Implementierungsleitfaden

Element id

Observation.id

Short description

serverseitige, interne ID des Datensatzes

Definition

The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

Comments

bedingtes Pflichtfeld/bedingtes MS: Alle von einem Server bereitgestellten Ressourcen MÜSSEN über eine id verfügen. Von Clients erzeugte Ressourcen, die im Kontext einer CREATE-Interaktion übermittelt werden, MÜSSEN NICHT über eine idverfügen.

Data type

category

1..*

CodeableConceptBindingPattern

Element id

Observation.category

Short description

Kategorie der Laboruntersuchung

Definition

A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

Requirements

Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

Comments

Begründung MS: Ermöglicht das Filtern, Sortieren und Gruppieren von Befunden. Für Laboruntersuchungen ist die Kategorie zwingend mit dem entsprechenden Code (z. B. LOINC-Kategorie „laboratory“) zu befüllen.

Data type

ObservationCategoryCodes (preferred)

Binding

Codes for high level observation categories.

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Pattern

{
  "coding": [
    {
      "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category",
      "code": "laboratory"
    }
  ]
}

Mappings

w5: FiveWs.class
rim: .outboundRelationship[typeCode="COMP].target[classCode="LIST", moodCode="EVN"].code

code

S Σ

1..1

Element id

Observation.code

Short description

Gegenstand der Untersuchung (Laborparameter)

Alternate names

Name

Definition

Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "name".

Requirements

Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

Comments

Begründung MS: Der Code identifiziert, was gemessen wurde, und ist damit das zentrale Element der Observation. Ohne .code ist kein eindeutiger sowie maschinell auswertbarer klinischer Kontext dokumentiert.

Data type

Binding

Codes identifying names of simple observations.

LOINCCodes (example)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

workflow: Event.code
w5: FiveWs.what[x]
sct-concept: < 363787002 |Observable entity| OR < 386053000 |Evaluation procedure|
v2: OBX-3
rim: code
sct-attr: 116680003 |Is a|

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.code.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.code.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

coding

S Σ

1..*

Element id

Observation.code.coding

Short description

Kodierung des Laborparameters

Definition

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Requirements

Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

Comments

Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by $this(Pattern)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22
rim: union(., ./translation)
orim: fhir:CodeableConcept.coding rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CD.coding

(All Slices)

The requirements in this element apply to all slices

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.code.coding.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.code.coding.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

system

S Σ

1..1

Element id

Observation.code.coding.system

Short description

System, aus dem der Code für den Laborparameter stammt (z. B. LOINC)

Definition

The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

Requirements

Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

Comments

The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.3
rim: ./codeSystem
orim: fhir:Coding.system rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.codeSystem

version

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.code.coding.version

Short description

Version of the system - if relevant

Definition

The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

Comments

Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.7
rim: ./codeSystemVersion
orim: fhir:Coding.version rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.codeSystemVersion

code

S Σ

1..1

Element id

Observation.code.coding.code

Short description

Code des Laborparameters entsprechend dem verwendeten System

Definition

A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

Requirements

Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.1
rim: ./code
orim: fhir:Coding.code rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.code

display

S Σ

0..1

Element id

Observation.code.coding.display

Short description

Anzeige-/Bezeichnungstext für den Laborparameter-Code

Definition

A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

Requirements

Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.2 - but note this is not well followed
rim: CV.displayName
orim: fhir:Coding.display rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.displayName

userSelected

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.code.coding.userSelected

Short description

If this coding was chosen directly by the user

Definition

Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

Requirements

This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

Comments

Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: Sometimes implied by being first
rim: CD.codingRationale
orim: fhir:Coding.userSelected fhir:mapsTo dt:CDCoding.codingRationale. fhir:Coding.userSelected fhir:hasMap fhir:Coding.userSelected.map. fhir:Coding.userSelected.map a fhir:Map; fhir:target dt:CDCoding.codingRationale. fhir:Coding.userSelected\#true a [ fhir:source "true"; fhir:target dt:CDCoding.codingRationale\#O ]

loinc

S Σ

1..*

CodingPattern

Element id

Observation.code.coding:loinc

Short description

Code defined by a terminology system

Definition

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Requirements

Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Pattern

{
  "system": "http://loinc.org"
}

Mappings

v2: C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22
rim: union(., ./translation)
orim: fhir:CodeableConcept.coding rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CD.coding

text

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.code.text

Short description

Plain text representation of the concept

Definition

A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

Requirements

The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

Comments

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.9. But note many systems use C*E.2 for this
rim: ./originalText[mediaType/code="text/plain"]/data
orim: fhir:CodeableConcept.text rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CD.originalText

subject

S Σ

1..1

Reference(Patient)

Element id

Observation.subject

Short description

Referenz auf den Patienten

Definition

The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

Requirements

Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

Comments

Begründung MS: Die Verknüpfung zur Patientin oder zum Patienten ist zwingend notwendig für jegliche klinische Verwertbarkeit.

