made of absorbent porous materials (e.g., cotton twill, gauze, rayon) that frequently include an x-ray radiopaque element. Dissecting sponges are typically small in size, and are available in a range of shapes (e.g., rosebud, peanut, cherry, round, Kittner); they are usually supplied as disposable sponges in packages of five or more units to facilitate sponge count. Dissector sponges are intended for use during a variety of procedures, from gross dissection in general surgery to delicate neurosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15085",
      "display": "Sponges, Surgical, Laparotomy",
      "definition": "Sponges designed for use during open surgical procedures in the abdominal cavity. These sponges typically include absorbent prewashed cotton to soak up fluids around the surgical field, keeping the field as dry as possible and allowing surgeons to clearly visualize the area of interest and to apply pressure to help stop bleeding. Sterile and non-sterile laparotomy sponges are available in a variety of different sizes; some laparotomy sponges include detectable (e.g., x-ray elements, radiofrequency labels) components. Laparotomy sponges are intended to control bleeding or to absorb other liquids and to hold organs or other anatomic parts in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "13702",
      "display": "Sponges, Surgical, Neurosurgery",
      "definition": "Sponges designed for use during open surgical procedures inside the central nervous system; a neurosurgical sponge easily conforms to the tissue contours on which it is placed. These devices are typically sterile and flexible single-use sponges made from a variety of materials including cotton, rayon, and polyester; the outer components of the sponge are usually made of a porous plastic material which prevents the sponge from adhering to the tissue and avoids tearing the tissue when removed. Some neurosurgical sponges may include detectable (e.g., x-ray elements, radiofrequency labels) components and/or a string attached to it for easy identification."
    },
    {
      "code": "13704",
      "display": "Sponges, Surgical, Ophthalmic",
      "definition": "Sponges designed for use during surgical procedures (e.g., vitrectomy, cataracts) on the eyes. These sponges are sterile, non-adherent, soft and fast-wicking devices typically made of folded gauze, cotton, or rayon and have different shapes (e.g., spears, disks, shields) according to the procedure to be performed. Some ophthalmic sponges can be also used for safe cleaning of the microsurgical instruments used in the procedures. Ophthalmic surgery sponges are mainly intended to absorb fluids from the operative field."
    },
    {
      "code": "17933",
      "display": "Springs, Eyelid",
      "definition": "Springs that are fashioned by the surgeon from orthodontic wire that are implanted under the eyelid in patients with paralytic lagophthalmos. These devices are not commercially available and were custom made by the authors (see Health Devices Alerts Implants Accession No. M2284 dated April 10, 1992)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16025",
      "display": "Spuds, Eye",
      "definition": "A slender, probe-like device that is used to grasp and extract foreign bodies from superficial tissue of the eye with minimum trauma to that tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "17982",
      "display": "Standing Frames",
      "definition": "Frames designed to help users remain in a standing, upright position. These frames typically consist of a rigid, metal framework with the center of gravity low enough for stability; they include upper bars for user support and bottom bars that provide traction even when the floor is slippery. Standing frames are available in a variety of configurations according to the intended purpose, such as help getting in and out of wheelchairs; some frames provide support (e.g., belts, foot straps, knee pads) to help patients maintain a standing position. They may include powered (e.g., pneumatic, electric) mechanisms to lower or raise the patient. Frames with appropriate sizes for use by children and adults are also available. Standing frames are not intended to facilitate a user's gait."
    },
    {
      "code": "16912",
      "display": "Standing Frames, Mobile",
      "definition": "Standing wheeled frames designed to help users remain in a standing, upright position when they are transported. These frames typically consist of a rigid, metal framework with the center of gravity low enough for stability; they include upper bars for user support, bottom bars mounted on casters, and brakes. Mobile frames are available in a variety of configurations according to the intended purpose, such as help getting in and out of wheelchairs; some frames provide user support (e.g., belts, foot straps, knee pads) to help patients maintain a standing position. Mobile standing frames may include powered (e.g., pneumatic, electric) mechanisms used to move the frame with the user in a standing position or to lower or raise the patient. Frames with appropriate sizes for use by children and adults are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "39459",
      "display": "Standing Frames, Swivel Walker",
      "definition": "Standing frames designed to allow the user to move independently (i.e., ambulate) by alternatively unweighting and pivoting first one side of the frame and then the other (i.e., swiveling). These swivel walkers incorporate a baseplate or pair of mechanically coupled runners designed to facilitate unweighting one side of the frame at a time, which is typically accomplished by users shifting their center of gravity within the standing frame. Some swivel walkers incorporate handles that allow users to apply torque to the frame using their arms, which facilitates the swiveling of the frame."
    },
    {
      "code": "41969",
      "display": "Staple Line Reinforcements",
      "definition": "Staple Line Reinforcements are strips and/or sleeves of absorbable material intended to buttress staple lines and control leaks of blood, fluids, and air from around staple lines. They can be manually attached to a surgical stapler anvil and cartridge or a circular stapler. Some staple line reinforcements are available pre-loaded in an applicator."
    },
    {
      "code": "16787",
      "display": "Staple Removers",
      "definition": "Handheld instruments designed for removing staples from the skin. These removers typically consist of a stainless steel, two-handle, pivoted, tonglike instrument ended in a fine point.  Staple removers permit a quick removal of skin staples with minimal trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "20320",
      "display": "Stapler/Cutters, Surgical, Linear, Gastrointestinal Tract (Retired)",
      "definition": "Surgical linear stapplers/cutters designed to deliver two or more double staggered rows of staples to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract tissue that include a knife for simultaneous cutting of the tissue between the two double rows. These devices are usually staplers/cutters of the forked type; some staplers are disposable but may be reloaded during a single procedure. GI linear staplers/cutters are mainly used to create anastomosis of two segments of the GI tract; they may be also used for transection and resection of  organs such as the liver."
    },
    {
      "code": "20316",
      "display": "Staplers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for mechanical fastening of tissues (e.g., closing of wounds, joining organs, bone fixation) by delivering staples into the tissues. These devices usually consist of a mechanism for delivering staples and a preloaded disposable cartridge containing the staples; the mechanisms are frequently reloadable but for single-patient use. Staplers are available in many different types and sizes, including surgical staplers for internal organs and anastomosis of tubular structures and skin staplers for skin wound closure. Bone staples are usually delivered using staple drivers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20324",
      "display": "Staplers, Skin",
      "definition": "Staplers designed to deliver staples one at a time across cut skin edges to close the incision. These staplers usually deliver U-shaped staples that approximate and evert the edges of the tissue as the staples are driven through the skin and conformed into a rectangular shape. The rectangular configuration of the staples resist rotation while avoiding compression of the skin, resulting in easy removal with good cosmetic results. Skin staplers are intended to close the skin after surgical or traumatic wounds with less pain and better results than obtained with standard sutures; they are available as single-use disposable devices and also as reusable devices with disposable cartridges.."
    },
    {
      "code": "20317",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical",
      "definition": "Staplers designed to deliver staples to join internal tissues of the body during surgical procedures. These staplers usually deliver U-shaped staples that are conformed into a B shape as they are driven through the tissue; the staples may be delivered one at a time or simultaneously, typically as a set of  double staggered rows either following a linear or circular pattern. Surgical staplers are mostly used to close internal organs, for anastomosis in gastrointestinal and vascular procedures, for biopsy or wedge resection of the lung, and in other thoracic surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20322",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Circular",
      "definition": "Surgical staplers designed for intraluminal delivery of double staggered rows of staples following a circular pattern. These staplers include a detachable head assembly, a firing handle, a locking spring, a staple housing, and trocars; they are appropriate for use in gastrointestinal tissues (typically from 1 to 2.5 mm thickness). Usually a circular knife cuts a stoma simultaneously to staple driving through the tissues. Circular staplers are available in several sizes to adapt their use to different diameters of the lumen. They are mostly used in anastomosis throughout the gastrointestinal tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "41705",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Circular, Manual",
      "definition": "Circular surgical staplers designed to use manual force applied through a trigger or lever handle to deliver double staggered rows of staples in a circular pattern."
    },
    {
      "code": "20323",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Circular, Manual, Hemorrhoid",
      "definition": "Surgical staplers designed to excise enlarged prolapsed anal mucose (hemorrhoids). These devices typically consist of circular staplers of at least 1.25-inch (33 mm) diameter. The device is introduced through the anus into the rectum, then the prolapsed tissue is pulled into the stapler and removed, while the remaining hemorrhoidal tissue is stapled and restored to its original normal position. Hemorrhoid circular staplers are frequently used together with anal dilators and suture anoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41708",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Circular, Powered",
      "definition": "Circular surgical staplers designed to use battery-powered force activated by a handle or button to deliver double staggered rows of staples in a circular pattern."
    },
    {
      "code": "20318",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear",
      "definition": "Surgical staplers designed to deliver staples in a single row or multiple staggered rows following a linear pattern. These staplers may include parallel closing jaws, either U- or V-shaped (placing a double staggered row of staples), or a forked structure (placing two double staggered rows of staples). Some linear staplers include articulating and/or flexible components between the body and jaws to facilitate positioning. Staplers can be reloadable, single-use devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "20319",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Gastrointestinal (Retired)",
      "definition": "Linear staplers designed to deliver staples (e.g., made of titanium) in resection, transection, and anastomosis procedures performed on the gastrointestinal tract and/or other thoracic surgery procedures. These staplers are appropriate for use in tissues with the characteristic thickness of the gastrointestinal tract (typically from 1 to 2.5 mm); they are available in several sizes to adapt their use to different tissue thicknesses. Linear gastrointestinal staplers can create stapling lines of different lengths (e.g., 30, 60, 90 mm). Some staplers are disposable but may be reloaded during a single procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41710",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Manual",
      "definition": "Linear surgical staplers designed to use manual force applied through a trigger or lever handle to deliver a single row or multiple staggered rows of staples following a linear pattern."
    },
    {
      "code": "41715",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Manual, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Linear staplers designed to use manual force to deliver staples in resection, transection, and anastomosis procedures performed on the gastrointestinal tract. These staplers are appropriate for use in tissues with the characteristic thickness of the gastrointestinal tract (typically from 1 to 2.5 mm); they are available in several sizes to adapt their use to different tissue thicknesses. Linear gastrointestinal staplers can create stapling lines of different lengths (e.g., 30, 60, 90 mm). Some staplers are disposable but may be reloaded during a single procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41716",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Manual, Gastrointestinal, Cutting",
      "definition": "Gastrointestinal linear staplers designed to use manual force to staple and cut tissue, incorporating a blade to cut tissue along a designated channel immediately after inserting rows of staples alongside the channel to seal the tissue on either side of the cut. These staplers usually consist of an insulated tubular shaft that provides tissue cutting and stapling capabilities at the distal of and a handle. The instrument may include an articulated mechanism at the distal end to provide different angles of operation. The integrated handle at the proximal end includes a firing mechanism for cutting and stapling."
    },
    {
      "code": "41711",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Manual, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Manual linear surgical staplers used for resection, transection, or creation of anastomoses during abdominal surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, general surgery, gynecological surgery, hepatic surgery, pediatric surgery, thoracic surgery, and urologic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33076",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Manual, Multipurpose, Cutting",
      "definition": "Multipurpose linear staplers designed to use manual force to staple and cut tissue, incorporating a blade to cut tissue along a designated channel immediately after inserting rows of staples alongside the channel to seal the tissue on either side of the cut. These staplers usually consist of an insulated tubular shaft that provides tissue cutting and stapling capabilities at the distal of and a handle. The instrument may include an articulated mechanism at the distal end to provide different angles of operation. The integrated handle at the proximal end includes a firing mechanism for cutting and stapling. These devices are used with different staple cartridges with sizes (e.g., 1.5, 2.0 mm height) according to the thickness of the tissue to be resected and stapled. They are intended for transection, resection, and/or creation of anastomoses in a variety of open or minimally invasive surgical procedures (e.g., gynecologic, urologic, thoracic) procedures and also for transection and resection of other organ tissues (e.g., liver parenchyma, pancreas, kidney, and spleen)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41717",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Manual, Vascular",
      "definition": "Linear staplers designed to use manual force to deliver staples in resection, transection, and anastomosis procedures performed on the vessels. These staplers are appropriate for use in tissues with the characteristic thickness of the vasculature, typically tissues that can be compressed to 1 mm or less in thickness. Vascular staplers are available in several sizes to adapt their use to different tissue thicknesses; the staplers can create stapling lines of different lengths (e.g., 30 mm, 60 mm). Some staplers are disposable but may be reloaded during a single procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41718",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Manual, Vascular, Cutting",
      "definition": "Vascular linear staplers designed to use manual force to staple and cut tissue, incorporating a blade to cut tissue along a designated channel immediately after inserting rows of staples alongside the channel to seal the tissue on either side of the cut. These staplers usually consist of an insulated tubular shaft that provides tissue cutting and stapling capabilities at the distal of and a handle. The instrument may include an articulated mechanism at the distal end to provide different angles of operation. The integrated handle at the proximal end includes a firing mechanism for cutting and stapling."
    },
    {
      "code": "41719",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Powered",
      "definition": "Linear surgical staplers designed to use battery-powered force activated through a trigger or button to deliver a single row or multiple staggered rows of staples following a linear pattern. Some powered instruments include a motor and battery inside the handle."
    },
    {
      "code": "41721",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Powered, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Linear staplers designed to use battery-powered force deliver staples in resection, transection, and anastomosis procedures performed on the gastrointestinal tract. These staplers are appropriate for use in tissues with the characteristic thickness of the gastrointestinal tract (typically from 1 to 2.5 mm); they are available in several sizes to adapt their use to different tissue thicknesses. Linear gastrointestinal staplers can create stapling lines of different lengths (e.g., 30, 60, 90 mm). Some staplers are disposable but may be reloaded during a single procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41722",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Powered, Gastrointestinal, Cutting",
      "definition": "Gastrointestinal linear staplers designed to use battery-powered force to staple and cut tissue, incorporating a blade to cut tissue along a designated channel immediately after inserting rows of staples alongside the channel to seal the tissue on either side of the cut. These staplers usually consist of an insulated tubular shaft that provides tissue cutting and stapling capabilities at the distal of and a handle. The instrument may include an articulated mechanism at the distal end to provide different angles of operation. The integrated handle at the proximal end includes a firing mechanism for cutting and stapling."
    },
    {
      "code": "41723",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Powered, Vascular",
      "definition": "Linear staplers designed to use battery-power force to deliver staples in resection, transection, and anastomosis procedures performed on the vessels. These staplers are appropriate for use in tissues with the characteristic thickness of the vasculature, typically tissues that can be compressed to 1 mm or less in thickness. Vascular staplers are available in several sizes to adapt their use to different tissue thicknesses; the staplers can create stapling lines of different lengths (e.g., 30 mm, 60 mm). Some staplers are disposable but may be reloaded during a single procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41720",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Powered. Multipurpose, Cutting",
      "definition": "Multipurpose linear staplers designed to use battery-powered force to staple and cut tissue, incorporating a blade to cut tissue along a designated channel immediately after inserting rows of staples alongside the channel to seal the tissue on either side of the cut. These staplers usually consist of an insulated tubular shaft that provides tissue cutting and stapling capabilities at the distal of and a handle. The instrument may include an articulated mechanism at the distal end to provide different angles of operation. The integrated handle at the proximal end includes a firing mechanism for cutting and stapling."
    },
    {
      "code": "20321",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Linear, Vascular (Retired)",
      "definition": "Linear staplers designed to deliver staples (e.g., made of titanium) in resection, transection, and anastomosis procedures performed on the vessels. These staplers are appropriate for use in tissues with the characteristic thickness of the vasculature, typically tissues that can be compressed to 1 mm or less in thickness. Vascular staplers are available in several sizes to adapt their use to different tissue thicknesses; the staplers can create stapling lines of different lengths (e.g., 30 mm, 60 mm). Some staplers are disposable but may be reloaded during a single procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "41724",
      "display": "Staplers, Surgical, Powered, Vascular, Cutting",
      "definition": "Vascular linear staplers designed to use battery-powered force to staple and cut tissue, incorporating a blade to cut tissue along a designated channel immediately after inserting rows of staples alongside the channel to seal the tissue on either side of the cut. These staplers usually consist of an insulated tubular shaft that provides tissue cutting and stapling capabilities at the distal of and a handle. The instrument may include an articulated mechanism at the distal end to provide different angles of operation. The integrated handle at the proximal end includes a firing mechanism for cutting and stapling."
    },
    {
      "code": "16771",
      "display": "Staples",
      "definition": "Small pieces of thin metallic wires, typically U-shaped, that are appropriate for mechanically fastening tissues together. Most staples are made of stainless, non-absorbable, biocompatible metals (e.g., stainless steel, chromium, titanium) or metallic alloys; they are available in several different shapes and calibers according to the intended use (e.g., bone, vessel, skin). Staples are used in surgery to join many types of organs and tissues, especially in the anastomosis of tubular structures such as the gastrointestinal tract and vasculature; other staples are used for skin wound closure.  Most staples are delivered using dedicated instruments (e.g., staplers, drivers). Stapling is generally faster and produces less tissue trauma than standard suturing techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "16103",
      "display": "Staples, Bone",
      "definition": "Staples designed for fixation of bones. These staples are usually U-shaped metallic wires with tapered  legs including barbs (i.e., serrated legs) to avoid \"backing out\" after they are driven into the bones. The staples are typically delivered by special appliers (e.g., staple drivers). Bone staples are mostly used as general fixation devices in orthopedic procedures such as  shoulder ligament repair and corrective bone procedures than involve cutting of bone (osteotomy); they are also used in displaced scaphoid fractures and other orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20325",
      "display": "Staples, Bone, Compression",
      "definition": "Staples designed to produce compression and rigid fixation across cancellous bone surfaces. These devices may consist of two-leg, mechanically adjusted staples or one-piece staples that are reshaped to apply compression using a heating  electrical current after its implantation. Compression bone staples are used in fracture fixation, fixation of the joints (e.g., knee, shoulder) with proliferation of bone cells (i.e., arthrodesis), bone fusion sites, and in other orthopedic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20327",
      "display": "Staples, Bone, Compression, Heat Reshaping",
      "definition": "Compression bone staples that can be reconformed to their original shape after being delivered into the bones by applying a heated electric current through them. These staples apply a compression force across bone fractures or fusion sites by deflecting their prongs; they are made of special shape-memory metal alloys (e.g., nitinol). Heat reshaping staples are available in several sizes and shapes; they are intended to accelerate the healing response of bones. The staples are used in procedures such as general fracture fixation; skull, maxillofacial, and other oral fractures; and ligament reattachment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20326",
      "display": "Staples, Bone, Compression, Separate-Leg",
      "definition": "Compression bone staples consisting of two separated pieces (legs) that can be adjusted as a staple to produce compression using a mechanical threaded mechanism. These staples apply a compression force that is effective to avoid plaster fixation after tibial osteotomy; they are also used as an aid in procedures involving fixation of the joints with proliferation of bone cells (i.e., arthrodesis), including the knee, shoulder, and ankle joints."
    },
    {
      "code": "20328",
      "display": "Staples, Gastrointestinal/Internal Organ",
      "definition": "Staples made of heavy-gauge metal and long legs appropriate for accommodating the thick gastric and/or internal organ tissues. These staples are usually U-shaped metallic wires that are conformed into a B shape as they are driven through the tissue; they are typically delivered by staplers in one or two double staggered rows, following either a linear or circular pattern. Gastrointestinal/internal organ staples are mostly used to close internal organs in procedures such as biopsy or wedge resection of the lung, for anastomosis of the gastrointestinal tract, and in other thoracic surgical procedures (e.g., fixation of hernia suturing mesh)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20330",
      "display": "Staples, Skin",
      "definition": "Staples designed to join cut skin edges. These staples are usually U-shaped metallic wires that are conformed into a rectangular shape as they are driven into the tissue to properly approximate and evert the border of the incision and allow easy removal. Skin staples are typically delivered by staplers one at a time, following a very different pattern than that used in internal surgery and avoiding tissue compression for better cosmetic results; they are usually available in two sizes, regular and wide (3.5 mm and 4.2 mm width, respectively)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20329",
      "display": "Staples, Vascular",
      "definition": "Staples made of  fine-gauge metal and short legs appropriate for accommodating the thin vascular tissues. These staples are usually U-shaped metallic wires that are conformed into a B shape as they are driven through the tissue; they are typically delivered by staplers in one or two double staggered rows following a linear pattern. Vascular staples are mostly used for anastomosis of the arteries and veins."
    },
    {
      "code": "37302",
      "display": "Steam Kettles",
      "definition": "Large cooking vessels with both an inner and outer steel wall that cooks the contents inside by releasing steam into the space between the walls. This steam jacket typically extends from the bottom of the kettle to between half and two-thirds of the distance to the rim. Heat passes directly from the wall of the kettle into the food. Kettles are available in gas or electric models, as well as direct steam units. Most are made from stainless steel, and usually, the steam jacket is permanently filled with treated, distilled water. Many models have a tilting mechanism for easy removal of liquids. They can range in size from 6 gallons to 100 gallons. The steam kettles can be floor, countertop, or wall models."
    },
    {
      "code": "41694",
      "display": "Stenotype Machines",
      "definition": "Machines resembling a typewriter that are used for recording speech in syllables or phonemes. The stenotype keyboard usually has 22 keys, including an asterisk key that has multiple functions such as deleting words or creating paragraphs. Multiple keys are pressed simultaneously (known as \"chording\" or \"stroking\") to spell out whole syllables, words, and phrases with a single hand motion. A stenograph machine may contain a microprocessor and connect to a computer. This device is used for generating transcriptions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27418",
      "display": "Stent Delivery Kits",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices and supplies (either custom or standard) designed to deliver stents to appropriate locations inside the vasculature according to the intended use (e.g., angioplasty, aorta dissection treatment). These kits typically include the implantable endoprostheses (i.e., the stent) that may be inserted or mounted on catheters that include a compliant section near the distal end appropriate for stent delivery and deployment. Ancillary devices (e.g., syringes, needles) and products (e.g., glue, saline, alcohol)  may be also included for use during the stenting procedure. Stent delivery kits for the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract, the biliary ducts, and the vasculature are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20451",
      "display": "Stent/Grafts",
      "definition": "Slender tubular devices designed to functionally replace injured or diseased sections of the body's tubular structures (e.g., blood vessels) while maintaining patency. These devices typically consist of one or more open mesh metallic stents (either balloon expandable or self-expanding) covered with either a synthetic (e.g., Dacron) or, less frequently, biomaterial graft tube. Stent/grafts are usually placed endoscopically, via a percutaneous approach (e.g., via the femoral artery), or via other surgical approaches."
    },
    {
      "code": "18585",
      "display": "Stent/Grafts, Vascular",
      "definition": "Stents-grafts designed for deployment in blood vessels (i.e., endoprostheses) to bypass injured or diseased vessel sections while maintaining patency within the vasculature. These devices typically consist of one or more metal, meshlike stent tubes covered with a synthetic (e.g., polyurethane, Dacron) or biomaterial (e.g., native vein) graft. They are available in several different shapes (e.g., straight, bifurcated) to adapt to particular sections of the vasculature and to prevent migration. The stents may be either balloon-expandable or self-expanding. Vascular stent-grafts are used mainly to treat aneurysms and/or to repair vessel perforations or ruptures; some are used to keep strictures of the vessels open and/or to reduce vascular narrowing (i.e., restenosis) after angioplastic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20453",
      "display": "Stent/Grafts, Vascular, Aortic",
      "definition": "Stent/grafts designed for percutaneous deployment into the aorta.  These devices typically consist of a metallic meshlike supporting frame (e.g., a set of self-expanding stents) covered with a graft (e.g., made from a synthetic material such as Dacron). Most aortic stent/grafts are used to bypass lower abdominal (under the renal artery) aortic aneurysms. The stent/grafts are introduced within the aneurysm through the femoral arteries in the groin area. Aortic stent/grafts divert the flow of blood away from the aneurysm wall, excluding the aneurysm from circulation. The procedure does not remove the aneurysm but allows it to shrink over time. They may also be used for dissection."
    },
    {
      "code": "20454",
      "display": "Stent/Grafts, Vascular, Aortoiliac",
      "definition": "Stent/grafts designed for percutaneous deployment into the aorta and proximal sections of the iliac arteries. These devices are available in several shapes and materials. Some devices consist of an integral bifurcated (Y-shaped) graft with stents on its ends that includes a larger-diameter section for the aorta and two limbs for the iliac arteries.  Other devices are modular systems with self-expanding stents that are inserted by parts - first, one part of the graft stent, including the aortic section and one iliac limb, is introduced through a femoral artery, then the contralateral limb is inserted from the opposite groin and attached to the previously inserted part. Most aortoiliac stent/grafts are used to bypass lower abdominal (under the renal artery) aortic aneurysms without a distal neck, usually also affecting the iliac arteries. Aortic stent/grafts divert the flow of blood away from the aneurysm wall, excluding the aneurysm from circulation. The procedure does not remove the aneurysm but allows it to shrink over time."
    },
    {
      "code": "20452",
      "display": "Stent/Grafts, Vascular, Coronary",
      "definition": "Stent/grafts designed for percutaneous deployment into the coronary arteries.  These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., balloon expandable) meshlike stent covered with a synthetic graft such as Dacron or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Some devices consist of a layer of expanded PTFE placed between two stainless steel stents. Coronary stent/grafts are intended for emergency treatment of perforations in native coronary arteries and/or saphenous vein bypass grafts."
    },
    {
      "code": "20455",
      "display": "Stent/Grafts, Vascular, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Vascular stent/grafts designed for deployment into one of the peripheral arteries, especially those that supply blood to the lower extremities, such as the iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries. These devices typically consist of a balloon-expanded or self-expanding stent covered with a synthetic (e.g., polyurethane, Dacron) graft; they are available in several different shapes (e.g., straight, bend) to adapt to particular sections of the peripheral arteries and/or to prevent migration. Peripheral vascular stent/grafts are mostly used to treat aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms and/or to repair vessel perforations or ruptures.  Some are used to keep open strictures of the vessels and/or to reduce vascular narrowing (i.e., restenosis) after angioplastic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15784",
      "display": "Stents",
      "definition": "Devices conformed (e.g., molded) according to anatomic structures of the human body. Most stents are designed to provide support and/or to maintain patency within the body's tubular structures, such as blood vessels and gastrointestinal, urinary, or biliary ducts.  These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., wire mesh) or polymeric (e.g., plastic, Silastic) tube. Metallic stents usually become a permanent implant a few weeks after deployment. Stents are typically used to keep the ducts patent after dilatation of strictures (e.g., angioplasty); some are used for anastomosis (e.g., vessel, intestinal). Several types of specialized stents are used in dentistry (e.g., antihemorrhagic, drainage, occlusal, periodontal) and maxillofacial surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17672",
      "display": "Stents, Biliary",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the biliary ducts to provide support for and/or maintain patency within the biliary duct tree. These devices may consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) or plastic tube, and they are available in several different shapes (e.g., straight, bent, pigtail) and sizes to adapt to particular sections of the biliary tree and/or to prevent migration. The stent surface may be coated to give the stent special capabilities (e.g., water repellant). Metallic stents may be either balloon-expandable or self-expandable, and they may be deployed through endoscopic or percutaneous transhepatic procedures. Biliary stents are used mainly to open strictures of the ducts caused by malignant tumors or benign diseases, restoring the flow of bile."
    },
    {
      "code": "20419",
      "display": "Stents, Biliary, Metallic",
      "definition": "Biliary stents manufactured from metallic alloys, such as stainless steel, platinum, or nickel titanium alloys. These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., meshlike wire) tube, and some include a plastic cover. Pancreatic metallic stents may be either balloon expandable or self-expanding; they may be deployed using endoscopic or percutaneous procedures.  These stents are permanent devices mostly used to treat stenosis of the biliary ducts caused by malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20420",
      "display": "Stents, Biliary, Metallic, Balloon-Expandable",
      "definition": "Biliary metallic stents designed to be expanded using a high-pressure balloon after delivery through an appropriate stent-delivery system, applying a constant radial pressure to the artery walls. These stents are usually made of stainless steel or platinum, and some are radiopaque or include radiopaque markers for accurate positioning. Balloon-expandable biliary stents are used to open biliary-tree strictures (e.g., malignant strictures) without compromising the flexibility of the ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "20421",
      "display": "Stents, Biliary, Metallic, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Biliary metallic stents that are designed to open (i.e., expand) automatically (i.e., self-expanding) (versus by balloon dilatation or other method) after deployment in the structure through an appropriate stent-delivery system. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Self-expandable biliary stents are used to open biliary-tree strictures (e.g., palliation of malignant strictures) without compromising the flexibility of the ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "20418",
      "display": "Stents, Biliary, Polymeric",
      "definition": "Biliary stents manufactured from polymeric materials such as polyethylene, silicone, Teflon, or silastics; they are available in several different sizes to adapt to particular sections of the duct and/or to prevent migration. These stents are usually inserted using either percutaneous or endoscopic procedures. Polymeric biliary stents are removable devices mostly used to treat stenosis caused by benign diseases (e.g., stones, strictures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17957",
      "display": "Stents, Bronchial",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the bronchi to provide support for and/or maintain patency within the respiratory tree. These devices may consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) or polymeric tube, and they are available in several different shapes (e.g., straight, bent) to adapt to particular sections of the bronchi and/or to prevent migration. The stent surface may be coated to give the stent special capabilities (e.g., water-repellant). These stents may be deployed using rigid or flexible bronchoscopes, according their shape and physical characteristics.  Bronchial stents are used mainly to treat mainstem bronchial stenosis without carinal involvement caused either by benign diseases or malignant tumors and facilitate the flow of air into the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20432",
      "display": "Stents, Bronchial, Metallic",
      "definition": "Small bronchial stents manufactured from metallic alloys, such as stainless steel, platinum, or nickel titanium alloys (e.g., nitinol). These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) tube, and some include a plastic cover. Bronchial metallic stents may be either balloon expandable or self-expandable; they are typically deployed under local anesthetics using flexible bronchoscopes. These stents are permanent devices mostly used to treat stenosis caused by malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20433",
      "display": "Stents, Bronchial, Metallic, Balloon-Expandable",
      "definition": "Metallic bronchial stents designed to be expanded using a high-pressure balloon after delivery, applying a constant radial pressure to the bronchial walls. Some of these stents are radiopaque or include radiopaque markers for accurate positioning. Balloon-expandable bronchial stents are typically deployed under local anesthetics using flexible bronchoscopes; they are mostly used to treat stenosis caused by malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20434",
      "display": "Stents, Bronchial, Metallic, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Metallic bronchial stents that expand by themselves after deployment, applying a constant radial pressure to the bronchial walls. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Self-expandable bronchial stents are typically deployed under local anesthetics using flexible bronchoscopes; they are mostly used to treat stenosis caused by malignant tumors"
    },
    {
      "code": "20431",
      "display": "Stents, Bronchial, Polymeric",
      "definition": "Bronchial stents manufactured from polymeric materials such as silicone or silastics. These devices may include struts that project into the bronchial wall to help anchor the stent in place. Polymeric bronchial stents are mostly used to treat main-stem bronchial stenosis without carinal involvement caused either by benign diseases or malignant tumors, facilitating the flow of air into the lungs. They are usually inserted under general anesthesia using rigid bronchoscopes.  These stents can be used for long periods and extracted if needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "20449",
      "display": "Stents, Colonic",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the colon or the proximal rectum to provide support and/or to maintain patency within the lower digestive tract. These devices typically consist of metallic self-expanding stents, either compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or shape-memory stents manufactured from an alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Colonic stents are typically deployed using endoscopic procedures; they are mostly used to treat strictures caused by carcinomas in patients with high operative risk and/or advanced disease. Some of these stents may be used in other sections of the digestive tract (e.g., duodenum)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20450",
      "display": "Stents, Dental",
      "definition": "Stents designed for temporary use during dental procedures and/or maxillary surgery.  Dental stents are available in many shapes, and most are especially designed for different applications, including control of hemorrhage, to facilitate tooth eruption (pedodontic), for proper location of tooth implants, and as a surgical guide in maxillofacial surgery. Some dental stents consist of direct impressions of the mouth and/or oral structures; they are made of stent mass or acrylic or dental compounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "17928",
      "display": "Stents, Esophageal",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the esophagus to provide support for and/or maintain patency of the digestive tract . These devices may consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) or plastic tube, and they are available in several different shapes and sizes to adapt to particular sections of esophagus and/or to prevent migration; some include an antireflux valve. The stent surface may be coated to give the stent special capabilities. These stents are typically deployed using endoscopic procedures.  Esophageal stents are used to bypass stenosis caused by benign diseases, injuries, or malignant tumors. They provide relief from difficulties  in swallowing (i.e., dysphagia) and facilitate normal feeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "20443",
      "display": "Stents, Esophageal, Metallic",
      "definition": "Esophageal stents manufactured from metallic alloys, such as stainless steel, platinum, or nickel titanium alloys (e.g., nitinol). These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) tube.  Most stents include a plastic covering to resist tumor ingrowth and/or to seal esophageal fistula.  Metallic stents used in the esophagus are usually deployed under local anesthetics using endoscopic procedures (i.e., esophagoscopy). Metallic esophageal stents are permanent devices mostly used to treat stenosis caused by malignant tumors.  They could also be used for injuries and/or benign diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20444",
      "display": "Stents, Esophageal, Metallic, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Metallic esophageal stents that expand by themselves after deployment, applying a constant radial pressure to the esophageal walls. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an  alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Self-expandable esophageal stents are typically deployed under local anesthetics using endoscopic procedures; they are mostly used to treat stenosis caused by malignant tumors.  The stents could also be used for injuries and/or benign diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "20442",
      "display": "Stents, Esophageal, Polymeric",
      "definition": "Esophageal stents manufactured from synthetic plastic materials, such as silicone or silastics. These devices may include anchors that project into the esophageal wall to prevent stent migration. Polymeric bronchial stents are used to treat strictures and/or lesions caused either by injuries or benign diseases; they are not appropriate for poorly dilatable strictures. These stents are usually inserted under local or general anesthesia using endoscopic procedures. Polymeric stents can be used for long periods and extracted if needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "23592",
      "display": "Stents, Eustachian Tube",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the eustachian tube to maintain patency of the passage. These devices typically consist of a hollow, plastic, flanged tube that conforms to the inner contour of the eustachian tube; temporary stents are frequently made of biodegradable materials and may be capable of eluting a drug. They are usually positioned via the middle ear by insertion past the tympanic membrane; the flange secures the stent at the tympanic orifice of the eustachian tube. Eustachian tube stents are intended for ventilation and/or drainage of the middle ear cavity by enhancement of the lumen of the natural tube."
    },
    {
      "code": "23858",
      "display": "Stents, Eye, Glaucoma Drainage",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic stents designed for deployment into the eye to create an artificial drainage pathway for patients with glaucoma. These stents may consist of a silastic or metallic (frequently heparin coated titanium) tube: one end is inserted through a small incision into the anterior chamber of the eye and the other under the conjunctiva or placed through the Schlemm's canal in such a way that the fluid is eventually absorbed by blood and/or lymph vessels; the shunt may be attached to the patient's sclera by sutures. Some stents also include a very small reservoir and/or valves to regulate the flow of liquid. Glaucoma drainage stents are typically used in patients with advanced glaucoma disease when, despite the use of medication regimens, laser treatments, or a previous glaucoma filtration procedure (trabeculectomy), the addition of a drainage tube is recommended."
    },
    {
      "code": "36782",
      "display": "Stents, Gastroduodenal",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the pylorus or duodenum to provide support and/or to maintain patency of these structures. These devices typically are self-expanding metal stents designed to generate radial pressure on the pyloric/duodenal walls upon stent deployment. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Gastroduodenal stents are typically deployed using endoscopic procedures; they are mostly used to treat duodenal strictures or gastric outlet obstructions caused by benign or malignant growths."
    },
    {
      "code": "20441",
      "display": "Stents, Laryngeal",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the larynx to provide support and/or to maintain patency of the airways. These devices typically consist of a plastic tube that conforms to the inner contour of the larynx, providing support but bending easily. The stent retains its position by adherence to the laryngeal contour; some include straps for additional anchoring. Laryngeal stents are used for posttraumatic support after laryngotracheal reconstruction.  They are also used to treat laryngeal (e.g., glottis, subglottis) stenosis.  These stents are usually removed endoscopically after laryngeal healing."
    },
    {
      "code": "23594",
      "display": "Stents, Laryngeal, Keel",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the larynx to prevent opposing mucosal surfaces from touching, instead of providing 360 degrees of support as most stents do.  These stents typically consist of a silicone (either clear or radiopaque) tube often with a wide T configuration, but some other keels resemble an umbrella; the stents are available in several sizes. Keel stents are mainly intended to prevent the laryngeal web from reforming; they are frequently used in children with congenital laryngeal web or laryngeal stenosis (i.e., atresia), to repair anterior glottis stenosis, and to prevent stenosis after hemilaryngectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17717",
      "display": "Stents, Pancreatic",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the main pancreatic duct to provide support for and/or maintain patency within the duct. These devices may consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) or plastic tube, and they are available in several different shapes and sizes and with various numbers of barbs or pigtails to adapt to particular sections of the duct and/or to prevent migration. The stent surface may be coated to give the stent special capabilities (e.g., water repellant). Metallic stents may be either balloon-expandable or self-expanding, and they may be deployed through endoscopic or percutaneous transhepatic procedures. Pancreatic stents are used to open strictures of the ducts caused by malignant tumors or benign diseases, restoring the flow of pancreatic juice to the duodenum."
    },
    {
      "code": "20446",
      "display": "Stents, Pancreatic, Metallic",
      "definition": "Pancreatic stents manufactured from metallic alloys, such as stainless steel, platinum,  or nickel titanium alloys (e.g., nitinol). These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g., meshlike wire) tube, and some include a cover. Pancreatic metallic stents may be either balloon expandable or self-expanding; they are typically deployed using endoscopic procedures.  The stents are mostly used to treat stenosis of the main pancreatic duct caused by malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20448",
      "display": "Stents, Pancreatic, Metallic, Balloon-Expandable",
      "definition": "Pancreatic metallic stents that expand by themselves after deployment, applying a constant radial pressure to the pancreatic duct walls. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an  alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Self-expandable pancreatic stents are typically deployed using endoscopic procedures; they are mostly used to treat stenosis of the main pancreatic duct caused by malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20447",
      "display": "Stents, Pancreatic, Metallic, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Metallic pancreatic stents designed to be expanded after delivery using a high-pressure balloon, applying a constant radial pressure to the pancreatic duct walls. Balloon-expandable pancreatic stents are typically deployed using endoscopic procedures.  They are mostly used to treat stenosis of the main pancreatic duct caused by malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20445",
      "display": "Stents, Pancreatic, Polymeric",
      "definition": "Pancreatic stents manufactured from polymeric materials such as polyethylene, silicone, Teflon, or silastics; they are available in several different sizes to adapt to particular sections of the duct and/or to prevent migration. These stents are usually inserted using either percutaneous or endoscopic procedures. Polymeric pancreatic stents are mostly used to treat stenosis of the main pancreatic duct caused either by benign diseases (e.g., stones, papillary stenosis) or less frequently for malignant tumors, facilitating the flow of pancreatic juice into the duodenum."
    },
    {
      "code": "28245",
      "display": "Stents, Paranasal Sinus",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into one of the paranasal sinus ducts to provide support and/or maintain patency. These stents may consist of a metallic or, more frequently, plastic tubes. They are available in several different shapes and sizes according to the sinus on which they are deployed (i.e., frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid) and/or include a self-retention mechanism that may incorporate sutures to prevent migration. Paranasal sinus stents are intended for temporary (e.g., two weeks) ventilation and drainage of fluids from the sinus. They may be manually implanted or delivered using dedicated instruments and/or stent delivery kits (e.g., catheters, deployment guides) and then manually removed after that period of time. The stents are mainly used after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Absorbable and/or drug eluting stents are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "29896",
      "display": "Stents, Paranasal Sinus, Drug-Eluting",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into one of the paranasal sinus (i.e., frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid) ducts to provide support and/or maintain patency that include a drug that is released into the surrounding tissue over time. These stents may consist of a polymeric (frequently a bio-absorbable poly-lactide) tubes that resembles a soft balloon and release anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., triamcinolone acetate, mometasone furoate). The stents are, available in several different shapes and sizes according to the sinus on which they are deployed and may include a self-retention mechanism to prevent migration.  Drug-eluting paranasal sinus stents are intended for temporary (e.g., two to four weeks) ventilation and drainage of fluids from the sinus. They are usually delivered using dedicated instruments (e.g., deployment guides). The stents are mainly used after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17448",
      "display": "Stents, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the trachea to provide support for and/or maintain patency of the tracheal airway and to provide respiration through the larynx. These devices may consist of a metallic (e.g.,  mesh-like wire) or polymeric tube and they are available in several different shapes (e.g., straight, bent, T) to adapt to particular sections of the trachea and/or to prevent migration. The stent surface may be coated to give the stent special capabilities (e.g., water repellant). These stents may be deployed using rigid or flexible bronchoscopes, according to their shape and physical characteristics.  Tracheal stents are used to treat proximal or middle tracheal stenosis caused by benign diseases, injuries, or malignant tumors and facilitate the flow of air into the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20437",
      "display": "Stents, Tracheal, Metallic",
      "definition": "Tracheal stents manufactured from metallic alloys, such as stainless steel, platinum, or nickel titanium alloys (e.g., nitinol). These devices typically consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) tube, and some include a plastic cover. Tracheal metallic stents may be either balloon expandable or self-expandable.  They are permanent devices typically deployed under local anesthetics using flexible bronchoscopes; they are used to treat stenosis caused by injuries, benign diseases, or malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20438",
      "display": "Stents, Tracheal, Metallic, Balloon-Expandable",
      "definition": "Metallic tracheal stents designed to be expanded after delivery using a high-pressure balloon, applying a constant radial pressure to the bronchial walls. Some of these stents are radiopaque or include radiopaque markers for accurate positioning. Balloon-expandable  tracheal stents are typically deployed under local anesthetics using flexible bronchoscopes; they are mostly used to treat stenosis caused by injuries, benign diseases, or malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20439",
      "display": "Stents, Tracheal, Metallic, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Metallic tracheal stents that expand by themselves after deployment, applying a constant radial pressure to the tracheal walls. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Self-expandable tracheal stents are typically deployed under local anesthetics using flexible bronchoscopes; they are mostly used to treat stenosis caused by injuries, benign diseases, or malignant tumors"
    },
    {
      "code": "20435",
      "display": "Stents, Tracheal, Polymeric",
      "definition": "Tracheal stents manufactured from polymeric materials such as silicone or silastics. These devices may include struts that project into the bronchial wall to help anchor the stent in place; they may be straight or T-shaped. Polymeric bronchial stents are used to treat upper- or middle-tracheal lesions caused by either injuries, benign diseases, or malignant tumors, facilitating the flow of air into the lungs. These stents are usually inserted under general anesthesia using rigid bronchoscopes; some plastic tracheal stents (e.g., T-tubes) require permanent tracheotomy. They can be used for long periods and extracted if needed"
    },
    {
      "code": "20436",
      "display": "Stents, Tracheal, Polymeric, T-Shaped",
      "definition": "Polymeric tracheal stents with a long center lumen and a smaller lumen projecting from the side of the stent at either a 90 degrees or 75 degrees angle (i.e., configured as a T) that are permanently inserted to maintain patency of the tracheal airway. These stents typically consist of a silicone or slapstick tube inserted using a tracheostomy procedure, similar to the tracheostomy technique used to open the airways in emergency. The side lumen extends through the tracheostoma. T-shaped polymeric tracheal stents are used to bypass tracheal stenosis situated between the thoracic inlet and the carina, usually when surgery of the tracheal obstruction is not possible."
    },
    {
      "code": "20440",
      "display": "Stents, Tracheobronchial",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the trachea and the main stems of the bronchi, to provide support and/or to maintain patency of the respiratory airways, facilitating the flow of air into the lungs. These devices typically consist of a plastic (e.g., silicone) bifurcated tube (Y-shape). The bifurcated tracheobronchial stents fit  snugly into the distal trachea, the carina, and the proximal bronchi. The stent surface may be coated to add special capabilities to the stent (e.g., water-repellant); they are usually deployed using a catheter and a rigid bronchoscope. Tracheobronchial stents are used to treat stenosis of the trachea, carina, and/or main stems of the bronchi caused either by benign diseases, injuries, or malignant tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16040",
      "display": "Stents, Ureteral",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the urinary tract between the kidney and the bladder (i.e., the ureter) to provide support and/or to maintain patency within the duct. These devices usually consist of a plastic (e.g., polyurethane) tube with multiple holes and either protrusions or a coil (pigtail) on each end  to avoid migration; one end stays in the kidney and the other in the urinary bladder. Ureteral stents are available in several different shapes and sizes, and their surface may be coated to give them special capabilities (e.g., to avoid urine crystallization); in addition,  many ureteral stents include radiopaque marks. Ureteral stents are placed using endoscopic procedures or during nephrostomy; they are used mainly to bypass a blockage in the ureter, in treatments to remove kidney stones, or to let a ureter heal after surgery. Most stents are removed or replaced after a short time; bioabsorbable ureteral stents are also under development."
    },
    {
      "code": "17889",
      "display": "Stents, Urethral",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the section of  the urinary tract between the bladder and the external meatus (i.e., the urethra), including the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile sections of the urethra, to provide support for and/or maintain patency within the duct. These devices typically include metallic self-expanding stents, either compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or shape-memory stents manufactured from an  alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some of these stents include radiopaque markers for accurate positioning. Urethral stents are typically deployed using endoscopic procedures; they are used mainly to treat recurrent urethral strictures and prostatic obstructions caused by diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma."
    },
    {
      "code": "16041",
      "display": "Stents, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Stents designed for long-term placement in the vagina to provide support and/or to prevent shrinking. These devices are available in many different configurations and sizes. Some stents are custom-made plastic (e.g., silicone) molds; others consist of inflatable silicone-elastomer envelopes with valves and internal drains. Vaginal stents are used for correction of the vagina after female surgery or radiation procedures, after vaginoplasty in masculine-feminine transsexuals, or to introduce radioactive isotopes during cervical brachytherapy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17461",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular",
      "definition": "Stents designed for deployment into the vessels to provide support for and/or maintain patency within the vasculature. These devices typically consist of a metallic or synthetic scaffolding (e.g., mesh, coil, slotted tube) and are available in several different shapes (e.g., straight, bent, bifurcated) to adapt to particular sections of the vasculature or to prevent migration. Some metallic stents are either balloon expandable or self-expanding; their surface may be coated to add special capabilities to the stent (e.g., to reduce protein and/or platelet adhesion, to elute drugs). Vascular stents are mostly used to reduce vascular recoil or narrowing (i.e., restenosis) of the vessels, especially in the coronary arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "26790",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Aorta, Balloon Expandable(Retired)",
      "definition": "Aorta vascular stents designed to be expanded by the application of a constant radial pressure to the artery walls using a low-pressure balloon after delivery through an appropriate stent delivery system. These endoprostheses are usually metallic (e.g., stainless steel) stents; they are available in a variety of lengths (e.g., from 4 to 25 cm/1.5 to 10 inches) with maximum diameter after expansion about 50 mm (2 inches). Balloon-expandable aorta stents are intended to form a scaffold that holds and reinforces the aorta open to prevent restenosis; they are usually mounted on balloon delivery catheters. Stents intended to treat aorta (type A) dissections (that may be combined with placement of aorta prostheses during open surgery) and for lower aorta dissections (usually performed percutaneously through the vasculature) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20426",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Carotid",
      "definition": "Vascular stents designed for deployment into the carotid arteries to provide support and/or to maintain patency within the artery. These stents typically consist of a metallic, very flexible meshlike tube either of uniform section or tapered. Carotid vascular stents are designed to form a scaffold that holds the arteries open, preventing restenosis caused by vessel recoil and/or remodeling."
    },
    {
      "code": "20427",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Carotid, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Carotid vascular stents that expand by themselves after deployment through an appropriate stent delivery system, applying a constant radial pressure to the artery walls. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning.  Self-expandable carotid stents are intended to form a scaffold that holds the carotid arteries open to prevent restenosis caused by vessel recoil and/or remodeling."
    },
    {
      "code": "18237",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Coronary",
      "definition": "Vascular stents designed to be deployed into the coronary arteries. These stents are typically metallic and are either balloon-expandable or self-expanding. Some stents are uncoated (i.e., bare metal) while others are coated to give them special capabilities (e.g., to reduce protein and/or platelet adhesion, to elute drugs). Coronary vascular stents are typically used to treat coronary vessel disease; these devices form a scaffold that holds the arteries open without compromising the flexibility of the vessel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20422",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Coronary, Balloon-Expandable",
      "definition": "Coronary vascular stents designed to be expanded, applying a constant radial pressure to the artery walls using a high-pressure balloon after delivery through an appropriate stent delivery system. These stents are usually metallic (e.g., stainless steel, platinum), and some are radiopaque or include radiopaque markers for accurate positioning. Balloon-expandable coronary stents are intended to form a scaffold that holds the coronary arteries open to prevent restenosis caused by vessel recoil and/or remodeling."
    },
    {
      "code": "20384",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Coronary, Balloon-Expandable, Bioactive-Coated",
      "definition": "Balloon-expandable coronary stents that include a stable, nonlixiviation (nonleaching) bioactive drug, such as heparin or phosphorylcholine, on their surface. Bioactive-coated coronary stents are intended to reduce the risk of thrombosis associated with stent implantation by inhibiting coagulation mechanisms related to thrombin formation and platelet activation."
    },
    {
      "code": "20383",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Coronary, Balloon-Expandable, Drug-Eluting",
      "definition": "Balloon-expandable coronary stents that include a drug on their surface (e.g., immunosuppressors such as sirolimus and tacrolimus, cytostatics such as taxol and its derivative, paclitaxel) that is released into the surrounding tissue over time (typically several weeks). The drug is usually placed on the stent surface using a polymeric coating or a special drug-eluting sleeve. Drug-eluting coronary stents are intended to slow down the growth of unwanted cells (restenosis) without inhibiting the endothelialization of the inner layer (i.e., intima) of the artery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33507",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Coronary, Bifurcation",
      "definition": "Vascular stents designed to be deployed into a bifurcation of the coronary arteries. These stents are frequently two-segment devices, one intended for the coronary artery main branch and another for the secondary branch; The two segments are usually deployed sequentially as two separate stents that are linked together to conform a single structure (i.e., a combined stent) after deployment. Several techniques using appropriate stents are used, including those known as culotte, crush, and side-branch \"Jail.\" Bifurcation coronary artery stents are usually devices deployed using guiding wires; some may be capable of eluting drugs."
    },
    {
      "code": "20425",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Coronary, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Coronary vascular stents that expand by themselves after deployment through an appropriate stent delivery system, applying a constant radial pressure to the artery walls. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Self-expandable coronary stents are intended to form a scaffold that holds the coronary arteries open to prevent restenosis caused by vessel recoil and/or remodeling."
    },
    {
      "code": "28243",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Intracranial Artery",
      "definition": "Vascular stents designed for deployment into the intracranial arteries to enlarge the lumen of an intracranial artery diameter. These stents have a self-expanding design with flexible cells to improve conformability in curved and tapered vessels; the stents support the vessel by providing an outward radial force intended to minimize vessel recoil. Intracranial artery stents are typically delivered following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) performed with a balloon catheter that dilates the stenotic portion of intracranial arteries prior to stenting. Intracranial artery vascular stents are mainly used for the purpose of improving long term intracranial perfusion in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease, refractory to medical therapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "28494",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Intracranial Artery, Aneurysm Bifurcation",
      "definition": "Vascular stents designed for deployment into the intracranial arteries at or near a vessel bifurcation to provide a bypass across the neck of a wide-neck aneurysm, allowing the aneurysm to be filled with coils or other appropriate particles. Clots formed around the implanted coils are intended to provide aneurysm sealing. Intracranial aneurysm bifurcation stents are usually flexible nitinol self-expanding stents with a hybrid cell structure that allows the pass of the coils into the aneurysm; they are used when open intracranial surgery is not possible or desirable."
    },
    {
      "code": "35297",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Intracranial Artery, Aneurysm Flow Diversion",
      "definition": "Intracranial vascular stents designed for deployment across the opening (i.e., neck) of a brain artery aneurysm to redirect the blood flow away from the aneurysm.  The redirection of the blood flow usually causes that a blood clot is left inside the aneurysm, preventing the rupture of the aneurysm and eventually resulting in the aneurysm shrink in size. These stents typically consist of a self-expanding braided flexible metallic mesh (e.g., platinum and nickel-cobalt-chromium alloys); the stent is deployed using a guide wire and a delivery catheter usually through a femoral artery. Aneurysm blood flow diversion stents are mainly used in the treatment of large and giant aneurysms having from 11 to 25mm (or even more) in diameter, typically occurring in the internal carotid artery."
    },
    {
      "code": "18238",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Peripheral",
      "definition": "Vascular stents designed for deployment into one of the peripheral arteries, especially those that supply blood to the lower extremities, such as the iliac,  femoral, and popliteal arteries. These devices may consist of a metallic (e.g.,  meshlike wire) or plastic tube, and they are available in several different shapes (e.g., straight, bent) to adapt to particular sections of the peripheral arteries and/or to prevent migration. Metallic stents may be either balloon-expandable or self-expanding. Peripheral vascular stents are designed to form a scaffold that holds the arteries open. Some of these stents are designed for a specific peripheral artery (e.g., iliac, femoral, popliteal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20429",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Peripheral, Balloon-Expandable",
      "definition": "Peripheral vascular stents designed to be expanded using a high-pressure balloon after delivery through an appropriate stent-delivery system, applying a constant radial pressure to the duct walls. These stents are usually metallic (e.g., stainless steel, platinum), and some are radiopaque or include radiopaque markers for accurate positioning into the peripheral arteries. Balloon-expandable peripheral stents are used to form a scaffold that holds the arteries open, preventing restenosis caused by vessel recoil and/or remodeling."
    },
    {
      "code": "33055",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Peripheral, Balloon-Expandable, Iliac",
      "definition": "Peripheral vascular stents designed to be expanded using a high-pressure balloon, applying a constant radial pressure to the duct walls after being delivered through an appropriate stent-delivery system into the iliac arteries. These stents are usually braided metallic (e.g., stainless steel, platinum, cobalt-chromium alloys) devices; some stents are radiopaque or include radiopaque markers for accurate positioning into the iliac arteries. Iliac balloon-expandable peripheral stents are used to form a scaffold that holds the arteries open in patients with stenotic lesions in the common and/or external iliac arteries. The stents may be also used to prevent restenosis caused by vessel recoil and/or remodeling of the iliac arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "20430",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Peripheral, Self-Expanding",
      "definition": "Peripheral vascular stents that expand by themselves after deployment through an appropriate stent-delivery system, applying a constant radial pressure to the artery walls. These devices consist either of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released or of shape-memory stents manufactured from an alloy combining nickel and titanium (i.e., nitinol) that expands in response to body temperature. Some stents include radiopaque markers for accurate stent positioning. Self-expanding peripheral stents are used to form a scaffold that holds the arteries open, preventing restenosis caused by vessel recoil and/or remodeling."
    },
    {
      "code": "18239",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Peripheral, Self-Expanding, Iliac",
      "definition": "Self-expanding vascular stents designed with the appropriate size and configuration for deployment in the iliac arteries. These stents typically consist of compressed metallic stents that open by themselves as soon as they are released. Iliac self-expanding stents are used mainly in stenotic lesions of the common or external iliac arteries, frequently after suboptimal angioplastic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20428",
      "display": "Stents, Vascular, Renal Artery",
      "definition": "Vascular stents designed for deployment into the renal arteries to provide support and/or to maintain patency within the artery; they typically consist of a metallic, very flexible balloon-expandable meshlike tube. These stents usually have a thick wall in the ostial part to obtain a high radial strength and a thin wall with a bent tip in the distal part to increase their flexibility, allowing easier access to the renal artery."
    },
    {
      "code": "41996",
      "display": "Stereo Microscope Stands",
      "definition": "Structures (frames) designed to hold and support a stereo microscope. These stands connect the body of the microscope using a focusing holder. The microscope body is usually secured to the focusing holder ring using thumb screws. These stands have various features such as articulating arms that can be adjusted for length and angle and clamps to attach to tables. Stereo microscope stands include articulated arm stands, ball bearing boom stands, standard boom arm stands, and table clamping stands."
    },
    {
      "code": "37601",
      "display": "Stereotactic Drills",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to be mounted on stereotactic frames and to hold and provide rotary movement (i.e., torque) to integral or detachable devices. Stereotactic drills typically consist of a powered (e.g., electric) instrument that incorporates a chuck for connection of detachable components such as drill bits, burs, reamers, and trephines. Stereotactic drills are primarily intended to excavate cylindrical holes on human or animal anatomic structures while allowing precise control of drill position through a stereotactic mount/holder."
    },
    {
      "code": "13727",
      "display": "Stereotactic Headframes",
      "definition": "Devices that are affixed to a patient's skull to allow precise localization of an area within the brain targeted for a neurosurgical or radiosurgical procedure. These units typically consist of a head ring assembly with fixation screws or pins, an arc system for setting target coordinates and localizer frames and adapters for CT, MRI and other imaging systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18176",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems",
      "definition": "Systems based on three-dimensional (3-D) arrangements and techniques that are designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide the operator with real-time, three-dimensional positioning and orientation of probes and instruments relative to the patient's anatomy. Stereotactic systems may be based on real-time images shown in a video display (image-guided); guided by the position of devices relative to a rigid frame (i.e., frame-guided); or they may not use any image as a guide (imageless) during the procedure. Dedicated image-guided, frame-guided, and imageless stereotactic systems intended for surgical, radiosurgical, biopsy, and/or other invasive procedures are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27307",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Frame-Guided",
      "definition": "Stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and a rigid frame (e.g., headframe, body frame) attached to the patient body for guidance. The systems provide three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of instruments of the patient's anatomy relative to the frame position during surgery without  the use of an endoscope. Frame-guided stereotactic systems typically provide medical images that show the location of the instruments relative to pre-operative images obtained from one or more imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dedicated frame-guided stereotactic systems intended for particular procedures such as intracranial neurosurgery and other intracranial and spinal procedures are available as are frame-guided systems intended to facilitate radiosurgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27308",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Frame-Guided, Radiosurgical",
      "definition": "Frame-guided computer-aided stereotactic surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of radiosurgical procedures from the exterior of the body using a single high dose of ionizing radiation. These systems typically combine medical imaging, a rigid frame (e.g., a headframe) attached to the patient body for guidance, dedicated computer software, and a strong source of radiation. Frame-guided stereotactic systems typically provide medical images that show the location of the instruments relative to pre-operative images obtained from one or more imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dedicated systems using either gamma radiation (e.g., Cobalt 60 sources) or linear accelerators intended for particular applications such as intracranial and spinal neurosurgery are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17641",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Frame-Guided, Radiosurgical, Gamma",
      "definition": "Radiosurgical frame-guided computer-aided stereotactic systems designed to aid in the performance of surgical procedures from the exterior of the body using a single high dose of ionizing radiation provided by Cobalt-60 gamma radiation sources. These systems typically combine medical imaging, a rigid frame (e.g., a headframe) attached to the patient body for guidance, dedicated computer software, and a radiation delivery assembly with a patient table and a control console. Frame-guided radiosurgical linac stereotactic systems are mainly intended for use in neurosurgery (e.g., arteriovenous malformations, neuromas, adenomas, and neoplasms)."
    },
    {
      "code": "27319",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Frame-Guided, Radiosurgical, Linear Accelerator",
      "definition": "Radiosurgical frame-guided stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of surgical procedures from the exterior of the body using a single high dose of ionizing radiation provided by linear accelerators (i.e., linac). These systems typically combine medical imaging, a rigid frame (e.g., a headframe) attached to the patient body for guidance, dedicated computer software, and a dedicated linear accelerator with a movable gantry and a single or multileaf collimator. Standard linacs may also be adapted for limited radiosurgery applications. Frame-guided radiosurgical linac stereotactic systems are mainly intended for use in neurosurgery (e.g., for brain, neck, and spinal tumors) and less frequently for other intracranial malformations."
    },
    {
      "code": "18178",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Frame-Guided, Surgical, Intracranial",
      "definition": "Stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive intracranial (e.g., neurosurgical) procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and a rigid frame (e.g., a headframe) attached to the patient body for guidance. The systems provide three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of instruments relative to the patient's anatomy and/or to the frame position during surgery without  the use of an endoscope. Frame-guided intracranial stereotactic systems typically provide medical images that show the location of the instruments relative to pre-operative images obtained from one or more imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Intracranial frame-guided stereotactic systems are used in a variety of surgical procedures, including craniotomies, resection of tumors and other lesions, removal of foreign objects, transnasal procedures, shunt placement, craniofacial procedures, skull and orbital cavity reconstruction. They may also be used for biopsies, puncture of abscesses, and deep brain stimulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "27290",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided",
      "definition": "Stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during surgery without requiring the use of an endoscope. Image-guided stereotactic systems work in a similar way to global positions systems (GPS) applied to the human body. They provide medical images that show the location of the instruments in real time during the procedure, and one or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Dedicated image-guided stereotactic systems intended for particular procedures such as neurosurgery, cardiac mapping and ablation, mammographic biopsy, and cranial, spinal, orthopedic, and laryngological surgery procedures are available. Image-guided systems intended to facilitate radiosurgical procedures from the exterior of the body are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18180",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Image-guided computer-aided stereotactic surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive biopsy procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during the biopsy without the use of an endoscope. Biopsy image-guided stereotactic systems provide medical images that show the location of the instruments in real time during the biopsy. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Dedicated image-guided stereotactic systems intended for particular procedures such as breast, bronchi, and prostate biopsies are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17833",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Biopsy, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Biopsy image-guided stereotactic computer-aided systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive breast (i.e., mammographic) biopsy procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument (e.g., needle wires) and tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during the biopsy. Image-guided stereotactic systems provide medical images that show the location of the instruments in real time during the biopsy. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Dedicated image-guided biopsy stereotactic systems intended for stand-alone use or to be mounted onto existing mammographic units are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18607",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Cardiac Mapping/Ablation",
      "definition": "Stereotactic image-guided computer-aided systems designed to provide the capability to map the three-dimensional (3-D) anatomy of the heart. They are also designed to determine the electrophysiologic data at any given mapped-out point, design the ablation strategy, and then return accurately to the desired site to aid in the performance the ablation procedure. These systems typically consist of a cardiac catheter with electrodes and miniaturized coils at the tip, a magnetic-field generator located underneath the patient, a computerized unit to process the currents induced in the coils when the catheter is moved, and a graphical display on which images are a real-time representation of the 3-D geometry of a cardiac chamber, color-coded with relevant electrophysiologic information. Cardiac mapping/ablation image-guided stereotactic systems are used to improve the safety of mapping and ablation procedures through accurate localization of critical cardiac structures (e.g., His bundle, atrioventricular node), allowing better definition of the mechanisms of arrhythmias, design of ablation strategies, and guided catheter ablation."
    },
    {
      "code": "39663",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Dental",
      "definition": "Stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of dental procedures by combining imaging, dedicated computer software, and instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide oral surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during the dental surgery procedure. These systems typically employ patient images (e.g., computed tomography) captured prior to the surgical procedure. These systems may also include the ability to create patient treatment plans preoperatively based on this image data. Dental image-guided stereotactic systems are frequently used to assist dental implant procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27304",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Radiosurgical",
      "definition": "Image-guided computer-aided stereotactic surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of surgical procedures from the exterior of the body using a single high dose of ionizing radiation. These systems typically combine medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and a strong source of radiation. Image-guided radiosurgical systems work in a way similar to global positioning systems (GPS) applied to the human body. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of the target and the radiation source relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during the procedure. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Dedicated systems that use linear accelerators and are intended for particular applications such as intracranial and spinal neurosurgery (e.g., brain, neck, and spinal tumors), orthopedic, and laryngological procedures, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "26629",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Radiosurgical, Linear Accelerator",
      "definition": "Radiosurgical image-guided computer-aided stereotactic surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of surgical procedures from the exterior of the body using a single high dose of ionizing radiation provided by linear accelerators (i.e., linacs). These systems typically combine medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and a dedicated linear accelerator with a movable gantry and a single or multileaf collimator. Standard linacs may be adapted also for limited radiosurgery applications. Image-guided linac radiosurgical systems typically incorporate a miniature linac mounted on a flexible robotic arm and an image-guidance system that can track target location during treatment using fiducials as references without the need for an invasive head frame. Radiosurgical linac stereotactic systems are mainly intended to provide a single high dose of ionizing radiation; they are used in neurosurgery (i.e., for brain, neck, and spinal tumors) and, less frequently, for radiosurgery of extracranial tumors (e.g., to ablate abdominal tumors). Dedicated linac systems that can be used in any location in the body and employ computer-controlled beam-shaping (known as intensity modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]) to conform the radiation dose to the shape of the tumor or other lesion are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25105",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Surgical",
      "definition": "Image-guided computer-aided stereotactic surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive surgical procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during surgery without requiring the use of an endoscope. Image-guided surgical systems work in a similar way to global positions systems (GPS) applied to the human body; providing medical images that show the location of the instruments in real time during the surgical procedure; one or more imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used in the procedure. Dedicated image-guided stereotactic surgical systems intended for particular specialties such as neurosurgery, cranial, spinal, orthopedic, and laryngological procedures are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18179",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Surgical, Intracranial",
      "definition": "Image-guided stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive neurosurgical intracranial procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during the intracranial surgery without requiring the use of an endoscope. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Intracranial neurosurgery image-guided systems are used in a variety of surgical procedures, including craniotomies, resection of tumors and other lesions, removal of foreign objects, transnasal procedures, shunt placement, craniofacial procedures, skull and orbital cavity reconstruction. They may be used also for biopsies, puncture of abscesses, and deep brain stimulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "27302",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Surgical, Multiprocedure",
      "definition": "Image-guided computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance a variety of minimally invasive surgical procedures by combining medical imaging, several dedicated computer software packages, and a surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. These systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during surgery without the use of an endoscope. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Dedicated multipurpose image-guided systems intended for two or more specialties (e.g., cranial neurosurgery, orthopedics, spinal, otorhinolaryngology) are available. Dedicated software packages are frequently needed for each of the specialties, including software intended for trauma surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27299",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Surgical, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Image-guided stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive orthopedic procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during the orthopedic surgery without  the use of an endoscope. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Orthopedic image-guided stereotactic surgery systems are used in many surgical procedures, including total knee and hip arthroplasty, partial hip resurfacing, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and orthopedic oncology; some systems include software capabilities to make possible spinal trauma procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20387",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Surgical, Otorhinolaryngology",
      "definition": "Image-guided computer-aided stereotactic surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive otorhinolaryngology procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments (e.g., trephines, drills) relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during surgery without the use of an endoscope. These surgical systems typically use electromagnetic techniques or optical devices (e.g., LEDs) for three-dimensional real-time tracking of the anatomic structures and positioning of instruments, based either on anatomic landmarks and/or and pre-established fiducials. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be used in the procedure. Otolaryngology image-guided surgical systems are used in several procedures, including skull base procedures, nasal sinus surgery, and other intranasal and middle ear procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27296",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Image-Guided, Surgical, Spinal",
      "definition": "Image-guided stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive spinal procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy on a video display during the spinal surgery without  the use of an endoscope. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used in the procedure. Spinal image-guided surgical systems are used in many procedures, including tumor resection, spinal fusion, pedicle screw placement, laminectomies and discectomies. Some systems include software capabilities to make possible spinal trauma procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27309",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Imageless",
      "definition": "Computer-aided stereotactic systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive procedures using a navigation system that is not guided by images (i.e., imageless) but by registering and tracking appropriate anatomic reference points (i.e., landmarks). Imageless systems provide real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of instruments relative to the patient's anatomy similar to the systems that use image-guiding. These systems provide surgical guidance without the need for pre- or intra-operative image acquisition, though registration is still necessary.  Navigation is achieved by selecting specific anatomical parts or bone-implanted tracker pins intra-operatively as landmarks and using a reference pointer to create a reference frame for the computer model. Dedicated imageless systems are intended mainly to facilitate surgical procedures, but systems designed for other purposes (e.g., biopsy) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27311",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Imageless, Surgical",
      "definition": "Imageless computer-aided stereotactic systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive surgical procedures. These systems use a navigation system that is not guided by images (i.e., imageless) but by registering and tracking appropriate anatomic reference points (i.e., landmarks). Imageless surgical systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy. They are similar to the systems that use image-guiding and these system provide surgical guidance without the need for pre- or intra-operative image acquisition, though registration is still necessary.  Navigation is achieved by selecting specific anatomical parts or bone-implanted tracker pins intra-operatively as landmarks and using a reference pointer to create a reference frame for the computer model. Dedicated imageless surgical systems intended for particular specialties (e.g., orthopedics) and procedures (e.g., total knee or hip replacement and hip resurfacing) are available; dedicated software intended for imageless trauma procedures is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27313",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Imageless, Surgical, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Imageless stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of a variety of minimally invasive surgical procedures using a navigation system that is not guided by images (i.e., imageless) but by registering and tracking appropriate anatomic reference points (i.e., landmarks). Multipurpose imageless systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy and are similar to the systems that use image-guiding. These systems also provide surgical guidance without the need for pre- or intra-operative image acquisition, though registration is still necessary.  Navigation is achieved by selecting specific anatomical parts or bone-implanted tracker pins intra-operatively as landmarks and using a reference pointer to create a reference frame for the computer model. Multipurpose imageless stereotactic systems may be used in orthopedic, thoracic, abdominal, and other applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "27312",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Imageless, Surgical, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Imageless stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive orthopedic procedures. These systems use a navigation system that is not guided by images (i.e., imageless) but by registering and tracking appropriate anatomic reference points (i.e., landmarks). Orthopedic imageless systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient's anatomy similar to the systems that use image-guiding. These systems also provide surgical guidance without the need for pre- or intra-operative image acquisition, though registration is still necessary.  Navigation is achieved by selecting specific anatomical parts or bone-implanted tracker pins intra-operatively as landmarks and using a reference pointer to create a reference frame for the computer model. Orthopedic imageless stereotactic surgery systems are used in several surgical procedures, including knee and hip arthroplasty; some systems include software capabilities to make possible imageless spinal trauma procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18054",
      "display": "Stereotactic Systems, Radiosurgical, Linear Accelerator (Retired)",
      "definition": "Radiosurgical stereotactic systems that use a linear accelerator (linac) as the source of x-ray radiation. These systems typically consist of a dedicated linac with a movable gantry and a single or multileaf collimator; standard linacs may be adapted for limited radiosurgery applications by the addition of stereotactic accessories.  Linac-based stereotactic systems used for intracranial or neck procedures typically employ a metal head frame attached to the patient's skull for precise targeting of the radiation beam; other systems incorporate a miniature linac mounted on a flexible robotic arm and an image-guidance system that can track target location during treatment using fiducials as references without the need for the invasive head frame. Systems that can be used in any location in the body and employ computer-controlled beam-shaping (known as Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy [IMRT]) to conform the radiation dose to the shape of the tumor or other lesion are also available, but those systems may not be as accurate in targeting and are used mainly for multiple treatment sessions (i.e., radiotherapy treatment systems) rather than as surgical systems. Most radiosurgical linac systems include computing capabilities and dedicated software appropriate for specific treatments. Radiosurgical linac stereotactic systems are used in neurosurgery (i.e., for brain, neck, and spinal tumors) and, less frequently, for radiosurgery of extracranial tumors (e.g., to ablate abdominal tumors)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13730",
      "display": "Sterilization Containers",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide an enclosure during the various steps of the sterilization cycle and subsequent storage and transport of sterilized devices. Most of these containers consist of a box with silicone rubber gaskets to seal their lids.  The lid and base are held together by latches (some include locks with keys) and are perforated to permit the sterilant to enter; bacterial filters cover the perforations to maintain the sterility of the contents during storage.  Surgical instruments are secured in an instrument tray with pegs or dividers and placed, unwrapped, into the sterilization container. Sterilization containers may be also used to return soiled instruments and supplies to the central sterilization service."
    },
    {
      "code": "13735",
      "display": "Sterilization Packaging",
      "definition": "Bags, pouches, or wrappers designed to contain medical devices during the sterilization process and maintain the sterility of the device until the packaging is opened. These bags, pouches, and wrappers are typically made of a combination of porous materials such as plastic, nylon, and paper that allow for the penetration of sterilizing agents (e.g., chemicals, heat, or steam) within the sterilizing unit (e.g., autoclave)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41909",
      "display": "Sterilization Packaging, Peel Pouch",
      "definition": "Sterilization packaging that is sealed on all sides for the sterilization process. The pouches are sealed along the edges lengthwise during manufacturing. Some pouches also have one end commercially heat-sealed with the other end open for placement of the item(s) to be sterilized. The open end is either heat-sealed using a heat-seal machine or self-sealed by the user folding the attached adhesive strip onto the pouch. Some pouches may have two open ends that must be heat-sealed. These pouches typically have chemical sterilization process indicators on both the inside and outside to indicate that the bag/pouch has been through a sterilizing unit and remains sterile during storage. They can be peeled open when the sterile contents are needed for use in a procedure or surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17491",
      "display": "Sterilization Process Challenge Packs",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of chemical and/or biological sterilization process indicators contained within packaging that functions as a barrier to penetration of the sterilizing agent. Process challenge packs may be supplied commercially or prepared at the healthcare facility. Process challenge pack packaging is typically designed to provide a challenge to sterilizing agent penetration equal to or greater than the challenge posed by the most difficult item routinely processed at the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "17492",
      "display": "Sterilization Process Challenge Packs, Biological",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of a biological sterilization process indicator contained within packaging that functions as a barrier to penetration of the sterilizing agent. Biological process challenge packs may be supplied commercially or prepared at the healthcare facility. Biological process challenge pack packaging is typically designed to provide a challenge to sterilizing agent penetration equal to or greater than the challenge posed by the most difficult item routinely processed at the facility. Some biological sterilization process challenge packs contain a chemical sterilization process indicator in addition to the biological indicator."
    },
    {
      "code": "17493",
      "display": "Sterilization Process Challenge Packs, Chemical",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of a chemical sterilization process indicator contained within packaging that functions as a barrier to penetration of the sterilizing agent. Chemical process challenge packs may be supplied commercially or prepared at the healthcare facility. Chemical process challenge pack packaging is typically designed to provide a challenge to sterilizing agent penetration equal to or greater than the challenge posed by the most difficult item routinely processed at the facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "23468",
      "display": "Sterilization Process Indicator Kits, Biological",
      "definition": "Sterilization process indicator kits designed for testing the effectiveness of a sterilization (e.g., steam) procedure. These kits consist of a standardized viable population of microorganisms (usually nonpathogenic bacteria or bacterial spores with high resistance to the mode of sterilization being monitored [i.e., a biological sterilization process indicator]) and an incubator (usually a water vapor unit) for testing the biological indicator after the sterilization process. Biological sterilization process indicators are used in clinical laboratories and/or other sterilization areas in a healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "13731",
      "display": "Sterilization Process Indicators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to indicate whether one or more parameters intended to achieve sterilization were achieved during a sterilization procedure. Sterilization process indicators typically consist of either a chemical indicator or a biological indicator, which signal exposure of the indicator to appropriate sterilization conditions by a change in the appearance of the indicator or by inactivation of a population of viable organisms contained in the indicator, respectively. Sterilization process indicators may consist of tape, strips, or small vials that may be placed within and/or on the exterior of the packaging of the item(s) being sterilized."
    },
    {
      "code": "13732",
      "display": "Sterilization Process Indicators, Biological",
      "definition": "Sterilization process indicators consisting of a standardized viable population of microorganisms (usually nonpathogenic bacteria or bacterial spores) with known resistance to the mode of sterilization being monitored. Biological sterilization procedure indicators are usually sent to specialized laboratories for further testing of the effectiveness of the sterilization procedure (e.g., steam sterilization)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13734",
      "display": "Sterilization Process Indicators, Chemical",
      "definition": "Sterilization process indicators designed to indicate through a chemical or physical change in a component of the indicator whether one or more sterilization parameters (e.g., steam contact, temperature level) were achieved during a sterilization procedure. Chemical sterilization process indicators typically consist of tape or a strip that incorporates one or more materials that change in appearance (e.g., color) due to a chemical or physical change in the material(s) that occurs when adequately exposed to the sterilizing agent. Chemical sterilization process indicators may be intended for inclusion within or external to the packaging of the item(s) being sterilized."
    },
    {
      "code": "24225",
      "display": "Sterilizing Unit Baskets",
      "definition": "Baskets designed for the temporary storage of devices and/or other products during a sterilization process. These baskets usually consist of a heavy-duty, interwoven, metal (typically stainless steel) structure, open at the top, capable of withstanding high temperature and humidity and/or chemical parameters that characterize many sterilization procedures. Sterilizing unit baskets are used to hold the items undergoing sterilization (e.g., surgical instruments) in appropriate conditions; they are usually attached to pull-out trays of units used in sterilizing processes performed in healthcare facilities. While most of these baskets are designed to contain generic devices, some are custom made for specific instruments and hold them in optimal positions to protect the instruments and facilitate sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "13737",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices and related products. These units usually consist of a treatment chamber that may include appropriate shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, means to introduce the sterilizing agent in the chamber, and controls to regulate the parameters (e.g., time, temperature) of the procedure. Sterilizing units are available in a several shapes and sizes; dedicated units using a variety of technologies (e.g., liquid immersion, electrolysis, filter, heat) and/or particular agents (e.g., dry heat, steam, liquids and/or gas sterilants) are also available; some dedicated units are intended for sterilization of a particular type of devices (e.g., inoculating loops) or substance (e.g., agar)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13739",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Dry Heat",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices that are not sensitive to high temperature using dry heat. These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris; a heat source (e.g., electric heater) to provide heat to the chamber; and controls to regulate the time and/or temperature of the procedure. The heat may flow in the chamber either by natural convection or the use of forced air (e.g., fans, high-speed hot air jets) to accelerate and/or make more uniform the process. Units that transfer heat to the devices under sterilization (e.g., dental instruments) are also available. Frequently the time and temperature of the sterilizing cycles are pre-established according the type of device to be sterilized and/or the type of microorganism that may be present; typical sterilization temperature ranges are from 160 to 300 degrees Celsius (320 to 572 degrees Fahrenheit), usually the time needed for sterilization is shorter for higher temperatures. Sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; dedicated large stand-alone units intended for bulk sterilization and smaller tabletop models are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16828",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Dry Heat, Inoculating Loop/Needle",
      "definition": "Dry heat sterilizing units designed for total elimination of microorganisms from laboratory inoculating loops and/or needles. These devices usually consist of a dedicated tabletop unit with a small open chamber (e.g., an open cone or cylinder) to accommodate the needle or loop and a source of heat (e.g., infrared lamp, electric heaters) that provides a temperature high enough (815 degrees Celsius/1,500 degrees Fahrenheit) to incinerate the microorganisms in few seconds. The sterilizing units are used in clinical laboratories to sterilize inoculating loops and needles, avoiding the risks of open flame sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "17149",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Electrolytic",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices and related products using electrolysis. The sterilizers work by electrolyzing a water-based solution containing a very low concentration of a chemical that becomes a germicidal after electrolysis, such as a sodium chloride solution that produces an effective amount of sodium hypochlorite (a germicidal) after electrolysis. These devices typically include a sterilization container appropriate for the devices to be sterilized and the solution, an electric power source, electrodes placed at both sides of the container, the sterilization solution, and means to dispose the solution after use. Electrolytic sterilization units are intended for small devices; larger sterilizing units used for disinfection of water supplies and/or food products are also available. Dedicated electrolytic sterilizers intended for contact lenses have been used."
    },
    {
      "code": "27257",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Filtration",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for partial or total removal of microorganisms from liquids by filtration. These devices usually consist of a unit that includes a cartridge with a porous membrane; filters whose pore size is about 0.45 micron are effective in some applications, but porous sizes of 0.2 micron or even 0.1 micron may be needed for bacteria sterilization. Filters with pores in the order of smaller than 10 nanometers are needed for virus filtration. The filtering characteristics depend also on the adsorptive qualities of the filter material and the filtration conditions (e.g., pressure). Filtration sterilizing units with appropriate filters for particular solutions, microorganisms, and/or flow rates are available; the units are mainly used in clinical laboratories and pharmacies."
    },
    {
      "code": "27247",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Germicidal Gas",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using a germicidal gas. These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually  after being cleaned of gross debris and packed in gas permeable wraps; means to introduce the gas into the chamber; and controls to choose one of the sterilization cycles. After the sterilization cycle is complete an evacuation system to eliminate the gas residues is usually activated. Gas sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, usually as both stand-alone and tabletop units. The units are used to sterilize devices and supplies that are sensitive to high temperature and humidity, such as those including plastic and rubber components. Dedicated gas sterilizing units using a particular germicidal gas, such as chlorine dioxide or ethylene oxide, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27250",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Germicidal Gas, Chlorine Dioxide",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using chlorine dioxide gas with low humidity content. These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and packed in gas permeable wraps; means to introduce the gas into the chamber; and controls to choose one of the sterilization cycles. After the sterilization cycle is complete an evacuation system to eliminate the gas residues is usually activated. Chlorine dioxide gas sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; usually as both stand-alone and tabletop units. The units are used to sterilize devices and supplies that are sensitive to high temperature and humidity, such as those including plastic and rubber components."
    },
    {
      "code": "13740",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Germicidal Gas, Ethylene Oxide",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using ethylene oxide gas with low humidity content. These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and packed in gas-permeable wraps; means to introduce the gas into the chamber; and controls to choose one of the sterilization cycles. Some units also include an integral purging system to eliminate the vapor residues, which is activated after the sterilization cycle is complete. Ethylene oxide gas sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes including both stand-alone and tabletop units. The units are used to sterilize devices and supplies that are sensitive to high temperature and humidity, such as those including plastic and rubber components."
    },
    {
      "code": "18146",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Germicidal Gas, Gaseous Plasma",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using germicidal vapors or gases in a plasma state (a form of matter that includes electrons and positive ions usually resulting from the application of a strong electromagnetic [e.g., radio frequency] field). These units usually include a treatment (frequently vacuum) chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and then packed; means to introduce the vapor (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) into the chamber; electrodes that are activated to convert the vapor to plasma; a radio-frequency generator; and controls to start/stop automated cycles of the procedure. After the sterilization cycle is complete, an integral evacuation system to eliminate the residues (water and oxygen when using H2O2) is usually activated. Plasma sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes in both stand-alone (bulk) and tabletop models; they are used for devices and supplies that are sensitive to high temperature and humidity (e.g., devices and supplies that include plastic and/or rubber components)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34722",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Germicidal Gas, Hydrogen Peroxide",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) gas with low humidity content. These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and packed in gas permeable wraps; means to introduce the gas into the chamber; and controls to choose one of the sterilization cycles (e.g., for devices with or without lumens). After the sterilization cycle is complete an evacuation system (aeration) to eliminate the gas residues is usually activated. Hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; usually as both stand-alone and tabletop units. The units are used to sterilize devices and supplies that are sensitive to high temperature and humidity, such as those including plastic and rubber components (e.g., cameras, endoscopes, defibrillator paddles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18006",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Germicidal Liquid",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices by immersion in germicidal solutions (e.g., formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, phthaldehyde). These units usually include a treatment chamber with a container for the liquid germicide where trays with the devices to be sterilized are manually placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris; means to introduce and/or circulate the liquid into the chamber; and controls to regulate the time and temperature of the procedure, which depends on the germicide in use. After the sterilization cycle is complete the residual chemicals should be drained and the volatile compounds eliminated (usually by aeration or rinsing with filtered water). Liquid sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, usually as tabletop units. They are used for devices and supplies that are sensitive to high temperature and humidity, such as devices including plastic and/or rubber components that are not damaged by the chemical product used for sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "13748",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Germicidal Vapor",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using vapors from appropriate germicidal solutions (e.g., solutions having a low content of formaldehyde) with low humidity content. These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris; means to introduce the vapor into the chamber; and controls to regulate the time of the procedure. After the sterilization cycle is complete an integral purging system to eliminate the vapor residues is usually activated. Vapor sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; usually as tabletop units. Vapor sterilizing units are used for devices and supplies that are sensitive to high temperature and humidity, such as plastic and rubber devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "13745",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Ionizing Radiation",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using ionizing radiation (typically gamma, but x-ray and electron beams are also used) sources. These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which packed devices to be sterilized are placed; a source of ionizing radiation (e.g., gamma radiation, typically obtained from a cobalt 60 source); and controls to regulate the time of the procedure. Ionizing radiation sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; these units are frequently supplied as complete installations and their use requires special safety protection for the operators. Radiation sterilizing units are mainly used by manufacturers to irradiate single-use medical devices (e.g., syringes, needles) and supplies, even after the devices are packed and ready to deliver; they may be used also in large healthcare facilities that sterilize a great volume of devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "27252",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Low Pressure-Temperature Steam/Formaldehyde",
      "definition": "Sterilizing equipment that combines the simultaneous use of low-pressure, low-temperature steam and formaldehyde gas in one unit; the equipment is designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices that are sensitive to high temperature. These equipment usually consist of a free-standing or tabletop unit including a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and then packed; means to introduce the steam (either from an external boiler using a dedicated line or from a built-in steam generator) and the formaldehyde gas into the chamber; and controls to regulate the time and/or temperature of the procedure. Frequently the time and temperature of the sterilizing cycles are pre-established according the type of device to be sterilized; the typical low-temperature sterilization cycles may operate at or below 60 or 80 degrees Celsius (140 or 176 degrees Fahrenheit). After the sterilization cycle is complete, the steam and gas residues are exhausted, sometimes using partial vacuum to facilitate the extraction. These sterilizing units are used mainly in hospital central supply departments and/or in other healthcare facility areas that perform a great deal of sterilization of heat-sensitive devices, including devices with plastic and/or rubber components such as endoscopes and disposable syringes. Some equipment may offer additional capabilities for standard steam sterilization procedures at higher temperatures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13746",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Steam",
      "definition": "Sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices that are not sensitive to high temperature, water, or steam using pressurized steam (i.e., to provide moist heat). These units usually include a treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and then packed; means to introduce the steam into the chamber; and controls to regulate the time and/or temperature of the procedure. Frequently the time and temperature of the sterilizing cycles are pre-established according the type of device to be sterilized; typical sterilization temperature range is 121 to 135 degrees Celsius (250 to 275 degrees Fahrenheit). After the sterilization cycle is complete, the steam is exhausted. Sterilizing units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; dedicated large stand-alone units intended for bulk sterilization and smaller tabletop models are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16911",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Steam, Agar",
      "definition": "Steam sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on agar and/or other culture media. These units usually include a pressurized (1.5 kg/cm2-15 psi is typical) treatment chamber with electric heaters, a water circulation system for rapid cooling, and a compressor. Some units prepare the appropriate culture media from dehydrated culture media and water before sterilization. Agar culture media sterilization units are mainly used in clinical laboratories for culture media that do not contain compounds that are affected by heat."