Data type

Reference(Patient)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

workflow: Event.subject
w5: FiveWs.subject[x]
v2: PID-3
rim: participation[typeCode=RTGT]
w5: FiveWs.subject

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.subject.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.subject.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

reference

S Σ C

0..1

Element id

Observation.subject.reference

Short description

Patienten-Link

Definition

A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

Comments

Begründung MS: Die Verlinkung auf eine Patienten-Ressource dient der technischen Zuordnung der Dokumentation zu einem Patienten und ermöglicht wichtige API-Funktionen wie verkettete Suche, (Reverse-)Include etc. Im ISik Kontext MUSS die referenzierte Ressource konform zu ISiKPatient sein. Jenseits von ISiK KÖNNEN weitere Instanzen mit anderen Profilen referenziert werden.

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: ref-1

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

type

0..1

uriBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.subject.type

Short description

Type the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")

Definition

The expected type of the target of the reference. If both Reference.type and Reference.reference are populated and Reference.reference is a FHIR URL, both SHALL be consistent.

The type is the Canonical URL of Resource Definition that is the type this reference refers to. References are URLs that are relative to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/ e.g. "Patient" is a reference to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient. Absolute URLs are only allowed for logical models (and can only be used in references in logical models, not resources).

Comments

This element is used to indicate the type of the target of the reference. This may be used which ever of the other elements are populated (or not). In some cases, the type of the target may be determined by inspection of the reference (e.g. a RESTful URL) or by resolving the target of the reference; if both the type and a reference is provided, the reference SHALL resolve to a resource of the same type as that specified.

Data type

Binding

Aa resource (or, for logical models, the URI of the logical model).

ResourceType (extensible)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

identifier

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.subject.identifier

Short description

Logical reference, when literal reference is not known

Definition

An identifier for the target resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity it represents is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

Comments

When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

Reference is intended to point to a structure that can potentially be expressed as a FHIR resource, though there is no need for it to exist as an actual FHIR resource instance - except in as much as an application wishes to actual find the target of the reference. The content referred to be the identifier must meet the logical constraints implied by any limitations on what resource types are permitted for the reference. For example, it would not be legitimate to send the identifier for a drug prescription if the type were Reference(Observation|DiagnosticReport). One of the use-cases for Reference.identifier is the situation where no FHIR representation exists (where the type is Reference (Any).

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: .identifier

display

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.subject.display

Short description

Text alternative for the resource

Definition

Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

Comments

This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

focus

0..*

Reference(Resource)

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.focus

Short description

What the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record

Definition

The actual focus of an observation when it is not the patient of record representing something or someone associated with the patient such as a spouse, parent, fetus, or donor. For example, fetus observations in a mother's record. The focus of an observation could also be an existing condition, an intervention, the subject's diet, another observation of the subject, or a body structure such as tumor or implanted device. An example use case would be using the Observation resource to capture whether the mother is trained to change her child's tracheostomy tube. In this example, the child is the patient of record and the mother is the focus.

Comments

Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.

Data type

Reference(Resource)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

w5: FiveWs.subject[x]
v2: OBX-3
rim: participation[typeCode=SBJ]
w5: FiveWs.subject

encounter

S Σ

0..1

Reference(Encounter)

Element id

Observation.encounter

Short description

Referenz auf den Abteilungskontakt

Alternate names

Context

Definition

The healthcare event (e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction) during which this observation is made.

Requirements

For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

Comments

Begründung MS: Dient der Einordnung in den klinischen Verlauf und ermöglicht Kontextinformationen wie Aufnahmediagnose oder behandelnde Abteilung.

Data type

Reference(Encounter)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

workflow: Event.context
w5: FiveWs.context
v2: PV1
rim: inboundRelationship[typeCode=COMP].source[classCode=ENC, moodCode=EVN]

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.encounter.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.encounter.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

reference

S Σ C

0..1

Element id

Observation.encounter.reference

Short description

Literal reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL

Definition

Comments

Begründung MS: Die Verlinkung auf eine Encounter-Ressource dient der technischen Zuordnung der Dokumentation zu einem Aufenthalt und ermöglicht wichtige API-Funktionen wie verkettete Suche, (Reverse-)Include etc. Im ISik Kontext MUSS die referenzierte Ressource konform zu ISiKKontaktGesundheitseinrichtung sein. Jenseits von ISiK KÖNNEN weitere Instanzen mit anderen Profilen referenziert werden.