    },
    {
      "code": "16141",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Steam, Bulk",
      "definition": "Steam sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices that are not sensitive to high temperature, water, or steam using pressurized steam; the units are intended for simultaneous sterilization of large quantities (i.e., bulk) of medical devices. These units usually consist of a free-standing unit including a large treatment chamber with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and then packed; means to remove air prior to the sterilization (usually gravity and/or vacuum is used) and to introduce the steam (typically from an external boiler using a dedicated line) into the chamber; and controls to regulate the time and/or temperature of the procedure. Frequently the time and temperature of the sterilizing cycles are pre-established according the type of device to be sterilized; typical sterilization temperature range is 121 to 135 degrees Celsius (250 to 275 degrees Fahrenheit). After the sterilization cycle is complete, the steam is exhausted; partial vacuum is frequently used to facilitate the extraction. Bulk steam sterilizing units are used mainly in hospital central supply departments and/or in other healthcare facility areas that perform a great deal of sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "16142",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Steam, Tabletop",
      "definition": "Steam sterilizing units designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices using pressurized steam; the devices should not be sensitive to high temperature, water, or steam; these units are intended for sterilization of small quantities of medical devices and/or supplies. This equipment usually consist of a tabletop unit including a treatment chamber of less than 0.015 cubic meters (5 cubic feet) with shelves on which the devices to be sterilized are placed, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and then packed; means to introduce the steam into the chamber typically from an integral steam generator; and controls to regulate the time and/or temperature of the procedure. Frequently the time and temperature of the sterilizing cycles are pre-established according the type of device to be sterilized; typical sterilization temperature range is 121 to 135 degrees Celsius (250 to 275 degrees Fahrenheit). After the sterilization cycle is complete, the steam is exhausted. Units that use gravity or partial vacuum to facilitate the extraction are available. Tabletop steam sterilizing units are used mainly in operating suites, labor and delivery areas, and clinical laboratories; they are also used in physicians' offices, outpatient medical-surgical facilities, and dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16172",
      "display": "Sterilizing Units, Steam/Ethylene Oxide, Bulk",
      "definition": "Sterilizing equipment that combines the use of steam and ethylene oxide gas in one unit; the equipment is designed for total inactivation of microorganisms that are or may be present on medical devices that are not sensitive to high temperature, water, or steam. The units are intended for simultaneous sterilization of a large volume (i.e., bulk) of medical devices. These units are usually a free-standing equipment including a large treatment chamber with shelves  the devices to be sterilized are placed on, usually after being cleaned of gross debris and then packed; means to introduce the steam (typically from an external boiler using a dedicated line) and/or the ethylene oxide gas into the chamber; and controls to regulate the time and/or temperature of the procedure. Frequently the time and temperature of the sterilizing cycles are pre-established according the type of device to be sterilized; the typical sterilization temperature range is 121 to 135 degrees Celsius (250  to 275 degrees Fahrenheit). After the sterilization cycle is complete, the steam and gas residues are exhausted, frequently using partial vacuum to facilitate the extraction. Bulk steam/ethylene oxide sterilizing units are used mainly in hospital central supply departments and/or in other healthcare facility areas that perform a great deal of sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "13750",
      "display": "Stethoscopes",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to transmit sound from small disk-shaped resonators via air-filled hollow tubes to the user's ears for auscultating, or listening to, sounds from the heart, lungs, and other organs. Stethoscopes have  binaural tubes and tubing designed to connect a chest piece, which acts as a resonator, to the clinician's ears while minimizing ambient noises. The chest piece can be one- or two-sided, with each side intended to tune into different anticipated bodily frequencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "13754",
      "display": "Stethoscopes, Electronic",
      "definition": "Stethoscopes designed to electronically amplifying the low sound levels of body sounds. Electronic stethoscopes convert the acoustic sound waves obtained through the chest piece that contains a sensor or transducer, such as a microphone, piezo-electric sensor, or capacitive-type sensor, into electrical signals which can then be amplified for optimal listening. These stethoscopes can be linked to a smart phone or tablet to record heart, lung and chest sounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "13755",
      "display": "Stethoscopes, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Stethoscopes designed to transmit sound from small disk-shaped resonators via air-filled hollow tubes to the user's ears for auscultating, or listening to, sounds from the heart, lungs, and other organs. The device has a binaural tubes and tubing designed to connect a chest piece, which acts as a resonator, to the clinician's ears while minimizing ambient noises. A chest piece can be one- or two-sided, with each side intended to tune into different anticipated bodily frequencies."
    },
    {
      "code": "41643",
      "display": "Stethoscopes, Mechanical, Disposable",
      "definition": "Mechanical stethoscopes that are intended for single-patient use. They typically have a one-sided chest piece, but may have a double-side chest piece, and are used in situations where cross-contamination between patients is a concern."
    },
    {
      "code": "13762",
      "display": "Stimulators",
      "definition": "Instruments used to excite (stimulate) functional activities by generating and applying an external agent (e.g., electrical or ultrasonic stimulus).  Most stimulators allow for control of the specific duration, intensity, and frequency of the applied stimulus. Stimulators are used for diagnostic, monitoring, functional, therapeutic, experimental, or other purposes, excluding tissue ablation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18485",
      "display": "Stimulators, Acoustic",
      "definition": "Stimulators that apply sound stimuli (e.g., clicks, sound bursts) to the patient.  Sound stimulators basically consist of an energy source, an electric-to-sound transducer, and a delivery system for the sound waves.  Most of these stimulators are used to elicit a measurable response for diagnostic, monitoring, or experimental purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "13764",
      "display": "Stimulators, Acoustic, Auditory",
      "definition": "Devices that apply stimuli (e.g., pure tones, speech) to a patient's acoustic system. Most sound stimulators are used as components in devices such as audiometers, auditory evoked-potential recorders, and auditory function screening devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17743",
      "display": "Stimulators, Acoustic, Fetal",
      "definition": "Sound stimulators used to assess fetal well-being.  These stimulators consist of a sound source (e.g., an artificial electronic larynx) that is placed on the maternal abdomen over the fetal vertex to apply a vibroacoustic pulse stimulus typically a few seconds long.  Sound stimulators are used to evaluate the condition of a fetus (e.g., heart-rate changes, acid-base status) in antepartum tests and/or during intrapartum monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "18488",
      "display": "Stimulators, Caloric",
      "definition": "Stimulators that apply heat stimuli (e.g., hot fluids) to the patient.  Most of these stimulators are used to elicit a measurable response for diagnostic, monitoring, or therapeutic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18489",
      "display": "Stimulators, Caloric, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Caloric stimulators that apply the heat to the patient's skin to produce physiologic reactions in the tissues.  These stimulators are used in physical therapy programs to assist in reduction of pain and stiffness, to alleviate muscle spasm, to increase range of motion, and to improve tissue healing by increasing nutrient and blood flow to the area."
    },
    {
      "code": "16982",
      "display": "Stimulators, Caloric, Physical Therapy, Fluidized Medium",
      "definition": "Caloric stimulators that use a dry agent (i.e., air-fluidized solids) to transfer the heat to the patient, using forced convection. These devices consist of a bed of finely divided cellulose particles located in a container. A stream of warm air (typically from 38 to 48 degrees C) is forced through the particles in such a way that the particles become suspended and behave very similar to a fluid, allowing patients to submerge and exercise body parts in them. These stimulators are also useful in physical therapy programs for desensitization of hypersensitive fingers and/or toes."
    },
    {
      "code": "17110",
      "display": "Stimulators, Caloric, Physical Therapy, Moist Air",
      "definition": "Caloric stimulators that use moist air to transfer the heat to the patient. These devices consist of a moisture system, including a water tank, heaters, pumps, thermometers, and controls, and a treatment hood for applying the hot, moist air to the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "10548",
      "display": "Stimulators, Caloric, Vestibular Function",
      "definition": "Caloric stimulators that apply a stream of air or water to the ear canal at a controlled rate of flow and temperature for vestibular function testing. Vestibular function stimulators consist of an irrigation system that includes a pump, valves, heaters, and regulators to control the rate of flow and temperature of the fluid. The stimulation of the semicircular canal produces involuntary eye movements, which can be  measured using a nystagmograph."
    },
    {
      "code": "18466",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical",
      "definition": "Stimulators that apply electrical stimuli (e.g., direct current, pulses of current) to a nerve, muscle, a discrete area of the central nervous system, or any other tissue. Electrical stimulators basically consist of an energy source (implantable or external) in electrical contact with target tissue via conductive lead wires, a controller or interrupter to prevent excessive energies from damaging the tissues, and an enclosure to prevent the biological environment from damaging the stimulator and vice versa."
    },
    {
      "code": "33843",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical Neuromuscular, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Implantable",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators designed to treat sleep apnea that are implanted. These stimulators usually consist of a programmable implantable pulse generator including appropriate firmware and a battery; the stimulator is typically subcutaneously implanted in the upper chest. The stimulator includes a sensor to detect the changes in the breathing rate and a lead with electrodes to provide the electrical stimulation. The stimulation lead transmits signal from the generator to an electrode cuff that is placed radially around the hypoglossal nerve. Stimulating the hypoglossal nerve moves the tongue forward, which keeps the upper airway open during sleep."
    },
    {
      "code": "18483",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Auditory",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli containing sound information to the inner ear. These stimulators typically consist of partially implantable devices that include external sensors to obtain  sound information and convert it into electric signals (e.g., microphones), processors to modify and/or amplify the signals, and implantable cables with electrodes at the distal end to deliver the signals to the internal ear structures. Auditory electrical stimulators are usually partially implantable devices; dedicated stimulators intended to apply electrical signals to the cochlea are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16035",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Auditory, Cochlear",
      "definition": "Auditory electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli containing sound information to the cochlea. These stimulators consist of an electrode array that is surgically implanted in one cochlea; a receiver that is implanted in the skull near the ear and connected to the electrode array; and a speech processor, including a microphone and a transmitter, that is worn externally. The microphone picks up sound from the environment and transduces it into electrical signals, and then a speech processor reconfigures the signal and delivers it to the transmitter and to the implanted receiver which in turn stimulates the cochlea through the electrode array. Cochlear auditory stimulators are used for the partial restoration of auditory sensation to profoundly deaf patients (typically more than 90 dB hearing loss)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10369",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Behavioral Therapy",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to apply harmless but unpleasant electrical impulses to a patient (e.g., in the arm or leg) to modify undesirable behavior (e.g., self-injury).  Most of these stimulators are used for aversion therapy sessions conducted by a therapist in clinical programs and/or at home.  Some behavioral therapy stimulators also include an annoying sound stimulus for sound or sound/electric aversion conditioning.  These stimulators are used in the treatment of obsessive/compulsive behavior and drug abuse."
    },
    {
      "code": "15087",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Bone Growth",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators that apply a stimulus directly or externally to bones to promote their growth (osteogenesis). Most electric bone-growth stimulators are used to heal nonunion fractures or as an adjunct to spinal fusion in treating degenerative vertebral diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "18481",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Bone Growth, External",
      "definition": "Electrical bone-growth stimulators that consist of external electrical generators and electrodes.  These stimulators usually include either a coil that is placed around the growth site to apply an electromagnetic field or two self-adhesive electrodes applied to the skin (usually on opposite sides of the cast), which are used to apply a capacitive coupled electric field."
    },
    {
      "code": "18482",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Bone Growth, Implantable",
      "definition": "Electrical bone-growth stimulators that consist of an implanted electric generator and electrodes.  These stimulators usually include a cathode wire that is placed through surgically made holes in the bone and that is either threaded across the fracture or coiled and secured in the bone. They also include an anodic capsule placed under the skin that includes the battery and electric circuitry needed to deliver constant current through the bone."
    },
    {
      "code": "18467",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators that apply the stimulus to all or any part of the brain, such as the cerebellum or the cerebrum (sometimes including the deep cerebral centers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16061",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain, Analgesic",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to subsurface areas of a patient's brain for pain-relief purposes.  Analgesic brain stimulators may consist of an implanted lead/electrode system (attached to a passive electronic circuit into which energy and/or signals are inductively coupled from outside the body, typically at radio frequencies) or a totally implantable self-contained stimulator (that carries its own energy source and has no inherent dependence upon external devices). These stimulators are used to treat chronic severe intractable pain for which drug therapy is undesirable or no longer effective."
    },
    {
      "code": "11485",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Devices that apply stimuli (typically pulsed electric currents of 5 to 50 mA) to a patient's brain for several minutes to induce a state resembling that of chemically induced anesthesia.  These stimulators usually include an electric-pulse generator with controls to vary pulse rate, pulse width, and voltage or current. The current is normally passed through the head between the frontal and occipital regions via large-area electrodes covered with saline-soaked gauze sponges."
    },
    {
      "code": "17913",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain, Antiseizure",
      "definition": "Devices that apply stimuli to specific areas of a patient's brain (e.g., cerebrum, cerebellum) to prevent or alleviate seizures. Antiseizure brain stimulators may consist of an implanted lead/electrode system (attached to a passive electronic circuit into which energy and/or signals are inductively coupled from outside the body, typically at radio frequencies) or a totally implantable self-contained stimulator (that carries its own energy source and has no inherent dependence upon external devices, except for activation or change of stimulation settings).  These stimulators are used to treat epilepsy and/or convulsive and movement disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11484",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain, Convulsive Therapy",
      "definition": "Electrical brain stimulators that apply stimuli (electric shock) to a patient's brain to induce convulsions and loss of consciousness.  The stimuli are applied through electrodes placed on an unshaved scalp or on bare skin over the temples; stimuli are not usually targeted toward specific areas of the brain.  These stimulators typically consist of a console with controls, displays and printers, and electrodes; some also include monitors (e.g., electrocardiograph, electroencephalograph) to display vital signs during treatment.  The shape, duration, and repetition rate of the electrical stimuli applied by these stimulators determine the amount of energy reaching the brain.  Convulsive therapy electrical stimulators are used to treat patients with major depression, schizophrenia, and mania."
    },
    {
      "code": "34373",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain, Motor Evoked Potential",
      "definition": "Brain electrical stimulators designed provide input stimuli for monitoring and/or recording provoked neurological signals from the spinal cord and/or peripheral muscles known as motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). These devices typically consist of a pulse generator that can deliver a train of high-voltage electric pulses through several channels. The stimulator output signals are applied to the brain using electrodes attached to the scalp  (i.e., transcranial) at several different points until getting the best MEP response for a patient. MEP stimulators are mainly used for intraoperative assessment of the patient's neurologic status; the stimulators are also used in the diagnosis and evaluation of multiple sclerosis and as indicators for stroke motor recovery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17758",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain, Psychiatric Therapy",
      "definition": "Electrical brain stimulators that apply stimuli to specific areas of a patient's brain (i.e., cerebrum, cerebellum) during psychiatric treatments.  These stimulators typically consist of an external pulse generator and electrodes.  The stimulating pulses are applied via electrode arrays placed upon the cortex or through the electrode tips of very fine leads implanted deeply in the cerebellar nuclei. Psychiatric therapy stimulators are used to treat psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, mania, and insomnia."
    },
    {
      "code": "18468",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Brain, Tremor",
      "definition": "Electrical brain stimulators that apply the stimuli to specific areas of the deep brain (e.g., thalamus) to help control tremors.  Brain stimulators for tremor control consist of electrodes implanted in the brain using stereotactic surgery techniques and connected through leads to a pulse generator that is typically implanted near the collarbone.  These stimulators are used to control several tremors, such as those in people suffering from essential tremor or tremors associated with Parkinson's disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "18484",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Cardiac",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli to the heart. These stimulators typically consist of an electric pulse generator and attached electrodes; both the pulse generator and the electrodes may be implanted or applied externally to the chest. Dedicated cardiac stimulators intended for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17121",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Cardiac, Diagnostic",
      "definition": "Electric programmable stimulators that are able to deliver precisely timed electrical impulses to the heart during spontaneous and paced rhythms. These stimulators may be used in asynchronous or synchronous mode to deliver stimuli of variable strength and for pacing in a wide range of cycle lengths (typically from 150 to 1,500 msec).  Diagnostic cardiac stimulators are used to perform physiologic cardiac tests, such as to determine the function of various components of atrioventricular conduction, factors required for induction and termination of tachycardia, and to assess sinus node function."
    },
    {
      "code": "18145",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Cardiac, Myoplasty",
      "definition": "Cardiac electrical stimulators designed to stimulate a muscle (e.g., latissimus dorsi) that has been wrapped around the ventricles of the heart (myoplasty surgery) to augment the cardiac output. These stimulators typically consist of an implanted two-channel synchronized pulse generator that combines the characteristics of cardiac pacers with those of neuromuscular stimulators; they include pacemaker electrodes attached to the myocardium and muscle electrodes to stimulate the wrapping muscle in synchrony with the heart muscle. Most stimulators include some pacing capabilities (e.g., to pace the heart when the heart rate drops below a programmed value). Myoplasty cardiac stimulators are typically used after a postoperative period of adaptation in patients who have ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "13768",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Carotid Sinus Nerve, Blood Pressure",
      "definition": "Peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to the carotid sinus nerve (Hering's nerve) to decrease arterial pressure. These stimulators are usually completely implantable.  They are used in the control of high blood pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "20850",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Joint, Analgesic, Transcutaneous",
      "definition": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulators designed to provide pain relief and biophysical stimulation to the joints. These devices typically consist of an external electrical stimulator and electrodes placed on the skin for transcutaneous application of predetermined electrical stimuli (usually in the form of pulses) directly to the affected articulation. Dedicated transcutaneous electrical stimulators intended for knee stimulation (usually the most affected joint) that include a battery-powered electrical stimulator; electrode pads to be placed on the knee and thigh, respectively; and an elastic strap to be wrapped around the knee to hold the electrodes in place are available; they are intended to relieve the pain associated with osteoarthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "13775",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to cause controlled muscular contractions. Neuromuscular stimulators usually apply stimuli near or directly to the nerves that control muscle activity."
    },
    {
      "code": "16029",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Bladder/Bowel Evacuation",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators used to facilitate emptying of the urinary bladder and/or the bowels, typically by applying stimuli to the cone-shaped end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris). Most of these stimulators consist of an implanted receiver with electrodes placed around the patient's sacral spinal nerve roots and an external transmitter for sending the stimulating pulses transcutaneously to the implanted receiver.  Some of these devices can tune the controller to activate erection in men by stimulating a particular pair of nerve roots without bladder contraction.  Bladder/bowel evacuation stimulators are used in paraplegic patients who have complete transection of the spinal cord and who are unable to empty their urinary bladder and/or bowels by reflex means or by the use of catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "16263",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Diagnostic",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli to a peripheral muscle and/or nerve while monitoring the response in a different peripheral muscle or nerve. These stimulators typically consist of an electric pulse generator and attached electrodes; most diagnostic neuromuscular stimulators use external electrodes (e.g., handheld bipolar electrodes, ring electrodes), but some also use needle electrodes to obtain very localized activation. Diagnostic neuromuscular stimulators control the duration, amplitude, and frequency of the pulses but usually do not modulate the stimuli signals. They are mainly used for the stimulation of a peripheral nerve or muscle in motor-nerve conduction studies (e.g., posterior tibial nerve) and/or sensory-nerve conduction studies (e.g., ulnar nerve)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23916",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Dysphagia",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular stimulators designed to stimulate the nerves that are responsible for swallowing, causing the swallowing muscles to contract. These devices are typically portable electrotherapy stimulators that deliver appropriate low-level electrical stimuli to the throat muscles involved in swallowing using a dedicated set of electrodes. Dysphagia neuromuscular stimulators are intended for treatment of deficiency in swallowing (i.e., dysphagia), especially oropharyngeal dysphagia, affecting patients with neuromuscular disorders and/or patients who had suffered troke and/or head and neck cancer."
    },
    {
      "code": "17912",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Ejaculation",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to the nerves that control ejaculation.  These stimulators usually consist of an electrode probe, typically inserted into a man's rectum and connected to the electrical pulse source.  These devices are used in neurologically impaired males to obtain semen for assisted reproduction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18477",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Gait",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to nerves in the lower extremities (e.g., peroneal, femoral) to cause the muscles in the leg to contract, thus improving the gait in a patient with one or both paralyzed legs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18479",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Gait, External",
      "definition": "Gait neuromuscular stimulators that apply transcutaneous fixed stimuli to the quadriceps to lock the knees during standing and periodic alternative stimuli to the common peroneal nerve and quadriceps of each side to produce flexion while taking steps.  These devices consist of an external stimulator with four or more channels and electrodes that are placed on the skin.  External gait stimulators usually have patient-manipulated controls to regulate the magnitude and frequency of the stimuli."
    },
    {
      "code": "18478",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Gait, Implantable",
      "definition": "Gait neuromuscular stimulators implanted in one or both of the lower extremities of the patient.  These stimulators usually consist of an implanted receiver, with electrodes placed around a nerve and an external transmitter for sending the stimulating pulses transcutaneously to the implanted receiver.  The external transmitter is typically activated by a switch in the heel of the patient's shoe."
    },
    {
      "code": "18475",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Grasp",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to the muscles that control the fingers and thumb.  These stimulators consist of a two-channel (or more) generator and electrodes.  Some grasp stimulators are completely implanted, while others are used externally, including either surface or percutaneous electrodes.  Depending on the particular type of system, the user controls the stimulation by movement (e.g., shoulder, wrist), voice, or other means.  Some of these stimulators are capable of stimulating the muscles for elbow control, thus enabling the user to reach out in one or more directions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18480",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Incontinence",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to the bladder wall or the pelvic floor to maintain urinary and/or fecal continence."
    },
    {
      "code": "17784",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Incontinence, Implantable",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators implanted in the abdomen to control incontinence. These stimulators usually consist of electrodes placed in the bladder wall or in the pelvic floor and an external transmitter for sending the stimulating pulses transcutaneously to the implanted receiver."
    },
    {
      "code": "17505",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Incontinence, Nonimplantable",
      "definition": "Incontinence neuromuscular electrical stimulators designed to apply external stimuli to the muscles of the pelvic floor. These stimulators typically consist of an electric pulse generator with electrodes attached to a plug or pessary that is introduced into the rectum or vagina respectively. Nonimplantable incontinence electrical stimulators are intended to maintain urinary and/or fecal continence."
    },
    {
      "code": "18476",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Muscle Strengthening",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators that include dedicated surface electrode garments for easy setup and connection.  These stimulators are used to exercise and strengthen muscles weakened by inactivity. Muscle strengthening stimulators may help increase muscle mass, but will not improve voluntary control to paralyzed muscle."
    },
    {
      "code": "29200",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Physical Therapy/Massage",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for administration of electrical stimuli and/or gentle massage to the tissues during physical therapy treatments. These machines usually combine: (1) a device to deliver gentle negative pressure to the skin through suction cups (i.e., vacuum suctioning);, (2) dedicated electrical stimulators to provide monopolar and/or bipolar electrical stimuli to the neuromuscular tissue;, and (3) one or more detachable cups for simultaneous or separate delivery of the electrical stimuli and the suctioning massage. Physical therapy electrical stimulation and massage machines are used to alleviate muscle aches, pains, and/or edema; the machines are also intended for temporary improvement of the local blood circulation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17240",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Scoliosis",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli to stabilize or limit the progression of the spinal lateral curvature (scoliosis). These stimulators typically consist of a pulse generator and surface electrodes placed on the spine; implantable devices linked to an external power source are less frequently used. The stimulation treatment is usually applied at nighttime while the patient is sleeping; the stimulators are used mainly in children and adolescents who have idiopathic scoliosis."
    },
    {
      "code": "28959",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Sleep Apnea",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to nerves in the airway and/or tongue to treat sleep apnea and sometimes snoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "41959",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular, Sleep Apnea, Nonimplantable",
      "definition": "Neuromuscular electrical stimulators designed to treat sleep apnea or snoring that are removable intraoral mouthpieces that uses electrodes to deliver neuromuscular stimulation to the tongue. The device is intended to improve tongue muscular tone achieved by applying a program of electrical stimulation to the tongue. It consists of an electrode with various contact points designed to fit around the tongue, and a remote control unit which may be software on a mobile device."
    },
    {
      "code": "34209",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Neuromuscular/Peripheral Nerve, Transcutaneous",
      "definition": "Stimulators that apply electric current to target tissues via electrodes placed on the skin. These stimulators typically include several predetermined stimulation modulation options (e.g., pulse frequency, pulse duration). Additionally, these stimulators typically include several preprogrammed algorithms for application of electrical current at a frequency and intensity intended to generate an analgesic effect in peripheral nerves (i.e., transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [TENS]) or to generate muscle contraction (i.e., neuromuscular electrical stimulation [NMES]). Some units may include additional programs that extend functionality to other applications involving transcutaneous current (i.e., ionotophoresis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18471",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli to the peripheral nerves (i.e., the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). These stimulators typically consist of an electric pulse generator and attached electrodes; both the pulse generator and the electrodes may be implanted or applied externally to the limbs or trunk. Dedicated peripheral stimulators intended for analgesia and acupuncture treatments and/or to asses block monitoring and evoke potentials response are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13763",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve, Acupuncture",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators that apply the stimuli to acupuncture sites. These stimulators typically consist of an external low-intensity, low-frequency (usually 1 to 100 pulse/sec) pulse multimode generator and electrodes.  The electrodes may be placed either on the skin or through acupuncture needles that penetrate the skin at acupuncture points.  Some acupuncture stimulators include probes to detect the acupuncture sites using visual or audio signals."
    },
    {
      "code": "18472",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve, Analgesic",
      "definition": "Peripheral nerve electrical stimulators designed to apply stimuli to alleviate pain (i.e., analgesic). These stimulators typically consist of an electric pulse generator attached to electrodes that deliver the stimuli. Stimulators including an external pulse generator and electrodes that are placed on the skin to apply the stimuli transcutaneously (known as transcutaneous electric nerve stimulators [TENS]) are available. Implantable stimulators, either completely implantable  or using a radio-frequency inductive coupling with an external power source, with electrodes located around a peripheral nerve, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18473",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve, Analgesic, Implantable",
      "definition": "Peripheral nerve electrical analgesic stimulators that apply the stimuli through electrodes placed around a peripheral nerve. These stimulators usually consist of either an implanted lead/electrode system attached to a passive electronic circuit into which energy is inductively coupled from outside the body, typically at radio frequencies, or a totally implantable self-contained stimulator that carries its own energy source and has no inherent dependence upon external devices.  These implantable analgesic stimulators are used to treat chronic severe intractable pain, where the use of drug therapy is undesirable or no longer effective."
    },
    {
      "code": "13782",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve, Analgesic, Transcutaneous",
      "definition": "Analgesic peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators that consist of external stimulators and electrodes that are placed on the skin in such a way that the body is not penetrated at any time, so the electrical stimulus is applied through the skin (transcutaneously) to the painful area.  These stimulators typically include several predetermined stimulation modulation options (e.g., pulse frequency, pulse duration).  Most of these stimulators are portable, battery-powered units commonly worn on a belt or carried in a pocket. These analgesic stimulators (also known as transcutaneous electric nerve stimulators [TENS]) are used to treat pain associated with surgery, trauma, musculoskeletal problems, bursitis, and dental problems and procedures; they are also used in physical therapy and during labor and delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33016",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve, Antinausea/Emesis Prevention",
      "definition": "Peripheral nerve stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli to the peripheral nerves in the wrist to treat nausea and prevent emesis (i.e., vomiting). These stimulators typically consist of a wrist band with an electronic device resembling a watch positioned on the underside of the wrist. The device includes a pulse generator, electrodes, batteries, and controls that are used to deliver low-level electric pulses to the nerves when needed. Antinausea/emesis prevention peripheral nerve stimulators are used to provide relief to people suffering from nausea and/or vomiting. Some of these stimulators are disposable and intended to treat patients suffering from motion sickness, undergoing chemotherapy, recovering from surgery, and by pregnant women for a limited period of time."
    },
    {
      "code": "16252",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve, Block Monitoring",
      "definition": "Peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to a nerve (e.g., ulnar, facial, lower extremity) designated to assess the adequacy of neuromuscular block during surgery and its reversal during the recovery period.  These stimulators are battery- or line-powered and usually use four types of stimulation: twitch, train-of-four, tetanic, and double burst.  Block-monitoring stimulators typically use conventional electrocardiographic electrodes and/or bipolar surface electrodes (ball electrodes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16256",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Peripheral Nerve, Somatosensory",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators used to apply precisely timed and repeatable stimuli to the peripheral nerves. These stimulators are usually multiple-channel external stimulators, using external surface electrodes or invasive (i.e., needle) electrodes. Somatosensory electrical stimulators are used for evoked-potential procedures, pain reduction and also for other research procedures (e.g., functional mapping in epilepsy). Some of these stimulators are used as components of more complex devices, such as somatosensory evoked-potential recorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "11503",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Soft Tissue",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli to soft tissues. These stimulators typically consist of a direct current generator that delivers weak current signals to the tissues. Soft-tissue electrical stimulators are intended to promote the healing process; they are used mainly in the treatment of chronic wounds and/or ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "34506",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Soft Tissue, Wound",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators designed to apply electrical stimuli to soft tissue wounds. These stimulators typically consist of: (1) a low-intensity current generator (typically a current of less than 1mA) that may apply direct, pulsed, or other waveform current signals to the tissues, (2) cables to transmit the signal to the tissues, and (3) dedicated dressing electrodes (including dedicated gloves and socks) applied on the injured skin. These stimulators add an external stimulus to the biological current existing during wound healing.  Wound electrical stimulators are intended to accelerating the healing process, especially in chronic wounds (e.g., decubitus ulcers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18469",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Spinal Cord",
      "definition": "Electrical stimulators that apply the stimulus to all or any part of the spinal cord.  These stimulators include an implanted lead/electrode system located in the epidural spaces of the spinal cord, attached to either an implanted passive electronic circuit into which energy and/or signals are inductively coupled from outside the body (typically at radio frequencies) or to a totally implantable self-contained stimulator that carries its own energy source and has no inherent dependence upon external devices.  Spinal cord stimulators are used in analgesic treatments and also as adjuvant therapy for peripheral vascular diseases and refractory angina pectoris."
    },
    {
      "code": "17241",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Spinal Cord, Analgesic",
      "definition": "Spinal cord electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to relieve pain (analgesia). Analgesic spinal cord stimulators are used to treat acute and/or chronic intractable pain for which drug therapy is undesirable or no longer effective."
    },
    {
      "code": "18470",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Spinal Cord, Muscle Control",
      "definition": "Spinal cord electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to improve muscle coordination and power.  Typically, flat electrodes are placed in the upper back, and, after a testing period, the electric generator is implanted.  Some movement-control stimulators may also improve bladder function. These stimulators are used to increase muscle control and coordination in patients who have enough muscle strength for daily activities."
    },
    {
      "code": "20747",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Vagus Nerve",
      "definition": "Peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators that apply stimuli to the vagus nerve.  These stimulators typically consist of an implantable electrical generator and lead wires that run subcutaneously to electrodes implanted around the vagus nerve; they usually can be programmed externally following implantation.  Vagus nerve stimulators are intended for treatment seizures and/or other neurological disorders such as sleep apnea, depression, migraine, and dementia."
    },
    {
      "code": "34356",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Vagus Nerve, Analgesic, Transcutaneous",
      "definition": "Peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators designed to apply transcutaneous stimuli to the Vagus nerve with appropriate characteristics (e.g., intensity, frequency, pulse shape) to obtain analgesic results. These stimulators typically consist of a handheld electrical applicator that includes a battery-operated electrical generator, electrodes to deliver the electrical stimuli, and a control for the stimulus intensity. The applicator is usually self-placed by the patient on the right side of the neck close to  the Vagus nerve to administer the stimuli typically several times each day. Analgesic Vagus nerve stimulators are intended for treatment of migraine and cluster headaches."
    },
    {
      "code": "18474",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Vagus Nerve, Antiseizure",
      "definition": "Peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators that apply periodic stimuli to the vagus nerve with appropriate characteristics (e.g., intensity, frequency, pulse shape) to treat seizures. These stimulators consist of a pulse generator typically implanted in the anterior chest wall and lead wires that run subcutaneously to electrodes implanted around the left vagus nerve. Vagus-nerve stimulators can be programmed externally following implantation (e.g., using a programming wand, dedicated software, and a standard personal computer). These stimulators are used in the treatment of epilepsy to eliminate seizures or to reduce seizure frequency and/or intensity."
    },
    {
      "code": "32668",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electrical, Vagus Nerve, Blocking",
      "definition": "Peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators that apply periodic low-level stimuli to the vagus nerve with appropriate characteristics (e.g., frequency, pulse shape) to block the nerve signals. These stimulators consist of a pulse generator typically implanted subcutaneously and lead wires that run to electrodes placed on the anterior and posterior abdominal trunks of the vagus nerve (just above the junction between the esophagus and the stomach). The stimulator also includes an external battery-powered controller. Vagus nerve blocking electrical stimulators are mainly intended to induce weight loss in overweight patients by increasing the sensation of full-feeling (i.e., satiety); the stimulators may be also used in the treatment of other gastrointestinal disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "12415",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electromagnetic",
      "definition": "Stimulators designed to apply electromagnetic energy to the tissues. These stimulators typically apply short-duration, pulsed, radiofrequency energy. Electromagnetic stimulators that apply low-intensity flux density (typically in the order of micro- or millitesla) signals to the tissues (e.g., soft tissue, brain) without thermal effects or that are intended to apply high-intensity (in the order of several tesla) flux density to the brain are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22839",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electromagnetic, High-Intensity, Brain/Spinal Cord",
      "definition": "High-intensity electromagnetic stimulators designed to apply electromagnetic flux density to the brain (also known as transcranial magnetic stimulation [TMS]) and/or the spinal cord. These stimulators typically consist of a electrically powered radiofrequency generator, a control panel, and a probe including an electromagnetic coil; the equipment may include a treatment chair as an integral component. Typically, the stimulator uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to focus induced currents in the brain and modulate cortical functions; the stimuli are applied in trains of multiple pulses per second (i.e., repetitive TMS) with varying characteristics (e.g., single or paired pulses; frequency, strength, and duration of pulses; interval between pulses; mono- or biphasic waveforms). High-intensity electromagnetic stimulators are intended for the treatment of several neurologic (e.g., migraine) and behavioral (e.g., anxiety, depression) disorders; they are also used within the field of neurology and neurophysiology for diagnosis of nerve conduction and nerve velocity in assessment of degenerative nerve diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "23154",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electromagnetic, Low-Intensity",
      "definition": "Electromagnetic stimulators designed to apply low flux density (in the order of microtesla) signals to body tissues. These stimulators usually apply short-duration, pulsed, radio-frequency energy, resulting in a very small temperature increase on the target tissue (typically less than one degree Celsius). The devices typically consist of a stationary or portable electrically powered (e.g., battery) generator, probes including appropriate transducers (usually coils) to be placed near the treatment area, and a cable to deliver the signals from the generator to the probe. Dedicated low-intensity electromagnetic stimulators are available with appropriate signal levels and transducers and probes that are intended to promote healing in soft tissue or wounds; dedicated stimulators are also available for the brain and/or spinal cord that are intended for analgesic purposes or to treat behavior disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "22840",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electromagnetic, Low-Intensity, Brain/Spinal Cord",
      "definition": "Electromagnetic stimulators designed to apply low flux density (in the order of microtesla) pulsed signals to the brain and/or spinal cord below the nerve stimulation threshold, usually at a frequency below 1,000 Hz. These devices typically consist of a stationary or portable electrically powered (e.g., battery) generator, transducers to be placed near the treatment area (e.g., a headset with coils placed above the ears at both sides of the head), and a wireless system or cable to deliver the signals from the generator to the transducer. The device may also include a handheld programmer to introduce therapeutic treatment parameters for a given patient. Brain/spinal cord electromagnetic stimulators, using a variety of different waveforms, are intended for use in healthcare facilities or at home to help in the treatment of pain (i.e., analgesic), anxiety, and/or depression."
    },
    {
      "code": "23156",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electromagnetic, Low-Intensity, Soft Tissue/Wound",
      "definition": "Electromagnetic stimulators designed to apply electromagnetic energy to soft tissue and wounds at a level (typically in the order of microtesla) below the patient's heat sensory perception threshold.  These stimulators usually apply short-duration, pulsed, radio-frequency energy, resulting in a very small temperature increase on the target tissue (less than one degree Celsius).  The stimulators typically consist of a stationary or portable electrically powered (e.g., battery) generator, probes including appropriate transducers (usually coils) to be placed near the treatment area, and a cable to deliver the signals from the generator to the probe. Soft tissue/wound electromagnetic stimulators are intended to promote healing in the treatment of wounds and/or other soft-tissue injuries."
    },
    {
      "code": "41748",
      "display": "Stimulators, Electromagnetic, Neuromuscular, Incontinence",
      "definition": "Noninvasive stimulators designed to apply electromagnetic energy to the neuromuscular tissue of the pelvic floor. The electromagnetic energy interacts with motor neurons and causes pelvic floor muscle contractions. The stimulators typically consist of an electromagnetic coil situated inside the seat of a chair that is used to position the patient and separate controls and power supplies. They are mainly used to treat incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "32789",
      "display": "Stimulators, Magnetic, Analgesic",
      "definition": "Magnetic stimulators designed to apply static low flux density magnetic energy to a local area of the body that are intended to alleviate pain. These devices typically consist of a permanent magnet enclosed in a plastic or fabric cover that is attached directly to the intended body area or placed inside the underwear close to the painful area. The magnetic field is intended to help in the reduction of local pain in different areas of the body such as the back, shoulder, and neck that are caused by traumas and/or a variety of diseases (e.g., arthritis)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32036",
      "display": "Stimulators, Magnetic, Menopause Symptom Relief",
      "definition": "Magnetic stimulators designed to apply static low flux density magnetic energy to the pelvis that are intended to help in the relief of perimenopause and menopause symptoms. These devices typically consist of a fixed magnet enclosed in a plastic cover that is attached inside the underwear close to the front of the pelvis. The magnetic field could help in the reduction of painful menstruation, abdominal cramps, and headaches. The stimulators are usually single-patient reusable devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "18490",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Stimulators that apply mechanical stimuli (e.g., force, pressure) to the patient. Most of these stimulators are used to elicit a measurable response for diagnostic, monitoring, or therapeutic purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "32015",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical, Auditory, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Auditory stimulators designed to apply mechanical (i.e., vibratory) stimuli containing sound information to the middle ear structures. These devices consist of a fully implantable device which includes a processor that obtains the sound signal, transduces it into electrical signals and, after processing the signal, turns it back into vibrations that are delivered to the middle ear ossicles. Two types of vibratory stimulators are available: (1) Stimulators that pick the natural vibrations of the incus (i.e., without any microphone) resulting from external sound and reintroduce them after processing on the stapes while surgically disarticulating the natural chain of sound transmission in the ossicles; and (2) stimulators that include a microphone that is implanted close to the skin to pick up the external sounds and convert them into electrical signals; after processing the electrical signals they are turned back into vibrations which are delivered to the ossicles. Middle-ear auditory mechanical stimulators are intended for patients suffering from a moderate to severe deafness (typically 40 to 90 dB hearing loss)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18493",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical, Dentistry",
      "definition": "Mechanical stimulators that apply the stimulus to some area (e.g., teeth, papillae, gingivae) in the oral cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "13770",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical, Dentistry, Gingival",
      "definition": "Mechanical stimulators used in dentistry for gingivae and gingival papillae massage and cleansing.  Some of these stimulators include a sharp rubber tip for massaging the interproximal gingival papillae (interdental papillae)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18494",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical, Dentistry, Orthodontic",
      "definition": "Mechanical stimulators used in dentistry for tooth position modification.  These stimulators consist of a removable orthodontic appliance intended to elicit reflex-muscle activity, which in turn produces the desired tooth movement."
    },
    {
      "code": "13780",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical, Tactile",
      "definition": "Mechanical stimulators that apply mechanical stimuli (e.g., pressure, vibration), usually to some area of the patient's limbs (typically to the great toe) to determine the status of the touch (tactile) sense.  Most of these stimulators are used for detecting peripheral neuropathy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18491",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical, Tactile, Manual",
      "definition": "Mechanical tactile stimulators that apply pressure stimuli, usually to the patient's great toe (hallux). These devices typically consist of a handheld disc with protruding rods that differ in diameter (for patient discrimination of diameter) or of pressure-sensitive nylon filaments mounted on an appropriate handle (for pressure sensibility measurements). These stimulators are simple instruments typically used in the physician office for detecting peripheral neuropathy and/or the diagnosis of diabetes or leprosy."
    },
    {
      "code": "18492",
      "display": "Stimulators, Mechanical, Tactile, Vibratory",
      "definition": "Tactile mechanical stimulators that apply vibration usually to the apex of the patient's great toe (hallux).  Vibration is increased until a vibratory perception threshold is determined.  Vibration mechanical stimulators are mostly used for detecting peripheral neuropathy, usually in diabetic patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18487",
      "display": "Stimulators, Photic",
      "definition": "Stimulators that apply light stimuli (e.g., flashes of light) to the patient.  Photic stimulators basically consist of an electric energy source and a phototransducer to deliver the light stimuli.  Most of these stimulators are used to elicit a measurable response for diagnostic, monitoring, or experimental purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "13783",
      "display": "Stimulators, Photic, Visual",
      "definition": "Photic stimulators designed to apply light (i.e., photo) stimuli to the patient's eyes. These stimulators typically consist of a light source that delivers the stimuli (e.g., shifting patterns); the stimuli may be transmitted through an optical system (optical stimulators) or viewed directly from an illuminated screen (direct-view stimulators). Visual photic stimulators are available as independent units or as components of several types of devices, such as refractors, scanning ophthalmoscopes, visual-evoked potential recorders, and electroretinographs."
    },
    {
      "code": "28018",
      "display": "Stimulators, Photic, Visual, Diffraction Grating",
      "definition": "Visual photic stimulators designed to apply stimuli to the eyes in the form of rotating discs with black and white stripes of different width and spacing. These stimulators usually include a set of discs that are chosen according to the extent of the visual problem (usually amblyopia).  Alternating applications of the stimuli to the normal eye and to the abnormal eye may result in an improvement of the accommodation function. Grating visual photic stimulators (also known as CAM visual stimulators) are mainly used in the treatment of monocular strabismus, especially in children. Devices using lasers as light sources are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24231",
      "display": "Stimulators, Photic, Visual, Relaxation/Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide visual stimuli to patients.  These stimulators are used for patient relaxation and/or to facilitate therapeutic treatments.  They typically consist of light-emitting or glowing devices that deliver variable types of visual stimuli using a variety of different sources and configurations.  Types of light-emitting stimulators may include devices that glow when illuminated with black light and show images (e.g., stars, planets); cylindrical tubes filled with bubbles to allow patients to track motion; and devices that show images that are constantly changing (e.g., an aquarium, dropping balls).  Relaxation/therapeutic visual stimulators are intended to help users (i.e., disabled children, patients with brain damage) learn how to improve their interactions with the environment.  These stimulators are also used to provide psychiatric therapy to depressed patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "28478",
      "display": "Stimulators, Photic/Acoustic/Tactile, Relaxation/Therapeutic",
      "definition": "Stimulators designed with capabilities to provide photic (visual), acoustic, and tactile stimuli to patients during therapeutic procedures. These devices consist of powered light-emitting devices that deliver various types of monochromatic or colored visual stimuli using a variety of different sources and configurations. The stimulators may include stands (e.g., tripods) for mounting and remote light (i.e., photic) controls for brightness, color, or other physical characteristics of the stimuli. The stimulators have additional capabilities to provide acoustic and tactile stimuli, either pre-programmed or custom designed, that may be delivered simultaneously with the light stimuli during the treatment. Relaxation/therapeutic photic/acoustic/tactile stimulators are used in therapeutic procedures mainly to provide relaxation, desensitization, and treatment of trauma-related psychological disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "18486",
      "display": "Stimulators, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Stimulators that apply signals with frequencies well above the upper limit of perception of the human ear (ultrasonic).  Ultrasonic stimulators basically consist of an electric energy source, an electric-to-ultrasound transducer, and a delivery system for the ultrasonic waves.  Most of these stimulators are used to elicit a measurable response for therapeutic or experimental purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18154",
      "display": "Stimulators, Ultrasonic, Bone Growth",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic stimulators designed to apply energy to the bones to promote their growth (osteogenesis). These stimulators usually consist of a pulsed low-intensity ultrasound generator that includes a transducer probe and a retaining and alignment fixture for the probe. Ultrasonic bone growth stimulators are mainly used to promote healing of nonunion fractures; they are also used to speed the healing of fresh fractures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24233",
      "display": "Stir Bars, Magnetic",
      "definition": "Magnetic bars designed to stir solutions by spinning in synchrony with an external magnetic field usually provided by an electronic unit located below the solution container. These devices typically consist of small (from a few millimeters to several centimeters) bars made of ferromagnetic materials with a variety of cross-sections (e.g., octagonal, circular) that are covered with a chemically-inert material (e.g., Teflon, glass). Magnetic stir bars are part of magnetic stirrers used to stir low- or medium-volume solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16928",
      "display": "Stir Bars, Magnetic, Disposable",
      "definition": "Magnetic stir bars designed for single-use. These devices may be used in applications that involve mixing radioactive reagents or for avoiding cross-contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "13785",
      "display": "Stockinettes",
      "definition": "Seamless tubing bandage typically open at both ends that are designed to be used around the extremities. This bandage is usually made of stretch cotton and supplied in long rolls that are typically cut in situ in segments of appropriate length for the intended use. Stockinettes are mainly used to hold bandages in place or to place uniform pressure on a part of an extremity, such as a leg, finger, or arm; they are also used as a covering for an amputation stump (e.g., when a prosthesis is worn on the stump). Dedicated stockinettes intended for use as padding under a cast or splints are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10669",
      "display": "Stockinettes, Cast Padding",
      "definition": "Stockinettes designed to be used under casts or some orthotic devices. These stockinettes are seamless tubing bandages made of stretch (may be multilayered) cotton with appropriate thickness to provide padding. Cast padding stockinettes are frequently provided in pre-cut rolls or in individual sterile segments."
    },
    {
      "code": "41005",
      "display": "Stoma Cones",
      "definition": "Devices designed to serve as an interface between an irrigation fluid supply line and a patient's stomal opening. At their distal ends stoma cones consist of a conical, plastic device designed to direct water through an interior channel into the patient's stoma. The narrow, distal end of the stoma cone is introduced into the stoma and the proximal end of the stoma cone incorporates an attachment point for irrigation fluid supply tubing."
    },
    {
      "code": "16017",
      "display": "Stools",
      "definition": "Furniture typically consisting of a single seat without back or arms, usually designed for healthcare personnel use while performing an examination or other clinical procedure (e.g., surgical, dental, anesthesiology) include armrests and/or a backrest.  Most stools are movable, and many include casters.  Note: In definitions commonly found in dictionaries, a chair is a seat with a back that may include arms or not, and a stool is a seat without a back or arms; but it is a common practice in medical furniture literature to use a chair when the furniture is designed for patient use and a stool for furniture typically used by the healthcare personnel (I.e., physicians, nurses, dentists), regardless of whether it has a backrest or arms.  This convention has been used consistently in the development of all the stool and chair terms. Some stools are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] environments, i.e., MRI-compatible adjustable stools, and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "10037",
      "display": "Stools, Adjustable",
      "definition": "Stools including adjustable seat-height capabilities.  These stools are usually metallic with an upholstery seat, and some include backrest, armrests, and/or casters; the height adjustment may be either mechanical (e.g., revolving seat), pneumatic, or sometimes hydraulic.  Adjustable stools are designed to provide seating to the healthcare staff during clinical or dental procedures (e.g., examination, treatment, surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "10149",
      "display": "Stools, Adjustable, Anesthesiology",
      "definition": "Height-adjustable stools that are designed for anesthesiologist use during surgical procedures.  These stools are usually metallic and may include backrest and casters; they usually do not include armrests.  Some anesthesiology stools include conductive upholstery (e.g., conductive vinyl)"
    },
    {
      "code": "10368",
      "display": "Stools, Adjustable, Bedside",
      "definition": "Height-adjustable stools that usually include a metallic tubular structure with an upholstery seat. Height adjustment is performed mechanically by turning a revolving seat.  Bedside adjustable stools usually do not  include backrests or armrests; they are designed to provide seating for clinicians during bedside examination of patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "41133",
      "display": "Stools, Adjustable, Clean Room",
      "definition": "Adjustable stools that are clean room compatible and are designed to produce a minimum of airborne particles and to be easy to clean. These stools can have upholstery that is nonporous and has integrated HEPA filters. Parts of the chair may be enclosed and sealed to inhibit particle creation. These stools may also have features to prevent electrostatic discharge."
    },
    {
      "code": "11164",
      "display": "Stools, Adjustable, Dentistry",
      "definition": "Height adjustable stools that include a seat and an adjustable backrest appropriate for operator use during long dental procedures; those used by dental assistants also include a long armrest that can be appropriately adjusted.  The backrest can also be used as a siderest or abdominal rest.  These stools usually include a four- or five-caster base, and some include locking casters and pneumatic mechanisms (possibly foot controlled) for height adjustment.  Some dental stools are attached to the dental chair so they can revolve 270 degrees around the chair and retracted close to the chair when not in use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18789",
      "display": "Stools, Adjustable, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Height-adjustable stools that do not have armrests but typically include an adjustable backrest comfortable enough for long-term work in a clinical laboratory.  These stools usually include a four-leg base without casters; the seat height adjustment is typically higher (e.g., from 50 to 90 cm) than in a standard stool."
    },
    {
      "code": "18790",
      "display": "Stools, Adjustable, Surgery",
      "definition": "Height-adjustable stools that also include an adjustable backrest comfortable enough for long surgical procedures and armrests that can be appropriately placed and adjusted (e.g., swing forward, up, and down) for performing delicate and accurate surgical procedures (e.g., microsurgery).  Some of these stools include a five- or six-caster base, locking casters, and/or foot-controlled mechanisms to help in keeping the operating field sterile.  Microsurgery adjustable stools are used by the surgeon and also by the assistant; the assistant stool usually includes a longer armrest."
    },
    {
      "code": "18788",
      "display": "Stools, Fixed",
      "definition": "Stools, including seats that are fixed in height.  These stools are either metallic, typically with an upholstery seat, or made of wood or plastic; some may include armrests and/or a backrest.  Fixed stools are used to provide seating to the healthcare staff during clinicalor dental procedures (e.g. examination, treatment) ."
    },
    {
      "code": "13803",
      "display": "Stopcocks",
      "definition": "Devices designed to regulate and/or stop the flow of fluid through a conduit (e.g., a pipe, tubing) or at its outlet. Stopcocks are frequently used in healthcare facilities as integrated components of medical devices and laboratory equipment (e.g., burettes) and in central gas or liquid supply lines; they are also available as separate components to replace worn-out devices and/or as general supplies (e.g., for use in intravenous therapy)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17720",
      "display": "Stoppers, Medicine Bottle",
      "definition": "Plugs made of glass, plastic, metal, or cork that fit into the top of a medicine or other bottle. Bottle stoppers are designed to protect the contents of the bottle and to prevent leakage from the bottle."
    },
    {
      "code": "35413",
      "display": "Storage Media Destroyers, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Units designed to damage electronic device data storage components in a way that the data they contain cannot be recovered. These units can destroy the storage units by shredding (cutting the device into small pieces) or crushing (shattering or piercing the device and folding the device casing). Storage media destroyers can be used to damage the storage components of hard drives, solid-state drives, cell phones, flash drives, and other electronic media."
    },
    {
      "code": "13810",
      "display": "Straps, Clavicle",
      "definition": "Straps designed to support the shoulders in an appropriate position for a patient with a clavicle fracture. These figure-eight-shaped straps are typically made of mesh fabric and padded with polyurethane foam; they usually have hook-and-loop closures (e.g., Velcro) used to adjust the size of the straps."
    },
    {
      "code": "19023",
      "display": "Stretcher/Chairs",
      "definition": "Stretchers that can be converted from stretcher to chair and back to stretchers, usually without transferring the patient from them."
    },
    {
      "code": "19024",
      "display": "Stretcher/Chairs, Mobile",
      "definition": "Mobile hospital stretchers that can be converted from stretcher to chair (i.e., wheeled chairs) and back to stretchers without transferring the patient. Typically these devices can take several positions between a stretcher (horizontal platform) and a chair with a fully vertical back section; most of them permit vertical height adjustment when used as stretchers. Stretcher/chairs are used to decrease patient handling, avoiding patient transfer from reception or to examination, treatment, surgery, and discharge, reducing the possibility of injuries to both patients and staff."
    },
    {
      "code": "19025",
      "display": "Stretcher/Chairs, Portable",
      "definition": "Portable stretchers that can be converted from stretcher to chair and back to stretchers; some may include wheels. Some of these stretchers can be folded or hinged for compact storage and/or include two or four wheels to facilitate patient transportation. Portable stretcher/chairs are used for patient transportation in places of difficult access or when the space is not enough for stretcher handling, such as stairs and elevators."
    },
    {
      "code": "13814",
      "display": "Stretchers",
      "definition": "A patient conveyance device consisting of a platform (e.g., a sheet of canvas, a coach) supported by a framework on which an individual can be carried, usually in a supine or prone position. Stretchers are mostly used for transporting sick or injured persons. Mobile stretchers intended for use in health care facilities and ambulances as well as portable stretchers are available; stretchers designed to carry laboratory research animals are also available. Some stretchers are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments (i.e., MRI-compatible stretchers) and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "35370",
      "display": "Stretchers, Animal",
      "definition": "An animal conveyance device consisting of a platform (e.g., a sheet of canvas, nylon or other fabric, or a coach or tabletop) supported by a framework on which an animal (usually in a recumbent position) can be carried. Some animal stretchers are portable while others may have wheels or casters attached to their framework for mobility and may include special straps or mesh coverings to hold the animal in place. Some also include mechanisms (e.g., scissor lifts) to adjust the height of the stretcher. Animal stretchers are usually used on animals that cannot be easily lifted or transported by hand carrying alone due to their size or weight (e.g., dogs, primates)."
    },
    {
      "code": "28373",
      "display": "Stretchers, Bath/Shower",
      "definition": "Stretchers (also called shower trolleys) upon which patients can be bathed or showered. These stretchers or trolleys can either be rolled into a shower/bathing area, or a patient could be bathed with the help of a handheld shower. Some bath/shower stretchers are attached to the wall in the patient bathing area; these can be hinged to fold flat, and can be adjusted for height. To facilitate bathing, some bath/shower stretchers come equipped with side walls that form a shallow container that can be filled with water to provide a shallow bath for the patient. Bath/shower stretchers can be raised or lowered, as needed, and can be tilted for patient comfort and to drain water. Standard models are designed to hold up to 150 kg/330 lbs of weight, including the patient and water; bariatric bath/shower stretchers designed to hold up to 450 kg/1,000 lbs of weight are available. Bath/shower stretchers are used in hospitals, assisted living and rehabilitation facilities, and in nursing homes."
    },
    {
      "code": "13816",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile",
      "definition": "Stretchers that include a wheeled frame to facilitate the transportation of recumbent patients expediently and safely along a flat surface."
    },
    {
      "code": "16630",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile, Ambulance",
      "definition": "Mobile stretchers designed for recumbent patient transportation in an ambulance (e.g., land, air). These stretchers typically consist of a patient platform (may be height adjustable) mounted on casters; they are lighter and less complex than hospital stretchers. Most ambulance stretchers provide mattresses to improve patient comfort, handles for lifting and rolling, and restraint straps to secure the patient; some include provisions for attaching and/or storing accessories required for treatments (e.g., intravenous poles)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16786",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile, Hospital",
      "definition": "Mobile stretchers designed to permit one attendant (e.g., nurse, aide) to transport a recumbent patient within a healthcare facility. These stretchers typically consist of a patient platform (may be height adjustable) mounted on casters of at least 20 cm (8 in) diameter. Most hospital stretchers provide mattresses to improve patient comfort, adjustable siderails to prevent patient falls, straps to restrain patients, and provisions for attaching and/or storing accessories required for treatments (e.g., intravenous poles, oxygen tanks). Mobile hospital stretchers are also frequently used as treatment tables in emergency, recovery, and labor rooms; they are also used as beds in intensive and specialized care units and as hospital beds during disasters and other high patient census conditions."
    },
    {
      "code": "19021",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile, Hospital, Adjustable-Height",
      "definition": "Mobile hospital stretchers that include an adjustable-height (e.g., mechanical, hydraulic, electrical) patient platform;  most also permit a variety of platform positions (e.g., Trendelenburg, Fowler). Adjustable-height hospital stretchers permit matching their platform to another surface level, such as examination and radiology tables that have varied but fixed heights, providing easier and safer patient transfer; they are also appropriate to use during treatments that require different platform height levels."
    },
    {
      "code": "19020",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile, Hospital, Fixed-Height",
      "definition": "Mobile hospital stretchers designed with a fixed-height patient platform; some permit a variety of platform positions (e.g., Trendelenburg, Fowler). These stretchers are generally lighter, less complex, less expensive, and simpler to maintain than adjustable-height stretchers. Fixed-height hospital stretchers are used in hospitals when transfer surfaces are standardized or when costs and/or maintenance are major factors."
    },
    {
      "code": "13820",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile, Hospital, Patient Transfer",
      "definition": "Mobile hospital stretchers designed for atraumatic movement of patients by hospital personnel without changing the patients body position or lifting, rolling, or dragging them. These stretchers include a patient-transfer mechanism (e.g., mechanical, hydraulic) easy to operate by an attendant with minimal physical effort. Patient-transfer hospital stretchers are used to reduce injuries to both patients and staff while transferring nonambulatory, comatose, or neurologically injured patients between beds, tables, stretchers, or during other intrahospital patient transportation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34559",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile, Hospital, Patient Transfer, MR Conditional Safe",
      "definition": "Mobile hospital stretchers designed for atraumatic movement of patients by hospital personnel without changing the patients body position in high intensity magnetic field environments. These stretchers typically consist of a sturdy structure with a flat surface and a four-wheel braking system that can be mounted on a patient-transfer mechanism (e.g., mechanical, hydraulic) easy to operate by an attendant with minimal physical effort. The stretchers are used to transfer non-ambulatory patients to areas where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures are performed up to a pre-determined intensity limit (e.g., 3 Tesla) without introducing hazardous conditions or producing artifacts in the MRI images; some stretchers can be used for treatments involving high-dose brachytherapy applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "15726",
      "display": "Stretchers, Mobile, Hospital, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Mobile hospital stretchers designed for performing radiographic and/or fluoroscopic procedures. These stretchers include radiolucent platforms, radiographic grids, and film cassette holders."
    },
    {
      "code": "13818",
      "display": "Stretchers, Portable",
      "definition": "Stretchers that typically include a light framework (e.g., folding U-frames, plastic frames) and a canvas or plastic-coated (e.g., vinyl, nylon) fabric body. Some stretchers can be folded or hinged for compact storage; they may include two or four wheels to facilitate patient transport. Portable stretchers make it possible for two people to lift and carry a patient who is lying down; they are used mainly to transport patients at first-aid sites and are sometimes used in emergency rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "16719",
      "display": "Stretchers, Portable, Basket",
      "definition": "Portable stretchers that consist of a cradlelike structure (\"basket\") to carry the patient. These stretchers typically include a metallic or plastic frame, suspension bridles, an oblong plastic shell used as the basket, straps to secure the patient, and an adjustable footrest. Basket stretchers are used to move patients to or from high places and/or over debris and obstacles"
    },
    {
      "code": "19022",
      "display": "Stretchers, Portable, Pole",
      "definition": "Portable stretchers that consist of two poles (e.g., aluminum, wood) and a canvas, plastic (e.g., vinyl-coated nylon), or fabric body. These stretchers are very simple, inexpensive, and can be stored in a very small place; they are used to carry patients in emergencies, such as natural disasters, accidents, and fires, or when no other stretcher is available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15793",
      "display": "Stretchers, Portable, Scoop",
      "definition": "Portable stretchers typically used in the prehospital setting and that can be separated lengthwise into two independently adjustable halves; each half is slid under the patient from each side in a scissors action to move (\"scoop\") patients into them without lifting or log-rolling the patient. These stretchers include brackets or knobs to join the two halves and straps to secure the patient; some also include accessory back splints. Scoop stretchers are used to pick up seriously injured patients, especially those with suspected neural-axis injuries, with minimal body movement; the use of these stretchers requires that the patient lie in a flat surface with access from both sides."
    },
    {
      "code": "18139",
      "display": "Strollers",
      "definition": "Chairs or carriages that contain three or four small wheels and handle(s) that allow the device to be pushed and guided by an attendant for the purpose of transporting individuals with limited or no mobility. Strollers are typically made of lightweight materials and collapsible."
    },
    {
      "code": "35421",
      "display": "Strollers, Wheelchair Attachable",
      "definition": "Strollers that attach to a wheelchair so that wheelchair users may transport infants/toddlers."
    },
    {
      "code": "13833",
      "display": "Stylets",
      "definition": "Very thin metallic wires or flexible rods which are inserted into the cavity of a hollow cylindrical device, such as a scope, needle, catheter, cannula, or a tube, usually to ease introduction into the body by providing rigidity and/or to keep the cylinder patent. The stiffness provided by the stylet makes the device easier to insert, advance, and/or position the otherwise soft hollow devices into the body (e.g., intubation, peritoneum access) or through a natural duct (e.g., in a vein or artery). Stylets may be extracted after the hollow device is placed or kept in the lumen to stiffen and/or maintain the shape of the structure; some stylets are used to clear (i.e., keep the patency of) a tube. Dedicated stylets are available for use with a variety of catheters, tubes, cannulae, and/or needles."
    },
    {
      "code": "13834",
      "display": "Stylets, Bronchial Tube",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of bronchial tubes and/or catheters. These stylets typically are very thin metallic wires or flexible rods; they may be used during the complete procedure of bronchial intubation or only during the initial introduction of the bronchial tube. Bronchial stylets, when used after the placement of a bronchial tube, are intended to stiffen the tubes and/or help in maintaining the shape of the structure. Dedicated bronchial stylets may be an accessory or supplied as a component of bronchial tubes and catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "24108",
      "display": "Stylets, Catheter, Central Venous, Tip Locator",
      "definition": "Stylets designed to be used in combination with a locator unit to enable visualization/detection of the central venous catheter tip location, thereby guiding correct positioning/placement of the catheter. These stylets typically work in one of two ways: (1) the stylet tip emits a low-level, high-frequency magnetic field that is detected by a sensor embedded in a locator unit, or (2) the stylet contains a sensor embedded in its tip that detects a the electromagnetic energy emitted by the locator unit. These stylets are designed to be used in conjunction with specific catheter/stylet tip locators."
    },
    {
      "code": "28407",
      "display": "Stylets, Nasoenteral Tube, Electromagnetic Tip",
      "definition": "Stylets designed to be used in combination with a nasoenteral tube and a locator to enable visualization/detection of the nasoenteral tube tip location, thereby guiding the positioning/placement of the tube in the alimentary tract. These stylets emit a type of energy, e.g., a low-level, high-frequency magnetic field, that is detected by a sensor embedded in a locator unit. These stylets are designed to be used in conjunction with specific nasoenteral tube/stylet tip locators, and are typically included as a component of the nasoenteral tube."
    },
    {
      "code": "13836",
      "display": "Stylets, Needle",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of a hollow needle.  These stylets typically are very thin metallic wires; when the needle pierces the skin into a body cavity the metal stylet is removed leaving only the hollow needle inside the cavity for aspiration of fluids. Dedicated needle stylets are used mainly for aspiration of small amounts of fluids and/or tissue for laboratory (e.g., fine core biopsy) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13837",
      "display": "Stylets, Peritoneal",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of catheters intended for transcutaneous insertion in the peritoneum (i.e., peritoneal catheters). These devices typically are very thin metallic (e.g., stainless steel) wires or flexible rods; they are frequently kept in the lumen of the tube after placement to stiffen and/or maintain the shape of the structure. Dedicated peritoneal stylets are available for temporary use during the introduction of peritoneal (e.g., dialysis) catheters (e.g., straightening stylets); other dedicated stylets (both single-use and reusable) are also available for peritoneal tunneled catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "14084",
      "display": "Stylets, Tracheal Tube",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of endotracheal tubes during intubation procedures, especially to facilitate the passage of the tracheal tube though the upper airway and vocal cords. These stylets usually are wires or thin flexible metal rods that are inserted into the tracheal tube prior to intubation. Tracheal tube stylets are designed to be slightly shorter than the tracheal tube to avoid damage to the airways during passage; they are usually withdrawn after intubation has been successfully completed. Some dedicated tracheal stylets are for specific laryngoscopes used in intubation."
    },
    {
      "code": "13839",
      "display": "Stylets, Urethral",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of catheters intended to pass through the urethra and into the urinary bladder (i.e., urethral catheters).  These stylets typically are very thin metallic wires or flexible rods that make the catheter stiff enough to move along the urethra; usually once the catheter is introduced into the bladder the metal stylet is removed so only the hollow catheter remains. Urethral stylets are only used in male urethras. A dilator or stent may be placed over the stylet to treat urethral strictures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33116",
      "display": "Stylets, Vascular",
      "definition": "Stylets designed to aid insertion of a device (e.g., cannula) into a vascular structure.  These stylets typically are metallic wires or flexible rods inserted into the cavity of the cannula or catheter to provide a rigid or semi-rigid structure that eases insertion and positioning of the device.  Usually, once the catheter is introduced into the vasculature, the metal stylet is removed so only the hollow catheter remains. Dedicated vascular stylets are available according to the artery or vein to be punctured, the catheter used, and/or the intended purpose of the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "33117",
      "display": "Stylets, Vascular, Artery",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of catheters or cannulae intended for insertion into arteries; the stylet is usually withdrawn after cannula or catheter insertion. These stylets typically are thin metallic wires or flexible rods that provide a rigid or semirigid structure during insertion. The cannula or catheter can be connected to a tube or connector for the injection or withdrawal of intravenous solutions and/or blood. Dedicated arterial stylets are available according to the artery (e.g., aorta, coronary) to be punctured and/or the catheter used."
    },
    {
      "code": "33118",
      "display": "Stylets, Vascular, Artery, Aorta",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of cannulae intended for insertion in the aorta; the stylet is usually withdrawn after the insertion of the cannula. These stylets typically are large diameter (up to 5 mm) metallic wires or flexible rods that provide a rigid or semi-rigid structure permitting the cannula to be connected to an external tube or connector for the injection or withdrawal of intravenous solutions and/or blood into the aorta. The combination of stylet and cannula is used frequently to return blood from external tubing into the aorta, bypassing the heart and lungs completely."
    },
    {
      "code": "33119",
      "display": "Stylets, Vascular, Artery, Coronary",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of cannulae intended for insertion in the coronary arteries; the stylet is usually withdrawn after the insertion of the cannulae. These stylets typically are very thin metallic wires or flexible rods that provide a rigid or semi-rigid structure permitting the catheter to be connected to a tube, catheter, or connector for the injection or withdrawal of medicines, intravenous solutions, and/or drugs into the coronary arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "13835",
      "display": "Stylets, Vascular, Vein",
      "definition": "Stylets designed for use in the lumen of intravenous catheters.  These stylets typically are very thin metallic wires or flexible rods with a beveled sharp distal end to pierce the skin and vein; then the catheter is threaded into the vein and the stylet is removed so only the hollow catheter remains in the vein. Dedicated intravenous stylets are available according to the vein to be punctured and/or the catheter used."
    },
    {
      "code": "33120",
      "display": "Stylets, Vascular, Vein, Vena Cava",
      "definition": "Stylets designed to ease insertion of a cannulae into the vena cava.  These stylets typically are metallic wires or flexible rods that provide a rigid or semi-rigid structure; usually the stylets are withdrawn after the cannula is introduced through the femoral vein and advanced into the vena cava so only the hollow catheter remains in the vein. Dedicated vena cava stylets are used in particular procedures (e.g., cardiopulmonary bypass) and/or to transfer intravenous solutions into the vena cava; some stylets are customized for patients with abnormal superior vena cava."
    },
    {
      "code": "13848",
      "display": "Suction Tips",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the rapid removal of bulk matter (e.g., vomitus, mucus, debris) from natural or surgical cavities. These tips are usually transparent, short, wide, rigid tubes (either straight or bent) with an integral handle for easy manipulation; the tip is attached to the distal end of suction hoses or tubes that are in turn connected to high-level suction aspirators. Suction tips are used mainly in the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity and pharynx) and during surgical procedures when suctioning speed rather than control is needed; both reusable and plastic tips are available. Dedicated suction tips are also available for particular procedures performed in the ear, nose, pharynx, and other natural or surgically created cavities. Other hollow-shaft devices such as suction tubes with integral tips, cannulae, curettes, and catheters are also used for suctioning when attached to appropriate aspirators."
    },
    {
      "code": "15636",
      "display": "Suction Tips, Fiberoptic-Illuminated",
      "definition": "Suction tips that include a fiberoptic bunch to provide illumination at the distal end. These tips usually consist of short, wide, rigid tubes (either straight or bent) with an integral handle for easy manipulation; the handle is attached to the distal end of suction hoses or tubes that are in turn connected to high-level suction aspirators that include a fiberoptic light source. Fiberoptic suction tips are used mainly in the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity and pharynx) and during surgical procedures when speed and excellent illumination are needed; these tips are usually reusable devices. Dedicated fiberoptic suction tips are available for particular surgical procedures and also for procedures performed in the oropharynx."
    },
    {
      "code": "17946",
      "display": "Suction/Irrigation Tips, Illuminated",
      "definition": "Suction/irrigation tips that include a fiberoptic bunch to provide illumination at the distal end. These tips are usually short, wide, rigid tubes (either straight or bent) with one or two lumens that are attached to the distal end of suction hoses or tubes or directly to a handpiece that is in turn connected to a high-level suction aspirator, an irrigator, and a fiberoptic light source. Suction/irrigation tips are used mainly to clean and improve visualization of clinical or surgical procedure sites (e.g., body cavities) when excellent illumination is needed; these tips are usually reusable devices. Dedicated fiberoptic suction/irrigation tips are available for particular clinical and/or surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "41248",
      "display": "Supersaturated Oxygen Solution Therapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to dissolve high levels of oxygen into a solution, such as saline solution. Typically, this system then mixes the supersaturated oxygen solution with autologous blood and delivers the hyperoxemic blood to the patient. This system can be used during therapy to treat damaged cardiac arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "33770",
      "display": "Suppository Preparation Molds",
      "definition": "Hollow forms or multiple-form die molds designed to give shape (typically conical or cylindrical) to material being formed into a suppository (i.e., a solid form of medicated material that readily melts at body temperature and is intended to be inserted within a body cavity [e.g., rectum, vagina, urethra] other than the mouth in order to administer the medication). These devices are typically made of plastic, metal or rubber and can be single-use or reusable. Some single-use molds also serve as the packaging for the suppository (e.g., plastic suppository shells)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18144",
      "display": "Surface Imaging Systems, Three-Dimensional, Optical",
      "definition": "Imaging systems that use light to scan an object surface and convert the information into a three-dimensional (3-D) computerized image. In addition to scanning objects, these devices can obtain topological images of parts of or the whole human body. These imaging systems can be used in manufacturing medical devices or for procedure planning and management."
    },
    {
      "code": "41929",
      "display": "Surface Imaging Systems, Three-Dimensional, Touch Probe",
      "definition": "Imaging systems that use an electronic arm with a stylus or a probe as a contact sensor to scan the surface of an object and convert the information into a three-dimensional (3D) computerized image. In addition to scanning objects, these devices can obtain topological images of parts of or the whole human body. These imaging systems can be used in manufacturing medical devices or for procedure planning and management."
    },
    {
      "code": "12368",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surfaces they cover and the sterile surgical field. Their flexible, cloth-like properties allow them to cover  the contours of patients, instruments, and operating tables. These drapes are resistant to abrasions and punctures. Surgical drapes help create the sterile environment required for surgical procedures such as angiographic, ophthalmic, and orthopedic procedures and to cover medical instruments in surgery (e.g. operating microscope). These drapes are available as reusable woven or as disposable nonwoven materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "42010",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, C-arm",
      "definition": "Disposable C-arm drapes based on X-ray technology designed to provide a bacterial and contagion barrier for the C-arm equipment during surgical procedures to reduce surgical site infection risk factors. These C-arm surgical drapes are made of durable polyethylene to provide a proper fit for any surgical procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "32719",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Equipment, Banded",
      "definition": "Surgical drapes designed with an elasticized opening to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surface of the variety of operating room equipment they cover and the sterile surgical field. These surgical drapes consist of a thin transparent heat-resistant cloth-like material with an elastic band around one edge to secure the drape around the equipment. They are usually made of polyethylene or another disposable material and may be sterile or nonsterile."
    },
    {
      "code": "17243",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Laser-Unit",
      "definition": "Surgical drapes designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surface of the laser unit or the laser delivery system they cover and the sterile surgical field. These surgical drapes are configured to form an enclosure acting as an emission barrier between the medical laser and the patient tissue to be removed. Laser-unit surgical drapes are made of nonflammable material which is premoistened to prevent ignition; they can be reusable or disposable. These surgical drapes are used in laser surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "42008",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Mayo Stand",
      "definition": "Surgical drapes designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surface of the mayo stand table that they cover and the sterile surgical field. These surgical drapes consist of a woven or nonwoven flexible cloth-like material that is resistant to abrasions and punctures. They may be cylindrical pockets to enclose the mayo stand or have adhesive on each end to hold them in place.  Operating microscope surgical drapes are usually made of disposable materials but can be reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "16474",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Operating Microscope",
      "definition": "Surgical drapes designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surface of the operating microscope they cover and the sterile surgical field. These surgical drapes consist of a very thin, transparent heat-resistant cloth-like material which is adapted to completely house an operating microscope, including its support arms. Operating microscope surgical drapes are usually made of disposable materials, but reusable ones are also available. They are used in operating rooms for surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15055",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Operating Table",
      "definition": "Surgical drapes designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surface of the operating table they cover and the sterile surgical field. These surgical drapes consist of a broad rectangular piece of fabric. Operating table surgical drapes are made of soft woven or nonwoven material. They are impermeable to moisture and bacteria; abrasion-resistant and low-linting operating table surgical drapes are also available. These surgical drapes are used in operating rooms during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15705",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Operating Table, Disposable",
      "definition": "Operating table surgical drapes intended for single use that provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surface of the operating table they cover and the sterile surgical field. These operating table surgical drapes consist of a broad rectangular piece of fabric.  They are made of nonwoven materials such as tissue, cellulose or polyethylene and are impermeable to moisture and bacteria. Disposable operating table surgical drapes are supplied new and pre-sterilized, used in the operating room for one surgical procedure and then disposed of after the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "15706",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Operating Table, Reusable",
      "definition": "Operating table surgical drapes intended for multiple uses that provide a barrier between the unsterile surface of the operating table they cover and the sterile surgical field. These operating table surgical drapes consist of a broad rectangular piece of fabric. They are made of woven materials that also provide liquid-proof protection. Reusable operating table surgical drapes are used in the operating room for one procedure and can then be disinfected and used again.  They are available in many different materials such as cotton, polyester, or a blend of both."
    },
    {
      "code": "32595",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Patient",
      "definition": "Surgical drapes designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile skin of the patient and the sterile surgical field. These surgical drapes are mainly used in operating rooms during surgical procedures and are impermeable to fluids. They are used to minimize risk of infection or contamination. Patient surgical drapes are usually made of reusable woven and disposable nonwoven materials. Some surgical drapes have cutouts of different shapes and size to accommodate the surgical field.  These drapes can have alligator clips or adhesive to hold them in place. Some are also fleece-lined to keep patients warm (for comfort or for medical reasons) during long surgical procedures. Laser-resistant, angiographic and heat-loss prevention surgical drapes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16006",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Patient, Angiographic",
      "definition": "Patient surgical drapes intended to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile skin of the patient and the sterile surgical field during angiographic procedures. These patient surgical drapes usually consist of a film layer to provide fully impervious protection against strikethrough of blood and other body fluids, as well as solutions used for irrigation, contrast, and the cleaning of guide wires and catheters which reduces the need for multiple patient surgical drapes. Some angiographic patient surgical drapes include transparent side panels to ensure unobstructed view and easy manipulation of operating table controls. Most angiographic patient surgical drapes are made of disposable materials but reusable ones are also available. These patient surgical drapes are used in femoral angiography and angioplasty procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15646",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Patient, Disposable",
      "definition": "Disposable patient surgical drapes are designed to provide a barrier between the unsterile skin of the patient and the sterile surgical field and are intended to be used once and then discarded. They provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile surfaces they cover and the sterile surgical field. These patient surgical drapes are made of nonwoven materials (e.g., tissue, cellulose/polyethylene). Disposable patient surgical drapes do not need laundering, inspection, repair, or sterilization because they are supplied new and pre-sterilized and are meant to be disposed of after the surgical procedure. Though they are absorbent, disposable patient surgical drapes are also impermeable and non-linting which minimizes the risk of infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "40893",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Patient, Disposable, Abdominal Procedure",
      "definition": "Disposable patient surgical drapes designed to provide a barrier between the unsterile skin of the patient and sterile surgical field during abdominal surgical procedures (e.g., appendectomy, caesarean section, inguinal hernia surgery). These patient surgical drapes are made of nonwoven materials (e.g., tissue, cellulose/polyethylene). Abdominal procedure drapes typically include a fenestration allowing access to the abdominal and/or pelvic skin to make incision(s) (e.g., laparotomy, laparoscopy/pelviscopy incisions)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17545",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Patient, Heat Loss Prevention",
      "definition": "Patient surgical drapes are designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile skin of the patient and the sterile surgical field. Heat-loss prevention drapes are also designed to keep patients warm and prevent hypothermia by reflecting the body's radiant heat and eliminating convective heat loss. These patient surgical drapes are made of nonlinting thermoplastics and aluminum; they can be reusable or disposable. Heat-loss prevention patient surgical drapes are nonconductive, not subject to mechanical or electrical failure, and are also lightweight for patient comfort. They are used in operating rooms for surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17244",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Patient, Laser-Resistant",
      "definition": "Patient surgical drapes designed to provide a bacteria-proof barrier between the unsterile skin of the patient and the sterile surgical field while protecting the patient from laser radiation and potential ignition. These drapes consist of metallic and non-metallic layers with an airspace in between. Laser-resistant patient surgical drapes harmlessly dissipate the energy in a misdirected laser beam which gives healthcare workers an opportunity to take corrective action before the laser beam can ignite a fire. These patient surgical drapes are usually made of disposable materials, but reusable ones are also available. They are used in laser surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "15647",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Patient, Reusable",
      "definition": "Patient surgical drapes intended for multiple uses to provide a barrier between the unsterile skin of the patient and the sterile surgical field. These patient surgical drapes provide liquid-proof protection while allowing sweat to escape, promoting increased comfort for patients. Reusable patient surgical drapes are used once and then disinfected; they are available in many materials such as cotton, polyester, or a blend of both."
    },
    {
      "code": "15643",
      "display": "Surgical Drapes, Surgical Instrument",
      "definition": "Drapes designed as a bacteria-proof barrier on which to  place surgical instruments. These drapes are used in operating rooms during surgical procedures and usually have sterile pouches in which to secure instruments. Surgical instrument drapes with adhesive strips on each end of the pouch to hold it in place are also available. Many have magnetic surfaces. Reusable and disposable surgical instrument drapes are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28176",
      "display": "Surgical Glue Delivery Instruments",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to deliver surgical glue during operative procedures. These instruments are manual, handheld instruments typically including a mechanism (e.g., syringe or pistol-like structure) to store and deliver the surgical glue as a liquid or spray; the instruments may include appropriate containers for the glue and a pressurized gas that is used to propel the glue as a spray. Surgical glue delivery instruments may include a detachable tube or catheter that is tapered at the distal end for internal applications. Surgical glue delivery instruments are used in surgical and endoscopic procedures as well as in other procedures including wound closure. Dedicated instruments intended to deliver only a particular type of surgical glue are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18252",
      "display": "Surgical Hand-Access Ports",
      "definition": "Disposable surgical ports used as an adjunct to minimally invasive abdominal surgery (i.e., laparoscopic procedures), while preserving peritoneum isolation and pneumoperitoneum.  These ports are designed to permit the surgeon to insert one hand into the abdominal cavity (e.g., using a pneumatic sleeve) through an incision smaller than normally required for traditional open laparotomy.  Surgical hand-access ports usually include an adhesive attachment to the skin to keep isolation, and other components (e.g., retractors, blood/fluid absorbing materials).  In this scenario, the port acts as a seal that allows the surgeon to manually manipulate organs or instrumentation from within the abdominal cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "13882",
      "display": "Surgical Head Coverings",
      "definition": "Garments designed to be worn on the heads of personnel or patients while they are inside the restricted or semi-restricted areas of the healthcare facility (e.g., operating room, cardiac catheterization suite, sterile processing department, etc). They are intended to be used to protect the sterility within these areas by preventing contamination with contaminants such as hair, squamous skin cells, etc."
    },
    {
      "code": "11995",
      "display": "Surgical Helmet Systems",
      "definition": "Systems consisting of a helmet frame, a loose-fitting disposable hood or gown with a face shield, inflow and exhaust fans, filters, and a battery pack. Surgical helmet systems are intended to protect healthcare workers from splashes and infectious microorganisms and to prevent cross-infection between patients and healthcare workers during surgeries and procedures. They are often used to protect healthcare workers from dust and bone fragments during orthopedic surgeries."
    },
    {
      "code": "41907",
      "display": "Surgical Hoods",
      "definition": "Devices that cover the head and neck of healthcare workers that include a transparent shield over the opening for the face and are intended to prevent cross-infection between patients and healthcare workers during surgeries. They are constructed of fabric that is splash and fluid resistant. These hoods are usually used with surgical helmet systems during orthopedic surgeries."
    },
    {
      "code": "23700",
      "display": "Surgical Instrument Holders",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold surgical instruments during operative procedures. These holders typically consist of a sturdy structure that permits easy access and removal, either sequential or simultaneous, of one or more surgical instruments during an operative procedure; the holders may be attached to the surgical table and/or to other structures (e.g., surgical retractors). Both flat and curved instruments can be securely held by the holders; most holders can accommodate only a limited range of instrument diameters and curvatures. Surgical instrument holders are intended to facilitate the manipulation of the instruments during a surgical procedure. Surgical holders can be used for a particular type of device (e.g., electrosurgical active electrodes, knives, retractors) and/or procedures (e.g., laparoscopes in minimal access surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "11497",
      "display": "Surgical Instrument Holders, Electrosurgical Active Electrode",
      "definition": "Holders (sometimes called holsters) designed to temporarily hold the active electrodes used during electrosurgery when they are not in immediate use. They are usually made from a sturdy plastic non-electroconductive shaft that is shaped to fit the electrosurgical instrument to form a protective casing should the instrument be inadvertently turned on. Some electrosurgical electrode holders are made to be sterilized for reuse while others are single-use disposable devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "12236",
      "display": "Surgical Instrument Holders, Knife",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold surgical knives (i.e., scalpels) during operative or dental procedures. These holders typically consist of a plastic case that partially or completely encloses the cutting blade and/or permits the positioning of the knife to keep the blade down. Knife holders typically support several knives in separate compartments simultaneously, permitting the appropriate organization of the knives to be used in a surgical or dental procedure; most holders are disposable devices that are discarded with the knives. The holders may be provided with adhesive tape to fix them to a working surface (e.g., procedure tray) or to another convenient place (e.g., surgical table, standing rack, pole)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16240",
      "display": "Surgical Instrument Holders, Laparoscope",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold laparoscopes in position above the patient during laparoscopic procedures. These device are typically made of a sturdy metal arm that is fixed at one end to the side of the operating table or other hard surface in the operating theater and at the other end provide a clamp or holding mechanism to hold the laparoscope in contact with the patient's body. Some laparoscope holders have robotic features and controls to maneuver them into place while others are manually operated."
    },
    {
      "code": "17107",
      "display": "Surgical Instrument Holders, Retractor, Automatic",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold surgical retractors in place during surgery and provide a mechanism for controlling the amount of retraction needed in the surgical field. Automatic surgical retractor holders typically have a sturdy metal frame (usually with articulating parts that can be locked into place) with clamps at one end which attach to the operating table or other nearby structure and handles or clamps at the other end to hold one or more retractors in position above the patient; they all have some type of adjustment mechanism that controls the position of the holder which in turn will adjust the position of the retractors and the amount of retraction in the surgical field."
    },
    {
      "code": "37206",
      "display": "Surgical Instrument Pouches",
      "definition": "Pouches used during a surgical procedure for temporary storage and/or organization of instruments when they are not in use. These pouches are typically made of plastic materials, contain multiple pockets or compartments, and often contain adhesive backing so that they may be attached to the drape or anesthesia screen."
    },
    {
      "code": "12458",
      "display": "Surgical Masks",
      "definition": "Devices designed to cover the nose and mouth of healthcare workers during surgical procedures or patient examinations for the purpose of limiting transmission of infectious agents from healthcare worker to the patient and/or environment. These surgical masks are also designed to protect the wearer from contact with infectious agents in respiratory secretions (i.e., droplet transmission) and sprays or splashes of body fluids (i.e., contact transmission); however, surgical masks are not designed to block or filter small airborne particles (i.e., airborne transmission). In addition to use by healthcare workers, surgical masks may also be used to cover the nose and mouth of potentially infectious patients to limit dissemination of respiratory secretions (i.e., source containment). These masks typically consist of multiple layers, of porous, fluid-resistant fabric material that cover the nose and mouth. Surgical masks typically incorporate a flexible metallic band along their top border that allows the mask to be conformed to the bridge of the user's nose and straps that allow the mask to be held in place by tying the straps around the user's head/neck or looping the straps around the user's ears."
    },
    {
      "code": "13886",
      "display": "Surgical Packings, Otorhinolaryngology",
      "definition": "Materials that are used to control bleeding by providing compression of local vasculature after otorhinolaryngology procedures or trauma. These surgical packings can be made of gauze, sponge, or other material and can be coated in antibiotics or petrolatum. They can also provide support to the surrounding tissues. They may be biodegradable."