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: ref-1

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

type

0..1

uriBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.encounter.type

Short description

Type the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")

Definition

The expected type of the target of the reference. If both Reference.type and Reference.reference are populated and Reference.reference is a FHIR URL, both SHALL be consistent.

Comments

Data type

Binding

Aa resource (or, for logical models, the URI of the logical model).

ResourceType (extensible)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

identifier

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.encounter.identifier

Short description

Logical reference, when literal reference is not known

Definition

Comments

Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: .identifier

display

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.encounter.display

Short description

Text alternative for the resource

Definition

Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

Comments

This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

effective[x]

S Σ

0..1

Element id

Observation.effective[x]

Short description

Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung

Alternate names

Occurrence

Definition

The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. For biological subjects - e.g. human patients - this is usually called the "physiologically relevant time". This is usually either the time of the procedure or of specimen collection, but very often the source of the date/time is not known, only the date/time itself.

Requirements

Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

Comments

Begründung Must Support: Das Element effective[x] ist zentral, um die Beobachtung - insbesondere bei Laborbefunden - zeitlich korrekt einzuordnen. Es stellt sicher, dass Systeme erkennen können, wann eine Untersuchung durchgeführt oder ein Zustand beobachtet wurde. Dies ist entscheidend für:

die klinische Relevanz des Ergebnisses (z.B. aktueller vs. älterer Befund),
Verlaufsauswertungen und Trendanalysen,
zeitlich abhängige Entscheidungsunterstützung,
eine valide Anzeige im zeitlichen Kontext des Patientenaufenthalts.

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by $this(Type)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

workflow: Event.occurrence[x]
w5: FiveWs.done[x]
v2: OBX-14, and/or OBX-19 after v2.4 (depends on who observation made)
rim: effectiveTime

effectivePeriod

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

effectiveTiming

Timing

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

Timing

effectiveInstant

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

effectiveDateTime

S Σ

0..1

Element id

Observation.effective[x]:effectiveDateTime

Short description

Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation

Alternate names

Occurrence

Definition

Requirements

Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

Comments

At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

workflow: Event.occurrence[x]
w5: FiveWs.done[x]
v2: OBX-14, and/or OBX-19 after v2.4 (depends on who observation made)
rim: effectiveTime

issued

S Σ

0..1

Element id

Observation.issued

Short description

Zeitpunkt der Verfügbarkeit des Untersuchungsergebnisses

Definition

The date and time this version of the observation was made available to providers, typically after the results have been reviewed and verified.

Comments

Begründung MS: Relevant zur Nachvollziehbarkeit und Validierung von Befunden, z.B. wann eine Entscheidung darauf basierte.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

w5: FiveWs.recorded
v2: OBR.22 (or MSH.7), or perhaps OBX-19 (depends on who observation made)
rim: participation[typeCode=AUT].time

performer

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.performer

Short description

Who is responsible for the observation

Definition

Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

Requirements

May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

workflow: Event.performer.actor
w5: FiveWs.actor
v2: OBX.15 / (Practitioner) OBX-16, PRT-5:PRT-4='RO' / (Device) OBX-18 , PRT-10:PRT-4='EQUIP' / (Organization) OBX-23, PRT-8:PRT-4='PO'
rim: participation[typeCode=PRF]

value[x]

S Σ C

0..1

Element id

Observation.value[x]

Short description

Festgestellter (Mess)Wert für den Laborparameter

Definition

The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

Requirements

An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

Comments

Begründung MS: Der gemessene Wert stellt die zentrale Aussage der Observation dar. Ohne value besitzt die Observation keine medizinische Relevanz.

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by $this(Type)

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: obs-7

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 441742003 |Evaluation finding|
v2: OBX.2, OBX.5, OBX.6
rim: value
sct-attr: 363714003 |Interprets|

valueCodeableConcept

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueString

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueBoolean

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueInteger

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueRange

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueRatio

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueSampledData

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueTime

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueDateTime

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valuePeriod

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueQuantity

S Σ C

0..1

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity

Short description

Messwert in quantitativer Form

Definition

The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

Requirements

An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

Comments

Begründung MS: Standardisierte, codierte Einheiten sind für Vergleichbarkeit, Umrechnung und automatische Plausibilisierung erforderlich.