    },
    {
      "code": "23715",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Bars",
      "definition": "Bars designed for surgical retractor fixation to a surgical table or other type of support. These devices typically consist of a dedicated metallic bar (e.g., with a rectangular cross-section) that is attached to a surgical table and that is appropriate to secure in position a surgical retractor; some retractors (e.g., abdominal) use two bars for attachment to both sides of the surgical table. Retractor bars may be intended for use only in one or a few models of retractors and/or tables; they are usually available as accessories of particular retractors."
    },
    {
      "code": "23701",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Blades",
      "definition": "Devices designed for use as a working, detachable component of a surgical retractor. These blades consist of metal structures that typically include a thin, curved (e.g., hook-like) piece of metal (e.g., stainless steel) with one or several prongs and dull or sharp edges. They may include bolts or other mechanisms for attachment and locking to the retractor frame, some also include a light source to illuminate the surgical field. Several blades (typically two or three) attached to a retractor frame  are used simultaneously. The retractor frame may or may not be fixed to the surgical table. Surgical retractor blades are usually reusable devices. They are available in a variety of shapes and sizes to accommodate different surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23681",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Handrests",
      "definition": "Handrests designed to permit appropriate placement of the surgeon's hands during delicate surgical procedures. These handrests may be made of different materials and have different shapes according to the procedure to be performed; they are fixed to and/or are an integral part of a surgical (e.g., neurosurgery, ophthalmic) retractor. Surgical retractor handrests are intended to make the surgeon more comfortable and facilitate the manipulation of surgical instruments during procedures that require steady control of hand movements, such as neurology and ophthalmic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33217",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices, instruments, and supplies designed for temporary separation and retention (i.e., holding back) of tissue or other anatomical parts, exposing and/or giving access to other tissues or organs during surgical procedures. These kits typically consist of several devices and instruments that are coupled together to perform their function without manipulation once they are set (i.e., self-retained). They are available in a variety of shapes and styles according to both the tissue and/or organ to be exposed and retracted. Surgical retractor kits may be directly coupled to the patient or, more frequently, to other structures (e.g., a surgical table or stand); the kits may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical sites. Dedicated surgical retractor kits are available for a variety of surgical procedures, including abdominal, thoracic, spinal, vaginal, rectal, and urologic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33224",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Abdominal",
      "definition": "Surgical retractor kits designed for use during procedures performed in the deep abdomen. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are coupled together for temporary separation and retention of abdominal wall tissue and other abdominal anatomic structures, exposing and/or giving access to the appropriate organs inside the abdomen without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). Abdominal retractor kits may consist of a flexible ring and/or a retractor frame and/or bars, a set of detachable blades usually providing lateral retraction, ratchet mechanisms to adjust retractor tension and depth, and a fixation post that may be attached to the operating table or a stand. The kits may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. They provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during abdominal procedures including cholecystectomy, appendectomy, hernia repair, aortic aneurysms, insertion of iliac femoral grafts, hysterectomy, and transplant."
    },
    {
      "code": "33218",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Brain",
      "definition": "Surgical retractor kits designed for use during procedures in the brain (cerebrum and cerebellum) and/or other intracranial structures. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are coupled together for temporary separation and retention of brain tissue and associated tissue, exposing and/or giving access to the appropriate intracranial tissues without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). Brain retractor kits may consist of a system that includes a set of detachable tapered blunt blades that are placed in adjustable, flexible retractor arms coupled to bars. The arms can be attached  either to the skull clamp or the surgical table using a mechanical coupler (e.g., Greenburg, Rhoton-Merz retractors). Brain retractor kits may also consist of a combination of a scissor-like swivel retractor (with two blades at the distal end) that includes a ratchet mechanism for self-retention; adjustable round bars for fixation to the table; and a set of detachable malleable blades (e.g., Jannetta retractors). Retractor kits with other configurations are also available. Brain retraction kits provide assistance to the surgeon during intracranial procedures, including treatment of aneurysms and excision of tumors. Also available are brain retractor kits that use appropriate blades or dedicated retractor kits for retention of the cerebellum (e.g., for tumor resection, decompression of the trigeminal nerve)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33240",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Joint",
      "definition": "Surgical retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving a joint (articulation) tissue. The retractor kits permit the temporary separation and retention of tissues (e.g., periosteal tissue) in a joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint. These retractor kits are typically a combination of manual, handheld instruments available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the tissue of the articulation that is retracted and/or the anatomical structure to be exposed. Dedicated joint tissue retractor kits are available for use in many particular joints, such as the knee, shoulder, and hip."
    },
    {
      "code": "33243",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Joint, Hip",
      "definition": "Joint tissue surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the hip.  The retractor kits permit the separation of tissues (e.g., periosteal) in the hip joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint. These kits typically consist of a collection of several instruments (e.g., a hip elevator) including retractors (e.g., straight, curved, narrow) of different sizes; each one is appropriate for retraction of one of the anatomic and associated structures of the hip joint when used together or independently. Hip joint retractor kits provide assistance to the surgeon during orthopedic procedures, including minimally invasive hip surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "33244",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Joint, Knee",
      "definition": "Joint tissue surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the knee. The retractor kits permit the separation and retention of tissues (e.g., periosteal) in the knee joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures. They typically consist of a collection of several instruments including retractors (e.g., muscle, condylar, patellar) of different sizes; each one is appropriate for retraction of one of the anatomic and associated structures of the knee joint when used together or independently. Knee joint retractor kits provide assistance to the surgeon during orthopedic procedures, including total knee and condylar replacement."
    },
    {
      "code": "33242",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Joint, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Joint tissue surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the shoulder. The retractor kits permit the separation and retention of tissues (e.g., periosteal) in the shoulder joint, exposing and providing access to other tissues, bones, or structures of the joint. They typically consist of a collection of several instruments including retractors (e.g., tendon, deltoid, Bankhart) of different sizes; each one is appropriate for retraction of one of the anatomic and associated structures of the shoulder joint when used together or independently. Shoulder joint retractor kits provide assistance to the surgeon during arthroscopic procedures, including total shoulder arthroplasty, after trauma, and rotator cuff repair; the kits are frequently supplied in a tray."
    },
    {
      "code": "33245",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices, instruments, and supplies designed for temporary separation and retention of tissue or other anatomical parts in one of several different areas of the body, exposing and/or giving access to other tissues or organs during surgical procedures. These kits typically consist of several devices and instruments that are combined to perform their function without manipulation once they are set (i.e., self-retained). They can be conformed in a variety of shapes and styles according to both the tissue and/or organ to be exposed and retracted. Multipurpose kits frequently include several flexible rings or frames, a set of blades of different sizes usually providing lateral retraction, a ratchet mechanism to adjust retractor tension, and one or more fixation posts that are usually attached to the operating table. The kits are usually coupled to a surgical table or other appropriate structure (e.g., stand); they may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical sites. Multipurpose retraction kits are intended for general surgery and also for other common surgical procedures, including procedures in the abdominal, thoracic, and pelvic cavities; dedicated multipurpose retractor kits including special components (e.g., larger and heavier blades) for bariatric patients and retractor kits designed only for use in bariatric patients are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33227",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Perineal",
      "definition": "Surgical retractor kits designed for use while performing procedures involving the tissues and/or anatomic structures inside the peritoneum. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are combined to temporarily separate and retain  the perineal wall tissue and associated structures, exposing and/or giving access to the internal organs (e.g., rectum, vagina) and tissues, without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The retractors may consist of a flexible small ring, a set of blades of different sizes usually providing lateral retraction, a ratchet mechanism to adjust retractor tension, and a fixation post that is usually attached to the operating table; the kits may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Peritoneal retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during the procedure; retractor kits with other physical configurations are also available. Dedicated kits intended for the rectum and vagina are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33228",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Perineal, Rectum",
      "definition": "Perineal surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the rectum and associated tissues and/or anatomic structures. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are combined to temporarily separate and retain  the perineal wall and/or the rectum edges, exposing and/or giving access to the rectum, without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The retractors frequently consist of a flexible small round ring, a set of blades of different sizes usually providing lateral retraction, a ratchet mechanism to adjust retractor tension, and a fixation post that is usually attached to an operating table whose end is dropped; the kits may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Rectum peritoneal retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during the procedure; dedicated rectum retractor kits with other physical configurations are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33229",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Perineal, Vagina",
      "definition": "Perineal surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the vagina and associated tissues and/or anatomic structures. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are combined to temporarily separate and retain  the perineal wall and/or vagina edges, exposing and/or giving access to the vagina, without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The retractors frequently consist of a flexible, small, properly angulated ring; a set of blades of different sizes usually providing lateral and posterior soft tissue retraction; a ratchet mechanism to adjust retractor tension; and a fixation post that is usually attached to an operating table whose end is dropped. The kits may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Vaginal peritoneal retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during the procedure; dedicated vaginal retractor kits with other physical configurations are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33230",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Spine",
      "definition": "Surgical retractor kits designed for use during procedures on the spine (i.e., backbones). These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies combined to temporarily separate and retain tissue or other anatomical parts by exposing and/or giving access to the spine without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The kit components are available in a variety of shapes and styles according to the segment of the spine to be exposed/retracted and/or the procedure to be performed. Spinal surgery retractor kits may be directly coupled to the patient or, more frequently, to other structure (e.g., a surgical table or stand); the kits frequently incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Dedicated surgical retractor kits are available for a variety of surgical procedures of the cervical, thoracic, and/or lumbar spine segments."
    },
    {
      "code": "33233",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Spine, Cervical",
      "definition": "Spine surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the cervical spine (i.e., cervical vertebrae) segments. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are combined to temporarily separate and retain  tissue or other anatomical parts, exposing and/or giving access to the cervical spine without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The retractor kits frequently include longitudinal and transverse retractor frames, one or more sets of detachable (e.g., solid and toothed) blades, a ratchet mechanism, and fixation posts or screws. Cervical spine retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during procedures such as spinal fusion and/or discectomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "33235",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Spine, Lumbar",
      "definition": "Spine surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the lumbar spine (i.e., lumbar vertebrae) segment. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are combined to temporarily separate and retain  tissue or other anatomical parts (e.g., muscles), exposing and/or giving access to the lumbar spine without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The kits frequently include retractor frames, one or more sets of detachable (e.g., solid and toothed, hemilaminectomy) blades, nerve root retractors, a ratchet mechanism, and fixation posts with nuts or screws; the kits frequently incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Lumbar spine retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during procedures such as discectomy, spinal fusion, and/or other lumbar surgery procedures. Dedicated lumbar retractors intended to perform anterior and posterior lumbar procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33234",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Spine, Thoracic",
      "definition": "Spine surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the thoracic spine (i.e., thoracic vertebrae) segment. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are combined to temporarily separate and retain  tissue or other anatomical parts (e.g., muscles), exposing and/or giving access to the thoracic spine without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The kits frequently include retractor frames, one or more sets of detachable (e.g., solid and toothed, hemilaminectomy) blades, nerve root retractors, a ratchet mechanism, and fixation posts with nuts or screws; the kits frequently incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Thoracic spine retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during procedures such as discectomy, spinal fusion, and/or other thoracic spine surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33232",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Spine, Total",
      "definition": "Spine surgery retractor kits designed for use while performing procedures involving any or all of the spine (i.e., backbones) segments. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies combined to temporarily separate and retain  tissue or other anatomical parts, exposing and/or giving access to the appropriate segment of the spine without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The kits frequently include a flexible ring, a set of detachable blades which provide lateral retraction, ratchet mechanisms to adjust retractor tension and depth, and a fixation post that may be attached to the operating table or a stand. Total spine retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "33225",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Sternum",
      "definition": "Surgical retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving retraction of the sternum. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are coupled together for temporary separation and retraction of sternum incision edges and, frequently, other anatomical parts (e.g., muscles), exposing and/or giving access to the thoracic organs without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The kits frequently include retractor frames, one or more sets of detachable (e.g., solid and toothed) blades, a ratchet mechanism, and fixation posts with nuts or screws. The kits may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Sternum retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during open or minimally invasive procedures, especially those involving the heart and/or central vasculature."
    },
    {
      "code": "33222",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Subcutaneous Tissue",
      "definition": "Surgical retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving small incisions of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are coupled together for temporary separation and retention of the subcutaneous tissue, exposing and/or giving access to anatomical structures and/or organs close to the skin, without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The retractors frequently consist of a flexible ring, a set of small detachable blades usually providing lateral retraction, a ratchet mechanism to adjust retractor tension, and a fixation post that may be attached to the operating table or a stand. Subcutaneous tissue retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during the procedure; dedicated retractor kits intended for particular procedures such as hernia repair, appendectomy and cholecystectomy, and axillary interventions (including the dissection of the mammary artery) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33223",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Subcutaneous Tissue, Internal Mammary Artery",
      "definition": "Subcutaneous tissue surgical retractor kits designed for use during excision of the internal mammary artery. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are coupled together for temporary separation and retention of subcutaneous tissues in the axillary area, exposing and/or giving access to the artery without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). Internal mammary artery retractor kits usually consist of one or more bars, a set of detachable blades usually providing lateral retraction, ratchet mechanisms to adjust retractor tension and depth, and a fixation post that is attached to the operating table. They provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during procedures intended to excise the internal mammary artery for posterior use as a graft."
    },
    {
      "code": "33236",
      "display": "Surgical Retractor Kits, Urinary Tract",
      "definition": "Urinary tract surgery retractor kits designed for use during procedures involving the prostate, kidneys, and associated tissues and anatomic structures of the urinary tract. These kits typically consist of a collection of devices, instruments, and supplies that are combined to temporarily separate and retain the perineal or abdominal wall tissue, exposing and/or giving access to the prostate or kidneys, without manual support once they are set (i.e., self-retained). The retractors frequently consist of a flexible segmental ring, a set of blades of different sizes usually providing lateral retraction, a ratchet mechanism to adjust retractor tension, and a fixation post that is usually attached to the operating table. The kits may incorporate fiber optic systems to illuminate the surgical site. Urinary tract retractor kits provide hands-free assistance to the surgeon during procedures involving the urinary tract, such as nephrotomy and perineal prostatectomy; dedicated urinary tract retractor kits with other physical configurations are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15733",
      "display": "Surgical Scrub Stations",
      "definition": "Installations designed for thorough cleaning and disinfecting (i.e., scrubbing) of the hands and arms before surgery or other procedures that require a certain level of cleansing by participating personnel in order to reduce or prevent the transmission of infections to patients. These stations typically consist of multiple stainless steel sinks with seamless construction without crevices. They include several faucets; cold and hot water supply; water filters; soap and brush dispensers; and temperature, water pressure, and/or time controls. They may also include ultraviolet lamps. Surgical scrub stations are usually operated using automated infrared sensors, knee controls, and/or timers; they are used by surgeons and other medical staff before approaching a designated sterile area (e.g., the surgical suite)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41908",
      "display": "Surgical Togas",
      "definition": "Surgical gowns with an integral hood designed to be worn over clothing by healthcare providers with an integral hood and intended to prevent cross-infection between patients and healthcare workers during surgeries. The hood may or may not be attached to the surgical gown component of the toga. They Togas are constructed of fabric that is splash and fluid resistant. These togas are usually used with surgical helmet systems during orthopedic surgeries."
    },
    {
      "code": "39759",
      "display": "Surgical Wound Retractor/Protectors",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be positioned within surgical incisions for the purpose of both dilating the wound, exposing and/or improving access to internal tissues or organs, and providing a physical barrier that covers the wound margins. These devices typically consist of a cylindrical, flexible plastic sleeve/sheath connected at both ends to a ring-like structure typically consisting of a semi-rigid hoop or an expandable retracting ring. During use of these devices, one ring is placed internally (i.e., within the peritoneal cavity) and one ring is placed externally. Some surgical wound retractor/protectors incorporate the ability to provide irrigation of the wound margins."
    },
    {
      "code": "41818",
      "display": "Surveillance Recorders",
      "definition": "Recorders that record and store video footage from security cameras. The recorders may be encrypted."
    },
    {
      "code": "22538",
      "display": "Suture Anchors",
      "definition": "Implantable devices consisting of a bone anchor and attached sutures intended to be used for indirect fixation of soft tissue grafts (e.g., ligament grafts, tendon grafts) to bone by tethering the graft to bone via the device sutures. The bone anchor component of these implantable devices is typically a threaded rod (i.e., screw) or interference fit (i.e., barbed, pronged) implant, which may be made of bioabsorbable (e.g., synthetic polymer) or non-bioabsorbable (e.g., metal) material. The bone anchor component of these implantable devices includes an integrated suture attachment site (i.e., eyelet). The suture component of these implantable devices typically consist of synthetic absorbable or nonabsorbable fibers."
    },
    {
      "code": "13890",
      "display": "Suture Bolsters",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the temporary support and/or cushioning of a suture in an appropriate position. These devices typically consist of a small, pillow-like piece of gauze, plastic, or other rolled or tubular soft material. Suture bolsters facilitate the suturing procedure and prevent excessive suture tension and laceration of tissues by distributing the force in a larger anatomic area (usually the surrounding tissue). They are typically fixed to the skin in the postoperative phase of surgical procedures (e.g., eyelid and ear surgery, skin grafting, vesicourethral reconstruction and other perineal procedures)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16224",
      "display": "Suture Cutters",
      "definition": "Handheld instruments with a long thin handle and a small curved blade at the end used to cut sutures on a patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "12726",
      "display": "Suture Needle Holding Instruments",
      "definition": "Handheld surgical instruments designed to hold a surgical suturing needle while suturing. These suture needle holders are usually made of metal and have a clamp mechanism at their distal end to lock the needle in place, a joint or lever in the middle, and a handle at their distal end to be held by the user. The jaws of the clamp are often textured and short compared to the handles. Suture needle holding instruments come in many shapes and are usually specific to the type of suture needle that they can hold."
    },
    {
      "code": "23540",
      "display": "Suture Needle Holding Instruments, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Handheld surgical instruments designed to hold a suture needle while suturing through an endoscope, laparoscope, cannula, sleeve, or other appropriate device during minimally invasive surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of a straight or curved, handheld, manual holder with an actuating mechanism to control slim jaws resembling a grasper at the distal end with a shape (e.g., convex, concave) appropriate for manipulating needles used in endoscopic suturing. The needle holding jaws are connected to a long shaft, usually at least 30 cm (12 inches) in length, which may be locked into position or may rotate around the shaft's longitudinal axis and which reaches outside of the endoscope, laparoscope cannula, or sleeve to a handle (or some type of grasping mechanism) intended for manipulation by the user. Endoscopic suture needle holding instruments are available in a range of sizes and shapes, depending on the type of procedure and shape of the suture needle used."
    },
    {
      "code": "15065",
      "display": "Suture Units, Automated",
      "definition": "Suture units designed to apply conventional sutures to tissue with reduced operator intervention. This device typically consists of a suture-delivery mechanism, frequently including needles; a suture-carrier accessory (e.g., a reel); and an attachment to manipulate the equipment and control the suture delivery. Automatic suture units are available in a variety of configurations according to the type of suture to be delivered and the placement of sutures. Dedicated units intended for percutaneous sealing of the vasculature after catheterization procedures and to apply sutures to the skin. Dedicated automated suture units used through endoscopes (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract), arthroscopes, and laparoscopes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17735",
      "display": "Suture Units, Automated, Endoscopy, Arthroscope",
      "definition": "Endoscopic automated suture units designed to repair lesions and/or muscle tears through arthroscopes. These units consist of an external unit that controls the suturing parameters. The unit performs the suture through an externally controlled endoscope inserted in the interior of a joint and includes a suture punch system that places the number of sutures desired by the surgeon at the site of the lesion or tear."
    },
    {
      "code": "23099",
      "display": "Suture Units, Endoscopic, Lower Esophageal Sphincter",
      "definition": "Endoscopic automated suture units designed for mounting on an endoscope used to suture the tissues in the lower esophageal sphincter during endoluminal gastroplication procedures. The devices typically consist of a suture-delivery mechanism, frequently including a capsule chamber that contains needles, a suture-carrier accessory, and a handle to manipulate the equipment and control the suture delivery.  The devices place the stitches and create pleats in the lower esophageal sphincter. Lower esophageal sphincter endoscopic suture units are mainly used to tighten the lower esophageal sphincter to reduce acid reflux for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease."
    },
    {
      "code": "13896",
      "display": "Sutures",
      "definition": "Threads of natural, synthetic, or metallic material intended to sew a wound or incision together (i.e., approximate the edges and provide a method for wound closure). Sutures are either absorbable (e.g., surgical gut, polyglicolic acid) or nonabsorbable (e.g., silk, nylon, polypropylene, stainless steel). A suture may consist of only one thread (i.e., monofilament) or several threads (i.e., multifilament) that are frequently twisted or braided. The type of suture used depends on the size and location of the wound, the strength and period of use required, cosmetic effect desired, and/or other clinical or physical needs. Sutures are typically available in sterile sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "22910",
      "display": "Sutures, Metallic",
      "definition": "Sutures made of nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) metallic or/and metallic alloys. The type and material of a metallic suture depends on the size and location of the wound, the strength and period of use required, cosmetic effects desired, and/or other clinical or physical needs. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament or multifilament thread sections that may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they usually keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues. Stainless steel is by far the most used metallic suture, but other metals (e.g., silver, titanium) may be occasionally used for particular procedures (e.g., to permit magnetic resonance imaging of implants)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13911",
      "display": "Sutures, Metallic, Stainless Steel",
      "definition": "Metallic sutures made of nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) medical-grade stainless steel alloys. These sutures consist of single (i.e., monofilament) or multifilament sterile threads; their use depends on the size and location of the wound, the strength and period of use required, cosmetic effect desired, and/or other clinical or physical needs. Stainless steel sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes mainly orthopedic procedures such as cerclage, tendon and hernia repair, sternum closure (after sternotomy), and abdominal wound closure."
    },
    {
      "code": "15971",
      "display": "Sutures, Metallic, Stainless Steel, Monofilament",
      "definition": "Stainless steel sutures made of single filaments (i.e., monofilament) medical-grade stainless steel alloys. These sutures are typically available in sterile, uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) that may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. Monofilament stainless steel sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes orthopedic procedures including cerclage, tendon and hernia repair, sternum closure (after sternotomy), and abdominal wound closure."
    },
    {
      "code": "13904",
      "display": "Sutures, Metallic, Stainless Steel, Multifilament",
      "definition": "Stainless steel sutures made of several filaments (i.e., multifilament) medical-grade stainless steel alloys. These sutures are typically available in sterile, uncoated twisted thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) that may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. Multifilament stainless steel sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes orthopedic procedures including cerclage, tendon and hernia repair, sternum closure (after sternotomy), and abdominal wound closure."
    },
    {
      "code": "22915",
      "display": "Sutures, Metallic, Titanium",
      "definition": "Stainless steel sutures usually made of single filaments (i.e., monofilament) of commercially pure titanium. These sutures are typically available in sterile uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) that may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. Titanium sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes soft tissue approximation and/or ligation, including ophthalmic procedures such as canthoplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "22877",
      "display": "Sutures, Natural",
      "definition": "Sutures made of natural raw materials derived from animal collagen (e.g., surgical gut sutures) or protein (e.g., silk sutures) or, less frequently, from vegetable fibers (e.g., cotton, linen). These sutures may be absorbable (i.e., biodegradable), typically made of surgical gut (collagen derived from sheep or beef intestinal mucosa), or nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable), made of silk, cotton, or linen. The type of natural suture used depends on the size and location of the wound, the strength and period of use required, cosmetic effect desired, and/or other clinical or physical needs. Natural sutures are typically available in sterile sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "13898",
      "display": "Sutures, Natural, Absorbable, Surgical Gut",
      "definition": "Natural sutures made of surgical gut, a biodegradable (absorbable) material consisting of collagen derived from sheep or beef intestinal mucosa. These sutures are typically available in sterile thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Surgical gut sutures keep their tensile strength for 7 to 10 days, and complete absorption occurs in less than 70 days; their intended use includes repair of rapidly healing tissues, ligating superficial blood vessels, and suturing subcutaneous tissue. Natural surgical gut sutures are usually packed in a solution to prevent drying and to preserve their physical properties. Fast-absorbing (five to seven days) surgical gut sutures for epidermal use and surgical gut sutures impregnated with chromium salts to prolong tensile strength and retard absorption are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "22883",
      "display": "Sutures, Natural, Absorbable, Surgical Gut, Chromium-Treated",
      "definition": "Natural surgical gut sutures treated with chromium salt solutions to resist body enzymes. These sutures are typically available in sterile thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Natural chromium-treated surgical gut sutures keep their tensile strength for 10 to 21, days and complete absorption occurs in 90 or more days. Their intended use includes repairing rapidly healing tissues, ligating superficial blood vessels, and suturing subcutaneous tissue, frequently to prevent, or in the presence, of infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "22884",
      "display": "Sutures, Natural, Nonabsorbable",
      "definition": "Natural sutures made of nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) materials not metabolized by the body. These sutures typically consist of raw silk spun by silkworms (an animal protein) or, less frequently, products derived from vegetable fibers (e.g., cotton, linen); they are typically available in sterile thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. The sutures are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Nonabsorbable natural sutures are frequently encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue; their intended use includes suturing of internal organs and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "13900",
      "display": "Sutures, Natural, Nonabsorbable, Cotton",
      "definition": "Nonabsorbable natural sutures made of twisted long cotton fibers. Cotton sutures lose about 50% of their tensile strength in a six-month period and become encapsulated within body tissues. These sutures are typically available in sterile multifilament braided thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Their intended use includes suturing internal organs, tissues, and vessels (e.g., in nephrostomy procedures); their current use is limited due to their low strength and occasional adverse reactions within tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "13902",
      "display": "Sutures, Natural, Nonabsorbable, Linen",
      "definition": "Nonabsorbable natural sutures made of long, textile (usually flax) fibers. These sutures are typically available in sterile twisted multifilament thread lengths (e.g., 18 inches, 30 inches [45 cm, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Linen sutures become encapsulated within the body tissues; they are intended for use during gastrointestinal surgery and as ligatures. Use of linen sutures is limited in current surgical practice."
    },
    {
      "code": "13910",
      "display": "Sutures, Natural, Nonabsorbable, Silk",
      "definition": "Nonabsorbable natural sutures made of raw silk spun by silkworms (an animal protein). Silk sutures are usually classified as nonabsorbable, but they are subject to a slow (e.g., two year) process of proteolysis absorption. These sutures are typically available in sterile multifilament twisted or braided thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are usually characterized by their excellent handling properties. Silk sutures are frequently available with beeswax or silicone coating; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Their intended use includes suturing of internal organs and tissues; noncoated silk sutures are usually intended for ophthalmic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "22891",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic",
      "definition": "Sutures made of synthetic polymer fiber threads. These sutures may be made of absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) or nonabsorbable (i.e., non biodegradable) materials; typically, absorbable sutures are made of polyglycolic acid and derivatives, lactic acid, or caprolactone, while nonabsorbable sutures are made of more common polymers (e.g., polypropylene, polyester, nylon). The type of synthetic suture used depends on the size and location of the wound, the strength and period of use required, cosmetic effect desired, and/or other clinical or physical needs. Synthetic sutures usually have a smooth surface but some sutures are made of barbed threads. Barbed thread sutures are mainly used to suture without using knots (also known as knotless sutures); they can also be used for cosmetic procedures (e.g., face-lifting, cosmetic breast lifting). Synthetic sutures are typically available in sterile sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "22892",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) polymeric (e.g., polyglactin, polyglycolic acid, lactic acid) fiber threads. These sutures are typically available in sterile (either monofilament or multifilament, frequently braided) thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Absorbable synthetic sutures typically keep their tensile strength for a few days to several weeks, and complete absorption occurs in less than six months; their intended use includes soft tissue suturing. The sutures usually have a smooth surface but some sutures are made of barbed threads. Absorbable barbed thread sutures are mainly used to suture without using knots (also known as knotless sutures); they can also be used for cosmetic  procedures (e.g., face-lifting, cosmetic breast lifting)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20884",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Poliglecaprone",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyglecaprone, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) polymer prepared from a copolymer of the glycolide epsilon caprolactone. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyglecaprone absorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength for less than 3 weeks, and complete absorption occurs in 90 days; their intended use includes general soft tissue approximation (but not cardiovascular or neurologic tissues) and vessel ligation."
    },
    {
      "code": "16584",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Polydioxanone",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polydioxanone, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polydioxanone absorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength for two to several weeks, and complete absorption occurs in less than six months; their intended use includes extended wound support and ophthalmic and pediatric cardiovascular surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17471",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Polyglactin",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyglactin, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile braided multifilament coated (e.g., a copolymer of lactide and glycolide, polycraprolate) thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyglactin absorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength up to 2 weeks, and complete absorption occurs in 56 to 70 days; their intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation (even in the presence of infection) and vessel ligation."
    },
    {
      "code": "13908",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Polyglycolic Acid",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyglycolic acid, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile braided multifilament coated (e.g., magnesium stearate) thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyglycolic acid absorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength for several days to a few weeks, and complete absorption occurs in 60 to 90 days; their intended use includes suturing of subcutaneous, abdominal, thoracic, and other tissues during surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17246",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Polyglyconate",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyglyconate, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyglyconate absorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength for two to several weeks, and complete absorption occurs in six to seven months; their intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation (even in the presence of infection) and vessel ligation."
    },
    {
      "code": "37541",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Polyhydroxybutyrate",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyhydroxybutyrate, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) biosynthetic polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament or multifilament sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long), which may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. They are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyhydroxybutyrate sutures keep their tensile strength for up to 12 weeks and complete absorption occurs by 12 to 18 months. Their intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation in applications requiring prolonged suture strength retention and suture flexibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "37580",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Polyhydroxybutyrate, Monofilament",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyhydroxybutyrate, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) biosynthetic polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long), which may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. They are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyhydroxybutyrate sutures keep their tensile strength for up to 12 weeks and complete absorption occurs by 12 to 18 months. Their intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation in applications requiring prolonged suture strength retention and suture flexibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "37581",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Absorbable, Polyhydroxybutyrate, Multifilament",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyhydroxybutyrate, an absorbable (i.e., biodegradable) biosynthetic polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile multifilament thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long), which may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. They are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyhydroxybutyrate sutures keep their tensile strength for up to 12 weeks and complete absorption occurs by 12 to 18 months. Their intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation in applications requiring prolonged suture strength retention and suture flexibility."
    },
    {
      "code": "22899",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymeric (e.g., polyester, polypropylene, nylon) fiber threads. These sutures are typically available in sterile (either monofilament or multifilament, frequently braided) thread sections (e.g., 18and 30 in [45 and 76 cm long] attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Nonabsorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength longer than two years, and complete absorption never occurs for most of these sutures; their intended use includes closure of infected wounds, vessel anastomosis, and prosthesis and implant fixation (anchoring). The sutures usually have a smooth surface but some sutures are made of barbed threads. Nonabsorbable barbed thread sutures are mainly used to suture without using knots (also known as knotless sutures); they can also be used for cosmetic  procedures (e.g., face-lifting, cosmetic breast lifting)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13905",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Nylon",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures consisting of nylon fibers made from nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) aliphatic (e.g., polyamide 6) polymers. These sutures are typically available in sterile coated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Nylon sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time; nylon is not absorbed, but hydrolysis may result in gradual loss of tensile strength over time. Nylon nonabsorbable synthetic sutures' intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation and suturing of internal organs and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "22908",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Nylon, Monofilament",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures consisting of monofilament nylon fibers made from nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) aliphatic (e.g., polyamide 6) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile coated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Nylon sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time; nylon is not absorbed, but hydrolysis may result in gradual loss of tensile strength over time. Nylon nonabsorbable sutures' intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation."
    },
    {
      "code": "22909",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Nylon, Multifilament",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures consisting of multifilament nylon fibers made from nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) aliphatic polymers. These sutures are typically available in sterile braided coated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Nylon sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time; nylon is not absorbed, but hydrolysis may result in gradual loss of tensile strength over time. Nylon nonabsorbable synthetic braided sutures are characterized by their excellent handling properties; their intended use includes suturing internal organs and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "17245",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polybutester",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polybutester, a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) copolymer of polyglycol terephthalate and polytrimethylene terephthalate. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polybutester sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes surface closure of tissue."
    },
    {
      "code": "13906",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polyester",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyester fibers, a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament or multifilament thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyester sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation and placement of prosthetic devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "22902",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polyester, Monofilament",
      "definition": "Polyester synthetic sutures made of polyester, a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Monofilament polyester sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes general soft-tissue approximation and tissue suturing in cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and neurologic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22903",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polyester, Multifilament",
      "definition": "Polyester synthetic sutures made of polyester fibers, a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile uncoated or coated (e.g., with polybutilate, silicon) multifilament thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Braided multifilament polyester sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes vessel anastomosis and placement of prosthetic devices (e.g., cardiac valves) and implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "13907",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polyethylene",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile multifilament noncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polyethylene sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes attachment of soft tissue to bone (e.g., the rotator cuff) and/or bone anchors."
    },
    {
      "code": "13909",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polypropylene",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures typically made of an isomer of linear propylene, a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated-thread sections (e.g., 18 and 30 in [45 and 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polypropylene nonabsorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength for up to two years and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes subcuticular closure, pull-out sutures, and suture of contaminated and/or infected wounds. The sutures usually have a smooth surface but some sutures are made of barbed threads. Nonabsorbable polypropylene barbed thread sutures are mainly used to suture without using knots (also known as knotless sutures); they can also be used for cosmetic  procedures (e.g., face-lifting, cosmetic breast lifting)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37542",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polypropylene/Polyethylene",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of a copolymer of polypropylene and polyethylene, a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament sections (e.g., 18, 30 inches/45, 76 cm long), which may be attached to a single-use needle as an integral device. They are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polypropylene/polyethylene nonabsorable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength for long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues. Their intended use includes soft-tissue approximation, particularly in cardiovascular applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "17467",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polytetrafluoroethylene",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE, also known as Teflon), a nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymer. These sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76 cm] long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. Polytetrafluoroethylene nonabsorbable synthetic sutures keep their tensile strength for very long periods of time and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes vessel and vessel-graft anastomosis and other internal surgical procedures (e.g., hernia repair)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22904",
      "display": "Sutures, Synthetic, Nonabsorbable, Polyvinylidene Fluoride Homopolymer/Hexafluoropropylene",
      "definition": "Synthetic sutures made of polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer and polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer, nonabsorbable (i.e., nonbiodegradable) polymers. The sutures are typically available in sterile monofilament uncoated thread sections (e.g., 18, 30 in [45, 76] cm long) attached to a single-use needle as an integral device; they are frequently colored for easy identification during surgery. These synthetic nonabsorbable sutures keep their tensile strength longer than seven years and are not absorbed by tissues; their intended use includes vascular and/or cardiovascular procedures when fine sutures are needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "13912",
      "display": "Swabs",
      "definition": "A small amount of material such as cotton, polyester, or calcium alginate firmly attached to one or both ends of a metallic, plastic, or wooden stick; swabs may be either sterile or not. Most swabs are disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "15066",
      "display": "Swabs, Absorbent/Cotton",
      "definition": "A wad of cotton or other absorbent material firmly attached to one or both ends of a wood or plastic stick. These swabs may be sterile; they are appropriate for saturating with liquid medications or antiseptics. Absorbent/cotton swabs are used mainly to apply medication, remove material, or to collect samples for microbiological examination."
    },
    {
      "code": "16619",
      "display": "Swabs, Absorbent/Cotton, Ear/Nose/Throat",
      "definition": "Absorbent/cotton-tip swabs usually including a reusable metallic (e.g., nickel-silver, stainless steel, copper) shaft with a triangular or twisted tip appropriate for use in the ear, nose, or oral cavities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18603",
      "display": "Swabs, Absorbent/Cotton, Proctoscopic",
      "definition": "Absorbent/cotton swabs consisting of a sterilized wad and a 40 to 45 cm (15 to 18 in) extra-length wooden or plastic stick with a diameter appropriate for use with proctoscopes, sigmoidoscopes, and anoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18602",
      "display": "Swabs, Absorbent/Cotton, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Absorbent/cotton swabs designed for vaginal procedures. These swabs typically consist of a sterilized wad of absorbent material that can absorb sufficient solution (e.g., prepping solution) for vaginal procedures attached to a 20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 in) long wood or plastic stick. Vaginal swabs are used mainly in therapeutic abortions, curettage, and similar procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "13913",
      "display": "Swabs, Antiseptic",
      "definition": "Swabs including tips (e.g., cotton, polyurethane foam) presoaked with an antiseptic (e.g., isopropyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride); some include agents that effectively kill pathogenic microorganisms (germicides), such as iodine or Povidone-iodine (Betadine). Most antiseptic swabs inhibit the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them; they are used to clean wounds, cuts, and abrasions."
    },
    {
      "code": "18604",
      "display": "Swabs, Medicated",
      "definition": "Swabs that include tips (e.g., cotton, foam) presoaked with a medication. They are mostly used to apply topical medications on the skin or in the body cavities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13914",
      "display": "Swabs, Specimen Collection",
      "definition": "Swabs that include a sterile wad suited for good specimen recovery (e.g., rayon, calcium alginate) firmly attached to one end of a plastic or wooden stick. Specimen-collection swabs are used to collect samples (e.g., nose, throat, vagina, wound specimens) for microbiological examination and/or culture."
    },
    {
      "code": "18605",
      "display": "Swabs, Specimen Collection, Ultrathin",
      "definition": "Specimen-collection swabs that include a sterile wad suited for good specimen recovery (e.g, rayon, calcium alginate) firmly attached to one end of a very thin (typically 0.6 to 1.0 mm) reusable metallic (e.g., aluminum, nickel-silver alloy) shaft. Ultrathin specimen-collection applicators are mostly used for sample collection in ophthalmology, pediatrics, and for venereal disease screening in the urethra."
    },
    {
      "code": "18606",
      "display": "Swabs, Specimen Collection/Transportation",
      "definition": "Swabs that include a sterile wad (e.g., rayon, calcium alginate, polyurethane foam) suited for good specimen recovery that is firmly attached to one end of a plastic or wooden stick; they are combined with a tube (e.g., polypropylene) to minimize sample contamination and to facilitate protected transportation. In some models, the swab is secured in the tube cap. Specimen collection/transportation swabs are used to collect samples (e.g., nose, throat, vagina specimens) for laboratory microbiological examination and/or culture."
    },
    {
      "code": "17535",
      "display": "Synoptophores",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic devices designed for the diagnosis of binocular vision (e.g., strabismus, amblyopia, diplopia) by assessing the patient's perception of pictures. These devices include lenses, mirrors, a slide carrier of images, and a mechanism that permits the device to move in different directions (e.g., diverging, converging, vertical, horizontal, rotation) for the slide presentation, a light source, and automatic or manual flashing controls to provide alternate illumination. Synoptophores are used to assess three types of binocular vision: (1) simultaneous perception, (2) fusion, and (3) depth perception (stereopsis). Synoptophores are used mainly in the diagnosis of binocular vision impairments such as strabismus, amblyopia, or diplopia."
    },
    {
      "code": "37229",
      "display": "Syringe Fillers",
      "definition": "Devices used to fill syringes with a predetermined volume of medications or other liquids as well as non-pourable substances such as pastes and gels. These devices may sort, load, and/or close syringes in addition to filling them and generally use disposable components (e.g., syringes, tip caps, connectors) to maintain sterility. Syringe fillers may be manual, semi-automatic, or automatic and may fill more than one syringe at a time."
    },
    {
      "code": "16825",
      "display": "Syringe Tip Caps",
      "definition": "Devices designed to cover syringe tips in order to prevent syringe content leakage and maintain sterility until the syringe is used. They are typically constructed of plastic or polypropylene and may come in multiple colors for color coding medications. These caps may be designed to fit a specific type of syringe tip (e.g., luer slip, luer lock)."
    },
    {
      "code": "26864",
      "display": "Syringe Tips, Dental Material",
      "definition": "Syringe tips designed to deliver materials during dental procedures. These tips are usually made of hollow tapered metal or plastic cylinders and are available in both reusable and disposable varieties. The cylinders can be bent or straight and are attached (or more frequently threaded) to a dental syringe. Dental material syringe tips are intended for use in dentists' offices. Dedicated tips with appropriate gauge to deliver dental composites, etchants, cements, sealants, and/or other dental materials are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21916",
      "display": "Syringe/Needle Destroyers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for rendering hypodermic syringes and/or needles unusable and ready for disposal. These destroyers may be manual devices that use mechanical action or electrical devices that use a burning unit to destroy the needle and/or a cutting unit to destroy the syringe. Some devices are capable of mechanically destroying both the needle and syringe when there is no electric power available. After destruction, the container debris and the unusable syringe remnants are ready for disposal."
    },
    {
      "code": "21921",
      "display": "Syringe/Needle Destroyers, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Devices designed for rendering hypodermic syringes and/or needles unusable using mechanical action. These devices are typically a small, tabletop unit with a base, a manually actuated mechanism with a hole to place the syringe end with the attached needle, and a container for the needle and/or needle and syringe connector debris. They are available in a variety of configurations, each with a different destruction mechanism, including devices with two handles that are squeezed together to actuate two circular blades across each other, devices with hand-powered clipper action to remove the needle, and devices with two blades that cut the syringe at the nozzle (hub), separating the needle from the syringe. Mechanical syringe/needle destroyers are typically reusable; however, hub cutters are intended to store the cut needles, and the whole unit is discarded when the container is full."
    },
    {
      "code": "21930",
      "display": "Syringe/Needle Destroyers, Needle Burning",
      "definition": "Needle and/or syringe destroyers especially designed for destroying needles attached to a hypodermic syringe by high-temperature oxidation (i.e., burning). These devices are typically a container with an aperture for needle insertion that includes two low-voltage electrodes; the current heats the needle to a high temperature (typically from 1,500 to 1,800 degrees Celsius), oxidizing the needle into metallic oxide ash in a few seconds. A sealed cartridge collects the ash. The remnants of the syringe without the needle and the ash cartridge (not sharp disposals) may be disposed of in a standard biohazard waste disposal unit. Needle-burning syringe/needle destroyers frequently include a mechanical cutting mechanism for complete destruction of the syringe; some devices are capable of mechanically destroying both the needle and syringe when there is no electric power available. These devices are typically reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "13929",
      "display": "Syringes",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to inject, infuse, or withdraw fluids, usually through a fixed or attached needle. Most syringes consist of a hollow, transparent cylinder (barrel) ended in a tip and a plunger (i.e., plunger syringes); other syringes deliver the fluids from a prefilled, changeable cartridge that is inserted into the barrel (i.e., cartridge syringes). Syringes consisting of either a barrel and a plastic or rubber bulb attached to one end (bulb/barrel syringes) or a rubber or plastic bulb ended in a tapped prolongation (bulb syringes) are also used for some applications.  Syringes are usually manufactured from transparent plastic materials (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene) or glass, but some are metallic or include metal parts. Syringes are frequently used for subcutaneous (i.e., hypodermic), intramuscular, or intravenous (either directly or through catheters) injection; irrigation of cavities or wounds; and aspiration/withdrawal of blood or other body fluids. Some syringes are specially designed for clinical laboratory applications, including general laboratory use and chromatography tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "20313",
      "display": "Syringes, Air System",
      "definition": "Syringes designed to deliver air from a pressurized air tank. These syringes consist of a tapered air barrel with a long tip attached and a tube or hose for connection with the compressed air supply. Air-system syringes are used in dental procedures and in some laboratory applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20314",
      "display": "Syringes, Air System, Dental",
      "definition": "Air-system syringes designed for use during dental procedures. These syringes typically include a fine nozzle, a hand grip, and a pressure-regulating valve; they may also include a clamp for attachment of a spray bottle. The syringes are usually connected to the compressed-air tank of the dental delivery unit using a hose or tube. Dental air syringes are mostly used to dry tooth cavities and/or to blow debris from cavities in preparing teeth for restoration."
    },
    {
      "code": "20474",
      "display": "Syringes, Air/Water Systems, Dental",
      "definition": "Syringes designed to deliver air, water, or a combination mist into the mouth (e.g., onto the teeth). These syringes usually consist of a handle with two different conduits for air and water with individual controls to deliver the appropriate spray. Air/water syringes are used by the dentist or a dental assistant for oral prophylaxis."
    },
    {
      "code": "20311",
      "display": "Syringes, Bulb",
      "definition": "Syringes consisting of a hollow rubber bulb tapered to a small tip. These syringes are mostly used for irrigation and/or aspiration."
    },
    {
      "code": "11376",
      "display": "Syringes, Bulb, Ear/Ulcer",
      "definition": "Bulb syringes with appropriate volume, size, and tips to irrigate and/or aspirate fluids to and from the ear and/or external ulcers."
    },
    {
      "code": "20312",
      "display": "Syringes, Bulb/Barrel",
      "definition": "Syringes consisting of a hollow rubber bulb attached to one end of a plastic or glass barrel;  the other end of the barrel may include a male tapering fitting (tip) designed to connect the syringe to a blunt needle. These syringes are used for irrigation and/or aspiration in otolaryngology procedures and/or external wounds; some bulb/barrel syringes are also used in aspiration/irrigation through catheters (e.g., urinary tract catheters)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16585",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge",
      "definition": "Syringes designed to inject solutions from a changeable, prefilled, disposable, sealed cartridge that usually includes a needle or a blunt cannula attached to one end. Cartridge syringes typically consist of a barrel appropriate for insertion of the cartridge and an attached plunger that can be fitted tightly onto the distant end of the cartridge. These syringes are used to inject drugs that are supplied in cartridges (e.g., anesthetics, vaccines, medications).."
    },
    {
      "code": "18077",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Blunt Cannula",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes designed to inject medicines from a prefilled, disposable, sealed cartridge with a blunt cannula attached to one end. These syringes are mostly used for push intravenous delivery of drugs that are supplied in cartridges."
    },
    {
      "code": "20306",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Dental",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes designed for injection of anesthetics and/or impression, filling, and/or other restorative materials in the oral cavity tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "17111",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Dental, Anesthetic",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes designed to inject dental anesthetics from a changeable, prefilled, disposable, sealed cartridge that usually includes a needle attached to one end.  These syringes are typically reusable devices with appropriate size and dimension for injection of anesthetics that are supplied in cartridges in the oral cavity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20473",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Dental, Anesthetic, Intraligamentary",
      "definition": "Cartridge dental syringes designed to inject anesthetic in the fibrous connective tissue (ligament) that surrounds the root of a tooth and separates it from the alveolar bone (i.e., intraligamentary tissue). These syringes are used to inject the dosage required to anesthetize a single tooth, providing rapid diffusion of the anesthetic."
    },
    {
      "code": "20307",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Dental, Anesthetic, Protective",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes designed to inject dental anesthetics from a changeable, prefilled, disposable, sealed cartridge that includes a needle attached to one end. These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20308",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Dental, Impression/Filling Material",
      "definition": "Cartridge dental syringes designed to introduce impression and/or filling materials under high pressure during dental procedures. Dental impression/filling syringes are used either in permanent teeth and in retrograde root-canal filling procedures and/or to obtain a negative copy (i.e., impression) of dental or related structures (e.g., dental arch), typically for construction or assembly of a fixed restoration or denture."
    },
    {
      "code": "20309",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Insulin",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes designed to inject insulin from a changeable, prefilled, disposable, sealed cartridge that includes a very fine (e.g., 30- or 31-gauge) needle attached to one end.  These syringes are usually reusable devices with appropriate size and dimensions for accurate injection of insulin supplied in cartridges, typically of 3 to 5 mL capacity."
    },
    {
      "code": "20310",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Insulin, Penlike",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes that are designed to resemble a standard ball-point pen and are used to inject insulin from prefilled disposable cartridges (e.g., 1 to 3 mL capacity). These syringes are typically reusable metallic devices that include a dial for accurate selection of the appropriate dose and a button for injection."
    },
    {
      "code": "20304",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes designed to inject medicines from a prefilled, disposable, sealed cartridge that includes a male Luer lock intended to connect the syringe with other medical devices, such as a needle or a catheter Luer lock. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper. These syringes may be used either for intramuscular injections or for push intravenous delivery of drugs that are supplied in cartridges"
    },
    {
      "code": "20472",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Protective",
      "definition": "Cartridge syringes designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or by some other means lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20305",
      "display": "Syringes, Cartridge, Protective, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Luer-lock cartridge syringes designed to provide needlestick protection. These syringes include a prefilled, disposable, sealed cartridge and a male Luer lock with a preattached needle; a mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use (e.g., aspirating medication from a vial) or, by some other means, to reduce  the possibility that the healthcare provider will contact the sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20255",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger",
      "definition": "Syringes consisting of a hollow transparent cylinder (barrel) that is typically graduated (e.g., cubic centimeter, milliliter) to show its content, as well as a movable plunger (piston) within the cylinder. When the piston is withdrawn, it causes the fluid to flow into the cylinder and, when pressed, to be ejected from the cylinder. The barrel may include either a fixed needle or a male connector to attach a hollow needle through which the fluid flows into or out of the cylinder. Plunger syringes are used for intramuscular or intravenous (either directly or through catheters) injection and/or infusion of liquids; small plunger syringes (i.e., hypodermic syringes) are designed for subcutaneous injection, especially of tuberculin and insulin.  Some plunger syringes are designed for other applications (e.g., irrigation) and/or particular procedures, such as dental treatment and chromatographic assays."
    },
    {
      "code": "20470",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Arterial Blood Sampling",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed to withdraw arterial blood samples. These devices typically consist of  a 3 to 5 mL capacity syringe internally covered with heparin or heparin-based compounds (e.g., dry lithium heparin, sodium heparin) to avoid coagulation. The syringes are impenetrable by air and liquids to avoid blood and/or gas loss while transporting the sample; some include filters for air-bubble removal. Blood-sampling syringes are used to obtain samples for laboratory tests, including pH, blood gases (e.g., O2, CO2), electrolytes (e.g., calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride), and/or metabolites such as lactate and glucose."
    },
    {
      "code": "20283",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Arterial Blood Sampling, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Blood-sampling syringes with a male fitting (Luer lock) designed to provide a locked, secure connection between the syringe and a needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper."
    },
    {
      "code": "20285",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Arterial Blood Sampling, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Blood-sampling syringes with a male tapering fitting (Luer slip) designed to connect the syringe with a needle using only compression to secure the connection. The tapered Luer tip (i.e., Luer slip) allows the two mating tapered fittings to slip-fit into each other in a liquid-leakproof and mechanically secure manner while permitting the parts to be readily separated."
    },
    {
      "code": "20471",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Arterial Blood Sampling, Protective",
      "definition": "Arterial blood sampling plunger syringes designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or by some other means lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the needle"
    },
    {
      "code": "20284",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Arterial Blood Sampling, Protective, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Blood-sampling plunger syringes usually with a needle preattached to their Luer-lock tip that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper."
    },
    {
      "code": "20286",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Arterial Blood Sampling, Protective, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Blood-sampling plunger syringes usually with a needle preattached to their Luer slip tip that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle. The tapered Luer tip (i.e., Luer slip) allows the two mating tapered fittings to slip-fit into each other while permitting the parts to be readily separated."
    },
    {
      "code": "20303",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Calibration",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed for calibration of reservoirs and/or instruments. These devices consist of large-volume, accurate, calibrated syringes, typically including plastic (e.g., acrylic) barrels and plastic or aluminum plungers. Calibration syringes are used for the calibration of spirometers and pulmonary function physiologic analyzers; they are also used for air and gas sampling and to prepare gas mixtures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17250",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Calibration, Spirometer/Pulmonary Function Analyzer",
      "definition": "Syringes designed for volume calibration of spirometers and pulmonary function analyzers. These devices are typically a plastic (e.g., acrylic) calibrated syringe with a volume of at least three liters. Most syringes include appropriate connectors that allow their use with a wide variety of spirometer sizes (e.g., from 1 to 1.5 inches)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13936",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Catheter Tip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes with a long male tapering fitting (tip) designed to inject and/or withdraw fluids from the body by direct introduction of the syringe tip into the catheters proximal end. Catheter-tip syringes are available for specific uses, such as intravenous infusion, irrigation of the lower urinary tract (e.g., bladder), and/or irrigation of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., colon)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20270",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Catheter Tip, Aspiration/Irrigation",
      "definition": "Catheter-tip plunger syringes designed for irrigation and aspiration of fluids through catheters. These syringes usually include an integral or detachable tube to infuse and/or withdraw the fluid and a blunt catheter tip; some also include thumb rings and/or swivel finger bars to improve control of the syringe. Catheter-tip aspiration/irrigation syringes are used to instill or withdraw fluid from a body cavity or wound and in aspiration and/or irrigation procedures performed in the gastrointestinal and/or genitourinary tract, such as urinary bladder and urethra irrigation. These syringes are also used to inflate urinary tract catheters during cystoscopy, gastric sampling, blood-clot evacuation, and irrigation of enteral feeding catheters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20287",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Contrast Media",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed to inject contrast media, typically into arteries or veins, for imaging procedures such as radiographic angiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or some ultrasound procedures. Most of these syringes are incorporated into automated contrast-media injectors; usually, an electromechanical assembly moves the piston in and out of the syringe barrel. Contrast-media syringes are frequently designed for use only in some specific model of injector or for injectors from a particular manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "15286",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Contrast Media, Angiography",
      "definition": "Contrast-media plunger syringes designed for injection into arteries or veins for radiographic angiography procedures. Most of these syringes are incorporated into automated contrast media injectors, usually an electromechanical assembly moves the piston in and out of the syringe barrel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20288",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Dental",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed for irrigation, aspiration, and injection of impression, filling, and/or other restorative materials into the oral cavity. Plunger dental syringes may include either fixed needles or appropriate tips (e.g., Luer lock) for attaching needles to perform dental procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17112",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Dental, Aspiration/Irrigation",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes used in dentistry to inject and/or aspirate a volume of solution into the working area. These devices typically consist of small syringes (3 ml is typical) and are capable of aspirating the fluid and debris, preventing their extrusion beyond the apical confines of the tooth; some may also include thumb rings and/or swivel finger bars to improve control of the syringe. Most dental irrigation syringes may be attached to blunted needles for use in endodontic procedures or to very fine needles to perform special procedures (e.g., root canal)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20289",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Dental, Filling Material",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed to introduce filling materials (e.g., sealants, cements) under high pressure during dental procedures. These devices typically consist of a barrel (e.g., octagon shaped), a screw-type plunger, and a threaded tip to attach a blunt needle; some other syringes are all-plastic disposables.  Dental filling syringes are mostly used in permanent teeth and in retrograde root-canal filling procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16671",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Dental, Impression Material",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed to introduce impression materials under high pressure during dental procedures. These devices typically consist of a barrel (e.g., octagon shaped), a screw-type plunger, and a threaded tip to attach a blunt needle; some other syringes are all-plastic disposables. Impression-material dental syringes are used to obtain a negative copy (i.e., impression) of dental or related structures (e.g., dental arch), typically for construction or assembly of a fixed restoration or denture."
    },
    {
      "code": "37614",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Enteral Feeding-Specific Connector",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes that include an enteral feeding-specific connector consisting of a female fitting designed to connect to a corresponding male fitting on enteral feeding tubes and accessories. The female fitting consists of an externally threaded skirt that twists securely into the corresponding male fitting. Female fittings on syringes intended to deliver small volumes (i.e., less than 5 mL) include an additional male lumen that slides into the opening on the male fitting and is intended to improve dosing accuracy. These syringes typically include a cylinder with a volume between approximately 1 and 100 mL marked with volumetric graduations on the outside of the cylinder."
    },
    {
      "code": "20261",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Fixed Needle",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes supplied with a needle permanently attached to their tip (e.g., cemented into glass syringes, glued in plastic syringes). The needles are frequently fixed at a point that corresponds to the zero graduation mark."
    },
    {
      "code": "20268",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Fixed Needle, Eccentric Tip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes supplied with a needle permanently attached to their tip (e.g., cemented into glass syringes, glued in plastic syringes) that is not concentric (i.e., eccentric) with the barrel. These syringes provide a connection with other medical devices, typically a needle, that is almost flush with the side of the barrel."
    },
    {
      "code": "13940",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Hypodermic",
      "definition": "Small-caliber plunger syringes used to administer liquids (e.g., drug solutions) through a hollow needle beneath the skin (i.e., hypodermic needle). These syringes typically include a small-diameter, low-volume cylinder, calibrated either in cubic centimeters (cc) or milliliters (mL); some are specially designed to inject specific drugs (e.g., insulin, tuberculin). Most hypodermic syringes attached to appropriate needles may also be used for intramuscular and/or intravenous injection."
    },
    {
      "code": "18070",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Hypodermic, Protective",
      "definition": "Hypodermic syringes designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "22540",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Inflation, Bone Tamp",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed to inject fluid (typically contrast media) to the balloon of a bone cavity dilatation instrument (i.e., a bone tamp) to increase the volume of the balloon. These syringes usually consist of a plastic barrel, a plunger, and a pressure gauge or pressure markings used to measure the resistance of the bones to the expansion of the balloon. Bones tamp inflation syringes are sterile and single use."
    },
    {
      "code": "13941",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed for subcutaneous injection of precise low-volume doses of insulin. These syringes typically include a small-diameter, low-volume cylinder, usually of 1/3, 1/2, or l mL size, accurately calibrated in insulin units (typically 100 units of insulin per mL) using permanent lines on their barrels. Insulin syringes are available with short-length, very-small-gauge needles (26 to 31 gauge is typical) attached or fixed to them."
    },
    {
      "code": "20275",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin, Fixed Needle",
      "definition": "Insulin syringes supplied with a needle permanently attached to their tip (e.g., cemented into glass syringes, glued in plastic syringes). The needles are frequently fixed at a point that corresponds to the zero graduation mark."
    },
    {
      "code": "20273",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Insulin syringes, including a male fitting (Luer lock), designed to provide a locked, secure connection with a needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper."
    },
    {
      "code": "20271",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Insulin syringes, including a male tapering fitting (Luer slip), designed to connect the syringe with a needle using only compression to secure the connection. The tapered Luer slip allows the two mating tapered fittings slip-fit into each other in a liquid-leakproof and mechanically secure manner that still permits the parts to be readily separated."
    },
    {
      "code": "20461",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin, Protective",
      "definition": "Insulin syringes designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or by some other means lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20276",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin, Protective, Fixed Needle",
      "definition": "Insulin syringes with a fixed needle that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the health care provider with a sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20274",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin, Protective, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Insulin syringes, usually with a preattached needle to their Luer-lock tip, that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper."
    },
    {
      "code": "20272",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Insulin, Protective, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Insulin syringes with a Luer-slip tip designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle. The tapered Luer tip (i.e., Luer slip) allows the two mating tapered fittings to slip-fit into each other in a liquid-leakproof and mechanically secure manner that still permits the parts to be readily separated."
    },
    {
      "code": "20298",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed for precision fluid (both gas and liquid) handling in the clinical laboratory. These devices typically consist of plastic or glass syringes; some incorporate metallic (e.g., stainless steel) plungers. Many different types of laboratory syringes are available for special purposes, including air- and/or liquid-tight syringes, sampling syringes, constant-rate syringes, and specialized syringes to inject samples in chromatography system ports."
    },
    {
      "code": "20301",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Chromatography",
      "definition": "Laboratory syringes designed to inject samples into chromatography system ports. These devices typically consist of low-volume (usually in the range of microliters) gas- and/or liquid-tight syringes that include either Luer locks or fixed needles.  Laboratory chromatography syringes are available for use in thin-layer, gas, liquid, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16876",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Chromatography, Gas/Liquid",
      "definition": "Laboratory syringes designed to inject samples in the injection ports of gas and/or liquid chromatography systems. These devices typically consist of small-volume syringes that include either fixed needles (e.g., cemented), Luer-lock tips, or other special tips. Gas/liquid chromatography syringes are available to inject the samples in a specific injection port, such as the split/splitless or the packed-column injection port; some syringes are manufactured for use only in devices of a particular model or from a specific manufacturer ."
    },
    {
      "code": "16877",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Chromatography, High-Pressure Liquid",
      "definition": "Laboratory syringes designed to inject samples in the injection ports of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. These devices typically consist in gas-/liquid-tight syringes and frequently include reinforced plungers (e.g., made of stainless steel) and with tips (e.g., Luer lock) that allow high-pressure injection (e.g., up to 200 to 500 pounds per square inch) of liquids. HPLC syringes are available to inject the samples in a specific injection port, such as the split/splitless or the packed-column injection port; some syringes are manufactured for use only in devices of a particular model or from a specific manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20302",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Chromatography, Thin-Layer",
      "definition": "Laboratory syringes designed to inject samples in the injection ports of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) systems. These devices typically consist of low-volume syringes that include fixed needles (e.g., cemented), Luer-lock tips, or other special tips. Some TLC syringes are manufactured for use only in devices of a particular model or from a specific manufacturer."
    },
    {
      "code": "16824",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Metered Delivery",
      "definition": "Laboratory plunger syringes designed for accurate measurement and display of the quantity of fluid delivered from its barrel. These syringes may include a digital display that shows the volume of fluid delivered in milli- or microliters, with a high level of accuracy (e.g., within 5%). These syringes are typically used for injection of liquid samples, preparation of standards for instrument analysis, and/or calibration of instruments and detector systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "20300",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Sample Preparation/Filtering",
      "definition": "Laboratory plunger syringes designed for sample preparation and filtration. These syringes typically consist of low-volume (from microliters to some milliliters) plastic or glass plunger syringes that include either Luer-lock tips or fixed needles; they may also include a filter holder and a disposable membrane filter. Filters are available either to isolate biological molecules (i.e., ultrafiltration) or with a larger pore size to remove particulates from a sample or the moving phase of a chromatograph (i.e., microfiltration). Some sampling syringes are manufactured only to inject samples in a particular autosampler model."
    },
    {
      "code": "20299",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Sample Preparation/Injection",
      "definition": "Laboratory plunger syringes designed for sample preparation and injection. These syringes typically consist of low-volume (from a few to several hundred milliliters) plastic or glass plunger syringes that may include Luer-lock tips or fixed needles. They are used in procedures such as pipetting, as well as to prepare, transfer, and/or inject samples in the injector port of laboratory autosamplers; some are used in chromatography assays."
    },
    {
      "code": "16878",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Laboratory, Sample Preparation/Injection, Micro",
      "definition": "Small laboratory syringes designed to prepare and inject microliter samples (typically from a few to several hundred microliters) providing a high level of accuracy (typically about 1%). These syringes may include either Luer-lock tips or fixed needles (e.g., cemented). Microsample syringes are mostly used to prepare, transfer, or inject samples in the injector port of laboratory autosamplers; they may also be used in chromatography assays."
    },
    {
      "code": "20259",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes with a male fitting (tip) that are designed to provide a locked, secure connection between the syringe and other medical devices such as a needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper for a short time and low-pressure applications in a liquid-leakproof and mechanically secure manner."
    },
    {
      "code": "20266",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Luer Lock, Eccentric Tip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed with a nonconcentric (i.e., eccentric) Luer-lock male fitting (tip). These syringes provide a connection with other medical devices, typically a needle, that is almost flush with the side of the barrel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20257",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes with a male tapering fitting (tip) that are designed to connect the syringe with other medical devices, such as a needle using only compression to secure the connection. The tapered Luer tip (i.e., Luer slip) allows the two mating tapered fittings to slip-fit into each other in a liquid-leakproof and mechanically secure manner that still permits the parts to be readily separated."
    },
    {
      "code": "20264",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Luer Slip, Eccentric Tip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed with a nonconcentric (i.e., eccentric) Luer-slip male tapering fitting (tip). These syringes provide a connection with other medical devices, typically a needle, that is almost flush with the side of the barrel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20469",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Oral Medication",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed to administer an accurate dosage of oral liquid medication. These syringes typically include a plastic barrel marked with 0.5 mL graduations (and/or with teaspoon fractions), ended in a hollow blunt tip. The syringe capacity is usually 0.5 to 20 mL, although syringes with higher capacities (e.g., 60 mL) are available. Oral-medication syringes should not be capable of connecting to needles, intravenous tubing, stopcocks, or injection ports. Syringes intended for pediatric administration may have long soft tips and/or child-resistant caps."
    },
    {
      "code": "20290",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes supplied with fluid in their barrel (i.e., prefilled), typically ready for single-dose injection. These syringes usually contain a medication and/or other fluid for some particular procedure (e.g., catheter flushing). Prefilled syringes may include a fixed needle, a Luer-lock tip (with or without a needle attached), or a blunt cannula; they are usually supplied as sterile disposable devices that do not require the use of a cartridge syringe holder."
    },
    {
      "code": "20665",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Blood Volume Tracer, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Pre-filled, small (e.g., 1 mL), and calibrated syringes that end in a Luer lock tip and that are supplied filled with a saline solution containing a specific blood albumin tracer (e.g., iodine isotope 131, I131). These syringes are specially designed (sometimes with a stop cock instead of a plunger) to inject an accurate dose of several microcuries (typically 10 to 25) through an intravenous line; they are used for blood and blood component (e.g., red cells, plasma) volume measuring from blood samples taken after the tracer injection using a semi-automated or automated analyzer."
    },
    {
      "code": "20295",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Catheter Flush",
      "definition": "Prefilled syringes supplied with a predetermined amount of solution (e.g., saline or heparin compounds) with appropriate concentration for catheter flush. These syringes are intended for needlestick prevention and to minimize errors and contamination by supplying pre-measured unit doses. They are usually supplied as sterile disposable devices that do not require the use of a cartridge syringe holder."
    },
    {
      "code": "20297",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Catheter Flush, Blunt Cannula",
      "definition": "Prefilled syringes supplied with a specific catheter-flush solution (e.g., saline, heparin) and that end in a blunt cannula. These syringes are intended to avoid the use of needles, thus providing needlestick prevention, as well as to minimize errors and contamination by supplying premeasured unit doses of the solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20296",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Catheter Flush, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Prefilled syringes supplied with a specific catheter-flush solution (e.g., saline or heparin compounds) that end in a Luer-lock tip. These syringes are intended to avoid the use of needles, thus providing needlestick prevention, as well as to minimize errors and contamination by supplying premeasured unit doses of the solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "20762",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Embolization Agent",
      "definition": "Prefilled syringes that contain vascular embolization material (e.g., microspheres) in their barrel. These syringes are available with different capacities (e.g., 1, 2, 5 mL); they are filled with similarly sized embolization material (e.g., microspheres of 40 to 120, 100 to 300, 700 to 900 microns, etc.) suspended in a sterile solution (e.g., saline).  These syringes are typically used in the treatment of vascular lesions (e.g., arteriovenous malformations) and carcinomas, ectopic pregnancy, and uterine fibroid tumors."
    },
    {
      "code": "20291",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Medication",
      "definition": "Prefilled syringes supplied with a predetermined medication, such as atropine, epinephrine, or furosemide. These syringes are intended for administering medications and minimizing errors and contamination by supplying premeasured unit doses; they are usually supplied as sterile disposable devices that do not require the use of a cartridge syringe holder."
    },
    {
      "code": "20294",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Medication, Blunt Cannula",
      "definition": "Prefilled medication syringes that end in a blunt cannula. These syringes are generally used for push intravenous medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20292",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Medication, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Prefilled medication syringes supplied with a specific prefilled medication (e.g., epinephrine) and a Luer-lock tip at the end. These syringes may either be used for push intravenous medications or attached to a needle for intramuscular injection."
    },
    {
      "code": "20293",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Prefilled, Medication, Protective, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Prefilled medication syringes ended in a Luer-lock tip and that include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20401",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or by some other means lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20262",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective, Fixed Needle",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes supplied with a needle permanently attached to their tip (e.g., cemented into glass syringes, glued in plastic syringes) that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle. The needles are frequently fixed at a point that corresponds to the zero graduation mark."
    },
    {
      "code": "20269",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective, Fixed Needle, Eccentric Tip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes supplied with a needle permanently attached to their tip (e.g., cemented into glass syringes, glued in plastic syringes) that is not concentric (i.e., eccentric) with the barrel and that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20260",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes with a needle preattached to their Luer-lock tip that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper for a short time and low-pressure applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "20267",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective, Luer Lock, Eccentric Tip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes with an eccentric Luer-lock tip that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle. The eccentric tip provides a connection with other medical devices, typically a needle, that is almost flush with the side of the barrel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20258",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Protective plunger syringes with a Luer-slip tip that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the sharp needle. The tapered Luer slip allows connection of the syringe with other medical devices, such as a needle using only compression to secure the connection."
    },
    {
      "code": "20265",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective, Luer Slip, Eccentric Tip",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes with an eccentric Luer-slip tip that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle. The eccentric tip provides a connection with other medical devices, typically a needle, that is almost flush with the side of the barrel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20680",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Protective, Radiopharmaceutical",
      "definition": "Protective plunger syringes designed for injection of radiopharmaceuticals; allowing conventional radiation exposure prevention while offering needlestick protection. These syringes usually include the safety mechanism as an integral part; typically the syringes can be operated with a radiation shield properly positioned to prevent exposure to the radiopharmaceutical. Radiopharmaceutical protective syringes are used in nuclear medicine and other clinical (e.g., radiographic) procedures that may require injection of radiopharmaceuticals."
    },
    {
      "code": "20467",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy",
      "definition": "Plunger syringes designed for subcutaneous injection of precise low-volume doses (typically 0.25 to 2 mL) of tuberculin and/or sensitivity (allergy) tests; they may also be used for other subcutaneous injections (e.g., rubella vaccine). These syringes typically have a small-diameter, low-volume cylinder, usually 1 mL in size, that is accurately calibrated in fractions of milliliter or cubic centimeter using permanent lines on its barrel. Tuberculin/allergy syringes  usually are available with short-length, very-small-gauge needles (25 to 28 gauge is typical) attached or fixed to their tip that may be either centered or eccentric with the syringe barrel."
    },
    {
      "code": "20281",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy, Fixed Needle",
      "definition": "Tuberculin/allergy syringes supplied with a needle permanently attached to their tip (e.g., cemented into glass syringes, glued in plastic syringes). The needles are frequently fixed at a point that corresponds to the zero graduation mark."
    },
    {
      "code": "20279",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Tuberculin/allergy syringes including a male fitting (Luer lock) designed to provide a locked, secure connection with a needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper."
    },
    {
      "code": "20277",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Tuberculin/allergy syringes including a male tapering fitting (Luer slip) designed to connect the syringe with a needle using only compression to secure the connection. The tapered Luer slip allows the two mating tapered fittings to slip-fit into each other in a liquid-leakproof and mechanically secure manner permits the parts to be readily separated."
    },
    {
      "code": "20468",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy, Protective",
      "definition": "Tuberculin/allergy syringes designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or by some other means lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with the needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20282",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy, Protective, Fixed Needle",
      "definition": "Tuberculin/allergy syringes with a fixed needle permanently attached to their tip (e.g., cemented into glass syringes, glued in plastic syringes) that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with sharp needle."
    },
    {
      "code": "20280",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy, Protective, Luer Lock",
      "definition": "Tuberculin/allergy syringes with a needle preattached to their Luer-lock tip that are designed to provide needlestick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle. Luer-lock tapers include an internally threaded skirt or other structure around the taper, adding additional strength to the connection with a female Luer taper."
    },
    {
      "code": "20278",
      "display": "Syringes, Plunger, Tuberculin/Allergy, Protective, Luer Slip",
      "definition": "Tuberculin/allergy syringes that still includes a needle preattached to their Luer slip tip, that are designed to provide needle stick protection (safety). These syringes include some mechanism (manually positioned or activated) intended either to shield, blunt, or recess the needle after use or, by some other means, to lessen the possibility of contact of the healthcare provider with a sharp needle. The tapered Luer tip (i.e., Luer slip) allows the two mating tapered fittings to slip-fit into each other while yet permitting the parts to be readily separated."
    },
    {
      "code": "28261",
      "display": "Table/Platforms, Floor Vibration Isolation",
      "definition": "Tables and platforms designed to provide isolation and/or cancellation on their surface from floor vibrations. The devices are intended for use while performing tests using equipment that is sensitive to motion and vibration. These tables and platforms include one of a variety of passive or, less frequently, active isolation systems. Passive systems may include pneumatic, honeycomb or other type of isolators while active systems use semiconductors and are based on feedback techniques that may provide better vibration isolation or cancellation that is not possible with passive systems. Floor vibration tables and platforms are used for delicate measurements and/or in other delicate procedures such as those performed using microtomes, cell injection, and optical and electronic microscopy, including scanning tunnel and confocal laser scanning microscopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "13949",
      "display": "Tables",
      "definition": "Furniture used within the field of medicine that consists of a smooth, flat slab fixed on legs."
    },
    {
      "code": "13953",
      "display": "Tables, Autopsy",
      "definition": "Tables with an appropriate (e.g., stainless steel) top surface that is smooth and polished, with no crevices, screws, or rivets, and that has raised rims, rounded corners, and a flat surface that slopes toward a table or sink drain.  These tables are designed to provide a working surface for postmortem examination/autopsy procedures, to collect and drain fluids discharged from the cadaver, to facilitate table cleaning and decontamination, and to prevent the accumulation of microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "40758",
      "display": "Tables, Changing, Adult",
      "definition": "Tables designed to facilitate changing clothes and adult diapers of disabled, elderly, and special needs adults. These tables usually have a padded top surface and allow height and/or position adjustments by motorized or mechanical systems. These tables can be stand-alone or wall-mounted and sometimes are a fixed height. Some tables are designed to be used in the shower or for bathing patients and can include a reservoir to capture water. They may also feature casters, safety rails and straps, foot pedals for adjusting table height, and storage drawers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41134",
      "display": "Tables, Clean Room",
      "definition": "Tables that are clean room compatible and are designed to produce a minimum of airborne particles and to be easy to clean. Clean room tables can be made from materials such as stainless steel or plastic laminate. These tables may also have enclosed moveable parts to prevent to particle contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "20338",
      "display": "Tables, Decontamination",
      "definition": "Tables with a smooth and polished flat-top surface that frequently have raised rims and rounded corners; the tabletop may slope toward a table sink; they are available either fixed, mobile, or portable. They usually include a waste receptacle. These tables facilitate collection and disposal of bloodborne pathogens and hazardous materials from contaminated individuals in healthcare facilities (e.g.,  hospitals, nursing homes), contributing to contamination control. Decontamination tables are used for patients suffering from traumas, burns, wounds, and other diseases with potential for contamination; they are also used in emergency situations involving contaminated patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "20339",
      "display": "Tables, Decontamination, Portable",
      "definition": "Decontamination tables consisting of a lightweight plastic frame (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) and a polished flat-top surface with raised rims and rounded corners; the surface usually slopes toward a table sink. They usually include a waste receptacle. These tables facilitate collection and disposal of bloodborne pathogens and hazardous materials that contributes to contamination control in prehospital care. Portable decontamination tables are used in emergency for patients suffering traumas, burns, or wounds and/or potentially contaminated with bloodborne pathogens, chemicals, or other biohazardous substances."
    },
    {
      "code": "17136",
      "display": "Tables, Dissecting",
      "definition": "Tables with an appropriate (e.g., stainless steel) top surface that is smooth and polished, with no crevices, screws, or rivets, and that has raised rims, rounded corners, and a flat surface.  Some dissecting tables include drain capability.  These tables are typically smaller than autopsy tables and are designed to provide a working surface for examination and dissection of organs and other anatomic parts, to facilitate cleaning and decontamination, and to prevent the accumulation of microorganisms.  Dissecting tables are used mostly for postmortem pathologic investigations and for demonstration purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "36616",
      "display": "Tables, Downflow",
      "definition": "Tables designed to reduce chemical fume and/or particulate exposure by creating a downward air flow at the table surface. These tables typically incorporate a perforated work surface through which air is drawn by an electric fan. Air drawn through the work surface may be exhausted via ductwork or passed through particulate filters (e.g., HEPA filters) or fume filters (e.g., activated charcoal filters) before being recirculated."
    },
    {
      "code": "13958",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment",
      "definition": "Tables designed to facilitate patient examination and/or treatment while the patient is lying on the table. These tables usually have a padded top surface covered with dirt- and stain-resistant material (e.g., vinyl) to facilitate cleaning and decontamination and to increase the useful life of the table. Examination/treatment tables may allow height and/or position (e.g., tilt) adjustments; they may also include leg extensions, casters, and other accessories (e.g., stirrups, paper rolls, storage drawers). Dedicated tables intended for specific examinations and/or treatments (e.g., gynecologic, proctologic, urological, orthopedic) are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18374",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable",
      "definition": "Examination/treatment tables designed to allow changes in height and/or position (i.e., tables that are adjustable).  Most adjustable examination/treatment tables are divided into three or more hinged sections (e.g. head, body, legs) that are designed to be raised and lowered by mechanical or hydraulic systems using manual or electric controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "17549",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Gynecologic",
      "definition": "Adjustable examination/treatment tables that usually include knee crutches, traction handles and heel stirrups.  These tables are designed to support the woman's body in appropriate positions during gynecologic examination and procedures. They may also be able to accommodate C-arm radiographic/fluoroscopic studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "13960",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Obstetric",
      "definition": "Adjustable examination/treatment tables that include knee crutches, traction handles, and heel stirrups.  These tables are designed to support the woman's body in appropriate positions during labor and delivery and in other procedures related to pregnancy.They may also be able to accommodate C-arm radiographic/fluoroscopic studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "13962",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Adjustable examination/treatment tables that include a base, pedestal, and upper-body support (e.g., tabletop or sacral rest padding), a perineal post, an apparatus for lower-body support (e.g., abductor bars), and any number or orthopedic accessories.  These tables and their individual segments are raised and lowered by mechanical or hydraulic systems using manual or electric controls.  Orthopedic tables provide an elevated surface for supporting the patient's body and a specific apparatus for supporting and/or providing traction for the patient's limbs during upper- and lower-extremity orthopedic procedures.  Orthopedic tables may include traction devices and accommodate C-arm radiographic/fluoroscopic studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "13967",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Orthopedic, Traction",
      "definition": "Orthopedic tables designed to perform traction procedures (e.g., lumbar, cervical).  These tables usually include interchangeable accessories, typically head halters, pelvis belts, and traction boots."
    },
    {
      "code": "13964",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Adjustable examination/treatment tables that are height and position adjustable, including vertical tilting from supine to upright. These tables may also incorporate foot supports and may have exercisers (e.g., pulleys, rotators) and other accessories (e.g., cervical bars, arm slings) attached. These tables are designed for treatment of diseases using therapeutic exercises and massage, to enhance blood circulation to the lower limbs in patients with neurological disorders (e.g., spinal cord injury), and to aid in muscle training and sense of balance."
    },
    {
      "code": "17759",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Proctologic",
      "definition": "Adjustable examination/treatment tables that usually include knee and elbow rests and heel stirrups.  These tables are designed to support the patient's body in adequate position during perineal examination and procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "25110",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Tilt Test",
      "definition": "Adjustable-height tables designed to test for syncope by moving the patient through various positions while the patient is strapped to the table (i.e., tilt test). These tables move by electric motors (usually with battery back-up) and are operated by electronically-controlled hand units. The patient is placed on the examination/tilt table in a head up position with the head elevated higher than the feet and legs in a reverse Trendelenburg position. The table is then moved so that the patient is in the head-down position where the head is lower than the feet and legs in the standard Trendelenburg position. Typically, the tables can travel from 70 degrees head up reverse Trendelenburg to 15 degrees head down Trendelenburg in 13 seconds. Adjustable tilt test tables have straps to secure the patient to the table, a foot-board support for when the patient is in the head-up position and removable drop sections to allow for the introduction of imaging and cardiovascular equipment for syncope testing. Sections of the table may also fold-up to offer back support to the patient when the patient is lying on his/her side. Tilt test adjustable examination/treatment tables are used in cardiovascular and neurological diagnostic settings to test patients that experience syncope."
    },
    {
      "code": "13969",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Adjustable, Urological",
      "definition": "Adjustable examination/treatment tables including an appropriate (e.g., metal, plastic) top surface supported by a fixed pedestal.  Most tables include knee crutches and traction handles and may be raised, lowered, and tilted by mechanical or hydraulic systems using manual or electric controls; also, they may incorporate supports for irrigation containers and instrument trays.  These tables support the patient's body in adequate position during urological examinations, cystoscopic procedures, and both transurethral and open surgery of the urinary tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "18373",
      "display": "Tables, Examination/Treatment, Fixed",
      "definition": "Examination/treatment tables designed to maintain a fixed, nonadjustable, height and body position. These tables usually have a  padded top surface covered with dirt and stain resistant material (e.g., vinyl) to facilitate cleaning and decontamination and to increase the useful life of the table. Fixed examination/treatment tables are used mainly in hospitals (e.g., for outpatient examination), doctor's offices, and in other healthcare facilities for general, nonspecialized examinations and/or minor treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "18378",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging",
      "definition": "Tables designed with a configuration and/or made of materials appropriate for performing patient imaging procedures (e.g., radiographic, ultrasonic).  Most imaging tables are height and position adjustable using manual or powered controls.  These tables support the patient's body in adequate position during the imaging procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "18379",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging, Magnetic Resonance",
      "definition": "Imaging tables fabricated with nonmagnetic materials in which vertical, lateral and  longitudinal movement can be controlled either manually or automatically. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tables facilitate the use of surface coils and may include appropriate mechanisms for positioning (e.g., extension of the lumbar spine, rotation of the hip) the patients. These tables support the patient's body in adequate position during MRI procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "16599",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging, Nuclear Medicine",
      "definition": "Imaging tables with a contoured table top made of a radiolucent material (e.g., carbon fiber) usually covered with a thick mattress and including head, arm, and foot rests.  Most tables have wheels on their base and their movement (e.g., horizontal, vertical) can be controlled either manually or automatically for fast and accurate patient positioning. These tables support the patient's body in adequate position during nuclear medicine imaging procedures (e.g.,  SPECT, whole body, planar)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16024",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Stress Exercise",
      "definition": "Nuclear medicine tables that include an exerciser, usually an ergometer bicycle, and shoulder/chest harness and hand grips . Most tables allow adjustment of the patient's vertical position, permitting radionuclide imaging under stress in any position from upright to supine."
    },
    {
      "code": "16544",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Imaging tables with a rectangular table top made of a radiolucent material (e.g., carbon fiber) and a film tray and radiographic grids located directly under the tabletop.  Most tables may be raised, lowered, and tilted by mechanical or hydraulic systems, using manual or electric controls.  These tables support the patient's body in adequate position during radiographic examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16600",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic",
      "definition": "Imaging tables with a rectangular table top made of a radiolucent material (e.g., carbon fiber, Formica) and a film tray and radiographic grids located directly under the tabletop.  Radiographic/fluoroscopic tables are designed to accommodate an undertable x-ray tube for fluoroscopy and to be raised, lowered, and tilted up to 90 degrees in either direction by mechanical or hydraulic systems using manual or electric controls.  These tables support the patient's body in adequate position during radiographic and fluoroscopic examinations."
    },
    {
      "code": "16601",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic, Multiple Procedure",
      "definition": "Imaging radiographic/fluoroscopic tables with multiple interchangeable tops (e.g., cradle top) and extensions (e.g., head board, longitudinal feet), allowing patient-on removal of tops and allocation of an under-table x-ray tube.  These tables are compatible with most x-ray tubes, image amplifiers, and serial film changers and include accessories and options that make it possible to support the patient's body using only one table during cardiac, neurologic and vascular studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "18380",
      "display": "Tables, Imaging, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Imaging tables with cut-out, removable, or drop sections, specially designed for easy positioning of patients and unobstructed access to the body area (e.g., left thorax) to be scanned.  These tables support the patient's body during ultrasound scanning procedures (e.g. echocardiography)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13959",
      "display": "Tables, Instrument",
      "definition": "Tables including an appropriate (e.g., stainless steel) top surface with no crevices, screws, or rivets.  Most tables include telescoping pedestals for height adjustment and swivel caster bases.  These tables are designed for keeping and handling sterile instruments and to facilitate their cleaning and decontamination. Some instrument tables are designed specifically for use in magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] environments, i.e., MRI-compatible Mayo stands, and are made from nonmagnetic materials so that they can be safely used in an MRI suite."
    },
    {
      "code": "18381",
      "display": "Tables, Instrument, Mayo Stand",
      "definition": "Instrument tables that include one or more fixed or removable top trays to accommodate surgical instruments and have casters. These tables are designed for use during surgical procedures, enabling surgeons to work from both sides of the operating table and preventing tip over."
    },
    {
      "code": "13961",
      "display": "Tables, Operating",
      "definition": "Tables that include an appropriate (e.g., metal, plastic) top surface supported by a fixed pedestal or a movable swivel caster base.  Most tables are divided into three or more hinged sections (e.g., head, body, legs) and are raised and lowered by mechanical or hydraulic systems using manual or electric controls.  These tables support the patient's body during surgical procedures, stabilizing the patient's position and providing for optimal exposure of the surgical field.  Operating tables are also designed to protect the patient from excessive manipulation, trauma, and abrasion."
    },
    {
      "code": "18377",
      "display": "Tables, Operating, Microsurgery",
      "definition": "Operating tables that include controls for horizontal slow speed adjustment of patient's position.  Most tables include skull clamps and other positioning aids.  These tables are used in surgical procedures (e.g., neurologic, ophthalmologic) performed under the microscope by means of handheld instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "34393",
      "display": "Tables, Operating, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Operating tables designed for optimal patient positioning and surgical team access while performing orthopedic surgical procedures. These tables usually include a base, pedestal, an upper-body radiolucent rotational support (e.g., tabletop or sacral rest padding), a perineal post, and an apparatus for lower-body support (e.g., abductor bars); the table may also include other orthopedic accessories. Dedicated orthopedic operating tables intended for spinal surgery and for surgical procedures due to fracture and traumatic injuries, including arthroplasty, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34660",
      "display": "Tables, Operating, Orthopedic, Fracture/Trauma",
      "definition": "Orthopedic operating tables designed for optimal patient positioning and surgical team access while performing surgery due to fracture and/or severe bone trauma. These tables usually include a base, pedestal, an upper-body radiolucent rotational support (e.g., tabletop or sacral rest padding), a perineal post, an apparatus for lower-body support (e.g., abductor bars); the table may also include other orthopedic accessories. Orthopedic tables used for surgery of bone traumas and/or fractures usually have patient positioning capabilities that allow surgery of the femur and pelvis, including hip arthroplasty, using an anterior approach to the patient thighs and hip."
    },
    {
      "code": "18376",
      "display": "Tables, Operating, Orthopedic, Spinal",
      "definition": "Orthopedic operating tables designed for optimal patient positioning and surgical team access while performing spinal surgical procedures. These tables usually include a base, pedestal, and an upper-body radiolucent rotational support with capabilities up to 360 degrees. The table allows intraoperative fluoroscopy. Spinal operating tables are used for lumbar and cervical spinal surgery, including surgical procedures for correction of deformities (e.g., osteotomies, laminectomies)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18375",
      "display": "Tables, Operating, Upper Extremity",
      "definition": "Operating tables designed for performing arm and hand surgical procedures.  Most of these tables include a large platform which permits simultaneous access to the operative site by several members of the surgical team.  Some of these tables also include drain and/or prepping pans.  Upper-extremities operating tables are usually portable or mobile, so they can be moved to the examining table in places such as emergency rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "13963",
      "display": "Tables, Overbed",
      "definition": "Tables designed to be moved directly over the bed to provide the capability for patients to eat, read, or write while they are located in a hospital bed."
    },
    {
      "code": "16751",
      "display": "Tables, Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Tables with a rectangular table top in which three-dimensional movement can be controlled either manually or automatically for fast and accurate patient positioning.  These tables may include removable panels, allowing treatment from below the table.  Most tables include head, arm, and foot rests and breast boards.  These tables support the patient's body in adequate position during radiotherapy procedures and are used typically in treatments based on Cobalt-60 or linear accelerator units."
    },
    {
      "code": "13951",
      "display": "Tables, Utility, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Tables including an appropriate (e.g., metal, plastic) top surface usually supported by a movable swivel caster base designed to hold equipment and devices need for administering anesthesia. Most tables include shelves, drawers, and trays."
    },
    {
      "code": "13970",
      "display": "Tachistoscopes",
      "definition": "Devices designed to flash words or images at different speeds."
    },
    {
      "code": "20347",
      "display": "Tags",
      "definition": "Cardboard, metal, or plastic markers used for object (e.g., medical device, container with clinical samples) and/or personal (e.g., health emergency patients, accident victims) identification and/or classification."
    },
    {
      "code": "20350",
      "display": "Tags, Cadaver",
      "definition": "Tags designed for identification and/or recording of the main data regarding   dead human bodies (i.e., cadavers). These tags are usually attached to the left great toe of the cadaver using a string; a copy may be attached to the cadaver bag and/or kept for recording. Cadaver tags are mostly used in the morgue for identification of cadavers during autopsy and histological studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "32762",
      "display": "Tags, Clinical Sample",
      "definition": "Stickers or other types of labels, which are attached to and used for identifying various clinical samples, such as urine, blood, and pharmacological products. Clinical sample tags maybe pre-printed or blank and able to be written on by healthcare employees. These tags can be opaque or translucent and are usually made with an adhesive paper or plastic so that the backing can be peeled off and the tag can be affixed to the relevant healthcare product or sample."
    },
    {
      "code": "20349",
      "display": "Tags, Emergency Controlled Access",
      "definition": "Tags designed for personnel identification to control  access to actual or programmed evacuated areas during emergencies. These tags usually include color code (e.g., separate-color tags, colored tear-offs) for appropriate classification and control of personnel, according their needs (e.g., officials, rescuers, press, residents). These tags are usually issued at the entry points to the area, attached to the person's clothing, and collected when the person leaves the area."
    },
    {
      "code": "32759",
      "display": "Tags, Healthcare",
      "definition": "Stickers or other types of labels, which are attached to and used for identifying various healthcare products or issuing warnings and reminders in various areas of hospitals and healthcare facilities. Healthcare tags maybe pre-printed or blank and able to be written on by healthcare employees. These tags can be opaque or translucent and are usually made with an adhesive paper or plastic so that the backing can be peeled off and the tag can be affixed to the relevant product area."
    },
    {
      "code": "11202",
      "display": "Tags, Medical Device Status",
      "definition": "Tags designed to be attached to a medical device to indicate the operating and/or calibration status of the device (e.g., calibrated, repair/calibrate, out of service). These tags typically include at least the date of service, a due date, and the sign of the person who performed the action. Some tags are designed to follow the requirements of specific standards for calibration or quality control (e.g., ISO, AHA, JCAHO). Device-status tags are sometimes attached to the device by maintenance personnel, usually after repairing and/or inspecting the device."
    },
    {
      "code": "20348",
      "display": "Tags, Medical Triage",
      "definition": "Tags designed to identify and classify individuals according to a priority status based on the severity of injuries suffered. These tags usually include a standard color code (e.g., separate-color tags, colored tear-offs) for patient's classification and a sequential code for identification. The severity of injuries is determined using an established procedure, such as the simple triage and rapid treatment (START) system, which is based on the respiration, pulse, and mental (rpm) status. The usual classification color code is red for individuals who need immediate care; yellow when delayed care is possible; green for individuals with minor injuries, who can leave the affected area by themselves (I.e., walking wounded); and black for dead/dying victims. Triage tags are attached to the victim's body (e.g., tied to their neck or limbs); they are used mostly in mass-casualty incidents (typically more than 10 victims), including bus accidents, factory explosions, fires, storms, flooding, train and airplane crashes, and chemical, biological, and radiation (I.e., hazardous materials) incidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "35320",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification",
      "definition": "Tags containing patient and/or asset information designed for identification and tracking using radiofrequency (RF) signals; some tags work with signals in the UHF spectrum. These tags frequently consist of electronic chips with antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation. RF tags may include batteries to power an attached radio transmitter (active tag); other tags work with the RF energy supplied by a location device (passive tags). Some tags include batteries only to supply energy to the internal circuitry or to attached sensors (semi-active tags) but not to generate RF signals. RF identification (RFID) tags may be attached to patients for safety reasons (e.g., to track patients with chronic diseases); some other tags are intended to track assets (e.g., devices, equipment)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37418",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification, Animal",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency (RF) identification tags designed for implantation in animals. These tags typically consist of electronic microchips that contain numerical data that permit animal identification by a location device (reader); the chips are usually implanted under the skin, frequently using a syringe loaded with the implant. The chips usually include antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "37417",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification, Animal, Physiological",
      "definition": "Animal radiofrequency (RF) identification tags that can measure temperature, heart rate and/or activity in addition to storing identification data. These tags typically consist of electronic microchips that contain sensors and stored numerical data that permit animal identification by a location device (reader); the chips are usually implanted under the skin, frequently using a syringe loaded with the implant. The chips usually include antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34746",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification, Asset",
      "definition": "Tags containing device information designed for asset identification using radiofrequency (RF) signals. These tags frequently consist of electronic chips with antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation. RF tags may include batteries to power an attached radio transmitter (active tag); other tags work with the RF energy supplied by a location device (passive tags). Some tags include batteries only to supply energy to the internal circuitry or to attached sensors (semi-active tags) but not to generate RF signals. Patient identification tags are usually attached to the surface of assets (e.g., surgical instruments, pharmaceuticals, laboratory devices). Dedicated tags (i.e., chips) intended for sensoring the condition in or around the device (e.g., temperature, humidity) are also available. The tags are used mainly to locate assets, to facilitate inventories, and to track devices and/or the conditions in the environment during asset storage and/or transportation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34748",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification, Asset, Humidity Sensor",
      "definition": "Tags containing device information designed for asset identification using radiofrequency (RF) signals that also include humidity sensors. These tags frequently consist of electronic chips with antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation. RF tags may include batteries to power an attached radio transmitter (active tag); other tags work with the RF energy supplied by a location device (passive tags). Some tags include batteries only to supply energy to the internal circuitry or to the attached humidity sensor (semi-active tags) but not to generate RF signals. Humidity sensor asset identification tags are usually attached to the surface or inside of assets such as warmers, refrigerators, and freezers. The tags are used mainly as components of alarm, recording, and/or monitoring systems of the relative humidity in the equipment and/or environment in operating rooms, clinical laboratories, pharmacies, or other health facility areas; they are also used to track the humidity conditions of the assets during storage and/or transportation."
    },
    {
      "code": "34747",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification, Asset, Temperature Sensor",
      "definition": "Tags containing device information designed for asset identification using radiofrequency (RF) signals that also include temperature sensors. These tags frequently consist of electronic chips with antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation. RF tags may include batteries to power an attached radio transmitter (active tag); other tags work with the RF energy supplied by a location device (passive tags). Some tags include batteries only to supply energy to the internal circuitry or to the attached temperature (semi-active tags) but not to generate RF signals. Temperature sensor asset identification tags are usually attached to the surface or inside of assets such as warmers, refrigerators, and freezers. The tags are used mainly as components of alarm, recording, and/or monitoring systems of the temperature in the equipment and/or environment in clinical laboratories, pharmacies, or other health facility areas; they are also used to track the temperature conditions of the assets during storage and/or transportation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24002",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification, Patient",
      "definition": "Tags containing personal and medical information designed for patient identification using radiofrequency (RF) signals. These tags frequently consist of electronic chips with antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation. RF tags may include batteries to power an attached radio transmitter (active tag); other tags work with the energy supplied by a location device (passive tags). Patient identification tags are usually attached to an ankle band, wrist band, or badge; dedicated tags (i.e., chips) intended for implantation in the patient's body are also available. The tags are used mainly to locate patients (e.g., to identify unconscious patients, to prevent mentally disoriented patients from wandering, to locate infant and children); other intended uses include preventing identification mistakes during surgical and radiotherapy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24008",
      "display": "Tags, Radiofrequency Identification, Patient, Implantable",
      "definition": "Radiofrequency (RF) patient identification tags designed for implantation in the human body. These tags typically consist of electronic microchips that contain numerical data that permit patient identification by a location device (reader); the chips are usually implanted under the skin, frequently using a syringe loaded with the implant. The chips usually include antennae that can transmit data using RF electromagnetic radiation. RF tags may include batteries to power an attached radio transmitter (active tag); other tags work with the RF energy supplied by a location device (passive tags). Some tags include batteries only to supply energy to the internal circuitry or to attached sensors (semi-active tags) but not to generate RF signals. Implantable RF patient identification tags are used mainly to locate patients (e.g., to identify unconscious patients, to prevent mentally disoriented patients from wandering); other intended uses include preventing identification mistakes during surgical and radiotherapy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "35361",
      "display": "Talc, Sterile, Pleurodesis",
      "definition": "Sterile talc intended for infusion in the pleura to cause the membranes around the lungs to stick together (i.e., pleurodesis), preventing the buildup of fluid in the space between the pleural membranes . This sterile talc consist of large particle hydrated magnesium silicate (i.e., talc), typically with a mean particle size of 25 micrometer and a small percentage of particles with size less than 5 micrometer. Large size particles are used to lessen the occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after talc pleurodesis. A few grams of the sterile talc are infused (e.g., using an atomizer) to treat pneumothorax or malignant pleural effusions."
    },
    {
      "code": "16164",
      "display": "Tampons, Menstruation",
      "definition": "Tampons designed to be worn by women during their menstrual periods by being inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual fluids. Menstruation tampons are made of absorbent material (typically cotton, rayon, or a mixture of the two) pressed together to form a cylinder-like shape, usually between 1.5 to 3 inches in length (38 mm to 76 mm). Some tampons come with aids to facilitate insertion; these aids are typically made of plastic or cardboard and are either tubes surrounding the tampon, or guide sticks. Tampons usually have cotton strings attached to the bottom to help with withdrawal of the tampon after use. They are intended to be used once and disposed after use. They are made with different absorbancies to accommodate light, moderate, or heavy menstrual flow."
    },
    {
      "code": "13979",
      "display": "Tapes",
      "definition": "Very long (e.g., several yards/meters) and narrow (typically 0.5 to 3 inches/12 to 76 mm) strips or bands designed primarily to attach objects or devices to the body. These tapes can be made of natural fibers, plastics, paper, or other appropriate materials. Most tapes are coated on one or both sides with an adhesive; nonadhesive tapes (such as umbilical tapes) are available. Adhesive tape is typically packaged in multiuse rolls intended for dispensing different lengths of tape for a wide range of general patient care applications, such as attaching various devices (e.g., bandages, peripheral intravenous [IV] catheters, nasogastric tubes) to a patient's skin or other surfaces, or labeling various items (e.g., IV lines). Dedicated tapes that have particular characteristics (e.g., hypoallergenic, waterproof, medicated) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "10030",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive",
      "definition": "Tapes coated on one or both sides with an adhesive. Adhesive tapes are usually very long (e.g., several yards/meters) and narrow (typically 0.5 to 3 inches/12 to 76 mm) strips or bands made of materials such as cloth (e.g., cotton), plastic, paper, and/or other materials. Adhesive tapes are intended to attach objects (e.g., dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body or other surfaces; tape may also be applied in several layers, one overlapping the other (i.e., strapping), to cover and exert pressure on a body part (e.g., a limb). Adhesive tapes with particular properties (e.g., hypoallergenic, waterproof, or both) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25606",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Cloth",
      "definition": "Adhesive tapes made of natural (e.g., cotton), semi-synthetic or synthetic (e.g. nylon, polyester) fibers. Adhesive cloth tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; most tapes are permeable to air and water vapors. Cloth tapes are intended to attach objects (e.g. dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body. Adhesive tapes made of cloth with particular (e.g., hypoallergenic, waterproof, or both) properties and/or including medications are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25607",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Cloth, Hypoallergenic",
      "definition": "Adhesive cloth tapes designed to prevent allergic reactions. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are made of and/or covered with materials that are not prone to provoke allergic reactions (i.e., hypoallergenic). Hypoallergenic adhesive cloth tapes are designed to attach objects (e.g., dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "25609",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Cloth, Hypoallergenic/Waterproof",
      "definition": "Adhesive cloth tapes designed to prevent allergic reactions and permeation by water. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are made of and/or covered with hypoallergenic and waterproof materials. Hypoallergenic/ waterproof cloth tapes are designed to attach objects (e.g. dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "25610",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Cloth, Medicated",
      "definition": "Adhesive cloth tapes coated with a layer of adhesives that contain medicated agents (e.g., zinc oxide). These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls. Medicated tapes are intended to attach objects (dressings, tubes,  catheters), simultaneously providing skin protection from infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "25611",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Cloth, Medicated, Zinc Oxide",
      "definition": "Medicated adhesive cloth tapes coated with a layer of adhesives that contain zinc oxide. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls. Zinc oxide medicated tapes are intended to attach objects (dressings, tubes, catheters) to the body, simultaneously providing relief from skin irritation and protection from infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "25608",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Cloth, Waterproof",
      "definition": "Adhesive cloth tapes designed to prevent the permeation by water (i.e. waterproof). These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are made of and/or covered with waterproof materials. Waterproof adhesive cloth tapes are intended to attach objects (dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "17658",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Metallic",
      "definition": "Adhesive tapes made of metal fibers (e.g., aluminum, copper, steel) coated with acrylic adhesives. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls. Metallic adhesive tapes are intended to be used in sealing and protecting metal ducts or other objects from moisture and are also used for packing or labeling purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "25612",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Paper",
      "definition": "Adhesive tapes made of paper. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are usually permeable to air and water vapors and are frequently coated with adhesives that prevent allergic reactions (i.e. hypoallergenic). Paper tapes are intended to attach objects (dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "25613",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Plastic",
      "definition": "Adhesive tapes made of plastic material (e.g., polyethylene, PVC). These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls. They may be available as foams or nonwoven films; they are usually waterproof. Plastic tapes are intended to attach objects (dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "25616",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Plastic, Film",
      "definition": "Plastic adhesive tapes made of nonwoven plastic (e.g., polyethylene, PVC) films. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are available perforated and nonperforated (waterproof). Film plastic tapes are intended to attach objects (dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "25617",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Plastic, Film, Hypoallergenic",
      "definition": "Adhesive plastic film tapes designed to prevent allergic reactions. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are made of and/or covered with materials that are not prone to provoke allergic reactions (i.e. hypoallergenic). Hypoallergenic adhesive plastic film tapes are designed to attach objects (dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "27161",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Plastic, Film, Hypoallergenic, Double-Sided",
      "definition": "Adhesive tapes made of nonwoven plastic films with both sides covered with an adhesive (e.g., polymeric) layer. These tapes usually consist of long and narrow hypoallergenic (latex-free) plastic (e.g., polyethylene, PVC) strips with pressure and temperature sensitive adhesives on both sides.  The adhesive applied to the drape side is soluble during washing before drape reuse; the adhesive applied to the patient skin is usually not soluble in water. Doubled-sided adhesive film plastic tapes are usually supplied in rolls; the tapes are mainly intended to attach reusable drapes to the patient during surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "25614",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Plastic, Foam",
      "definition": "Plastic adhesive tapes made of plastic (e.g., polyethylene, PVC) foam. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are available as semipermeable or waterproof foam. Foam plastic tapes are intended to attach objects (dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body. Hypoallergenic foam plastic tapes are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25615",
      "display": "Tapes, Adhesive, Plastic, Foam, Hypoallergenic",
      "definition": "Adhesive foam tapes designed to prevent allergic reactions. These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls; they are made of and/or covered with materials that are not prone to provoke allergic reactions (i.e. hypoallergenic). Hypoallergenic adhesive foam plastic tapes are designed to attach objects (dressings, bandages, tubes, catheters) to the body."
    },
    {
      "code": "13983",
      "display": "Tapes, Non-Adhesive, Umbilical",
      "definition": "Nonadhesive tapes designed for application to the remnant of the umbilical cord of a newborn to stop bleeding after the umbilical cord is cut or for use in a variety of surgical procedures (e.g., retraction). These tapes are usually long and narrow strips supplied in rolls. These tapes are usually made of braids of strips made of material such as cotton and polyester; the ends are attached each other using a fastener (e.g., a safety pin). Umbilical tapes are also used in other clinical applications, such as to tie off the umbilical stump during a catheterization procedure. Umbilical cord tapes are frequently supplied in sterile containers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41819",
      "display": "Task Chairs",
      "definition": "Chairs used in healthcare facilities for performing various tasks, usually at a desk. Task chairs are chairs that consist of a single seat and back with or without arms, usually adjustable and wheeled. Task chairs are usually ergonomically designed for comfort during for long periods of seated tasks."
    },
    {
      "code": "34600",
      "display": "Tattooing Machines",
      "definition": "Machines designed to make a permanent marking on the skin with indelible ink. These machines are handheld devices that insert ink into the skin using one of a variety of different techniques, including manual injector-like devices and machines powered by electromagnetic coils or motors. Some machines include a mechanism that drives the needles which deliver the ink into the skin, regulating the needle depth, speed, and force of application. Machines based on other techniques (e.g., pneumatic) are also available. Tattooing machines are used in healthcare for reconstructive and/or cosmetic purposes, such as face and breast nipple areola reconstruction (e.g., after mastectomy); they are also used for permanent marking of patients under radiotherapy treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "18598",
      "display": "Telemanipulation Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for handling objects without physical contact of a human operator with the manipulator (often referred to as \"robotic\" systems). Most systems are based on control (i.e., master) arms operated by a person and working (i.e., slave) manipulators that guide a set of instruments to perform the intended task (master-slave system). These systems typically consist of robotic arms used as manipulators; a workstation including the control arms, computerized processing units, and visual displays; visual, auditory, and tactile transducers; and appropriate links between the manipulators and the workstation. Telemanipulation systems are mostly used to move hazardous (e.g., radioactive) materials and objects in difficult access places; they are also used for surgical purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41903",
      "display": "Telemanipulation Systems, Endovascular Intervention",
      "definition": "Systems designed for performing percutaneous coronary interventions without physical contact of a human operator with the manipulator. Most systems are based on control arms operated by a person and working manipulators that guide a set of instruments to perform the intended task. These systems typically consist of robotic arms used as manipulators; a workstation including the control arms, computerized processing units, and visual displays. The systems provide robotic-assisted control of guide catheters, guidewires, and rapid exchange catheters. They may have an extended reach arm for radial access. The workstation can also provide radiation protection for staff."
    },
    {
      "code": "18601",
      "display": "Telemanipulation Systems, Hazardous Environment",
      "definition": "Telemanipulation systems designed to handle objects in hazardous (e.g., radioactive, vacuum, contaminated) environments. These systems typically consist of robotic arms that replicate the operator's hand movements; a workstation that may include a video display, control arms similar to those that perform the actual manipulation, and an electronic control module; and links (e.g., coaxial cable) that connect the remote robotic arms to the workstation. Hazardous-environment telemanipulation systems are used in closed rooms or cabinets that may be an environmental risk for a human operator."
    },
    {
      "code": "18599",
      "display": "Telemanipulation Systems, Surgical",
      "definition": "Telemanipulation systems designed to perform surgery without physical contact of the surgeon with the operating instruments (i.e., remote surgery), either in a contiguous operating room or at a distant place. These systems typically consist of a surgeon's workstation, including a high-resolution stereoscopic video display, instruments similar to those in the operating field, and an electronic control module; a remote patient unit including robotic arms that manipulate the instruments that actually perform the surgery; and links (e.g., coaxial cable) that connect the patient unit to the workstation. These systems are intended to allow surgeons to remotely treat injured patients during emergencies (e.g., cholecystectomies, hemorrhage control, gastrostomies) for auxiliary tasks during surgical procedures such as holding devices (e.g., a laparoscopic camera) steadier than an assistant can; to perform precise microsurgery, scaling down surgeon hand movements and filtering out the hand tremor; and/or for other general and minimally invasive surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18600",
      "display": "Telemanipulation Systems, Surgical, Minimally Invasive",
      "definition": "Telemanipulation systems designed for planning, training, and/or performing minimally invasive surgical procedures. These systems usually consist of robotic arms that replicate the surgeon's hand movements but filter out the tremor, an endoscopic guiding system, and a workstation that includes a computerized processor, displays showing a three-dimensional graphic simulation, and the control units operated by the surgeon. Minimally invasive surgery telemanipulation systems are intended for use in abdominal (e.g., appendectomy, cholecystectomy) and thoracic (e.g., cardiac surgery) procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18421",
      "display": "Telephones, Bedside, Disposable",
      "definition": "Telephones designed to be used in patient room settings and to be discarded when the patient leaves the treatment facility.  These telephones are usually mounted in special holders attached to the bed."
    },
    {
      "code": "25193",
      "display": "Telephones, Patient Location/Communication",
      "definition": "Telephones designed for rapid automated patient location and communication. These devices typically consist of a cell telephone (usually wearable) and include a global positioning system (GPS) module that continuously monitors the patient location and permit sending and receiving voice and text messages from and to the patient by relatives and/or caregivers. Some telephones include automated or button-operated alarms for emergency calls. The telephones are frequently capable of sending automated messages when the patient wanders outside a pre-determined area.  Patient location/communication telephones are used mainly by disabled patients and the elderly to improve their safety and/or autonomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "42004",
      "display": "Tendon Sheath Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable devices designed for use as an artificial tendon sheath, protecting and/or providing a conduit for the injured tendon. These implants are usually in the form of flat or curled sheets. Tendon sheath implants are typically used in the management of injured tendons and can protect surrounding tissue. Tendon sheath implants typically consist of resorbable biocompatible materials (e.g., polysaccharides and collagen)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22569",
      "display": "Tensiometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the cohesive energy present at an interface; the instruments usually can measure the surface tension between a liquid and air and/or the interfacial tension between the boundaries of two liquids. Other tensiometers are intended to measure the surface tension between a liquid and a solid (also known as contact angle meters). There are several methods to measure the surface tension between a liquid and air and/or the interface tension between two liquids; the most common techniques are: (1) force tensiometers, instruments that measure by rising a ring submerged in the liquid from the liquid to the air or between the common surface of two liquids and measure the force needed to break through the surface (that is related to the surface tension). A variant of the method using a plate (that is placed but not submerged in the liquid) is also available. Force tensiometers are mainly used to determine the surface tensions or substances such as oils, detergents, and other chemicals. (2) Instruments that are based in the relationship between liquid heights in a capillary tube to the surface tension and (3) tensiometers intended to measure the surface tension between a liquid and a solid are based in the measurement of the angle between a liquid droplet and a solid surface usually employing optical techniques; they are mainly used to determine the wettability of surfaces when testing pills, surfactants, ink adhesion, and materials before coating.  Some instruments employing other techniques (e.g., bubble pressure) are also used for these measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "14002",
      "display": "Tents",
      "definition": "Nonrigid enclosures designed to keep a controlled atmosphere for patient breathing; they may include capabilities for delivering gases and/or suspensions of liquid and particulates (i.e., aerosols) to the airways. These tents typically consist of a pliable, transparent plastic sheet held by a plastic or metallic frame that is suspended as a canopy above the bed covering either the whole bed or only the patient's head and upper torso. These enclosures are usually connected to oxygen, aerosol, or other gas sources through wide-bore tubing. The use of tents avoids the need to directly attach a nasal cannula, face mask, hood, or endotracheal tube to the patient. These tents are especially useful for treatment of breathing disorders in infant and pediatric patients or for adult patients who cannot tolerate such attachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "12554",
      "display": "Tents, Mist",
      "definition": "Tents designed to provide a suspension of liquid or solid particles (i.e., aerosol) for patient breathing. These tents typically consist of a pliable plastic sheet held by a plastic or metallic frame that is suspended as a canopy above the bed; adult aerosol treatment tents typically cover only the head and part of the torso. The tents are usually connected to an aerosol source through wide-bore tubing. The use of aerosol treatment tents avoids the need to directly attach a nasal cannula, face mask, or endotracheal tube to the patient. These tents are especially useful for treatment of breathing disorders (e.g., asthma) in patients who cannot tolerate such attachments."
    },
    {
      "code": "12557",
      "display": "Tents, Mist, Face",
      "definition": "Oxygen administration tents designed to rest against the chin while remaining away from the face, providing an oxygen-enriched and humid environment for patient breathing. These tents typically consist of a small rigid plastic device that is contoured around the chin and attached to head straps for stabilization; they provide a semi-enclosed environment for respiration. Face tents are usually connected to a high-flow oxygen source and/or humidifier through wide-bore tubing.  They are typically used with patients who cannot use a mask or nasal prongs, usually due to facial surgery or trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "12893",
      "display": "Tents, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Tents designed to provide an oxygen-enriched and humid environment for patient breathing. These tents typically consist of a pliable plastic sheet held by a plastic or metallic frame that is suspended as a canopy above the bed; some tents cover only the head and part of the torso. Oxygen administration tents are usually connected to an oxygen source and/or humidifier through wide-bore tubing. The use of these tents avoids the need to directly attach a nasal cannula, face mask, or endotracheal tube to the patient. These tents are especially useful to facilitate the treatment of breathing and other cardiopulmonary disorders that limit the body's supply of oxygen by providing a higher concentration of oxygen than is normally present in the air. Small dedicated tents designed to be attached to the patient's chin and strapped around the neck (face tents) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18095",
      "display": "Test Pattern Generators, Video",
      "definition": "Electric signal generators designed to deliver video signals in a wide variety of test patterns according to specific standards (e.g., NTSC/PAL/SECAM); frequently, the generators can also deliver signals in high-definition format (i.e., HDTV). These generators are typically an electronic unit with front and/or remote controls that allow selection of timings, patterns, color spaces, digital and/or high-definition output, and audio signal type and a display that shows the test pattern and parameters chosen. Some generators include software that facilitates pattern control using a computer. Video test pattern generators are intended for assessing and testing video monitors and other video equipment (e.g., network video servers, computer video surveillance systems, video recorders) and/or their components."
    },
    {
      "code": "16565",
      "display": "Test Patterns, Radiographic",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide a test pattern appropriate for measurement, calibration, and quality control during radiographic procedures. These test patterns typically consist of metal (e.g., lead-foil, copper mesh, gold-nickel alloys) screens frequently sandwiched between two plastic plates; the choice of the pattern configuration, either linear or circular, and its other characteristics depends on the particular measurement (e.g., focal spot size, resolution, modulation transfer function) to be performed. Radiographic test patterns are intended for radiographic and/or fluoroscopic units and systems and/or associated equipment such as image intensifiers and video systems. Dedicated patterns for mammographic units high-resolution patterns used to assess fluoroscopic equipment, and test patterns in digital signal format (e.g., digital versatile disks [DVDs]) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17821",
      "display": "Test Tube Closures",
      "definition": "Closures, usually made from plastic or rubber, that fit into or over the top of a test tube or blood collection tube. Test tube stoppers are designed to protect the contents of the tube and to prevent leakage from the tube. Some tube closures can be punctured for through-cap sampling."
    },
    {
      "code": "15187",
      "display": "Test Tubes",
      "definition": "Small-diameter cylindrical tubes designed for use in performing laboratory tests. These devices are usually glass or plastic tubes with a rounded, conical, or flat closed bottom and an open top; they may include external threads for screw caps, marking spots, color codes, and/or graduated markings on the surface. Test tubes are available in a variety of sizes; they may be intended for reuse or as disposable (i.e., single use) devices. Some test tubes are made of special materials capable of withstanding high temperatures and/or repeated sterilization (i.e., autoclaving). Test tubes are used in clinical laboratories for procedures such as tissue culture, bacteriology, clinical chemistry, and blood typing"
    },
    {
      "code": "14182",
      "display": "Test Tubes, Autoclavable",
      "definition": "Tests tubes designed to withstand repeated sterilization cycles at high temperature (i.e., autoclaving). These devices are reusable test tubes made of high-temperature-resistant glass (e.g., borosilicate) or plastic. Autoclavable laboratory test tubes are frequently available with autoclavable (e.g., polypropylene, phenol) plastic caps; they are used in procedures that require a completely sterile enclosure, such as in bacteriology and tissue culturing."
    },
    {
      "code": "15682",
      "display": "Test Tubes, Centrifuge",
      "definition": "Test tubes designed to hold chemical substances, biological products, or body fluid samples during laboratory centrifugation procedures. These devices typically consist of a glass (e.g., borosilicate) or plastic (e.g., polypropylene) tube with the bottom closed and an open top; the tubes are usually closed with a stopper and/or using a threaded or snap cap after filling. Centrifuge test tubes are available in a variety of shapes, materials, and special physical or chemical characteristics; some tubes include graduation marks and/or colored caps. They are intended to support the centrifugal forces while attached to the rotatory part of a laboratory centrifuge, avoiding cross-contamination and providing a secure container for the sample (e.g., blood, DNA samples) under test."
    },
    {
      "code": "14189",
      "display": "Test Tubes, Culture",
      "definition": "Test tubes designed for tissue culture in clinical laboratories. These devices are usually glass or plastic tubes with a rounded or flat bottom and an open top without a rim (lip); they may include external threads for screw caps, marking spots, color codes, and/or graduation marks on the surface. Tissue culture test tubes are available in a variety of shapes, materials, and special physical or chemical characteristics; some culture tubes include graduation marks and/or colored caps. Dedicated tissue culture tubes made of special materials and/or including particular physical characteristics such as withstanding high-temperature tests and/or repeated sterilization (i.e., autoclaving) are available; the tubes are also used for bacteriological and other laboratory procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "28220",
      "display": "Test Tubes, Polymerase Chain Reaction",
      "definition": "Test tubes designed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) laboratory procedures. These test tubes are usually thin glass or plastic tubes with a pointed, conical bottom and an open top; they usually include an attached cap (i.e., flip-top cap) intended to minimize the risk of carry-over contamination.  PCR test tubes are usually appropriate for use with thermal cyclers. The shape and characteristics of PCR test tubes, especially the thin wall for fast heat transfer, are intended to increase the efficiency of PCR procedures performed in clinical laboratories and/or other areas of medical facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "18348",
      "display": "Tester/Chargers, Battery",
      "definition": "Devices designed both to determine the conditions (state of charge and/or capacity of being charged) and to supply     electrical charge to rechargeable batteries (e.g.,     nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, lithium). These devices combine in one unit the capabilities of battery chargers and battery testers."
    },
    {
      "code": "18349",
      "display": "Tester/Reconditioners, Battery",
      "definition": "Devices designed to determine the electrical conditions (state of charge and/or capacity of being charged) and restore the capacity of rechargeable batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, lithium). These devices restore the capacity of rechargeable batteries using a controlled charge and/or discharge cycle, which reverses some chemical process inside the battery, such as crystalline formation on the cell plates (memory) of nickel-cadmium batteries. Most testers can also identify battery defects, display deficiencies, and determine the charge energy required and the useful ampere-hours in the battery. Some battery testers/reconditioners can automatically recognize the type of battery and restore and/or recharge the battery accordingly using preprogrammed values of electric current and/or voltage."
    },
    {
      "code": "15605",
      "display": "Testers",
      "definition": "Devices designed primarily to measure, assess, simulate, or calibrate the performance and/or safety characteristics of medical devices and accessories; testers are usually dedicated equipment used to measure and/or evaluate one or more parameters of the device under test. Testers may include measuring instruments, electronic data processors, and/or recorders. Most testers are used during the periodical and postrepair evaluation and/or calibration of the electric, mechanical, or other physical characteristics (e.g., pressure, temperature) of medical devices; some testers are designed to simulate some physical characteristic of the human body (i.e., phantoms) or of the functioning of an organ or tissue (e.g., simulator of bioelectric signals)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18347",
      "display": "Testers, Battery",
      "definition": "Testers designed to determine the electrical conditions (state of charge and/or capacity of being charged) of rechargeable batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, lithium). These testers usually can identify battery defects, display deficiencies, and determine the charge energy required and the useful ampere-hours in the battery. Some battery testers can automatically recognize the type of battery and analyze the battery accordingly using preprogrammed values of electric current and/or voltage."
    },
    {
      "code": "37818",
      "display": "Testers, Blood Chemistry Analyzer",
      "definition": "Testers designed for automated assessment of the electric signal-reading function of cartridge-based blood chemistry analyzers. These testers produce electrical signals above and below the range expected to be produced by test cartridges, testing the ability of the analyzer to accurately measure cartridge-generated electrical signals. These testers are typically dedicated to use with blood chemistry analyzers of a specific make and/or model, and connect to the analyzer via the analyzer's cartridge port."
    },
    {
      "code": "10838",
      "display": "Testers, Circuit Breaker",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the electrical characteristics of circuit breakers, usually by means of current injection. These testers typically consist of a high-output current source, a high-accuracy ammeter, a multirange timer, overload protectors, a display, and controls; some testers include additional measuring capabilities (e.g., time delay, trip current) to test devices such as overload relays and/or ground-fault interrupters."
    },
    {
      "code": "10990",
      "display": "Testers, Conductivity",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure the capability of electric current conduction (i.e., conductivity) by a device or material. Conductivity testers usually include instruments and accessories that can measure conductivity in the appropriate range according to the physical characteristics and configuration of the material or device under test."
    },
    {
      "code": "10992",
      "display": "Testers, Conductivity, Floor/Equipment/Cloth",
      "definition": "Electrical testers designed to measure the conductivity (or its inverse, resistivity) of conductive equipment, garments, and/or floors. These testers are typically an instrument that can measure conductivity from a few to several hundred mA (i.e., from hundreds of ohms to some megohms) at several voltage levels (e.g., 90, 500V) and probes appropriate for the surface to be measured (e.g., heavy, wide-surface probes for floor surface measurements). Some testers also include a visual signal (e.g., colored lights) to indicate that the measured conductivity is below preestablished safety values. Floor/equipment/cloth conductivity testers are used to measure conductivity on the floor and equipment surfaces in surgical rooms, as well as in sheets (e.g., bed, table sheets) and garments (e.g., gowns) of the surgical staff; they are used in rooms with potentially explosive environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "10994",
      "display": "Testers, Conductivity, Shoe",
      "definition": "Electrical testers designed to measure the conductivity (or its inverse, resistivity) of shoes. These testers are typically an instrument that can measure conductivity from a few to several hundred mA (i.e., from hundreds of ohms to some megohms) and two metal plates intended to support the wearer, who stands with a foot on each; some testers also include visual signals (e.g., colored lights) to indicate that the measured conductivity is below preestablished safety values. Conductivity is usually measured from one plate to the other through both shoes and the caregiver's body. Shoe conductivity testers are used to assess personnel-to-floor conductivity before personnel enter operating rooms and other potentially explosive environments."
    },
    {
      "code": "11127",
      "display": "Testers, Defibrillator",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of cardiac defibrillators. These testers usually can measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of defibrillator parameters and/or waveforms, such as defibrillation and cardioversion energy, peak voltage and current, and synchronization of cardioversion. Defibrillator testers typically consist of an electronic unit including a display, measuring devices (e.g., energy, voltage, time), and appropriate sensors; some testers can simulate human electrocardiographic signals and arrhythmia waveforms to verify the monitoring capabilities of the defibrillators. Testers intended for external defibrillator frequently include test sequence protocols to test both semi- and fully automatic defibrillators"
    },
    {
      "code": "34703",
      "display": "Testers, Ear Plug/Muff Fitting",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the fitness of ear plugs and ear muffs to provide an appropriate hearing protection to individual users. These testers consist of a combination of: (1) an audio processor that converts the digital signal from the software to a signal useful for the headphones , (2) headphones that can work with a great variety of ear plugs and muffs, and (3) a software that is typically installed in a personal computer to control the parameters of the test and assess the results regarding the protection provided (i.e., fitness) of the plugs and muffs for a particular user. Ear plug and muffs fitting testers are used mainly to test the protection provided to people that work in noisy environments, avoiding overprotection."
    },
    {
      "code": "11399",
      "display": "Testers, Electrical Safety",
      "definition": "Testers designed to manually and/or automatically verify the safety of electrically powered medical devices. These testers include an electric current meter that can measure the alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) in micro- and milliamperes (mA) with a frequency response that complies with appropriate standards. Electrical safety testers can perform AC and DC leakage-current measurements (typically from 1 A to 20 mA) and resistance-to-ground assessments using two- and/or four-terminal techniques in devices up to several ohms; many testers can perform patient lead isolation tests in multiple-electrode devices. Some testers can also assess the safety of other electrical devices and accessories, such as line voltage/wiring in receptacles and the integrity and operation of ground-fault circuit interrupters; they may also provide signals with appropriate frequencies and waveforms to test several types of medical devices (e.g., pacemakers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20163",
      "display": "Testers, Electrical Safety/Medical Device Performance",
      "definition": "Testers that combine the capabilities of electrical safety testers and multiparameter medical device simulators. They include instruments that measure electrical variables and parameters such as leakage electric current and resistance and can evaluate the safety of electrical devices, including line power receptacles and line interruption monitors. These testers also include pulse generators designed to simulate the bioelectrical signals of human organs (e.g., heart, brain) and/or the electrical output of transducers that detect patient vital signs (e.g., blood pressure, temperature) and convert these signals into electrical signals. Electrical safety/medical device performance testers are typically used for automatic verification of the safety of electrically powered medical equipment and other electrical devices (e.g., line power receptacles and ground-fault circuit interrupters); they are also used to check the performance of single- and multiparameter physiologic monitors and other devices that record and measure physiologic parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "11489",
      "display": "Testers, Electrosurgical Unit",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of electrosurgical units (ESUs). These testers can usually measure, evaluate, display, and/or record ESU generator power, current, peak voltage output, and radio-frequency current leakage using an appropriate test load. Most testers can also verify the operation of the neutral electrode contact quality monitor. These testers are typically an electronic unit with measuring devices (e.g., wattmeter, ammeter), displays, appropriate resistive loads, and test leads. ESU testers can test monopolar and bipolar ESUs; they may be manually operated or user programmable to run automatic test protocols for a specific ESU."
    },
    {
      "code": "34477",
      "display": "Testers, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance and/or physical characteristics of endoscopes. These testers can usually measure, evaluate, display, and/or record physical characteristics such as lumen cleanliness and air or fluid leakage. Some testers can also evaluate the performance of the devices (e.g., imaging quality). The testers may include measuring instruments and fittings to couple to particular endoscopes; they also include a central unit to record and assess the data. Some testers can also send the information to a central information system. Endoscope testers are mainly used to assess the state (e.g., integrity, performance) of the endoscopes before use or after reprocessing."
    },
    {
      "code": "23455",
      "display": "Testers, Endoscope, Air Leak",
      "definition": "Testers designed to check the integrity of endoscopes by identifying the presence or absence of air leaks. These devices typically consist of a graduated gauge, an insufflating bag, a connecting tube, and appropriate exchangeable fittings according to the endoscope to be tested. Air leak endoscope testers are intended for routine testing and preventive maintenance of endoscopes before use."
    },
    {
      "code": "32880",
      "display": "Testers, Endoscope, Image Quality",
      "definition": "Testers designed to verify the image quality of endoscopes. These testers typically consist of a measuring unit capable of assessing the optical and mechanical characteristics of rigid and/or flexible endoscopes. These testers may include appropriate attachments for testing endoscopes that include fiberoptic cables and/or video systems.  Image quality endoscope testers can usually assess the field of view, direction of view, and image sharpness of the endoscope; they may also determine other values of the image quality of an endoscope, such as the apparent field of view, distortion, transmission, and fiberoptic illumination brightness and distribution. Image quality endoscope testers are used to assess the status of new endoscopes, during preventive maintenance procedures, and before and after endoscope repair."
    },
    {
      "code": "23981",
      "display": "Testers, Endoscope, Leak/Fluid Detection",
      "definition": "Testers designed to detect leaks or fluid during the reprocessing of flexible or rigid endoscopes. These testers may consist of manual devices that use an air bag, tubing, and connectors or automated electronic units that automatically detect leaks or unwanted liquids in the endoscope channels, recording and exporting data to computerized systems. Leak/fluid detection testers permit the detection of minor leaks and fluid invasion frequently before or while reprocessing endoscopes (some leak testers are components of the reprocessing unit), facilitating endoscope repair and decreasing the possibility of cross-contamination when reusing the endoscopes; the testers are usually compatible with a great variety of endoscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33676",
      "display": "Testers, Endoscope, Microscopic Lumen Visualization",
      "definition": "Endoscope testers designed for microscopic visual examination of endoscope lumens. These testers typically consist of a flexible fiberoptic cable with a camera (e.g., CCD) at ists distal tip that is introduced into the lumen of endoscopes. The proximal end of the cable is connected to a computer where the interior of the lumen is shown for visual inspection of residuous after reprocessing of flexible or rigid endoscopes. These testers are used to reduce cross-contamination when reusing endoscopes. Testers for microscopic lumen visualization may be used to check cleanless of the lumen of a great variey of endoscopes (e.g., arthroscopes) and other instruments with small bore lumen tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "34870",
      "display": "Testers, Endoscope, Optical System/Lens",
      "definition": "Testers designed to check the status of the endoscope optical system including the lenses. These testers consist of a device including a magnifying glass imaging lens, attachment for endoscope eyepieces, and an adapter to video cameras that make possible image observation and documentation of the procedure.  Endoscope lens testers are intended to find broken lens (e.g., cracks), dirt surfaces, debris and foreign bodies, lens adhesive  degradation, and the evidence of moisture in the optical system; they are used after endoscope operation and/or repair."
    },
    {
      "code": "17721",
      "display": "Testers, External Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of external pacemakers that use invasive (e.g., transthoracic) or noninvasive electrodes; they can usually measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of pacemaker parameters and/or waveforms, such as amplitude, rate, and pulse width of the pacing current signals. These testers typically consist of an electronic unit including a display, measuring devices (e.g., current, time), and appropriate sensors; some testers can simulate the electrocardiographic signal and arrhythmia waveform to verify the monitoring capabilities of pacemaker. External pacemaker testers are sometimes used with manikins for training purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "41917",
      "display": "Testers, Filter Integrity, Bubble Point",
      "definition": "Testers that are designed to determine the pressure at which air will pass through a wetted membrane filter in order to measure the filter�s pore diameter. The bubble-point tester is based on the fact that liquid is held in the pores of the filter by surface tension and capillary forces. Most testers consist of a syringe, tubing, beaker, and pressure gauge. Gas is applied to one side of a wetted filter using the syringe, and the tubing downstream of the filter submerged in a beaker filled with water. The pressure at which a steady stream of bubbles is seen exiting the submerged tubing is the bubble point. This minimum pressure required to force liquid out of the pores is used to measure of the pore diameter."
    },
    {
      "code": "11919",
      "display": "Testers, Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the electrical integrity and operation of ground fault circuit interrupters. These  testers typically introduce a test current in the system under test to simulate safe and faulty conditions of the ground circuit, then check the mechanical operation and determine the trip current of the ground fault circuit interrupter; some testers can also test the operation of line isolation monitors."
    },
    {
      "code": "15633",
      "display": "Testers, Hearing Aid",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the characteristics of hearing aids; they can usually measure, evaluate, display, and/or record hearing-aid characteristics, such as insertion gain, sound pressure level, frequency response, and harmonic distortion either as graphs or as numbers. Many testers use composite signals instead of pure frequency tones for testing, thus improving testing of nonlinear hearing aids and making detection of intermodulation distortion easier. These testers typically include signal generators, audio transducers (e.g., microphones, loudspeakers), a display, and computing and recording capabilities. Hearing-aid testers are used to fit and periodically test analog, digital, and/or programmable hearing aids; most testers include capabilities for both test chamber and real ear measurements."
    },
    {
      "code": "11228",
      "display": "Testers, Hemodialysis Dialysate",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure and display the main parameters of the dialysate used to remove metabolic products from the blood during hemodialysis procedures. These testers typically consist of an electronic unit that includes measuring devices for conductivity, temperature, and pH; some testers have an extended range of temperature and conductivity measurements to check heat disinfection temperature and/or acid and bicarbonate solution conductivity. Hemodialysis dialysate testers are used to check the dialysate in hemodialysis machines before patient treatment."
    },
    {
      "code": "20156",
      "display": "Testers, Impedance",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure the opposition to an electric current circulation by a material or device when a source of alternating voltage is applied to it (i.e., impedance). Impedance testers usually include measuring instruments to measure in the appropriate range of impedance as well as accessory devices designed to perform the assessment according to the physical characteristics and configuration of the material or device under test."
    },
    {
      "code": "11426",
      "display": "Testers, Impedance, Electrode/Lead/Cable",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure the impedance between surface electrodes and the skin; most testers are also capable of detecting faulty lead wires and/or cables. These testers include an impedance-measuring instrument that typically works at low frequencies (e.g., 10 Hz, 30 Hz), measuring impedances from a few ohms to several hundred kilo-ohms; a display; and visual and/or audible alarms that indicate when the measured value is outside a predetermined range. Some testers are also capable of measuring interference voltages that may be stored in the electrodes (i.e., offset voltage). Electrode/lead/cable testers are used to assess the ability of electrodes to conduct bioelectrical signals (e.g., cardiac, encephalographic) from the skin to the electrodes and through the leads and cables to the measuring unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "16881",
      "display": "Testers, Impedance, Electrode/Lead/Cable, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure the electrical impedance between the surface of external electrocardiography electrodes and the skin; most testers are also capable of measuring interference voltages that may be stored on electrodes (i.e., offset voltage) and/or detecting faulty lead wires or cables. Electrocardiographic impedance testers are used mainly to assess the ability of a set of surface (skin) electrodes to conduct bioelectric signals from the skin to the electrodes; they can also measure the impedance of the leads and cables from the electrodes to the measuring unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "20157",
      "display": "Testers, Impedance, Electrode/Lead/Cable, Electroencephalographic",
      "definition": "Impedance testers designed to measure the impedance between the biopotential surface electrodes typically used in electroencephalography and the skin; most testers are also capable of measuring the interference voltages that may be stored in the electrodes (offset voltage) and detecting faulty lead wires and/or cables. Electroencephalography electrical impedance testers are used to assess the ability of a large set (e.g., 20 or more) of surface electroencephalography electrodes to conduct the brain bioelectric signals from the skin to the electrodes, and/or through the leads and cables to the measuring unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "11923",
      "display": "Testers, Impedance, Grounding System",
      "definition": "Electrical testers designed to measure the impedance in a section of the grounding system, usually by measuring the ratio of the voltage between the point under test and a reference point to the current applied to the point under test. These testers consist of a direct-current source (e.g., a battery) and/or an alternating-current line power supply (e.g., through a step-down transformer); a measuring instrument; a display that shows the results, typically in ohms; and long-wire (e.g., 3 m [10 ft]) test leads appropriate for connection to both the test point and the ground reference point. Grounding system testers are used to measure the integrity and electrical characteristics of hospital grounding systems; some testers may be used to apply a resistance of known value between the phase and ground conductors to simulate a fault, measuring the ground-fault loop impedance."
    },
    {
      "code": "17637",
      "display": "Testers, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of implantable pacemakers; they are usually intended to measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of pacemaker parameters and/or visual waveforms, such as amplitude, pulse rate, and pulse width of the pacing current signal. These testers typically consist of an electronic unit including a display, measuring devices (e.g., current, time), and pacer adapters. Typically, implantable pacemaker testers are used for the noninvasive assessment of implanted pacemakers through electrodes fixed on the patient's trunk."
    },
    {
      "code": "17639",
      "display": "Testers, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Implantable cardiac pacemaker testers designed to measure the minimum electrical stimulus needed to elicit a ventricular contraction and the minimum intracardiac signal amplitude needed to inhibit the pacemaker (i.e., stimulation and sensing thresholds, respectively). They can also measure other parameters of the lead/tissue interface and the pulse generator (e.g., pulse rate and duration, voltage or current output). These testers typically consist of a portable unit that includes measuring devices for the bioelectrical signal, a pulse generator, controllers, and capabilities to test the characteristics and performance of the pulse generator in an implantable pacemaker; some testers include a display and/or a recorder. Intraoperative implantable pacemaker testers are used at the time of pacemaker implantation, for invasive pacemaker evaluation, and/or in electrophysiology diagnostic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17638",
      "display": "Testers, Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker, Transtelephonic",
      "definition": "Implantable pacemaker testers designed to perform the assessment/evaluation of pacemaker function via the telephone. These testers include a transmitter that converts the pacemaker signal into a signal appropriate for transmission over the telephone line, a receiver at the monitoring point (e.g., physician's office) that records and decodes the signal, and a testing unit. Transtelephonic pacemaker testers typical transmit a complete electrocardiographic signal depicting the patient's heart activity in addition to the pacemaker performance data."
    },
    {
      "code": "17577",
      "display": "Testers, Implantable Defibrillator/Cardioverter",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of implantable cardioverter/defibrillators (ICDs). These testers can evaluate, monitor, and/or record a set of implantable cardioverter/defibrillator parameters and/or waveforms, such as the electrocardiographic signals from implanted ICD leads, the patient's defibrillation/cardioversion energy threshold, and display electric cardiac signals during arrhythmia induction. These testers are typically an electronic unit including a digital display, measuring (e.g., energy, voltage, time) devices, a pulse generator, and appropriate sensors. Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator testers are mainly used for electrophysiology laboratory tests, intraoperatively during ICD implantation procedures, and to evaluate ICDs before implantation."
    },
    {
      "code": "37261",
      "display": "Testers, Infant Incubator/Warmer",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of infant incubators and/or infant radiant warmers; they can accurately measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of incubator/warmer variables (typically airflow, humidity, sound (including alarm volume levels), and temperature at multiple locations within the incubator/warmer). Some testers can assess additional parameters, such as infant skin temperature, or may incorporate a heating element designed to allow testing of the incubator/warmer's body temperature sensor. These testers usually consist of a computerized electronic unit, sensors, a display, and a recorder. Some infant incubator/warmer testers have the capability of wirelessly transmitting recorded data to a computer for data analysis and/or saving of data."
    },
    {
      "code": "16720",
      "display": "Testers, Infusion Pump",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of infusion pumps; they can accurately measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of pump variables (typically output flow, volume delivery, and occlusion pressure needed to activate the pump alarms). Some testers can assess additional pump characteristics, such as keep-vein-open flow and lockout time. These testers usually consist of a computerized electronic unit, measuring devices (e.g., volume, flow, pressure, time), a display, and a recorder. Infusion pump testers are used to test general-purpose, syringe, and ambulatory infusion pumps; some testers can measure several channels simultaneously and/or perform the small-volume bolus measurements needed to assess patient-controlled analgesic pumps. Infusion pump testers may be manually operated or user programmable to run automatic test protocols for a specific model of infusion pump."
    },
    {
      "code": "12199",
      "display": "Testers, Isolated Power System",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the main characteristics of an isolated power system. These testers typically consist of an electronic measuring unit including a display, a current generator, controls to select the test, and appropriate leads. Most isolated power system testers can test line voltage, line isolation current, and line isolation monitor and ground-fault circuit interrupter operation and trip current; they are used after installation, in preventive maintenance procedures, and after power system modification or repair."
    },
    {
      "code": "17973",
      "display": "Testers, Laser Beam",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of laser radiation (i.e., laser beams); they can measure, display, and analyze some or all of the most critical laser beam characteristics, typically including peak intensity, centroid position, beam shape, intensity profile, beam diameter, ellipticity, Gaussian fit analysis, and relative power/energy. These testers usually consist of a beam detector (e.g., charged-coupled device [CCD] camera, knife-edges), a computerized unit, appropriate software for beam analysis, and a display. Laser beam testers are used for alignment, optimization, and quality control of laser beams delivered from continuous-wave and/or pulsed-laser medical devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "12311",
      "display": "Testers, Leakage Current",
      "definition": "Testers designed to perform alternating-current (AC) and direct-current (DC) leakage current measurements (usually in a range from 1 A to 20 mA). These testers typically consist of an instrument that can measure AC and DC in the appropriate range and accessories designed to perform the assessment according to the physical characteristics of the device under test. Leakage current testers are typically used to assess the leakage current flowing to ground, as well as patient lead (i.e., applied part) and chassis (i.e., enclosure) leakage currents."
    },
    {
      "code": "34511",
      "display": "Testers, Leakage Current, Ultrasonic Transducer Probe/Lead",
      "definition": "Electric current leakage testers designed for testing invasive ultrasonic probes and/or leads that include an ultrasound transducer. These testers measure the leakage current using line voltage (e.g., 120, 240 volt), providing results as pass/failure when the current is below or above a pre-determined value respectively (e.g., 185 microampere). The tester usually consists of a portable, battery-operated handheld instrument with luminous indicators of different colors for pass/failure conditions. The transducer probe is immersed in a conductive solution (e.g., saline) whose conductivity should be previously measured usually using the tester. The tester also include a connection block and adapters to match the transducer probe under test. These testers are used for leakage current testing of ultrasonic probes and leads including ultrasonic transducers from many models and manufacturers, including transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) transducers. Some testers can also show the numerical values of the measurements (e.g., leakage current, applied voltage, frequency, conductivity of solution)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34657",
      "display": "Testers, Light Intensity",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure the light intensity and/or the light intensity per unit area on a surface (i.e., illumination). These testers usually consist of portable handheld devices with appropriate sensors (e.g., optical), electronic circuitry, and a display to show the values of the light intensity, typically in lux or foot-candle.  Light intensity testers are used to measure the light intensity of light sources (e.g., incandescent, fluorescence, LED, sodium) and to check the compliance of regulations (e.g., OSHA) related to the illumination required in healthcare areas and workplaces. Some testers are intended only to measure the intensity of the light emitted by one type of light source (e.g., LED light sources)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34658",
      "display": "Testers, Light Intensity, LED Source",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure the light intensity radiated by light emitting diode (LED) sources. These testers usually consist of portable handheld devices with appropriate sensors (e.g., photodiodes), light filters, electronic circuitry, and a display to show the values of the light intensity, typically measured in lux or foot-candle in a range of 40 to 400,000 lux (4  to 40,000 foot-candle). These testers are used to measure the light intensity of LED light sources taking into consideration the characteristics of the light emitted by these sources (e.g., narrow spectrum and light beam angle)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23423",
      "display": "Testers, Logic Circuit",
      "definition": "Testers designed to simultaneously measure, analyze, and display high-speed variable digital signals in multiple signal (multichannel) systems by detecting logic threshold levels. These testers are typically stand-alone electronic units with multiple inputs that detect logic threshold levels and analyze the digital captured data following processor instructions and correlate them to a source code; the testers may convert the data in time graphics, computer programming languages (i.e., assembly languages), or other preprogrammed ways. Logic circuit testers are used typically to verify digital system operations; to simultaneously trace and correlate many digital signals; to detect and analyze transients; and to trace embedded software execution."
    },
    {
      "code": "39472",
      "display": "Testers, Material Fatigue",
      "definition": "Machines designed to measures how cyclic forces will affect raw materials, components or finished products over time, using varying loads, speeds, and environmental conditions. These testers apply repeated tension-tension, compression-compression, tension-compression or other combinations of cyclic loading to test a sample's ability to withstand these stresses without damage, such as cracks, or failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "17725",
      "display": "Testers, Medical Gas System Outlet",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of the outlets in a medical gas system; they can measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of gas output characteristics. These testers usually measure the static pressure with the flow valve closed and the dynamic pressure with a preestablished test flow (e.g., 100 liters per minute), known as the dynamic pressure; they can also determine the gas type (e.g., medical air, oxygen, nitrogen, nitrous oxide) by measuring the gas concentration and comparing it to a set of internal values. Medical gas outlet testers include manometers, a gas analyzer, electronic circuitry, a display, and recording capabilities; they are used to check medical gas systems after construction, modification, or major repair."
    },
    {
      "code": "40962",
      "display": "Testers, Network Connectivity",
      "definition": "Devices used to test network connectivity and locate faults, breaks, or weak spots in cables, fiber optic lines, and/or port and link connections. These testers can be used to identify problems with local area networks (LAN) and/or Ethernet connections."
    },
    {
      "code": "24228",
      "display": "Testers, Oxygen Concentrator",
      "definition": "Devices designed to assess the performance of oxygen concentrators. Oxygen concentrators produce an oxygen-rich gas mixture by drawing in available room air and extracting the nitrogen from it.  These testers measure, evaluate, display, and may also record, a set of the concentrator output characteristics (e.g., the oxygen percentage of delivered gas, the output pressure [typically in kPa or psi], and the output flow rate in liter/min).  Most testers are microprocessor driven and include a display.  Oxygen concentrator testers are intended to check the status of single-patient devices that are used to provide long-term oxygen therapy to patients at home and in healthcare facilities (e.g., nursing homes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "13074",
      "display": "Testers, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure, display, and/or record equipment air or other gas variables, such as flow rates, volumes, and positive or negative (i.e., vacuum) pressures in a wide range of values and with an accuracy that is much greater than the device under evaluation. These devices typically consist of several flow and volume meters, pressure and vacuum gauges, displays, various diameter inlets and outlets for gases, pressure regulators, and electronic circuitry; some also include pressure transducers and flow resistance elements. Pneumatic testers are used to check the gas supply system and the performance of pneumatic devices such anesthesia machines, ventilators, resuscitators, suction devices, laparoscopic insufflators, and evacuation pumps."
    },
    {
      "code": "23552",
      "display": "Testers, Power Line Disturbance",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the main (i.e., most important) disturbances of the fundamental and/or harmonic components of electric power lines during total or partial failures. These testers can usually measure the variations in line variables such as amplitude, phase angle, frequency, and power in real time; some testers can also perform other assessments, including transient and/or harmonic analysis. Power line disturbance testers are intended for testing after electrical power lines are installed or modified, during some preventive maintenance procedures, and for routine checking of electrical power line status in a facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "15606",
      "display": "Testers, Power Line Receptacle",
      "definition": "Testers designed to measure and assess the electrical and/or mechanical characteristics of electrical power supply receptacles. These testers are used to assess the safety of receptacles used as outlets for electric power lines in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "13299",
      "display": "Testers, Power Line Receptacle, Electrical",
      "definition": "Power line receptacle testers designed to measure and assess the electrical characteristics of a power line receptacle. These testers consist of a plug-in device that can detect open (e.g., ground, live, neutral) lines and inverted connections (e.g., live or neutral); they usually include a display and/or visual and audible alarms to indicate correct or faulty wiring and open connections. Power line receptacle testers are used to assess the electrical characteristics of the most common healthcare facility receptacles (e.g., three-wire, 125-volt line supply); some testers can also determine the tripping current of ground-fault circuit interrupters by injecting a variable leakage current."
    },
    {
      "code": "17726",
      "display": "Testers, Power Line Receptacle, Electromechanical",
      "definition": "Power line receptacle testers designed to measure and assess both the electrical characteristics of a receptacle and the mechanical holding force between the ground outlet in the wall receptacle and the male ground prong of the plug; the most simple testers include a prong that is plugged into the ground receptacle to measure tension and a display that is very similar to those used in thermometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "13300",
      "display": "Testers, Power Line Receptacle, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Power line receptacle testers designed to measure and assess the mechanical holding force between the outlets in a wall receptacle and the male prong of a plug. These testers include a tension-measuring device to assess the force and a display to show whether the measured value exceeds a predetermined safety value. Mechanical power line receptacle testers are used mainly to assess the holding force of the ground connection."
    },
    {
      "code": "20704",
      "display": "Testers, Protective Mask/Respirator Leakage",
      "definition": "Testers designed to check the leakage of protective masks and/or respirators that are used against contaminating (e.g., chemical, biological, toxic industrial) agents. These testers are either stand-alone units or portable particle counters that compare the numerical value of particles in the environment with the particles in the air inside the wearer's mask, giving as a result a ratio (i.e., a protection factor) which value should be greater than a pre-established value (e.g., 1,667). Other testers employ aerosol generators as an integral part to perform the leakage test.  The leakage test ensures that the mask is the proper size for the individual wearer and that there are no critical leaks in the mask or respirator. Some testers can also check the functioning of the outlet valve and the drink tube system."
    },
    {
      "code": "20162",
      "display": "Testers, Pulse Oximetry Monitor",
      "definition": "Testers designed to check the performance of pulse oximeters; these testers deliver optical signals through an optical interface (e.g., an optomechanical finger) to the oximeter probe. Tests may be performed at preestablished heart rates or various saturation values (e.g., 45 beats per minute [bpm], 60 bpm, 90 bpm). Pulse oximeter testers are typically used to assess the pulse oximeter's ability to reproduce the calibration ratio of the absorption ratio curve (i.e., R curve) integrated by the manufacturer; some testers include capabilities for testing the electrical integrity of the probes (e.g., short circuits, open circuits)."
    },
    {
      "code": "32674",
      "display": "Testers, Radiographic System, Quality Assurance",
      "definition": "Testers designed to manually and/or automatically verify the performance of equipment (i.e., quality assurance) used in radiographic diagnostic rooms. These testers can measure all or most of the parameters of a radiographic system, including kilovolt (kV), electric current, time, dose, dose rate, half-value layer (HVL), and total filtration; the results can be processed using dedicated software usually installed in a standard personal computer. The tester typically includes accessories such as current (milliampere), light, and low-dose probes.  Dedicated radiographic quality assurance testers intended for use in diagnostic radiography, combined radiography/fluoroscopy, mammography, computed tomography, and dental radiography are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "13340",
      "display": "Testers, Resistance, Line Cord",
      "definition": "Electrical resistance testers designed to measure resistance to the direct current (DC) of a circuit conductor. Some testers are simple units that detect continuity and show the results using lighted displays (e.g., LEDs). Other testers use the four-terminal technique to measure the resistance (e.g., in milliohms) and display the numeric results; they typically include a DC power supply (e.g., a battery). Line cord resistance testers may include visual or audible signals that are activated when the circuit is open and/or the resistance is under a predetermined value; they are used to determine the continuity of conductors and other low resistances such as the contact resistance in receptacles."
    },
    {
      "code": "18150",
      "display": "Testers, Solid Material Hardness",
      "definition": "Testers which measure the ability of solid materials to resist plastic deformation or fracture when a force or load is applied to them. Common types of hardness tests include scratch, indentation, and rebound hardness. Scratch hardness is the measure of the resistance of a material to scratching of its surface. Scratch hardness testers usually consist of some type of an indenter with a very hard tip (e.g., tungsten carbide, diamond), a load or applied force, and a scale to measure the pressure applied by the load or force on the indenter to scratch the surface of a material. Scratch hardness is commonly measured on the Mohs scale. Indentation hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to permanent plastic deformation due to a constant compression load from a sharp object. Indentation hardness testers typically feature an indenter made of a very hard material (e.g., diamond, steel, tungsten carbide) to which a load or force is applied, a platform to hold in place the material to be tested, a load to apply the force to the indenter, and various measuring mechanisms to measure the indentation made in the test material by the indenter according to different hardness scales (e.g., Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, Shore, Vickers, etc.).  Rebound hardness, also known as dynamic hardness, measures the height of the bounce of a hard-tipped hammer dropped from a fixed height onto a material. Rebound hardness testers usually have a diamond tipped hammer and a measuring scale to measure the height of the bounce caused by the return energy of the tester according to the hardness of the test material. Some hardness testers are interfaced with computers that aid in selecting the test parameters for the hardness test and in presenting results. Some hardness testers can be pocket-sized or be designed to fit in hard to reach locations; many use electronic components to calculate hardness. Hardness testers that make microscopic indentations on delicate or brittle materials and use a microscope to make precision measurements of the indentations (microhardness testers) are also available. Hardness testers are used in laboratories and sometimes in the field to ascertain the hardness of materials used in many different applications; they may have clinical applications in testing the hardness of dental materials and other materials used in clinical engineering."
    },
    {
      "code": "30482",
      "display": "Testers, Steam Sterilization Unit/Process",
      "definition": "Testers designed for automated assessment of the main physical parameters of steam sterilization units and steam sterilization process. These testers are computerized electronic devices that include measuring capabilities for parameters such as temperature, time, and pressure. The testers also perform an assessment of the conditions of a steam sterilizer such as a steam penetration test and sterilizing chamber seal integrity and may provide calibration and/or diagnosis of the steam sterilizer status. The testers usually include software programs for data analysis, recording, and communication with laboratory and hospital information systems. Steam sterilization unit and process testers are used to determine if the conditions of the sterilization unit and process are appropriate to sterilize devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15631",
      "display": "Testers, Transcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Electrical Stimulator",
      "definition": "Testers designed to assess the performance of analgesic peripheral nerve electrical stimulators. These testers are typically an electronic unit including instruments to measure current and charge and visual indicators (e.g., LEDs) that display a signal when the current and charge are within therapeutic limits (e.g., 10 mA and 7 to 75 micro Coulombs, respectively); some testers can also include indicators for the presence of therapeutic output and to check lead continuity and alarms for values outside preestablished limits. Transcutaneous analgesic stimulator testers are used for quick checks of new stimulators and during preventive maintenance procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17712",
      "display": "Testers, Ventilator",
      "definition": "Testers designed to check the performance of ventilators; they can usually measure, evaluate, display, and/or record a set of ventilator parameters and/or waveforms, such as breath rate, inspiratory/expiratory ratio, tidal volume, flow rate, and airway pressure. For verifying and troubleshooting purposes, some testers can run tests for several hours. Ventilator testers typically consist of an electronic unit including a display, measuring instruments, and appropriate sensors to measure and assess the most important ventilator parameters; these testers should be able to simulate the human respiratory system or use an external human lung simulator in order to test several parameters (e.g., volume, flow). Most ventilator testers are capable of assessing infant, pediatric, and adult mechanical ventilators."
    },
    {
      "code": "13172",
      "display": "Testicle Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable devices designed for cosmetic testicle reconstruction and/or augmentation. These implants typically consist of a solid elastomer (e.g., silicone) or a liquid-filled device that has an outer shell with a hollow lumen, a liquid (e.g., saline) filler; and a patch to seal the shell once it is filled during the surgical procedure just before implantation. Testicular implants are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. Testicular implants are used to provide or restore normal physical appearance (e.g., for cosmetic reasons) in patients with loss (e.g., trauma, illness) or absence of one or both testicles; they are not intended for functional replacement of the testicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "23855",
      "display": "Testicle Implants, Saline-Filled",
      "definition": "Testicle implants that are prefilled or filled during surgery with saline solution. These implants typically consist of a single-lumen outer shell (e.g., silicone elastomer), saline solution filler, a self-sealing injection port, and a tab to secure the implant in a fixed position. The implants may be either prefilled or filled during surgery through a valve with a fixed volume of saline; some implants may allow saline content adjustment after implantation. Saline-filled testicular implants are available in a variety of sizes; they are used to provide or restore normal physical appearance (i.e., for cosmetic reasons) in patients with loss (e.g., trauma, illness) or absence of one or both testicles; they are not intended for functional replacement of the testicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "23856",
      "display": "Testicle Implants, Solid",
      "definition": "Testicle implants designed using solid material. These implants may consist of a soft solid elastomer (e.g., silicone) or copolymer or an elastomer shell filled with solid polymers and a tab to secure the implant in a fixed position; they are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. Solid testicular implants are intended to restore normal physical appearance (e.g., for cosmetic reasons) in patients with loss (e.g., trauma, illness) or absence of one or both testicles; they are not intended for functional replacement of the testicles."
    },
    {
      "code": "17120",
      "display": "Thermal Insulation Pads, Cardiac Surgery",
      "definition": "Pads designed to provide thermal insulation to the myocardium during surgery.  These pads are usually thin and flexible, specially shaped plastic (e.g., polyethylene foam) devices; they may include notches for the vena cava and pulmonary arteries. Cardiac insulation pads reduce undesired re-warming of the myocardium, helping in the protection of adjacent tissues during open-heart surgery procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "35820",
      "display": "Thermal/Pressure Pulsatile Therapy Units, Meibomian Gland",
      "definition": "Units used to apply localized heat and pressure therapy to patients' lower or upper eyelids. These devices are designed to warm the eyelid tissue to a target range of 40 to 42 degrees C to melt the meibum blocking the Meibomian gland orifices and then apply compression to the eyelid to express the melted meibum through the orifices. These devices usually consist of two components: a piece that is placed around the patient's eyelid and a control unit. The device typically includes pressure and temperature sensors, controls, integrated software, and a visual display unit. It may also include a magnifier to view the eyelid. These units are commonly used to treat Meibomian gland dysfunction."
    },
    {
      "code": "18346",
      "display": "Thermographs",
      "definition": "Graphic recorders used to measure and store temperature.  These recorders use a temperature sensor (e.g., mercury, thermistor) to detect and transduce (into electric signals) the values of temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "14022",
      "display": "Thermographs, Infrared",
      "definition": "Thermographs that capture and create an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object. These devices typically consist of an infrared digital camera, an image processor, dedicated software, and a display showing the images (usually color thermograms) obtained from the emission of infrared light due to the heat of the object."
    },
    {
      "code": "34712",
      "display": "Thermographs, Infrared, Patient",
      "definition": "Recorders designed to obtain external images of the whole body or body parts temperature based in its thermal emission of infrared light. These devices typically consist of an infrared digital camera, an image processor, dedicated software, and a display showing the images (usually color thermograms) obtained from the emission of infrared light due to the heat of the object. Dedicated infrared thermographs are used as graphic thermometers and/or to provide images of the body for use as an adjuvant in the diagnosis of several diseases (e.g., fever, pulmonary and breast tumors, spinal inflammation)."
    },
    {
      "code": "14028",
      "display": "Thermometers",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments for determining the temperature of matter.  Most thermometers used in the field of medicine are designed for measuring human body temperature or for use in the clinical laboratory. Thermometers usually display the temperature in degrees Celsius and/or Fahrenheit."
    },
    {
      "code": "14032",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic",
      "definition": "Thermometers that include an electronic device and attached sensors that detect and transduce changes in temperature into variations of some electric characteristic (e.g., resistance, voltage).  These variations of the electric characteristics are processed in electronic circuits and, in turn, displayed as temperature readings."
    },
    {
      "code": "11066",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Cryogenic",
      "definition": "Electronic thermometers designed to measure very low (i.e., cryogenic) temperatures, typically below -130 degrees Celsius (-202 degrees Fahrenheit). These devices typically consist of a very sensitive sensor (e.g., a silicone chip transducer), appropriately packaged to withstand very low temperatures, that is integrated in a probe; a cable; and an electronic unit with a display that shows the temperature. Cryogenic thermometers may read temperatures as low as -270 degrees Celsius (-454 degrees Fahrenheit)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16960",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Fiberoptic",
      "definition": "Electronic thermometers that measure body temperature by use of a fiberoptic probe that includes a small mass temperature sensor, usually based on phosphor-fluorescence-decay time or other temperature-varying physical property (e.g., liquid crystal structure, polarization rotation).  Fiberoptic thermometer probes are immune to electromagnetic interference and are electrically and chemically passive.  These thermometers are designed for catheter use or for measurements in the presence of electromagnetic fields."
    },
    {
      "code": "14036",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Infrared",
      "definition": "Electronic thermometers that assess the temperature by determining the intensity of infrared light emission.  These thermometers consist of an infrared probe, electronic circuitry, and a display.  Schematically, infrared thermometers resemble a photographic camera, consisting of a shutter, a reflective barrel (in place of a camera lens), and a passive infrared detector (in place of film).  These thermometers take a sample of the thermal radiation, usually without contact with the measured object, and display the temperature within a few seconds."
    },
    {
      "code": "17887",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Infrared, Ear",
      "definition": "Infrared electronic thermometers used to measure a patient's ear canal temperature.  Most of these thermometers are designed to estimate the internal (\"core\") temperature of the body by measurement of infrared radiation from within the auditory canal, while others claim to measure directly the infrared emissions from the tympanic membrane. Infrared ear thermometers also usually display \"corrected\" offset values of oral and/or rectal temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "17888",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Infrared, Skin",
      "definition": "Electronic infrared thermometers used to estimate the temperature of a site on the skin (e.g., axilla, forehead) by measurement of body infrared emissions at this particular point.  The short interval between measurements of these thermometers provides a method to determine temperature patterns on the surface of the skin by measuring several skin locations in a small time (e.g., before performing an EMG)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18299",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Thermistor/Thermocouple",
      "definition": "Electronic thermometers that include sensors that convert changes in temperature in heavy metal oxides (thermistors) into electrical resistance variations, or sensors that convert variations of temperature at the junction of two different metals (thermocouples) into electric voltage variations.  The variations in resistance or voltage are in turn converted to temperature readings and displayed."
    },
    {
      "code": "17436",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Thermistor/Thermocouple, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Thermistor/thermocouple electronic thermometers designed to measure temperatures in clinical laboratory equipment. These thermometers typically consist of an electronic unit that processes and displays the temperature and a set of transducers (either thermistors or thermocouples) that convert temperature into electrical signals. Laboratory thermistor/thermocouple electronic thermometers are usually used to verify that laboratory equipment (e.g., water baths, heated cells, refrigerators) operate within prescribed temperature limits or that materials (e.g., liquids, gases, semisolids) have reached a desired temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "14035",
      "display": "Thermometers, Electronic, Thermistor/Thermocouple, Patient",
      "definition": "Thermistor/thermocouple electronic thermometers with a digital display or analog meter, designed to measure patient body temperature.  The probe and meter can be attached by a cable or integrated into a one-piece pencil-like unit.  Some thermometers use the same type of probe for oral, axillary, and rectal sites, and others provide probes designated for particular uses (e.g., rectal, skin); disposable probe covers are typically used to prevent cross-contamination.  These thermometers may display a final temperature after sensor thermal equilibrium (steady state) and/or a predicted final temperature value extrapolated from the measurement of the initial rate of temperature change.  Patient electronic thermometers are used to take periodic body temperature measurements as primary diagnostic indicators."
    },
    {
      "code": "18302",
      "display": "Thermometers, Liquid Crystal",
      "definition": "Thermometers designed to measure temperature using liquid crystal (typically esters of cholesterol) sensors sealed in a plastic strip. The strips are placed on an object; the heat of the object alters the molecular structure of the liquid crystals reversibly and in a reproducible way as a function of the temperature. Liquid crystal thermometers are used clinically to measure the temperature on the skin and/or on the surface of laboratory specimen containers."
    },
    {
      "code": "14038",
      "display": "Thermometers, Mercury",
      "definition": "Thermometers in the form of slender, hollow tubes made of glass, that are sealed at the top and bottom with a bulb at the base filled with mercury. When heat raises the temperature of the bulb, the mercury expands and fills the tube proportionally.  The height of the mercury column, as measured on a graduated scale on the glass, indicates the temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "18297",
      "display": "Thermometers, Mercury, Axillary",
      "definition": "Mercury thermometers that have a short, stubby bulb and are considered safest with children, but are not generally considered accurate enough for adults.  These thermometers are designed for use in the armpit, but may also be used in the mouth or rectum.  Axillary thermometers usually require a longer time to record temperature than other mercury thermometers.  Axillary mercury thermometers are used to take periodic temperature measurements as primary diagnostic indicators."
    },
    {
      "code": "18298",
      "display": "Thermometers, Mercury, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Mercury thermometers used in clinical laboratories.  Most laboratory mercury thermometers are used to verify that devices operate within the prescribed temperature limits (e.g., water baths, heated cells, refrigerators) or that materials (e.g., liquids, gases, semisolids) have reached a desired temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "18295",
      "display": "Thermometers, Mercury, Oral",
      "definition": "Mercury thermometers that have a long, thin bulb that is placed under the tongue.  Oral thermometers are the most sensitive type of mercury thermometers used in patients.  Oral mercury thermometers are used to take periodic temperature measurements as primary diagnostic indicators."
    },
    {
      "code": "18296",
      "display": "Thermometers, Mercury, Rectal",
      "definition": "Mercury thermometers that have a large, pear-shaped bulb which helps keep them in place.  These thermometers are somewhat sturdier than the oral type and are less easy to damage.  Rectal mercury thermometers are used to take periodic temperature measurements as primary diagnostic indicators."
    },
    {
      "code": "40671",
      "display": "Thermometers, Non-Mercury Liquid-In-Glass",
      "definition": "Thermometers in the form of slender, hollow tubes made of glass, that are sealed at the top and bottom with a bulb at the base filled with a non-mercury liquid (e.g., organic solution). When heat raises the temperature of the bulb, the liquid expands and fills the tube proportionally. The height of the liquid column, as measured on a graduated scale on the glass, indicates the temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "32777",
      "display": "Thermoplastic Forming Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to manufacture thermoplastic products in a pre-established shape. There are several different techniques used to obtain thermoplastic products, including: (1) pressure extrusion machines consisting of an extruder barrel and screw assembly that melts the polymer (e.g., polyvinyl chloride); the molten polymer is led through a die to emerge as a hollow pipe section called a parison. A mold is wrapped around the parison, closing its bottom edge to form a seal; then the parison is cut at the top and air is blown into the parison to inflate it until reaching the shape of the mold. After cooling, the mold is opened and the final product is ejected; (2) injection molding machines consisting of a heated barrel including a reciprocating screw driven by a motor that feeds molten polymer (e.g., nylon, polypropylene) in a temperature-controlled split mold conformed in the shape of the final product; the product is ejected from the mold after the process is finished; (3) vacuum molding units consisting of a machine that heats plastic (e.g., polystyrene, polypropylene) sheets until soft and then applies vacuum to suck the sheet into a mold; after the sheet takes the shape of the final product, it is ejected. Vacuum molding is a process that requires less pressure than other techniques. All machines may include heat, pneumatic, and/or hydraulic controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "33863",
      "display": "Thermoplastic Forming Units, Injection, Dental Laboratory",
      "definition": "Thermoplastic forming units designed to manufacture dental plastic products with high dimensional precision using injection procedures. Typical injection molding machines consist of a heated barrel with a reciprocating screw driven by a motor. The motor feeds molten polymer (e.g., nylon, polypropylene) in a temperature-controlled split mold conformed in the shape of the final product. The product is ejected from the machine mold after the process is finished. Injection thermoplastic units are used in dental laboratories to produce a variety of plastic (e.g., resin) products, including denture bases."
    },
    {
      "code": "28486",
      "display": "Thermoplastic Forming Units, Positive Pressure, Dental Laboratory",
      "definition": "Thermoplastic forming units designed to manufacture dental plastic products using positive pressure thermal procedures. Typically these machines consist of a unit that includes a solid base plate for thin models and/or a cup with metallic pellets that act as a base for taller (i.e., thicker) models; a small chamber for the thermoplastic material sheet; a heating element (e.g., infrared light); and time and pressure controllers for the heating and processing times and pressures according to the material (alternatively, a scanner that automatically reads the code of the material). High positive pressure (up to 100 psi/7 bar) is applied to the thermoplastic material placed on top of the original model using compressed air until the material is conformed to the original model. Positive-pressure thermoplastic forming units are mostly used to manufacture orthodontic appliances, such as dental retainers, splints, temporary dentures, and mouth guards."
    },
    {
      "code": "27899",
      "display": "Thermoplastic Forming Units, Vacuum, Dental Laboratory",
      "definition": "Thermoplastic forming units designed to manufacture plastic dental products in a pre-established shape using a vacuum process. These units consist of a relatively small, typically bench-mounted machine that heats plastic (e.g., polystyrene, polycarbonate, nylon) sheets until soft and then applies vacuum to suck the sheet into a mold; after the sheet takes the shape of the final product, it is ejected. The machines usually include electric motors to drive a suction (i.e., vacuum) pump as well as heat, pneumatic, and/or hydraulic controls. They may also include a variety of tools (e.g., vacuum forming sheets, tray handles, cutting knives and burs) to facilitate the procedure. Dental laboratory vacuum thermoplastic forming units are also, but less frequently, used in dentists' offices."
    },
    {
      "code": "24875",
      "display": "Thermoplastic Tubing Sterile Sealers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for automated sealing of thermoplastic tubing ends in sterile conditions. These sealers typically consist of electromechanical devices that include high temperature components (e.g., hot blades, ceramic elements), permitting the sealing of thermoplastic tubing in sterile conditions in a non-sterile environment. Dedicated thermoplastic tubing sealers are available for sterile connection of two lengths of tubing in a single device and to separate single length of tubing in two parts both with sealed ends."
    },
    {
      "code": "24876",
      "display": "Thermoplastic Tubing Sterile Sealers, Connection",
      "definition": "Thermoplastic tubing sealers designed for automated connection of tubing (i.e., welding) using a sterile procedure. These sealers typically consist of an electromechanical unit where two lengths of tubing are inserted on two different tubing holders; both thermoplastic tubing ends are cut by a sterile hot disposable blade, automatically aligned along the hot blade, and fused (welded) together as the hot blade moves out. Sterile connection tubing sealers are intended for permanent, sterile connection of thermoplastic tubes, forming a single length of tubing in a nonsterile environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "24877",
      "display": "Thermoplastic Tubing Sterile Sealers, Separation",
      "definition": "Thermoplastic tubing sealers designed for the automated sealing of tubing ends that have been cut apart using a sterile procedure, permanently sealing each segment. These sealers typically consist of an electromechanical unit in which the tubing is inserted; the inserted tube is then compressed and heated using two ceramic elements (if liquid is present, it will be evacuated), producing a segment between the two seals that can be cut (e.g., using scissors) thus creating sterile separation (e.g., disconnections between tubing and a plastic bag)."
    },
    {
      "code": "14047",
      "display": "Thoracoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for percutaneous insertion through an intercostal space in the body cavity situated between the neck and the respiratory diaphragm (i.e., thoracic cavity) for visual examination, biopsy, and treatment of lesions of the pleura, pleural cavity, and/or mediastinum; they are also used to drain fluid from the pleural cavity (thoracentesis). Thoracoscopes usually consist of a rigid outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices. Most thoracoscopes include a television camera at their tip that sends a video signal through the endoscope to an external video monitor."
    },
    {
      "code": "16567",
      "display": "Thyroid Uptake Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to measure the amount of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland after a predetermined length of time following ingestion (i.e., thyroid uptake). These systems typically consist of a detector system (composed of a scintillation crystal and a photomultiplier tube), collimators, a high-voltage power supply, amplifiers, a pulse-height analyzer, and a display unit; many systems include computerized capabilities for data processing. Thyroid uptake systems are used to assess thyroid gland activity; the normal range for thyroid uptake 24 hours after administration varies from 13% to 33%."
    },
    {
      "code": "32684",
      "display": "Thyroplasty Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed to improve the voice quality by altering the position of a paralyzed vocal cord that are surgically inserted through a natural fold of the neck (i.e., a thyroplasty surgery). These implants typically consist of two components: (1) a rectangular base made of rigid radiopaque plastic (e.g., silicone) material with several pieces intended to stabilize the implant (i.e., to prevent displacement and/or rotation) and (2) a usually triangular component made of a soft plastic polymer that pushes the paralyzed vocal cord to the midline (i.e., medialization) allowing the functional vocal cord to phonate, preventing aspiration when swallowing, and helping to produce an effective cough. Typically the base components have a different size for males and females; the triangular component is available in several different heights for both males and females. Thyroplasty implants are used to improve quality of vocalization in patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis."
    },
    {
      "code": "37303",
      "display": "Tilting Skillets",
      "definition": "Cooking equipment that has a flat bottom cooking surface with walls on all four sides that form a shallow rectangular pan that can be tilted for transferring food and cleaning. The cooking surface is heated from beneath by gas burners or electric elements. These units can tilt forward between 10 degrees and 110 degrees. The tilting mechanism can be manually operated or pneumatically powered. The skillets usually have a hinged lid and a capacity of ten to 60 gallons. Typically, these units are freestanding with a stationary frame or a frame with casters. Some units are countertop or wall-mounted."
    },
    {
      "code": "41555",
      "display": "Time Date Generators, Video",
      "definition": "Stand-alone units that superimpose the time and date onto a video signal that is looped through the unit. The time and date are usually displayed as six digits of time (hour, minute, seconds) and six digits of date (month, day, year). This time and date information is then projected onto the monitor when the video is viewed. Most units include controls to change the features of the time and date display settings such as brightness, position, and size. Some time date generators can also have a stopwatch function."
    },
    {
      "code": "14053",
      "display": "Timers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for accurate measurement of a length of time. These instruments typically consist of a mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic (e.g., quartz oscillator) time measuring unit with an analog or digital display. Timers are primarily intended to measure the duration of a given procedure, such as the application of diagnostic or therapeutic radiation (e.g., radiography, fluoroscopy, radiotherapy, phototherapy) and the performance of clinical (e.g., resuscitation, anesthesia, dialysis) and/or laboratory procedures; timers are also used during inspection and/or calibration of medical equipment. Many timers use display signals (e.g., alarms) to show that a preestablished period of time has ended. Some devices may include appropriate attachments to control the operation of other devices following a program; clinical timers are frequently an integral part of medical and/or laboratory devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15648",
      "display": "Timers, Apgar Scoring",
      "definition": "Timers designed to produce audible signals (e.g., a beep) at predetermined intervals (typically 1, 5, and 10 minutes) after a baby is born to indicate to the healthcare providers that assessments of the health status of the baby  should be performed. The timer is usually set when the baby is born, and a health status assessment (known as Apgar score) of appearance (color), pulse, grimace (reflex), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (breathing) is performed, each in a scale of 0 to 2 for a maximum value of 10. These instruments typically consist of a mechanical or electronic timer with a display and a sound generator; some devices include a recorder to store the birth time and the values of the Apgar score.  Assessments are performed following the timer beeps. Apgar score timers are intended to facilitate the evaluation of the health status of a newborn."