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: obs-7

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 441742003 |Evaluation finding|
v2: OBX.2, OBX.5, OBX.6
rim: value
sct-attr: 363714003 |Interprets|

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

value

S Σ

1..1

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.value

Short description

Der numerische Messwert

Definition

The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

Requirements

Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

Comments

The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: SN.2 / CQ - N/A
rim: PQ.value, CO.value, MO.value, IVL.high or IVL.low depending on the value

comparator

Σ ?!

0..1

codeBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator

Short description

< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value

Definition

How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

Requirements

Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

Meaning when missing

If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value

Data type

Binding

How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

QuantityComparator (required)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: SN.1 / CQ.1
rim: IVL properties

unit

S Σ

0..1

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.unit

Short description

Einheit des Messwertes (z. B. mg/dL)

Definition

A human-readable form of the unit.

Requirements

There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: PQ.unit

system

S Σ C

1..1

uriPattern

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.system

Short description

Kodiersystem für die Einheit (UCUM)

Definition

The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

Requirements

Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: qty-3

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Pattern

http://unitsofmeasure.org

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: CO.codeSystem, PQ.translation.codeSystem

code

S Σ

1..1

Element id

Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.code

Short description

UCUM-Code der Einheit

Definition

A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

Requirements

Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

Comments

The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: PQ.code, MO.currency, PQ.translation.code

dataAbsentReason

S C

0..1

CodeableConceptBinding

Element id

Observation.dataAbsentReason

Short description

Angabe eines Grundes weshalb kein Ergebniss der Laboruntersuchung vorliegt

Definition

Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

Requirements

For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

Comments

Begründung Must Support: Nicht alle geplanten oder dokumentierten Untersuchungen liefern auch tatsächlich ein Ergebnis. In solchen Fällen ist es wichtig, nicht nur auf das Fehlen eines Wertes zu reagieren, sondern den Grund strukturiert anzugeben. dataAbsentReason ermöglicht diese präzise Aussage und verhindert Fehlinterpretationen

Data type

Binding

Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

DataAbsentReason (extensible)

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: obs-6

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: N/A
rim: value.nullFlavor

interpretation

0..*

CodeableConceptBinding

Element id

Observation.interpretation

Short description

Interpretation oder Bewertung des Messergebnisses (z.B. „hoch“, „niedrig“, „normal“)

Alternate names

Abnormal Flag

Definition

A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

Requirements

For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

Comments

Begründung MS: Unterstützt die klinische Interpretation, insbesondere bei komplexen Parametern und automatisierten Auswertungen.

Data type

ObservationInterpretationCodes (extensible)

Binding

Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 260245000 |Findings values|
v2: OBX-8
rim: interpretationCode
sct-attr: 363713009 |Has interpretation|

note

0..*

Annotation

Element id

Observation.note

Short description

Freitextnotiz oder Kommentar zur Beobachtung (z. B. Hinweise des Labors)

Definition

Comments about the observation or the results.

Requirements

Need to be able to provide free text additional information.

Comments

Begründung MS: Dient zur Dokumentation abweichender Umstände, Freitextbefundung oder ergänzender Laborkommentare.

Data type

Annotation

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: NTE.3 (partner NTE to OBX, or sometimes another (child?) OBX)
rim: subjectOf.observationEvent[code="annotation"].value

bodySite

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.bodySite

Short description

Observed body part

Definition

Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made (i.e. the target site).

Comments

Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.

Data type

SNOMEDCTBodyStructures (example)

Binding

Codes describing anatomical locations. May include laterality.

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 123037004 |Body structure|
v2: OBX-20
rim: targetSiteCode
sct-attr: 718497002 |Inherent location|

method

0..1

Element id

Observation.method

Short description

How it was done

Definition

Indicates the mechanism used to perform the observation.

Requirements

In some cases, method can impact results and is thus used for determining whether results can be compared or determining significance of results.

Comments

Einschränkung der übergreifenden MS-Definition: Verfügt ein bestätigungsrelevantes System nicht über die Datenstruktur zur Hinterlegung der zugrundeliegenden Methode, so MUSS dieses System die Information NICHT abbilden.