    },
    {
      "code": "23803",
      "display": "Timers, Darkroom",
      "definition": "Timers designed for the measurement and easy reading of time intervals during procedures performed in a darkroom (e.g., processing of x-ray sheets). These timers consist of time-measuring instruments that may use mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic technologies (e.g., quartz oscillator); they usually include a luminous dial that glows in total darkness or a luminous electronic display and time-adjustable audible buzzers. Some timers may also provide signal outputs to operate safelights. Darkroom timers are available in tabletop and wall-mounted configurations."
    },
    {
      "code": "11744",
      "display": "Timers, Gas Flow",
      "definition": "Timers designed to measure the duration of the circulation of compressed gases delivered at a fixed pressure through a section of a conduit or pipe. These timers are usually electrical or electronic time-measuring instruments with input and output ports for the measured gas and an analog or digital display that shows elapsed time in discrete intervals (e.g., 0.10 hour) up to several hours. Clinical gas-flow timers are intended mainly to measure the duration of respiratory gas (e.g., compressed air, oxygen) delivery during an emergency, chronic pulmonary illness, or tests; some timers are combined with gas flowmeters."
    },
    {
      "code": "23804",
      "display": "Timers, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Timers designed to measure the duration of laboratory tests and procedures. These timers typically consist of a mechanical, electrical, or, more frequently, electronic (e.g., quartz oscillator) measuring instrument that may include audible signal generators (e.g., buzzers) to indicate that the time for a particular test or procedure has finished; some timers may provide output signals to control the operation of other laboratory devices. Laboratory timers are frequently traceable to a standard (e.g., National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST]) and/or are periodically and automatically synchronized to standardized radio signals. Instruments that include from one to many channels are available in a variety of shapes and configurations (e.g., tabletop, wall-mounted, handheld); they can measure many different time intervals simultaneously; some instruments permit the full scheduling of laboratory activities up to several days."
    },
    {
      "code": "15650",
      "display": "Timers, Phototherapy",
      "definition": "Timers designed to measure the active length of time of an exposure during a phototherapy treatment. These timers typically consist of an appropriate light detector for sensing light at the same frequency of the light source (e.g., visible, ultraviolet, infrared), an electronic time-measuring instrument, and a display; the timers are usually battery-operated instruments. Phototherapy timers are typically dedicated instruments intended for use attached to a particular source of therapeutic light; they are usually an integral part of the phototherapy unit, frequently attached to the control system. Phototherapy timers are also used for inspection and/or calibration of phototherapy units."
    },
    {
      "code": "14055",
      "display": "Timers, Radiographic/Fluoroscopic",
      "definition": "Timers designed for automated measuring of the active duration of  exposure to x-rays during a fluoroscopic diagnostic imaging procedure. These timers typically consist of an x-ray detector that is placed in the beam path while an exposure is made, an electronic time measuring instrument, and a display. Radiographic/fluoroscopic timers are usually dedicated instruments intended for use with a variety of radiographic and fluoroscopic units (e.g., half- and/or full-wave generator); timers that are hard-wired to the control unit of radiographic/fluoroscopic units are frequently an integral part of those units. Stand-alone radiographic/fluoroscopic timers are used mainly for inspection, calibration, and/or quality control of diagnostic x-ray generators and units; the timers are frequently an integral component of kilovolt meter instruments used for quality control."
    },
    {
      "code": "15780",
      "display": "Timers, Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Timers designed for automated measuring of the active duration of exposure to high-dose radiation (e.g., x-rays, electrons) from a radiotherapy unit, such as a cobalt unit or a linear accelerator. These timers typically consist of a detector that is placed in the beam path while radiation is delivered, an electromechanical or electronic time measuring instrument, and a display. Radiotherapy timers are usually dedicated instruments intended to detect a particular type of radiation (e.g., x-rays, electrons, gamma rays); timers that are hard-wired to the control system are frequently an integral part of the radiotherapy unit (e.g., orthovoltage, linear accelerator, stereotactic radiosurgery) and used to control the intensity, duration, and/or other parameters of the treatment. Stand-alone radiotherapy timers are used mainly for inspection, calibration, and/or quality control of radiation generators and radiotherapy systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "16814",
      "display": "Timers, Scrub Station",
      "definition": "Timers designed to measure the duration of each step of cleaning and disinfection of the hands and arms performed at a scrub station. These timers consist of time measuring instruments that may use mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic technologies and audible signal generators (e.g., buzzers) to indicate that the time needed for a particular scrubbing operation has elapsed; some timers may include outputs to the control circuits that operate the water supply, ultraviolet lamps, or other station devices. Scrub station timers are frequently an integral part of the station."
    },
    {
      "code": "39561",
      "display": "Tinnitus Control Skin Patches, Topographical Filter",
      "definition": "Patches designed to be applied to the skin behind the ear of patients with tinnitus. These patches are designed to organize incident light by refracting the light through a topological geometrical field structure. This organized light may influence extracellular and intracellular water molecules in the area underlying the patch (i.e., the inner ear), potentially modulating tinnitus symptoms."
    },
    {
      "code": "14056",
      "display": "Tinnitus Therapy Units",
      "definition": "Sound generators and emitters that are used for therapy by patients with tinnitus; by listening to these sounds, the patient can change or reduce their perception of the tinnitus over time. These sounds, which can be customized and programmed, could include white noise, pink noise, or environmental sounds such as rain or waterfalls. The sounds are generated by a controller, which may be handheld, or include computers, television sets, or stereos. The sounds are transmitted through speakers; the speakers could be free standing or placed within the patient's pillow or worn inside the patient's ear canal. Tinnitus therapy units usually include a shut-off timer and a volume control."
    },
    {
      "code": "36458",
      "display": "Tinnitus Therapy Units, Ear Canal",
      "definition": "Tinnitus therapy units that have a sound generator and a receiver that is worn in the patient's ear canal; by listening to these sounds, the patient can change or reduce their perception of the tinnitus over time. These sounds, which can be customized and programmed, could include white noise, pink noise, or environmental sounds such as rain or waterfalls. The sounds are generated by a controller, which may be handheld, or computers, television sets, or stereos, or built into the ear piece. The sounds are transmitted to the receiver that is placed in the ear canal. Some ear canal tinnitus therapy units are combined with hearing aids. The hearing aid amplifies external sound; the tinnitus therapy units play therapy sounds to mask the tinnitus. These combination devices can be operated with microphone only signal, tinnitus therapy signal only, or mixed mode. These devices are called combination devices, since they can address both hearing loss and tinnitus in the same instrument."
    },
    {
      "code": "41950",
      "display": "Tinnitus Therapy Units, Electrical and Sound Stimulation",
      "definition": "Electrical and sound stimulation tinnitus therapy units are non-surgically invasive devices that are intended to treat the symptoms of tinnitus (ringing in the ears) using bimodal (sound and electrical) stimulation. These units usually consist of electrodes (e.g. intraoral or transcutaneous electrodes), an electrical stimulation unit, a sound stimulation unit, a sound transducer (e.g. headphones or hearing aids) and an interface to control the treatment parameters."
    },
    {
      "code": "20726",
      "display": "Tissue Bulking Agents",
      "definition": "Liquid substances intended to be injected into a target tissue to increase tissue bulk after their solidification as a permanent implant. These substances may consist of an organic material or more frequently a biocompatible copolymer (e.g., ethylene-vinyl alcohol) and a solvent; they are usually injected using endoscopic procedures. Dedicated tissue bulking implants are available for the treatment of specific disorders (e.g., esophageal sphincter reflux, vesicoureteral reflux)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20673",
      "display": "Tissue Bulking Agents, Gastrointestinal",
      "definition": "Implantable liquid substances intended to be injected into specific gastrointestinal tissue (e.g., the region of the lower esophageal sphincter) and allowed to precipitate as a solid permanent implant. These substances typically consist of an organic material or a biocompatible copolymer (e.g., ethylene-vinyl alcohol), a radio opaque marker (e.g., tantalum), and a liquid solvent (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide). The substance is typically injected into gastrointestinal tissue, such as the muscle or deep submucosal layers of the LES (immediately adjacent to and surrounding the cardiac opening of the esophagus) using a needle attached to a catheter that is introduced through an endoscope under fluoroscopic visualization. Gastrointestinal tissue bulking agents are available for the treatment of specific disorders (e.g., esophageal sphincter reflux)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20727",
      "display": "Tissue Bulking Agents, Urologic",
      "definition": "Implantable liquid substances intended to be injected into urinary structure/tissues such as the urethra or ureters (e.g., the ureter wall close to the ureterovesical junction, periurethral tissue). These substances typically consist of an organic material (e.g., autologous chondrocytes) or more frequently of a biocompatible copolymer (e.g., dextranomer-hyaluronic acid) and a liquid solvent. The agent is frequently delivered using a needle attached to a catheter that is introduced through an endoscope. Urological tissue bulking agents are available for the treatment of specific disorders (e.g., vesicoureteral reflux, incontinence)."
    },
    {
      "code": "23433",
      "display": "Tissue Cassette Paraffin Trimmers",
      "definition": "Laboratory devices designed to remove excess paraffin from a tissue cassette after embedding. These devices typically consist of a electrically powered unit with heaters, a container for the excess paraffin, and a heated ridged surface appropriate for sliding the cassette surface to facilitate a proper seating in a microtome clamp or vise and permitting acquisition of an appropriate section quality."
    },
    {
      "code": "16428",
      "display": "Tissue Cassettes",
      "definition": "Small flat perforated containers designed to hold tissue specimens during specimen processing and embedding. These cassettes are made from polymer that is resistant to the chemical action of histological solvents. The perforations in the cassette allow fluid exchange and drainage. The lids are usually hinged and removable but maybe a separate piece from the cassette."
    },
    {
      "code": "37482",
      "display": "Tissue Choppers",
      "definition": "Instruments used to cut thin slices, cubes, and/or prisms of tissue for laboratory procedures. These devices typically consist of a blade attached near the free end of a pivoting arm, which is designed to bring the blade straight down onto a tissue sample placed on a cutting platform. The cutting platform is typically mounted on a stage that allows for precise lateral movement of the tissue sample/cutting platform to control the width of sample cut. Some tissue chopper stages allow rotation of the stage to allow for creation of cubes and prisms. Both manual and electric tissue choppers in which blade and stage movement are performed by the operator and an electric motor, respectively, are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34205",
      "display": "Tissue Culture Stimulation Units, Electric Field",
      "definition": "Electric field stimulation units designed to apply controlled electric fields to cells and/or tissue cultures. This equipment usually consists of an electric source with one or more outputs that generates and controls the wave form, intensity, and frequency of the pulse signals applied to the cells and tissue cultures grown in appropriate dishes or trays. The units include detachable cords with electrodes at the distal end placed on the culture dishes. When the electric field is applied to the tissues the cells are under the same stress as that of the living tissues under similar conditions (e.g., the native heart). The cells and tissue response to the stress and/or to the influence of added substances (e.g., drugs) can be determined. Electric field tissue culture stimulation is mainly used for the study of the response of cardiac myocytes following established software protocols (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, physical exercise) but they are also used in studies of other electrically excitable cells."
    },
    {
      "code": "33990",
      "display": "Tissue Culture Stimulation Units, Mechanical Strain",
      "definition": "Mechanical strain stimulation units designed to apply controlled mechanical strains to cell and/or tissue cultures. This equipment usually consists of a pneumatic unit that generates and controls the pressure applied to tissue cultures grown in wells or trays with stretchable bottoms. When pneumatic pressure (either constant, cyclic, or periodic) is applied to the well the resultant force causes strain on the tissues under culture with a potential consequence of cell and tissue injury. The cell and tissue response to the stress (e.g., repair, death) and the influence of added substances (e.g., drugs) can be determined. Some tissue culture mechanical strain stimulation units are intended to produce tension, compression, or 3-D forces on the cells. The units are mainly used for the study of the response of brain and/or other cells and tissues to trauma but they can also be used for the study of growing bioengineered tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "15188",
      "display": "Tissue Culture Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to provide optimum conditions for microorganisms and/or cell  cultures under controlled, frequently anaerobic, conditions. These systems typically include a main unit, the incubation chamber, consisting of a dedicated  electromechanical apparatus with a mechanism (e.g., stirring, shaking, rocking, waving) that provides movement to the chamber, a heating/cooling system (e.g., heat exchanger, water-jacket), gas sources (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen) for aerobic and anaerobic cultures, and process controls (e.g., temperature, gas concentration, pressure). These systems usually include other devices, such as pumps, mixing devices, and scales. Tissue culture systems are used in laboratory cultures performed in plant, insect, and mammal cells (including human cells), and tissues."
    },
    {
      "code": "34602",
      "display": "Tissue Culture Systems, Cellular Injury, Toxic Substance Exposure",
      "definition": "Tissue culture systems designed to provide optimum conditions for microorganisms and/or cell  cultures under controlled conditions that also provide conditions for testing the cultures during exposure to toxic substances . These systems typically include the standard equipment needed for cell and/or tissue culture (e.g., incubation chambers, gas sources, heating systems, environmental controls). The systems also include a sub-system intended to provide uniform exposition of the cultured cells and/or tissues to precise quantities of toxic substances (e.g., tobacco smoke, diesel gases) usually in aerosol state. Toxic substance exposure systems are automated systems that work using a software. Some systems may include software to evaluate conditions such as cytotoxicity, cellular stress, and genotoxicity after the tests."
    },
    {
      "code": "15190",
      "display": "Tissue Processors",
      "definition": "Devices that automate the fixation, dehydration, clearing and infiltration of tissue specimens to help preserve the integrity of their cellular components for light or electron microscopy. In moving basket processors, reagents and paraffin are held in baths-usually glass, ceramic, or plastic beakers that are located either in sequence below the advancing specimen or in a circular array beneath a carriage supported by a central master shaft. Tissues are placed in individual perforated cassettes, each of which is placed a larger perforated tissue basket, which is then attached to the motor driven and timer controlled carriage. The carriage moves the basket to each reagent, which enters the basket. Stationary chamber processors alternately fill and drain the chamber holding specimens with fixative, dehydrating agents, clearing agents, and embedding fluids as required. Small pumps add and withdraw fluid to and from the chamber; some units use a vacuum to fill the chamber and pressure to drain the chamber and fluid lines."
    },
    {
      "code": "17876",
      "display": "Tissue Reconstructive Materials, Fluid",
      "definition": "Fluid implantable materials designed for mechanical reconstruction and/or improvement of physical appearance. These devices typically consist of either biologic or synthetic fluid materials that are injected into the body. Fluid tissue reconstructive materials are used in plastic surgery for cosmetic purposes and/or for reconstruction of anatomic deformities either of pathologic origin or after trauma; they are also used in other cosmetic procedures (e.g., treatment of wrinkles).  Available fluid reconstructive materials include either absorbable biologic fluids, such as injectable collagen and gelatin powder compounds mixed with blood, or more permanent fluids such as synthetic hyaluronic-acid-based products."
    },
    {
      "code": "41090",
      "display": "Tissue Sealants",
      "definition": "Materials designed prevent the loss of liquid (e.g., blood, spinal fluid) or gas from an anatomic structure through the formation of a mechanical barrier (i.e., seal). In the case of hemorrhage control, tissue sealants are capable of acting independently of the body's clotting mechanism. Tissue sealants are frequently supplied in a dedicated applicator containing two separated components, typically a polymer precursor (i.e., monomer) and a polymerization initiator. Mixing of the components at the time of application leads to the formation of a polymer (e.g., hydrogel) that forms a mechanical barrier to liquid/gas leakage. Tissue sealants may be synthetic or biologic in nature and may be used during various surgical procedures to control fluid loss (e.g., hemorrhage) or air loss."
    },
    {
      "code": "41094",
      "display": "Tissue Sealants, Albumin Crosslinking",
      "definition": "Tissue sealants comprised of two components, albumin (typically bovine serum albumin) and an amine-reactive crosslinker (e.g., glutaraldehyde, polyaldehyde). When the two components are combined, glutaraldehyde or polyaldehyde promotes crosslinking between lysine residues of albumin and lysine residues of tissue proteins, creating a mechanical seal. These sealants are typically supplied in two-barrel syringes with an applicator tip that mixes the two components at the time of application."
    },
    {
      "code": "41093",
      "display": "Tissue Sealants, Fibrinogen/Thrombin",
      "definition": "Tissue sealants comprised of two components, fibrinogen and thrombin. When the two components are combined, thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers, which polymerizes to form a mechanical barrier. The fibrinogen component of these products is typically derived from human plasma (either pooled plasma or individual plasma units). The thrombin component may be derived from human or animal (e.g., bovine) origin. Fibrinogen/thrombin sealants (also known as fibrin sealant or fibrin glue) are available as separate preparations of fibrinogen from pooled human plasma and thrombin that are mixed at the time of application; as preparations of fibrinogen from pooled human plasma and thrombin that are fixed within an absorbable patch; and as kits that allow collection of fibrinogen from single-patient, which is then combined with a preparation of collagen and thrombin. Because fibrin and thrombin play direct role in the coagulation cascade and because of fibrin/thrombin sealant's glue-like properties, some forms of fibrinogen/thrombin sealant may be used as hemostats or adhesives in certain applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "41095",
      "display": "Tissue Sealants, Polyethylene Glycol",
      "definition": "Tissue sealants that contain one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers that form a hydrogel when combined with a second component that promotes PEG crosslinking (e.g., antrilysine amine solution, human serum albumin). PEG-based sealants are typically supplied in a dedicated applicator that allows mixing of the PEG and crosslinking agent solutions at the time of application. PEG-based tissue sealants are used in a number of surgical applications including vascular reconstructions, dural repair during cranial procedures, and lung resection procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "37304",
      "display": "Toasters",
      "definition": "Small electrical appliances designed to brown sliced bread and bread products, such as bagels and buns, by exposing them to radiant heat, usually generated by electrically-heated wire coils. In pop-up toasters, bread slices are inserted vertically into the slots on the top of the toaster, and the bread is exposed to heating elements oriented vertically, parallel to the bread slice. In a conveyor toaster, the bread is placed horizontally on a conveyor belt, and the bread is passed slowly by the heating element. Toasters may have temperature and timer controls."
    },
    {
      "code": "38966",
      "display": "Toenail Straightening Devices",
      "definition": "Devices designed to apply mechanical force to toenails for the purpose of treating ingrown toenails (onychocryptosis) by reducing the curvature of the nail. These devices typically apply upward force at the toenail's lateral margins; some devices also apply a downward force at the toenail's midline. The devices may consist of a single-use flexible strip that is glued to the upper nail surface and applies lifting force as the strip attempts to straighten. Alternatively, these devices may consist of reusable assemblies consisting of a screw onto which is threaded a metal bar with two articulated nail graspers at its distal ends. The distal ends of the nail graspers are hooked underneath the lateral nail edge, and the screw is turned until it pushes down on the upper nail surface, pushing down on the nail midline and pulling up on the lateral edge through force transferred to the nail graspers."
    },
    {
      "code": "37330",
      "display": "Toilet Paper",
      "definition": "Thin absorbent sheets of paper that are suitable for use on or around the anus and perineum for manual removal of fecal material or urine following defecation or urination. Toilet paper is typically supplied as a roll consisting of a single sheet approximately 10 to 12 cm in width and designed to be placed on a toilet paper holder or dispenser."
    },
    {
      "code": "14064",
      "display": "Tongs, Skull",
      "definition": "Tongs designed to perform traction on the cervical spine by applying an upward force to the skull that causes a hyperextension of the head and neck. These devices are typically a two-arm pivoted instrument that is attached to the skull using pins (either partially implanted or not); the proximal end includes a mechanism (e.g., an adjustable threaded bolt and nut) for the application of the traction force. Some devices include straps that allow the connection of the tong to an external traction unit that usually includes a cable, a pulley, and a set of weights. Skull traction tongs are used in orthopedic surgery procedures for fractured spines; tongs attached to external traction units are used in the management and/or treatment of cervical spinal column damages (e.g., to avoid further spinal cord injury) caused by trauma (e.g., fractures) or diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "17576",
      "display": "Tooth Preservation Systems",
      "definition": "Emergency kits designed for the preservation and transportation of a tooth that was knocked out (i.e., avulsed) of its socket, in anticipation of reimplantation. These kits consist of a prepackaged collection (custom or standard) of the necessary supplies and devices needed for the preservation of an avulsed tooth, including a tooth preservative solution (e.g., Hank's balanced salt solution) and a vial (typically a cup) with a plastic net inside to suspend the tooth in the preservative solution. The kit may also include swabs, bandages, and other supplies to treat superficial mouth and/or other wounds. The knocked-out tooth must be suspended in the solution as soon as possible (within 30 minutes is ideal but no more than two hours after avulsion); the preserved tooth may be reimplanted within a few days of preservation. Avulsed tooth preservation kits are intended to be used to prevent the crushing and/or dehydration of tooth cells by immersing the tooth in a pH-balanced solution compatible with periodontal cells; the kits are used mainly in the field in emergency situations after traumatic avulsion of teeth."
    },
    {
      "code": "36771",
      "display": "Tooth Shade Scanners",
      "definition": "Scanners that use digital imaging to analyze the shade of natural teeth and ceramic restorations. These scanners typically consist of a wand that includes an intraoral video camera, a spectrometer, software to process and store images, and a display. The units can record information such as hue, value, and chroma of teeth. Tooth shade scanners are used for matching the shade of a new restoration to the shade of the patient's teeth or existing restorations."
    },
    {
      "code": "14071",
      "display": "Toothbrushes",
      "definition": "Brushes designed for personal cleaning of the teeth. These brushes may be mechanical, electrical, or ultrasonic devices. The bristles are usually made of nylon or hog-bristle (natural bristle); they are intended mainly for personal hygiene at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "21149",
      "display": "Toothbrushes, Electric",
      "definition": "Toothbrushes designed for cleaning teeth with electrically powered bristles. These toothbrushes employ a periodic motion (e.g., back-and-forth, circular, elliptical) when manually placed on the teeth by the user. Electrical toothbrushes typically include a set of bristles arranged in a rectangular or circular array and a handle that includes the electric motor and the batteries. Electric toothbrushes are usually battery-powered devices; some may include rechargeable batteries and a stand for battery recharging."
    },
    {
      "code": "21150",
      "display": "Toothbrushes, Manual",
      "definition": "Toothbrushes designed for mechanically cleaning the teeth. They typically consist of a small flat head with a brushing surface 1.0 to 1.25 inches (2.5 to 3 cm) long and 5/16 to 3/8 inches (0.8 to 1cm) wide with a rigid plastic handle. The bristles are usually made of nylon or hog-bristle (natural bristle), and may be grouped in separate tufts (typically 5 to 12) in two to four rows or evenly distributed. Manual toothbrushes are intended mainly for personal hygiene at home."
    },
    {
      "code": "21151",
      "display": "Toothbrushes, Manual, Gingiva/Interproximal",
      "definition": "Manual toothbrushes designed for mechanically cleaning the gingiva, the spaces between the teeth (i.e., interproximal), and/or the spaces between the teeth and periodontal pockets; they are also used to deliver cleaning and/or drugs to these sites. These brushes typically have outer and inner V-shaped portions forming working surfaces with intersections at the distal ends from the spines, and bristles extending from the intersections that are intended to clean the deeper portions of the subgingival region between the teeth and gums. Gingiva/interproximal toothbrushes frequently include an aperture in at least one of the working surfaces to deliver irrigation fluid, medicating (e.g., antibacterial), or other cleaning agent; the product is then guided by the bristles to the subgingival region."
    },
    {
      "code": "21154",
      "display": "Toothbrushes, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Toothbrushes designed to perform mechanical and ultrasonic cleaning of teeth. These toothbrushes clean the teeth with a simultaneous mechanical motion (e.g., back-and-forth, circular, elliptical) and an ultrasonic wave action when manually placed on the teeth by the user. Ultrasonic toothbrushes typically include a set of bristles arranged in a rectangular or circular array, an ultrasound transducer, and a handle that includes an electric motor and batteries. Ultrasonic toothbrushes are usually reusable battery-powered devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "26630",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels",
      "definition": "Products consisting of solutions, creams, and/or gels often made from plant materials, which do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically but can have other properties (e.g., some anesthetic or mild germicidal protection) that are designed for topical application. These products are applied locally and externally to specific areas of the body and are usually used to create a physical barrier on the surface of the skin. These topical solutions (that may be applied as an aerosol), creams, and gels can be also used to prevent absorption of certain environmental hazards (such as ultraviolet rays or allergens)."
    },
    {
      "code": "34553",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Analgesic, Joint",
      "definition": "Topical solutions, creams, and gels designed to lubricate the joints after external application on the skin (i.e., transcutaneously). These products usually consist of a substance with some chemical components (e.g., phospholipids) which travel through the skin and penetrate the synovial fluid of the joint. The transcutaneous substance is intended to produce a lubricating effect that may reduce the pain and improve the articulation movements in patients with osteoarthritis."
    },
    {
      "code": "27894",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Injured Skin",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or gels designed for application on injured skin to help healing. These solutions and creams are applied locally to specific areas of the body to create a physical barrier on the surface of the skin; they are frequently made from a variety of plant materials (e.g., aloe vera, tea-tree oil, witch hazel) and may also include some additional agents (e.g., ozonized olive oil, silicon, zinc oxide, petroleum jelly). Some products may have scar and/or keloid inhibition properties or provide local germicidal effects. Injured skin topical solutions and/or creams are intended to promote the skin healing mechanism; they do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically."
    },
    {
      "code": "34338",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Injured Skin, Scar/Keloid Inhibition",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or gels designed to treat dermal wounds, improving wound healing and preventing hypertrophic scar tissue and keloids when applied as an occlusive or semi-occlusive covering to the wounds. Scar/keloid inhibition solutions, creams, and gels are usually available in small bottles, tubes, or cans for manual application. They may be used as dressings in patients with dermal scars, typically after surgery, burns, or other wounds. Dedicated silicon gels are frequently used for these purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "34340",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Injured Skin, Scar/Keloid Inhibition, Germicidal",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or gels designed to treat dermal wounds, preventing hypertrophic scar tissue and keloids that have mild germicidal action when applied as an occlusive or semi-occlusive covering to the wounds. These products include a component (e.g., honey, garlic, lemon) with mild germicidal properties that is applied to the skin to improve wound healing. Scar/keloid inhibition solutions, creams, and gels are usually available in small bottles, tubes, or cans for manual application. They may be used as dressings in patients with dermal scars, typically after surgery, burns, or other wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "21055",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Injured Skin, Scar/Keloid Inhibition, Silicone Gel",
      "definition": "Silicone gels designed to treat dermal wounds, preventing hypertrophic scar tissue and keloids when applied as an occlusive or semi-occlusive covering to the wounds. These gels usually consist of a soft silicone ointment (i.e., a gel) that is applied to the skin to improve wound healing. Scar/keloid inhibition gels are usually available in tubes for manual application. They may be used as dressings in patients with dermal scars, typically after surgery, burns, or other wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "37112",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Lip",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or gels designed for application on the lips to sooth dry or chapped lips. These solutions, creams, and gels act as moisturizers and promote moisture retention by creating a physical barrier to moisture evaporation. These solutions, creams, and gels are often made from plant materials; they do not act metabolically. Some of these solutions, creams, and gels may be supplemented with ultraviolet radiation-blocking agents to prevent sun damage."
    },
    {
      "code": "36767",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Nail",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or gels applied to fingernails or toenails to improve the appearance (e.g., color, thickness) of the nail. These solutions, creams, and gels are often made from plant materials and do not contain drugs or act metabolically."
    },
    {
      "code": "34089",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or gels designed for vaginal application. These solutions and creams are applied inside the vagina to produce a local effect (e.g., lubricating, germicidal) or to create a physical barrier on the surface of the cavity; some liquid products can be applied as sprays. Vaginal topical products are frequently made from a variety of plant materials and may also include some additives for particular purposes. Some products are used for hygiene, lubrication, acidity (i.e., pH) control, and to treat small ulcers. Products that combine the creation of a physical barrier (e.g., a film) and germicidal properties are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28502",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Gels, Vaginal, Lubrication",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, and gels designed for vaginal application to lubricate and moisturize the internal layer of the vaginal tissue. The products are frequently made of a variety of water-, oil-, and silicon-based, products which are frequently obtained from plants. The products may also include some additional agents (e.g., germicides). Vaginal lubricating solutions, creams, and gels are mainly intended to treat vaginal dryness, to facilitate intercourse, and/or to facilitate the introduction of devices (e.g., thermometers, specula, surgical instruments) during the performance of diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or surgical procedures in the interior of the vagina."
    },
    {
      "code": "28247",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Cream/Suppositories, Rectum",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or suppositories applied around and/or into the rectum to produce topical, non-metabolic effects. These products are typically based on natural products, such as oil (e.g., olive, glycerin) or water compounds (e.g., based on polyethylene glycol); they may also include additional components such herbal extracts and/or other chemical products (e.g., analgesics). Rectal topical solutions/creams/suppositories available in liquid state may be applied as drops or as spray. They are formulated to moisturize, lubricate, and/or protect the anal canal and rectum; some products may also provide local relief of constipation or produce analgesic effects to reduce pain and/or to facilitate the introduction of instruments for examination of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The products are frequently used as laxatives or for local treatment of hemorrhoids; they are not intended for drug administration and do not act metabolically."
    },
    {
      "code": "28105",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Anesthetic",
      "definition": "Topical solutions and creams designed to produce temporary local anesthetic effects in a small external area of the body without causing any metabolic effect. These products usually consist of a solution with some chemical components (e.g., ethyl chloride, solutions combining pentafluoropropane and tetrafluoroethane) which evaporate quickly, removing heat from the area where it is applied. The rapid evaporation causes a cooling effect that acts as a local anesthetic. Anesthetic topical solutions/creams may be used before needle procedures (e.g., injection) and/or minor surgeries. Topical anesthetic solutions and creams that are absorbed by the tissues and may produce considerable metabolic effects (e.g., lidocaine) are not included under this category of solutions."
    },
    {
      "code": "27741",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Ear Cleaning/Wax Softening",
      "definition": "Ear solutions and creams designed to facilitate cleaning the ear canal and/or wax removal. These solutions and creams may be based on natural oil (e.g., olive, eucalyptus, chamomile, lemon) or water (e.g., saline) solutions; they may also include additional components such aloe vera and/or other chemical products. Some products also include components (e.g., oxygen peroxide) that may reduce ear wax production and/or help in its disintegration. The product is available in liquid state for application of drops, in spray, and as a cream or gel."
    },
    {
      "code": "27737",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Eye Lubrication",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic solutions and creams designed for lubrication of the eyes. These products frequently resemble the composition of natural tears; they may also include components (e.g., mineral oils, polymers such as sodium hyaluronate) intended to alleviate severe ocular dryness, thereby increasing eye comfort. Some of these solutions may be used by contact lens wearers without damage to the lens. A few drops of eye lubricating solution, liquefied gels, or ointments are usually applied on each eye. Eye lubrication solutions and creams are intended only for temporary local relief of ocular discomfort."
    },
    {
      "code": "24115",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Nasal",
      "definition": "Non-metabolic solutions or creams applied to the skin around the nostrils and base of the nose or that flush the nasal cavity.  These solutions create a physical barrier against allergens such as pollen and temporarily prevent allergic rhinitis. These solutions and creams are often made from plant materials; they do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically."
    },
    {
      "code": "36828",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Pediculicidal",
      "definition": "Topical solutions and creams that are used for the treatment of lice. These solutions and creams do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically, but rather act by smothering or dissolving lice, nits, and nit glue when applied to the affected area."
    },
    {
      "code": "26632",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Podiatric",
      "definition": "Non-metabolic solutions or creams applied to the feet. These solutions create a physical barrier against  the elements (such as water, sun, or dry air) which can cause dry skin on the heels and other parts of the foot. These solutions may be scented and temporarily control foot odor as well. These solutions and creams are often made from plant materials; they do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically."
    },
    {
      "code": "28055",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Throat",
      "definition": "Solutions and creams designed to apply on the throat to produce topical, non-metabolic effects. These solutions and creams may be based on natural oils (e.g., olive, glycerin, chamomile) or water (e.g., saline) solutions; they may also include additional components such herbal extracts and/or other chemical products (e.g., analgesics). Throat topical solutions/creams are available in liquid state for application of drops or as spray; they are also available as a cream or gel. They are formulated to moisturize and protect the throat, to alleviate sore throat, to prevent snoring, and/or to have local analgesic effects intended to reduce pain and/or to facilitate the introduction of instruments for examination of the throat or the respiratory tract."
    },
    {
      "code": "26631",
      "display": "Topical Solution/Creams, Ultraviolet Protection",
      "definition": "Non-metabolic solutions or creams applied to the skin to create a barrier from the sun's ultraviolet rays.  Direct and prolonged absorption of ultraviolet rays may lead to burnt skin and increased odds of developing certain skin cancers. Use of these products is intended to help prevent skin damage and help reduce the risk of developing certain skin cancers. These solutions or creams remain effective at blocking the sun's rays for a limited amount of time (usually a couple of hours). These solutions and creams are often made from plant materials and minerals; they do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically."
    },
    {
      "code": "28503",
      "display": "Topical Solutions/Creams/Gels, Oral Cavity",
      "definition": "Solutions, creams, or gels designed for application inside the oral cavity. These solutions and creams are applied inside the oral cavity (i.e., the mouth) to produce a local effect (e.g., germicidal) or to create a physical barrier on the surface of the cavity; some liquid products can be applied as sprays. Oral cavity topical products are frequently made from a variety of plant materials and may also include some additives for particular purposes. Some products are intended for oral hygiene, use as antioxidants, or to treat small mouth ulcers (also known as canker sores or aphthous ulceration). Other products may combine the creation of a physical barrier (e.g., a film) and germicidal properties against microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "32857",
      "display": "Topical Tablets",
      "definition": "Solid compounds of varying weight, shape, and size often made from plant materials, which do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically. These tablets (also known as pills) are inserted in specific cavities of the body (e.g., vagina, rectum) to have a local effect; the tablets are not intended for swallowing. Topical tablets can be used to alleviate pain, regulate acidity (i.e., pH), and/or for lubrication or itch reduction."
    },
    {
      "code": "28041",
      "display": "Topical Tablets, Vaginal",
      "definition": "Topical tablets designed for introduction into the vagina which do not contain drugs and do not act metabolically. These tablets are often made from plant materials; they are dissolved inside the vagina to provide the intended effects. Vaginal topical tablets are used for several purposes, such as acidity regulation and vagina tightening, itch reduction, and/or lubrication of the vagina."
    },
    {
      "code": "23778",
      "display": "Torsiometers",
      "definition": "Electromechanical measuring instruments designed for automated measurement of angular twisting (i.e., rotations in one plane), rather than bending. These torsiometers typically consist of small-diameter flexible spring with plastic end blocks and a strain gauge mechanism housed inside the spring that changes electrical resistance proportionally to the change in angle between the longitudinal axes of the end blocks, an amplifier, and extension cables to connect to the electronic measuring unit. The end blocks are attached to limb segments with double-sided adhesive tape. Torsiometers are mainly intended to measure angular torso, forearm, neck, and spine twisting; they are used by rheumatologists and physiotherapists."
    },
    {
      "code": "14072",
      "display": "Tourniquets",
      "definition": "Devices designed to circumferentially constrict/compress an extremity for a limited period of time to control venous and arterial blood flow. The pressure is applied to the extremity upon the limb surface and underlying tissues using the cuff; pressure is then transferred to the blood vessels causing a temporary occlusion. Pneumatic tourniquets are used mainly during surgical procedures to provide a bloodless operative field; mechanical (i.e., non-inflatable) tourniquets are usually intended for use in an emergency to control hemorrhage after serious limb accidents."
    },
    {
      "code": "16632",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Non-Inflatable Strap",
      "definition": "Tourniquets designed to circumferentially constrict/compress an extremity for a limited period of time to control venous and arterial blood flow with a non-inflatable strap. These tourniquets usually consist of a plain (e.g., rubber, fabric) elastic band that may include some means (e.g., clips) for fixing around the limb. Strap non-inflatable tourniquets are used mainly for phlebotomy and/or intravenous infusion procedures; dedicated tourniquets are also available for use in emergency situations to control hemorrhage."
    },
    {
      "code": "31127",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Non-Inflatable Strap, Emergency",
      "definition": "Non-inflatable strap tourniquets designed to circumferentially constrict/compress an extremity for a limited period of time to control venous and arterial bleeding (i.e., hemorrhage) in emergency situations.  These tourniquets usually consist of a plain (e.g., rubber, fabric) elastic band that may include some means for easy and quick fixing around the affected limb of the injured person. Emergency strap non-inflatable tourniquets are used mainly in the field by paramedics, firemen, and/or other trained personnel during emergency situations including traumatic accidents, natural disasters, riots, and war. Dedicated emergency tourniquets intended for self-application, typically using only one hand, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "31131",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Non-Inflatable Strap, Emergency, Self-Application",
      "definition": "Non-inflatable strap tourniquets designed for self-application (i.e., one-hand) to circumferentially constrict/compress an extremity for a limited period of time to control venous and arterial bleeding (i.e., hemorrhage) in emergency situations. These tourniquets usually consist of a plain (e.g., plastic) band that includes some means for easy and quick self-fixing (e.g., strips, clips, self-adhesive bands, built-in ratchets) around the affected limb usually using only one hand. Wearable tourniquets intended for carrying attached (e.g., belt) to the body of the user are also available. Self-application emergency strap non-inflatable tourniquets are mainly used in the field by people subject to high risk of injuries, such as policemen, firemen, and members of the armed forces during combat; they may be also used by paramedics and/or other trained personnel during emergency situations including traumatic accidents, natural disasters, riots, and war."
    },
    {
      "code": "14074",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Pneumatic",
      "definition": "Tourniquets designed to circumferentially constrict/compress an extremity for a limited period of time by applying a precise amount of pressure using a gas-inflated cuff. The pressure is applied upon the limb surface and underlying tissues using the cuff; pressure is then transferred to the blood vessels causing a temporary occlusion. The pressure applied should be at least equal or higher than the minimum required to occlude the blood flow (i.e., limb occlusion pressure [LOP]). These tourniquets typically include an inflatable cuff, a compressed gas source, and tubes. Manual devices may use an integral gas cartridge or a manual pump as compressed air source while automated tourniquets include a control unit that supplies the compressed gas from a central supply system, a small gas container (e.g., a cylinder), or from an integral electric pump. Pneumatic tourniquets are used mainly during surgical procedures on the extremities enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields."
    },
    {
      "code": "27890",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Pneumatic, Automated",
      "definition": "Pneumatic tourniquets designed to circumferentially constrict/compress circumferentially an extremity for a limited period of time by applying a precise amount of pressure using an automated gas-inflated cuff. The pressure is applied upon the limb surface and underlying tissues using the cuff; pressure is then transferred to the blood vessels causing a temporary occlusion. The pressure should be at least equal or higher than the minimum required to occlude the blood flow (i.e., limb occlusion pressure or [LOP]). These tourniquets typically include an inflatable cuff and a compressed gas source. Automated tourniquets include a control unit that supplies the compressed gas from a gas cartridge, central supply system, a small gas container (e.g., a cylinder), or from an integral electric pump. Automated tourniquets also include controls, regulators, monitors for the applied pressure, and alarms for abnormal conditions; computerized automated tourniquets can perform self-calibration checks and display elapsed inflation time. Automated pneumatic tourniquets are used mainly during surgical procedures on the extremities enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields."
    },
    {
      "code": "31135",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Pneumatic, Automated, Compressed Gas",
      "definition": "Pneumatic tourniquets including tubing for connection to a compressed gas source designed to constrict/compress circumferentially an extremity for a limited period of time by applying a precise amount of pressure using an automated gas-inflated cuff. The pressure is applied to the limb surface and underlying tissues using the cuff; pressure is then transferred to the blood vessels causing a temporary occlusion. The pressure should be at least equal or higher than the minimum required to occlude the blood flow (i.e., limb occlusion pressure [LOP]). These tourniquets typically include one or more inflatable cuffs and a unit connected to a central air system unit or a compressed gas cylinder. The tourniquet main unit usually includes controls, regulators, monitors for the applied pressure, and alarms for abnormal conditions; computerized automated tourniquets can perform self-calibration checks and display elapsed inflation time. Compressed gas pneumatic tourniquets are used mainly during surgical procedures in the extremities which enable surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields; they may be used also  to stop bleeding during emergency care."
    },
    {
      "code": "31134",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Pneumatic, Automated, Electric-Powered",
      "definition": "Pneumatic tourniquets that include an electrically powered compressed air pump that are designed to circumferentially constrict/compress an extremity for a limited period of time by applying a precise amount of pressure using an automated gas-inflated cuff. The pressure is applied upon the limb surface and underlying tissues using the cuff; pressure is then transferred to the blood vessels causing a temporary occlusion. The pressure should be at least equal or higher than the minimum required to occlude the blood flow (i.e., limb occlusion pressure [LOP]). These tourniquets typically include one or more inflatable cuffs and an electric-powered control unit with a compressed air pump; usually integral manual bulbs are also included in the control unit for use in case of power failures. The tourniquets also include controls, regulators, monitors for the applied pressure, and alarms for abnormal conditions. Computerized automated tourniquets can perform self-calibration checks and display elapsed inflation time. Automated electric-powered pneumatic tourniquets are used mainly during surgical procedures on the extremities enabling surgeons to perform delicate procedures in bloodless operative fields."
    },
    {
      "code": "31132",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Pneumatic, Manual",
      "definition": "Pneumatic tourniquets designed to circumferentially constrict/compress an extremity for a limited period of time by applying a precise amount of pressure using a manually air-inflated cuff. The pressure is applied upon the limb surface and underlying tissues using the cuff; pressure is then transferred to the blood vessels causing a temporary occlusion. The pressure applied should be at least equal or higher than the minimum required to occlude the blood flow (i.e., limb occlusion pressure [LOP]). These tourniquets typically include an inflatable cuff, a hand pump (e.g., a rubber bulb) or, less frequently, a compressed gas cartridge, and an integral manometer. Manual pneumatic tourniquets are used mainly during emergency situations to control hemorrhage and for amputations, but they may be also used during surgical procedures on the extremities to provide bloodless operative fields when automated tourniquets are not available or their operation is not possible for other causes."
    },
    {
      "code": "31133",
      "display": "Tourniquets, Pneumatic, Manual, Emergency/Self-Application",
      "definition": "Pneumatic tourniquets designed to constrict/compress circumferentially an extremity for a limited period of time to control venous and arterial bleeding (i.e., hemorrhage) in emergency situations, frequently intended for self-application using only one hand. The pressure is applied all-around upon the limb surface and underlying tissues using the cuff; pressure is then transferred to the blood vessels causing a temporary occlusion. These tourniquets typically consist of an inflatable cuff, a hand pump (e.g., a rubber bulb), and some means for easy and quick self-fixing (e.g., clips, self-adhesive bands, built-in ratchets) around the affected limb usually using only one hand. Emergency/self-application pneumatic tourniquets are used mainly in the field by people subject to high risk of injuries, such as policemen, firemen, and members of the armed forces during combat. They may be also used by paramedics and/or other trained personnel during emergency situations including traumatic accidents, natural disasters, riots, and war."
    },
    {
      "code": "18768",
      "display": "Towelettes",
      "definition": "Small disposable absorbent cloths (e.g., cotton, nonwoven material), typically presoaked with an appropriate substance according to the intended use (e.g., cleansing, disinfection, medication).  Towelettes are mostly used to wipe human body skin or an equipment surface that needs cleaning or disinfection."
    },
    {
      "code": "18769",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal",
      "definition": "Towelettes designed for external application of cleansing, antiseptic, or medicated agents to humans."
    },
    {
      "code": "17988",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Antiseptic",
      "definition": "Personal towelettes designed to apply an agent (e.g., antiseptic) that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them.  These towelettes are usually presoaked with the antiseptic (e.g., isopropyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride); some include agents that effectively kill pathogenic microorganisms (germicides), such as iodine or povidone-iodine (betadine).  Personal antiseptic towelettes are mostly used to clean wounds, cuts, and abrasions; they are also used to avoid cross-contamination (e.g., by hand definition) when water is not available or appropriate."
    },
    {
      "code": "41737",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Antiseptic, Preoperative",
      "definition": "Towelettes presoaked with a broad-spectrum antiseptic, such as chlorhexidine gluconate, that is used to clean and prepare the skin before surgery. Preoperative antiseptic towelettes are large enough to apply antiseptic to an adequate surface area for preoperative applications. The towelettes are usually made of polyester."
    },
    {
      "code": "18770",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Cleansing",
      "definition": "Personal towelettes designed to clean the skin or other external part of the human body.  These towelettes are usually presoaked with cleansing agents; they may also be presoaked with moisturizers, deodorants, and/or perfumes.  Some also include mild antiseptics or antiadhesive agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "18771",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Medicated",
      "definition": "Personal towelettes designed for external administration of medication.  These towelettes are presoaked with the appropriate medicine.  Medicated personal towelettes are used to apply medicine to the affected area, usually by patting or wiping; some of them release medicated vapors that the patient can breathe into the airways."
    },
    {
      "code": "18773",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Medicated, Nasal Vapor",
      "definition": "Medicated personal towelettes designed to release medicated vapors (e.g., menthol, camphor) that the patient can breathe into the airways through the nose.  These towelettes are held under the nose for temporary relief of breathing difficulties in the nose and upper airways."
    },
    {
      "code": "18772",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Medicated, Perineal",
      "definition": "Medicated personal towelettes designed for administration of medication (e.g., witch hazel, pramoxine hydrochloride) to the anorectal, vaginal, and perianal areas.  Perianal medicated towelettes are used for the temporary treatment of hemorrhoids and/or rectal or vaginal itching, pain, or irritation."
    },
    {
      "code": "37113",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Nail Polish Removal",
      "definition": "Personal towelettes designed to aid in the removal of nail polish from a patient's nails. These towelettes are usually presoaked with a solution containing a solvent (e.g., acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20575",
      "display": "Towelettes, Personal, Skin/Personal Gear Decontamination",
      "definition": "Towelettes intended for decontamination of chemical agents from the surface of the skin and personal gear (e.g., hoods, masks, gloves, protective garments) chemical neutralization.  These towelettes are usually impregnated with a solution for oxidation of chemical agents, including mustard agents (e.g., H agents), nerve agents such as VX and the G series (e.g., Tabun [GA], sarin [GB]),  and lewisite (L). Typically, the towelettes are supplied in a set of sealed pouches filled with inert gas. Gloves are worn when opening the pouches; the towelette solution is wiped on the contaminated area and then wiped off with a new, clean towelette. Chemical-agent decontamination towelettes are not intended for use on wounds or near the eyes or mouth. Decontamination towelettes are typically used by civil rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "18774",
      "display": "Towelettes, Surface Cleansing",
      "definition": "Towelettes designed for cleansing nonporous surfaces.  These towelettes may be dry or presoaked with cleansing agents, deodorants, and/or perfumes.  Surface cleansing towelettes can be used for cleansing, spill removal, and/or deodorizing the nonporous surfaces of medical equipment and instruments, such as electrodes, glassware, and microscopes.  They are used in laboratories, radiology departments, general wards, and other hospital areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "18775",
      "display": "Towelettes, Surface Cleansing, Antistatic",
      "definition": "Surface cleansing towelettes made of materials or including products that have antistatic properties.  These towelettes can be used for cleaning transparent surfaces and to prevent the accumulation of dust particles in mammography cassettes, computer screens, and eyeglasses; those used to clean eyeglasses may also include antifog agents."
    },
    {
      "code": "18776",
      "display": "Towelettes, Surface Disinfection",
      "definition": "Towelettes used to apply an agent (disinfectant) to nonporous surfaces to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms.  These towelettes are usually presoaked with the disinfectant; some include agents (germicides) that effectively kill the pathogenic microorganisms most commonly found in hospital environments.  Disinfecting surface towelettes are used in medical, radiographic, dental, and laboratory instruments and equipment to avoid cross-contamination."
    },
    {
      "code": "14077",
      "display": "Towels, Surgical",
      "definition": "Sterile towels designed for use during surgical procedures. These towels, usually made from absorbent cotton, are available in different sizes and colors. Surgical towels are used mainly in surgical and/or other procedures for purposes such as keeping a sterile environment for the incision site and wiping or absorbing exudates or other fluids; they can be also used as liners for procedure trays. The towels are supplied in sanitized packages for single use or as nonsterile, autoclavable items."
    },
    {
      "code": "14081",
      "display": "Tracheal Tube Cuff Inflators",
      "definition": "Devices used to inject air manually into the cuff of a tracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway. Tracheal tube cuff inflators typically include a rubber bulb that the user squeezes or pushes to deliver air. The inflators may have a means to deflate the tracheal tube cuff, such as a valve to release pressure from the cuff. The devices often incorporate a pressure manometer that displays the pressure within the cuff."
    },
    {
      "code": "17694",
      "display": "Tracheal Tube Introducers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for use in the introduction of tracheal tubes through the mouth (i.e., orotracheal intubation). These instruments usually are very flexible stylet-like devices that are directly introduced in the trachea as a guide for the passage of an endotracheal tube. Tracheal tube introducers (e.g., Eschmann introducers) are intended for use in emergency situations to facilitate difficult intubations, especially in the field or when other resources are not available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28002",
      "display": "Tracheoscopes, Flexible, Video, Intubation",
      "definition": "Flexible video tracheoscopes designed to pass through the vocal cords to view the carina and tracheal structure while assisting endotracheal intubation procedures. These tracheoscopes consist of a flexible endoscope about 600 mm (24 inch) long with a working channel, a suction channel to extract mucous and/or bronchial secretions, a fiber optic light system, appropriate lenses, and a small battery-powered light (e.g., halogen) source. The tracheoscopes are usually passed through single lumen tracheal tubes, but some permit passing through double lumen tubes. Add-on cameras allow displaying images through video systems.  Intubation tracheoscopes are mainly used to facilitate placement of tracheal tubes in emergency situations even when a laryngeal fracture is present; they may be also used as standard laryngoscopes when needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "33054",
      "display": "Tracheoscopes, Rigid, Orotracheal Intubation",
      "definition": "Rigid tracheoscopes designed to view images of the carina and tracheal structure during orotracheal intubation procedures. These tracheoscopes (also known as optical intubation stylets) consist of a rigid slim endoscope usually in a length range from 28 to 35 cm (11 to 14 inch) with a curved distal end that can accommodate endotracheal tubes of 6 mm (.25 inch) diameter of larger (adult versions) or from 2.5 mm (.10 inch) up for pediatric use. Some devices are designed for direct visualization during the intubation procedure while others include a fiberoptic bundle to obtain images on external displays. Some devices may include a working channel to aspirate mucus and debris and/or to deliver oxygen but most rigid tracheoscopes do not include any working channel. Orotracheal intubation rigid tracheoscopes are mainly used in patients with limited mouth opening and/or cervical spine or neck movement. Some tracheoscopes are intended for retromolar intubation allowing simultaneous adequate dental occlusion, facilitating intraoperative maxillary fixation in patients with severe head traumas."
    },
    {
      "code": "14093",
      "display": "Tracheostomy Buttons",
      "definition": "Short tubes or cannulae with an outer plug designed to be placed in the opening created by a tracheostomy. Tracheostomy buttons do not extend into the trachea. These devices are usually used to prevent the narrowing of the tracheostomy stoma during intermittent use of a tracheostomy tube. They can also be used for attaching devices such as speaking valves or for suctioning mucus. Tracheostomy buttons may be made of polymer or silicone."
    },
    {
      "code": "15618",
      "display": "Tracks/Carriers",
      "definition": "Combinations of metal or hard plastic structures (tracks) and sliding devices (carriers) that can be displaced internally along track channels; tracks and carriers are designed to suspend hangers from the ceiling. The tracks are typically long, (e.g., 6 m [20 feet]) straight or curved, hollow sections of extruded metal (e.g., steel, aluminum) or hard synthetics (e.g., plastic, nylon) with an appropriate profile. The carriers typically consist of a set of one or more wheels or sliding bars. Tracks and carriers are used mainly on the ceilings of bed areas of hospitals, nursing centers, and other healthcare facilities; dedicated devices are available to hang curtains providing temporary privacy to a patient and/or to hang intravenous infusion containers."
    },
    {
      "code": "15620",
      "display": "Tracks/Carriers, Intravenous",
      "definition": "Tracks and carriers designed to support intravenous fluid (IV) container pendants (e.g., poles, hangers), facilitating the administration of IV fluids. These devices typically consist of long (e.g., 6 m [20 feet]) sections of metal (e.g., steel, aluminum) or hard plastic hollow structures (tracks) and sliding carriers (e.g., wheels or bars) capable of supporting the weight of the IV containers (typically up to 30 or 40 kg [66 to 88 pounds]). IV container tracks and carriers are used to permit movement of patients connected to IV containers or site changes in bed areas, operating rooms, and other clinical areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "41030",
      "display": "Tracks/Carriers, Overhead Track Patient Transfer Lift",
      "definition": "Tracks and carriers that are part of overhead track patient transfer lifts and from which the lift motor is suspended. These track/carriers are ceiling-mounted, wall-mounted, or freestanding. They are usually made of aluminum and can be many different shapes, lengths and configurations. They can include a mounting system (e.g., steel brackets) and a trolley that is mounted inside the track and has wheels that allow the lift to move along the track."
    },
    {
      "code": "14105",
      "display": "Traction Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed to apply traction forces by means of harnesses attached to a particular site of the patient anatomy, such as the cervical or lumbar vertebrae, pelvis, or extremities. These devices typically consist of several specialized harnesses, a combination of pulleys and cords, and (typically) either a set of weights or a motor with a control unit as the source of the traction forces. The use of weights provides only one mode of operation (i.e., static or continuous mode), while the use of motors and appropriate control devices permits the application of traction forces in several modes (e.g., static, intermittent, progressive/regressive, cyclic). Adjustable spreader bars vary the angle at which the cord applies traction.  Traction units are used in orthopedic and/or physical therapy procedures, including fracture treatment and widening of the intervertebral spaces in the spine."
    },
    {
      "code": "14106",
      "display": "Traction Units, Intermittent",
      "definition": "Traction units designed to apply forces from a motor through harnesses that are typically attached to the cervical or lumbar vertebrae. These devices usually consist of an electrical motor and a control unit used to generate and regulate respectively, the mechanical forces and a cord (e.g., braided nylon) that is clamped to the harness and transmits the force; adjustable spreader bars attached to the control unit are frequently used to vary the angle at which the cord applies the traction. Many powered units can be operated in several different modes, including short-term continuous (static) mode, intermittent mode in which intermittent action is automatically generated and relieved according to a preset maximum and minimum force and duration; and two more elaborate modes (used in conjunction with intermittent traction), one of which modes applies and relieves force in predetermined steps (i.e., progressive/regressive mode) while the other repeats the progressive/regressive mode in intermittent cycles (i.e., cycled mode). Powered traction units are used mainly to widen the intervertebral spaces, usually for treatment of prolapsed intervertebral disks, facet joint osteoarthritis and capsulitis, and disk protrusion and/or degenerative disk diseases. They are available in several configurations, one configuration permits either wall mounting for vertical cervical traction or table attachment for horizontal cervical and lumbar traction (i.e., universal models); another configuration allows use of the traction unit on a pedestal connected to a traction table (i.e., table-mounted models) for horizontal cervical and lumbar traction; a third configuration allows the unit to be placed on mobile carts and rolled to a table for horizontal traction or to a traction chair for vertical cervical traction."
    },
    {
      "code": "14108",
      "display": "Traction Units, Intermittent, Mobile",
      "definition": "Powered traction units designed to be placed on a mobile cart that can be rolled either to a table to apply horizontal traction force or to a chair to apply vertical traction by means of harnesses attached to the cervical or lumbar vertebrae. These devices typically consist of an electrical motor and a control unit used to generate and regulate the mechanical forces and a cord (e.g., braided nylon) that is clamped to the harness and transmit the force; adjustable spreader bars, typically attached to the control unit are frequently used to vary the angle at which the cord applies the traction. Most of these units can be operated in static or intermittent modes or in variations of the intermittent mode (i.e., progressive/regressive and cyclic modes). Mobile powered traction units are used for cervical traction and also to widen the intervertebral spaces, usually for treatment of prolapsed intervertebral disks, facet joint osteoarthritis and capsulitis, and disk protrusion and/or degenerative disk diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "15607",
      "display": "Traction Units, Static",
      "definition": "Traction units designed to apply constant traction forces by means of harnesses attached to a particular site of the patient anatomy (e.g., cervical or lumbar vertebrae, extremities) and hanging weights or other nonpowered techniques. These units typically consist of several specialized harnesses, a combination of pulleys and cords, and, frequently, a set of weights that hang from cords as the source of the traction force (other systems, including some devices that use the patient's own weight as the source of the traction force, are also available). Adjustable spreader bars may be used to vary the angle at which the cord applies the traction. Static traction units are used in several orthopedic and/or physical therapy procedures. These units can provide only a continuous (i.e., static) mode of operation in which fixed forces are applied for the duration of the procedure, limiting the capabilities of the system. They are available in configurations that allow the unit to be either wall mounted for vertical cervical traction (with patients usually seated on a chair) or attached to a table for horizontal cervical and lumbar traction (i.e., universal models), with patients lying on traction tables."
    },
    {
      "code": "14111",
      "display": "Traction Units, Static, Chair",
      "definition": "Static (nonpowered) traction units designed to be wall mounted for vertical traction application to the cervical vertebrae. These units typically consist of several specialized harnesses, a combination of pulleys and cords, and, frequently, a set of weights that hang from cords as the source of the traction force (other systems, including some devices that use the patient's own weight as the source of the traction force, are also available). Adjustable spreader bars may be used to vary the angle at which the cord applies the traction. These units are used to provide vertical cervical traction to patients, who are typically seated on specially designed chairs (i.e., traction chairs); simpler units for home use (e.g., designed to be temporarily attached to a door) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14113",
      "display": "Trainers, Auditory",
      "definition": "Systems designed to amplify a speaker's (e.g., classroom instructor's) voice to facilitate listening by one or more persons in the audience. These devices typically consist of a microphone worn by the speaker that transmits audio signals to individual listening devices. Auditory trainers typically transmit audio signals wirelessly via radio or infrared wireless technology; however, systems using wired connections may also be available. Individual listing devices typically consist of earphones; some systems include wireless receivers that can be coupled to users' hearing aids, using the hearing aid as the listening device. Auditory trainers are typically used to facilitate listening by persons with hearing impairments and/or deficits in maintaining attention or auditory processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "16294",
      "display": "Training Aids",
      "definition": "Devices designed to facilitate and/or improve the skills to perform healthcare procedures and/or the use of medical devices. Training aids may consist of printed and audiovisual materials that provide text; still or moving (e.g., video) images; dedicated devices (e.g., masks, shoes); or kits and training simulators. Training simulators usually include manikins that mimic the whole human body and/or anatomic models resembling the characteristics and/or performance of particular body parts (e.g., organs). Training simulators permit the simulation and training in a clinical, endoscopic, or surgical procedure. Training aids are used for teaching or to improve the capabilities of the healthcare staff (e.g., surgeons, nurses, paramedics); they may also be used to train patients in the performance of healthcare and/or rehabilitation procedures (e.g., use of exercisers) by themselves."
    },
    {
      "code": "14118",
      "display": "Transducers, Force",
      "definition": "Transducers designed to convert mechanical forces into electrical signals with values that vary according to the intensity of the force. These transducers typically consist of strain gauges that convert physical deformation into an electrical signal that is processed by an electronic unit and displayed, recorded, and/or monitored in force units (e.g., lbs, kg). Force transducers, frequently known as load cells, are used in clinical applications as components of devices such as physiologic analyzers to measure muscle forces, scales to measure weight, and some laboratory equipment; they are also used in research applications."
    },
    {
      "code": "22626",
      "display": "Transducers, Pressure, Vascular Aneurysm",
      "definition": "Transducers designed to measure the pressure inside a vascular aneurysm sac that is excluded from the blood circulation (usually in an area of thrombus) by a stent-graft implanted to repair the vascular aneurysm. These devices are typically implantable transducers that convert pressure to radiofrequency or ultrasound signals; the transducers work with an external console that reads the pressure from the transducer and displays the results. Vascular aneurysm pressure measuring transducers, in combination with a matching external unit, are used during endovascular procedures intended to repair vascular aneurysms (typically abdominal aortic aneurysms); comparing the value of the pressure in the aneurysm sac before and after the exclusion of the sac from the blood circulation during the aneurysm repair procedure facilitates the detection of internal leaks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22628",
      "display": "Transducers, Pressure, Vascular Aneurysm, Radiofrequency",
      "definition": "Transducers designed to convert pressure to radiofrequency (RF) energy to measure the pressure in an aneurysm sac that is excluded from the blood circulation (usually in an area of thrombus) by a stent-graft implanted  to repair the vascular aneurysm; the transducer works with an external unit including a handheld probe that makes contact with the skin to read the pressure from the transducer signal. These transducers typically consist of a hermetically sealed electronic circuit without power sources and a micro membrane that translates pressure changes in the aneurysm sac into resonant frequency changes in the transducer (usually changing the capacitance value in a capacitance-inductance resonant circuit). The unit antenna transmits RF energy to the transducer; the frequency of the feedback signal sent by the transducer to the console is displayed as a value of pressure in the console monitor. RF vascular aneurysm pressure measuring transducers, in combination with a matching external unit, are used during endovascular procedures intended to repair vascular aneurysms (typically abdominal aortic aneurysms); comparing the value of the pressure in the aneurysm sac before and after the exclusion of the sac from the blood circulation during the aneurysm repair procedure facilitates the detection of internal leaks."
    },
    {
      "code": "22629",
      "display": "Transducers, Pressure, Vascular Aneurysm, Ultrasound",
      "definition": "Transducers designed to convert pressure to ultrasound energy to measure the pressure in an aneurysm sac that is excluded from the blood circulation (usually in an area of thrombus) by a stent-graft implanted to repair the vascular aneurysm. The transducer works with an external unit including a handheld probe that makes contact with the skin to read the pressure from the transducer signal. These transducers are typically a hermetically sealed device that is fixed to the outside of the stent-graft; the transducer includes a piezoelectric membrane that charges a capacitor when energized by ultrasound waves from a handheld probe; once charged the transducer sends back an ultrasound signal to the external unit that varies according to the value of the pressure. Ultrasonic vascular aneurysm pressure measuring transducers, in combination with a matching external unit, are used during endovascular procedures intended to repair vascular aneurysms (typically abdominal aortic aneurysms); comparing the value of the pressure in the aneurysm sac before and after the exclusion of the sac from the blood circulation during the aneurysm repair procedure facilitates the detection of internal leaks."
    },
    {
      "code": "14121",
      "display": "Transducers, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Transducers designed to convert electrical signals into mechanical energy in the form of sound (i.e., ultrasonic signals) and vice versa. These devices typically consist of an active element (e.g., ceramic or piezoelectric polymer) as well as a high-attenuation, high-density material that is used to control the vibration of the transducer by absorbing the energy radiating from the back face of the active element (i.e., a backing element); some transducers also include a wear plate that protects the transducer element from the environment. Features available for ultrasonic transducers include array configuration for connecting more than one transducer in series or in parallel. Ultrasonic transducers are typically housed in an enclosure (i.e., an ultrasonic probe) that is attached through an integral cable to ultrasound medical equipment (e.g., echocardiographs, ultrasonic scanners); ultrasonic transducers used with therapeutic devices (e.g., lithotripters) only transduce electric signals into ultrasound waves."
    },
    {
      "code": "27645",
      "display": "Transepidermal Water Loss Measuring Instruments",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine the quantity of water that passes through the skin (i.e., the epidermis) and evaporates from the surface, known as transepidermal water loss (TEWL) instruments. These devices typically consist of an instrument (probe) that measures and display the value of TEWL usually in gram per square meter per hour (g/m2-h); the instrument may use one of a variety of technologies including: (1) instruments that measure the relative humidity in a closed chamber; (2) instruments based on the measurement following the diffusion principle in an open chamber; or (3) instruments based on the ability to measure the vapor pressure gradient of water at two distances adjacent to the surface of the skin and then to compute  the partial pressure gradient and the evaporation rate.  TEWL instruments measure one of the most important parameters for assessing the skin barrier function during dermal, neonatal status, cosmetic, and occupational medicine studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "17163",
      "display": "Transfer Sets, Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)",
      "definition": "Sets of tubing and auxiliary devices designed to connect a bag of dialysis solution to the proximal end of a catheter, whose distal tip is located in a patient's abdomen, to perform ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. These sets typically consist of tubing, connectors, and a cap; some sets require a new cap each time the set is disconnected from the bag after an exchange.  Typically, at the beginning of an exchange, the disposable cap is removed from the transfer set and the set is connected to a Y-tube; the branches of the Y-tube connect to the drain bag and the bag of fresh dialysis solution. After the used solution is removed from the abdomen, the transfer set is clamped; some fresh solution is allowed to flow directly into the drain bag; and as a final step of the exchange, the peritoneal cavity is refilled with fresh dialysis solution from the hanging bag."
    },
    {
      "code": "16610",
      "display": "Transfer Sets, Liquid",
      "definition": "Sets of devices and disposable supplies designed for the transfer of liquids (e.g., drugs, vaccines, solutions) from one container (e.g., a vial) to a second container (e.g., infusion bag), typically under aseptic conditions. A variety of liquid transfer sets are available and include tubes, connectors, syringes, and caps according to the liquid to be transferred (e.g., blood, medicine), the procedure to be performed, and/or the physical characteristics of the containers involved in the liquid transfer. Dedicated liquid transfer systems are available using special devices and/or configurations to perform procedures such as intravenous solution transfer and peritoneal dialysate transfer, as well as transfer line assemblies used for dyes in radiographic contrast media conservation systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "18562",
      "display": "Transformers",
      "definition": "Electric devices that consist of two or more coils usually wound around a magnetic core and that are coupled by mutual induction. Most transformers are used to change the voltage of an alternating current (e.g., step-up and step-down transformers). The ratio of the voltage on each coil is proportional to the number of turns, while the ratio of the currents is inverse to the number of turns. Some transformers are used for other purposes, such as isolation between the coils (e.g., primary and secondary windings) or for impedance transform."
    },
    {
      "code": "11578",
      "display": "Transformers, Constant Voltage, Endoscope",
      "definition": "Constant-voltage transformers designed to deliver energy to the lamp (e.g., halogen) of some rigid endoscopes (e.g., otoscopes, ophthalmoscopes) and illuminators (e.g., larynx, nasopharynx). These transformers are usually connected to the line voltage (e.g., 120 V, 240 V) at the input and deliver a low voltage (e.g., 2.5 V) at the output. Endoscopic constant-voltage transformers are used to deliver a steady voltage to endoscopic lights, thus providing constant illumination while performing diagnosis or other medical procedures. Some of these transformers are also capable of delivering enough power to operate an electrocautery unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "18563",
      "display": "Transformers, Isolation",
      "definition": "Transformers designed to isolate the secondary winding from the primary winding in such a way that neither of the secondary terminals is grounded. Typically the ratio of primary to secondary windings is one to one, so the voltage in the secondary winding is the same as the input voltage of the primary. Isolation transformers are used to reduce the leakage currents of a particular device to levels low enough (e.g., less than or equal to 500 microampere) to meet the upper limits of electrical safety standards. These transformers may be included as an integral part of electric and electronic medical equipment or provided as accessory devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17602",
      "display": "Transmitter/Receiver Systems",
      "definition": "Communication systems designed to transmit and receive electrical signals. These systems typically include at the transmitting site an electronic device that modifies signals from medical (e.g., external, ambulatory, implanted) devices such as physiologic monitors or recorders and makes them transmissible. At the receiving end, another electronic device (i.e., the receiver) processes the incoming signal and provides an output signal appropriate for display on physiologic monitors (e.g., central station), recording, and/or further transmission and processing by healthcare information systems. Transmitter/receiver systems are typically used to send signals from patients' homes or remote locations to hospital and other healthcare facilities using cellular telephone signals, internet or Bluetooth technology. Older versions may use modems, and landlines."
    },
    {
      "code": "15271",
      "display": "Transmitter/Receiver Systems, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Transmitter/receiver systems designed to transmit and receive electrocardiographic signals. These systems typically include at the transmitting site an electronic device that modifies signals from medical (e.g., external, ambulatory, implanted) devices such as electrocardiography (ECG) monitors or recorders and makes them transmissible. At the receiving end, another electronic device (i.e., the receiver) processes the incoming signal and provides an output signal appropriate for display on ECG monitors (e.g., central station), recording, and/or for further transmission and processing by healthcare information systems. ECG transmitter/receiver systems are typically used to send signals from patients' homes, doctors' offices, and/or remote locations to hospital and other healthcare facilities using cellular telephone signals, internet, or Bluetooth technology. Older versions may use modems and landlines. Dedicated systems intended for single-channel and multi-channel electrocardiographs may be also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15032",
      "display": "Transmitter/Receiver Systems, Electroencephalography",
      "definition": "Transmitter/receiver systems designed to transmit and receive electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. These systems typically include at the transmitting site an electronic device that modifies signals from medical (e.g., external, ambulatory) devices such as EEG monitors or recorders and makes them transmissible. At the receiving end, another electronic device (i.e., the receiver) processes the incoming signal and provides an output signal appropriate for display on EEG monitors (e.g., central station), recording, and/or for further transmission and processing by healthcare information systems. EEG telephonic transmitter/receiver systems are typically used to send signals from patients' homes, doctors' offices, and/or remote locations to hospital and other healthcare facilities using cellular telephone signals, internet, or Bluetooth technology. Older versions may use modems and landlines."
    },
    {
      "code": "25192",
      "display": "Transmitter/Receiver Systems, Patient Location/Communication",
      "definition": "Transmitter/receiver systems designed to transmit and receive voice and/or text messages between a patient and relatives or caregivers through wired or wireless connections. The system may also provide automated communication to the patient with an assistance center to get rapid help in case of emergencies. These systems typically include a wireless communication channel and a global positioning system (GPS) for continuous location of the patient, a wearable cell phone intended for continuous use by the patient, and appropriate receivers in remote locations. Some telephones include automated or button-operated alarms for emergency calls. Patient location/communication systems are used mainly by disabled patients and the elderly to improve their safety and autonomy. Many systems include telephones that are capable of sending automated messages when the patient wanders outside a predetermined area."
    },
    {
      "code": "15753",
      "display": "Transmitter/Receiver Systems, Physiologic Monitor",
      "definition": "Transmitter/receiver systems designed to transmit and receive one or more signals from a physiologic monitor. These systems typically include at the transmitting site an electronic device that modifies signals from medical (e.g., external, ambulatory, implanted) physiologic monitors or recorders and makes them transmissible. At the receiving end, another electronic device (i.e., the receiver) processes the incoming signal and provides an output signal appropriate for display on dedicated monitors (e.g., central station), recording, and/or for further transmission and processing by healthcare information systems. Physiologic monitor transmitter/receiver systems are typically used to send signals from patients' homes, doctors' offices, and/or remote locations to hospital and other healthcare facilities using cellular telephone signals, internet, or Bluetooth technology. Older versions may use modems and landlines."
    },
    {
      "code": "39265",
      "display": "Transmitters, Continuous, Blood Glucose Monitoring",
      "definition": "Electronic devices used to read an input value from a blood glucose monitor sensor and convert that signal to a corresponding output to be sent and displayed on a monitor or communicated to an insulin pump. Typically, the transmitter attaches to a subcutaneous glucose sensor and transmits sensor values calculated by the real-time algorithm. The transmitter is usually battery-powered and transmits signals wirelessly."
    },
    {
      "code": "33828",
      "display": "Transport Containers",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide appropriate conditions (e.g., mechanical protection, temperature, humidity) during transportation of products using mail services or other transportation means. These containers may consist of one of a variety of devices (boxes, tubes, envelopes) made of different shapes, materials, and sizes and/or having other special characteristics appropriate for the products to be transported and the transportation conditions. The containers may provide appropriate protection for fragile materials, insulation to preserve temperature-sensitive materials (e.g., clinical samples), and/or special pockets to separate and facilitate the transportation of several objects simultaneously. Dedicated transport containers are available for preserving of food and biological products using thermal isolation with and without refrigerating agents (e.g., wet and dry ice); some containers are specific for a given product (e.g., blood products transportation).  Portable and mobile transport containers are also available. Transport containers are used in healthcare facilities to send and/or collect clinical (i.e., laboratory) samples, microscope slides, blood and blood products, and other sensitive or fragile products; the containers may be intended either for single use or reuse."
    },
    {
      "code": "33830",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Mechanical Protection",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide appropriate mechanical protection during transportation of fragile products using mail services or other transportation means. These containers may consist of one of a variety of usually rigid devices (boxes, tubes, envelopes) made of different shapes, materials, and sizes and/or having other special characteristics (e.g., cushions) appropriate for the products to be transported and the conditions of the transportation. Mechanical protection containers are used mainly in the transportation of fragile products such as collection/transportation vials, bottles, or tubes frequently including clinical samples (e.g., urine, feces) sent to the clinical laboratory and/or microscope slides for further evaluation."
    },
    {
      "code": "15745",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Mechanical Protection, Microscope Slide",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide appropriate mechanical protection during transportation of microscope slides using mail services or other transportation means. These containers may consist of one of a variety of solid containers of different shapes, materials (e.g., hard plastic, cardboard), and sizes and/or having other special characteristics such as integral lids that close tightly on the slides which provide appropriate mechanical protection. Microscope slide transport containers are used for transportation of light and/or electron microscope slides for further laboratory and/or clinical assessment."
    },
    {
      "code": "15744",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Mechanical Protection, Specimen",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide appropriate mechanical protection during transportation of clinical specimens (i.e., samples) using mail services or other transportation means. These containers may consist of one of a variety of devices (boxes, tubes, envelopes) made of different shapes, materials, and sizes and/or having other special characteristics (e.g., cushions, pockets) appropriate to provide protection for fragile items such collection/transportation vials, bottles, or tubes containing clinical samples (e.g., urine, feces) sent to the clinical laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "33832",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide appropriate thermal protection during transportation of fragile and temperature sensitive products using mail services or other transportation means. These containers may consist of one of a variety of thick wall devices (e.g., polystyrene boxes) made of different shapes and sizes and/or having other special characteristics appropriate to provide thermal insulation and some mechanical protection for the products to be transported and the conditions of the transportation. Thermal protection may be increased by using passive isolation techniques or by adding refrigerants such as wet or dry ice inside the container. Thermal protection containers are used mainly in the transportation of vials, bottles, or tubes containing clinical specimens, blood and blood products, and pharmaceuticals (e.g., vaccines)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33834",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection, Dry Ice",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide a very cold environment for food, biologic, and/or pharmaceutical products (e.g., tissues, medicines, vaccines) during transportation using dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) as a refrigerant.  These containers typically consist of a thermally isolated container (e.g., a thick polystyrene box) with capacity enough for the dry ice and the wrapped product that are transported together, avoiding direct contact between the dry ice and the products. Dry ice transport containers are used to preserve food, biological, and pharmaceutical (e.g., vaccines) products. They keep the viability of the product for a period of time from a few hours to several days (e.g., up to 120 hours) during transportation between the packing location (e.g., food stores, healthcare facilities) and the final destination (e.g., homes, healthcare facilities, remote areas). Dry ice transport containers are usually portable; dedicated containers intended for transporting biologic products are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15743",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection, Dry Ice, Specimen",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide mechanical protection and a very cold environment to preserve temperature sensitive specimens (i.e., samples) during transportation using refrigerants such as dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) as a refrigerant.  These containers typically consist of a thermally isolated container (e.g., a thick polystyrene box) with capacity enough for the dry ice and the wrapped samples that are transported together, avoiding direct contact between the dry ice and the samples. Dry ice transport containers are used to provide thermal insulation and protection for fragile items such as vials, bottles, or tubes containing the specimens during transportation to the clinical laboratory."
    },
    {
      "code": "33839",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection, Passive Isolation",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide a high degree of thermal isolation to biological and/or pharmaceutical products (e.g., blood products, medicines, vaccines) during transportation without using refrigeration or frozen substances (i.e., providing passive thermal isolation). These containers typically consist of vacuum isolated panels tightly covered by an outer shell (usually a cardboard box); the panels are filled with modules that contain the biological products that are transported.  Thermally isolated containers permit the transportation of biological products within a narrow range of pre-established temperatures during a limited period of time (e.g., 48 to 72 hours) even in an extremely hot or cold environment (e.g., temperature limits from  -20 to 40 degrees Celsius/-4 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit). The modules usually should be conditioned in a freezer prior to transportation.  Passive isolation thermally protected transport containers may be portable or mobile; dedicated transport containers intended for blood and blood products transportation are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28050",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection, Passive Isolation, Blood/Blood Product",
      "definition": "Thermally isolated containers designed to provide mechanical protection and a high degree of thermal isolation to blood and blood products (e.g., red blood cells) during transportation without using refrigeration or frozen substances (i.e., providing passive thermal isolation). These containers typically consist of vacuum isolated panels tightly covered by an outer shell (usually a cardboard box); the panels are filled with modules appropriate to transport blood and/or blood products.  Blood product thermally isolated containers permit the transportation of the products within a narrow range of pre-established temperatures during a limited period of time (e.g., 48 to 72 hours) even in an extremely hot or cold (e.g., temperatures of -20 to 40 degrees Celsius/-4 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit) environment. Passive isolation thermally protected transport containers may be portable or mobile; the modules usually should be conditioned in a freezer prior to transportation."
    },
    {
      "code": "33992",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection, Powered",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide appropriate thermal protection using powered temperature controls during transportation of fragile and temperature sensitive products. These containers may consist of thick walls made of different shapes and sizes and/or having other special characteristics appropriate to provide thermal insulation and line- or battery-powered temperature-controlled conditions. Powered thermal protection containers have integrated thermometers and may include alarms, data logging capabilities, and batteries and/or electric receptacles. They are used mainly in the transportation of vials, bottles, or tubes containing clinical specimens, blood and blood products, and pharmaceuticals (e.g., vaccines or medications)."
    },
    {
      "code": "33835",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection, Wet Ice",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide a cold environment for biologic and/or pharmaceutical products (e.g., blood products, medicines, vaccines) during transportation using frozen water (also known as wet ice) as refrigerant. These containers typically consist of a thermally isolated container with capacity enough for the ice and the wrapped product that are transported together avoiding direct contact between the ice and the products. Wet ice containers are used to preserve biological and pharmaceutical products (e.g., vaccines), keeping their viability for a period of time of a few hours during transportation of products between healthcare facilities or for products intended for use in remote places. Wet ice transport containers may be portable or mobile; dedicated containers intended for blood and blood products transportation are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33836",
      "display": "Transport Containers, Thermal Protection, Wet Ice, Blood/Blood Product",
      "definition": "Containers designed to provide a cold environment to blood and/or blood products during transportation using frozen water (also known as wet ice) as a refrigerant.  These containers typically consist of a polystyrene container, including polystyrene dividers covered by an outer cardboard shell (also known as a Collins box) with capacity enough (typically about 3 cubic feet/85 cubic dm for 18 units of whole blood) for the ice and the blood bags. Wet-ice blood transport containers are used for keeping maintaining blood viability for a period of time of about 48 hours during transportation of products between healthcare facilities or to remote places during emergency situations, combat, or other needs; the containers are also available in other sizes, they may be portable or mobile."
    },
    {
      "code": "12684",
      "display": "Traps, Mucus",
      "definition": "Traps designed to collect mucus overflow (i.e., mucus traps) from the first mucus collection canister used in aspirators (e.g., surgical, uterine) that are intended to collect tissue secretions, blood, irrigation fluids, and debris from the body. These traps typically consist of disposable or more, frequently, reusable bottles or canisters (that may include a disposable bag liner). Mucus traps are typically used as a second container in series with a first mucus canister or bottle between the operating field or other anatomic site (e.g., the uterus) and the suction source; mucus traps often include an overflow protection (e.g., floating) mechanism in the cap to prevent aspirates from entering the aspirator pump or valves and/or to contaminating the environment. Some traps also include bacteria filters. Mucus traps are used to postpone the need to discard the first mucus canister, giving the operator additional time to notice the rising level of aspirates and/or automatically cut off suction."
    },
    {
      "code": "14144",
      "display": "Tremographs",
      "definition": "Graphical recorders designed to record involuntary trembling or quivering (i.e., tremors) of a body part in a resting position. Some recorders include a mechanism with a stylus that records the movements directly from a sensor (e.g., pneumatic bellows suspended from a bracket) located on a finger, hand, or arm; other recorders consist of an electronic unit that records the movements after a transducer converts the movements to electrical signals. Tremographs are used to facilitate the diagnosis and assess the progress of treatment in patients suffering from conditions (e.g., Parkinson's, alcoholism) that cause tremors."
    },
    {
      "code": "14146",
      "display": "Trephines",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to cut and remove circular sections of an object or anatomic structure when driven by a rotary force (i.e., torque). Trephines may consist of a manual, handheld instrument with a blade and an integral handle or, more frequently, of detachable blades and a rotary manual or power (e.g., electrical, pneumatic) drill or handpiece. Trephine blades are usually hollow cylinders with a circular-saw-like beveled working edge that may include a coaxial piece at the center for guiding purposes. Dedicated trephines are available for cutting and removing sections of tissue for examination (i.e., biopsy) and for use in surgical procedures of the skull, eyes, and other tissue and organs."
    },
    {
      "code": "22651",
      "display": "Trephines, Biopsy",
      "definition": "Trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of tissue for histological examination (i.e., biopsy). These trephines are typically handheld, manual instruments consisting of hollow cylinders with a circular-saw-like serrated working edge and an integral, perpendicular handle for application of torque; some biopsy trephines include detachable blades and a rotary manually operated or powered (e.g., electric) surgical handpiece. The biopsy sample occupies the hollow center of the trephine from which it can be removed after trephine extraction. Dedicated trephines are available for biopsy of the bones, bone marrow, and skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "22653",
      "display": "Trephines, Biopsy, Bone",
      "definition": "Biopsy trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of bone tissue intended for laboratory examination and/or test with minimal sample and surrounding tissue damage. These trephines are typically handheld instruments consisting of hollow cylinders with a circular-saw-like serrated working edge and an integral, perpendicular handle for application of torque. Some biopsy trephines include detachable blades and a rotary powered (e.g., electric, pneumatic) surgical handpiece. Dedicated bone biopsy trephines are available for vertebral and medullar biopsy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22658",
      "display": "Trephines, Biopsy, Bone Marrow",
      "definition": "Biopsy trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of bone marrow (a cone of bone and marrow) typically from the hip bone (usually from the anterior superior iliac spine below the iliac crest) that are intended for laboratory examination and/or test with minimal sample and surrounding tissue damage. These trephines are typically handheld, manual instruments consisting of large (at least 5 to 7 mm) hollow cylinders with a circular-saw-like serrated working edge attached to a handle; the procedure is frequently performed immediately after bone marrow aspiration using a fine needle. Core bone marrow samples can be obtained using bone marrow core needles. Bone marrow biopsy trephines are used to obtain histologic samples for morphological assessment of the marrow."
    },
    {
      "code": "22659",
      "display": "Trephines, Biopsy, Skin",
      "definition": "Biopsy trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of skin tissue intended for laboratory examination and/or test with minimal sample and surrounding tissue damage. These trephines are typically handheld, reusable, metal instruments consisting of hollow cylinders with a circular-saw-like working edge attached to a rotary manual or powered surgical handpiece; disposable (i.e., single use) trephines with ribbed plastic handles attached to stainless steel hollow cylinder blades are also available. Skin biopsy trephines with similar characteristics and/or with wider diameter cylindrical blades are also used for excisional biopsy, a procedure mainly intended to excise neoplasms from the skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "22672",
      "display": "Trephines, Dental",
      "definition": "Trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of tissue during dental procedures. These instruments are typically hollow, cylindrical, detachable blades with a circular-saw-like edge and a manua or, more frequently, powered (e.g., electric) rotory surgical handpiece. Dedicated dental trephines are available to facilitate the retrieval of broken files and silver points from root canals, for artificial tooth root implantation, and for removal of failed implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "22678",
      "display": "Trephines, Dental, Artificial Tooth Root Implantation",
      "definition": "Dental trephines designed to cut and remove cylindrical sections of gingival and alveolar bone tissue in an intended implantation site, resulting in an implantation cavity. These instruments are typically detachable, hollow cylinders with a very thin circular-saw-like edge and a powered (e.g., electric) rotary surgical handpiece; dental trephines usually provide internal irrigation. Artificial tooth root implantation trephines are used to facilitate tooth implantation procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22673",
      "display": "Trephines, Dental, Endodontic File/Silver Point Recovery",
      "definition": "Dental trephines designed to cut and remove minimal circular sections of the tooth structure immediately adjacent to the metal fragment of a broken file or silver point in a root canal, permitting the fragment to be grasped by an extractor. These instruments are typically hollow cylinders with a very thin circular-saw-like edge and a powered (e.g., electric) low-speed rotary surgical handpiece; endodontic trephines usually provide internal irrigation. Implant removal dental trephines are used to facilitate the extraction of metal fragments from a root canal during endodontic procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22677",
      "display": "Trephines, Dental, Implant Removal",
      "definition": "Dental trephines designed to cut and remove minimal circular sections of bone tissue around a failed implant. These instruments are typically hollow cylinders a very thin circular-saw-like edge and a powered (e.g., electric) rotary surgical handpiece; dental trephines usually provide internal irrigation. Implant removal dental trephines are used to facilitate the extraction of defective implants and placement of new implants once the failed one is removed."
    },
    {
      "code": "22660",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical",
      "definition": "Trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of tissue during surgical procedures. These trephines are handheld, manual instruments consisting of a hollow cylinder with circular-saw-like edges and an integral perpendicular handle for application of torque; some surgical trephines have detachable blades and a rotary manually operated or powered (e.g., electric) surgical handpiece.  Dedicated surgical trephines are available for several ophthalmic, nasal frontal sinus, and skull surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "22671",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Bone Harvesting",
      "definition": "Surgical trephines designed to percutaneously cut and remove (i.e., harvest) cylindrical sections of bone from donor sites. These instruments typically consist of a hollow cylinder with a circular-saw-like edge, a centering point, and a handheld, powered (e.g., electric) rotary surgical handpiece. Bone harvesting surgery trephines are used to obtain bone grafts (plugs) from donor sites (e.g., iliac crest, tibia, femur) used in autologous transplants for osseous reconstruction in procedures such as the repair of craniomaxillofacial bony defects."