Motivation zum eingeschränkten MS: Die Untersuchungsmethode einer Laboruntersuchung ist eine relevante medizinische Information: Unterschiedliche Methoden können unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. Die Methode ist daher für Transparenz und Vergleichbarkeit entscheidend. Da diese Information aktuell häufig nicht übergeben wird, wird das MS eingeschränkt. Es ist dennoch wünschenswert, dass die Probe in der Zukunft übergeben wird.

Data type

Binding

Methods for simple observations.

ObservationMethods (example)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: OBX-17
rim: methodCode

specimen

0..1

Reference(Specimen)

Element id

Observation.specimen

Short description

Specimen used for this observation

Definition

The specimen that was used when this observation was made.

Comments

Einschränkung der übergreifenden MS-Definition: Verfügt ein bestätigungsrelevantes System nicht über die Datenstruktur zur Hinterlegung der Laboruntersuchung zugrundeliegenden Probe, so MUSS dieses System die Information NICHT abbilden.

Motivation zum eingeschränkten MS: Die Probe (z. B. Serum, Urin) ist zentral für die korrekte Bewertung des Ergebnisses. Die Unterscheidung von Materialtypen ist oft diagnostisch ausschlaggebend. Da die Information aktuell jedoch häufig nicht übergeben wird, wird das MS eingeschränkt. Es ist dennoch wünschenswert, dass die Probe in der Zukunft übergeben wird

Data type

Reference(Specimen)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 123038009 |Specimen|
v2: SPM segment
rim: participation[typeCode=SPC].specimen
sct-attr: 704319004 |Inherent in|

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

reference

S Σ C

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.reference

Short description

Literal reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL

Definition

Comments

Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: ref-1

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

type

0..1

uriBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.type

Short description

Type the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")

Definition

The expected type of the target of the reference. If both Reference.type and Reference.reference are populated and Reference.reference is a FHIR URL, both SHALL be consistent.

Comments

Data type

Binding

Aa resource (or, for logical models, the URI of the logical model).

ResourceType (extensible)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

identifier

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier

Short description

Logical reference, when literal reference is not known

Definition

Comments

Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: .identifier

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

use

Σ ?!

0..1

codeBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.use

Short description

usual | official | temp | secondary | old (If known)

Definition

The purpose of this identifier.

Requirements

Allows the appropriate identifier for a particular context of use to be selected from among a set of identifiers.

Comments

Applications can assume that an identifier is permanent unless it explicitly says that it is temporary.

Data type

Binding

Identifies the purpose for this identifier, if known .

IdentifierUse (required)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: N/A
rim: Role.code or implied by context

type

0..1

CodeableConceptBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.type

Short description

Description of identifier

Definition

A coded type for the identifier that can be used to determine which identifier to use for a specific purpose.

Requirements

Allows users to make use of identifiers when the identifier system is not known.

Comments

This element deals only with general categories of identifiers. It SHOULD not be used for codes that correspond 1..1 with the Identifier.system. Some identifiers may fall into multiple categories due to common usage. Where the system is known, a type is unnecessary because the type is always part of the system definition. However systems often need to handle identifiers where the system is not known. There is not a 1:1 relationship between type and system, since many different systems have the same type.

Data type

Identifier Type Codes (extensible)

Binding

A coded type for an identifier that can be used to determine which identifier to use for a specific purpose.

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: CX.5
rim: Role.code or implied by context

system

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.system

Short description

The namespace for the identifier value

Definition

Establishes the namespace for the value - that is, a URL that describes a set values that are unique.

Requirements

There are many sets of identifiers. To perform matching of two identifiers, we need to know what set we're dealing with. The system identifies a particular set of unique identifiers.

Comments

Identifier.system is always case sensitive.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Examples
General

http://www.acme.com/identifiers/patient

Mappings

v2: CX.4 / EI-2-4
rim: II.root or Role.id.root
servd: ./IdentifierType

value

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.value

Short description

The value that is unique

Definition

The portion of the identifier typically relevant to the user and which is unique within the context of the system.

Comments

If the value is a full URI, then the system SHALL be urn:ietf:rfc:3986. The value's primary purpose is computational mapping. As a result, it may be normalized for comparison purposes (e.g. removing non-significant whitespace, dashes, etc.) A value formatted for human display can be conveyed using the Rendered Value extension. Identifier.value is to be treated as case sensitive unless knowledge of the Identifier.system allows the processer to be confident that non-case-sensitive processing is safe.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Examples
General

Mappings

v2: CX.1 / EI.1
rim: II.extension or II.root if system indicates OID or GUID (Or Role.id.extension or root)
servd: ./Value

period

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.period

Short description

Time period when id is/was valid for use

Definition

Time period during which identifier is/was valid for use.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: CX.7 + CX.8
rim: Role.effectiveTime or implied by context
servd: ./StartDate and ./EndDate

assigner

0..1

Reference(Organization)

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.identifier.assigner

Short description

Organization that issued id (may be just text)

Definition

Organization that issued/manages the identifier.

Comments

The Identifier.assigner may omit the .reference element and only contain a .display element reflecting the name or other textual information about the assigning organization.

Data type

Reference(Organization)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: CX.4 / (CX.4,CX.9,CX.10)
rim: II.assigningAuthorityName but note that this is an improper use by the definition of the field. Also Role.scoper
servd: ./IdentifierIssuingAuthority

display

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.specimen.display

Short description

Text alternative for the resource

Definition

Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

Comments

This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: N/A

device

0..1

Reference(Device | DeviceMetric)

Element id

Observation.device

Short description

Verwendetes Gerät oder Instrument zur Durchführung der Untersuchung

Definition

The device used to generate the observation data.

Comments

Begründung Must Support: Das verwendete Mess- oder Analysegerät kann einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Genauigkeit, Validität und Vergleichbarkeit von Untersuchungsergebnissen haben.

Data type

Reference(Device | DeviceMetric)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 49062001 |Device|
v2: OBX-17 / PRT -10
rim: participation[typeCode=DEV]
sct-attr: 424226004 |Using device|

referenceRange

S C

0..*

Element id

Observation.referenceRange

Short description

Referenzbereich zur Interpretation des Messergebnisses (z. B. Normalwerte)

Definition

Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

Requirements

Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

Comments

Begründung MS: Referenzbereiche erlauben die sofortige klinische Bewertung eines Wertes

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text
low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists()

Mappings

v2: OBX.7
rim: outboundRelationship[typeCode=REFV]/target[classCode=OBS, moodCode=EVN]

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

modifierExtension

Σ ?! C

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension

Short description

Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized

Alternate names

extensions, user content, modifiers

Definition

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

Requirements

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: N/A

low

S C

0..1

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low

Short description

Untergrenze des Referenzbereichs

Definition

The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: obs-3

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: OBX-7
rim: value:IVL_PQ.low

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

value

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low.value

Short description

Numerical value (with implicit precision)

Definition

The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

Requirements

Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

Comments

The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: SN.2 / CQ - N/A
rim: PQ.value, CO.value, MO.value, IVL.high or IVL.low depending on the value

comparator

Σ ?!

0..0

codeBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low.comparator

Short description

< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value

Definition

Not allowed to be used in this context

Requirements

Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

Meaning when missing

If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value

Data type

Binding

How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

QuantityComparator (required)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: SN.1 / CQ.1
rim: IVL properties

unit

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low.unit

Short description

Unit representation

Definition

A human-readable form of the unit.

Requirements

There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: PQ.unit

system

S Σ C

1..1

uriPattern

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low.system

Short description

System that defines coded unit form

Definition

The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

Requirements

Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: qty-3

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Pattern

http://unitsofmeasure.org

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: CO.codeSystem, PQ.translation.codeSystem

code

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.low.code

Short description

Coded form of the unit

Definition

A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

Requirements

Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

Comments

The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: PQ.code, MO.currency, PQ.translation.code

high

S C

0..1

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high

Short description

Obergrenze des Referenzbereichs

Definition

The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: obs-3

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: OBX-7
rim: value:IVL_PQ.high

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

value

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high.value

Short description

Numerical value (with implicit precision)

Definition

The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

Requirements

Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

Comments

The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: SN.2 / CQ - N/A
rim: PQ.value, CO.value, MO.value, IVL.high or IVL.low depending on the value

comparator

Σ ?!

0..0

codeBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high.comparator

Short description

< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value

Definition

Not allowed to be used in this context

Requirements

Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

Meaning when missing

If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value

Data type

Binding

How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

QuantityComparator (required)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: SN.1 / CQ.1
rim: IVL properties

unit

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high.unit

Short description

Unit representation

Definition

A human-readable form of the unit.

Requirements

There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: PQ.unit

system

S Σ C

1..1

uriPattern

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high.system

Short description

System that defines coded unit form

Definition

The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

Requirements

Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

Data type

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: qty-3

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Pattern

http://unitsofmeasure.org

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: CO.codeSystem, PQ.translation.codeSystem

code

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.high.code

Short description

Coded form of the unit

Definition

A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

Requirements

Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

Comments

The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: (see OBX.6 etc.) / CQ.2
rim: PQ.code, MO.currency, PQ.translation.code

type

0..1

CodeableConceptBinding

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type

Short description

Art des Referenzbereichs (z. B. normal, kritisch)

Definition

Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

Requirements

Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

Comments

This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

Data type

ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes (preferred)

Binding

Code for the meaning of a reference range.