    },
    {
      "code": "14152",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Craniotomy",
      "definition": "Surgical trephines designed to cut circular sections of the skull. These devices are typically handheld, manual instruments with two coaxial drills and a drive shank attached to an integral T-shaped handle for manipulation (i.e., application of torque); some instruments include a graduated scale on the cutting cylinder. Typically, the external cutting blade has a circular-saw-like working edge and the internal blade at the center is used for guiding purposes. Some trephines have detachable blades and a manually operated (i.e., a hand brace) or power (e.g., electrical) rotary handpiece. Skull surgery trephines are used to open small holes in the cranium for insertion of catheters and/or encephaloscopes for diagnosis or treatment purposes, such as to alleviate intracranial pressure, obtain cerebrospinal fluid samples, and inject radiopaque dyes. Automated powered devices (known as cranial perforators) are more frequently used for skull perforation than manually propelled trephines; dedicated hand drills including guards and/or footplates are also used to perform craniotomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "11334",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Craniotomy, Automated Perforation",
      "definition": "Skull trephines designed for automatic or semiautomatic cutting of circular sections of the skull (known as cranial  perforators). These instruments consist of two coaxial drills, a drive shank that connects to a powered (electric or pneumatic) handpiece, and a built-in clutch mechanism. The inner drill extends slightly beyond the outer drill in such a way that when the inner drill penetrates the inner table of the skull, the clutch mechanism disengages the cutters from the drive shank, preventing penetration or nicking of the membrane that contains the cerebrospinal fluid and protecting the cortex (dura mater). Automatic cranial perforators are used to make holes to alleviate intracranial pressure or to obtain cerebrospinal fluid samples. They are also used to drill perforations that define the border of a cranial bone flap; a side-cut (slot) drill bit is used to complete a beveled cut between adjacent drills completing the bone flap in procedures such as excision of tumors and treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Automated cranial perforators are available as reusable or disposable units; some are designed for use with specific electric and/or pneumatic handpieces."
    },
    {
      "code": "22661",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Eye",
      "definition": "Surgical trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of eye tissue. These trephines are handheld instruments consisting of a hollow cylinder with a circular-saw-like edge attached to an integral perpendicular handle for application of torque; some surgical trephines may have detachable blades and a rotary manually operated or powered (e.g., electric) surgical handpiece. Dedicated eye surgery trephines are available for several ophthalmic procedures, including corneal implantation and excision of chalazion or tissue in stenotic or occluded lacrimal ducts."
    },
    {
      "code": "22666",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Eye, Chalazion",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of eyelid inflammation masses (i.e., chalazions). These trephines are typically handheld, manual instruments consisting of sharp, beveled hollow cylinders of different diameters (usually from 1 to 2.5 mm) with circular-saw-like working edges and double windows for visualization of the trephine cuts. Eye surgery trephine components are usually attached to a manually operated common handle. Chalazion ophthalmic surgery trephines are used to excise chalazions in surgical procedures of the eyelids."
    },
    {
      "code": "14148",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Eye, Corneoscleral",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of the cornea (corneal buttons) and/or scleral tissue from a patient or from grafts taken from (cadaver) donors. These trephines typically are handheld instruments with hollow cylindrical detachable blades of different diameters, a circular-saw-like working edge, and a handle or a rotary manually operated or power (e.g., electrical) surgical handpiece. Some trephines include a coaxial piece at the center for guiding purposes. Corneoscleral surgical trephines are used mainly to perform ophthalmic graft implantations and/or to obtain grafts from the sclera of cadaver donors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22667",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Eye, Lacrimal",
      "definition": "Eye (ophthalmic) surgery trephines designed to cut and remove cylindrical sections of tissue from the lacrimal ducts of the eye. These trephines are typically handheld, manual instruments consisting of a detachable, sharp, hollow, cylindrical blade with a beveled edge and a manually operated handle; they are available in a variety of diameters (usually from less than 1 to a few millimeters), some include a coaxial center-point guide. Lacrimal trephines are used in minor surgical procedures of the eye intended to remove scar tissue from stenotic or totally occluded lacrimal ducts (i.e., canalicular obstruction), usually followed by stenting of the duct. Dedicated, very thin (typically less than 1 mm diameter) trephines are available for removing micro-cylindrical scars prior to stenting the stenotic lacrimal duct (i.e., canalicular lacrimal trephines)."
    },
    {
      "code": "22670",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Nasal Frontal Sinus",
      "definition": "Surgical trephines designed to make a small hole in the nasal frontal sinus by cutting and removing cylindrical sections of the front wall of the sinus through the eyebrows. These trephines are typically handheld, manual instruments consisting of a detachable hollow cylinder with a circular-saw-like edge and a handle for application of torque. Frontal sinus surgical trephines are used to facilitate drainage of infectious products and/or to locate an irrigation/drainage catheter into the sinus through the frontal wall hole."
    },
    {
      "code": "32683",
      "display": "Trephines, Surgical, Tracheal Fenestration",
      "definition": "Surgical trephines designed to cut and remove circular sections of the trachea resulting in accurate size holes intended for the insertion of a tracheostomy tube or tracheal cannula. These trephines are handheld, manual instruments consisting of a hollow metal cylinder with a serrated circular-saw-like edge and an inner concentric cannula that is attached to the tracheal wall in the desired location, The serrated edge is rotated to make the appropriate circular hole through the tracheal tissue and cartilage while the internal cannula is usually connected to a vacuum (suction) tube to aspirate the dissected tracheal tissue. Tracheal fenestration trephines are available in several diameter sizes (e.g., 6, 8, 11mm) to match the tube or cannula to be inserted, either as individual devices or as sets of several different sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18303",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses",
      "definition": "Devices that are used to determine, by temporary insertion and trial reduction, the correct prosthesis size before implanting the permanent prosthesis.  Trial prostheses are not implants."
    },
    {
      "code": "18304",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the correct size of prostheses intended to replace the bones that constitute a joint (i.e., a point of articulation between two or more bones)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17704",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Hip",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the prosthesis size of a permanent replacement for the hip joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "18164",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Hip, Acetabular Component",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the prosthesis size of the acetabular component of the hip joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "18165",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Hip, Femoral Component",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the prosthesis size of the femoral component of the hip joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "18305",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Knee",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the correct prosthesis size of a permanent replacement for the knee joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "18306",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Knee, Femoral Component",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the prosthesis size of the femoral component of the knee joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "18307",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Knee, Patellar Component",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the prosthesis size of the patellar component of the knee joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "18308",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Knee, Tibial Component",
      "definition": "Trial prostheses that are used to determine the prosthesis size of the tibial component of the knee joint."
    },
    {
      "code": "33773",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Shoulder",
      "definition": "Temporary shoulder joint components designed for use during shoulder joint reconstruction procedures to determine/confirm proper sizing and positioning of the permanent/definitive shoulder prosthesis. These devices are designed to be temporarily inserted and/or attached, and then are removed from the surgical site so that the permanent implants can be placed. Trial prostheses for the humeral head and glenoid components are typically used during shoulder arthroplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "33774",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Shoulder, Glenoid Component",
      "definition": "Temporary glenoid shoulder joint components designed for use during shoulder joint reconstruction procedures to determine/confirm proper sizing and positioning of the permanent/definitive shoulder prosthesis. These devices are designed to be temporarily inserted and/or attached, and then are removed from the surgical site so that the permanent implants can be placed."
    },
    {
      "code": "33775",
      "display": "Trial Prostheses, Joint, Shoulder, Humeral Component",
      "definition": "Temporary humeral shoulder joint components designed for use during shoulder joint reconstruction procedures to determine/confirm proper sizing and positioning of the permanent/definitive shoulder prosthesis. These devices are designed to be temporarily inserted and/or attached, and then are removed from the surgical site so that the permanent implants can be placed. Trial humeral head and stem components are typically available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14154",
      "display": "Trocars",
      "definition": "Sharp instruments designed to puncture the wall of body cavities, typically for the purpose of draining fluid or to allow other instruments to access the target cavity. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a sharp pyramidal (e.g., three sided) or conical strong and solid pointed rod and a proximal large handle. Many trocars include the tube or sheath as part of the instrument set.  Trocars are usually fitted into a cannula, tube, or sleeve; the trocar is used to pierce the skin and the wall of a body cavity or canal (e.g., percutaneously) and then it is usually removed, leaving only the cannula or sleeve in place. Trocars are intended to provide access to body cavities, to aspirate fluids, to instill a medication or solution, or to guide the placement of a cannula, tube, or sleeve (i.e., a hollow sheath) used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or surgical procedures. Dedicated trocars are also used in laparoscopic surgery to provide access for introduction of devices such as surgical instruments and video cameras. Both reusable and single-patient-use trocars are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14155",
      "display": "Trocars, Abdominal",
      "definition": "Trocars designed to puncture the abdominal wall in order to provide access to the peritoneum and/or abdominal organs. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a sharp pyramidal or conical strong and solid pointed rod and a proximal large handle. Abdominal trocars are usually fitted into a cannula, or sleeve; the trocar is used to pierce the skin and the abdominal wall (i.e., percutaneously) and then it is usually removed, leaving only the cannula or sleeve in place. Abdominal trocars are intended to provide access to the cavity permitting the aspiration of  fluids (e.g., ascites, hydrocele); to instill medications or solutions; or to guide the placement of a cannula or sleeve (i.e., a hollow sheath) used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or surgical procedures. Dedicated abdominal trocars are also used in laparoscopic surgery to provide access for introduction of devices such as surgical instruments and video cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "14156",
      "display": "Trocars, Abdominal, Amniotic Membrane",
      "definition": "Trocars designed for trans-abdominal percutaneous puncture of the uterus and the tissue of the thin wall of the amniotic sac, providing access to the amniotic fluid and the fetus. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device (i.e., the trocar) that is fitted in an outer cannula which remains in place and becomes a port to allow passage of instruments into the amniotic sac. There are two basic types of amniotic membrane trocars: cutting trocars that incorporate a sharp metal or plastic rod with a cutting pyramidal or conical tip, and dilating trocars with a tip which radial expansion bluntly separates and dilates tissue as force is applied. Amniotic membrane trocars are used to pierce the amniotic sac wall and then are usually removed, leaving the cannula or sleeve in place. Amniotic membrane trocars are used to provide a channel in order to aspirate amniotic fluid and/or to pass instruments in surgical procedures involving the fetus."
    },
    {
      "code": "14159",
      "display": "Trocars, Abdominal, Gallbladder",
      "definition": "Trocars designed to puncture the abdominal wall in order to provide access to the gallbladder. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a sharp pyramidal or conical strong and solid pointed rod and a proximal large handle. Gallbladder trocars are usually fitted into a cannula, or sleeve; the trocar is used to pierce the skin and the abdominal wall (i.e., percutaneously) reaching the gallbladder and then removed, leaving the cannula and the aspiration tube in place. The cannula usually includes a lateral secondary tube (e.g., Ochsner trocar) for external aspiration. Gallbladder trocars are intended to provide access to the gall bladder, permit the aspiration of fluids, and/or to instill medications or solutions. They are used for diagnostic procedures or to empty an enlarged bladder prior to surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "32699",
      "display": "Trocars, Abdominal, Laparoscopic",
      "definition": "Trocars designed to puncture the abdominal wall in order to provide access to the peritoneum and abdominal organs during laparoscopic procedures. These instruments typically include a manual, handheld device (i.e., the trocar) to facilitate the insertion, and an outer cannula or sheath which becomes a port to allow passage of instruments and insufflation. There is a large variety of trocar designs available but they may be classified in two types: cutting trocars that incorporate a sharp metal or plastic rod with a cutting pyramidal or conical tip, and dilating trocars with a tip that bluntly separates and dilates tissue as force is applied; some instruments incorporate elements of both cutting and dilating trocars. The trocar is used to pierce the skin and the abdominal wall (i.e., percutaneously) and then it is usually removed, leaving the cannula or sleeve in place. Laparoscopic trocars are intended to provide access to the abdominal cavity by permitting the performance of diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or surgical procedures. Trocars are used in laparoscopic surgery to provide access for the introduction of devices such as surgical instruments and video cameras. Both reusable and single-use trocars are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16421",
      "display": "Trocars, Abdominal, Suprapubic",
      "definition": "Trocars designed to puncture the abdominal wall at a point above the pubic arc in order to provide access to the urinary tract. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a sharp pyramidal or conical strong and solid pointed rod at the distal end and a proximal large handle. Suprapubic trocars are usually fitted into a cannula or sleeve; the trocar is used to pierce the skin and the abdominal wall (i.e., percutaneously) reaching the urinary bladder and urinary tract and then are removed, leaving the cannula in place. Suprapubic trocars are mainly intended to provide access to the urinary bladder for insertion of a drainage catheter (or tube) through the anterior abdominal wall when access to the bladder through the urethra is very difficult or not desirable."
    },
    {
      "code": "14160",
      "display": "Trocars, Laryngeal",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments with a sharp pyramidal or conical point used to puncture body cavities during ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "14157",
      "display": "Trocars, Nasal Sinus",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to puncture the wall of any of the paranasal sinuses (i.e., frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary antrum). These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld instrument with a strong sharp pyramidal or conical, either straight or curved, pointed rod and a proximal large handle. Antrum trocars are usually fitted into a metallic cannula. The trocar is used to pierce the skin and the wall of the antrum and then it is usually removed, leaving the cannula in place. Antrum trocars are intended to provide access to the nasal sinuses to permit the aspiration of fluids, to instill medications, or to provide access for diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or surgical devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "14161",
      "display": "Trocars, Thoracic",
      "definition": "Trocars designed to puncture the thoracic wall, providing access to the thoracic cavity and organs. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a sharp pyramidal or conical strong pointed rod at the distal end and a proximal large handle. Thoracic trocars are usually fitted into a cannula, or sleeve; the trocar is used to pierce the skin and the thoracic wall (i.e., percutaneously) and then it is usually removed, leaving the cannula or sleeve in place. Thoracic trocars are intended to provide access to the cavity to aspirate fluids (e.g., blood, air), to instill medications or solutions, or to guide the placement of a cannula or sleeve (i.e., a hollow sheath) used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or surgical procedures. Dedicated thoracic trocars are also used for spontaneous pneumothorax and cardiovascular procedures (e.g., cardiac tamponade), and in minimal-access surgery to provide access for introduction of devices such as surgical instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "14158",
      "display": "Trocars, Thoracic, Cardiovascular",
      "definition": "Trocars designed for use in puncturing the thoracic wall in order to provide access to the heart and the central circulatory system. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a sharp pyramidal or conical strong and pointed rod at the distal end and a proximal large handle. Cardiovascular trocars are usually fitted into a cannula or sleeve; the trocar is used to pierce the skin and the thoracic cavity wall (i.e., percutaneously) and then it is usually removed, leaving the cannula or sleeve in place. Cardiovascular thoracic trocars are used in the treatment of cardiac tamponade and other cardiovascular diseases. Dedicated trocars are used in minimal-access surgery to provide access for introduction of devices such as surgical instruments."
    },
    {
      "code": "32704",
      "display": "Trocars, Thoracic, Cardiovascular, Minimally Invasive Surgery",
      "definition": "Trocars designed to puncture the thoracic wall in order to provide access to the heart and the central circulatory system during minimal-access surgical procedures. These instruments typically consist of a manual handheld device with a sharp pyramidal or conical pointed rod at the distal end and a handle at the proximal end. Surgical cardiovascular trocars are usually fitted into a cannula or sleeve; the trocar is used to pierce the skin and the thoracic cavity wall (i.e., percutaneously) and then it is usually removed, leaving the sleeve or cannula in place as a working channel for the introduction of instruments and other devices during surgery. Minimal-access surgery cardiovascular trocars are used to provide access during the performance of cardiothoracic surgery procedures, such as percutaneous valve implantation and coronary interventions."
    },
    {
      "code": "14162",
      "display": "Trocars, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Trocars designed for percutaneous puncture of the tracheal tube through the skin and cricothyroid membrane. These instruments typically consist of a manual, handheld device with a sharp pyramidal strong, short, and curved pointed rod at the distal end and a proximal large handle. Tracheal trocars are usually fitted into a metal cannula and are used to pierce the skin and the cricothyroid membrane reaching the trachea and are then removed, leaving the cannula in place (i.e., to perform a tracheotomy or cricothyrotomy). Tracheal trocars (e.g., Ueckermann trocars) are intended to provide access to the trachea in emergency situations, providing an opening for the insertion of a tracheotomy tube."
    },
    {
      "code": "22818",
      "display": "Tube/Stylet Tip Locators, Nasoenteral",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be used in combination with a nasoenteral tube/stylet to enable visualization/detection of the tube tip location, thereby guiding the positioning/placement of the tube. These locators typically work by detecting a type of energy (e.g., a low-level, high-frequency electromagnetic field or near infrared light) that is emitted via the tip of a specially designed nasoenteral tube stylet. These devices are typically handheld, reusable, and battery-powered. Some locators may consist of several components, such as a detector/sensor unit and a stand-alone screen that allows visualization of the tube tip/stylet."
    },
    {
      "code": "14175",
      "display": "Tubes",
      "definition": "Hollow cylindrical devices designed with a diameter, length, and other physical and/or chemical characteristics appropriate for a particular use. Tubes may be rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible; they are typically made of metals, metal alloys, rubber, plastics, or glass. Dedicated tubes are available for direct use in clinical procedures (e.g., gastrointestinal decompression, enteral feeding, and tracheostomy); as components of or attachments for medical devices; for use in the clinical laboratory; and also for a diversity of applications in the healthcare environment. Tubes are frequently a component of tubing sets (e.g., hemodialysis tubing sets)."
    },
    {
      "code": "14183",
      "display": "Tubes, Blood Collection",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to store blood samples drawn from a venipuncture through a blood-collection set. The tubes are usually connected using an adapter to a needle (that may include a Luer lock), which in turn punctures the stopper of the blood-collection set. These tubes frequently contain an appropriate substance to inhibit or enhance coagulation according to the intended use of the blood sample (e.g., heparin for chemical analysis, sodium citrate for plasma coagulation); the tube caps are usually color coded accordingly. Blood-collection tubes are made of glass or plastics; they are available either open or presealed after obtaining a relative vacuum in their interior."
    },
    {
      "code": "15192",
      "display": "Tubes, Blood Collection, Capillary/Microsample",
      "definition": "Blood-collection tubes designed to capture small volumes of blood such as that obtained from capillary blood draws. These blood-collection tubes may consist of either a capillary tube or a small vial. Capillary tubes typically consist of small diameter glass or plastic-wrapped glass tubes that draw the blood into the tube by capillary action; filling the length of the tube end-to-end defines a specific volume (usually on the order of 10 to 200 microliters) of collected blood. Small vials typically consist of a capped low-volume plastic tube, typically with a capacity between 0.25 and 1 milliliter. Small vials intended for microsample collection may be supplied with a removable and/or integrated device to facilitate blood sample collection (e.g., capillary straw/tube, funnel). Capillary/microsample blood-collection tubes are usually available as plain tubes or with an internal coating; the type of coating (e.g., an anticoagulant such as heparin) depends on the intended use of the sample being collected, and for this reason the tubes are usually identifiable by the color of the cap. Capillary/microcollection blood-collection tubes are used to obtain samples by skin puncture from a wide range of patient populations, including infants, for serum, plasma, and whole-blood determinations.."
    },
    {
      "code": "15809",
      "display": "Tubes, Blood Collection, Evacuated",
      "definition": "Blood-collection tubes with a relative vacuum in their interior designed to store a predetermined volume of blood sample drawn from a venipuncture through a blood-collection set. These devices are typically plastic or glass tubes of which the working end is presealed after obtaining a relative vacuum. They are usually connected using an adapter to a needle (that may include a Luer lock), which in turn punctures the stopper of the blood-collection set. Evacuated blood-collection tubes frequently contain a substance appropriate to inhibit or enhance coagulation according to the intended use of the blood sample (e.g., heparin for chemical analysis, sodium citrate for plasma coagulation); the tube caps are usually color coded accordingly."
    },
    {
      "code": "16812",
      "display": "Tubes, Blood Collection/Centrifuge, Serum Separation",
      "definition": "Blood-collection and centrifugation tubes designed to remove fibrin from the serum portion of blood samples. These devices typically are glass or more frequently shatter-resistant plastic tubes that have filtering capabilities, such as special granules or gels applied to the internal walls to provide a barrier that separates fibrin and other particulates from the serum. Serum separation tubes are intended to avoid second centrifugation and secondary sample preparation and/or tube labeling; the tubes are available for use in angle-head or horizontal-head centrifuges. They permit direct sampling into automated laboratory devices from primary collection tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "15322",
      "display": "Tubes, Bronchial",
      "definition": "Tubes designed for access to the bronchi through the mouth or nose for examination, treatment, or other purposes except ventilation. These tubes typically consist of very small diameter rubber or polymeric flexible hollow cylinders with a length and other physical characteristics (e.g., flexibility) appropriate for reaching the bronchi. Bronchial tubes are used to facilitate the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, to treat hemorrhage (i.e., tamponade), and/or to provide suction of liquid and/or other substances. Dedicated tubes intended for use in endoscopic procedures (i.e., bronchoscopic tubes) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "16399",
      "display": "Tubes, Bronchial, Endoscopic Decompression",
      "definition": "Decompression bronchial tubes designed to remove air, liquid, or other substances from the bronchi (i.e., decompression) through an endoscope. These devices typically consist of a clear single or double-lumen plastic tube (frequently including stylets) that is inserted into the bronchi through the working channel of a bronchoscope and connected to an external suction device at its proximal end to provide suction of secretions, mucous, or foreign objects. Bronchial suction tubes are used in patients who have chronic bronchial obstructions, after tracheal surgery, and in cases of copious suppurations from very serious pneumopathies."
    },
    {
      "code": "14187",
      "display": "Tubes, Colon",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to access the colon through the rectum for examination, treatment, or other purposes. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen rubber or plastic (e.g., silicon) tube of 14 to 20 French diameter or larger, about 40 cm (15 inches) long, that is inserted through the anus and rectum and then into the colon. Colon tubes are used mainly for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, including enema delivery; dedicated colon tubes intended for antegrade colon irrigation (e.g., cecostomy tubes) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27151",
      "display": "Tubes, Colon, Colostomy/Cecostomy",
      "definition": "Colon tubes designed for percutaneous insertion through the abdominal wall into the colon (frequently into the cecum) after performing a surgical colostomy or cecostomy. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen plastic (e.g., silicon) tube that is inserted through the abdominal wall into the cecum, flushed with saline solution, and capped. Typically, irrigation with a phosphate enema solution that is passed through the tube into the colon followed by a saline solution (i.e., antegrade enema) is performed three to four times a week. The initial tube is usually substituted about two months after the procedure by a lower-profile cecostomy tube that sits on the surface of the skin; the new tube is hooked up to bags of enema and saline solution during the periodic irrigations. Cecostomy/colostomy tubes are used mainly for treatment of children neurologically impaired by spina bifida, imperforate anus, or a spinal cord injury."
    },
    {
      "code": "27150",
      "display": "Tubes, Colon, Enema",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to access the colon through the rectum for irrigation purposes. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen rubber or plastic (e.g., silicon) tube of 14 to 20 French diameter or larger, about 40 cm (15 inches) long; its distal tip is inserted through the anus and rectum into the colon; the proximal end is attached to an enema bag containing the solution to be infused. Enema colonic tubes are used mainly for lavage, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes; dedicated colon tubes intended for antegrade colon irrigation (e.g., cecostomy tubes) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14191",
      "display": "Tubes, Drainage (Retired)",
      "definition": "A hollow device made of plastic or metal that is used as a conduit to remove fluids or purulent material from a cavity, wound, or infected area."
    },
    {
      "code": "14195",
      "display": "Tubes, Esophageal",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to access the esophagus through the mouth or nose for examination, treatment, or other purposes. These devices typically consist of rubber or polymeric flexible tubes with a diameter, length, and other physical characteristics appropriate for reaching the esophagus. Dedicated esophageal tubes are used to facilitate the diagnosis of esophagus diseases, to treat hemorrhage (i.e., tamponade) from esophageal varices, to provide suction of liquids and/or other materials, and to be used as a first step in esophagus reconstruction; they may also be used to assess some stomach diseases. Dedicated tubes intended for patient rewarming may be also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27113",
      "display": "Tubes, Esophageal, Balloon Tamponade",
      "definition": "Esophageal tubes designed for treatment of sudden hemorrhage (i.e., tamponade) using balloons. These devices typically consist of a multilumen rubber or polymeric flexible tube with two balloons, one asymmetric gastric balloon, and a tapered elongated esophageal balloon. Typically, the tube is passed through the nose or mouth into the stomach, where the bottom gastric balloon is inflated, and then the tube is pulled back until the balloon meets the narrow valve at the top of the stomach, where it can go no farther. The upper esophageal balloon is then inflated, putting pressure on a length of esophagus where the bleeding veins are located. Some tubes (Sengstaken-Blakemore tubes) include a third channel to aspirate stomach contents to determine whether the bleeding has stopped; the tube may also include a fourth channel for aspiration (Minnesota tube). Balloon tamponade esophageal tubes are used for emergency control of esophageal bleeding varices and to facilitate evaluation of the extent of the hemorrhage into the stomach."
    },
    {
      "code": "27116",
      "display": "Tubes, Esophageal, Decompression",
      "definition": "Esophageal tubes designed to remove air and liquids from the esophagus (i.e., decompression) using an external suction apparatus. These devices typically consist of a double-lumen radiopaque tube that may include an antireflux valve, permitting continuous air flow while preventing contact with the gastric reflux; the tube usually includes an integral tapered connector that can be cut to form a funnel. Esophageal suction tubes are used to eliminate fluids and/or other products from the esophagus secretions (e.g., from the proximal portion of an atretic esophagus); they are frequently introduced into the upper pouch of the esophagus during treatment of congenital esophagus atresia in newborns."
    },
    {
      "code": "27120",
      "display": "Tubes, Esophageal, Decompression, Infant",
      "definition": "Esophageal decompression tubes designed for continuous suction and irrigation through a blind ending pouch. These devices typically consist of a radiopaque double-lumen tube (e.g., Replogle tube); one lumen (typically 8 or 10 French diameter) is used for suction and instillation of liquids; the other lumen is used for venting and should be provided with air periodically. The proximal end of the tube is usually connected to an intermittent suction device. Infant esophageal decompression tubes are used mainly for babies with esophageal or gastric problems (e.g., esophageal atresia) frequently before surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23595",
      "display": "Tubes, Esophageal, Temporary Reconstruction",
      "definition": "Esophageal tubes designed to bridge the gap between a pharyngotomy and esophagotomy following laryngoesophagectomy in the first step of a two-stage reconstruction of the cervical esophagus. These devices typically consist of a smooth, clear or radiopaque plastic (silicone) tube with a funnel-shaped proximal end to conform to the hypopharynx and two firm oval bands to ensure proper positioning and to prevent leakage of saliva after laryngoesophagectomy. Reconstruction esophageal tubes create a passage between a pharyngotomy and esophagotomy, facilitating the second-stage procedure and maintaining patency of both the pharyngotomy and esophagotomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "14214",
      "display": "Tubes, Gastrostomy",
      "definition": "Tubes designed for insertion through a permanent artificial gastric fistula from the anterior gastric wall to the surface of the abdominal wall; the distal tip remains in the stomach. These tubes may be placed surgically (i.e., laparotomy) or by using a percutaneous endoscopic procedure. Gastrostomy tubes are mostly used for feeding patients who require long-term enteral feeding but who are unable to maintain sufficient oral intake, such as patients who have severe neurologic impairment; those with tumors of the mouth, larynx, or esophagus; and infants who require enteral nutrition. The tubes are available in a variety of sizes and materials according to the intended use and the insertion procedure. Some of these tubes are also used for drainage or for feeding and drainage."
    },
    {
      "code": "27144",
      "display": "Tubes, Gastrostomy, Decompression/Duodenal Feeding",
      "definition": "Gastrostomy tubes designed for simultaneous decompression of the stomach and the proximal duodenum and feeding at the distal duodenum; the tubes may be placed using open surgery or a percutaneous endoscopic procedure. These devices typically consist of a triple-lumen tube, x-ray tip, and a gastric balloon. The tip is manipulated through the pylorus and into the distal duodenum; then the gastric balloon is inflated with sterile water and secured in position by a retainer resting against the skin. The suction lumen provides aspiration through holes at the proximal duodenum, while the feeding lumen delivers enteral food several centimeters (a few inches) into the distal duodenum. Duodenal decompression/feeding gastrostomy tubes are used in patients who need continuous decompression of the stomach (e.g., after surgery, recurrent malignancies) and/or enteral feeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "15998",
      "display": "Tubes, Gastrostomy, Decompression/Jejunal Feeding",
      "definition": "Gastrostomy tubes designed for stomach decompression and jejunal feeding. They may be placed surgically (e.g., open surgery, laparotomy) or by using a percutaneous endoscopic procedure with minimum sedation in outpatients or at the bedside. These devices typically consist of a dual-lumen plastic (e.g., polyurethane) tube of 12 to 18 French diameter with a balloon at each tip. The tube is inserted and advanced through the pylorus; the balloon is inflated with water and moved through the duodenum into the jejunum. The tip of the second lumen of the tube is positioned in the stomach. Gastrostomy decompression/jejunal feeding tubes are intended to provide jejunal feeding using standard gastrostomy insertion procedures; they are used to feed patients who require long-term enteral feeding but who are unable to maintain sufficient oral intake (e.g., patients who have severe neurologic impairment; they are also used in patients who have tumors of the mouth, larynx, or esophagus) who also require stomach decompression."
    },
    {
      "code": "27141",
      "display": "Tubes, Gastrostomy, Feeding",
      "definition": "Gastrostomy tubes designed for surgical insertion of the distal tip into the stomach for direct enteral feeding. These tubes may be placed surgically (e.g., open surgery, laparotomy) or by using a percutaneous endoscopic procedure; they are usually secured by a soft balloon or bumper on the inside and a firm plastic device on the outside. Gastrostomy feeding tubes are mostly used for feeding patients who require medium- or long-term enteral feeding but who are unable to maintain sufficient oral intake (e.g., patients who have severe neurologic impairment; those with tumors of the mouth, larynx, or esophagus; and infants who require enteral nutrition). Gastrostomy tubes may be used to administer medications; dedicated tubes for insertion using open surgery or endoscopic procedures are available. Gastrostomy tubes with tips that can be advanced into the jejunum for jejunal feeding are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17790",
      "display": "Tubes, Gastrostomy, Feeding, Percutaneous Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Gastrostomy feeding tubes designed for insertion of the distal tip into the stomach using a percutaneous endoscopic procedure. Typically, an endoscope is introduced through the mouth and into the stomach, and a hollow needle with a wire is pushed through the abdominal wall (i.e., percutaneous) into the stomach; then the wire is grabbed with an endoscopic tool and pulled up through the mouth. The feeding tube is attached to the wire and pulled down into the stomach and out through the opening in the abdominal wall. These tubes typically consist of a soft, clear, large bore (14 to 28 French diameter is typical) silicone tube with a small rectangular crossbar called a bolster over it next to the skin, secured by a soft balloon or mushroom distal tip on the inside; they are commonly known as peri-epigastric tubes (PEG). Gastrostomy feeding tubes are mostly used for feeding patients who require long-term enteral feeding but who are unable to maintain sufficient oral intake (e.g., patients who have severe neurologic impairment; they are also used for patients who have tumors of the mouth, larynx, or esophagus. Some of these tubes may be used to administer medications; dedicated gastrostomy feeding tubes with tips that are advanced into the jejunum for jejunal feeding are also available. PEGs may be replaced by low-profile devices known as gastrostomy buttons for long-term feeding needs."
    },
    {
      "code": "27142",
      "display": "Tubes, Gastrostomy, Feeding, Surgical",
      "definition": "Gastrostomy tubes designed for surgical insertion of the distal tip into the stomach for direct enteral feeding using open surgery procedures (known as Stamm gastrostomy). These devices typically consist of a single-lumen, clear, rubber or plastic tube with a Malecot or mushroom-like tip that is placed in the stomach; some thread or suture material is wrapped around the tube and then stitched to the skin around the gastrostomy to keep it in place. Open surgery gastrostomy feeding tubes are used for short- or medium-term (up to two to four weeks) use; they may be replaced by another device if needed (e.g., a balloon, Foley-type catheter, or a low-profile device known as a gastrostomy button) for long-term feeding."
    },
    {
      "code": "27998",
      "display": "Tubes, Intravenous Administration Extension, Contrast Media",
      "definition": "Tubing sets designed for external transport of contrast media from an injector to a peripherally inserted or central venous catheter at high pressure (i.e., using powered-injectors). These sets typically include a plastic (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) or silicon tube that connects the injector syringe with the catheter and an anti-reflux valve. Contrast media administration extension sets are intended for use with automated contrast media injectors that provide powered (about 300 psi/2070 kPa or more) injection during computerized tomography and magnetic resonance procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18854",
      "display": "Tubes, Jejunostomy",
      "definition": "Tubes designed for insertion through a surgical opening into the jejunum; the distal tip usually remains in the jejunum. These tubes typically consist of a soft, clear silicone tube with a small plastic attachment (e.g., a Dacron ring) next to the skin and secured by a bumper (e.g., wings) on the inside; they may be placed by open surgery or by using fluoroscopic-guided, laparoscopic, or percutaneous endoscopic  procedures. Jejunostomy tubes are used mainly for feeding patients (usually children) who require medium- or long-term enteral feeding but who are unable to maintain sufficient oral intake (e.g., patients who have severe neurologic impairment; patients who have tumors of the mouth, larynx, or esophagus); some tubes are also used for decompression, administration of  medications, and/or for drainage."
    },
    {
      "code": "26639",
      "display": "Tubes, Jejunostomy, Pancreatic Drainage",
      "definition": "Jejunostomy tubes designed for insertion of the distal tip into the pancreatic duct for passive external drainage of fluids after surgery. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen plastic or silastic tube with a stopper (e.g., a balloon, a protruding attachment, stopper rings) at the distal end for easy fixation in the pancreatic duct and an external end that is attached to a collection container (e.g., bag, vessel). Pancreatic drainage tubes are used for passive (i.e., through capillary action and/or gravity) draining of pancreatic fluids (also known as pancreatic juices) after surgical procedures involving the pancreas, such as pancreatoduodenectomy and/or pancreatojejunostomy."
    },
    {
      "code": "17791",
      "display": "Tubes, Jejunostomy, Percutaneous Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Jejunostomy tubes designed for insertion into the jejunum using a long (160 cm or more) gastroduodenoscope; the distal tip remains in the jejunal lumen while the other catheter tip exits through a stab incision in the abdominal skin. These catheters usually consist of a large-bore (sizes from 14 to 28 French diameter are typical), thin-walled tube with an intraluminal bumper. The insertion procedure may be performed in outpatients or at the bedside using minimal sedation. Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tubes are particularly suitable for long-term feeding in patients who are at increased risk of complications related to surgery; the catheters are of larger diameter and may be easier to place than jejunal catheters inserted by gastrostomy procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27146",
      "display": "Tubes, Jejunostomy, Surgical",
      "definition": "Jejunostomy tubes designed for insertion of the distal tip into the jejunum using open surgery procedures. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen clear, brown rubber or plastic tube with a Malecot or mushroom-like tip that is placed in the jejunum; some thread or suture material is wrapped around the tube and then stitched to the skin around the jejunostomy opening to keep it in place. Open surgery jejunostomy tubes are used mainly for long-term feeding in patients who are at increased risk of complications related to surgery while preventing aspiration."
    },
    {
      "code": "17003",
      "display": "Tubes, Lacrimal Duct",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to provide a pathway between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity. These devices typically consist of a very small single-lumen polymeric (e.g., silicon) tube. Lacrimal tubes are intended to provide lacrimal drainage from the eyes when the canal is obstructed or does not exist; they are usually implanted after surgery (dacryocystostomy) to dilate or create a surgical passage."
    },
    {
      "code": "15323",
      "display": "Tubes, Middle Ear, Myringotomy",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to provide communication between the middle ear and the external ear canal through a surgical hole in the tympanic membrane (i.e., myringotomy, also known as tympanoplasty). These devices typically consist of a small single-lumen polymeric (e.g., Teflon, Silastic) or, less frequently, metallic tube. Myringotomy tubes provide ventilation and drainage from the middle ear, reducing the risk of infections; they are intended mainly for children five years age or younger during the healing period in cases of secretory otitis media. The tubes are frequently used to bypass a blocked Eustachian tube, providing ventilation of the middle-ear cavity via the external ear canal."
    },
    {
      "code": "27109",
      "display": "Tubes, Nasoenteral",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to provide access to the small intestines (duodenum or jejunum) through the nose. These devices typically consist of a rubber or plastic tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat, through the esophagus, along the lesser curvature of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the duodenum. Nasoenteral tubes are longer than nasogastric tubes. Dedicated tubes used for decompression and/or enteral feeding are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27134",
      "display": "Tubes, Nasoenteral, Decompression",
      "definition": "Nasoenteral tubes designed for use with an external suction apparatus (e.g., a three-bottle system) to remove air and liquids (i.e., decompression) from the stomach and duodenum. These devices typically consist of a clear plastic tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat, through the esophagus and stomach, and into the duodenum. Decompression nasoenteral tubes are used to remove air and liquids from the stomach, frequently after surgical procedures and/or in emergency procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "27135",
      "display": "Tubes, Nasoenteral, Decompression, Weighted",
      "definition": "Nasoenteral tubes with weighted distal ends that are designed to provide decompression to the small intestines. These devices typically consist of a multiple-lumen, radiopaque rubber or plastic tube appropriate for insertion through the nose with an inflatable balloon at the distal tip filled with water, saline, and/or tungsten gel (e.g., Andersen tube), which will aid peristalsis in propelling the catheter farther into the gastrointestinal tract; the tubes usually have several holes for irrigation and/or suction drainage. Weighted nasoenteral decompression tubes are used to aspirate liquid and gaseous material from the stomach and small bowels (e.g., duodenum, jejunum), as an aid in the diagnosis and location of intestinal lesions, as well as in the treatment of intestinal obstructions. The use of tungsten gel rather than mercury avoids hazards associated with the use of mercury-weighted (e.g., Cantor, Kaslow, Miller-Abbott) tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "16798",
      "display": "Tubes, Nasoenteral, Feeding",
      "definition": "Nasoenteral tubes designed to provide access to the small intestines for enteral feeding. These devices typically consist of a single- or dual-lumen plastic tube that has a diameter and length appropriate to reach the duodenum or jejunum; the tube is inserted through the nose, down the throat, through the esophagus and stomach, and into the duodenum. Feeding nasoenteral tubes are mainly used in patients who have intolerance for gastric feeding (gastroparesis); also, they can be used occasionally to remove air and liquids from the stomach and/or duodenum."
    },
    {
      "code": "14221",
      "display": "Tubes, Nasogastric",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to access the stomach through the nose, nasopharynx, and esophagus for examination, treatment, or other purposes. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen rubber or plastic tube of 14 to 18 French diameter with circular markings that serve as insertion guides; the tube is inserted through the nose, down the throat, and through the esophagus; its tip is positioned in the stomach. Nasogastric tubes can be used to remove air and liquids from the stomach (decompression) by connection to intermittent suction units and as temporary feeding tubes; they are used frequently for very ill or comatose patients. Nasogastric tubes are intended only for short-term use; keeping in place for more than two weeks can cause nasal septum necrosis.  Dedicated tubes used for decompression, both single- and double-lumen, and small-bore tubes intended for feeding are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14230",
      "display": "Tubes, Nasogastric, Decompression",
      "definition": "Nasogastric tubes designed for use with an external continuous low-suction apparatus to remove air and liquids (i.e., decompression and drainage) from the stomach. These devices may consist of a single-lumen tube typically connected to an intermittent low-suction pump (e.g., Levin tube) or devices consisting of a double-lumen plastic tube of 12 to 18 French diameter with side ports that is inserted through the nose, down the throat, through the esophagus, and into the stomach (e.g., Salem sump tube); they usually include an antireflux valve and may be connected to higher suction pumps. The smaller inner tube vents the larger suction-drainage tube to the atmosphere by way of an opening at the distal end of the tube. Decompression nasogastric tubes are used to remove air and liquids from the stomach, frequently after surgical procedures and/or in an emergency."
    },
    {
      "code": "27125",
      "display": "Tubes, Nasogastric, Feeding",
      "definition": "Nasogastric tubes designed to access the stomach for temporary enteral feeding. These devices typically consist of a small diameter (e.g., 8 to 12 French diameter) very soft (e.g., polyurethane, silicone) single-lumen plastic tube (commonly known as Dobhoff tubes) of appropriate length to reach the stomach; the tubes may be attached or not to suction devices. Feeding nasogastric tubes are used mainly in patients who need only enteral feeding and not gastric aspiration, avoiding the possible consequences (e.g., rhinitis, pharyngitis, esophageal strictures) related to the use of larger-diameter tubes."
    },
    {
      "code": "14226",
      "display": "Tubes, Rebreathing",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to increase the carbon dioxide content in the patient's breathing by partially feeding back his or her own exhaled air (i.e., rebreathing). These devices typically consist of a tube that can adjust the proportion of normal/rebreathing air in the patient's breath. Rebreathing tubes stimulate hyperventilation; they are intended to reduce respiratory complications, such as incomplete expansion of the lungs (atelectasis) and posterior pneumonia, especially after surgery. Small portable rebreathing devices that include several internal interconnected chambers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14227",
      "display": "Tubes, Rectal",
      "definition": "Tubes designed to access the rectum for examination, treatment, or other purposes. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen rubber or plastic (e.g., silicon) tube of 14 to 30 French diameter or larger, about 10 cm (4 inches) long that is inserted through the anus into the rectum. Rectum tubes are used mainly for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, including enema delivery."
    },
    {
      "code": "27154",
      "display": "Tubes, Rectal, Enema",
      "definition": "Rectum tubes designed to deliver water and sterile or therapeutic solutions (i.e., enemas) into the rectum. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen rubber or plastic (e.g., silicon) tube of 14 to 30 French diameter, about 10 cm (4 inches) long that is inserted through the anus into the rectum. Enema rectum tubes are connected to an enema tip attached to external tubing that runs from an external reservoir (i.e., enema bag) using gravity; dedicated enema tubes for barium delivery are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27155",
      "display": "Tubes, Rectal, Enema, Barium",
      "definition": "Rectum tubes designed to deliver an injection of barium (i.e., enema) into the rectum, covering the lining of the rectum and colon. These devices typically consist of a single-lumen rubber or plastic (e.g., silicon) tube of 14 to 30 French diameter, about 10 cm (4 inches) long, with a small balloon at the end that is inflated to keep the barium inside; it is inserted through the anus into the rectum. Barium enema rectum tubes are used to enhance the x-ray images before a radiographic procedure of the lower intestines is performed, typically to facilitate the location of abnormal growths (e.g., polyps), ulcers, and/or diverticula."
    },
    {
      "code": "14085",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal",
      "definition": "Tubes designed for insertion through the mouth, or less frequently, through the nose, into the trachea (i.e., endotracheal) to provide an airway for gases and vapors to the lungs. Orotracheal intubation is performed by passing the tube through the mouth and larynx and into the trachea; in nasotracheal intubation, a tube is inserted through the nose. These devices typically consist of a clear, single-lumen, plastic (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) tube that may include a cuff, a valve for Luer-lock syringe tips, and connectors to match external ventilation/anesthesia devices; some tubes are totally or partially opaque to x-rays (e.g., with a radiopaque line throughout the length of the tube). Tracheal tubes are used during ventilation, resuscitation, and anesthesia procedures; they are also used in other situations when the patient is not properly ventilated. Dedicated tubes appropriate for one-lung or jet ventilation are available. Tracheal tubes with high resistance to laser radiation are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "42013",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, Electromyography, Intraoperative",
      "definition": "Tracheal tubes designed to measure the electrical potentials generated by muscle fibers (i.e., electromyographyic [EMG]) from several nerve-muscle combinations during surgical procedures. Electrodes in these tubes continuously assess the EMG muscular activity and are connected to a monitor which provides visuals and/or sound alarms to warn the surgeon when the nerve is stimulated. Intraoperative EMG tracheal tubes are used to help in the reduction of nerve damage during otolaryngology and other surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "17935",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, Jet Ventilation",
      "definition": "Tracheal tubes designed to provide short-duration pulses of gas under pressure into the airway (i.e., jet pulses) at a very fast rate (more than 600 cycles per minute) for lung ventilation. These devices typically consist of a small-diameter metal or, less frequently, plastic tube; tubes appropriate for introduction through a partially withdrawn endotracheal tube during its removal are also available. Transtracheal jet-ventilation tubes allow endoscopic surgical access to the larynx; the jet-ventilation tube may be placed either supraglottically (the tube may be attached to the endoscope) or subglottically (after intubation via the nasal or the oral route). They are used mainly in patients who have acute airway problems."
    },
    {
      "code": "17548",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, Laser-Resistant",
      "definition": "Tracheal tubes designed to retard fire and reduce the risk of damage caused by laser radiation during surgical procedures. These tubes are typically made of metals (e.g., stainless steel) and/or combinations of metals and plastic materials (e.g., polymers covered with aluminum). Laser-resistant tracheal tubes are used in surgical procedures that deliver laser radiation on or around the head, neck, or throat. Dedicated tubes intended only to protect against a given range of laser wavelengths are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17860",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, One-Lung Ventilation",
      "definition": "Tracheal tubes designed for one-lung isolation and/or to provide one-lung ventilation. One-lung ventilation can be achieved using several different tubes and/or techniques, including conventional single-lumen tubes that may include a built-in bronchial blocker, an isolated bronchial blocker, or a balloon at the tip to provide only one-lung endobronchial intubation. Dedicated double-lumen tracheal tubes that permit left-lung isolation and/or right-lung isolation are also available. One-lung ventilation tracheal tubes are used mainly during thoracic surgery and/or intensive care procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26695",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, One-Lung Ventilation, Double Lumen",
      "definition": "One-lung ventilation tracheal tubes designed as a double-lumen tube. These tubes typically include two cuffs, one terminating in the trachea and the other in the main stem bronchus. Some tubes (e.g., Robertshaw tubes) permit either left- or right-lung isolation (clamping the bronchial lumen and ventilating the tracheal lumen and vice versa, respectively); other tubes that include a carinal hook are designed either for left-side (e.g., Carlens tube) or right-side (e.g., White tube) ventilation. Wire-guided tubes introduced through a bronchoscope are also available. Double-lumen one-lung ventilation tracheal tubes are used mainly during thoracic surgery and/or intensive care procedures; they usually facilitate application of suction and/or continuous positive airway pressure ventilation. Double lumen tubes that include a video camera attached at the distal tip to facilitate visualization of the procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33496",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, One-Lung Ventilation, Double Lumen, Video",
      "definition": "One-lung ventilation tracheal tubes designed as a double-lumen tube with a video camera attached at the distal tip to facilitate visualization during the procedures. These tubes consist of a disposable plastic (e.g., PVC) sterilized double-lumen tube that includes a video system (i.e., camera, light source, and fiberoptic cable), a cuff, and an integral flushing system to clean the camera lenses. The tracheal tube also permits passing a catheter to block the airway at the selected bronchial site. Double-lumen video tracheal tubes are intended for continuous visualization of the vocal cords, trachea, and carina while performing the procedures; they permit the observation of the procedures on external monitors (including handheld devices) linked to an external unit that is connected with cables to the proximal end of the tubes. The tubes are used mainly for intubation, during thoracic surgery requiring lung isolation, and/or for other intensive care procedures reducing the need of bronchoscopes to perform the procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26698",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, One-Lung Ventilation, Single Lumen",
      "definition": "One-lung ventilation tracheal tubes consisting of a single-lumen tube. Some single-lumen devices (e.g., Univent tube) include a movable bronchial blocker shaft inside the tube, a main cuff, and a bronchial balloon permitting selective blockade of one or more lobes of the lung; other single-lumen tubes include an inflatable balloon at the tip to block the lung, but they cannot be used for suction or ventilation of the blocked lung. Single-lumen one-lung ventilation tracheal tubes are used mainly during thoracic surgery and/or intensive care procedures; some devices can be used for postoperative ventilation, avoiding the need of tube change."
    },
    {
      "code": "33499",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheal, One-Lung Ventilation, Single Lumen, Video",
      "definition": "One-lung ventilation tracheal tubes designed as a single-lumen tube with a video camera attached at the distal tip to facilitate visualization during procedures. These tubes consist of a disposable plastic (e.g., PVC) sterilized single-lumen tube that includes a video system (i.e., camera, light source, and fiberoptic cable), a cuff, and an integral flushing system to clean the camera lenses. The tracheal tube also permits passing a catheter to block the airway at the selected bronchial site. Single-lumen video tracheal tubes are intended for continuous visualization of the vocal cords, trachea, and carina while performing the procedures; they permit the observation of the procedures on external monitors (including handheld devices) linked to an external unit that is connected with cables to the proximal end of the tubes. The tubes are used mainly for intubation, during thoracic surgery requiring lung isolation, and/or for other intensive care procedures reducing the need of bronchoscopes to perform the procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "26700",
      "display": "Tubes, Tracheostomy/Laryngectomy",
      "definition": "Tubes designed for insertion into an opening (i.e., stoma) performed in the neck and trachea (windpipe) to keep it open, facilitating breathing. Most of these devices (i.e., double-cannula tubes) consist of the following: (1) an external metallic or, more frequently, plastic or silicone curved tube (outer cannula) that fits directly into the tracheal stoma with a proximal flange (neck plate) designed to accommodate mechanisms for securing the tube (e.g., an external tracheostomy holder); (2) an obturator inserted into the outer cannula to guide the external tube during insertion into the trachea that is immediately removed after the outer cannula is in proper position; and (3) an internal cannula (including a lock to prevent it from being coughed out) that is inserted through the external tube after the obturator is removed. This cannula may have an adapter for use with ventilatory equipment. Some simpler and smaller devices (single-cannula tubes) used mainly in children do not include an internal cannula. Tracheostomy tubes are available in a variety of sizes and configurations; some include a soft balloon to allow for mechanical ventilation (i.e., cuffed tracheostomy tubes) and/or an opening (i.e., a fenestrated tube) that permits speech through the upper airway. Tracheostomy/laryngectomy tubes may be used in patients who have a temporary surgical opening (stoma) in the otherwise intact larynx and trachea; they are also used in a permanent opening in the trachea performed after total or partial surgical removal of the larynx (i.e., laryngectomy) that may require only a tube in the early stages."
    },
    {
      "code": "14238",
      "display": "Tubing",
      "definition": "Small-diameter, hollow cylinders designed for the transfer of materials, typically liquids or gases. These devices may be rigid, semirigid, or flexible; they are typically made of metals, metal alloys, rubber, plastics, or glass with different structures (e.g., one-ply, braided, reinforced) according to the intended use. Tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that can be cut into segments of different sizes (i.e., tubes); the tubes may be shaped or modified in other ways (e.g., by attaching connectors) appropriate for a given device and/or application in the healthcare facility (e.g., intravenous fluid administration tubes, laboratory tubes)."
    },
    {
      "code": "39968",
      "display": "Tubing Sets, Air Bubble Detection/Removal System",
      "definition": "Tubing sets designed to facilitate the detection and removal of air bubbles from intravenous infusion lines when used with air bubble detection/removal systems. These tubing sets typically consist of a sterile, single-use device that comprises a fluid path with a physical mechanism for diverting the flow of infusate from the patient line to a collection container in the event an air bubble is detected."
    },
    {
      "code": "37613",
      "display": "Tubing Sets, Enteral Feeding, Extension",
      "definition": "Tubing sets designed for delivering nutrients, fluid, and/or medications between an enteral feeding delivery device (e.g., syringe, enteral feeding pump administration set) and a previously inserted enteral feeding tube (e.g., gastrostomy tube, nasogastric tube). These sets typically include a plastic (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) tube with enteral-specific connectors at their proximal and distal ends. Some enteral feeding extension sets may include a tubing bifurcation (i.e., Y-site) to allow for enteral administration of medication or additional nutritional material."
    },
    {
      "code": "12170",
      "display": "Tubing Sets, Intravenous Administration, Extension",
      "definition": "Tubing sets designed for delivering intravenous fluids between the primary administration line of an intravenous administration set and an intravenous catheter. Extension sets are typically used to elongate an intravenous administration set in cases where the length of the administration set is insufficient to reach the patient. These sets include appropriate connectors (e.g., luer lock, needleless connectors) at their proximal and distal ends for connection to administration sets and catheters and may incorporate additional features such as clamps, filters, injection ports, manifolds, stop-cocks, and/or Y-sites."
    },
    {
      "code": "36528",
      "display": "Tubing Sets, Intravenous Administration, Extension, Hyperbaric Chamber",
      "definition": "Extension tubing sets designed for intravenous administration into the high pressure greater than two absolute atmospheres) environment of a monoplace hyperbaric chamber. These tubing sets include a rigid segment that passes through and seals in the chamber wall and an in-line check valve. The seal into the chamber may also be provided by a reusable passthrough fitting with Luer lock connectors on both ends."
    },
    {
      "code": "24502",
      "display": "Tubing, Glass",
      "definition": "Tubing made of glass. Glass tubing typically consists of small-diameter, hollow, rigid cylinders designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases. This tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes using appropriate tools; glass tubing is used mainly in clinical laboratories. A glass tube with a closed bottom is frequently used as a container. Dedicated tubing with special characteristics (e.g., high-temperature, standard walls, low-expansion) is available; borosilicate tubing with high resistance to chemicals is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24503",
      "display": "Tubing, Glass, Borosilicate",
      "definition": "Glass tubing made of low-alkali-content borosilicate. Borosilicate tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, rigid cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases. This tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that that permit the use of segments of different sizes using appropriate tools; borosilicate glass tubing is used mainly in clinical laboratories when a low coefficient of expansion and/or high resistance to chemicals is needed. Dedicated capillary borosilicate tubing is also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24494",
      "display": "Tubing, Metallic",
      "definition": "Tubing made of metal or metal alloys. Metallic tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, cylinder designed for the transfer of materials, either liquids or gases. These devices may be rigid, semirigid, or flexible; they are typically made with different structures (e.g., reinforced) according to the intended use. Metallic tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "17972",
      "display": "Tubing, Metallic, Stainless Steel",
      "definition": "Metallic tubing made of stainless steel alloy to provide corrosion-resistance capabilities. This tubing is typically a hollow, rigid, semirigid, or flexible cylinder designed for the transfer of materials, either liquids or gases, with high corrosion resistant capabilities. Stainless steel tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility; stainless steel is also used directly or as reinforcement for other tubing to deliver fluids at high pressures."
    },
    {
      "code": "24684",
      "display": "Tubing, Metallic, Stainless Steel, Flexible",
      "definition": "Stainless steel tubing designed to provide flexibility and corrosion-resistance capabilities. This tubing is typically a hollow cylinder of corrugated annealed stainless steel sections designed for the transfer of materials, usually gases, at medium and/or high pressure. Flexible stainless steel tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility; they are frequently supplied with connectors at one or both ends."
    },
    {
      "code": "12875",
      "display": "Tubing, Oxygen Connection",
      "definition": "Tubing designed for external connection of an oxygen delivery source (e.g., hospital oxygen line, oxygen cylinder) at one end and, at the patient end, a device used to administer oxygen such as a nasal oxygen cannula; nasal, nasopharyngeal, or transtracheal oxygen catheter; or oxygen mask. This tubing is typically disposable (single-use) rubber or soft plastic tubing of small diameter (three to five mm/ 1/8 to 3/16 inch), thick walls, and usually include tapered connectors with molded inner rings that hold securely when pressure is applied. Oxygen connection tubing is used in hospitals, in the field, and at home to administer oxygen to patients who need additional oxygen supply."
    },
    {
      "code": "24496",
      "display": "Tubing, Rubber/Latex",
      "definition": "Tubing made of natural rubber, manufactured either by a dry curing and manufacturing process (i.e., dry natural rubber) or by processing (e.g., dipping, extruding) the natural milky fluid (latex) from the tree in its original liquid form (natural rubber latex). Rubber tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, flexible cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases; latex rubber is a product usually supplied as amber or black tubing with greater flexibility and tear resistance than dry natural rubbers. Rubber/latex tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility; rubber/ latex rubber tubing is commonly used when highly elastic tubing with long life and/or connection to glass is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "16779",
      "display": "Tubing, Suction",
      "definition": "Flexible tubing used to interface between suction devices such as suction catheters, canisters, and regulators.  Suction tubing is typically made of synthetic polymer material. This tubing may include connectors."
    },
    {
      "code": "24498",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer",
      "definition": "Tubing made of synthetic polymers such as nylon, polyurethane, and silicone. Polymer tubing is typically a hollow cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases. These devices may be rigid, semirigid, or flexible; they are typically made with different structures (e.g., braided, reinforced) according to the intended use. Synthetic polymer tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "14239",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Braided",
      "definition": "Tubing made of synthetic polymers such as nylon, polyurethane, and silicone that include interwoven layers of other materials (e.g., stainless steel, Dacron) to increase their strength (i.e., braided tubes). Braided polymer tubing is typically a hollow cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases, at high pressures. These devices may be rigid or semirigid according to the intended use. Braided polymer tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "14244",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Nylon",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of nylon (polyamide). Nylon tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, semirigid or flexible cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases; they are typically made with different structures (e.g., braided, reinforced) according to the intended use. Nylon tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "14246",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Polyethylene",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of polyethylene. Polyethylene tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, semirigid or flexible cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases; they are typically made with different structures (e.g., braided, reinforced) according to the intended use. Very-low-density polyethylene is used to manufacture extruded tubing. Polyethylene tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "24501",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Polyurethane",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of polyurethane, an elastomer also known as polyurethane rubber. Polyurethane tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, flexible or semirigid cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases. Polyurethane tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility, including the transfer of liquids between laboratory devices and/or when high resistance to oils and chemicals is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "14247",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Polyvinyl Chloride",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This tubing is typically a hollow, rigid or semirigid, opaque cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases. PVC tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application (e.g., drain tubes, laboratory equipment tubes, electrical conduits) in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "15277",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Silicone",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of silicone, an elastomer also known as silicone rubber. Silicone tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, flexible or semirigid cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases; it can be made with different structures (e.g., reinforced) according to the intended use. Silicone tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility, especially when high resistance to oils and chemicals is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "24499",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Teflon",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). Polytetrafluoroethylene tubing is typically a small-diameter, hollow, flexible or semirigid cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases. Teflon tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility (e.g., clinical laboratory), especially for the transfer of organic solvents or liquids when resistance to high pressure, chemicals, and/or temperature is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "24500",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Tygon",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of a clear polyvinyl plastic substance modified with plasticizers for flexibility (Tygon). Tygon tubing is typically a small- or medium-diameter, flexible hollow cylinder designed for the  transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases. Tygon tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application in the healthcare facility (e.g., clinical laboratory), especially when high resistance to chemicals is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "14252",
      "display": "Tubing, Synthetic Polymer, Vinyl",
      "definition": "Synthetic polymer tubing made of vinyl. This tubing is typically a transparent, flexible, strong, hollow cylinder designed for the transfer of fluids, either liquids or gases; vinyl is chemically resistant to alkalis, oils, and some acids. Vinyl tubing is usually available in standardized lengths and in a variety of diameters and wall thicknesses (i.e., gauges) that permit the use of segments of different sizes appropriate for a given application (e.g., equipment tubing, general laboratory use) in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "35325",
      "display": "Tumor Resection Guidance Systems",
      "definition": "Systems intended for nonradioactive, wire-free lesion localization during excisional breast procedures based on detection of a dedicated nonradioactive marker implanted preoperatively at the site of the lesion. Some of these systems may also be used in sentinel lymph node mapping procedures through detection of an injectable nonradioactive tracer. Tumor resection guidance systems typically consist of a console and handheld probe, which provide an indication of proximity of the probe to the implanted marker. Tumor resection guidance systems based on various detection modalities are available, including infrared light-activated radar reflector magnetic seed, and radiofrequency identification tag based systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "14255",
      "display": "Tuning Forks",
      "definition": "Small metal instruments consisting of a stem and two prongs, resembling a two-pronged fork, that act as an acoustic resonator. Tuning forks produce a constant pitch when either prong is struck. The device is made of an elastic metal, and the prongs form a U-shaped bar. Tuning forks pitch depends on the length and mass of the two prongs. Some tuning forks have weights attached to the end of the prongs. These devices are usually used to evaluate hearing loss or vibratory sensation."
    },
    {
      "code": "18259",
      "display": "Turbidimeters",
      "definition": "Filter photometers that use a light source that directs the light through a suspension (e.g., containing cells) to a photodetector positioned to measure the undeviated light from the suspension.  These instruments are designed to prevent scattered light from reaching the photodetector. Usually, turbidimeters accept a larger band pass than conventional filter photometers."
    },
    {
      "code": "23735",
      "display": "Turbines, Whirlpool Bath",
      "definition": "Powered equipment designed to deliver a turbulent water supply to a whirlpool bath and/or some therapeutic swimming pools. This equipment (i.e., a turbine) typically consists of an electric motor and a rotatory mechanism that provide s a turbulent (jet) flow of water inside the bath or pool. The turbine also includes controls for the water flow rate and /or temperature; it is usually mounted on a fixed post close to the whirlpool bath. Whirlpool turbines are a main component of a whirlpool bath installation used to provide hydrotherapy."
    },
    {
      "code": "41848",
      "display": "Turnstiles",
      "definition": "Mechanical gates designed to allow one person pass through at a time. Turnstiles are access barriers that can be electronic and programmed to open and allow employees and/or authorized visitors to pass through while remaining closed, preventing access for unauthorized people who attempt to enter.  Turnstiles may include software that can provide counts of the number of people who have entered and/or exited.  Turnstiles may also include or be linked to security cameras."
    },
    {
      "code": "33853",
      "display": "Turntables",
      "definition": "Devices designed to include a rotating platform at the top. Turntables are usually bench or tabletop devices with a manual or powered operated rotatory mechanism that provides a circular motion to the upper rotatory platform. The rotatory platform may include several compartments on each of one or a few vertical tiers (also known as a rotating shelf). Turntables are mostly used to store and facilitate handling of a variety of devices, supplies, and/or other products in clinical laboratories and other areas of healthcare facilities (e.g., pharmacies, kitchens), making the stored products more accessible in a reduced space; dedicated turntables intended for particular procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "33856",
      "display": "Turntables, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Turntables designed for use in clinical laboratories. These turntables are usually heavy duty devices made of chemically resistant plastics (e.g., PVC), metals (e.g., stainless steel), or a combination of these materials. The turntables include a manual or powered rotatory mechanism to provide a circular motion to an upper platform that may include several compartments on each of one or more vertical tiers (also known as a rotating shelf). Laboratory turntables are mostly used to store and facilitate handling and accessibility of a variety of devices, supplies, and/or laboratory products. Laboratory turntables may also be used in other areas of healthcare facilities with similar conditions (e.g., pharmacies and research areas). Some dedicated laboratory turntables are intended for a particular use such as Petri dish inoculation, sample handling, and chromatography procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "33859",
      "display": "Turntables, Laboratory, Petri Dish Inoculation, Manual",
      "definition": "Turntables designed for use in clinical laboratories. These turntables are usually heavy duty devices made of chemically resistant plastics (e.g., PVC), metals (e.g., stainless steel), or a combination of these materials. The turntables include a manual or powered rotatory mechanism to provide a circular motion to an upper platform that may include several compartments on each of one or more vertical tiers (also known as a rotating shelf). Laboratory turntables are mostly used to store and facilitate handling and accessibility of a variety of devices, supplies, and/or laboratory products. Laboratory turntables may also be used in other areas of healthcare facilities with similar conditions (e.g., pharmacies and research areas). Some dedicated laboratory turntables are intended for a particular use such as Petri dish inoculation, sample handling, and chromatography procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "29135",
      "display": "Turntables, Laboratory, Petri Dish Inoculation, Powered",
      "definition": "Powered laboratory turntables designed for microorganism inoculation in Petri dishes. The turntables typically consist of an electric rotatory mechanism to provide a circular motion to an upper platform allowing even distribution of bacterial colonies in Petri dishes. The upper platform usually includes and anti-skid surface where the Petri dish (up to 10 or 15 cm/4 to 6 inch diameter) is placed. The turntable typically includes on-off, rotation speed, and time controls to improve uniform plating of the dishes. Powered Petri dish turntables are intended to facilitate the placement of concentric circles of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) from the edge of the dish to its center."
    },
    {
      "code": "14257",
      "display": "Tweezers",
      "definition": "Small instruments used for picking up objects too small to be easily handled with human fingers. Tweezers typically consist of two levers connected at one fixed end with pincers at the other. Tweezers have a variety of tip shapes and sizes."
    },
    {
      "code": "34238",
      "display": "Two-Way Radio Systems",
      "definition": "Two-way radio communication systems transmit and receive audio through radio waves that are used for person-to-person communication. These are often hand-held receiver/transmitters and some are designed to work in extreme temperatures and field environments. Most are flame and/or water resistant. These radios can be either digital or analog and may be blue-tooth enabled; some include displays, central consoles and GPS. These systems can include accessories such as antennae, chargers, batteries, and belt clips."
    },
    {
      "code": "14258",
      "display": "Typoscopes",
      "definition": "Vision assistive devices designed to facilitate reading by highlighting the lines of print being read. These devices usually consist of a black plastic or cardboard piece with one or more slots that is placed over the text, permitting easier reading by showing only one or a few lines of print. Typoscopes eliminate glare from the printed paper; they are intended mainly for use as low-vision aids."
    },
    {
      "code": "33074",
      "display": "Ultrasonic Bone Fixation Units",
      "definition": "Units designed to produce ultrasonic vibrations and apply them to a bioabsorbable fixation bone pin. The unit typically includes an ultrasound generator, a handpiece to convert energy into mechanical oscillation, a sonotrode, and a footswitch. The ultrasonic vibrations applied to a bone pin by the unit causes it to melt and bond with a bone fixation plate or mesh and also to penetrate into the bone cavities. The unit can be used in craniomaxillofacial, orthopedic, and neurological surgical procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18049",
      "display": "Ultrasonic Surgical Units",
      "definition": "Devices designed for the performance of surgery using ultrasonic energy; the heating effect that causes tissue cutting and coagulation is provided by friction when tissue comes into contact with a vibrating blade. These units typically include a high-frequency generator (frequencies of 23.5 and 55.5 kHz are typical), a handpiece in which electrical energy is transformed into mechanical ultrasonic vibration, and blades (e.g., shears) to apply the ultrasonic energy to the target tissue. Ultrasonic surgical units are used mostly in laparoscopic surgery procedures (e.g., splenectomy) to coagulate and cut tissue, providing proper hemostasis in vessels up to 3 mm in diameter without significant desiccation or charring. Dedicated units intended for dental treatments are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24113",
      "display": "Ultrasonic Surgical Units, Dental",
      "definition": "Ultrasonic surgical units designed to fragment or cut bone during dental and oral surgery procedures. These devices typically consist of a dedicated handpiece that incorporates an ultrasound transducer and an irrigation port to which one of a set of ultrasonic tips may be attached. The handpiece is attached through an electrical cord and a hose for irrigation to the main portable unit that includes a radiofrequency generator, a power level control, and a peristaltic pump."
    },
    {
      "code": "41896",
      "display": "Ultrasonic Vocalization Systems, Animal",
      "definition": "Non-invasive measurement systems to record, analyze and/or playback ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) of rodents and other animals. These systems record vocalizations using ultrasonic input devices, calculate bioacoustic parameters, and may provide spectrograms and other graphical presentations of the recorded animal calls. Their principal components are microphones, recorders, computer interfaces, appropriate electronics to process the vocalization signals, and software. Animal ultrasonic vocalization systems can collect information such as frequency, amplitude, duration, and time gaps."
    },
    {
      "code": "18823",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for minimum-access treatment of diseases by applying energy at frequencies over the human upper audible limit (about 20 kHz) and up to several megahertz.  These systems typically consist of a radio-frequency generator and an appropriate delivery system that includes cables and/or catheters and electrical to ultrasonic transducers; the power and frequency of the generator and the configuration of the delivery system and transducers depend on the intended use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18824",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems, Angioplasty",
      "definition": "Ultrasound therapy systems that deliver energy into the vessels to eliminate areas of narrowing (i.e., angioplasty).  These systems include a radio-frequency generator (frequency of 20 kHz is typical), ultrasonic transducers, and a catheter.  Some systems include a ball-tipped wire that act as an acoustic wave guide, transmitting the energy to the target areas within the artery; other systems use small ultrasonic transducers on the distal tip of a catheter that are excited to produce the ultrasonic waves.  Ultrasound angioplasty systems are mostly used in total occlusion and calcified plaques and to facilitate balloon angioplasty."
    },
    {
      "code": "17571",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia",
      "definition": "Ultrasound therapy systems designed to heat solid tumors several degrees Celsius above core temperature, typically from 42 degrees to 45 degrees C (108 degrees to 113 degrees F); these temperatures do not damage normal tissues.  These systems consist of a radiofrequency generator, ultrasound transducers, a cooling system, temperature sensors, and a computerized control unit.  Ultrasound hyperthermia systems are used to treat solid malignant tumors, frequently in combination with ionizing radiation (thermoradiotherapy) or chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy); they cannot be used for tumors near bone or air-filled cavities such as the lungs."
    },
    {
      "code": "18828",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia, Interstitial",
      "definition": "Hyperthermia ultrasound therapy systems designed for heating of deep-seated tumors.  These systems consist of a radio-frequency generator and interstitial or intracavitary applicators including appropriate ultrasound transducers, a temperature sensor, and a feedback system for controlling the power delivery.  Interstitial hyperthermia systems are capable of applying energy inside the tumors, making possible more uniform heating than with external applicators.  Some of these systems are used simultaneously with localized radiation therapy (thermobrachytherapy); but other systems using convective cooling can only apply hyperthermia and radiation sequentially."
    },
    {
      "code": "18827",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems, Hyperthermia, Superficial",
      "definition": "Hyperthermia ultrasound therapy systems used for externally localized heating of malignant tumors up to several centimeters deep.  These systems typically include a radio-frequency generator and planar transducers; systems including multiple nonfocused or scanned focused ultrasound transducers are typically used for treatments deeper than three centimeters."
    },
    {
      "code": "11248",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Ultrasound therapy systems designed to produce and deliver ultrasonic waves that penetrate tissues and produce both thermal and nonthermal (e.g., mechanical and cavitation) effects.  These systems consist of a radio-frequency (RF) generator (frequencies from one to three megahertz are typical), a cable that transmits the RF energy to the applicator, and an applicator including a piezoelectric transducer that applies the ultrasonic energy to the patient's tissue through the skin.  Physical therapy ultrasound systems are used for pain relief and as an aid in the healing of soft-tissue injuries (e.g., ulcerations; bursitis; muscle, tendon, or joint pain)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18825",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation",
      "definition": "Ultrasound therapy systems usually designed for thermal ablation of tissue.  These systems typically consist of a radio-frequency generator (frequency typically from 0.5 to 4.5 MHz), electroacoustical transducers (e.g., piezoelectric crystals) and a delivery system.  Some systems use ultrasound or magnetic resonance guidance to control and/or evaluate tissue ablation.  The high-intensity focused ultrasound mechanical energy is absorbed by tissue; ablation is mostly produced by coagulation necrosis at temperatures over 60 degrees C.  Most of these systems are used for focused noninvasive ablation of tumor tissues not blocked by bone (e.g., breast, bladder)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18826",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy Systems, Tissue Ablation, Prostatic",
      "definition": "Tissue-ablation ultrasound therapy systems designed to ablate regions of the prostate.  These systems consist of a radio-frequency generator and an applicator including an ultrasonic transducer; some systems combine tissue ablation and ultrasound imaging in a single piezoelectric crystal.  The applicators are inserted into the patient's rectum and placed adjacent to the prostate gland.  Prostatic-ablation ultrasound systems are used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate."
    },
    {
      "code": "17908",
      "display": "Ultrasound Therapy/Neuromuscular Stimulation Systems, Physical Therapy",
      "definition": "Systems that include a neuromuscular stimulator as an integral part of a therapeutic ultrasound unit. These systems are used to produce a rhythmic contraction/release of injured muscles to promote the removal of metabolic by-products while applying ultrasound treatments.  Neuromuscular stimulation combined with ultrasound therapy is used to prevent scar tissue formation in healing tissues and to help reduce spasms and pain."
    },
    {
      "code": "39562",
      "display": "Ultraviolet Light Curing Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that provide stabilized and consistent ultraviolet (UV) light sources to cure resins or other substances, including photopolymer resins. In addition to UV lights, these systems can include components such as an enclosure to hold the item being cured, a UV light guide holder, a turntable to provide 360 degree UV exposure, and controls to set the curing time.."
    },
    {
      "code": "16324",
      "display": "Unit-Dose Packaging Systems",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for packaging medications in the amount needed for a single dose for an individual patient, either in separate containers or in multiple containers with separate compartments for each single dose. These equipment usually consist of a small, light way packaging unit with limited packaging capability; most unit-dose packing systems include printing capabilities for labeling the packaged drugs. Unit-dose packaging systems are used in hospitals, nurseries, and/or other long-term health care centers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41851",
      "display": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles",
      "definition": "Aircraft piloted by remote control or onboard computers. Unmanned aerial vehicles can be small remote controlled airplanes or drones.  Unmanned aerial vehicles can be used to deliver blood, vaccines, AEDs, and many other healthcare supplies to remote locations or within a facility from one department or room to another. They can also be used to transport samples to and from laboratories. Some unmanned aerial vehicles may include a video camera."
    },
    {
      "code": "17690",
      "display": "Ureterorenoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion into the urinary tract for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the ureters and kidneys. Ureterorenoscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; they are usually flexible."
    },
    {
      "code": "15788",
      "display": "Ureteroscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion into the urinary tract for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the ureters. Ureteroscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices; they may be flexible or rigid."
    },
    {
      "code": "18188",
      "display": "Ureteroscopes, Flexible",
      "definition": "Ureteroscopes designed with a nonrigid (i.e., flexible) structure, capable of being manipulated through the lumen of the curved path of the upper urinary tract. The sheath is usually made of plastic."
    },
    {
      "code": "18189",
      "display": "Ureteroscopes, Rigid",
      "definition": "Ureteroscopes designed with a nonflexible (i.e., rigid) structure that can only follow a straight path through the urinary tract. The sheath is usually made of stainless steel, these endoscopes are less frequently used than flexible ureteroscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "30701",
      "display": "Urethral Prostate Retraction Implant Delivery Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to deliver urethral prostate retraction implants through the urethra. These units typically consist of a handheld mechanical instrument used to manipulate and control the delivery of the implant that also includes a detachable rigid sheath and a needle that comes out from the distal end of the sheath. The rigid sheath is introduced through the urethra and when the sheath reaches the obstruction point, the implants are deployed, retracting the prostate lobes (usually two implants are needed for the right and left lobes of the prostate gland); once the implants are in place the sheath and the delivery unit are removed. Urethral prostate retraction implant delivery units are mainly used to insert implants during treatment of patients suffering from lower urinary tract difficulties due to prostatic hyperplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "30699",
      "display": "Urethral Prostate Retraction Implants",
      "definition": "Implants designed for retraction of the prostate lobes from the urethra. These implants typically consist of a combination of a suture with two appropriate terminal pieces for the urethral and prostate ends respectively. The implants are inserted through the urethra using a dedicated delivery unit that includes a rigid sheath and a needle that comes out from the distal end of the sheath. When the sheath reaches the obstruction point, the implants are deployed, retracting the prostate lobes (usually two implants are needed for the right and left lobes of the prostate gland); once the implants are in place the sheath and the delivery unit are removed. Urethral prostate retraction implants are intended to open the urethra without surgical incisions; they are mainly used to treat patients suffering from lower urinary tract difficulties due to prostatic hyperplasia."
    },
    {
      "code": "14288",
      "display": "Urethrometers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed to measure the functional length andor to dilate and measure the lumen of the urethra. These devices are typically manual, handheld instruments consisting of a set of cylindrical (e.g., metallic, plastic) urethral dilators of several sizes and a mechanism that displays the diameter and/or degree of dilation (i.e., expansion) of the urethral conduit on a dial. Instruments intended to measure the functional length of the urethra (urethral profile) are also available. Urethrometers are intended to measure the urethra during procedures such as urethral stricture dilation and urethral abnormality studies."
    },
    {
      "code": "14289",
      "display": "Urethroscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes designed for direct insertion into the urinary tract for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the urethra. Urethroscopes usually consist of an outer sheath, a lighting system, and a working channel for catheters and operative devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "17633",
      "display": "Urethrotomes",
      "definition": "Surgical instruments designed for incision of urethra strictures and/or urinary bladder neck contractures. These devices typically consist of a slender instrument, including several guide tips (e.g., filiforms) and one or more blades (known as cold knives), that is directly inserted into the urethra and a handle with a mechanism for external operation of the guides and knives. Urethrotomes do not permit direct visualization of the operative field."
    },
    {
      "code": "14291",
      "display": "Urinals",
      "definition": "Devices consisting of containers or fixtures that are designed to collect and that may hold urine. Urinals intended for use in healthcare are typically handheld portable containers with appropriate openings for direct urination. These urinals are made of plastic (for single patient use) or made of glass or metal (reusable); the shape may be conformed for use by people of any sex (i.e., unisex) or for use only by males or females. Some urinals include attached lids and/or other devices to prevent spills. Portable urinals are used mainly by bedridden patients and people with disabilities or incontinence. Other urinals intended for use in bathrooms may resemble small toilets to be used while sitting on them or, more frequently, fixtures attached to the walls for urination while standing (mainly intended for male users). Some wall-installed urinals may be used by several people simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "code": "34080",
      "display": "Urinals, Portable",
      "definition": "Urinals designed as containers with appropriate openings intended for direct urination. These urinals typically consist of handheld portable containers made of plastic (for single patient use) or made of glass or metal (reusable); the shape may be conformed for use by people of any sex (i.e., unisex) or for use only by males or females. Some urinals include attached lids and/or other devices to prevent spills and/or may be attached to a tube for drainage of urine to a collection bag, leaving the urinal empty and ready for the next use. Portable urinals are mainly used by bedridden patients, patients using wheelchairs, and people with other disabilities or incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "31262",
      "display": "Urinals, Portable, Female",
      "definition": "Portable urinals designed for female use. These urinals typically are containers with appropriate openings according to female anatomy and are intended for direct urination. These urinals typically consist of handheld portable containers made of plastic (for single-patient use) or made of glass or metal (reusable). Female urinals usually add some features (e.g., a foam ring around the opening of the urinal) to provide a better fit. Some urinals include attached lids and/or other devices to prevent spills and may or may not be attached to a tube for drainage of urine to a collection bag, leaving the urinal empty and ready for the next use. Female personal urinals are mainly used by bedridden patients, patients using wheelchairs, and people with other disabilities or incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "34081",
      "display": "Urinals, Portable, Male",
      "definition": "Portable urinals designed for male use. These urinals typically are containers with appropriate openings according to male anatomy and are intended for direct urination. These urinals typically consist of handheld portable containers made of plastic (for single-patient use) or made of glass or metal (reusable). Some urinals include attached lids and/or other devices to prevent spills and they may or may not be attached to a tube for drainage of urine to a collection bag, leaving the urinal empty and ready for the next use.  Male personal urinals are mainly used by bedridden patients, patients using wheelchairs, and people with other disabilities or incontinence."
    },
    {
      "code": "34084",
      "display": "Urinals, Wall-Mounted",
      "definition": "Urinals designed for attachment to walls. These urinals typically consist of a fixture, usually made of porcelain or stainless steel, with an upper opening and appropriate pipes for flushing and to drain urine; the urinals may include attached lids. Wall-mounted urinals are usually intended for urination while standing, making them more appropriate for male use. Some urinals provide manual or automated flushing after each use; waterless designs are also available.  Some wall-mounted urinals are intended for multiple simultaneous use by several males."
    },
    {
      "code": "15734",
      "display": "Urinary Collection Bag Hangers",
      "definition": "Hangers designed to suspend urinary collection bags. These hangers usually include hooks to support the bag and fastenings to secure the bag and its tubing. These bags can be attached to a bedframe or other object, held between a mattress and bedframe, or freestanding. Urinary collection bag hangers are usually made of plastic or metal."
    },
    {
      "code": "14298",
      "display": "Urinary Collection Bags",
      "definition": "Collection bags designed for capturing urine from either an indwelling catheter or natural miction (i.e., urination). These bags are usually plastic or elastomeric single-use devices; independent collection bags and bags that can be fixed to the patient's skin using adhesive are available. Urinary collection bags may include drainage capabilities to other containers or for disposal of urine into the toilet. Dedicated bags intended for urine sample collection from natural miction, frequently including an internal and an external bag , are usually supplied as kits."
    },
    {
      "code": "16782",
      "display": "Urinary Collection Bags, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Collection bags designed for capturing urine from infants and young children. These bags are usually plastic or elastomeric single-use devices with a shape and size appropriate for pediatric use. Some bags contain adhesive so that they may be safely fixed to the child's skin."
    },
    {
      "code": "14297",
      "display": "Urinary Drainage Units",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collections of devices and supplies (i.e., kits) intended to facilitate collection of urine from a patient catheterized with an indwelling catheter. These kits typically include urine drainage tubes and containers; some kits may include other components, such as a metered funnel or drip container or pouch, filters, and/or antireflux valves. Urinary drainage kits are available in closed configurations (usually vented) and in open configurations, including two-chamber types. They are used to collect and dispose of urine from the patient while minimizing damage to the patient urinary system and preventing bacteria infection."
    },
    {
      "code": "14302",
      "display": "Urine Strainers",
      "definition": "Devices designed to collect stones (i.e., calculi) from the urine during normal micturation. These strainers usually consist of a sieve with handles (e.g., built-in ridges) for easy manipulation; they are frequently attached to specimen containers. Each sample is sent to the clinical laboratory after stone collection for a pre-determined time period (usually 24 hours). Urine strainers are used every time the patient urinates during several days or weeks, typically until there are no stone fragments in the urine for several days. Determination of the chemical composition (e.g., calcium, cystine, uric acid) of calculi facilitates diagnosis and/or therapeutic treatment of the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "14307",
      "display": "Urodynamic Measurement Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to measure and evaluate the storage and transportation of urine in the urinary tract These systems consist of a set of units that are combined to perform all the measurement functions as well as display and recording devices. The systems include uroflowmeters and uroflow transducers for external measuring of the urinary flow, volume voided, peak flow, and voiding time; manometers to determine the urethral pressure profile; cystometers either liquid or gaseous to measure bladder capacity and response; and recorders with appropriate sensors to assess sphincter and other muscle activity. Many systems also include video urodynamics capabilities to allow radiographic and urodynamic studies to be performed  with synchronous display and recording of urodynamic studies and cystourethrography imaging. Urodynamic measuring systems are used in diagnosing neurogenic bladder diseases, stress incontinence, urinary path obstructions, and spastic sphincters."
    },
    {
      "code": "41999",
      "display": "Vaccine Management and Storage Systems",
      "definition": "Systems used to store and manage vaccines. These systems can store vaccines in refrigerated and/or frozen compartments. They have multiple temperature sensors to monitor and control the refrigerator and freezer temperatures. The systems can create temperature logs and inventory stock reports. They also can alert users to issues such as power outages, temperature changes, expiring vaccine inventory, and low inventory. Most systems have a built-in battery for backup during power outages."
    },
    {
      "code": "18184",
      "display": "Vacuum Cleaners",
      "definition": "Electrical devices that clean by trapping small particles using a suction vacuum pump and appropriate filters and collection bags."
    },
    {
      "code": "23554",
      "display": "Vacuum Cleaners, Laboratory Fluid",
      "definition": "Vacuum cleaners designed to collect fluids from laboratory equipment. These cleaners typically include a vacuum pump and a refrigerated vapor trap chamber to recover the fluids. Laboratory fluid vacuum cleaners are intended for fluid (e.g., solvent) recovery from equipment that uses vacuum technologies (e.g., gel dryers)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37420",
      "display": "Vacuum Cleaners, Lead",
      "definition": "Vacuum cleaners used to remove lead particles from the environment.  These vacuums contain ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filters, which are 99.999 percent efficient at 0.12 microns. The lead particles are pulled into the vacuum by the suction pump and deposited into a disposable bag."
    },
    {
      "code": "17651",
      "display": "Vacuum Cleaners, Mercury",
      "definition": "Vacuum cleaners used to cleanup liquid and solid mercury and remove mercury vapors. Mercury vacuum cleaners draw up the liquid or solid mercury with a suction pump and then deposit it into a jar, so that it can be disposed of safely.  Charcoal filters inside these vacuums purify the exhaust air of mercury vapor."
    },
    {
      "code": "18185",
      "display": "Vacuum Cleaners, Micrometric Filtration",
      "definition": "Vacuum cleaners employing a high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filter and appropriate air-tight seals and collection bags to trap micrometric particles which cause upper-respiratory disorders and adversely affect allergy sufferers."
    },
    {
      "code": "37399",
      "display": "Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy Units",
      "definition": "Systems designed for the automatic extraction of core tissue samples (typically in the form of a cylinder) from soft tissue using a vacuum to draw tissue into the cutting chamber of a core biopsy needle. These systems are designed to allow larger volumes of tissue to be collected compared to conventional core needle biopsy devices. These systems typically consist of a freestanding, line-powered control console connected to a driver unit by vacuum tubing and control cables. However, some systems consist of a battery-powered driver unit that includes the controls and vacuum pump. The procedure is typically performed under imaging guidance (e.g., ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, stereotactic x-ray). Driver units may be handheld or mounted on the arm of a stereotactic system."
    },
    {
      "code": "17891",
      "display": "Vacuum-Mixing Devices, Orthopedic Cement",
      "definition": "Devices used to mix orthopedic (or bone) cement.  They typically consist of a mixing box, into which the powder and liquid components are added, and a vacuum chamber.  A vacuum is applied while the cement constituents are manually mixed with a spatula.  This method of mixing may reduce porosity and enhance the strength of cement."
    },
    {
      "code": "25577",
      "display": "Vaginal Rings, Drug Delivery",
      "definition": "Vaginal rings are flexible copolymer rings that release or emit drugs during use and are intended to be used as intra-vaginal drug-delivery devices. Drug delivery vaginal rings that emit hormones to prevent pregnancy in women of child-bearing age, or to treat urogenital symptoms, are available. The muscles of the vagina keep the drug delivery vaginal ring securely in place until removed by the user. Drug delivery vaginal rings are used for continuous drug delivery for as long as the treatment is prescribed, after which they must be removed. If treatment should continue (as in birth control rings), the patient removes the expired ring and replaces it on a schedule."