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 260245000 |Findings values| OR < 365860008 |General clinical state finding| OR < 250171008 |Clinical history or observation findings| OR < 415229000 |Racial group| OR < 365400002 |Finding of puberty stage| OR < 443938003 |Procedure carried out on subject|
v2: OBX-10
rim: interpretationCode

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

coding

S Σ

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding

Short description

Code defined by a terminology system

Definition

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Requirements

Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22
rim: union(., ./translation)
orim: fhir:CodeableConcept.coding rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CD.coding

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

system

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding.system

Short description

Identity of the terminology system

Definition

The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

Requirements

Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.3
rim: ./codeSystem
orim: fhir:Coding.system rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.codeSystem

version

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding.version

Short description

Version of the system - if relevant

Definition

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.7
rim: ./codeSystemVersion
orim: fhir:Coding.version rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.codeSystemVersion

code

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding.code

Short description

Symbol in syntax defined by the system

Definition

A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

Requirements

Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.1
rim: ./code
orim: fhir:Coding.code rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.code

display

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding.display

Short description

Representation defined by the system

Definition

A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

Requirements

Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.2 - but note this is not well followed
rim: CV.displayName
orim: fhir:Coding.display rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.displayName

userSelected

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.coding.userSelected

Short description

If this coding was chosen directly by the user

Definition

Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

Requirements

This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: Sometimes implied by being first
rim: CD.codingRationale
orim: fhir:Coding.userSelected fhir:mapsTo dt:CDCoding.codingRationale. fhir:Coding.userSelected fhir:hasMap fhir:Coding.userSelected.map. fhir:Coding.userSelected.map a fhir:Map; fhir:target dt:CDCoding.codingRationale. fhir:Coding.userSelected\#true a [ fhir:source "true"; fhir:target dt:CDCoding.codingRationale\#O ]

text

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.type.text

Short description

Plain text representation of the concept

Definition

A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

Requirements

Comments

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.9. But note many systems use C*E.2 for this
rim: ./originalText[mediaType/code="text/plain"]/data
orim: fhir:CodeableConcept.text rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CD.originalText

appliesTo

0..*

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo

Short description

Für wen der Referenzbereich gilt (z. B. Geschlecht, Alter)

Definition

Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

Requirements

Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

Comments

This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

Data type

ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes (example)

Binding

Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: < 260245000 |Findings values| OR < 365860008 |General clinical state finding| OR < 250171008 |Clinical history or observation findings| OR < 415229000 |Racial group| OR < 365400002 |Finding of puberty stage| OR < 443938003 |Procedure carried out on subject|
v2: OBX-10
rim: interpretationCode

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

coding

S Σ

0..*

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding

Short description

Kodierte Angabe zur Zielgruppe

Definition

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Requirements

Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22
rim: union(., ./translation)
orim: fhir:CodeableConcept.coding rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CD.coding

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

system

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding.system

Short description

Identity of the terminology system

Definition

The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

Requirements

Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.3
rim: ./codeSystem
orim: fhir:Coding.system rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.codeSystem

version

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding.version

Short description

Version of the system - if relevant

Definition

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.7
rim: ./codeSystemVersion
orim: fhir:Coding.version rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.codeSystemVersion

code

S Σ

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding.code

Short description

Symbol in syntax defined by the system

Definition

A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

Requirements

Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.1
rim: ./code
orim: fhir:Coding.code rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.code

display

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding.display

Short description

Representation defined by the system

Definition

A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

Requirements

Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.2 - but note this is not well followed
rim: CV.displayName
orim: fhir:Coding.display rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CDCoding.displayName

userSelected

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.coding.userSelected

Short description

If this coding was chosen directly by the user

Definition

Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

Requirements

This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: Sometimes implied by being first
rim: CD.codingRationale
orim: fhir:Coding.userSelected fhir:mapsTo dt:CDCoding.codingRationale. fhir:Coding.userSelected fhir:hasMap fhir:Coding.userSelected.map. fhir:Coding.userSelected.map a fhir:Map; fhir:target dt:CDCoding.codingRationale. fhir:Coding.userSelected\#true a [ fhir:source "true"; fhir:target dt:CDCoding.codingRationale\#O ]

text

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo.text

Short description

Plain text representation of the concept

Definition

A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

Requirements

Comments

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: C*E.9. But note many systems use C*E.2 for this
rim: ./originalText[mediaType/code="text/plain"]/data
orim: fhir:CodeableConcept.text rdfs:subPropertyOf dt:CD.originalText

age

0..1

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.age

Short description

Altersbereich, für den der Referenzbereich gilt

Definition

The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

Requirements

Some analytes vary greatly over age.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

rim: outboundRelationship[typeCode=PRCN].targetObservationCriterion[code="age"].value

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.age.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.age.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Slicing

Unordered, Open, by url(Value)

Extensions are always sliced by (at least) url

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

low

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.age.low

Short description

Low limit

Definition

The low limit. The boundary is inclusive.

Comments

If the low element is missing, the low boundary is not known.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: NR.1
rim: ./low

high

S Σ

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.age.high

Short description

High limit

Definition

The high limit. The boundary is inclusive.

Comments

If the high element is missing, the high boundary is not known.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: NR.2
rim: ./high

text

0..1

Element id

Observation.referenceRange.text

Short description

Freitextbeschreibung des Referenzbereichs

Definition

Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: OBX-7
rim: value:ST

hasMember

0..*

Reference(Observation | QuestionnaireResponse | MolecularSequence)

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.hasMember

Short description

Related resource that belongs to the Observation group

Definition

This observation is a group observation (e.g. a battery, a panel of tests, a set of vital sign measurements) that includes the target as a member of the group.

Comments

When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below. Note that a system may calculate results from QuestionnaireResponse into a final score and represent the score as an Observation.

Data type

Reference(Observation | QuestionnaireResponse | MolecularSequence)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: Relationships established by OBX-4 usage
rim: outBoundRelationship

derivedFrom

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.derivedFrom

Short description

Related measurements the observation is made from

Definition

The target resource that represents a measurement from which this observation value is derived. For example, a calculated anion gap or a fetal measurement based on an ultrasound image.

Comments

All the reference choices that are listed in this element can represent clinical observations and other measurements that may be the source for a derived value. The most common reference will be another Observation. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: Relationships established by OBX-4 usage
rim: .targetObservation

component

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component

Short description

Component results

Definition

Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

Requirements

Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

Comments

For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: containment by OBX-4?
rim: outBoundRelationship[typeCode=COMP]

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component.id

Short description

Unique id for inter-element referencing

Definition

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

Data type

Mappings

rim: n/a

extension

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component.extension

Short description

Additional content defined by implementations

Alternate names

extensions, user content

Definition

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: n/a

modifierExtension

Σ ?! C

0..*

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component.modifierExtension

Short description

Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized

Alternate names

extensions, user content, modifiers

Definition

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

Requirements

Comments

Data type

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both
extension.exists() != value.exists()

Mappings

rim: N/A

code

1..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component.code

Short description

Type of component observation (code / type)

Definition

Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

Requirements

Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

Comments

All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

Data type

Binding

Codes identifying names of simple observations.

LOINCCodes (example)

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

w5: FiveWs.what[x]
sct-concept: < 363787002 |Observable entity| OR < 386053000 |Evaluation procedure|
v2: OBX-3
rim: code

value[x]

0..1

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component.value[x]

Short description

Actual component result

Definition

The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

Requirements

An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

Comments

Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

sct-concept: 363714003 |Interprets| < 441742003 |Evaluation finding|
v2: OBX.2, OBX.5, OBX.6
rim: value
sct-attr: 363714003 |Interprets|

valueQuantity

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueCodeableConcept

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueString

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueBoolean

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueInteger

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueRange

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueRatio

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueSampledData

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueTime

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valueDateTime

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

valuePeriod

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Data type

dataAbsentReason

0..1

CodeableConceptBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component.dataAbsentReason

Short description

Why the component result is missing

Definition

Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

Requirements

For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

Comments

"Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

Data type

Binding

Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

DataAbsentReason (extensible)

Conditions

The cardinality or value of this element may be affected by these constraints: obs-6

Constraints

ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children
hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())

Mappings

v2: N/A
rim: value.nullFlavor

interpretation

0..*

CodeableConceptBinding

There are no (further) constraints on this element

Element id

Observation.component.interpretation

Short description

High, low, normal, etc.

Alternate names

Abnormal Flag

Definition

A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

Requirements

For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

Comments

Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

Data type