    },
    {
      "code": "37105",
      "display": "Vaginal Weights",
      "definition": "Solid metal objects appropriately sized and shaped to be inserted into the vagina to be used to strengthen the pelvic floor. These weights provide resistance to alternate contraction and relaxation of perineal muscles (i.e., Kegel exercises). They are typically a sphere or cone shape and are equipped with a string or wire for removal. Vaginal weights come in sets of progressively heavier weights."
    },
    {
      "code": "17463",
      "display": "Valves, Automatic Shutoff, Heart-Lung Bypass",
      "definition": "Valves designed for use near the filter in tubing sets intended for external delivery of blood from a heart-lung bypass unit to a patient. These valves automatically prevent the buildup of excess vacuum pressure when blood is suctioned from the heart or the surgical field and/or in retrograde blood flow that may cause the entrainment of air at the catheter site, suture holes, and open vessels. These devices are typically valves with unidirectional flow properties (e.g., a duckbill check valve). The valve is typically configured to offer nominal resistance to blood being returned to the patient while blocking blood flow from the patient to the heart-lung machine, preventing retrograde flow in the arterial line (more frequently when using a centrifugal pump). Heart-lung bypass automatic shut-off valves are used in tubing sets designed for use in heart-lung bypass procedures to help prevent inadvertent retrograde flow and delivery of air into the heart."
    },
    {
      "code": "17169",
      "display": "Valves, Demand",
      "definition": "Valves used in medical gas systems to control the flow of medical gases (such as oxygen or analgesics) according to the patient's demand, or need, for the medical gases. The medical gas flow is controlled by the patient's respiratory effort; the deeper the inhalation, the greater the demand for the medicinal gases and the greater the flow. During inspiration, a negative pressure is applied that opens the demand valve, thereby increasing flow of the medicinal gas. During exhalation, a positive pressure is applied that closes the demand valve and shuts off the gas supply. Demand valves are used in hospitals and most other healthcare facilities with patients who need assisted breathing. They can be handheld, used with portable medical gas cylinders, or with a central gas supply line. Dedicated demand valves used with the supply of oxygen and for analgesic gases are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "25699",
      "display": "Valves, Demand, Analgesic/Anesthetic Gas",
      "definition": "Demand valves used in medical gas systems to control the flow of analgesic/anesthetic gas according to the patient's demand, or need, for sedation. The analgesic/anesthetic gas flow is controlled by the patient's respiratory effort; the deeper the inhalation, the greater the demand for the analgesic/anesthetic gas and the greater the flow. During inspiration, a negative pressure is applied that opens the demand valve, thereby increasing flow of the analgesic/anesthetic gas. During exhalation, a positive is applied that closes the demand valve and shuts off the analgesic/anesthetic gas supply. Analgesic/anesthetic gas demand valves are used in hospitals and most other healthcare facilities with patients who require sedation. They can be handheld, used with portable medical gas cylinders, or with a central gas supply line."
    },
    {
      "code": "25698",
      "display": "Valves, Demand, Oxygen",
      "definition": "Demand valves used in medical gas systems to control the flow of oxygen according to the patient's demand, or need, for the oxygen. The oxygen flow is controlled by the patient's respiratory effort; the deeper the inhalation, the greater the demand for the oxygen and the greater the flow. During inspiration, a negative pressure is applied that opens the demand valve, thereby increasing flow of the oxygen. During exhalation, a positive pressure is applied that closes the demand valve and shuts off the oxygen supply. Oxygen demand valves are used in hospitals and most other healthcare facilities with patients who need assisted breathing. They can be handheld, used with portable medical gas cylinders, or with a central gas supply line."
    },
    {
      "code": "17090",
      "display": "Valves, Hydrocephalic",
      "definition": "Valves that usually connect an intracranial catheter to another catheter that drains the cerebrospinal fluid in the peritoneum or the left atrium of the heart. The whole combination of the intracranial catheter, the peritoneal or atrial cardiac catheter, and the valve is known as a ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunt, respectively. The shunt may include also a reservoir."
    },
    {
      "code": "14337",
      "display": "Valves, Positive End-Expiratory Pressure",
      "definition": "Devices used in breathing circuits to maintain a selected level of positive pressure in the patient's airway at the end of expiration. The device is typically constructed of plastic and metal materials and contain a spring or springs that press on the exhalation valve, which opens and closes based on the pressure differential between the airway and atmosphere. The device may have a cap or dial that can be used to compress the spring to adjust the amount of pressure applied to the valve disk; some valves are set at a fixed pressure. Positive end-expiratory pressure valves can be reusable or disposable."
    },
    {
      "code": "18015",
      "display": "Valves, Speech",
      "definition": "Valves designed to provide speaking capabilities to patients after tracheostomy, complete laryngectomy, or to some patients breathing through a ventilator. Valves placed after tracheostomy or in patients under ventilation are usually attached to a tracheostomy tube or the ventilation tube, allowing air inspiration but redirecting the exhaled air through the natural breathing ducts and the vocal cords. Speech valves intended for placement on a fistula between the esophagus and the breathing ducts are also in use; the air from the lungs goes inside of the valve (voice prosthesis) and through the throat, creating a characteristic voice sound known as tracheo-esophageal speech."
    },
    {
      "code": "17985",
      "display": "Valves, Speech, Tracheoesophageal",
      "definition": "Speech valves designed for use by patients whose larynx (including the vocal cords) is completely removed (i.e., after laryngectomy) and the trachea and esophagus are separated from each other. These devices typically consist of a one-way valve located in a surgical opening created between the trachea and the esophagus (tracheoesophageal puncture); the valve permits air to pass from the lungs and through the trachea into the esophagus. By occluding the external stoma, the air from the lungs can cause vibrations of the esophageal tissue producing a characteristic voice sound (known as tracheoesophageal speech)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17563",
      "display": "Valves, Speech, Tracheostomy",
      "definition": "Speech valves designed for use by patients with an inserted tracheostomy tube after tracheostomy procedures. These devices typically consist of a one-way valve that is located in the hub of a tracheostomy tube allowing air to get in but not out; the exhaled gas from the lungs goes through the natural breathing ducts including the vocal cords, mouth, and nose, making speech possible. Some valves may include air filters and/or humidifiers. Most speech tracheostomy valves can also be used by patients who are under mechanical ventilation by placing the valve in the ventilator tube; other dedicated valves intended for placement in line between the tracheostomy and the ventilator tubes are also used."
    },
    {
      "code": "37554",
      "display": "Vascular Closure Devices",
      "definition": "Devices designed to be applied to an arterial puncture (arteriotomy) and/or venous puncture site to achieve hemostasis following diagnostic or interventional cardiology, radiology, or other endovascular procedures. These devices utilize different mechanisms applied either externally (e.g., external pressure, topical hemostasis) or internally (e.g., active approximation [i.e., mechanically close], passive sealing) to achieve hemostasis. Most vascular closure devices are intended for the femoral artery puncture site, some may be designed for use also in femoral veins. Other devices are designed for use in brachial and/or radial arteries."
    },
    {
      "code": "37559",
      "display": "Vascular Closure Devices, Clip",
      "definition": "Vascular closure devices that utilize an extravascular clip to actively (i.e., mechanically) close the arteriotomy or venous puncture. They are designed to be percutaneously applied to an arterial puncture (arteriotomy) and/or venous puncture site, e.g., using a guide wire and delivery device. Typically, these devices are designed for use in the femoral artery and utilize an implantable clip made of nitinol."
    },
    {
      "code": "37560",
      "display": "Vascular Closure Devices, Collagen Plug",
      "definition": "Vascular closure devices that utilize an absorbable, collagen patch or plug to seal the arteriotomy (or venous puncture) and stimulate thrombus formation and platelet aggregation at the site in order to achieve hemostasis. They are designed to be percutaneously applied to an arterial puncture (arteriotomy) and/or venous puncture site, e.g., using a guide wire and delivery device. Collagen plug closure devices typically incorporate three components: the collagen plug or patch, an anchor, and a self-tightening suture, all of which are absorbable. Hemostasis is achieved by sandwiching the arteriotomy between the extravascular collagen component and the intravascular anchor."
    },
    {
      "code": "37563",
      "display": "Vascular Closure Devices, Nonthrombogenic Sealant",
      "definition": "Vascular closure devices that utilize an absorbable nonthrombogenic sealant intended to close the arteriotomy (or venous puncture). They are designed to be percutaneously applied to an arterial puncture (arteriotomy) and/or venous puncture site, e.g., using a guide wire and delivery device. Once in place, these sealants are designed to expand and conform to the arteriotomy or venous puncture site. They achieve hemostasis by tamponading the puncture site. These sealants are typically positioned in the extravascular space over the arteriotomy (or venous puncture) site; some designs may incorporate an intravascular component."
    },
    {
      "code": "37558",
      "display": "Vascular Closure Devices, Suture",
      "definition": "Vascular closure devices that utilize a suture(s) to mechanically close an arterial puncture (i.e., arteriotomy) and, in some cases, a venous puncture. They are designed to be percutaneously applied to an arteriotomy and/or venous puncture site, e.g., using a guide wire and delivery device. Typically, these devices are designed for use in the femoral artery and utilize a nonabsorbable suture such as a polyester surgical suture--these sutures are gradually encapsulated over time."
    },
    {
      "code": "12397",
      "display": "Vascular Loops",
      "definition": "Devices designed as flexible bands used in occluding, retracting and identifying vessels (i.e., arteries and veins), as well as tendons and nerves during surgical procedures. These devices typically consist of long, thin, radiopaque bands (typically constructed from synthetic materials such as medical-grade silicone); they are often color-coded according to structure (e.g., red for arteries, blue for veins, white for tendons, yellow for nerves). Vascular loops are intended to be \"looped\" around the vessel or other structure; some designs include a needle attached to one end of the band to facilitate positioning of the loop."
    },
    {
      "code": "27191",
      "display": "Vascular Occlusion Crossing Systems(Retired)",
      "definition": "Systems designed for use in crossing through chronic total occlusions (CTO) in the vasculature (usually in the arteries) using high-frequency mechanical vibrations. These systems typically consist of a high-frequency generator (e.g., 20 kHz), ultrasound transducers to produce mechanical vibration from the electrical power, a sterile powered injector for irrigation (e.g., saline) of the catheter, and a single-use switch-activated catheter with a core wire that transmits the vibrations to the tip of the catheter. Also available are vascular occlusion crossing systems typically including dedicated catheters according to the intended use (e.g., coronary or peripheral arteries). The systems are used to facilitate guidewire passage across the CTO, permitting subsequent angioplasty procedures and/or stent placement; they are typically mounted on an intravenous pole."
    },
    {
      "code": "14345",
      "display": "Vectorcardiographs",
      "definition": "Electrocardiographs designed for recording a graphical representation of the sequence of changes in magnitude and direction (i.e., vector representation) of the electric potentials in one or more complete cardiac cycles (i.e., a vectorcardiogram). These instruments record cardiac events in three orthogonal planes (i.e., X, Y, Z) and may be capable of recording: (1) isolated cardiac contractions (i.e., beat-to-beat recording); (2) continuous (timed) recording of events; and (3) separate graphics of the ECG signals for each plane. Vectorcardiographs typically consist of dedicated electrocardiographs including appropriate detachable electrodes, computing capabilities, and software, as well as printers or graphical plotters that can display the vector cardiogram from the electrocardiographic signals. Instruments based on the transmission of signals to an oscilloscope for graphic representation of the vectorcardiogram of isolated cardiac contractions (typically obtained as a photo of the loop displayed on the oscilloscope screen) may be also used. Vectorcardiographs are used to diagnose abnormal and pathologic conditions of the heart; instruments providing continuous recording may be used in the detection and/or monitoring of arrhythmias. Some multichannel interpretative electrocardiographs may provide a vectorcardiogram using appropriate computer algorithms."
    },
    {
      "code": "25473",
      "display": "Vein Finders, Infrared Light",
      "definition": "Vein finders that pass infrared or near-infrared light through targeted body tissues to non-invasively locate and assess peripheral veins through transillumination or imaging. The vein finder projects infrared light onto the patient's skin; the infrared light is absorbed by  red blood cells and reflected by other cells, which helps differentiate the veins from the surrounding tissue. The reflected light is digitized by the device, revealing an image of underlying veins. Infrared light vein finders are used to locate veins before the introduction of diagnostic or therapeutic devices into the patient's venous system. They are also used to locate blood vessels before inserting needles for fluid collection (e.g., blood draw) or infusion. Infrared vein finders are often used with patients with hard-to-find veins, such as those with low body temperature, or who are neonate, dehydrated, bariatric, or dark-skinned."
    },
    {
      "code": "23098",
      "display": "Vein Graft Holding Instruments, Surgical",
      "definition": "Handheld surgical instruments designed to hold vein grafts during surgical vein anastomosis and  hold open the lumen of the vein graft to prevent catching of the opposite vein wall during suturing. These holders are typically shaped like a slender stylus (made of radiopaque sturdy plastic) with a tapered concave distal tip containing a stainless steel serrated clip to grasp the underside of the vein graft. The vein graft holding instrument holds the vein in place during suture placement around the graft's circumference."
    },
    {
      "code": "39535",
      "display": "Vending Machines",
      "definition": "Automated self-serve machines that provides items such as snacks, beverages, and prepared food items to consumers after payment is inserted into the machine. Food vending machines can provide shelf-stable foods such as chips, cookies, cakes and other snacks. Some food vending machines are refrigerated or frozen, such as for chilled soft drinks and ice cream treats, and some machines provide hot food, such as pizza or french fries."
    },
    {
      "code": "37356",
      "display": "Ventilated Caging System Fans",
      "definition": "Electrically-powered fans that provide airflow to animal enclosures through air delivery and/or exhaust blowers. Many of these fans include air filters. These devices may be equipped with alarms to indicate low airflow. They can be rack-mounted devices, free-standing towers, or wall-mounted units."
    },
    {
      "code": "22574",
      "display": "Ventilation Hoods",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide an interface for delivering noninvasive ventilation (i.e., ventilations that are not delivered invasively via endotracheal tubes or tracheostomy tubes) between the patient and the ventilator. These devices usually consist of a transparent plastic shell that encloses the patient's head, two straps to hold the hood in place, a safety valve for preventing suffocation, and tubing ports for connecting the inspiratory and expiratory tubes, feeding tubes and other items.  These devices are available in different sizes. Ventilation hoods are mainly used to provide noninvasive respiratory support in the management of acute or chronic respiratory failure for patients in ICU, emergency department or other wards."
    },
    {
      "code": "18059",
      "display": "Ventilator Condensate Traps",
      "definition": "Devices designed to collect condensed moisture (i.e., condensate) that accumulates within a breathing circuit (e.g., a ventilator breathing circuit) during heated humidification. They are intended to be used to prevent the condensate from blocking the breathing circuit and/or preventing the inhalation/ingestion of the condensate by the patient."
    },
    {
      "code": "41979",
      "display": "Ventilator Modules, Y Sensor",
      "definition": "Ventilator modules used with proximal flow Y sensors to measure transpulmonary pressure. These modules are frequently used with neonatal intensive care ventilators."
    },
    {
      "code": "15613",
      "display": "Ventilators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to provide temporary ventilation and/or respiratory assistance by delivering an appropriate volume of gas to the respiratory airways.  Most ventilators deliver gas to the lungs using positive pressure by means of a mouthpiece, mask, tracheostomy, or an endotracheal tube, but some of them (e.g., tank ventilators) are based on the application of negative pressure to the body surface or chest wall.  Ventilators are used in patients who cannot breathe on their own or who require assistance to maintain adequate ventilation because of illness, trauma, congenital defects, or drugs including anesthetics."
    },
    {
      "code": "10145",
      "display": "Ventilators, Anesthesia",
      "definition": "Ventilators designed to use positive pressure to deliver a prescribed mixture of respiratory and anesthetic gases and vapors to the patient's lungs during surgical procedures that require general anesthesia; the mixture is produced by the anesthesia unit.  Many anesthesia ventilators are time-cycled devices  that have only one mode of operation, but some incorporate other modes (e.g., synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation).  Anesthesia ventilators are usually less complex than critical care ventilators.  Most anesthesia units include these ventilators either as an integral part or as an optional device."
    },
    {
      "code": "30360",
      "display": "Ventilators, Hyperbaric Chamber Compatible",
      "definition": "Ventilators designed to maintain the proper tidal volume during ventilation of patients placed in hyperbaric chambers. Because hyperbaric chambers can have changing atmospheric pressures and high-pressure conditions (up to six absolute atmospheres), these ventilators use an inspiratory flow adjustable controller to maintain proper output while the chamber is pressurizing or depressurizing.  Hyperbaric chamber compatible ventilators usually include a control module, patient breathing circuit, tidal volume gas hose, pressure relief valve, and an airway pressure gauge. They are used with pediatric through adult patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17429",
      "display": "Ventilators, Intensive Care",
      "definition": "Ventilators designed for use in critical care settings; most use positive pressure to deliver gas to the lungs at normal breathing rates and tidal volumes through an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. These ventilators typically consist of a flexible breathing circuit, a control system, monitors, and alarms. The gas is typically delivered to the patient using a double-limb breathing circuit. The inhalation limb provides sites where the gas may be heated or humidified using appropriate devices, and the exhalation limb includes an exhaust valve to release the gas to the ambient air. Intensive care ventilators are usually connected to a wall gas (e.g., oxygen, air) supply. Intensive care ventilators are frequently classified according to the variable used to terminate inspiration (e.g., volume, flow, pressure, time-cycled); they can be operated using several modes, such as assist/control or synchronized patient triggered. Some intensive care ventilators can provide gases to the lungs at frequencies much higher than the normal breathing rates (100 or more times per minute is typical); negative-pressure ventilators are also used in intensive care as an alternative to positive-pressure ventilators for some selected patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "18792",
      "display": "Ventilators, Intensive Care, Adult",
      "definition": "Intensive care ventilators designed for adult ventilation and/or respiratory support.  These ventilators typically consist of a breathing system that applies pressure and volume and that includes a flexible tubing adequate for adult patients; they may also include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) controls.  Adult intensive care ventilators are used in critically ill patients with respiratory failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "15783",
      "display": "Ventilators, Intensive Care, Adult, High-Frequency",
      "definition": "Adult intensive care ventilators that use positive pressure to deliver breaths at frequencies much higher than the normal breathing rate (usually at 100 or more times per minute) and at a reduced tidal volume.  The most common techniques used are conventional high-frequency positive pressure, high-frequency oscillation ventilation, and high-frequency jet ventilation.  Conventional positive pressure ventilators typically operate at frequencies up to 150 cycles/minute, while oscillation ventilators operate at frequencies of 400 to 2400 cycles/minute, and jet ventilators operate from 100 to 600 cycles/minute.  These ventilators are designed to reduce pressured-induced lung damage (i.e., barotrauma) and the effects of high tidal volume and positive pressure used in conventional ventilation.  High-frequency intensive care ventilators are used in patients who cannot tolerate the airway pressures needed for ventilation at typical volumes or when motionless field is required for surgery near the airways; most of them are also capable of ventilation at normal breathing rates."
    },
    {
      "code": "17877",
      "display": "Ventilators, Intensive Care, Adult, Negative-Pressure",
      "definition": "Adult intensive care ventilators that deliver gas to the lungs by periodically applying and releasing an external negative pressure to the chest cavity.  Some negative-pressure ventilators consist of a tight chamber (e.g., tank or iron lung) where the patient is enclosed from the neck down; then a vacuum pump creates a negative pressure around the body, causing air to be sucked into the lungs. Others consist of a plastic or metallic shell (breastplate or cuirass) externally attached to the patient chest and a vacuum pump that creates a negative pressure within the breastplate.  Cuirass negative-pressure ventilators that can control both inspiration and expiration either by providing a negative pressure during the inspiratory phase and a positive pressure during expiration or by intermittent swings of negative pressure (negative pressure oscillatory ventilators) are also available.  Adult negative-pressure ventilators typically operate at normal breathing rates, but the oscillatory type can reach respiratory rates up to several hundred cycles/minute."
    },
    {
      "code": "14361",
      "display": "Ventilators, Intensive Care, Neonatal/Pediatric",
      "definition": "Intensive care ventilators designed for neonatal and/or pediatric respiratory support; most are time-cycled pressure-control devices. These ventilators typically include flexible, small-bore (e.g., 1 cm diameter) tubing and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and/or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) controls. CPAP is useful for infants with restrictive lung disease or decreased lung compliance and alveolar collapse (infants with hyaline membrane disease); PEEP maintains lung volume and prevents alveolar collapse. Neonatal/pediatric intensive care ventilators are used for preterm and critically ill infants with respiratory failure."
    },
    {
      "code": "18793",
      "display": "Ventilators, Intensive Care, Neonatal/Pediatric, High-Frequency",
      "definition": "Neonatal/pediatric intensive care ventilators that use positive pressure to deliver breaths at frequencies much higher than the normal breathing rate (100 or more times per minute is typical) and at a reduced tidal volume.  The two most common techniques used are high-frequency oscillation ventilation and high-frequency jet ventilation; typical oscillation ventilators operate at frequencies of 400 to 2400 cycles/minute, while jet ventilators operate from 100 to 600 cycles/minute.  These ventilators are designed to reduce pressured-induced lung damage (i.e, barotrauma) and to reduce the risk of air leaks or to improve ventilation when air leaks previously existed."
    },
    {
      "code": "18794",
      "display": "Ventilators, Intensive Care, Neonatal/Pediatric, Negative-Pressure",
      "definition": "Neonatal/pediatric intensive care ventilators designed to deliver gas to the lungs of newborns and infants by periodically applying and releasing an external negative-pressure to the chest cavity.  Some negative pressure ventilators consist of a tight-chamber (e.g., tank or iron lung) where the patient is enclosed from the neck down; then a vacuum pump creates a negative pressure around the body causing air to be sucked into the lungs. Others consist of a plastic or metallic shell (breast-plate or cuirass) externally attached to the infant chest and a vacuum pump that creates a negative pressure within the breastplate.  Cuirass negative-pressure ventilators that can control both inspiration and expiration either by providing a negative pressure during the inspiratory phase and a positive pressure during expiration or by intermittent swings of negative pressure (negative-pressure oscillatory ventilators) are also available.  Neonatal/pediatric negative-pressure ventilators typically operate at normal breathing rates, but the oscillatory type can reach respiratory rates up to 900 cycles/minute."
    },
    {
      "code": "20746",
      "display": "Ventilators, Noninvasive Positive Pressure",
      "definition": "Ventilators designed for noninvasive support ventilation (e.g., through a mask or mouthpiece) in spontaneously but insufficiently breathing patients, typically in the home care environment. Noninvasive positive pressure breathing (NPPB) ventilators may use one or more of several positive pressure techniques, including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bi-level continuous positive airway pressure (Bi-level PAP), or volume- or pressure-targeted ventilation. These support ventilators typically consist of a unit that delivers the positive pressure and a breathing circuit including a mask (either nasal or oronasal) or a mouthpiece for external delivery of the pressurized gas to the patient; they may also include a high-flow gas source and a manometer. NPPB ventilators are intended for patients suffering from restrictive thoracic disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), central sleep apnea, or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); they are frequently used only during the night. Some intensive care ventilators include capabilities that allow their use also for noninvasive ventilation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17423",
      "display": "Ventilators, Portable/Home Care",
      "definition": "Ventilators designed to provide support to patients who do not require complex critical care ventilators. Most devices use positive pressure to deliver gas to the lungs at normal breathing rates and tidal volumes through an endotracheal tube, a tracheostomy cannula, or a mask, typically when ventilation is needed only at night. These ventilators include a control system and alarms; some ventilators also include oxygen accumulators and heating and humidifying capabilities. Portable/home care ventilators may use several methods of cycling (e.g., volume, time) and several ventilation modes, including control, assist/control, and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) modes. Power is typically supplied from a power line or from an internal or external battery (e.g., a car battery). These ventilators are small, lightweight, and easy to operate, should resist tipping over, and be easily mounted in different orientations; ventilator alarms should allow quick assessment and correction of the alarm condition. Portable/home care ventilators are used for long-term ventilatory support in extended care facilities and in the home; they may also be used in emergency care."
    },
    {
      "code": "18098",
      "display": "Ventilators, Transport",
      "definition": "Ventilators designed to provide automated ventilatory support to patients during interhospital or intrahospital transport and in emergency situations. The operation and control of these ventilators are intentionally simplified; they are compact, lightweight (i.e., less than 5 kg), rugged devices. Most transport ventilators provide mandatory breaths at preset intervals (control mode), not allowing the patients to breathe spontaneously; operation in assist/control and/or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) modes is available in some models. These ventilators usually include an airway pressure monitor and low- and high-pressure alarms. Transport ventilators may be used in vehicles, ambulances, and in field hospitals for medium-term ventilation."
    },
    {
      "code": "23995",
      "display": "Ventricular Restraint Implants",
      "definition": "Implantable cardiac devices designed to restrain the heart ventricles, preventing further enlargement. These devices may use different technologies, including implantable mesh (made of fabric or metal), adjustable bands to be wrapped around the ventricles, and two pads that rest opposite each other against the outside of the left ventricular walls that are held in place by a flexible cord. Ventricular restraints are implanted during open or minimally invasive surgical procedures. They are intended to slow or stop the cascade effect in which further enlargement occurs to compensate for reduced pumping efficiency, worsening the heart function."
    },
    {
      "code": "14364",
      "display": "Ventriculoscopes",
      "definition": "Endoscopes for examining the cerebral ventricles and for cauterizing the choroid plexus."
    },
    {
      "code": "23930",
      "display": "Vessel Harvesting Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for vessel harvesting usingminimally invasive surgical techniques. These systems include several instruments, such as dissecting and harvesting rods and scalpels usually introduced through a trocar or cannula, and are used to dissect and cauterize the harvested vessel and its branches; the instruments are typically supplied as a disposable kit that may also include a dedicated rigid endoscope with a camera at its distal tip. Harvesting systems are available that include all the external reusable components needed for operation, such as lamps, specialized arms to manipulate cutting blades and other instruments (usually attached to the operating table), and retractors and other components; some systems that include external multipurpose units such as a monitor, insufflator, radiofrequency generator, image processor, and light sources usually mounted on a cart or rack are also available. Harvested veins (e.g., saphenous vein, radial and/or internal mammary artery) from the limbs and/or thorax for are used mainly as bypass grafts in coronary artery surgical procedures but are sometimes used to replace peripheral (e.g., lower limb) vessels."
    },
    {
      "code": "27368",
      "display": "Vibration Therapy Units, Whole Body",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to provide mechanical vibrations to the whole body. This equipment typically consists of an electrically powered floor platform (i.e., a vibration platform) with internal motors and a mechanism that provides low frequency (e.g., 20-50 Hz) vibration (e.g., oscillating, pivotal) to the whole body while the person stands on the platform. The units frequently include a vertical handle for user support and controls for the frequency and intensity (i.e., amplitude) of the vibrations; some devices include pre-established and/or custom designed vibration programs. Whole body vibration therapy units are intended to increase bone density, as well as prevent and/or stop the progression of osteoporosis and associated bone fractures. These units may be also used for other physical therapy treatments after trauma."
    },
    {
      "code": "23712",
      "display": "Video Camera/Power Supply/Signal Generator Adapters",
      "definition": "Adapters designed to couple a video camera to a power and/or video signal source. These adapters typically consist of a cable (e.g., a dedicated coaxial cable)  with appropriate connectors at each end that make possible electrical and mechanical matching between one or more particular types of video cameras to a given power and/or video source. The cable usually transmits, in addition to the DC power, video and/or synchronism signals between the camera and the adapter."
    },
    {
      "code": "23435",
      "display": "Video Image Processors, Format Conversion",
      "definition": "Video image processors designed to convert video formats (e.g., PAL and NTSC; high-resolution RGB signals played back on low-resolution RGB monitors/projectors; low resolution RGB signals played back on high-resolution RGB monitors/projectors). These devices typically consist of electronic units with capabilities that include automatic input signal recognition, upward and downward conversions, scan line doubling, and other characteristics that improve image quality. Format conversion video image processors are intended to facilitate the operation of multiformat video environments existing in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "42015",
      "display": "Video Intercommunication Systems",
      "definition": "Two-way communication systems with a microphone and loudspeaker at each station for localized use that includes a camera or cameras for one-way or two-way visual communication, respectively. The primary purpose is to enable and manage communication and secure access. The system�s base station or video intercom reader, which is usually installed at point of entry, includes an integrated camera and components such as touchscreen, speaker, microphone, and buzzer. The system requires a display, also known as a substation, to view the image from the video door entry system; the display can be a computer screen, laptop or tablet, smartphone, or dedicated display unit. Video intercom systems can have additional elements including image recorder, door locking and release system, power supply, and software. These systems can be wired or IP-based."
    },
    {
      "code": "15966",
      "display": "Video Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed for obtaining images from one point and transferring them to another point. These systems usually consist of a device (e.g., camera) that detects variations in light at the source and converts them into an electronic signal; light sources; a processor that transforms the electronic signal to a useful format for transmission, display, and/or recording; and devices to record and display the images, such as video monitors, tape and optical recorders, and video printers. Many video systems are designed for image processing and display using computerized techniques and devices; other systems are designed for transmission and display of images and sound according to standards identical or similar to those used for television broadcasting (i.e., television systems). Television systems may be used either for transmission through the space or over cables (e.g., closed-circuit television systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "41961",
      "display": "Video Systems, Animal Tracking",
      "definition": "Video systems designed for recording the movement, activity, and behavior of one or more animals in one test chamber. These systems typically include charged-coupled device (CCD) cameras, software, and a calibration frame. Some systems can calculate a number of movement parameters. The systems can also be used in swim tanks or wind tunnels."
    },
    {
      "code": "15967",
      "display": "Video Systems, Endoscopic",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to obtain images of the interior cavities of the body (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, peritoneum). These systems typically consist of a video-image detection and processing system, including a video camera,  a light source, an image processor, monitors, and recording devices. Video endoscopy systems are used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, laparoscopy, and arthroscopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "20389",
      "display": "Video Systems, Endoscopic, Chip Camera",
      "definition": "Endoscopic video systems that include a microchip camera consisting of an array of silicon circuits that act as light-sensitive capacitors (i.e., charge-coupled devices [CCDs]) for image detection of the interior of body cavities. These systems typically consist of an endoscope that includes a CCD camera attached to its distal tip, an image processor, and a fiberoptic light source (e.g., xenon lamp). Chip-camera endoscopic video systems also include monitors and recording devices; most systems provide accessories such as insufflators and irrigation and suction pumps; frequently, the systems are  mounted on a cart. Video endoscopy systems are used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, laparoscopy, and arthroscopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "23553",
      "display": "Video Systems, Endoscopic, Chip Camera, Laryngoscopic Intubation",
      "definition": "Endoscopic video systems with a microchip camera (i.e., a charge-coupled device [CCD]) designed for visualizing the interior of the larynx during intubation procedures. These systems typically consist of a laryngoscope that includes a CCD camera attached to its blade distal tip, an image processor, a control unit, a fiberoptic light source (e.g., xenon lamp), a monitor with a display, and output ports for recording; they are frequently mounted on a cart or a self-supported stand. Video endoscopy systems for laryngoscopic intubation are intended to provide a clear view of the vocal cords; they are used mainly for tracheal intubation procedures but may also be used to assess the oropharynx and/or to remove foreign bodies."
    },
    {
      "code": "20391",
      "display": "Video Systems, Endoscopic, Ingestible Camera",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to examine various points along the intestinal tract using images captured with a tiny ingestible video camera. These systems typically consist of three components: a disposable ingestible camera pill/capsule that is swallowed by the patient and that transmits video images as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, a recorder used by the patient (e.g., worn on a belt around the waist) that receives the signals transmitted by the camera, and a workstation appropriate for processing, displaying, and recording the images from the recorder. Ingestible camera endoscopic video systems are used to detect abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., cancer lesions, telangiectasias), especially in areas of the small intestine that are difficult or impossible to reach using endoscopes. They are also used for imaging of the esophagus to diagnose and evaluate esophageal diseases (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal ulcers, esophageal varices)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20390",
      "display": "Video Systems, Endoscopic, Video Adapter",
      "definition": "Endoscopic video systems including an external adapter that can be attached to the eyepiece of a fiberoptic endoscope and a camera (also called camera head) for image detection of the interior of body cavities. These systems typically consist of an adapter that can be combined with rigid and/or flexible endoscopes, a camera, and an image processor; they also include monitors and recording devices. Most systems provide accessories such as insufflators and irrigation and suction pumps; typically, the system is mounted in a cart. Video endoscopy systems are used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, laparoscopy, and arthroscopy. Some systems include an additional adapter to make possible the image detection from operating microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33797",
      "display": "Video Systems, Facility Surveillance",
      "definition": "Video systems intended for surveillance and security monitoring.  Surveillance videos systems include video cameras, monitors, recorders, and software. Some surveillance video systems include software that is capable of searching across multiple monitors/recordings for a specific person or object (i.e. vehicle)."
    },
    {
      "code": "16965",
      "display": "Video Systems, Fluoroscopic",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to display the output of the image intensifier of fluoroscopic systems, with appropriate preservation of image sharpness and contrast and minimum lag. These systems typically consist of a video camera optically coupled to the output phosphor of the image intensifier of the fluoroscopic system, one or more standard or high-definition cathode ray tube monitors, and video signal recording devices (e.g., VHS or super-VHS videotape recorders, digital recorders). Video cameras used for general fluoroscopy typically include a conventional tube that operates based on the principle of photoconductivity (e.g., a vidicon tube); for fast motion studies and/or when a series of sequential images are needed (e.g., in angiography studies), tubes with better contrast preservation and less lag (e.g., Plumbicon, Saticon) are used. Solid-state cameras with charge-coupled devices (CCDs) instead of electron tubes are also used. Video systems for fluoroscopy allow fluoroscopic images to be viewed on video monitors inside the examination room and in remote locations"
    },
    {
      "code": "15968",
      "display": "Video Systems, Microscope",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to display images from a microscope in a video monitor or video printer. These systems typically consist of an adapter that may be used to attach a video camera (typically a charge-coupled device [CCD]) to the optical system of the microscope and an image processor; they also include monitors and recording devices. Many systems include additional devices for measuring and marking the microscopic images. Video systems for microscopes are used for many laboratory and/or clinical applications (e.g., measurement of tissue cross-sections and blood vessel diameters). Dedicated systems with an adapter specially designed for operating microscopes are used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, including colposcopy."
    },
    {
      "code": "31264",
      "display": "Video Systems, Microscope, Capillaroscopy",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to display images of the blood capillaries taken from a microscope placed on the skin. These images are shown on a video monitor or personal computer display. The systems typically consist of a handheld device that is connected to a personal computer; the handheld device includes at the tip interchangeable microscope magnifying lenses (usually from 20X to 200X magnification), a video camera, and controls for image capture, illumination, and focus.  The system usually includes a software with algorithms that allow measurement, recording, and assessment of capillary characteristics, as well as permitmapping the examined positions  and fingers (known as nail fold capillaroscopy). Capillaroscopy video systems are mainly used to analyze microvascular abnormalities, frequently present in patients with autoimmune rheumatoid diseases, especially for differentiation of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon."
    },
    {
      "code": "28487",
      "display": "Video Systems, Microscope, IVD Oocyte Imaging",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to display in video monitors oocyte images in real time taken from microscope eyepieces. These systems typically consist of an adapter used to attach a video camera (usually a charge-coupled device [CCD]) to the optical system of a microscope, an image processor with dedicated software to process information from the oocytes, a video monitor, and recording devices; the system also uses a microscope with appropriate optical characteristics. In-vitro oocyte imaging video systems provide images of the meiotic and mitotic spindle (i.e., the subcellular structures that release chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division processes known as meiosis and mitosis respectively), the three-layered zona pellucida, and/or other birefringent structures. The systems are used to evaluate the quality of living oocytes (e.g., by monitoring changes in spindle parameters) without the use of stains."
    },
    {
      "code": "15969",
      "display": "Video Systems, Operating Room",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to transmit images and sound from the operating field to monitors, recorders, and/or video printers.  These systems typically consist of standard or high-bandwidth overhead television cameras, television signal processors, and high-definition video recorders, monitors, and printers. Operating room television systems  permit the observation of the operatory field simultaneously by several surgeons in the operating room, transmission of images to remote locations (e.g., for educational purposes), and record keeping of the procedures. Some systems include adapters to permit the transmission of images from endoscopes and/or operating microscopes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24230",
      "display": "Video Systems, Operating Room, Head Camera",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to transmit images and sound from the operating field.  These systems are mounted on the same headband or helmet that is used to hold the surgeon's headlight.  They typically consist of standard or high-bandwidth video cameras and are coupled to video signal processors and high-definition video recorders, monitors, and printers.  Head-camera video systems permit the simultaneous observation of the operatory field by several surgeons in the operating room; the transmission of images to remote locations (e.g., for educational purposes); and a video record of the procedures.  Also available are dedicated video systems that include a camera that is mounted coaxial to the light alignments.  This is designed to eliminate the loose alignment (i.e., parallax) that can occur when the line of sight is not fully on the camera."
    },
    {
      "code": "16484",
      "display": "Video Systems, Patient Monitoring",
      "definition": "Video systems designed for remote observation of patients in healthcare facilities. These systems typically include cameras located in patient rooms and monitors in appropriate places, such as nurse stations. Patient-monitoring television systems are typically manufactured using the same standards and devices that are used in commercial television."
    },
    {
      "code": "16239",
      "display": "Video Systems, Slow-Scan",
      "definition": "Video systems designed to transmit fixed (i.e., still) images through narrow-band communication systems  using slow-scan techniques.  These systems typically consist of a standard television camera with its output signal connected to a device that slows the stream of images to match and audio circuit capacity (i.e., a  scan converter), resulting in a picture without motion (I.e., still picture). The signal is transmitted to a remote location through a narrow-band channel (e.g., an ordinary telephone line), where it is reconverted using a second scan converter and displayed in a standard television monitor. Still-image television systems are used in remote places to get fast  and adequate evaluations of images, such as radiographies and computed tomography scans; they are also used  for information exchange in teleconferences."
    },
    {
      "code": "34695",
      "display": "Video Tape Players",
      "definition": "Video and audio players designed to reproduce (playback) video and sound information stored in a magnetic tape cassette (video cassette). These players usually consist of an electromechanical device that includes sound signal processors, controls, and an external slot for video cassettes or, less frequently, an attached open reel tape memory. The players may also include integral amplifiers, a display, and speakers (typical in portable players) or provide output to video reproduction systems (e.g., monitors or television sets). Video cassette players are available in tabletop, rack mounted, and portable versions; most video cassette recorders include also playback capabilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "21989",
      "display": "Videonystagmographs",
      "definition": "Computerized video recorder systems designed to view, record, and analyze two-dimensional (i.e., horizontal and vertical) or three-dimensional (i.e., horizontal, vertical, torsional) eye movements, usually during a set of standardized eye movement tests. These instruments typically consist of goggles or light masks, including an infrared (IR) light source and an IR camera for each eye, as well as a dedicated or standard computer with appropriate software to process, record, analyze, and display the digital video signals obtained from the eye movements (including real-time observation of the actual eye movements) and/or reports related to the eye-movement tests. The human eye cannot detect IR light signals, permitting the performance of tests using invisible light without any additional disturbance. Videonystagmographs (VNG) may include projectors and/or video screens controlled by VNG software to display visual stimuli that may be followed by the patient during the tests. VNGs are mainly used to perform dedicated standard tests (e.g., caloric, positional, gaze, saccades, smooth pursuit, Hallpike, optokinetic) to detect vestibular conditions (e.g., balance, vertigo, dizziness); they may be used also to detect the presence of drugs as well as multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by involuntary eye movement (nystagmus)."
    },
    {
      "code": "14375",
      "display": "View Boxes",
      "definition": "Boxes that include lamps and a translucent glass or plastic surface to get evenly diffused light for visual examination of some image (e.g., radiographs) or to observe a process (e.g., Rh typing) which results can be assessed by visual observation"
    },
    {
      "code": "17208",
      "display": "View Boxes, Microplate",
      "definition": "View boxes equipped with visible light lamps and a translucent cover to provide appropriate dimensions and light intensity for the examination of microplates in clinical laboratory tests. The view boxes may also have a mirror to increase the visibility of the samples."
    },
    {
      "code": "15195",
      "display": "View Boxes, Rh Typing",
      "definition": "View boxes equipped with visible light lamps, and a translucent, heated, horizontal surface, which is utilized for Rh slide agglutination. The surface of the box should be maintained at a temperature in the range of 40 to 50 degrees centigrade to provide  the proper temperature for reaction between red blood cells and antisera."
    },
    {
      "code": "16281",
      "display": "View Boxes, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "View boxes designed for visual examination of a process and/or its results using ultraviolet (UV) light. These view boxes typically include UV lamps of one or more frequencies (254, 312, and 366 nm are typical), a translucent diffusing screen, and filters. UV view boxes are used mainly in clinical laboratories for visual examination of a process and/or its results (e.g., for assessing thin layer chromatographs, electrophoresis gels); they are also used in photo documentation processes that include a photographic camera with appropriate filters and adapters."
    },
    {
      "code": "14498",
      "display": "View Boxes, X-Ray",
      "definition": "View boxes that include visible light lamps covered by a translucent surface appropriate for observation of medical radiographs. X-Ray view boxes are available for a single radiograph observation or as a multiple set (i.e., a panel) that permits the simultaneous observation of several radiographies."
    },
    {
      "code": "16518",
      "display": "View Boxes, X-Ray, Motorized",
      "definition": "X-Ray view boxes designed to present  pre-loaded radiographs in a sequence by means of an electro-mechanical mechanism. These boxes typically consist of a stand-alone unit, frequently using multiple displays with transparent plastic panels, electric switches, and individual light controls for each section. Some units are mobile. Motorized x-ray view boxes are used to facilitate and reduce radiologic examination time, they are also used for consultation, presentations, and teaching."
    },
    {
      "code": "17722",
      "display": "Viewers, Agglutination",
      "definition": "Devices that include a light source and a concave mirror that are used for viewing specimens during agglutination testing. A test tube is held under the light source and over the mirror to allow viewing of both sides of the test tube simultaneously. The light source and the mirror are usually adjustable."
    },
    {
      "code": "41736",
      "display": "Virtual Reality Systems",
      "definition": "Headsets or multi-projected environments and associated software that generate realistic images, sounds, and other sensations that simulate a user's physical presence in a virtual environment. These systems can be used for treatment and surgical planning, surgical navigation, medical training, cognitive therapy, and physical therapy or rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "33785",
      "display": "Viscoelastic Solutions",
      "definition": "Solutions that have both viscous and elastic properties. These solutions typically consist of aqueous mixtures containing as main constituents compounds such as sodium hyaluronate, a purified sodium salt of hyaluronic acid (a glycosaminoglycan, GAG); chondroitin sulfate, a sulfated GAG; cellulose polymers with a long molecular chain ( hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, HPMC); or a combination of these. Viscoelastic solutions in appropriate concentrations are clinically used for intraocular, intraarticular, and intravesical procedures and also in dermatology and plastic surgery (e.g., for treatment of wrinkles). Viscoelastic solutions are usually supplied in sterilized pre-filled syringes and/or vials."
    },
    {
      "code": "18569",
      "display": "Viscoelastic Solutions, Intraarticular",
      "definition": "Solutions that have viscous and some elastic properties formulated in appropriate concentrations for intraarticular procedures. These solutions typically consist of aqueous mixtures usually containing as main component sodium hyaluronate, a purified sodium salt of hyaluronic acid (a glycosaminoglycan, [GAG]). Intraarticular viscoelastic solutions are usually supplied in sterilized pre-filled syringes or vials; the solution is typically injected into the synovial space of the articulation. They are intended for treatment of osteoarthritis and/or after arthroscopic surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "29717",
      "display": "Viscoelastic Solutions, Intraocular",
      "definition": "Solutions that have viscous and some elastic properties formulated in appropriate concentrations for use during and after intraocular procedures. These solutions typically consist of aqueous mixtures containing as main components compounds such as sodium hyaluronate, a purified sodium salt of hyaluronic acid (a glycosaminoglycan [GAG]); chondroitin sulfate, a sulfated GAG; polymers with a long molecular chain ( hydroxypropylmethylcellulose [HPMC]); or a combination of these. Intraocular viscoelastic solutions are usually supplied in sterilized pre-filled syringes or vials; syringes containing two solutions with different physicochemical properties each intended for a specific intraocular purpose are also available. The solutions may be intended for use, but are not limited to, the temporary replacement for the vitreous humor of the eye."
    },
    {
      "code": "33791",
      "display": "Viscoelastic Solutions, Intravesical",
      "definition": "Solutions that have viscous and some elastic properties intended to be instilled into the urinary bladder (i.e., intravesical). These solutions typically consist of aqueous mixtures containing as main components compounds such as sodium hyaluronate, a purified sodium salt of hyaluronic acid (a glycosaminoglycan, [GAG]) or chondroitin sulfate, a sulfated GAG, polymers with a long molecular chain. The solutions are instilled into the bladder via a urinary catheter; they are designed to help temporarily replenish the deficient GAG layer on the bladder epithelium in order to treat interstitial cystitis. Intravesical viscoelastic solutions are usually supplied in sterilized vials."
    },
    {
      "code": "28028",
      "display": "Viscoelastic Solutions, Intravesical, Chondroitin Sulfate",
      "definition": "Solutions that have viscous and some elastic properties intended to be instilled into the urinary bladder (i.e., intravesical) which main component is chondroitin sulfate, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).The solutions are instilled into the bladder via a urinary catheter; they are designed to help temporarily replenish the deficient GAG layer on the bladder epithelium in order to treat interstitial cystitis. The products used for cystitis relief are usually supplied in sterilized vials. The products used for cystitis relief are usually available as a two percent concentration solution of chondroitin sulfate."
    },
    {
      "code": "27738",
      "display": "Viscoelastic Solutions, Intravesical, Sodium Hyaluronate",
      "definition": "Solutions that have viscous and some elastic properties intended to be instilled into the urinary bladder (i.e., intravesical) in which the main component is sodium hyaluronate, a purified sodium salt of hyaluronic acid (a glycosaminoglycan [GAG]). These solutions typically consist of aqueous mixtures containing 40 mg sodium hyaluronate (e.g., a 50 ml phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 40 mg sodium hyaluronate). The solutions are instilled into the bladder via a urinary catheter; they are designed to help temporarily replenish the deficient GAG layer on the bladder epithelium in order to treat interstitial cystitis. The products used for cystitis relief are usually supplied in sterilized vials."
    },
    {
      "code": "23734",
      "display": "Viscosimeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to determine the friction of the molecular components of a fluid as they slide with each other when flowing (i.e., viscosity). These devices may be intended to measure viscosity in liquids whose viscosity is constant with temperature or shear rate (i.e., Newtonian fluids such as water), in liquids whose viscosity changes with temperature or shear stress (i.e., non-Newtonian fluids), or both. Manual and automated viscosimeters using a variety of techniques are available, including falling ball, capillary, and rising bubble techniques."
    },
    {
      "code": "16441",
      "display": "Viscosimeters, Blood Plasma",
      "definition": "Viscosimeters designed to measure the viscosity of blood plasma. These viscosimeters typically consist of automated instruments that use mechanical methods to measure the viscosity, including dedicated falling ball, rotational, and capillary (e.g., Harkness) viscosimeters; some instruments can process blood by taking samples directly from test tubes. Viscosimeters using fluorescent molecules that are viscosity sensitive have also been developed. Blood plasma viscosimeters are intended to detect anomalies in blood plasma viscosity that may be associated with diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, infection, myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiac infarction."
    },
    {
      "code": "37485",
      "display": "Vision Aids, Image Enhancement",
      "definition": "Devices designed to help people with poor vision read and see. These devices can optically read field of view, including written text, and transform this information into alternative forms of visual, auditory and/or tactile communication to assist a person with a disability to comprehend it. They can include various technology such as video cameras, text-to-speech headsets, near-to-eye display screens, smartglasses, and controllers."
    },
    {
      "code": "41825",
      "display": "Visitor Chairs",
      "definition": "Chairs used in healthcare facilities for visitors.  Visitor chairs may be stackable and portable or modular and with or without arms; many configurations exist. These chairs can include units that provide seating for more than one person. They can be used anywhere they are needed in the healthcare facility including cafeterias, patient rooms, waiting rooms, conference rooms, and common areas in the healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "34397",
      "display": "Visualization Strips, Microsurgical, Vascular Anastomosis",
      "definition": "Strips designed to facilitate visualization of very small diameter vessels during microsurgical anastomosis procedures. These devices typically consist of transparent small and narrow (typically 25 x 50 mm/one x two inch) plastic (e.g., silicon) strips with non reflective surfaces; some strips include a graduated grid (e.g., 1mm) on one side to provide a more detailed visualization. Vascular anastomosis visualization strips are available in several sizes and colors."
    },
    {
      "code": "14386",
      "display": "Vitrectomy Units",
      "definition": "Ophthalmic surgical units designed to remove vitreous gel from the eye (vitrectomy). The units may consist of a miniature handheld cutter (vitrectomy cutter) to cut and aspirate the vitreous gel a fiberoptic light source to illuminate the vitreous cavity, a gravity-fed infusion device to infuse fluid into the eye to maintain the intraocular pressure, a microscope and a contact lens to provide a magnified image of the interior eye, and microsurgical instruments (e.g., forceps, scissors) to remove scar or other tissue. During surgery, the eyes can be filled with air or a mixture of air and gas to repair retinal detachment or to close a macular hole. Laser treatment can also be performed in the surgery with a laser probe to seal blood vessels in the retina (photocoagulation). Vitrectomy units are used mainly in vitrectomy to treat vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, intraocular injury or infection, and other eye disorders."
    },
    {
      "code": "37807",
      "display": "Vitrification Carriers, Assisted Reproduction",
      "definition": "Single-use containers intended to function as a vessel for oocytes or embryos during rapid freezing (i.e., vitrification) and storage (i.e., cryopreservation). Assisted reproduction vitrification carriers typically are designed to hold the oocytes or embryos in small volumes of cryoprotective media within the carrier, which facilitates rapid freezing. Assisted vitrification carriers are available in both open and closed designs; open systems allow contact between the oocyte/embryo-containing media and the cryogenic liquid (e.g., liquid nitrogen) whereas closed systems sequester the oocyte/embryo-containing media in an enclosed space, preventing contact with the cryogen."
    },
    {
      "code": "14389",
      "display": "Voltmeters",
      "definition": "Measuring instruments designed to measure the difference of electric potential (either of direct, DC, and/or alternating current, AC) between two points of an electric or electronic circuit, usually expressed in volts. These instruments typically consist of electromechanical (analog) or more frequently electronic (usually digital) instruments with appropriate leads. Practical instruments can perform the most common voltage measurements performed by technicians on electric and electronic equipment, circuits, and components. Voltmeters are mainly used in healthcare facilities in inspection, preventive maintenance, repair, and calibration of medical devices and other hospital equipment. Dedicated instruments used to measure high voltages in the order of kilovolts are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20760",
      "display": "Voltmeters, Electrostatic",
      "definition": "Voltmeters designed for measuring surface potentials (i.e., voltage) due to electric charge unbalance on a dielectric or conducting surface. These instruments typically determine the presence, magnitude, and polarity of electrostatic voltage. Typical electrostatic voltmeters consist of an electronic unit including amplifiers, an oscillator, a power supply, and a display; and an attached non-contact sensing probe (e.g., using a Kelvin vibrating capacitive sensor). There are several types of electrostatic voltmeters such as DC- and AC-feedback instruments. Electrostatic voltmeters are usually either attached or brought near to potentially charged surfaces."
    },
    {
      "code": "25302",
      "display": "Volume Measurement Kits",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collection of reusable devices designed for in-vivo accurate measurement of the volume of an anatomic part and/or its variations. These kits typically consist of a graduated disposable container with appropriate volume and shape for total immersion of the anatomic part to be measured, usually a limb or part of it such as the hand, arm, or foot. The container is filled with water or other solution that is displaced by the immersion of the anatomic segment. The container includes an output beak, an overflow liquid container to receive the displaced water caused by the immersion, and a burette to measure the displaced water. Volume measuring kits are intended mainly to assess changes in the volume of a body part to evaluate abnormal physiologic conditions such as edema."
    },
    {
      "code": "25790",
      "display": "Volume Measurement Kits, Arm/Forearm",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collection of reusable devices designed for in-vivo accurate measurement of the volume of a forearm and/or the forearm and arm (i.e., the complete upper limb) volume and/or its variations. These kits typically consist of a graduated disposable container with appropriate volume and shape for total immersion of the forearm/arm. The container is filled with water or other solution that is displaced by the immersion of the limb. The container includes an output beak, an overflow liquid container to receive the displaced water caused by the immersion, and a burette to measure the displaced water. Arm/forearm volume measuring kits are intended mainly to assess changes in the volume of an arm to evaluate abnormal physiologic conditions such as edema."
    },
    {
      "code": "25791",
      "display": "Volume Measurement Kits, Foot",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collection of reusable devices designed for in-vivo accurate measurement of the volume of a foot and/or its variations. These kits typically consist of a graduated disposable container with appropriate volume and shape for total immersion of the foot. The container is filled with water or other solution that is displaced by the immersion of the foot. The container includes an output beak, an overflow liquid container to receive the displaced water caused by the immersion, and a burette to measure the displaced water. Foot volume measuring kits are intended mainly to assess changes in the volume of a foot to evaluate abnormal physiologic conditions such as edema."
    },
    {
      "code": "23555",
      "display": "Volume Measurement Kits, Hand",
      "definition": "Prepackaged collection of reusable devices designed for in-vivo accurate measurement of the volume of a hand and/or its variations. These kits typically consist of a graduated disposable container with appropriate volume and shape for total immersion of the hand. The container is filled with water or other solution that is displaced by the immersion of the hand. The container includes an output beak, an overflow liquid container to receive the displaced water caused by the immersion, and a burette to measure the displaced water. Hand volume measuring kits are intended mainly to assess changes in the volume of a hand to evaluate abnormal physiologic conditions such as edema."
    },
    {
      "code": "16221",
      "display": "Walker Trays",
      "definition": "Flat boards (i.e., trays) designed for use as walker accessories that are mainly intended to facilitate a patient's activities such as eating, writing, or reading. These trays are typically made of metal, hard plastic or wood and attached to the front or sides of the walker using clamps or hinges. Dedicated walker trays filled with gel and/or special paints for sensory (i.e., tactile) stimulation for disabled patients are available; walker arm boards used to support the arm are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17981",
      "display": "Walker/Chairs, Nonwheeled",
      "definition": "Devices designed as a framework that combines a standard (nonwheeled) walker with an integral seat. These frameworks are typically a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that frames the front and sides of users at waist level and is supported by three to five legs; they usually include supports (i.e., grips, platforms) for the hands and a seat (with or without a backrest) that allows a comfortable long-term sitting position. Nonwheeled walker/chairs may be foldable and/or adjust in height and/or width; they are intended for the permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or for use during rehabilitation by patients who need to rest often while walking."
    },
    {
      "code": "17980",
      "display": "Walker/Chairs, Wheeled",
      "definition": "Devices designed as a framework that combines a wheeled walker with an integral seat. These frameworks are typically a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that frames the front and sides of users at waist level and is supported by three to five wheels; they usually include supports (i.e., grips, platforms) for the hands and a seat (with or without a backrest) that allows a comfortable long-term sitting position. Wheeled walker/chairs may be foldable and/or adjustable in height and/or width; they are intended for the permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or for use during rehabilitation by patients who need to rest often while walking."
    },
    {
      "code": "14393",
      "display": "Walkers",
      "definition": "Metal structures (i.e., frameworks) designed to help users to stand and walk (i.e., walkers). Walkers are typically a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that frames the front and sides of users at waist level and that is supported by multiple (two to five are typical) legs; they usually include supports (i.e., grips, platforms) for the hands. Walkers are intended for the permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or for use during rehabilitation therapy. Standard (i.e., rigid, nonwheeled), wheeled, foldable, adjustable, and one-side two-leg walkers are available; some walkers may include seats and/or other detachable accessories (e.g., trays, pouches). Combinations of walkers and integral seats (i.e., walker/chairs) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17631",
      "display": "Walkers, Single Side Support",
      "definition": "Walkers designed with two-leg frameworks to support one side of the user only. These walkers are typically a metal structure consisting of two frame pieces about a foot apart at the base that meet, forming the shape of an \"A\" or that run in parallel to form a single handle at the top. Single-side-support walkers are intended to help users who need more support for standing and ambulating than that provided by canes and/or crutches but less support than that provided by standard walkers; they are intended for permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or for use during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "17627",
      "display": "Walkers, Standard",
      "definition": "Walkers designed with four-leg, rigid, nonwheeled frameworks. Standard walkers are typically a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that frames the front and sides of users at waist level; they usually include supports (i.e., grips) for the hands. Standard walkers are intended to help users stand and ambulate; they are intended for permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or for use during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24506",
      "display": "Walkers, Standard, Adjustable Width",
      "definition": "Standard walkers designed with nonwheeled frameworks that are adjustable in width. These walkers typically consist of a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that frames the front and sides of users at waist level; they usually include supports (i.e., grips) for the hands. The rails that connects the handles and those that connect the two front legs are made of pipes that telescope, either manually or automatically by pressing a button allowing a width adjustment typically from 12 to 15 cm (5 or 6 inches). Standard adjustable-width walkers permit users to customize the walkers for their particular needs and facilitate ambulation through doors and along narrow halls. They are used for permanent assistance of disabled patients and/or during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24508",
      "display": "Walkers, Standard, Folding",
      "definition": "Standard walkers designed with nonwheeled frameworks that can be easily folded. These walkers typically consist of a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that may frame the front and sides of users at waist level; they usually include supports (i.e., grips) for the hands. The sides may fold over onto each other or fold in toward the front part (manually or automatically by pressing a button) to facilitate manipulation, storage, and transport. Standard folding walkers are used for permanent assistance of disabled patients and/or during rehabilitation; they also can provide adjustable widths. Carrying bags intended to store and facilitate transportation of folding walkers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17630",
      "display": "Walkers, Wheeled",
      "definition": "Walkers designed with four- or five-leg, rigid, wheeled frameworks. Wheeled walkers are typically a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that frames the front and sides of users at waist level; they usually include a set of casters (i.e., wheels) and supports (i.e., grips) for the hands. Wheeled walkers are intended to facilitate users' ambulation; they are intended for permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or for use during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24510",
      "display": "Walkers, Wheeled, Adjustable Width",
      "definition": "Walkers designed with wheeled frameworks that are adjustable in width. These walkers typically consist of a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that frames the front and sides of users at waist level; they usually include a set of casters (i.e., wheels) and supports (i.e., grips) for the hands. The rails that connect the handles and those that connect the front two wheels are made of pipes that telescope either manually or automatically by pressing a button allowing a width adjustment typically from 12 to 15 cm (5 or 6 inches). Adjustable-width wheeled walkers permit users to customize the walkers for their particular needs and to facilitate ambulation through doors and along narrow halls. They are used for permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "24511",
      "display": "Walkers, Wheeled, Folding",
      "definition": "Wheeled walkers designed with frameworks that can be easily folded. These walkers typically consist of a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that may frame the front and sides of users at waist level; they usually include supports (i.e., grips) for the hands. The sides may bend over onto each other or fold in toward the front part manually or automatically by pressing a button. Wheeled folding walkers facilitate their manipulation, storage, and transport; they are used for permanent assistance of disabled (e.g., infirm) patients and/or during rehabilitation. Carrying bags intended to store and facilitate transportation of folding walkers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "24512",
      "display": "Walkers, Wheeled, Knee Support",
      "definition": "Walkers designed with wheeled frameworks that provide support for one knee during ambulation. These walkers typically consist of a metal (some also include hard plastics) structure that includes a flat support (usually adjustable in height) for one knee. Wheeled knee-support walkers are used for permanent assistance of disabled patients and/or for ambulation while preventing weight-bearing on the affected ankle or foot by users who have one leg affected distal to the knee (e.g., following ankle surgery) during rehabilitation."
    },
    {
      "code": "41892",
      "display": "Walking Aids, Visual/Auditory Cue",
      "definition": "Devices that use visual and/or auditory cueing to assist people in walking when their ability is limited or compromised due to medical condition/physical impairment. These aids promote walking by using physical stimuli to help the brain process time and create spatial awareness, which facilitates the initiation of movement and the continuation of movement. These walking aids can include devices attached to shoes, walkers, or canes that project a laser beam into the person�s walking path and/or have a metronome."
    },
    {
      "code": "15907",
      "display": "Wall Corner Guards",
      "definition": "Objects attached vertically to a wall corner designed to preserve the drywall or other wall surfaces from damage. These guards are made of durable material, such as vinyl, plastic, or stainless steel, which can withstand repeated impact. Wall corner guards can be flush-mount or surface-mount. They are various sizes and angles."
    },
    {
      "code": "15930",
      "display": "Wall Coverings, Antibacterial",
      "definition": "Panels or tiles used to cover walls in health facilities, typically imbedded with ionic silver, which is intended to prohibit growth of bacteria."
    },
    {
      "code": "19325",
      "display": "Wands, Smoke Evacuation",
      "definition": "Wands used to capture the plume during a surgical procedure, allowing surgical smoke to be evacuated close to the point of origin."
    },
    {
      "code": "18175",
      "display": "Wands, Smoke Evacuation, Electrosurgical Electrode",
      "definition": "Smoke-evacuation wands designed to clip on an electrosurgical active electrode."
    },
    {
      "code": "19326",
      "display": "Wands, Smoke Evacuation, Surgical Laser Handpiece",
      "definition": "Smoke-evacuation wands designed to clip on a surgical laser handpiece."
    },
    {
      "code": "28244",
      "display": "Warming Garments",
      "definition": "Garments designed to maintain body temperature without applying an external source of heat. These garments usually consist of clothing (e.g., vests, jackets, pajamas) made of fabrics with special properties (e.g., wool, synthetic material) that provides the user isolation from the environment and permits appropriate warming by keeping his/her own body heat.  Warming garments are intended for use when the environment is cold or to provide warmth to patients suffering from anatomical or brain damage or disease (e.g., muscle inflammation, poor blood circulation, cerebral palsy, stroke). The garment may also be used during rehabilitation treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "15610",
      "display": "Warming Units",
      "definition": "Devices that use some heating element (e.g., electric resistor, radiant energy) or system to warm a substance, air, material, fluid, or device or to regulate body temperature. Warming units typically contain a power supply (either using internal batteries or a connection to the power line), the heating element, and a way to transfer the heat or circulate a warm fluid (e.g., blowers, coils, tubing, etc.) They may be stationary units, movable (on casters or wheels) or portable devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16371",
      "display": "Warming Units, Anesthetic",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to heat containers of anesthetic solutions before administration.  These units typically include a line-powered electric heater and appropriate racks or shelves to place the container during warming."
    },
    {
      "code": "34527",
      "display": "Warming Units, Animal",
      "definition": "Devices that use some heating element (e.g., electric resistor, radiant energy, circulating fluid) to heat a pad or a blanket that is used to regulate an animal's core body temperature. Animal warming units typically contain a control unit (supplied with power using internal batteries or a connection to the power main) that houses controls and displays settings. This power unit connects to a heating pad or blanket (of varying sizes, according to the animal) on which the animal is laid or in which the animal is wrapped to heat the animal externally. Animal warming units also have flexible probe thermometers (usually rectal and sized to fit the animal) to continually measure the animal's core body temperature and register the temperature with the control unit. Some animal warming units contain alarms that sound an alert when the animal's core body temperature deviates from set controls. Animal warming units may be used on research animals where maintaining the animal's core body temperature at a constant temperature (homoeothermic control) is needed."
    },
    {
      "code": "10338",
      "display": "Warming Units, Bedpan",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to store and warm bedpans before use.  These units include a cabinet with appropriate shelves to warm several (e.g., 5 to 10) bedpans simultaneously; the temperature range is typically from room temperature to 60 degrees C (140 degrees F)"
    },
    {
      "code": "10414",
      "display": "Warming Units, Blanket",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to heat blankets.  These units usually include a high capacity (e.g., 0.2 to 0.5 m3) cabinet with appropriate perforated shelves for blanket positioning, avoiding contact with very hot surfaces to prevent scorching; either steam or dry hot air is typically circulated to heat the blanket in a temperature range from 30 degrees to 90 degrees C (90 degrees to 200 degrees F)"
    },
    {
      "code": "10447",
      "display": "Warming Units, Blood/Intravenous Solution",
      "definition": "Warming units designed for in-line heating of banked blood, blood products, and intravenous (IV) solutions from about 4 degrees Celsius to near body temperature (e.g., 35 to 37 degrees Celsius) before infusion.  These units usually include a disposable bag or coil of tubing and a heat exchanger (e.g., dry heat, radio-frequency, circulating fluid, water bath); some units include temperature controls and/or alarms.  Usually, the blood or solution is warmed as it passes through the bag or tubing that is exposed to the heat exchanger.  Blood/solution warming units are typically mounted on an IV pole between the infusion bag and the patient's venous line; they are used to minimize adverse thermal reactions in the patient.  Some units are also used to heat irrigation solutions for use in arthroscopy, laparoscopy, and other procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18848",
      "display": "Warming Units, Contrast Media",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to store and warm contrast-media vials before administration.  These units include cabinets with appropriate shelves capable of warming many (e.g., 10 to 40) vials simultaneously; the temperature range is typically from room temperature to 60 degrees C (140 degrees F). Contrast-media warming units are used to reduce the viscosity in highly viscous contrast agents such as those with high iodine concentration."
    },
    {
      "code": "41801",
      "display": "Warming Units, Dental Material",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to prepare dental materials for placement by increasing their temperature prior to application. The warmers can heat materials from 130 degrees F (54 degrees C) to 155 degrees F (68 degrees C). These devices have various configurations intended to warm material contained in dispensing guns, syringes, cartridges, and compules. Some dental material warmers can hold other dental instruments used during the dental procedure. These warmers may also be able to heat dental anesthetic solution cartridges."
    },
    {
      "code": "20661",
      "display": "Warming Units, Food",
      "definition": "Warming units designed for temporary food storage at temperatures below the water boiling point (typical temperatures are 80 to 85 degrees Celsius/176 to 185 degrees Farenheit). These units usually consist of cabinet-like structures; the units are usually available in stand-alone or under counter configurations.  They may include forced-air circulation systems, humidity and temperature controls, and alarms in addition to the heaters. Food warming units are used to keep prepared food warm for a short time before its distribution; units including racks that can accommodate roll-in baking pans to activate yeast in food containing flour mixtures (i.e., proofing units) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "17506",
      "display": "Warming Units, Gel",
      "definition": "Warming units designed for heating gel before use.  These typically consist of a metallic box that includes a heating element to keep the box temperature close to the human body temperature; they can hold appropriately one or more gel containers (e.g., dispenser bottles) during warming.  Some of these units include temperature control capabilities.  Gel-warming units are typically used to heat gels applied to the patient body for coupling ultrasonic transducers."
    },
    {
      "code": "36665",
      "display": "Warming Units, Hemostatic Agent",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to heat containers of hemostatic agents to body temperature (i.e., 37 degrees Celsius) before agent administration. These units typically include a line-powered electric heater and multiple wells of various sizes appropriate to accommodate hemostatic agent vials. Hemostatic agent warming units may also incorporate mechanisms to rotate magnetic stir bars within the agent vial."
    },
    {
      "code": "24194",
      "display": "Warming Units, Infant Nutritionals",
      "definition": "Warming units intended to heat breast milk, infant formula, and semi-solid infant food, to room or body temperature, prior to feeding them to an infant. Heating is typically accomplished with dry heat or steam heat mechanisms. Typical device designs incorporate a cup or well into which a bottle or bag containing the nutritional (e.g., breast milk, infant formula, infant food) can be placed to be heated, digital displays, automatic shut-off options, etc. These devices may be battery or AC-powered, and are typically reusable."
    },
    {
      "code": "41934",
      "display": "Warming Units, Irrigation Fluids",
      "definition": "Warming units that use a heating element (e.g., electric resistor, radiant energy) to warm fluid used to irrigate a cavity or other specific area of the body. Irrigation fluid warming units typically contain a power supply (either using internal batteries or a connection to the power line), the heating element, and a way to hold and/or circulate the warm fluid (e.g., a basin, tubing, etc.) They may be stationary units, movable (on casters or wheels), or portable devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "16292",
      "display": "Warming Units, Microscope Slide",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to heat slides and prepared paraffin specimens.  These units usually consist of an electric heated compact device that heats up to 70 degrees C (160 degrees F); they warm the slides or paraffin specimens on contact.  Slide-warming units are used in the clinical laboratory (e.g., histology) to warm slides for better frozen specimen attachment and also to smooth wrinkles and/or bubbles in paraffin-embedded sections."
    },
    {
      "code": "37590",
      "display": "Warming Units, Mirror",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to heat mirrors (typically handheld examination mirrors). Warming the mirror reduces the formation of condensation on the mirror surface (i.e., fogging) that occurs when a cool mirror is introduced into a warm and/or humid environment (e.g., a patient's oral cavity). These units may consist of a dry bath containing a physical medium suitable for heat transfer to the mirror (e.g., glass beads); a heat lamp; or a radiant heating platform on which flat mirrors can be placed."
    },
    {
      "code": "10540",
      "display": "Warming Units, Multipurpose",
      "definition": "Warming units designed in multiple configurations and including a wide variety of accessories according the intended devices, materials, or solutions to be heated.  These units typically consist of a cabinet with appropriate racks, a heating system (e.g., electric resistor, steam tubes), temperature controls, and overheat alarms.  Multipurpose warming units may be used to warm solutions (e.g., peritoneal dialysate, irrigation solutions), bedpans, and blankets; they are also used for other heating needs in the hospital, such as in surgery, obstetrics, and emergency rooms."
    },
    {
      "code": "17570",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient",
      "definition": "Units that help regulate a patient's temperature by adding heat.  These units usually include a central device with heating elements, controls, alarms, and some means (e.g., blankets) to deliver heat to the patient.  Patient warming units treat patients for or protect patients from hypothermia; they are frequently used to help maintain normal body temperature during and after surgery."
    },
    {
      "code": "17648",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Circulating-Liquid",
      "definition": "Units designed to warm a patient by circulating liquid.  These units consist of a central device including a heating element and pumps for circulating liquid and a specially designed reusable or disposable blanket with appropriate channels for liquid circulation.  Most warming units also include controls and alarms.  Patient temperature is typically monitored with a thermometer.  Circulating-liquid patient warming units are mostly used for rewarming patients in postanesthesia care units."
    },
    {
      "code": "25785",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Conductive Layer",
      "definition": "Patient warming units comprised of a heat conducting layer (e.g., carbon polymer) placed above a flexible (e.g., viscoelastic foam) pad that conducts heat supplied by a low voltage power source (either mains or rechargeable battery). The pad can come in various sizes and is placed under or over the patient as a mattress or blanket and can mold to the shape of the patient's body to evenly heat the patient. A control unit is used to maintain the pads at the user-selected temperature. Temperature is monitored by a thermistor built into the pads and this signal is used to allow control of the power supplied. The control unit uses a transformer to convert the mains input to a very low voltage (usually 24 volts alternating current), and regulates this to achieve and maintain the required heating. A thermal cut-out is also integrated into the mattress or blanket to prevent over-heating of the patient. Conductive layer patient warming units are used in emergency rooms, patient transport, rescue and military applications, perioperative areas, intensive care units, and home care settings. Dedicated infant-sized conductive layer warming units are also available for use in neonatal care settings."
    },
    {
      "code": "25786",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Conductive Layer, Infant",
      "definition": "Infant warming units comprised of a heat conducting layer (e.g., carbon polymer) placed above a flexible pad (e.g., viscoelastic foam) that conducts heat supplied by a low voltage power source (either mains or rechargeable battery). The pad is sized to fit an infant bassinet and is usually placed under the infant as a mattress but may be placed over the infant as a blanket. The conductive layer pad can mold to the shape of the infant's body to evenly heat the infant. Infant conductive layer patient warming units have slightly lower temperature ranges (usually 28 degrees C to 39 degrees C or 82 degrees F to 102 degrees F) than those used for adults. A thermal cut-out is also integrated into the mattress or blanket to prevent over-heating of the patient. Infant conductive layer warming units are used to prevent hypothermia of infants in the delivery room, neonatal intensive care units or other neonatal care settings."
    },
    {
      "code": "17950",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Forced-Air",
      "definition": "Patient warming units designed to warm the patient by blowing warm air across the patient (i.e., convectively).  These units consist of a warming device with a thermostatically controlled fan heater (blower)  heating and forcing the air circulation, a specially designed reusable or disposable blanket for the patient, and a flexible hose that attaches to an inlet in the warming blanket.   Usually these units also include controls and alarms.  Forced-air patient warming units are mostly used for rewarming patients in postanesthesia care units ( PACUs) and to help in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in the operating room."
    },
    {
      "code": "13248",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Radiant",
      "definition": "Patient warming units that use broadband energy sources that radiate a significant amount of energy in the infrared spectrum  (e.g., quartz tubes or incandescent lamps).  Radiant patient warming units are used for thermal stabilization of patients suffering hypothermia."
    },
    {
      "code": "13249",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Adult",
      "definition": "Radiant warming units designed to provide thermal stability to adults.  These units usually include overhead heating lamps, a temperature sensor typically placed on the skin of the patient, automatic and/or manual controls, and alarms.  Some units include a transparent plastic canopy with distributed heat elements on it to provide a comfortable uniform environment around the patient (e.g., burn units)."
    },
    {
      "code": "17956",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant",
      "definition": "Radiant warming units designed to provide thermal stability to infants while allowing direct observation.  Most of these units can be operated either with the heating elements turning on and off according to the changes in the infant's skin temperature (automated mode) or by setting the heater at a constant power level for a set period of time (manual mode).  These units are available in several different configurations, including freestanding and mounted on an integral bassinet to facilitate continuous thermal support for newborns and critically ill infants; they are also used for infants undergoing long treatment in a cool environment."
    },
    {
      "code": "17433",
      "display": "Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant, Mobile",
      "definition": "Infant radiant warming units designed to provide thermal stability to an infant while allowing its transportation. These units typically consist of integral bassinet warming units mounted on casters, which may be equipped with brakes. Some warming units have an infant weighing scale, resuscitation equipment (suctioning and oxygen delivery), and vital signs measuring equipment (e.g., SpO2, pulse, airway pressure, body temperature). Mobile infant radiant warming devices are mostly used for internal transportation of infants from one area of the hospital to another and for warming and stabilizing a newborn infant in the delivery room after birth."
    },
    {
      "code": "34513",
      "display": "Warming Units, Plastic Eyeglass Frames",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to heat plastic eyeglass frames softening the material to allow the insertion or adjustment of lenses. These warmers typically consist of a unit that includes an electric heat source that provides heat to the frames using either hot air (i.e., hot air warmers) or a pan with either salt or glass beads. Plastic eyeglass warming units are usually temperature regulated in a range typically from 70 to 150 degrees Celsius (158 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit)."
    },
    {
      "code": "35388",
      "display": "Warming Units, Plastic Eyeglass Frames, Heated Pan",
      "definition": "Plastic eyeglass warming units designed to heat plastic eyeglass frames softening the material to allow the insertion or adjustment of lenses using a heated pan. These warmers typically consist of a unit including an electric heat source to provide heat to the frames through a usually recessed and sealed hot pan covered with glass beads or salt to transmit the heat to the frames. Heated pan eyeglass frame air warming units are usually temperature regulated in a range typically from 70 to 150 degrees Celsius (158 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit); they may also include temperature resistant holders to attach the frames during the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "35387",
      "display": "Warming Units, Plastic Eyeglass Frames, Hot Air",
      "definition": "Plastic eyeglass warming units designed to heat plastic eyeglass frames softening the material to allow the insertion or adjustment of lenses using hot air. These warmers typically consist of a unit including an electric heat source that provides heat to the frames using hot air (i.e., hot air warmers), a fan to facilitate heating, and may also include a heat distributor to focus the heat in specific areas of the frame. Hot air warming units are usually temperature regulated in a range typically from 70 to 150 degrees Celsius (158 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit); they also include temperature resistant holders to attach the frames during the procedure."
    },
    {
      "code": "39669",
      "display": "Warming Units, Towelette",
      "definition": "Warming units designed to warm and store towelettes before use. Some units are cabinets with appropriate shelves to warm several packages of towelettes simultaneously. Towelette warming units can also be a box that includes a heating element and holds one package of towelettes."
    },
    {
      "code": "18850",
      "display": "Warming/Cooling Units",
      "definition": "Devices that combine warming and cooling capabilities in one unit.  These units include a heating element or system and a refrigerating system; they are designed to add or remove heat from a substance, material, fluid, or other device (i.e., to warm or cool). Some warming/cooling units are used to help regulate a patient's temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "24125",
      "display": "Warming/Cooling Units, Laboratory",
      "definition": "Warming/cooling units designed to warm or cool substances, materials, and/or devices in a clinical laboratory; the temperature may be adjusted below and/or above the room temperature. These units typically consist of a temperature-regulated open or closed bath (i.e., a reservoir) or, less frequently, a dry enclosure; a pump to circulate liquid; a sensor and controller to regulate the temperature and/or liquid flow; a recorder to keep track of the variations in temperature; and heating and refrigerating components. Laboratory warming/cooling units accurately maintain regulated temperature in an integral bath or dry enclosure; some units may be also capable of circulating liquid to external systems. They are used in laboratories for procedures such as crystallization and other low-temperature chemical reactions, temperature-dependent procedures, and viscosity testing."
    },
    {
      "code": "12068",
      "display": "Warming/Cooling Units, Patient",
      "definition": "Units designed to regulate a patient's temperature by heating or cooling.  These units usually include a central system with heating and refrigerating capabilities, controls, alarms, and some means (e.g., blankets) to deliver thermal changes to the patient. Patient warming/cooling units are used to warm patients who are hypothermic, to maintain normal body temperature during and after surgery, to cool feverish patients, or to induce hypothermia to lower metabolism (e.g., during cardiac surgery, neurosurgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "12074",
      "display": "Warming/Cooling Units, Patient, Circulating-Liquid",
      "definition": "Units designed to warm or cool a patient by circulating liquid. These units consist of a central device including a cooling system (similar to a household refrigerator), a heating element, and pumps for circulating liquid; a specially designed reusable or disposable blanket with appropriate channels for liquid circulation; controls; and alarms.  Patient temperature is typically monitored with a thermometer. Circulating-liquid patient warming/cooling units are used for rewarming patients on postanesthesia care units, to help prevent intraoperative hypothermia or to induce hypothermia in the operating room, and to cool feverish patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "21566",
      "display": "Warming/Cooling Units, Patient, Circulating-Liquid, Intravascular",
      "definition": "Units designed to cool and/or rewarm a patient by circulating liquid (e.g., saline) through an intravascular catheter, controlling the patient's core temperature (typically from 32 to 37 degrees Celsius [90 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit]) by heat exchange between the blood and the saline solution through the wall of a balloon, without perfusion of fluids into the body or drawing blood. These devices typically consist of a central console that includes a cooling and heating system; pumps, coils, and/or tubes for circulation and delivery of the liquid to intravascular catheters; and electronic controls with a display to monitor and show patient and equipment data (e.g., patient core and saline temperature, rate of change of core temperature). The units typically provide automatic adjustment of the circulating solution temperature to keep the patient's core temperature at the desired level according to the temperature sensor included in the catheter.  Dedicated intravascular catheters with appropriate closed-loop liquid circulation, heat-exchange balloons, and temperature sensors are available for short-term (e.g., a few hours) or longer-term (e.g., a week) patient temperature control; some catheters include several lumens and can be used also as standard central venous catheters. Intravascular patient warming/cooling units are intended to induce hypothermia, maintain normothermia, and rewarm patients; they may be used during surgery and recovery, to preserve cerebral function in patients with brain injuries, after cardiac arrest, in the care of patients with septicemia, and in other intensive care procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "18851",
      "display": "Warming/Cooling Units, Patient, Forced-Air",
      "definition": "Patient warming/cooling units designed to warm or cool the patient by blowing air across the patient (i.e., convectively).  These units consist of a warming/cooling system with a thermostatically controlled fan (blower) for heating or cooling and then forcing the air circulation; a specially designed reusable or disposable blanket; controls; and alarms.  Forced-air patient warming/cooling units are used for rewarming patients in postanesthesia care units (PACUs), to help in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia or to induce hypothermia in the operating room, and to cool feverish patients."
    },
    {
      "code": "17206",
      "display": "Warming/Cooling Units, Patient, Heart-Lung Bypass",
      "definition": "Warming/cooling units designed to warm or cool the patient by extracorporeal heat exchange with the patient's perfused blood during heart-lung bypass procedures.  These units consist of a central device including a cooling system (similar to a household refrigerator), a heating element, and pumps for heating and circulating liquid to a heat exchanger; the heat exchanger controls the blood and/or cardioplegic solution temperature during the entire cardiovascular procedure (e.g., induces hypothermia, warms the blood).  Some heart-lung bypass units incorporate both the heat exchanger (which may be disposable) and the heating/cooling unit (i.e., the mixer) as integral parts."
    },
    {
      "code": "17671",
      "display": "Washer/Decontamination Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the automatic or semiautomatic washing (i.e., elimination of dirt and/or stains) and removal (i.e., physical decontamination) of organic debris (e.g., blood, fat, bone) from soiled devices. These units typically consist of a corrosion-resistant chamber containing baskets or trays for the soiled devices; some can accommodate dedicated trays and/or racks. Washers/decontamination units perform a cycle of operations that typically include water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, heated rinse, and drying; the process includes mechanical removal of contaminants (i.e., physical decontamination) by water jets, and/or ultrasound energy and may include thermal disinfection (usually using water from 60 to 95 degrees C [140 to 203 degrees F]). Dedicated units are available for surgical instruments and other critical devices; simpler units that do not provide the same level of cleaning and physical decontamination are available to clean bedpans, containers, and other noncritical devices and utensils. This equipment may provide some level of disinfection by killing or inactivating several types of microorganisms."
    },
    {
      "code": "10334",
      "display": "Washer/Decontamination Units, Bedpan/Ancillary Utensil",
      "definition": "Washer/sterilizing units designed for the automatic or semiautomatic washing (i.e., elimination of dirt and/or stains), removing organic debris (e.g., blood, fat, bone), and killing all microorganisms, including spore-forming bacteria (except in very high numbers), from ancillary devices and small receptacles such as bedpans. These units typically consist of one or two corrosion-resistant chambers with front (i.e., roll-in/roll-out models) or front-and-back doors that permit pass-through of carts (i.e., tunnel type), a control panel, and appropriate pumps, jets (booms), and other accessories needed to perform washing and sterilizing cycles on the soiled carts. Cart washer/sterilizing units perform a cycle of operations that typically include mechanical removal of contaminants by water jets, detergent wash, germicide application (usually performed using high-pressure booms), and thermal drying. They are used mainly in the central supply area of a healthcare facility."
    },
    {
      "code": "10995",
      "display": "Washer/Decontamination Units, Contact Lens",
      "definition": "Devices designed for automated washing and/or decontaminating of contact lenses; some devices may provide some level of disinfection by killing or inactivating several types of microorganisms. These units usually perform the cleaning and decontaminating procedures on the lenses using several automated cycles of cleaning and performing one or more from a variety of decontamination or disinfection methods. Those decontamination methods include the use of chemical solutions and/or different forms of energy such as thermal (i.e., heat), ultrasonic, and mechanical energy. The mechanical units usually consist of a miniature washing machine that combines the mechanical action with standard solutions used for manually cleaning of lenses, thermal units use heat to decontaminate/disinfect the lenses without chemical cleaning agents; ultrasonic units only use water or saline solutions in the procedure. Contact lens washer/decontamination units are mainly intended for rigid contact lenses but may be used for some types of reusable soft contact lenses."
    },
    {
      "code": "24096",
      "display": "Washer/Decontamination Units, Endoscopic Channel Flushing",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the automatic or semiautomatic delivery of fluids to/through endoscope channels in order to remove organic debris and/or residual detergent/disinfectant. These units typically consist of an electromechanical central unit that includes pumps, operation time controls, and output and input ports to deliver flushing solutions. The flushing solutions (e.g., water, dedicated detergents) circulate in the endoscope channels through a tubing set attached to the central unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "21171",
      "display": "Washer/Decontamination Units, Surgical Instrument",
      "definition": "Washer/decontamination units designed for automatic or semiautomatic washing (i.e., eliminating dirt and/or stains) and physical removal (i.e., physical decontamination) of organic debris such as blood, fat, bone from surgical instruments, reusable respiratory devices (e.g., anesthesia sets), and other critical devices. These units typically consist of a corrosion-resistant chamber containing baskets or trays for the soiled instruments; some can accommodate instrument trays and/or dedicated racks. The equipment performs a cycle of operations typically including water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, heated rinse, and drying; the process includes mechanical removal of contaminants by water jets and/or ultrasound energy and may include thermal disinfection (usually using water from 60 to 95 degrees Celcius [140 to 203 degrees Fahrenheit]). Surgical instrument washer/decontamination units are frequently used as an adjunct to manual cleaning of surgical instruments before sterilization; they provide some level of disinfection by killing or inactivating several types of microorganisms. They are available in stand-alone and wall-recessed configurations, typically for use in central supplies departments of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "14413",
      "display": "Washer/Sterilizing Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for automatic or semiautomatic washing (i.e., elimination dirt and/or stains), removing organic debris (e.g., blood, fat, bone), and killing all microorganisms, including spore-forming bacteria (except in very high numbers), providing high-level, nearly sterile disinfection. Using a cycle of operations that includes water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, heated rinse, and sterilization (usually by steam or germicide), the process may also mechanically remove contaminants using water jets. Washer/sterilization units are used in the central supply area of a healthcare facility; dedicated devices are available to process clinical instruments and instrument carts."
    },
    {
      "code": "21180",
      "display": "Washer/Sterilizing Units, Cart",
      "definition": "Washer/Sterilizing units designed for automatic or semiautomatic washing (i.e., eliminating dirt and/or stains), removal of organic debris (e.g., blood, fat, bone), and killing all microorganisms including spore-forming bacteria (unless they are present in very high numbers), providing a high level of disinfection that is nearly sterile for surgical instrument and/or other central supply carts. These units typically consist of one or two corrosion-resistant chambers with front (i.e., roll-in/roll-out models) or front-and-back doors that permit pass through of carts (i.e., tunnel type); a control panel, and appropriate pumps, jets (booms) and other accessories needed to perform the washing and sterilizing cycles on the soiled carts. Cart washer/sterilizing units perform a cycle of operations typically including mechanical removal of contaminants by water jets, detergent wash, and germicide application (usually performed using high-pressure booms), and thermal drying. They are used mainly in the central supply area of a healthcare facility. Dedicated units for open-top carts and for bin/shelf-type carts are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21179",
      "display": "Washer/Sterilizing Units, Surgical Instrument",
      "definition": "Washer/sterilizing units designed for automatic or semiautomatic washing (i.e., eliminating dirt and/or stains), removal of organic debris (e.g.,  blood, fat, bone), and killing all microorganisms including spore-forming bacteria (unless they are present in very high numbers), providing a high level of disinfection that is nearly sterile for surgical instruments and other critical utensils. These units typically consist of one or two corrosion-resistant chambers containing baskets or trays for the soiled instruments; some can accommodate instrument trays and/or racks. Surgical instrument washers/sterilizing units perform a cycle of operations typically including water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, heated rinse, steam sterilization (usually using steam from 121 to 140 degrees Celsius [250 to 284 degrees Fahrenheit]), and drying; the process usually includes mechanical removal of contaminants by water jets or previous manual scrubbing. Washer/sterilization units are used in the central supply area of a healthcare facility; their function is frequently replaced by the combined use of a washer/decontamination unit and a dedicated sterilizing unit."
    },
    {
      "code": "15198",
      "display": "Washers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the automatic or semiautomatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from instruments, utensils, labware, devices, laundry, and/or other objects using physical and/or chemical procedures. Washers typically perform a cycle of operations that may include prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent washing, and rinse. Dedicated washers are used to clean surgical instruments and/or ancillary devices, hospital carts, and laundry and to clean equipment in clinical laboratories (e.g., labware, pipettes, microplates, cuvettes). Washers that mechanically remove contaminants by scrubbing or using water jets or ultrasound energy (i.e., performing some kind of physical decontamination) are considered washer/decontamination units; those devices may also provide some degree of disinfection."
    },
    {
      "code": "14310",
      "display": "Washers, Bedpan/Ancillary Utensil",
      "definition": "Washers designed for the automatic or semiautomatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from noncritical (ancillary) devices and small receptacles such as bedpans. These washers typically include a stainless steel washing compartment into which the utensils are directly loaded or placed in appropriate holders. Bedpan/utensil washers usually perform a cycle of operations that typically include water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, and heated rinse. Bedpan/ancillary utensil washers are available in freestanding and wall-recessed configurations and typically used in central supply departments of healthcare facilities. Utensil washers that mechanically remove biological contaminants by scrubbing or using water jets are considered washer/decontamination units."
    },
    {
      "code": "21162",
      "display": "Washers, Cuvette",
      "definition": "Washers designed for automatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from laboratory glass or quartz cuvettes (i.e., cells). These washers typically include a plastic enclosure, a filtering flask, and a hose for connection to a vacuum system. Cuvette washers perform a cycle of operations typically including a cleaning spray washing, rinsing, and circulation of dry air for drying the cuvette; frequently a final wash with acetone is used to eliminate any water droplets. They are used in clinical laboratories to clean cuvettes (cells) before reuse."
    },
    {
      "code": "34652",
      "display": "Washers, Equipment Tubing",
      "definition": "Washers designed for automated removal of dirt, rust scales, stains, and/or biological debris from inside equipment tubing.  These washers typically consist of a central unit (frequently portable or cart-mounted) that includes an electric powered motor, hoses, and a cleaning handpiece with detachable cleaning tools such as brushes that can also provide flushing to the tubing during the cleaning process. Some washers are capable of cleaning straight and spiral (enhanced) tubing. Equipment tubing washers are intended for cleaning tubes and pipes of equipment such as chillers, heat exchangers, condensers, and evaporators."
    },
    {
      "code": "15196",
      "display": "Washers, Labware",
      "definition": "Washers designed for the automatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from labware such as glass and plastic beakers, test tubes, and glass slides. These washers typically consist of a stainless steel washing compartment that is resistant to high water temperatures and corrosive chemicals, horizontal loading tracks or perforated shelves, and spindle headers, which are rows of hollow rods that allow water to penetrate difficult-to-reach vessel interiors. Labware is loaded into carrier baskets that slide onto the horizontal loading tracks or perforated shelves of the washer compartment. Labware/surgical instrument washers perform cycles of operations that typically include water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, heated rinse, and drying. The washers are available in freestanding, undercounter, recessed, or built-in (pass-through) configurations; they are used in clinical laboratories and in hospital central supply departments."
    },
    {
      "code": "14263",
      "display": "Washers, Labware/Surgical Instrument, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Surgical instrument washers designed for automatic removal of dirt, stains, and/or biological debris (i.e., washing) from labware (e.g., glass and plastic beakers, test tubes), surgical instruments, and/or other critical devices using ultrasonic energy. The process is performed by delivering ultrasonic waves to a tank filled with a warm cleaning solution (e.g., detergents formulated for ultrasonic cleansing). These systems typically include a radiofrequency generator (frequencies from 25 to 40 kHz are typical), ultrasonic transducers, a heating unit, and a stainless steel tank with baskets and/or trays.  Cleaning is performed by the scrubbing action of the ultrasonic vibration and also by the implosion of bubbles (i.e., cavitation effect). Surgical instrument ultrasonic washers may include two or three tanks to perform automatic cycles for washing, rinsing, and drying; they may also include heating capabilities. This equipment may provide some level of disinfection by killing and/or inactivating several microorganism species; it is commonly used after general cleaning and before thermal or chemical disinfection.  Both stand-alone and tabletop units are available for use in central supplies departments of healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34557",
      "display": "Washers, Large Equipment",
      "definition": "Washers designed for automatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from large equipment used in hospitals and/or other medical facilities. These washers typically consist of a stainless steel cabinet with front doors (i.e., roll-in/roll-out models) or front-and-back doors that permit pass-through of carts (i.e., tunnel type); a control panel, and appropriate pumps and other accessories needed to perform the washing cycle. Large equipment cleaning washers perform a cycle of operations typically including water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent washing, and heated rinse; the process may include mechanical removal of contaminants by scrubbing and/or water jets (some devices including mechanical removal of contaminants are considered washer/decontamination units). Some washers include drying capabilities. The washers usually include tall doors to allow washing most large equipment used in healthcare facilities, including wide wheelchairs, commodes, shower and reclining chairs, walkers, and carts."
    },
    {
      "code": "10634",
      "display": "Washers, Large Equipment, Cart",
      "definition": "Washers designed for automatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from hospital carts (also known as trolleys). These washers typically consist of a stainless steel cabinet with front (i.e., roll-in/roll-out models) or front-and-back doors that permit pass-through of carts (i.e., tunnel type); a control panel; and appropriate pumps and other accessories needed to perform the washing cycle. Cart-cleaning washers perform a cycle of operations typically including water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent washing, and heated rinse. The process may include mechanical removal of contaminants by scrubbing and/or water jets (some devices including mechanical removal of contaminants are considered washer/decontamination units). Some washers include drying capabilities. Full-size washers with a high throughput (e.g., 12 carts per hour) and portable, low-capacity, cart washers are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "34595",
      "display": "Washers, Large Equipment, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Washers designed for automatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from wheelchairs. These washers typically consist of a stainless steel cabinet with front (i.e., roll-in/roll-out models); a control panel, and appropriate pumps and other accessories needed to perform the washing cycle. Wheelchair cleaning washers perform a cycle of operations typically including water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent washing, and heated rinse. The process may include mechanical removal of contaminants by scrubbing and/or water jets. Some washers include drying capabilities. Some washers have capacity enough for the simultaneous washing of two or more wheelchairs."
    },
    {
      "code": "15931",
      "display": "Washers, Laundry",
      "definition": "Washers designed for automatic or semiautomatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from soiled cloth and linen (i.e., laundry) using physical and/or chemical procedures. These washers typically perform one or more preprogrammed cycles of operations that may include prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent washing, and rinsing. Laundry washers typically include a rotary drum for cleaning, filters, temperature and speed controls, and hoses for water intake and evacuation. Standard and heavy-duty top-load and front-load laundry washers are available for use in healthcare facilities."
    },
    {
      "code": "34917",
      "display": "Washers, Materialographic/Metallographic Sample, Ultrasonic",
      "definition": "Washers designed to clean materialographic and/or metallographic samples using ultrasound; the cleaning procedure is usually performed using ultrasound and water without adding any other chemical product. These washer typically consist of a chamber that is filled with water, a holder intended to attach one or more samples that may be of different shape and size, a moving lid to close the chamber, an ultrasonic power delivery module, a pump to deliver in and out the water to and from the chamber, and a rotatory mechanism to dry the samples after cleaning. Both stand-alone and tabletop washers are available. After washing the samples are ready for laboratory (e.g., metallographic) analysis, usually performed using some optical or electronic microscope technique."
    },
    {
      "code": "17489",
      "display": "Washers, Microplate",
      "definition": "Washers designed for automatic removal of dirt, stains, and/or biological debris (i.e., washing) from microplates (e.g., 96-well plates).  These washers typically include an enclosure, a plate holder, pumps, hoses for connection to solution supplies and to a vacuum source, and a programmable control unit (e.g., for controlling wash cycles, soak time, and mode of dispensing). Microplate washers may perform several preestablished and/or customized cycles of operation, typically including buffer washing, soaking  and nonsoaking washes, and aspirate operations in any chosen order. They are suitable to clean microplates used in many laboratory procedures, including fluorescence, chemiluminiscence, DNA probes, and enzyme immunoassay."
    },
    {
      "code": "28496",
      "display": "Washers, Multipurpose, Steam",
      "definition": "Washers designed for cleaning using steam. This equipment does not provide disinfection or sterilization. These washers typically consist of a metallic (e.g., stainless steel) unit including heating elements, one or more tanks for pressurized water and solutions (e.g., buffing solutions), and a wand for manual application of steam. The unit may also provide cleaning, polishing, shining (i.e., buffing), and/or rinsing capabilities. Steam washers (commonly known as steamers or vapor cleaners) are mostly used in healthcare facilities in dental (e.g., to remove wax, oil) and ophthalmic laboratories; they are also intended to clean and polish a variety of other small devices."
    },
    {
      "code": "15197",
      "display": "Washers, Pipette",
      "definition": "Washers designed for the automatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from pipettes (e.g., serological pipettes). These washers typically consist of a stainless steel or plastic (e.g., high-density polyethylene) washing compartment that is resistant to high water temperatures and corrosive chemicals, as well as appropriate containers and holders for the pipettes. Pipette washers perform cycles of operations that typically include water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, chemical wash, and cold and/or heated rinse; the process usually includes mechanical removal of contaminants by scrubbing and/or other procedures such as intermittent siphoning to produce a turbulent fill-and-empty cycle in the pipettes; some washers include drying capabilities. Pipette washers are used mainly in clinical laboratories; they are available for a variety of pipette lengths (e.g., [38, 61, or 81 cm] 15, 24, and 32]). Multipurpose labware washers may also be used to wash pipettes, but their use is usually limited to pipettes a maximum length of a few inches."
    },
    {
      "code": "23556",
      "display": "Washers, Slide",
      "definition": "Labware washers designed for precise, temperature-controlled washing of slides. These devices typically consist of compartments appropriate for holding slides mounted on racks that may be inserted in sleeves; these devices include controls for accurate regulation of the washing temperature (e.g., from ambient to 70 degrees C) during the entire washing procedure. Slide washers are intended to wash laboratory slides used in procedures that require strict temperature control, such as hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)."
    },
    {
      "code": "37305",
      "display": "Waste Disposers, Food Service",
      "definition": "Devices, usually electrically powered, installed under a food service sink between the sink drain and the trap, that shreds food waste into pieces small enough, generally less than 2 mm (0.079 in), to pass through plumbing. Food waste disposers typically have a grinding chamber with a cutting element such as a shredder or grinding ring, an electric motor, and a partial rubber closure or removable metal cover on the top of the disposal unit to prevent food waste from flying back up out of the grinding chamber and to reduce noise. Food waste disposers can be continuous feed or batch feed. Continuous feed models are used by feeding in waste after they are started, and batch feed units are used by placing waste inside the unit before being started. Many disposers have legs that keep them off the ground and are adjustable in height to fit beneath the sink."
    },
    {
      "code": "37307",
      "display": "Waste Pulpers, Food Service",
      "definition": "Units that break down food service area waste, including food, disposable utensils, paper napkins, cardboard containers, and condiment packets, by grinding them into small particles, and then extract most of the moisture. Pulpers pump the liquid waste into the plumbing system while the solid waste is disposed of in a waste receptacle, which may or may not be included with the pulper. The units typically include a control unit; water flow source; grinder unit; and a dewatering unit, such as compression screen. They are frequently installed under a food service work table."
    },
    {
      "code": "37184",
      "display": "Waste Receptacle Liners",
      "definition": "Liners typically made of plastic materials that are used to cover the interior of waste receptacles for the purpose of keeping them clean and facilitating the monitoring (e.g., counting surgical sponges) and disposal of the contents."
    },
    {
      "code": "37187",
      "display": "Waste Receptacle Liners, Biohazardous Material",
      "definition": "Liners typically made of plastic materials that are used to cover the interior of waste receptacles for the purpose of keeping them clean and facilitating the monitoring (e.g., counting surgical sponges) and disposal of the contents. These bags are often color coded (e.g., yellow or red) or contain a biohazard symbol on their exterior to indicate that they contain biohazardous waste, and are typically made of thicker plastics to help prevent against punctures and tears."
    },
    {
      "code": "12223",
      "display": "Waste Receptacle Liners, Kick Bucket",
      "definition": "Liners typically made of plastic materials that are used to cover the interior of kick buckets for the purpose of keeping them clean and facilitating the monitoring (e.g., counting surgical sponges) and disposal of the contents."
    },
    {
      "code": "14424",
      "display": "Waste Receptacles",
      "definition": "Containers designed for the collection and storage of waste materials. These receptacles typically consist of a metal or hard plastic reusable or disposable structure, frequently with a disposable (e.g., paper, plastic) liner appropriate for the waste material; the receptacles usually have separate or attached (e.g., hinged) covers; they are frequently available in several colors (e.g., red, blue, yellow) and/or include labels (e.g., biohazardous, infectious, radioactive, cytotoxic) to identify their intended contents. Dedicated waste receptacles are available for general hospital use (i.e., noncontaminated trash) and also for contaminated materials such as cytotoxic, radioactive, and biohazardous waste. Waste receptacles are not intended for the final disposal of waste or the transformation of hazardous waste into safe products."
    },
    {
      "code": "17234",
      "display": "Waste Receptacles, Chemotherapy",
      "definition": "Waste receptacles designed for the collection and storage of cytotoxic materials (e.g., chemotherapy/antineoplastic drugs). These receptacles typically consist of a metal or hard plastic disposable structure, frequently with a disposable (e.g., paper, plastic) liner and/or sealed leakproof bags, and usually separate or attached (e.g., hinged) covers that allow temporary and final closure options. The receptacles usually include gaskets around the covers to prevent leakage and labels (i.e., signs with cytotoxic biohazard symbols) to identify their intended contents. Plastic bags are sometimes used as chemotherapy receptacles. Cytotoxic waste receptacles are used mainly in radiology and nuclear medicine departments and may be used in clinical laboratories and pharmacies for temporary storage before final disposal."
    },
    {
      "code": "14426",
      "display": "Waste Receptacles, Contaminated Material",
      "definition": "Waste receptacles designed for the collection and storage of contaminated and/or otherwise hazardous waste materials. These receptacles typically consist of a metal or hard plastic reusable structure, frequently with a disposable (e.g., paper, plastic) liner appropriate for the contaminated waste material and usually separate or attached (e.g., hinged) covers. Contaminated material waste receptacles usually include gaskets around the covers to prevent leakage and labels (i.e., cytotoxic biohazard symbols) to identify their intended contents; they are used for collection of hazardous materials in healthcare facilities, doctors' offices, and nursing homes. Dedicated containers are available for collection of biological, radioactive, and cytotoxic materials."
    },
    {
      "code": "14428",
      "display": "Waste Receptacles, Radioactive Material",
      "definition": "Waste receptacles designed for the collection and storage of radioactive materials, including containers previously used for those materials (e.g., scintillation vials). These receptacles typically consist of a metal or hard plastic disposable structure, frequently with an internal radiation shield (e.g., lead liner) and usually separate or attached (e.g., hinged) radiation-shielded covers. The receptacles usually allow temporary and final closure options. Radioactive waste receptacles are used mainly in radiology, nuclear medicine, and oncology treatment areas."
    },
    {
      "code": "14421",
      "display": "Waste-Disposal Units",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for the safe collection, storage, transformation, and/or disposal of hazardous waste material. These units may consist of a hard plastic or metal structure with a mechanism to transform hazardous materials into nonhazardous products (e.g., glass crushing devices); devices intended for the storage of products (e.g., radioactive materials) until they become safe; devices that directly dispose of the hazardous material (mainly used for liquid disposal); and/or special units that include accessories to mitigate risks posed by the enclosed hazardous products (e.g., sharps). These units are usually leakproof and sealed, and the complete unit may be intended for disposal. Waste disposal units are used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities to facilitate and/or perform waste disposal, decreasing the risks of contamination for patients and staff. Dedicated units intended for sharps, glass crushing, liquid waste, and radioactive materials are available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21915",
      "display": "Waste-Disposal Units, Glass Crushing",
      "definition": "Waste-disposal units specially designed for destroying glassware (e.g., vials, bottles), either filled or empty, before disposal; they may also crush glass syringes (without needles). These units typically consist of a small cabinet with a container for the glassware to be crushed and either a crank (manual operation) or a motor (automatic operation) to crush the glass. The finely crushed glass is then rinsed and disposed of for recycling, while the waste liquid is transferred into an external waste container. Glass-crushing waste disposal units are typically constructed of stainless steel; dedicated, simpler units intended only for crushing syringe barrels during field use (e.g., immunization) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23151",
      "display": "Waste-Disposal Units, Liquid",
      "definition": "Units designed for the disposal of liquid waste, including contaminated or potentially infectious liquid or semiliquid blood and/or other body fluids, from a waste collection container (e.g., canister) into the sewage system. Some units have the capability to wash and/or disinfect the waste collection container. Liquid waste-disposal units are used in healthcare facilities for liquid waste management and are intended to allow disposal of liquid waste with minimal potential for staff exposure. Several waste-disposal unit types exist that differ depending on the method by which liquid waste is collected and transported to the waste-disposal unit. One type of unit is intended to evacuate and dispose of liquid waste from aspirator collection canisters. Canisters are removed from the operating room collection apparatus and manually transported to the location of the waste-disposal unit. These disposal units typically work with specific waste-disposal unit-compatible canisters (frequently supplied by the disposal unit manufacturer); however, some disposal units are able to be used with any canister design. A second type of unit integrates the collection and disposal functions in a single unit and is typically installed in the operating room itself. Lastly, a third type of unit functions as one component of a liquid waste management system. These units are designed to dispose of liquid waste from dedicated mobile collection units, which are typically cart-based units that include one or more integrated collection canisters."
    },
    {
      "code": "14423",
      "display": "Waste-Disposal Units, Sharps",
      "definition": "Puncture-resistant containers used for the disposal of sharps, including syringes, needles, laboratory glassware, stylets, lancets, blades, scissors, trocars, and scalpels, without recapping, cutting, or bending. These units are typically constructed of plastic (polypropylene, polycarbone, or high-density polyethylene) or cardboard (compressed fiberboard). Some containers have absorbent liners to hold fluids that may be left in syringes or ampules. Container inlet designs allow sharps to be inserted either vertically or horizontally. Circular disposal slots are typically designed for vertical insertion; rectangular ports are designed for horizontal insertion. Mailbox slots have fixed or moving parts that stack the contents horizontally so that points are not directed upward or downward. Some inlets are designed to automatically lock out when the unit is full. Some units are translucent or have translucent lids or windows to allow monitoring."
    },
    {
      "code": "28032",
      "display": "Water Chillers",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to exchange heat from water to a substance that is capable of a reversible phase transition from liquid to gas (i.e., a refrigerant). This equipment typically consists of a powered (e.g., electrical, steam) mechanical unit that provides the heat exchange from the water to the refrigerant in a closed loop; then the refrigerant may transfer the heat to the local environment or pump it to the external atmosphere. Water chillers frequently use the vapor-compression technology (i.e., the reverse Rankine cycle) which main components are: (1) the refrigeration compressor, (2) a heat exchanger (i.e., condenser), and (3) an evaporator (that is also a heat exchanger); other technologies such as those based on absorption technology are also available. Water chillers are used in many applications that require keeping the temperature low, including air conditioning, bringing down the water temperature in processes (e.g., sterilization) that produce heating (e.g., to speed the drying cycles), and during laboratory analysis that require low temperature."
    },
    {
      "code": "14434",
      "display": "Water Purification Filters, Charcoal",
      "definition": "Water purification systems designed to remove charged particles (i.e., eliminate both cations and anions such as salts and metal ions) using deionization procedures. These systems consist of one or more containers (known as resin beds) that contain appropriate resins beads (both cationic and anionic) for the deionization procedure. There are systems using a mixed-bed, containing both cationic and anionic resins in a single vessel, and dual-bed systems, where each resin type is in a separate vessel. For most medical uses, including hemodialysis, mixed-bed systems should be used. Deionizers are frequently used after a reverse osmosis when ionic contamination is such that reverse osmosis (RO) alone cannot produce water of acceptable quality. Dedicated deionization systems used in hemodialysis procedures, both stand-alone and portable, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "15612",
      "display": "Water Purification Systems",
      "definition": "Systems designed to provide water that is free of contaminants. These systems can eliminate one or more of the main (i.e., physical, chemical, and/or microbial) contaminants found in the water supplied (frequently tap water) to a healthcare facility. The main steps for a complete purification of the contaminated water include: (1) initial filtration (to eliminate particulates larger than 10 micron); (2) addition of a softener to remove calcium and magnesium; (3) use of carbon beds to eliminate (usually by absorption) low-molecular weight organic chemicals, especially chloramines frequently found in tap water; (4) reverse osmosis, a process that removes salts, bacteria, metal ions, and particulates; (5) deionization to remove charged particles (e.g., salts, metal ions); (6) ultrafiltration (to filter out particulates larger than 0.05 microns) that may remove bacteria pyrogens; and (7) ultraviolet radiation to kill microorganisms. Health care facility water purification systems are intended to provide a centralized supply of water in normal conditions or in emergency situations (e.g., after flooding); they may also be used in clinical laboratories and other areas of the facility. Water purification systems are an absolute necessity to perform hemodialysis procedures. Dedicated water purification systems that perform only one or a few of the purification steps (e.g., reverse osmosis, deionization, and ultraviolet radiation) according to the type of contaminants present in the water are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14435",
      "display": "Water Purification Systems, Deionization",
      "definition": "Water purification systems designed to remove charged particles (i.e., eliminate both cations and anions such as salts and metal ions) using deionization procedures. These systems consist of one or more containers (known as resin beds) that contain appropriate resins beads (both cationic and anionic) for the deionization procedure. There are systems using a mixed-bed, containing both cationic and anionic resins in a single vessel, and dual-bed systems, where each resin type is in a separate vessel. For most medical uses, including hemodialysis, mixed-bed systems are often used. Deionizers are frequently used after a reverse osmosis when ionic contamination is such that reverse osmosis (RO) alone cannot produce water of acceptable quality. Dedicated deionization systems used in hemodialysis procedures, both stand-alone and portable, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "11145",
      "display": "Water Purification Systems, Filtering/Deionization",
      "definition": "Water purification systems designed for filtration, carbon adsorption, and removal of charged particles (i.e., deionization) from the water. These systems typically consist of several containers intended to perform some or all of the following sequence of operations; (1) filtering to eliminate large particulates; (2) addition of a softener to eliminate calcium and magnesium; (3) elimination of low-molecular weight organic materials using a carbon bed; (4) deionization using both cationic and anionic resins. Filtering/deionization water purification systems when used alone do not eliminate or kill microorganisms;  they are intended to provide soft \"treated\" water (i.e., a low content of metals such as calcium and magnesium) for use in healthcare facilities in areas such as clinical laboratories, pharmacies, and/or for clinical procedures (e.g., hemodialysis); the systems are also used in healthcare facilities and at home for purposes different from medical use."
    },
    {
      "code": "14437",
      "display": "Water Purification Systems, Reverse Osmosis",
      "definition": "Water purification systems designed to remove salts, bacteria, metal ions, and particulates using reverse osmosis (RO). These systems typically consist of a container with a central semi-permeable membrane separating the contaminated water from the purified water. Hydrostatic pressure high enough to exceed the osmotic pressure is then applied to the contaminated water section. The membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to the solutes providing purified water on the other side of the membrane. The contaminated water is discarded when the osmotic pressure increases to the point that it is not possible to continue the process. Reverse osmosis systems may be used after filtration of the incoming water is performed, especially if the water is highly contaminated with particulates. Deionization, ultrafiltration, and/or disinfection with ultraviolet radiation may be needed after reverse osmosis if the presence of contaminants is high due to the fact that RO removes percentages (e.g., 95 to 99 percent) rather than fixed quantities of contaminants. Dedicated RO systems intended for use in hemodialysis procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20682",
      "display": "Water Purification Systems, Reverse Osmosis, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Reverse osmosis (RO) water purification systems designed to deliver water pure enough for hemodialysis procedures. These systems typically consist of a container with a central semi-permeable membrane separating the contaminated water from the purified water. Hydrostatic pressure high enough to exceed the osmotic pressure is then applied to the contaminated water section. The membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to the solutes thus providing purified water on the other side of the membrane. RO systems used in hemodialysis remove salts, metal ions, and particulates to a greater degree than standard RO systems. Water obtained after the procedure should be tested periodically due to the high volume of water that patients are exposed to during hemodialysis in which even trace quantities of contaminants (e.g., aluminum) may be dangerous. The elimination of chloramines (e.g., using a carbon bed) present in tap water is also essential. Hemodialysis reverse osmosis is usually performed after filtration to eliminate particulates from the incoming water. Deionization, ultrafiltration, and/or disinfection with ultraviolet radiation may be needed after reverse osmosis if the presence of contaminants is high due to the fact that RO removes percentages (e.g., 95 to 99 percent) rather than fixed quantities of contaminants. Portable hemodialysis RO systems are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "20683",
      "display": "Water Purification Systems, Reverse Osmosis, Hemodialysis, Mobile/Portable",
      "definition": "Hemodialysis reverse osmosis (RO) water purification systems designed to deliver water pure enough for hemodialysis procedures that can be transported on wheels or that are compact and lightweight enough to permit manual carrying or wearing by one person (i.e., portable). These systems typically consist of a small container with a central semi-permeable membrane separating the contaminated water from the purified water. Hydrostatic pressure high enough to exceed the osmotic pressure is then applied to the contaminated water section. The membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to the solutes thus providing purified water on the other side of the membrane. Appropriate tubing (e.g., hoses) to connect the system to the water supply and the hemodialysis unit respectively is also needed. RO systems used in hemodialysis remove salts, bacteria, metal ions, and particulates to a greater degree than standard RO systems. Water obtained after the procedure should be tested periodically due to the high volume of water that patients are exposed to during hemodialysis in which even trace quantities of contaminants (e.g., aluminum) may be dangerous. The elimination of chloramines (e.g., using a carbon bed) present in  tap water  is also essential. Reverse osmosis systems may be used after filtration of the incoming water is performed, especially if the water is highly contaminated with particulates. Deionization, ultrafiltration, and/or disinfection with ultraviolet radiation may be needed after reverse osmosis if the presence of contaminants is high due to the fact that RO removes percentages (e.g., 95 to 99 percent) rather than fixed quantities of contaminants."
    },
    {
      "code": "14438",
      "display": "Water Purification Systems, Ultraviolet",
      "definition": "Water purification systems designed to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms using germicidal ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These systems typically consist of a water flow chamber that include UV light sources (typically UV-C is used with a wavelength from 100 to 280 nm) encaged in transparent protectors; the UV radiation kills or renders innocuous most of the microorganisms present in the water. UV water purification systems are mainly used as a last step of a water treatment system intended to obtain pure water, typically after previous filtering, deionization, and/or reverse osmosis have been performed. Dedicated UV systems used in hemodialysis procedures are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "28495",
      "display": "Water Recovery Systems, Steam Sterilizing Unit",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to recover water from the exhaust steam of sterilizers by condensing the steam and delivering the water back to the sterilizing unit for reuse. The recovery systems typically consist of a unit that includes a pump to deliver the water back to the sterilizing unit; a motor; a temperature switch; a level gauge; a water tank; and a kit including hoses and connectors that is placed between the sterilizing and water recovery units. Water recovery systems are used to reduce the amount of water wasted by the process of steam sterilization."
    },
    {
      "code": "36644",
      "display": "Water Tanks",
      "definition": "Tanks used to store water."
    },
    {
      "code": "20369",
      "display": "Water-Jet Surgical Units",
      "definition": "Surgical units designed to perform surgery using jets of high-pressure water or water solutions (e.g., saline). The devices typically consist of a central console for pressurizing the liquid which includes controls and an operating switch (e.g., footpedal); a liquid-delivery system, including a pump, tubes, high-pressure nozzles, and a liquid container; and specialized handpieces (usually disposable) to apply the jet. Some units include a collecting system to capture the jet and debris. These surgical units perform resection without warming; they can also cut apart (i.e., dissect) certain tissues from other, such as liver tissue from vessels and muscle from fat. Water-jet surgical units can provide the desired tissue dissection either immersed in irrigation fluid or in air; some units are specialized for endoscopic and/or dermal procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "20370",
      "display": "Water-Jet Surgical Units, Arthroscopic",
      "definition": "Water-jet surgical units designed to perform endoscopic surgery in the articulations (i.e., arthroscopic). These units typically include an electrically powered central console for pressurizing the liquid (e.g., up to 30,000 psi) and a switch (e.g., footpedal) to control the operation; a liquid-delivery system, including a pump, tubes, high-pressure nozzles, and a liquid container; a waste hose for collecting the liquid and debris (e.g., excised tissue); and a set of specialized tools. Some tools are used for direct delivery of the jet; other tools (e.g., burs) use the high-pressure liquid as a power source to rotate turbine-driven mechanisms. Arthroscopic water-jet surgical units can cut, shape, and remove soft and hard tissue, including bone burring; they are used in a variety of arthroscopic procedures in small and large articulations."
    },
    {
      "code": "25189",
      "display": "Water-Jet Surgical Units, Wound",
      "definition": "Water-jet surgical units designed to perform surgical procedures in wounds by means of a pressurized stream of water. These units typically consist of an electrically powered central console that includes a power display, a foot switch, power controls, a fault indicator, and a pressurized liquid system connected to a liquid pump. The procedure is typically performed using one of a variety of detachable single-use handpieces that provide the water-jet to the wound. Wound water-jet surgical units are intended to dissect and remove tissue and debris from wounds and surgical sites."
    },
    {
      "code": "36628",
      "display": "Waterjet Massage Units",
      "definition": "Massage units that use waterjets with a barrier between the patient and the water. These massage units typically consist of a base/tank that holds the water and electric components; a mattress that contains pulsating water jets attached to a mobile unit; a surface pad that covers the mattress; and a control panel with adjustable settings for pressure/intensity, pulse frequency, water temperature, and/or area(s) to concentrate therapy delivery. These units operate on an electric power source and are usually self-contained so no plumbing or water disposal is usually necessary."
    },
    {
      "code": "41919",
      "display": "Waxers",
      "definition": "Electric units designed to carve and shape waxes used in molds and casting. Waxers use electricity to heat a metal tip for carving and shaping the waxes. The units have one or more handpieces. Electric waxers can feature a range of heat settings and control options, as well as different types and shapes of tips, including spatulas."
    },
    {
      "code": "23492",
      "display": "Waxers, Dental Laboratory",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for use in dental laboratories/workshops for modeling of dental wax to shape and refine a 3-dimensional model created from dental wax impressions of the patient's teeth and gums. The electronic dental waxing unit consists of a handpiece, heating pin, and a set of (e.g., modeling, needle) tips and/or spatulas with hand controls and sometimes foot controls. Tooth veneers, crowns, bridges, and other dental restorations are duplicated from the wax model as shaped by the dental waxer."
    },
    {
      "code": "37616",
      "display": "Weighted Vests",
      "definition": "Vests designed with inserted objects that locally increase the weight. These garments usually consist of soft vests with inserted objects (typically fabric pouches filled with steel pellets or sand); the vests are available in a variety of sizes according to the anatomy of the user (e.g., children, adults). Weighted vests are mainly used to facilitate calm and focus attention of patients with autism and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and/or to treat patients with other neurologic or psychiatric conditions. Weighted vests can also be used in physical therapy exercises."
    },
    {
      "code": "41158",
      "display": "Welding Units",
      "definition": "Units that are used to join materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together. Welding units use energy sources, such as electric arc, laser, or ultrasound, to heat the material. Some of these units can be used at a lower temperature for soldering, which does not melt the base metal. Welding units can include a footswitch, cables, welding tips, and clamps."
    },
    {
      "code": "17465",
      "display": "Welding Units, Orthodontic",
      "definition": "Welding units used for orthodontic applications. They can be used to weld wires, brackets or bands, appliances and other orthodontic accessories."
    },
    {
      "code": "17431",
      "display": "Wetting Solutions, Contact Lens",
      "definition": "Wetting solutions formulated for rewetting contact lenses. Specialized solutions are available according to the material of the contact lenses (e.g., soft, gas permeable, rigid). Wetting solutions are typically used after lens cleansing and before placing the lens on the eyes. The use of contact lens wetting solutions facilitates lens wear and relieve from minor irritation, thus extending lens wearing time."
    },
    {
      "code": "18174",
      "display": "Wheel Locks, Wheelchair",
      "definition": "Devices intended to lock the wheels (typically the rear wheels) of a wheelchair in place in order to prevent it from moving (rolling)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18173",
      "display": "Wheelchair Brakes",
      "definition": "Devices intended to decelerate and stop the wheels of a nonpowered wheelchair.  They may also be used to lock the wheels in place."
    },
    {
      "code": "25724",
      "display": "Wheelchair Handcycles",
      "definition": "Third-wheel devices that are controlled and/or pedaled by the hands designed for attachment to a wheelchair. These devices usually consist of a front wheel with a crank mechanism including hand pedals and handbrakes, kick stands for keeping the third wheel upright in a parking position, and an adapter for connecting to a wheelchair. They make a three-wheel cycle by their attachment to the front of a wheelchair. These devices can either be manually operated, or battery-powered. Wheelchair handcycles are mainly used for facilitating locomotion by people who are usually restricted to a wheelchair. They can also be used for recreational purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24192",
      "display": "Wheelchair Handcycles, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Third-wheel devices that are controlled and pedaled by the hands designed for attachment to a wheelchair. These devices usually consist of a front wheel with a crank mechanism including hand pedals and handbrakes, kick stands for keeping the third wheel upright in a parking position, and an adapter for connecting to a wheelchair. These devices are hand powered. They make a three-wheel cycle by being attached to a wheelchair. Mechanical wheelchair handcycles are mainly used for facilitating locomotion by people who are usually restricted to a wheelchair. They can also be used for recreational purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "24193",
      "display": "Wheelchair Handcycles, Powered",
      "definition": "Third-wheel devices that are equipped with a battery-powered motor and controlled by the patient's hands and that are designed for attachment to a wheelchair. These devices usually consist of a front wheel with handles, handbrakes, kick stands for keeping the third wheel upright in a parking position, an adapter for connecting to a wheelchair, a motor powered with a battery, a LED lamp, a speed control, and they usually have hand pedals to propel or maneuver the wheelchair whenever needed. They make a three-wheel cycle by being attached to a wheelchair. These devices assist people in riding on slopes or when higher speeds are needed. Powered wheelchair handcycles are mainly used for facilitating locomotion by people who are usually restricted to a wheelchair. They can also be used for recreational purposes."
    },
    {
      "code": "33919",
      "display": "Wheelchair Pushrims",
      "definition": "Pushrims are rings made of metal (such as aluminum or titanium) or of solid rubber that are attached to the outside of a wheelchair's wheels to help the occupant move the wheelchair; they are smaller in diameter than the wheels. Pushrims provide surfaces for the thumbs, fingers, and hands of the wheelchair occupant; the pushrims are gripped and rotated to provide propulsion to move the wheelchair's wheels. Pushrims may be coated to provide nonslip, cushioned gripping surfaces."
    },
    {
      "code": "17835",
      "display": "Wheelchair Ramps",
      "definition": "Ramps designed to be installed inside or outside of buildings or used with vehicles and intended to facilitate access by people who use wheelchairs or scooters. Wheelchair ramps are usually constructed with standardized minimum widths, maximum slopes, maximum lengths, weight-bearing capacity; the longer the ramp, the lesser the slope should be. Wheelchair ramps are usually made of aluminum, concrete, galvanized steel, or wood, and have non-skid surfaces. Some ramps include hand rails."
    },
    {
      "code": "17836",
      "display": "Wheelchair Ramps, Portable",
      "definition": "Wheelchair ramps that are designed to be portable and that can be folded and moved to other locations, or reconfigured, as needed. Portable ramps can be used inside or outside of buildings or with vehicles, such as vans or automobiles, to facilitate access for wheelchairs and their occupants. Wheelchair ramps are usually constructed with standardized minimum widths, maximum slopes, maximum lengths, weight-bearing capacity; the longer the ramp, the lesser the slope should be. Wheelchair ramps are usually made of aluminum, concrete, galvanized steel, or wood, and have non-skid surfaces. Some ramps include hand rails. Some portable ramps can be powered by being connected to the vehicle's electrical system."
    },
    {
      "code": "17837",
      "display": "Wheelchair Ramps, Stationary",
      "definition": "Wheelchair ramps that are designed to be stationary and intended to be installed permanently onto buildings. They are usually bolted or cemented in place. They are intended to facilitate access by people who use wheelchairs or scooters."
    },
    {
      "code": "17892",
      "display": "Wheelchair Restraints, Motor Vehicle",
      "definition": "Devices (e.g., anchored straps) designed to secure an occupied wheelchair while it is in a motor vehicle. These devices are typically anchored to the vehicle floor."
    },
    {
      "code": "17951",
      "display": "Wheelchair Tires",
      "definition": "Ring-shaped coverings that fit around the wheels of a wheelchair to absorb shock and to provide traction between the vehicle and the surface upon which the wheelchair is being used. Wheelchair tires are made in various sizes to fit differently sized wheelchair wheels. Wheelchair tires can be made of solid polyurethane or foam; some may be hollow with replaceable pneumatic inner tubes with valves to add air as need to keep the tires inflated to a desired pressure."
    },
    {
      "code": "15987",
      "display": "Wheelchair Trays",
      "definition": "Flat boards (i.e., trays) designed for use as wheelchair accessories that are mainly intended to facilitate patient activities such as eating, writing, and reading. These trays are typically made of metal, hard plastic, or wood and attached to the front or sides of the wheelchair using clamps or hinges. Dedicated wheelchair trays filled with gel and/or special paints for sensory (i.e., tactile) stimulation for disabled patients are available; wheelchair lapboards to support the arm are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "18025",
      "display": "Wheelchair Wheels",
      "definition": "A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axial bearing and are used to support and to provide a means of moving the wheelchair. These wheels can be rotated manually by the user or power-assisted with batteries. Wheelchair wheels are typically between 22 to 26 inches (56 to 66 cm) in diameter. Smaller wheels, typically between 3 and 8 inches (7 to 20 cm) in diameter and between 1 and 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) in width, are sometimes called casters. Wheelchairs typically have two sets of wheels, 2 larger ones and 2 smaller ones. The wheels can be placed on the front, middle, or rear of the wheelchair, depending upon its design."
    },
    {
      "code": "31204",
      "display": "Wheelchair/Bicycles",
      "definition": "Vehicles designed as a tricycle that combine a wheelchair and the rear of a bicycle in tandem.  The vehicle consists of the frame, pedals, seat, handlebars, and back wheel of a bicycle and a detachable wheelchair at the front. The vehicle is pedaled and steered by the person who is seated on the bicycle frame while the disabled person is seated in the wheelchair; typically the wheelchair can detach from the bike frame for stand-alone use. Some of these vehicles include battery-powered capabilities (i.e., batteries and electric motors) to assist the pedaler; they may also include wheelchair attachments such as lap belts and adjustable head and foot rests. Wheelchair/bicycles are intended to bring long-range outdoor rides to a temporarily or permanently disabled person who cannot operate a powered wheelchair by him or herself."
    },
    {
      "code": "18140",
      "display": "Wheelchair/Scooter Canopies",
      "definition": "Canopies designed to be attached to the back of a wheelchair or scooter and to be suspended over the head of the occupant of the wheelchair or scooter, to protect the occupant from exposure to sun, rain, or snow. They are made in different sizes to fit adult or pediatric wheelchairs or scooters. Canopies are usually made of solid fabric and may come with a clear observation panel, and can be vented with the addition of mesh material on the sides and back. Wheelchair canopies are distributed with mounting kits that are used to mount the canopies to the back of the wheelchair's or scooter's frame; the mounting kits vary, based upon the model of the wheelchair or scooter. The canopies can be attached and removed by slipping them in or out from the mounts."
    },
    {
      "code": "14449",
      "display": "Wheelchairs",
      "definition": "Chairs mounted on large wheels, usually 55 to 66 cm (22 to 26 in), designed for indoor (e.g., hospital, institution, home) or outdoor transportation of patients or individuals with impaired walking ability."
    },
    {
      "code": "16949",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Mechanical",
      "definition": "Wheelchairs that are user propelled and/or attendant operated (i.e., nonpowered, mechanical, manually-operated)."
    },
    {
      "code": "18407",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Mechanical, Disabled Patient",
      "definition": "Mechanical wheelchairs designed for daily use by disabled people.  These wheelchairs may include foot rests, a table (e.g., wraparound, cut out) for patient use (e.g., dining, writing), restraints (e.g., safety belt), and other attachments according to the person's needs and comfort."
    },
    {
      "code": "18408",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Mechanical, Disabled Patient, Bariatric",
      "definition": "Mechanical wheelchairs for daily use by disabled bariatric patients.  These wheelchairs are made with heavy-duty frames and wide seats and with maximum capacity of at least 140 kg (300 lb).  Some of these chairs also include foot rests, a table (e.g., wraparound, cut out) for patient use (e.g., dining, writing), and other accessories, or restraint, according the patients' disabilities and comfort."
    },
    {
      "code": "18409",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Mechanical, Disabled Patient, Pediatric",
      "definition": "Mechanical wheelchairs designed for daily use by disabled children.  These wheelchairs may include foot rests, a table (e.g. wraparound, cut out), and other accessories or restraints according the patients' disabilities and comfort."
    },
    {
      "code": "17620",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Mechanical, Patient Transfer",
      "definition": "Mechanical wheelchairs designed for temporary patient transport.  These wheelchairs are usually lightweight, and some are also foldable. Patient-transfer wheelchairs are usually designed to be attendant operated."
    },
    {
      "code": "16214",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Powered",
      "definition": "Powered wheelchairs with the capability of climbing curbs and stairs and/or allowing the occupant to operate the wheelchair while lifted in a balanced seated position to the eye level of a standing person. They may have additional capabilities such as displacement on uneven surfaces (e.g., gravel, sand, grass) and operation under remote control when the occupant is not sitting in the wheelchair. These wheelchairs typically consist of a seating structure, including a seat, a backrest, armrests, footrests, and other components and/or accessories; a power system, including a motor, a battery, and brakes; a computerized unit for easy and reliable device operation; and a control unit operated by the occupant. Climbing/lifting powered wheelchairs (as typical for powered wheelchairs) are customized for each patient's needs; they are usually appropriate for both indoor and outdoor use."
    },
    {
      "code": "20691",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Powered, Climbing/Lifting",
      "definition": "Powered wheelchairs with the capability of climbing curbs and stairs and/or allow the occupant to operate the wheelchair while lifted in a balanced seated position to the eye-level of a standing person. They may have additional capabilities such as displacement on uneven surfaces (e.g., gravel, sand, grass) and operation under remote control when the occupant is not sitting on the wheelchair. These wheelchairs typically consist of a seating structure including a seat, a backrest, armrests, footrests, and other components and/or accessories; a power system including a motor, a battery, and brakes; a computerized unit for easy and reliable operation of the wheelchair; and a control unit operated by the occupant. Climbing/lifting powered wheelchairs (as typical for powered wheelchairs) are customized for each patient needs; they are usually appropriate for indoor and outdoor use."
    },
    {
      "code": "18410",
      "display": "Wheelchairs, Powered, Disabled Patient",
      "definition": "Powered wheelchairs (wheelchairs that are self-propelled, usually by an electric motor) designed for daily use by disabled people.  These wheelchairs may include foot rests, a table (e.g. wraparound, cut out) for patient use (e.g., dining, writing), and restraints (e.g., safety belt), and other attachments according to the person's needs and comfort."
    },
    {
      "code": "21887",
      "display": "Wire Crimpers",
      "definition": "Instruments designed for bending metallic wires and/or plastic cords or tightening them to anatomic parts and/or prostheses and implants during surgical and dental procedures. Some crimpers are used to manipulate flexible pins and bands. These crimpers are typically a dedicated forceps- or pliers-like, handheld, manual instrument with jaws specially conformed to manipulate wires (and/or flexible pins or bands). Wire crimpers are used mainly in orthopedic, middle-ear, and nasal procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21980",
      "display": "Wire Crimpers, Dental, Orthodontic",
      "definition": "Dental wire crimpers designed for bending or tightening metallic wires to teeth and surrounding structures in orthodontic procedures. These crimpers are typically a pliers-like handheld instrument with appropriate size and conformed jaws to manipulate wires in the oral cavity. Orthodontic wire crimpers are used mainly to temporarily repair braces and/or retainers."
    },
    {
      "code": "21889",
      "display": "Wire Crimpers, Surgical",
      "definition": "Wire crimpers designed for bending or tightening metallic wires and/or plastic cords or bands to anatomic parts and/or prostheses and implants during surgical procedures. These crimpers are typically a forceps-like, handheld, manual instrument with jaws conformed to manipulate wires and/or flexible pins or bands. Dedicated surgical crimpers are available for use in orthopedic (e.g., cerclage), middle-ear, and nasal procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "21890",
      "display": "Wire Crimpers, Surgical, Middle Ear",
      "definition": "Surgical wire crimpers designed for bending or tightening metallic and plastic wires to middle-ear anatomic structures. These crimpers are typically a forceps-like handheld instrument with appropriate size and conformed jaws to manipulate wires in the ear canal. Middle-ear surgical wire crimpers are used mainly in procedures intended to repair or reattach the middle-ear ossicles; they are also used in reconstructive and plastic-surgery procedures of the inner ear."
    },
    {
      "code": "21894",
      "display": "Wire Crimpers, Surgical, Oral/Maxillary",
      "definition": "Surgical wire crimpers designed for bending or tightening metallic wires to the maxilla and/or other oral tissue. These crimpers are typically a pliers-like, sturdy, handheld instrument with appropriate size and conformed jaws to manipulate wires around the maxilla and/or in the oral cavity. Oral/maxillary surgery wire crimpers are used mainly in procedures intended to fix bones in a fractured maxilla or to correct malpositions of the jaw bones (i.e., orthognathic surgery)."
    },
    {
      "code": "21892",
      "display": "Wire Crimpers, Surgical, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Surgical wire crimpers designed for bending or tightening metallic wires to bones during orthopedic procedures. These crimpers are typically a forceps-like handheld instrument with appropriate size and conformed jaws to manipulate wires; they frequently include attached pins protruding from the jaws to roll the wire. Orthopedic surgery wire crimpers are used mainly in procedures intended to fix bones in open fractures of long bones; they are also used as an aid in orthopedic cerclage procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "37431",
      "display": "Work Tables, Food Service",
      "definition": "Freestanding tables that provide space for food service staff to prepare and cook food items. These work tables can also act as a dedicated place for equipment like slicers and countertop mixers. Food service work tables are used to extend countertops, fill spaces between cooking equipment, or serve as standalone work stations. They can also hold light countertop equipment like toasters and food warmers. They are almost always 36-inches tall with stainless steel, wood, or poly plastic tops. The tables can have an open base or undershelf or enclosed base. They can also have a backsplash."
    },
    {
      "code": "41921",
      "display": "Workstation, Telemanipulation, Image Processing",
      "definition": "Workstations that include the central processing and vision equipment for a telemanipulation system. It is designed to be the integration hub for power generation, image processing and information systems for the telemanipulation system. This workstation includes a central connection point where all system and auxiliary devices can be connected, an illuminator to provide light to the surgical field, controls for the workstation applications, and other equipment and audiovisual connections. The workstation usually includes a viewing monitor and shelves to hold auxiliary equipment."
    },
    {
      "code": "21952",
      "display": "Workstations",
      "definition": "Devices designed to acquire, process, and store data and/or images specific to a particular procedure (e.g., radiography, cardiology, ultrasound). The main component of a workstation is usually a high-capacity digital computer. Workstations typically obtain the data directly from the devices that perform the procedure (e.g., digital radiographic units, gamma cameras) or through digitized scans of printed or electronic images (e.g., films, image plates). They typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices; a workstation usually follows the instructions of specialized software for data and/or image processing. Workstations are frequently installed as a component of or interact with department and/or hospital information systems, including picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "21957",
      "display": "Workstations, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process and store digital data and images acquired by monitors and/or recorders used in a cardiac catheterization laboratory, intended to locate and identify irregularities in the heart and its vasculature, the aorta, or the vena cava, as well as to define the size or severity of lesions. These workstations typically obtain the hemodynamic parameters or related physiologic data (e.g., valve areas, shunt flows, systolic ejection periods) directly from monitors, cardiac output units, and electrodes; they also obtain images from the catheterization system and/or peripheral imaging devices. Catheterization laboratory workstations usually consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software to create reports related to hemodynamic data and images and include physician comments. They are frequently installed as a component of or interact with cardiology information systems and/or cardiology picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "28262",
      "display": "Workstations, Clinical Laboratory, Automation",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to manipulate laboratory automation equipment in real time by retrieving, processing and storing digital data using minimal operator intervention. These workstations may operate all or only some of the equipment used in a complete laboratory process. They may perform sample preparation in pre-analytical modules (e.g., sample labeling, sorting, decapping); sample transport to analytical modules (e.g., hematology, molecular assay, clinical chemistry, and immunology analyzers); perform a particular type of procedure (e.g., nucleic acid processes); and handle post-analytical storage of samples. The individual units may be standard IVD equipment (e.g., centrifuges, sorters, pipetters, washers, refrigerators, analyzers) or, more frequently, standard manufacturer or custom designed modules according to the healthcare facility needs.  Workstations controlling laboratory automation may interact with clinical laboratory and/or hospital information systems. The workstations are intended to improve the efficiency of the process, decrease turnaround time of samples, and reduce errors in the process."
    },
    {
      "code": "36159",
      "display": "Workstations, Computer Aided Design/Manufacturing, Dental Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to operate systems used in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of dental prostheses. These workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices. They can obtain, process, and store digital dental topographic data and images (i.e., digital dental impressions) following a dedicated software and then send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing and/or repair of the required prostheses. The workstation usually interacts with the devices used in the procedure, such as the optical scanning system and milling/drilling machines. Dental prosthesis CAD/CAM workstations are used in dental treatment areas and also in dental laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "36428",
      "display": "Workstations, Computer Aided Design/Manufacturing, Orthopedic, Spinal Orthosis/Prosthesis/Seat Cushion",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to operate systems used in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of spinal orthopedic orthoses and/or prostheses; most workstation can be also used to design and manufacture seat cushions intended to accommodate the spine while seating . These workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices. They can obtain, process, and store digital orthopedic topographic data and images (i.e., digital orthopedic impressions) of the spine following a dedicated software and then send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing and/or repair of the required orthoses and/or prostheses. Spinal orthopedic workstations usually interacts with the devices used in the procedure, such as optical scanning systems, mechanical body pressure digitizing systems, and milling/drilling machines. Spinal orthosis/prosthesis orthopedic prosthesis CAD/CAM workstations are used in orthopedic treatment areas and also in orthopedic laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "36179",
      "display": "Workstations, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to operate systems used in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of healthcare products (e.g., dental prostheses, orthopedic orthoses and prostheses). These workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices. They can acquire, process, and store digital data and images following a dedicated software and then send the data directly or through a network to manufacturing units such as milling units or additive manufacturing machines for automated manufacturing and/or repair of the required products . The workstation usually interacts with the devices used in the procedure, such as optical scanning system and milling/drilling machines. CAD/CAM workstations are used in dedicated healthcare areas (e.g., dental, orthopedic, ophthalmic) and in their associated laboratories and workshops."
    },
    {
      "code": "36180",
      "display": "Workstations, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing, Orthopedic",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to operate systems used in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of orthopedic orthoses and/or prostheses. These workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices. They can obtain, process, and store digital orthopedic topographic data and images (i.e., digital orthopedic impressions) following a dedicated software and then send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing and/or repair of the required orthoses and/or prostheses . The workstation usually interacts with the devices used in the procedure, such as an optical or mechanical scanning system and milling/drilling machines. Orthopedic prosthesis CAD/CAM workstations are used in orthopedic treatment areas and also in orthopedic laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "36420",
      "display": "Workstations, Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing, Orthopedic, Foot Orthosis/Prosthesis",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to operate systems used in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of foot orthopedic orthoses and/or prostheses. These workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices. They can obtain, process, and store digital orthopedic topographic data and images (i.e., digital orthopedic impressions) following a dedicated software and then send the data directly or through a network to milling units for automated manufacturing and/or repair of the required orthoses and/or prostheses. Foot orthopedic workstations usually interact with the devices used in the procedure, such as an optical scanning system, a mechanical plantar digitizing system, and milling/drilling machines. Foot orthosis/prosthesis orthopedic CAD/CAM workstations are used in orthopedic treatment areas and also in orthopedic laboratories."
    },
    {
      "code": "20796",
      "display": "Workstations, Digital Radiography",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process digital data and images acquired by radiography units and systems. These workstations typically obtain the digital radiography data directly from the digital radiography systems or through digitized scans of radiography films or image plates. Digital radiography workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software for radiographic image processing. Digital radiography workstations are frequently installed as a component of or interact with radiography and/or hospital information systems (e.g., radiology information systems)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20797",
      "display": "Workstations, Digital Radiography, Dental",
      "definition": "Digital radiography workstations designed to process digital data and images acquired by dental radiography units and systems. These workstations typically obtain the data directly from digital dental radiographic systems or through digitized scans of radiography films or image plates. Dental radiography workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors; a workstation usually follows the instructions of specialized software for dental image processing."
    },
    {
      "code": "20798",
      "display": "Workstations, Digital Radiography, Mammographic",
      "definition": "Digital radiography workstations designed to process digital data and images acquired by mammography units and systems. These workstations typically obtain the data directly from digital mammographic systems or through digitized scans of radiographic films or image plates. Digital mammography workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software for mammography image processing. The workstations are frequently installed as a component of or interact with radiography (e.g., radiology information systems) and/or hospital information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "25679",
      "display": "Workstations, Electrocardiography",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to acquire, process, and store data and/or electrocardiographic (ECG) images to facilitate the observation of variations of the electric potential caused by the electrical activity of the heart muscle, usually detected at the body surface. Electrocardiographs are used to study the action of the heart muscle, for diagnosis of specific cardiac abnormalities, and to reveal trends or changes in heart function. ECG workstations typically obtain the data from electrocardiographic electrodes affixed to certain anatomic points of the patient, which transmit the electrical signals to the workstation's recorder through a wired or wireless interface. Wireless ECG systems consist of a monitor transceiver that receives data wirelessly from the patient transceiver that is attached to the patient with an armband. ECG workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices. A workstation usually follows the instructions of specialized software for data and/or image processing. Workstations are frequently installed as a component of or interact with department and/or hospital information systems, including picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "21961",
      "display": "Workstations, Gamma Camera/Single Photon Emission Tomography",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process digital data and images acquired by gamma camera scanning systems that may include single photon emission tomography (SPET) systems. These workstations typically obtain the anatomic images or related physiologic information directly from the gamma cameras. Gamma camera/SPET workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors (e.g., array processors). These workstations usually follow the instructions of specialized software to measure the spatial distribution and intensity of radiation emitted from radiopharmaceuticals; software specific for SPET scanning systems permits computer reconstruction of transverse image slices taken through the patient's body. The workstations are frequently installed as a component of or interact with hospital information systems, including radiology picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "33567",
      "display": "Workstations, Healthcare",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process and store health-related digital data and images from patients; the information may be provided by the patient, healthcare staff, healthcare information system, and/or by instruments, recorders, and monitors that may be integral to the workstation. Basic healthcare workstations are intended to obtain data from the patient and the healthcare information system during a self-registration (check-in) process; other healthcare workstations are intended to facilitate diagnosis and/or monitoring of patients. Healthcare workstations are frequently placed in installations known as medical kiosks; they typically consist of mobile computerized units that include input devices (e.g., keypads, touch-screens), output devices (e.g., monitors, printers), and electronic memories and processors; they may also include interfaces with healthcare information systems and physiologic measuring devices, monitors, and recorders. Healthcare workstations may be intended for check-in administrative data, for monitoring and/or diagnoses either operated by the patient or by the healthcare staff to provide a comprehensive set of tests. In addition to healthcare settings these stations may be available in pharmacies and other non-clinical locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33573",
      "display": "Workstations, Healthcare, Medical Diagnostic Kiosk",
      "definition": "Healthcare workstations designed to facilitate the diagnoses of common diseases by performing a set of pre-established physiologic tests. These units are placed in installations known as medical kiosks and the data and/or images obtained are then compared with the information available in the kiosk workstation. Medical diagnostic kiosk workstations typically consist of a mobile computerized unit (e.g., personal computers, laptops) that includes input devices (e.g., keypads, touch-screens), output devices (e.g., monitors, printers), and electronic memories and processors. The kiosk workstations also include as integral components physiologic measuring devices, monitors, recorders, and appropriate software; they may also include interfaces with healthcare information and/or telemedicine systems. Medical diagnostic kiosk workstations operated by the patient usually provide a limited set of tests; more elaborate diagnostic workstations operated by the healthcare staff provide a more comprehensive set of tests. In addition to healthcare settings these workstations may be available in pharmacies and other non-clinical locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "28003",
      "display": "Workstations, Healthcare, Medical Diagnostic Kiosk, Self-Operated",
      "definition": "Healthcare workstations designed to facilitate the diagnosis of common diseases by performing a set of pre-established physiologic tests. These units are placed in installations known as medical kiosks and operated by the patient; the data and/or images obtained are then compared with the information available in the kiosk workstation. Self-operated (automated) medical diagnostic kiosk workstations typically consist of mobile computerized units (e.g., personal computers, laptops) that include input devices (e.g., keypads, touch-screens), output devices (e.g., monitors, printers), and electronic memories and processors. The kiosk workstations also include as integral components physiologic measuring devices, monitors, recorders, and appropriate software; they may also include interfaces with healthcare information systems. Self-operated diagnostic kiosk workstations usually provide a limited set of tests (e.g., blood pressure, pulse rate, electrocardiography, height and weight measurement, spirometry, blood glucose).  In addition to healthcare settings these workstations may be available in pharmacies and other non-clinical locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33575",
      "display": "Workstations, Healthcare, Medical Diagnostic Kiosk, Staff-Operated",
      "definition": "Healthcare workstations designed to facilitate the diagnosis of common diseases by performing a set of pre-established physiologic tests. These units are placed in installations known as medical kiosks and operated by the healthcare staff (typically a registered nurse); the data and/or images obtained are then compared with the information available in the kiosk workstation. Staff-operated medical diagnostic kiosk workstations typically consist of mobile computerized units (e.g., personal computers, laptops) that include input devices (e.g., keypads, touch-screens), output devices (e.g., monitors, printers), and electronic memories and processors. Staff-operated kiosk workstations also include as integral components physiologic measuring devices, monitors, recorders, and appropriate software; they may also include interfaces with healthcare information and telemedicine systems. Medical diagnostic kiosk workstations operated by the healthcare staff usually provide a comprehensive set of tests that require professional assessment. In addition to healthcare settings these workstations may be available in pharmacies and other non-clinical locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33576",
      "display": "Workstations, Healthcare, Medical Monitoring Kiosk",
      "definition": "Healthcare workstations designed to allow healthcare professionals to remotely monitor patients suffering from common diseases by performing a set of pre-established physiologic tests. These units are placed in installations known as medical kiosks and operated by the healthcare staff (typically a registered nurse). The data and/or images obtained are then sent to a healthcare information system for further assessment. Medical monitoring kiosk workstations typically consist of mobile computerized units (e.g., personal computers, laptops) that include input devices (e.g., keypads, touch-screens), output devices (e.g., monitors, printers), and electronic memories and processors. Medical monitoring kiosk workstations also include as integral components physiologic measuring devices, monitors, recorders, and appropriate software; they also include interfaces with healthcare information and telemedicine systems. Monitoring kiosk workstations provide a limited set of tests that may be customized to a particular disease (e.g., diabetes) and/or patient. In addition to healthcare settings these workstations may be available in pharmacies and other non-clinical locations."
    },
    {
      "code": "33570",
      "display": "Workstations, Healthcare, Registration/Administrative Data",
      "definition": "Healthcare workstations designed to process and store health-related digital data and images from patients; the workstations are intended to obtain administrative data from the patient and the healthcare information system during the check-in process. These workstations may be placed in the healthcare facility areas or in installations known as medical kiosks; they typically consist of computerized units that include input devices (e.g., keypads, touch-screens), output devices (e.g., monitors, printers), and electronic memories and processors. Registration and administrative data workstation typically include interfaces with healthcare information systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "41980",
      "display": "Workstations, Heart-Lung Bypass",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to acquire, process, and store digital data related to heart-lung bypass treatments and equipment. These workstations typically store and process patient and treatment data, send treatment parameters to the heart-lung bypass pumps, and display and transfer real-time continuous clinical data. Heart-lung bypass workstations include a high-capacity digital computer and a display for the data; they may also include printers, input and output devices, and processors."
    },
    {
      "code": "22510",
      "display": "Workstations, Hemodialysis",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to acquire, process, and store digital data related to hemodialysis treatments and equipment. These workstations typically store and process patient and treatment data, send treatment parameters to the hemodialysis machines, and provide complete patient prescription, treatment, and related data. Hemodialysis workstations typically include a high-capacity digital computer, printers, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software intended for management of hemodialysis procedures. They are frequently installed as a component of or interact with hemodialysis machines and/or hospital information systems; some workstations include capabilities for management of peritoneal dialysis procedures."
    },
    {
      "code": "23472",
      "display": "Workstations, Intensive Care",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process and store digital data and images acquired by monitors, recorders, and/or imaging and information systems (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) in real time. These workstations display, on the same screen, data, waveforms, and alarms from bedside and/or telemetric physiologic monitors and images and other patient data from hospital information systems, such as picture archiving and communication systems (PACS); they also permit the introduction of orders for patient care by physicians. The workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer with a powerful microprocessor, optical/magnetic disks, and input and output devices; they usually operate following instructions from specialized software. Intensive care workstations are intended to integrate information from monitors, imaging systems (e.g., PACS), and additional data at the patient's point of care, permitting the healthcare staff (i.e., physicians, nurses) to interact with the information in real time."
    },
    {
      "code": "21972",
      "display": "Workstations, Multiple Modality, Three-Dimensional Image",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to analyze, process, and store high-resolution volumetric digital images and data from several different diagnostic imaging systems, providing three-dimensional (3-D) images and segmentation. The images are usually obtained from computed radiography (CR), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US) scanners using appropriate software. 3-D image workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, input and output devices, and data/image processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software for rapid and straightforward manipulation of images. The main feature of the software is, in addition to the display of 3-D images, its capability for segmentation and measurement of tumors, lesions, and aneurysms using real-time multiplanar reformatting of the images; these workstations can also provide bone-free images facilitating the visualization of vessels and other soft tissue (e.g., angiograms). Workstations with dedicated software intended for only one application or a few applications (CR, CT, MRI, US, endoscopy) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "23448",
      "display": "Workstations, Ophthalmology",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to obtain and process the digital data and images acquired by ophthalmic instruments, by still image and video cameras (including pictures from slit lamps), and/or from patient records. These workstations typically acquire the information directly from measuring and imaging instruments (e.g., refraction, corneal topography), information systems (e.g., picture archiving and communication), and administrative data (e.g., patient identification, schedule of tests and appointments). Ophthalmic workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, magneto-optical disks, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software for data and image processing. The workstations may work as an autonomous unit or be installed as a component of or interact with hospital information systems, including picture archiving and communication systems. Dedicated ophthalmic workstations, intended to be used to facilitate refractive diagnoses, laser treatments, and the performance of cataract surgery, are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "27727",
      "display": "Workstations, Pharmacy, Medication Dispensing",
      "definition": "Pharmacy workstations designed to obtain and process data related to prescription verification, tracking, management and/or manual dispensing of medications. These workstations typically consist of a computerized unit including a display, data input devices (e.g., keyboards, touchscreens), and barcode scanners and labelers; the workstation usually includes dedicated software that permits communication with clinical pharmacy data management systems. Medication dispensing workstations are intended to manage, check and verify the status of the complete dispensing process in real time; when placed at the point of dispensing the workstation facilitates proper identification and tracking of both patients and medications."
    },
    {
      "code": "21968",
      "display": "Workstations, Picture Archiving and Communication System",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process and store digital images and data acquired by one or more diagnostic imaging systems, including computed radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound scanners. These workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, very-high-capacity optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and data/image processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software for manipulation of images from different sources, frequently permitting computer reconstruction of transverse image slices taken through the patient's body. These workstations typically permit image processing and display and include a high image archiving capacity; they may be networked with other workstations and/or display devices conforming to a picture archiving and communication system. Dedicated workstations with capacity for three-dimensional processing and analysis of the images are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "21969",
      "display": "Workstations, Picture Archiving and Communication System, Three-Dimensional Image",
      "definition": "Picture archiving and communication systems workstations designed to analyze, process, and store high-resolution volumetric digital images and data, providing three-dimensional (3-D) images and segmentation. These workstations can process images from several different diagnostic imaging systems, including computed radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound scanners. Three-dimensional workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, very-high-capacity optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and data/image processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software for rapid and straightforward manipulation of images. The main feature of the software is, in addition to the display of 3-D images, its capability for segmentation and measurement of tumors, lesions, and aneurysms using real-time multiplanar reformatting of the images; the software also permits the display of bone-free images facilitating the visualization of vessels and other soft tissue (e.g., angiograms)."
    },
    {
      "code": "20799",
      "display": "Workstations, Radiotherapy",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process digital data and images acquired by radiotherapy and/or radiotherapy simulation systems. These workstations typically obtain the information directly from the radiotherapy units and/or systems (e.g., linear accelerators, automated brachytherapy systems). Radiotherapy workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software for radiotherapy image processing. The workstations are frequently installed as a component of or interact with radiotherapy and/or hospital information systems, including picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "21955",
      "display": "Workstations, Radiotherapy, Planning",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy workstations designed to optimize the calculation of the expected radiation energy (dose) distributions within patients from both external sources of radiation (teletherapy) and implanted sources (brachytherapy).  These workstations typically consist of a computer, software for dosage calculation, and input and output devices (e.g., keyboards, monitors, printers) for graphic and alphanumeric data. Radiotherapy planning workstations usually follow the instructions of appropriate software that enables clinicians to choose the best combination of radiation beams and modalities for eradicating tumors while reducing radiation-related complications in healthy tissue. They are used mainly for treatment of cancer and related diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "21953",
      "display": "Workstations, Radiotherapy, Record/Verify",
      "definition": "Radiotherapy workstations designed to verify that the proper radiotherapy treatment is being delivered and to provide a permanent record.  These workstations include input and output devices for graphical and alphanumeric data (e.g., keyboards, monitors, printers). They usually follow the instructions of software intended to reduce human error by monitoring the parameters of the radiotherapy unit (e.g., linear accelerator), patient information, and dose prescription before commencement of treatment. The information is entered into a patient's file and stored. Record/verify workstations are usually interlocked with the radiotherapy unit to ensure that treatment is not permitted if any parameters are outside the predetermined tolerances. They are used mainly in treatment of cancer and related diseases."
    },
    {
      "code": "21966",
      "display": "Workstations, Stereotactic Surgery",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process and store digital data and images acquired by monitors, recorders, and/or imaging systems (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) in real time used in three-dimensional image-guided surgery. These workstations typically process stored data from imaging systems before surgery and simultaneously process data and images in real time using electromagnetic techniques or optical devices (e.g., LEDs) for three-dimensional real-time tracking of the anatomic structures and positioning of instruments, based on anatomic landmarks and/or and preestablished fiducials. Stereotactic surgery workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software according to the procedure (e.g., cardiosurgery, cardiac ablation, neurosurgery). The workstations may interact with information systems and/or cardiology picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "21959",
      "display": "Workstations, Stress Exercise",
      "definition": "Workstations designed to process and store digital data and images acquired by monitors and/or recorders used in a stress-exercise laboratory, intended to evaluate the cardiac and/or pulmonary response of a person to physical stress while performing exercise on a treadmill or a bicycle ergometer. These workstations typically obtain the cardiac data (e.g., heart rate, ST-segment trend, arrhythmias) and respiratory function data (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide consumption, inspiratory and expiratory volumes) from monitors and recorders. Stress-exercise laboratory workstations typically consist of a high-speed digital computer, high-definition printers, optical/magnetic disks, input and output devices, and processors; they usually follow the instructions of specialized software to create reports that help diagnose and monitor the course of coronary artery and/or pulmonary diseases or to differentiate between them. Stress-exercise workstations are frequently installed as a component of or interact with cardiology information systems and/or cardiology picture archiving and communication systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "42021",
      "display": "Wound Contact Layers",
      "definition": "Thin, non-adherent sheets placed on an open wound bed to protect the tissue from direct contact with other agents or dressings applied to the wound. They conform to the shape of the wound and are porous to allow exudate to pass through for absorption by an overlying, secondary dressing. Contact layers may be used with topical medications. They are often made from polyurethane film and silicone gel."
    },
    {
      "code": "42065",
      "display": "Wound Contact Layers, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Wound contact layers impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). They reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "41595",
      "display": "Wound Packing Strips",
      "definition": "Long, narrow pieces of material placed in open wounds to absorb drainage and promote wound healing. The packing strips are usually made of cotton gauze."
    },
    {
      "code": "42066",
      "display": "Wound Packing Strips, Antimicrobial",
      "definition": "Wound packing strips impregnated with antimicrobial agents (e.g., silver). They reduce the number of and/or kill microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses); they are intended mainly to reduce the risk of infections."
    },
    {
      "code": "39442",
      "display": "Wound Therapy Systems",
      "definition": "Therapeutic systems designed to aid in the treatment of chronic or non-healing wounds. These systems typically include devices and supplies designed to control one or more aspects of the wound microenvironment (e.g., humidity, pressure, oxygenation, temperature) in a manner intended to promote healing of chronic or hard-to-heal wounds."
    },
    {
      "code": "20395",
      "display": "Wound Therapy Systems, Negative-Pressure",
      "definition": "Therapeutic systems designed to treat open wounds by locally applying negative pressure to the wound site. These systems typically consist of a computer-controlled vacuum pump connected to a dressing via a suction/evacuation tube; systems employing mechanically powered sources of negative pressure are also available. Vacuum pumps may be line-powered or battery-powered and reusable or single-use. The dressings usually include a foam (e.g., black polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol) dressing with an embedded evacuation tube and a transparent film dressing that is applied over the foam package to seal the foam and the tube. These systems apply either continuous or intermittent negative pressure through the tube to the foam dressing, drawing off excess of interstitial fluids from the wound. Wound exudate is collected either in the dressing or removed via the suction/evacuation tube, which empties into a collection canister. Negative-pressure wound-therapy systems decompress the capillaries and lymphatic vessels, thus improving blood flow to the wound and reestablishing normal circulation of interstitial fluids."
    },
    {
      "code": "20394",
      "display": "Wound Therapy Systems, Noncontact Normothermic",
      "definition": "Therapeutic systems designed to treat open wounds by locally warming them to temperatures close to normal (i.e., normothermic) or slightly higher than body values, typically close to 38 degC (100 degF), without making contact with the wound. These systems usually consist of a noncontact wound cover, a warming card, and an electronic temperature-control unit. The noncontact cover consists of a gas-vapor-permeable plastic (e.g., polyurethane) film that maintains a 100% humidity environment and absorbs wound exudates; it also includes a transparent window to view the wound. The covers are available in a range of sizes to accommodate different wound sizes and/or body sites. The warming cards include the heating element; they are inserted into a pocket of the noncontact cover to deliver temperature-controlled radiant heat to the wound. The cards are typically multiuse, single-patient devices.  The temperature-control unit consists of an electronic regulator for monitoring and controlling the temperature; it may be line and/or battery operated. Noncontact normothermic wound-therapy systems are used for continuous protection and treatment of chronic wounds (which commonly develop in bedridden, diabetic, and venous-insufficient patients); the treatment typically consists of several one-hour warming sessions daily. They are intended to promote healing in wounds that are difficult to heal using conventional treatments."
    },
    {
      "code": "34923",
      "display": "Wound Therapy Systems, Topical Oxygen",
      "definition": "Therapeutic systems designed to treat chronic or non-healing wounds by increasing the oxygen concentration in the air surrounding the wound. These systems typically consist of an oxygen-producing unit (typically an oxygen concentrator or oxygen generator) and a means of trapping the produced oxygen at the wound site."
    },
    {
      "code": "39445",
      "display": "Wound Therapy Systems, Topical Oxygen, Normobaric",
      "definition": "Topical oxygen wound therapy systems designed to treat chronic or non-healing wounds by increasing the oxygen concentration in the air surrounding the wound without increasing air pressure. These systems generally include an oxygen-producing unit, which is typically a small, portable, battery-powered oxygen concentrator or oxygen generator a tubing set that delivers oxygen to the site of the wound; and an occlusive wound dressing that covers the wound and the distal end of the tubing set. Normobaric oxygen-wound therapy systems operate at flow rates between 3 and 13 mL/hour to deliver low-dose oxygen to a chronic or non-healing wound site. These systems are typically used to deliver oxygen to the wound site continuously over the course of several days."
    },
    {
      "code": "39447",
      "display": "Wound Therapy Systems, Topical Oxygen, Pressurized",
      "definition": "Topical oxygen wound therapy systems designed to treat chronic or non-healing wounds by increasing the oxygen concentration and pressure of the air surrounding the wound. These systems generally include an oxygen-producing unit (typically an oxygen concentrator or oxygen generator) connected to a reservoir for trapping oxygen-enriched low-pressure air; systems based on reusable chambers or single-use sleeves are available. Pressurized oxygen-wound therapy systems typically operate at oxygen flow rates between 2 and 5 L/min. Air pressure within the chamber or bag is typically elevated by 5 to 50 mbar (i.e., pressurized to 1.005 to 1.05 ATM). These systems are typically used intermittently in multiple sessions over the course of several days or weeks."
    },
    {
      "code": "14464",
      "display": "Wrappers, Sterile",
      "definition": "Wrappers, typically in the form of a sheet, envelope, or wrap, designed to contain medical devices during the sterilization process and maintain the sterility of the device until the wrapper is opened. These wraps are typically water and alcohol repellent, contain a microbial barrier, have a high resistance to puncture and tearing, and are made of cloth or paper materials (e.g., polypropylene fabric, crepe paper) that are porous to allow for the penetration of sterilizing agents (e.g., chemicals, heat, or steam) within the sterilizing unit (e.g., autoclave). There are typically chemical sterilization process indicators on both the inside and outside of the wrap to indicate that the wrap has been through a sterilizing unit and remains sterile during storage."
    },
    {
      "code": "14473",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Cassette Holders",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold large x-ray film cassettes during radiographic procedures on an external part of the body. These holders typically are made of sturdy metal frames with clamps or slots to hold the x-ray film cassettes. Some x-ray film cassette holders are made for use on a tabletop and may have non-skid footings, while others may be free-standing poles with feet or wheels. The frames that hold the x-ray film cassettes may be fixed in one position or adjustable."
    },
    {
      "code": "14486",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Cassette Image Intensifying Screens",
      "definition": "Screens designed to intensify the latent image on x-ray films used in radiography. These screens typically consist of a thin sheet of celluloid or other radiolucent material, coated with a thin layer of a suspension of dehydrated x-ray excitable phosphors on the cassette side that is in contact with the film when it is mounted in the cassette. When x-rays act on phosphors they glow with a visible light intensifying the generation of the latent image on the film. This action reduces the patient exposure to x-rays usually in a range of 10 to 40 times."
    },
    {
      "code": "16561",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Changers",
      "definition": "Devices designed for rapid change of the x-ray films of radiographic devices when a very quick sequence of radiographies of  physiologic events is necessary. The process of film change consist of sending a film from a protected place to the exposure site, and to allow the exposed film to be withdrawn and replaced for another film prior to the next exposure.  X-ray film changers are capable of  moving an x-ray film either in rolls or sheets; some changers can move cassettes containing films."
    },
    {
      "code": "16590",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Changers, Cassette",
      "definition": "X-ray film changers that transport cassettes containing film sheet, rather than film. The cassettes also include a pair of compatible intensifying screens with adequate pressure to  ensure good film-screen contact. Cassette changers accommodate cassettes ranging in size from 30 x 120 cm (12 x 47 inches) to 35 x 90 cm ( 14x 36 inches); they may be used in exams (e.g., peripheral angiography) not requiring the higher film rates provided by sheet or roll changers."
    },
    {
      "code": "16592",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Changers, Roll-Film",
      "definition": "X-ray film changers that transport roll films of  a specific size from a supply magazine through an exposure area to a receiving magazine, in a manner very similar to the path of film through a movie projector. Typical roll-film changers have five major components: mounting stand, changer, supply magazine, receiving magazine, and program selector. The operating cycle of the changer comprises a transport period, when the film is in motion, and a stationary period when the film is held still for exposure."
    },
    {
      "code": "16591",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Changers, Sheet-Film",
      "definition": "X-ray film changers designed to transport single sheets of  film of a specific size from a supply magazine through a pair of intensifying screens to a receiving bin at a fast rate, e.g., several films per second. Typical sheet-film changers have five major components: a mounting stand, a film changer, a supply magazine, a receiving magazine, and a program selector. The operating cycle of the x-ray film changer typically consists of a transport period (i.e., when the film is in motion) and a stationary period (i.e., when the film is held still for exposure). Sheet-film x-ray film changers are typically used in radiographic/fluoroscopic procedures such as angiography and cardiac catheterization."
    },
    {
      "code": "15819",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Cutters",
      "definition": "Tabletop or handheld instruments with a flat surface where the x-ray film is placed and a handle with a blade that is manually raised and lowered to slice the x-ray film after it has been developed, fixed, and washed."
    },
    {
      "code": "13259",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Duplicators",
      "definition": "Devices designed to produce diagnostic-quality copies of radiographic images on duplicating film that has a layered silver-based emulsion on one side. The duplicating film is laid over the original x-ray film, and both films are placed or fed into the duplicator. The films are then exposed to a light source (usually ultraviolet), and the image of the original film is transferred onto the duplicating film. The duplicate is then processed in an x-ray processor. Some duplicators are capable of image subtraction, enlargement, reduction, and enhancement. X-ray film duplicators are used to make copies of films from all imaging technologies (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, dental radiography); duplicates are used by surgeons, as teaching aids, as evidence in legal proceedings, and for record keeping at patient transfer. The originals can then be stored to maintain the integrity of central files."
    },
    {
      "code": "16246",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Handling Equipment, Automatic, Daylight",
      "definition": "Equipment designed for diagnostic x-ray film processing in any room under normal lighting conditions. This equipment may consist either of a centralized unit that integrates cassette loading, unloading, and processing functions into a single unit that automatically unloads the exposed filmand passes it to the attached or integral processor; or a modular system that includes specially designed or modified conventional cassettes, a film-loading dispenser, a cassette film unloader with an integral identification-labeling system, and an automated x-ray film processor to which the unloader is attached.  X-ray daylight film handling equipment allows an unassisted technologist, or one in an area remote from a darkroom, to process a diagnostic examination without leaving the area or losing sight of the patient. The use of daylight film handling equipment reduces the time spent waiting for film processing, sometimes eliminating the need for darkrooms and darkroom personnel."
    },
    {
      "code": "16205",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Holders, Dental",
      "definition": "Holders designed to hold small x-ray films inside the mouth during dental radiographic procedures. These x-ray film holders are typically made of plastic radiolucent materials with a small clasp or window frame on the end of a small arm that fits inside of the mouth while holding a small x-ray film in a flat or angled position."
    },
    {
      "code": "14477",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Labelers",
      "definition": "Units that transpose patient, procedure, and facility identification data onto x-ray films. Most units use an exposure plate or LED technology. The data is entered on paper identification card or through a digital device before being transferred to the x-ray film. Some units may have positioning guides and automatic exposure timers."
    },
    {
      "code": "33045",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Labelers, Digital",
      "definition": "X-ray film labelers designed to have identification data entered digitally. The data can be entered using a keyboard or transmitted from a hospital or radiography information system."
    },
    {
      "code": "15945",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Manual Processing Equipment",
      "definition": "Set of devices intended for manual processing (i.e., developing) of x-ray films to obtain a visible image (i.e., radiography). The procedure consists of developing (i.e., reduce the silver salt to metallic salt), fixing (halt of the developing cycle, remove unexposed silver salts, and harden the gelatin), washing, and drying. The equipment includes appropriate tanks (or trays) for developing, fixing, and washing; heaters and timers to control the temperature and time of the procedure; safe lights (illuminators) to regulate the light in the darkroom permitting operator work while avoiding film damage; and appropriate bins to prevent fogging of stored film. Other equipment frequently used to facilitate the manual processing of x-ray film in darkrooms include identification printers to insert the patient ID on the film, pass-through cabinets to transfer the films in and out the darkroom, viewers for observation of radiographies, and interlocks for the doors."
    },
    {
      "code": "16695",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Mounts, Dental",
      "definition": "A paper, plastic, or vinyl frame designed to secure dental x-ray film for viewing and identification. These mounts typically have a clear plastic window in the center that allows the film to be viewed. Film mounts may come in perforated or cut-apart strips and typically contain a designated spot where patient information may be recorded."
    },
    {
      "code": "15938",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Processors, Automatic",
      "definition": "Processors that develop film exposed to various forms of energy, ranging from x-ray to visible light.  They mechanize film processing by automatically developing, fixing, washing, and drying films."
    },
    {
      "code": "15948",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Processors, Automatic, Cine",
      "definition": "Devices used to process long rolls of 16 or 35 mm film, specifically those used for cinefluorography, which uses a motion picture camera to record a fluoroscopic image formed on the output phosphor of an image intensifier tube.  Also called cine film processors."
    },
    {
      "code": "15939",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Processors, Automatic, Dental",
      "definition": "Devices used for automatically developing, fixing, washing, and drying dental x-ray film."
    },
    {
      "code": "15950",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Processors, Automatic, Tabletop",
      "definition": "Processors that are built to make in-house film developing cost-effective for small offices, clinics, satellite healthcare facilities, and mobile installations.  These processors develop film exposed to various forms of energy, ranging from x-ray to visible light.  They mechanize film processing by automatically developing, fixing, washing, and drying films. These units are small enough to be placed on tabletops or workbenches."
    },
    {
      "code": "16021",
      "display": "X-Ray Film Storage Units",
      "definition": "Units (typically cabinets) designed to store x-ray film.  These units are designed to prevent unwanted exposure by incorporating a limit switch that automatically turns off the lights when the drawers are opened."
    },
    {
      "code": "14482",
      "display": "X-Ray Film, Dental",
      "definition": "X-ray film specifically sized and designed for use with dental x-ray systems."
    },
    {
      "code": "16602",
      "display": "X-Ray Generators",
      "definition": "Equipment designed to provide an appropriate voltage and current, usually measured in kilovolt (kV) and milliampere (mA), to an x-ray tube that in turn delivers an x-ray beam with the desire characteristics; some devices may include the x-ray tube as an integral part of the generator unit. These generators  typically consist of a step-up transformer, a high-voltage circuit including rectifiers, a filament circuit, a timing circuit, and a control panel with time, kV, and mA controls.  Many generators are  microprocessor controlled. The control panel is used to initiate radiographic exposures and  to select technical factors for radiographic and fluoroscopic examinations. The secondary voltage waveform supplied to the x-ray tube can be in a diversity of forms (e.g., single-phase, full-wave rectified; three-phase, six-pulse; high-frequency, multi-pulse; or constant potential). Additional features include automatic exposure control, automatic brightness control, anatomic programming, and falling load technique. X-ray generators are an integral part of radiographic, and radiographic/fluoroscopic units and systems, including mammographic units and computed tomography (CT) scanners; some x-ray generators are designed for radiotherapy units."
    },
    {
      "code": "15975",
      "display": "X-Ray Tube Assemblies",
      "definition": "Assemblies typically consisting of an X-ray tube housing encasing an x-ray tube and a set of lead plates or shutters (i.e., collimators) attached  to the housing aperture (port). X-ray tube assemblies are usually mounted in tube supports (e.g., floor, ceiling, wall),  they may be also mounted under fluoroscopic tables and/or in the arms of mobile or C-arm units."
    },
    {
      "code": "16604",
      "display": "X-Ray Tubes",
      "definition": "Electron tubes designed for emission of x-rays usually by converting the energy of fast-moving electrons to x-ray radiant energy. These tubes typically consist of a sealed glass vacuum enclosure that includes a heating filament (the source of electrons), high-voltage plates (i.e., the anode) to accelerate the electrons, and an area of the metallic anode (the focal point) where the electrons are slowed by impact; the slowed-down electrons become the source of x-rays. X-ray tubes are the main component of x-ray generators used in devices (e.g., radiographic units and systems, radiotherapy units) intended for diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or other procedures. Dedicated x-ray tubes used in particular applications (e.g., rotatory anode and fixed anode, cold cathode) are also available."
    },
    {
      "code": "14467",
      "display": "Xenon Systems",
      "definition": "Systems that provide a safe and efficient means for the delivery and/or disposal of xenon radioisotopes (typically Xe 133, but Xe 127 is also used). These systems usually include a xenon-delivery unit, a gas trap, carbon dioxide absorbers, and bacteria filters placed in the mouthpiece. Xenon-delivery systems are mostly used in pulmonary function studies; when xenon is inhaled, a gamma camera produces images of the lungs showing regional ventilation and displaying the distribution of air intake. Xenon-delivery systems are also used during xenon-enhanced computed tomography and dynamic single-photon-emission computed tomography (CT and SPECT respectively) studies."
    }
  ]
}

name : UMDNS_Descriptors

{

}